When scientometricians are asked about the relationship between citations and quality, they often argue along the lines that citations could be seen as indicators of use and that that this implies usefulness and impact on other research, which in turn is an argument for using them as indicators of quality. This paper questions the implicit linearity of such a 'one-dimensional model' of representing quality by quantity from a number of standpoints. First, the use of citations as well as any indicator that is used is performative in the sense that those getting measured by them, i.e. researchers or university administrators, will adapt their behavior to perform well on the scales that are used, either for recognition or for monetary reward. Second, equating citation counts with quality might imply a notion that they scale together such that low citation rates equals low quality and that a high rate implies high quality. Third, and most important, drawing from theories in STS it could be argued that scientometric indicators and measures of scientific achievement are co-produced, in the sense that development of performance based or results based indicators and what is to be regarded as high quality will be found to increasingly coincide with each other as a consequence of the performative idiom mentioned above. It is suggested that more work on the qualitative aspects of scientometric data and is called for.


Globally, substantial public and private investment has been allocated to electrification, the benefits of which have remained largely, and intuitively, undisputed. However, a close look at the literature suggests that those benefits are far from consistent across different contexts. In fact, estimates of the impacts of electrification are widely heterogeneous and inconclusive. For example, almost 40 percent of the literature's estimates find no significant effects on income, with similar results for labor and educational outcomes. This paper synthesizes the impact evaluation studies published between the mid-1980s and mid-2019, focusing on the effects of electrification on education, labor and income outcome-categories. Those studies indicate electrification effects (and 95 percent confidence intervals (CI)) of around eight percent in school enrollment (CI=0.04-0.13),17 percent in employment (CI=0.02-0.34), and 24 percent in income (CI= 0.15-0.35).This paper shows, however, that those averages are biased upward, suggesting the presence of selective publication. The meta-regression estimates indicate a mean-corrected, statistically significant effect of 2.6 percent for school enrollment (CI= 0.01-0.04), 5.3 percent for employment (0.04-0.07), and seven percent for income (0.05-0.09). The study design helps explain the estimates' heterogeneity—i.e., methodologies and data structures requiring less stringent assumptions tend to return lower estimated effects. These findings suggest that the observed heterogeneity reflects actual dispersion in the underlying effects associated with gender differences, as well as, contextual characteristics of the case study, such as country income per-capita and length of the evaluation period.


Foreign language proficiency in general and proficiency in the world's most widely spoken language, English, are central resources to participate in the globalisation process. Drawing on a survey conducted in 27 European countries the article attempts to explain the huge differences in English proficiency that exist between and within countries. The author presents a general explanatory model for foreign language proficiency, creates hypotheses from this model and tests them empirically by using multilevel techniques. The findings show that the prevalence of a respondent's native language, the linguistic difference between one's mother tongue and English, and age affect language acquisition negatively, whereas a country's level of education has a positive influence. Using Bourdieu's theory of social class, the author shows that besides other factors a respondent's social class position and the level of education are important micro-level factors that help to increase a person's transnational linguistic capital.


In this article, I analyze the processes by which transnational peace activists opposed to the U.S. military's largest "forward operating location" (FOL) in Manta, Ecuador, came to be read by some of that city's residents as more imperialist than the U.S. Air Force itself. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork conducted between 2006 and 2008, I argue that this "inversion" was the product of disparate "scale-making practices" on the part of both activists and military officers. Whereas the former encouraged city residents to think of the facility as part of a global military network, the latter successfully pushed for more localized topographies and "geographies of blame." Attention to these scale-making practices complicates social movement theory about "vertical scale shifts."


Pathological causes of respiratory infections in five broilers flocks in Al-Hamdanyia region were studied. Each flock consisted of 5000-7000 birds at 20-40 days of old which suffered from respiratory infection signs with high mortality ratio. Specific ELISA kit for avian influenza virus (AIV), Newcastle disease virus (NDV), and infectious bronchitis disease virus (IBV), were used as sera diagnostic tests as well as bacteriological isolation. Results shows (AIV) infections at all flocks with nearly similar percentages which were 14%, 15%, 18%, 13%, 10% respectively, (NDV) were recorded at three flocks of older ages with 8%, 12%, 20% at the flocks number 3-5 respectively but no any infection of (IBV) infection was recorded. Bacteriological isolation shows E.coli infections in three flocks with 20% at each of the flocks number 3 and 5 but it was 10% in the flock number 4, also three Gram positive bacteria were isolated, Streptococcus fecalis, Streptococcus zooepidemicus, and Staphylococcus aureus at nearly similar percentages ranged from 5% 20%. In conclusion the real cause of respiratory infection in this study was (AIV) which causes bird immune suppression leading to other disease infections like (NDV), and other bacterial infections. Available online at http://www.vetmedmosul.org/ijvs ةيرطيبلا مولعلل ةيقارعلا ةلجملا ، دلجملا ٢٥ ، ددعلا ٢ ، ٢٠١١ ) ٨٣ ٨٦ (


World Bank policy plays a significant role in shaping international housing and urban policy including that of UNCHS, development arms of western governments and international consultants (Keivani and Werna, 2001a and Baken and van der Lindern, 1993). In addition while the degree to which national governments actually adopt the Bankis policy recommendations may be open to question (Harris and Giles, 2003) they have for the past three decades set the agenda for the international housing debate and influenced national policies of many countries in at least a partial form if not in their entirety. The Bankis influence can be seen in the international propagation and national adoption of supported self help and sites and services schemes, particularly in the 1970s and 1980s, and has continued to the current emphasis on market efficiency and enabling housing markets (Keivani and Werna, 2001a). The latest example of this is the post apartheid housing policy in South Africa selectively but largely drawing on the Bankis enabling market strategy particularly in respect of formal finance delivery and the housing subsidy programme (Jones and Datta, 2000) and recent policy proposals by researchers on India and Nigeria (Sivam, 2002 and Ogu and Ogbuzobe, 2001).


The Caribbean Sea encompasses a vast range of physical environmental conditions that have a profound influence on the organisms that live there. Here we utilize a range of satellite and in situ products to undertake a region‐wide categorization of the physical environments of the Caribbean Sea (PECS). The classification approach is hierarchical and focuses on physical constraints that drive many aspects of coastal ecology, including species distributions, ecosystem function, and disturbance. The first level represents physicochemical properties including metrics of satellite sea surface temperature, water clarity, and in situ salinity. The second level considers mechanical disturbance and includes both chronic disturbance from wind‐driven wave exposure and acute disturbance from hurricanes. The maps have a spatial resolution of 1 km2. An unsupervised neural network classification produced 16 physicochemical provinces that can be categorized into six broad groups: (1) low water clarity and low salinity and average temperatures; (2) low water clarity but average salinity and temperature, broadly distributed in the basin; (3) low salinity but average water clarity and temperature; (4) upwelling; (5) high latitude; and (6) offshore waters of the inner Caribbean. Additional mechanical disturbance layers impose additional pattern that operates over different spatial scales. Because physical environments underpin so much of coastal ecosystem structure and function, we anticipate that the PECS classification, which will be freely distributed as geographic information system layers, will facilitate comparative analyses and inform the stratification of studies across environmental provinces in the Caribbean basin.


Recent advances in media capture and processing technologies have enabled new forms of true 3-D media content that increase the degree of user immersion. The demand for more engaging forms of entertainment means that content distributors and broadcasters need to fine-tune their delivery mechanisms over the Internet as well as develop new models for quantifying and predicting user experience of these new forms of content. In the work described in this paper, we undertake one of the first studies into the quality of experience (QoE) of real-time 3-D media content streamed to virtual reality (VR) headsets for entertainment purposes, in the context of game spectating. Our focus is on tele-immersive media that embed real users within virtual environments of interactive games. A key feature of engaging and realistic experiences in full 3-D media environments, is allowing users unrestricted viewpoints. However, this comes at the cost of increased network bandwidth and the need of limiting network effects in order to transmit a realistic, real-time representation of the participants. The visual quality of 3-D media is affected by geometry and texture parameters while the temporal aspects of smooth movement and synchronization are affected by lag introduced by network transmission effects. In this paper, we investigate varying network conditions for a set of tele-immersive media sessions produced in a range of visual quality levels. Further, we investigate user navigation issues that inhibit free viewpoint VR spectating of live 3-D media. After reporting on a study with multiple users we analyze the results and assess the overall QoE with respect to a range of visual quality and latency parameters. We propose a neural network QoE prediction model for 3-D media, constructed from a combination of visual and network parameters.


This product is part of the RAND Education working paper series. RAND working papers are intended to share researchers' latest findings and to solicit informal peer review. They have been approved for circulation by RAND Education but have not been formally edited or peer reviewed. Unless otherwise indicated, working papers can be quoted and cited without permission of the author, provided the source is clearly referred to as a working paper. RAND's publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. is a registered trademark.


How does the presence of financial frictions alter the Phillips curve and the conduct of optimal monetary policy? I investigate this question in a tractable small-scale New Keynesian DSGE model with a financial accelerator. The accelerator amplifies shocks, decreases the slope of the Phillips curve and renders forward-looking behavior more relevant for current macroeconomic dynamics. I show analytically that these three factors imply an inflationary bias of discretionary monetary policy relative to the standard model and a stabilization bias relative to commitment policy. A conservative central banker who places a larger weight on inflation stabilization than society is able to reduce both biases and closely mimics the optimal policy under commitment. The required degree of inflation conservatism increases in the degree to which financial frictions are present.


The application of hydroinformatics tools is restricted in developing countries due to the non-availability of the required data and information under local conditions. This paper presents the state of water quality of the city of Vientiane (capital of Lao PDR) before the extensive rectification of its drainage network and describes an approach and methodology for water quality modeling. This is done with respect to the application of a combined hydrodynamic/water quality model based on minimal input data and observations for model verification. It further evaluates options to improve the deteriorating water quality observed in the rectified channels associated with the absence of suitable wastewater treatment. Two pollutants associated with the enrichment of receiving water bodies by wastewaters, total-P and NH4-N, are modeled. The modelling study is carried out in three steps: dry weather flow simulation, wet weather flow simulation and nutrient modeling using MOUSE. The dry weather flow simulations are carried out to calibrate the model for hydraulic roughness coefficient, dispersion coefficient and travel time. The wet weather flow simulations analyze the effect on flooding of two channel states, namely unvegetated and vegetated conditions. Nutrient modeling therefore evaluates removal efficiency by the vegetation. Model results are compared with the observed data and recommendations are made with respect to the predicted effects of the water quality improvement schemes studied. In conclusion, the modeling approach herein presented can be applied for performance analyses of urban channels in the developing part of the world, where data are often limited.


The focus of the study was on women's access to land. The primary
objective was to examine factors associated with women's access to
the agricultural resource. Access was operationalised into two areas, i.e.
access to land as owners and as farm workers.
The study was conducted in two villages in the district of Kuala
Langat, Selangor. Interviews with 143 household spouses from the two
villages were conducted. In-depth interviews on women's life history
were carried out with selected women. The analysis comprised two
components. The first component was on hypothesis analysis and answering
research questions related to women's access to land as owners. This
component used quantitative tools such as t-test, chi-square test and regression
analyses. Tobit and Multiple Regression analyses were conducted
to find the relationship between the selected independent variables and
the land size owned by women and men as the dependent variables.


Fujikane contends that the practice of mapping abundance is a radical act in the face of settler capital's fear of an abundance that feeds. Cartographies of capital enable the seizure of abundant lands by enclosing "wastelands" claimed to be underdeveloped. By contrast, Kanaka Maoli (Native Hawaiian) cartographies map the continuities of abundant worlds. Vital to restoration movements is the art of kilo, intergenerational observation of elemental forms encoded in storied histories, chants, and songs. As a participant in these movements, Fujikane maps the ecological lessons of these elemental forms: reptilian deities who protect the waterways, sharks who swim into the mountains, the navigator Māui who fishes up the islands, the deities of snow and mists on Mauna Kea. The laws of these elements are now being violated by toxic waste dumping, leaking military jet fuel tanks, and astronomical-industrial complexes. As Kānaka Maoli and their allies stand as land and water protectors, Fujikane calls for a profound attunement to the elemental forms in order to transform climate events into renewed possibilities for planetary abundance.


Multiracial families make up the fastest growing demographic in the United States. Approximately 9% of the U.S. population is multiracial, and it is estimated that the numbers will climb to 21% by 2050. With this increasing population, educators have a new responsibility to meet the needs of these families. Education must begin to form partnerships with families to increase the social and academic achievement of children from multiracial backgrounds. The purpose of this article is to (a) identify the uniqueness of multiracial students and families, (b) provide recommendations regarding improving multiracial family partnerships, and (c) offer best practices and strategies for working effectively with multiracial children and youth in schools.


A motion planning based control strategy is proposed for the airpath control of turbocharged diesel engines using exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). The considered model uses simple balance equations. The fully actuated dynamics are easily inverted, yielding straightforward open-loop control laws. This approach is complemented by experimentally derived lookup tables to cast the driver's requests into transients between operating points. Estimation of required variables from the intake pressure measurements is addressed and experimental tests are reported on a 4-cylinder engine in homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) mode. Conclusions stress the possibility of taking into account the non-minimum phase effects of this system by a simple, yet efficient in practice, control law. Observed transients are accurate and fast


Based on small numbers, recent reports from 3 randomized trials have consistently demonstrated more hematologic malignancies in patients treated with lenalidomide as maintenance (vs placebo). This fact has prompted concern and highlighted the association between multiple myeloma and second malignancies. Furthermore, an excess of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) after multiple myeloma has been known for over 4 decades. Most prior studies have been restricted because of small numbers of patients, inadequate follow-up, and limitations of ascertainment of second malignancies. Although the underlying biologic mechanisms of AML/MDS after multiple myeloma are unknown, treatment-related factors are presumed to be responsible. Recently, an excess risk of AML/MDS was found among 5652 patients with IgG/IgA (but not IgM) monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, supporting a role for disease-related factors. Furthermore, there is evidence to suggest that polymorphisms in germline genes may contribute to a person's susceptibility to subsequent cancers, whereas the potential influence of environmental and behavioral factors remains poorly understood. This review discusses current knowledge regarding second malignancies after multiple myeloma and gives future directions for efforts designed to characterize underlying biologic mechanisms, with the goal to maximize survival and minimize the risk for second malignancies for individual patients.


This study examined how levels of sexually explicit material (SEM) use during adolescence and young adulthood were associated with sexual preferences, sexual behaviors, and sexual and relationship satisfaction. Participants included 782 heterosexual college students (326 men and 456 women; Mage = 19.9) who completed a questionnaire online. Results revealed high frequencies and multiple types and contexts of SEM use, with men's usage rates systematically higher than women's. Regression analyses revealed that both the frequency of SEM use and number of SEM types viewed were uniquely associated with more sexual experience (a higher number of overall and casual sexual intercourse partners, as well as a lower age at first intercourse). Higher frequencies of SEM use were associated with less sexual and relationship satisfaction. The frequency of SEM use and number of SEM types viewed were both associated with higher sexual preferences for the types of sexual practices typically presented in SEM. These findings suggest that SEM use can play a significant role in a variety of aspects of young adults' sexual development processes.


This national survey explores public perspectives on energy issues in Canada with a focus on preferences for energy sources, perceived and actual knowledge of energy systems, trust in energy-related organizations and sources of knowledge about energy issues. The survey also explores willingness to engage in energy related issues and general values and beliefs about energy systems. Conducted in the Fall of 2014, 3,000 respondents were randomly selected from an internet-based panel with quotas for gender, age, region, education, income, language and urban/rural differences. Survey results show that support for renewable energy sources is strong and awareness of energy saving options is also high. Regarding energy citizenship, although awareness of opportunities to participate in energy-related discussions is moderate, levels of participation are very low. Canadians express strong values toward environmental protection compared to explicit utilitarian uses of the environment and they worry that human interference with nature can produce disastrous consequences. Finally, policy considerations are provided to advance literacy and civic engagement on energy issues.


Successful minimisation of the gap between hypothetical and actual be-haviours requires to consider the dimension of individual social interaction in the decision process. While this dimension has been acknowledged to play an important role in the construction of private good preferences, however, in the context of public good, the role of social interaction has not been adequately examined. Therefore, to shed a light on the role of social interaction in shaping preferences toward public good, I conduct a contingent valuation (CV) study in which the respondents are enabled to have social interactions prior their willingness to pay (WTP) elicitation question. And in order to do this, I construct a sampling design where respondents are divided into three different groups, namely treated, untreated, and control groups. The respondents in the treated and untreated groups were allowed to interact/discuss with each other, within and across groups, prior to the WTP elicitation question. I find that treated and untreated respon-dents with social interactions have higher and significant likelihood to purchase the public good relatively to control respondents. While those who did not have interaction have a lower WTP for the improvement of waste management.


Abstract. This paper is focused to address the map display usability for finding given POI addresses in a popular urban city area. LOD 1 of 3D representations of city buildings are presented into a 2.5D map for pedestrian navigation test. This 3D map display is evaluated against familiar 2D map system on the test participants' smartphones. 16 participants were involved in the field test. The typical walking model of a searching task that is focused only to look for a certain address of building is chosen as the way finding model during the field test. Three kinds of navigation processes i.e. self-orientation, spatial knowledge acquisition and navigation decision for searching task were evaluated for each test participant. Usability measures of 3D map-based display over 2D-map based display for pedestrian navigation were collected from test participants' mobile devices. In addition to that, activities of test participants in terms of acceleration and orientation information are used to support analysis of pattern and trends of test participants. As the testing app is also intended to support smart city application, its ability to provide user report on complaints was also assessed. Most participants agreed with the statements in the questionnaire that were organized into three sections, i.e. addressing participants' interaction, participants' responses in navigation processes and crowdsensing. The results suggest that 3D map-based pedestrian navigation is more usable to be used to look for a certain address of building in central tourist area of urban city.


We present a methodology to augment system safety step-by-step and illustrate the approach by the definition of reusable solutions for the detection of fail-silent nodes - a watchdog and a heartbeat. These solutions can be added to real-time system designs, to protect against certain types of system failures. We use SDL as a system design language for the development of distributed systems, including real-time systems.


Several neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease (PD), are characterized by the deposition of misfolded and aggregated forms of a particular protein in different areas of the brain. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of neurodegenerative diseases are extremely important to prevent and stop such debilitate diseases.
PD is a movement related disorder that primarily affects aged individuals, but mutations on alpha-Synuclein (aSyn) gene (SNCA) have been identified in an early- and juvenile-onset of the disease.
aSyn is a small an intrinsically disorder protein, that binds to membrane and lipids. It is the major component of Lewy Bodies (LBs) and Lewy Neurites (LN) in the surviving neurons in parkinsonian brains. However, the molecular mechanisms that lead to the selective degeneration of dopaminergic neurons from the substantia nigra pars compacta are still unclear. aSyn aggregation is an important process for the pathology. In pathological conditions, aSyn aggregates, forming oligomeric species that can rapidly convert into amyloid fibrils. Amyloid fibrils made up of aSyn then deposit in LBs, along with several other proteins and lipids. A combination of in vitro, cell and animal models studies has been useful to investigate not only aSyn aggregation intermediates, but also the toxic mechanisms.
Over the years, the number of models in the PD field increased significantly, but has not generated consensus with respect to the best models to use. Thus, it is important to choose the appropriate models to investigate a particular question of interest. Roughly, the PD models can be divided into two categories: those based on genetic alterations and those based on the effect of toxins. For the purpose of this thesis, I will focus on the genetic models. Due to our limited understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying disease, cell-based models constitute a powerful tool to mimic important aspects of basic aSyn biology (such as aggregation and toxicity), and afford unique opportunities to test the effect of possible therapeutic strategies. A number of molecular dysfunctions have been associated with PD. These include defects in mitochondrial function, defects in degradation systems (ubiquitin–proteasome and autophagy), increased production of reactive oxygen species, or impairment of intracellular trafficking. However, the lack of systematic comparisons
Abstract
2
makes it difficult to interpret and reconcile the relevance of results obtained using different models.
This study focuses mainly on the exploitation of two cell-based systems that try to model the oligomerization and aggregation of aSyn. The Bimolecular Fluorescence complementation assay enables us to visualize the dimerization and oligomerization of aSyn in living cells. To model aSyn aggregation, manipulations of the C-terminal region have been useful, as they promote the formation of LBs-like inclusions that can be readily detected by immunostaining. Thus, using these two models, we performed a systematic comparison to investigate the effects of genetic alterations on aSyn oligomerization and aggregation, and how these impacted on selected cellular functions. In addition, we investigated the effects of small molecules on the conformation and aggregation of aSyn, as this is thought to be a possible target for therapeutic intervention.
Overall, our studies demonstrated the usefulness of the two cell-based models for studying specific aspects of aSyn aggregation and for the screening of drugs that may lead to the identification of novel therapeutic strategies for PD and other synucleinopathies.


This book analyses the cooperation between the European Union and the United States on internal security and counter-terrorism since the 9/11 terrorist attacks.

In particular, four areas of cooperation are examined: customs and supply chain security; judicial cooperation (the mutual legal assistance and extradition agreements); law enforcement cooperation (the Europol-US agreements); and the EU-US agreements for the sharing of air passengers' data (PNR agreements). These cases are analysed through a conceptual framework based on the theories of international regimes, with the data being drawn from an extensive documentary analysis of media sources collected through the 'Nexis' database, official documents, and from 13 semi-structured elite interviews with US and EU officials. The book argues that the EU and the US have established a transatlantic internal security regime based on shared principles, norms, rules, and interests. While at the beginning of this process the EU had a more reactive and passive stance at the later stages both the EU and the US were active in shaping the transatlantic political agenda and negotiations. The book demonstrates how the EU has had a much more proactive role in its relations with the US than has often been assumed in the current literature.

This book will be of much interest to students of EU policy, foreign policy, international security and IR in general.


Abstract A summarized update of neutronic studies on the Novosibirsk Gas Dynamic Trap (GDT) fusion material irradiation facility (FMIF) is presented. The GDT-FMIF neutron source project is based on a mirror-type machine designed to produce 1018 D-T neutrons/s over 10 yr (3 × 1026 neutrons). The proposed massive shielding, susceptible to further shield reductions and optimization, ensures proper shielding against radiation and/or heat overdeposition in accordance with project tolerances. The present shield configuration allows 3.3 m3 of irradiation space around the plasma column: 0.06 m3 receives 0.3 × 1014 thermonuclear uncollided 14-MeV nDT-neutrons/cm2·s (0.5 MW/m2), and 0.7 × 1014 with collision degraded energies (~0.7 MW/m2 total), over 7 of the 8 m of intense flux axial length, the largest nontokamak availability. This allows the irradiation of large (up to 4.5 m long) life-size components (such as welds). The delivered neutron flux relative-gradients are small (< 6.3%/cm). Simulations use the 3DAMC-VINIA Monte Carlo code in its expanded version (drizzle-shower technique, two-step cascade, etc.), ENDF/B6 and EPDL nuclear data files, and a precise model of critical parts of the GDT. Results demonstrate that the GDT-FMIF is a very suitable irradiation test facility as per International Energy Agency specifications for an FMIF. With its 37.5-cm free depth of test space, GDT is the only dedicated facility suitable for a life-size blanket-tritium-breeding/extraction benchmark at a significant neutron flux level (2 MW/m2).


Abstract In fusion technology, functional scales are required for various application fields like first wall tungsten coating, anti-corrosion or tritium permeation barriers, and brazing layers in joining technology. Established processes for layer deposition exhibit several kinds of drawbacks ranging from difficulty controlling layer thickness, inhomogeneity of coatings, application limits because of geometrical reasons, or critical thermal loading. Inherently, electrochemical plating technology does not exhibit these critical features. Growing of galvanic layers depends on the transported charge and thus can easily be controlled by current flow and/or deposition time. The main part of this development work was focused on voltammetric analyses to assist the deposition of transition metals on refractory metal surfaces, e.g., tungsten and Eurofer steel, and to deliver boundary conditions for electrolytes. Typical elements that can be used in joining may range from Ti, V by Ni, Fe up to Pd, and Cu. However, a direct joining of tungsten onto Eurofer steel by copper is metallurgically impossible due to missing miscibility of copper with tungsten. Thus, interlayers with an active functionality are required, which interact with both bulk components and filler to obtain a sound braze joint brazing. For both W-W and W-Eurofer joints, demonstrators were successfully fabricated and analyzed by metallurgical and physical methods.


Evolution-in-materio is a method that uses artificial evolution to exploit properties of materials to solve computational problems without requiring a detailed understanding of such properties. In this paper, we show that using a purpose-built hardware platform called Mecobo, it is possible to evolve voltages and signals applied to physical materials to solve two computational problems: classification and robot control. We have investigated many experimental factors that could affect the effectiveness of the device and the evolution-in-materio technique. On the classification problem (Iris) we show that the evolution-in-materio approach with analogue signals gives very good results that are competitive with a well-known effective software-based evolutionary approach. In the case of robot control, we were able to evolve a controller that successfully allowed a simulated Khepera robot to fully explore its environment without colliding with any obstacle.


This paper is concerned with evaluation of various ductile fracture criteria in a general three dimensional (3D) stress state of stress triaxiality, the Lode parameter and the equivalent plastic strain to fracture. Evaluation is carried out by comparing fracture loci constructed by fracture criteria to experimental results of Al2024- T351. Comparison demonstrates that the Modified Mohr-Coulomb criterion and a newly proposed criterion provide sufficient predictability of fracture strain. Moreover, evaluation is emphasized on the predicted cut-off value for stress triaxiality. Evaluation suggests that the Cockcroft-Latham, Brozzo, Oh, KoHuh and the new criteria coupled a reasonable cut-off value for ductile materials.


One of the most enduring images that this writer retains from his youth comes from a television documentary feature on leatherback turtles. The programme chronicled the arduous trek from the safety of the ocean deep to the treacherous beaches on which they laid their eggs. Predators, schooled by millennia of inherited knowledge, gathered to attack the newly hatched leatherbacks which scrabbled across the exposed and open sands in an all-too-often futile, fatal run for cover. Only a small fraction of the baby leatherbacks survived to reach the water's edge. Yet for those members of this endangered species which passed this initial ordeal, the reward was great: longevity to the tune of 80 years, amply protected by their thick shells and hides, nourished by a stock of jellyfish for which there was little or no competition. Returning from the Brand Licensing Europe 2010 Show for the first time since 2005, the image of the turtles was inextinguishably kindled. Here, among the big brand licensing companies with their household names to offer (think Hello Kitty, Muhammad Ali, My Little Pony, and Barbie) were a large number of stallholders, each offering their own homespun, in many cases quite unknown properties for sale, licence, or some other form of commercialization. Most of the IPs on offer appeared to be cats, dogs, bears, and mice, with a smattering of pigs, rabbits, and ducks. Most were depicted in cloyingly sentimental form, touched up in luminous baby-room pastels, though a few were lovingly naughtified, left scruffy, and unkempt in the hope that, if no parent would take them to heart, they might warm the attention of passing children. Some were sketched, others appeared as photographs or animations. A few had a personality or storyline, but most were devoid of a script or an identifiable ethos: they had nothing to offer but their bodies, as it were. Going back to my notes from 2005, I confirmed that my perception now was much the same as then. There was, however, one big difference: the properties on offer. Most of the 2005 cats, bears, and so on had simply vanished; they were not in the shops, on TV, or incorporated into electronic or hard copy game formats. A few old directory entries, a battered badge, a sadly unfashionable keyring fob—these evidenced a generation of licensing properties which, like the dinosaurs, had become extinct, but in a far shorter time. Most, like the leatherback turtle, just never made it. In most cases, a failure to obtain adequate IP protection could not be said to be the problem. Trade mark, design, and copyright are mighty prophylactics against unauthorized copying, but are of little assistance when they attach to creative output that no one chooses to copy or exploit in any other illicit manner. A couple of unwanted teddybearers speculated that, had they spent less on their rights registration programme, they would have had more resources, and possibly more energy, to employ in seeking to build relationships with likely licensees. This point sparked off another observation relating to many of the small-time licensees both in 2005 and now: they had in most cases a clear idea of what they were offering, but only a relatively small notion of what it was that licensees of a branded character, collectively or individually, might be looking for. For a manufacturer of, say, stationery products and school wear for children in the 9–11 age range, for example, it cannot be assumed that any one bear is exchangeable for another as a pencil-case emblem. The ethos of the merchandized character is at stake too: is it backed by a series, a song? Is it a good-conduct bear or is it streetwise? Is it a bear to be coddled and protected, like Paddington? Intellectually non-threatening, like Winnie-the-Pooh? Does it confer smartness by association, like Yogi? Or is it environmentally friendly and safety-conscious, like Smokey? Yet, for the small proportion of creators who get it right, the rewards are immense. Leatherbacks last just 80 years but trade marks, properly cared for, are forever and provide comfort long after the copyright and design rights are just faded memories of youth. Mickey Mouse, at 82, is four years junior to Winniethe-Pooh and nearly a decade younger than Felix the Cat. Healthy octogenarian and nonagenarian licence products can thus continue to feed on a renewable stock of children's dreams, often fuelled by parental nostalgia, netting a steady stream of income. But what is the secret of their eternal youth? That must be the subject of a subsequent editorial. Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice, 2010, Vol. 5, No. 12 EDITORIAL 823


Traffic congestion in Northern New Jersey imposes substantial operational and monetary penalty on bus service. The purpose of this project was to quantify the additional time and costs due to traffic congestion. A regression model was developed that estimates the travel time rate (in minutes per mile) of a bus as a function of car travel time rate, number of passengers boarding per mile, and the number of bus stops per mile. The model was used to estimate the bus travel time rate if cars were traveling under free flow conditions, and the results are compared to the observed bus travel times. A second model was developed that estimated operating costs as a function of vehicle hours and peak vehicles. This model was used to estimate the cost of the additional time represented by the difference in current time minus travel time estimated under free flow conditions.


Some industries such as mining industry create complex and challenging work place for maintenance crews. For example in an underground mine, for some machines, heavy maintenance tasks must be performed on site in a limited workspace in a harsh environment, including dust and improper illumination. Such operating conditions can increase the health, safety, and environment (HSE) risk, reduce the availability of the machines and increase the life cycle cost of equipment. A review of current mining equipment design and maintenance procedure confirms that considerable reduction in HSE risk, as well as substantial cost savings, can be achieved by considering human factors. This study discusses the effect of workplace factors on the maintainability of mining equipment. It presents the results from questionnaires on the effect of work place factors on maintainability performance given to maintenance staff at two mines, one in northern Sweden and the other in Iran.


The purpose of this study was to predict the university students' perceptions of problem solving skills from their Mathematical success. To achieve this goal, points of students in Mathematical programme ( Department of Primary School Mathematics Teaching ) and points of students in Non-Mathematical programme ( Social Sciences Department and Religious Culture and Moral Knowledge Department ) were compared. This study was performed with a total of 201 students in Rize University, Faculty of Education; 110 students in Department of Primary School Mathematics Teaching , 35 students in Social Sciences Department and 56 students in Religious Culture and Moral Knowledge Department . In this study, the Problem Solving Inventory which was adapted to Turkish by Sahin, Sahin and Heppner (1993) was used. Results revealed that students' net Mathematics scores in Student Selection Examination (SSE) were not a meaningful predictor of their perceptions of problem solving skills. Similarly, it was concluded that General Mathematics Course scores of the students in Department of Primary School Mathematics Teaching Programme were not a meaningful predictor of their perceptions of problem solving skills. Points in the problem solving inventory showed no meaningful difference according to departments and programmes while they showed a meaningful difference in favour of female students. In secondary school Mathematics education, it is possible to form more settings where students can internalize problem solving processes and associate these problems with real life situations and project works with other assignments can be given to students to ensure those goals.


A numerical approach for modelling of shear dilation of existing fractures in hydraulic stimulation of geothermal reservoirs at low elevated pressures is presented. The fractured rock in the reservoir is modelled as a combination of explicitly represented fractures and the rock matrix surrounding these fractures. The efficient modelling of slip-induced permeability enhancement requires coupling of the fluid flow in fractured rock with the mechanical deformation of the rock matrix and the shear dilation of the fractures. For flow simulations, conductive fractures are represented in the domain as high-permeable discontinuities; therefore they dominate the overall flow behaviour. The rock matrix is represented by a low permeability, capturing the effect of small-scale fractures. For the mechanical deformation problem, the rock matrix is assumed to be a linear elastic material, while the fractures in the rock matrix are introduced as internal boundaries. The shear dilation of the fractures is calculated by a joint deformation model (JDM), which connects the shear slip in the fracture surfaces and additional permeability caused by shear displacement. The flow simulations and the mechanical deformation of the rock matrix are both obtained by finite volume discretizations. Several numerical experiments designed by resembling realistic reservoir parameters are conducted to provide better understanding of the shear dilation mechanism. Moreover, fractures present in different scales in a geothermal reservoir. Ignoring the effect of small-scale fractures to the fluid flow in the matrix may result in an overestimate of the permeability enhancement. Hence, the influence of rock matrix permeability on fracture aperture and the overall flow behaviour of the reservoir are examined.


Bamboo with more than 1500 species is a giant grass and was distributed worldwide. Their culms and leaves are inhabited by abundant microfungi. A documentary investigation points out that more than 1300 fungi including 150 basidiomycetes and 800 ascomy- cetous species with 240 hyphomycetous taxa and 110 coelomycetous taxa are associated with bamboo. Ascomycetes are the largest group with totally 1150 species. Families Xylariaceae and Hypocreaceae , which are most represented, have 74 species and 63 species in 18 and 14 genera, respectively, known from bamboo. The genus Phyllachora with a max- imum number of species (22) occurs on bamboo, followed by Nectria (21) and Hypoxylon (20). The most represented host genera Bambusa , Phyllostachys , and Sasa are associated by 268, 186, and 105 fungal species, respectively. The brief review of major morphology and phylogeny of bambusicolous ascomycetes is provided, as well as research prospects.


Typhoid fever, caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi), remains a serious global health concern. Since their emergence in the mid-1970s multi-drug resistant (MDR) S. Typhi now dominate drug sensitive equivalents in many regions. MDR in S. Typhi is almost exclusively conferred by self-transmissible IncHI1 plasmids carrying a suite of antimicrobial resistance genes. We identified over 300 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within conserved regions of the IncHI1 plasmid, and genotyped both plasmid and chromosomal SNPs in over 450 S. Typhi dating back to 1958. Prior to 1995, a variety of IncHI1 plasmid types were detected in distinct S. Typhi haplotypes. Highly similar plasmids were detected in co-circulating S. Typhi haplotypes, indicative of plasmid transfer. In contrast, from 1995 onwards, 98% of MDR S. Typhi were plasmid sequence type 6 (PST6) and S. Typhi haplotype H58, indicating recent global spread of a dominant MDR clone. To investigate whether PST6 conferred a selective advantage compared to other IncHI1 plasmids, we used a phenotyping array to compare the impact of IncHI1 PST6 and PST1 plasmids in a common S. Typhi host. The PST6 plasmid conferred the ability to grow in high salt medium (4.7% NaCl), which we demonstrate is due to the presence in PST6 of the Tn6062 transposon encoding BetU.


Abstract. Atmospheric CO2 drives most of the greenhouse effect increase. One major uncertainty on the future rate of increase of CO2 in the atmosphere is the impact of the anticipated climate change on the vegetation. Dynamic Global Vegetation Models (DGVM) are used to address this question. ORCHIDEE is such a DGVM that has proven useful for climate change studies. However, there is no objective and methodological way to accurately assess each new available version on the global scale. In this paper, we submit a methodological evaluation of ORCHIDEE by correlating satellite-derived Vegetation Index time series against those of the modeled Fraction of absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (FPAR). A perfect correlation between the two is not expected, however an improvement of the model should lead to an increase of the overall performance. We detail two case studies in which model improvements are demonstrated, using our methodology. In the first one, a new phenology version in ORCHIDEE is shown to bring a significant impact on the simulated annual cycles, in particular for C3 Grasses and C3 Crops. In the second case study, we compare the simulations when using two different weather fields to drive ORCHIDEE. The ERA-Interim forcing leads to a better description of the FPAR interannual anomalies than the simulation forced by a mixed CRU-NCEP dataset. This work shows that long time series of satellite observations, despite their uncertainties, can identify weaknesses in global vegetation models, a necessary first step to improving them.


In this study, the formation energy, phase diagram (with/without phonon contribution) and the relationship between bond stiffness and bond length for wurtzite (WZ) and zincblende (ZB) structures of ZnO1−xTex (0  ⩽  x  ⩽  1) alloys have been investigated by combining first-principles calculations and cluster expansion method. The formation energy of ZnO1−xTex alloys is very high in both structures, which means that it is difficult for ZnO and ZnTe to form stable ternary alloys ZnO1−xTex. In the phase diagrams, both structures do not have stable phase of ternary alloys and ZnO1−xTex ternary alloys can only exist in the form of metastable phase. These results indicate that ZnO and ZnTe easily form solid solubility gap when they form alloys. After considering vibrational free energy, we found the solubility of Te in ZnO and O in ZnTe was increased and the vibrational entropy improved the solubility furthermore. The phonon contribution is not ignorable to improve solid solubility. The phonon density of states was analyzed for ZnO1−xTex alloys and the contribution from vibrational entropy was discussed.


The treatment of neurodegenerative diseases is hindered by lack of interventions capable of steering multimodal whole-brain dynamics towards patterns indicative of preserved brain health. To address this problem, we combined deep learning with a model capable of reproducing whole-brain functional connectivity in patients diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD). These models included disease-specific atrophy maps as priors to modulate local parameters, revealing increased stability of hippocampal and insular dynamics as signatures of brain atrophy in AD and bvFTD, respectively. Using variational autoencoders, we visualized different pathologies and their severity as the evolution of trajectories in a low-dimensional latent space. Finally, we perturbed the model to reveal key AD− and bvFTD-specific regions to induce transitions from pathological to healthy brain states. Overall, we obtained novel insights on disease progression and control by means of external stimulation, while identifying dynamical mechanisms that underlie functional alterations in neurodegeneration.


Restoring jurisdictional wetland hydrology does not ensure that the hydrologic conditions of any specific natural forested wetland community are recreated. This is especially problematic for a state like North Carolina, which has roughly two dozen different forested wetland communities. Because forested wetland communities align themselves across edaphic and hydrologic gradients, we suggest exploiting these relationships to guide restoration design and set performance standards. However, methods to compare hydrology between multiple reference sites and restored wetlands are lacking. To address this, we studied three different forested wetlands across 13 reference sites to determine which measures of water table levels, based on correlation with plant community composition, would be useful to distinguish these three communities. We then used the best measures of water table levels to assess two restoration sites and compare them with the reference sites. Our results showed that monthly median water table levels encompassing the start of the growing season had the strongest correlation with plant community composition, whereas roughly five other measures also had strong correlations. On the basis of the best measures, both of the restoration sites had water table levels that generally fell within the natural range of the reference sites. Because there was variation in water table levels across each restoration site, the different measures where useful to identify which areas were least similar to the reference sites and might need further monitoring in the future. On the basis of our results, we recommend using community‐specific measures of hydrology to guide and assess forested wetland restoration. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Lord Dawson of Penn was the most admired and respected doctor of his generation. The skill with which he managed King George V's respiratory illness in 1928 undoubtedly saved the king's life and made Dawson a national celebrity. He was also respected within the medical profession. He was president of the Royal College of Physicians, elected twice president of the BMA, and honoured with a viscountcy.

His reputation would have been considerably diminished, however, had it been known that when the king was suffering from cardiorespiratory failure in January 1936 he administered a lethal combination of morphine and cocaine at a time when the king was already comatose and close to death. His action remained a well kept secret and the truth came to light only 50 years later when his private diary was opened, Dawson having died in 1945.

The king had been in failing health for several weeks when Queen Mary summoned Dawson to Sandringham on 17 January. Contemporary accounts of the king's last days given by the Archbishop of Canterbury and others tell of days that were tranquil and pain free with the king …


Critical pedagogy is considered quite challenging to be enacted both for academicians and professionals in education. This paper focuses on the exploration of the obstacles educators have faced in their efforts toward implementing a critical pedagogy in different educational settings. After reviewing the relevant critical literacy literature, suggestions to overcome the obstacles are made. In our view, this study is contributing to the discussion concerning the update of curricula and teaching practices by embedding a critical perspective.


Reservoir souring refers to the increase in the concentration of hydrogen sulfide in production fluids during waterflooding. Besides health and safety issues, H₂S content reduces the value of the produced hydrocarbon. Nitrate injection is an effective method to prevent the formation of H₂S. Although the effectiveness of nitrate injection has been proven in laboratory and field applications and biology is well-understood, modeling aspect is still in its early stages. This work describes the modeling and simulation of biological reactions associated with reservoir souring and nitrate injection for souring remediation. The model is implemented in a general purpose adaptive reservoir simulator (GPAS). We also developed a physical dispersion model in GPAS to study the effect of dispersion on reservoir souring. The basic mechanism in the biologically mediated generation of H₂S is the reaction between sulfate and organic compounds in the presence of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB). Several mechanisms describe the effect of nitrate injection on reservoir souring. We developed mathematical models for biological reactions to simulate each mechanism. For every biological reaction, we solve a set of ordinary differential equations along with differential equations for the transport of chemical and biological species. Souring reactions occur in the areas of the reservoir where all of the required chemical and biological species are available. Therefore, dispersion affects the extent of reservoir souring as transport of aqueous phase components and the formation of mixing zones depends on dispersive characteristics of porous media. We successfully simulated laboratory experiments in batch reactors and sand-packed column reactors to verify our model development. The results from simulation of laboratory experiments are used to find the input parameters for field-scale simulations. We also examined the effect of dispersion on reservoir souring for different compositions of injection and formation water. Dispersion effects are significant when injection water does not contain sufficient organic compounds and reactions occur in the mixing zone between injection water and formation water. With a comprehensive biological model and robust and accurate flow simulation capabilities, GPAS can predict the onset of reservoir souring and the effectiveness of nitrate injection and facilitate the design of the process.


This paper applies the theoretical literature on nonparametric bounds on treatment effects to the estimation of how limited English proficiency (LEP) affects wages and employment opportunities for Hispanic workers in the United States. I analyze the identifying power of several weak assumptions on treatment response and selection, and stress the interactions between LEP and education, occupation and immigration status. I show that the combination of two weak but credible assumptions provides informative upper bounds on the returns to language skills for certain subgroups of the population. Adding age at arrival as a monotone instrumental variable also provides informative lower bounds.


This elegantly designed and lavishly illustrated book showcases Bemelmans art and writing and illuminates the relationship between the man and his work. Bemelmans fascinating life story is told through letters, photographs, illustrations, paintings, sketches, and excerpts from both his published writings and his private journals, selected by his grandson, John Bemelmans Marciano. Although Ludwig Bemelmans is best known for his Madeline books, his creative life ex-tended far beyond the old house in Paris. He was a novelist and a non-fiction writer, as well as a regular contributor to "The New Yorker, Vogue, Holiday, "and "Town and Country. "He painted murals at the Carlyle Hotel, in the bar that bears his name, and planned to collaborate on a book with First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy. Late in his life, Bemelmans decided to pursue his lifelong desire to paint with oils, and the stunning results are showcased here. Throughout his life he was a celebrated bon vivant who experienced a rich variety of places, personalities, and professions. Little wonder that" Print Magazine" found his biography richly colored with a sense of Bemelmans s joie de vivre ."


This report presents an analysis of the Rational R1000 Development System for Ada, also called the Rational Environment. The evaluation combined the use of the Software Engineering Institute (SEI) methodology for evaluation of Ada environments, an analysis of functionality not covered by that methodology, and an assessment of the novel environment architecture of the Rational Environment. In addition to this report, Experiment Transcripts for the Evaluation of the Rational Environment, by Grace Downey, Mitchell Bassman, and Carl Dahlke (CMU/SEI-88-TR-21, Software Engineering Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, 1988) contains support material for the experimental results. The support material is the result of performing experiments based on the SEI's environment evaluation methodology. It consists of transcripts of the experiments, the detailed answers to the evaluative questions, and the detailed performance results.


When a free electron laser (FEL) interaction occurs inside a waveguide, there are two possible operating frequencies at the two intersections of the beam line with the waveguide dispersion curve. Using a one-dimensional model valid for a low-gain oscillator, the mode competition between the high- and low-frequency waves is studied. It is found that the low-frequency wave can be nonlinearly suppressed, even when its linear growth rate is positive. When the frequency ratio is two, phase locking occurs and the nonlinear gain of the low-frequency wave can exceed its linear growth rate. >


Finding the right representations for words is critical for building accurate NLP systems when domain-specific labeled data for the task is scarce. This article investigates novel techniques for extracting features from n-gram models, Hidden Markov Models, and other statistical language models, including a novel Partial Lattice Markov Random Field model. Experiments on part-of-speech tagging and information extraction, among other tasks, indicate that features taken from statistical language models, in combination with more traditional features, outperform traditional representations alone, and that graphical model representations outperform n-gram models, especially on sparse and polysemous words.


With the help of systemic and legal analysis, historical, linguistic, logical document analysis and comparative methods and relying on national law, the works of Lithuanian scientists and legal professionals and tax dispute case analysis, this article, by applying the principle of substance over form, solves problems arising within the context of calculating tax. Using case law analysis as its basis, the article explores the taxpayer's duty to calculate tax, provides recommendations for the application of a period of limitation for calculating taxes and identifies cases, where the burden of proof of correctness of tax calculation lies within the tax administrator and within the taxpayer. The article provides taxpayers guidelines about how to avoid tax violations. The jurisdiction of the High Administrative Court in the area of tax disputes, specifically in applying the principle of substance over form, is examined in detail. The article consists of an introduction, three chapters (which are subsequently subdivided into subchapters) and conclusions. Chapter One explores the substance of the taxpayer's duty to calculate taxes and it also includes one subchapter that analyses the application of a period of limitation for calculating and recalculating taxes. Chapter Two identifies which specific participants in tax and legal relations bear the burden of proof, namely when the burden of proof lies within the taxpayer and when it lies within the tax administrator. Chapter Three analyses the principle of substance over form. Chapter Four analyses the application of the principle of substance over form. The article ends with conclusions. The article has been prepared on the basis of the case law of the Lithuanian Supreme Administrative Court concerning the application of tax legislation. The aim of the study is to conclude that the principle of substance over form can be applied after assessing the subjective aim of the transaction, the economic content of the transaction, the selected legal form of the transaction and its adequacy for specific conditions, the justification or motive behind the transaction, and tax benefits. The most favourable explanation of the principle of substance over form for a taxpayer is provided in Belgium, where it is prohibited to use tax measures to interfere with the civil legal assessment of a transaction. When there is insufficient evidence to confirm the circumstances specified by either the taxpayer or the tax administrator, a resolution is adopted against the party that failed to provide proof of the circumstances. The following could be the basis for the application of substance over form in tax calculation: failed transactions based on issued accounting documents; intermediate or sham (optional) transactions; a short time interval between transactions in the common chain of transactions or plurality of transactions over a short period of time, when after the final transaction the original property owner continues to hold that property; a great difference between the actual value of the property (services) and the value of the transaction. Abuse of tax laws can be established only when a tax advantage was the main objective pursued by the underlying transactions and the taxpayer's activities that cause the tax advantage cannot be justified either by economic logic, which is demonstrated by the pursuit of maximum profit at minimum cost, or by other circumstances. On the basis of the analysis of the tax-related cases of law of the European Court of Justice, it can be stated that in deciding the need of the application of substance over form, it is important to evaluate whether there is abuse of the law or fraud (participation in the fraud) in the existing taxation and legal relations and whether there is a concept of fairness. The taxable person can be refused a right of tax exemption if according to objective evidence can be established that transactions, from which that right derives, constitute an abuse of rights, the taxable person commits a fraud or if it can be proved that the taxable person (buyer) knew or should have known that by making his purchase he is participating in the transaction relating to a fraud made by a supplier or other party participating in this chain of transaction even if this transaction corresponds to the objective criteria, which form the concepts of the supply of goods or economic performed by the taxable person.


The switching dynamics of short optical pulses in a directional coupler made of two single-mode fibers (or waveguides), which is assumed to possess uniform Kerr nonlinearity, is investigated theoretically. When the nonlinearity is weak, the function of the coupler can be described by the beating between the symmetric and the antisymmetric modes of the composite waveguide structure. The group-delay difference between these two modes (intermodal dispersion) can give rise to pulse broadening or even pulse breakup. New normal-mode equations and coupled-mode equations that include the effect of intermodal dispersion are derived and discussed. The intermodal dispersion in the normal-mode formulation is found to be equivalent to the coupling-coefficient dispersion in the coupled-mode formulation. In many practical cases the intermodal dispersion is much more significant than the group-velocity dispersion, and soliton pulses are switched in the same way as any low-power linear pulses. Only in the special case that the intermodal dispersion is negligible, compared with the group-velocity dispersion, do the new coupled-mode equations reduce to the well-known linearly coupled nonlinear Schrodinger equations. A normalized parameter is proposed to determine the relative importance of the two dispersion effects.


abstract:The mainstream contemporary art world is suddenly showing interest in AI art. While this has enlivened the practice, there remains significant disagreement over who or what actually deserves to be called an AI artist. This article examines several claimants to the term and grounds these in art history and theory. It addresses the controversial elevation of some artists over others and accounts for these choices, arguing that the art market alienates AI artists from their work. Finally, it proposes that AI art's interactions with art institutions have not promoted new creative possibilities but have instead reinforced conservative forms and aesthetics.


The PYRN General Assembly is hold every two years as part of a regional or international permafrost conference. It is the bi-annual meeting of all young permafrost researchers registered in the Permafrost Young Researchers Network (PYRN), which is an initiative of the International Permafrost Association (IPA). The Executive Committee is an international mix of permafrost young researchers with different research backgrounds. They came together at the European Conference on Permafrost 2014 in Evora, Portugal, and have been organizing the network since then. During the assembly the current PYRN Executive Committee presents its main achievements and major milestones during the last two year of governing (2014-2016) and gives insights into the structure of PYRN and how it operates. Furthermore the new PYRN Executive Committee (2016-2018) is introduced, that starts governing the network from the end of the 11th International Conference on Permafrost (ICOP2016) until the 2018 Regional Conference on Permafrost in Chamonix, France.


The cross industries overall business performance instability is non-exclusive of the prevalence of corporate responsibility and sustainability (CRS) performance instabilities. Contributing to CRS performance instabilities, are deficiencies of existing CRS descriptive frameworks to support delivery of CRS performance management. This is in the light of stakeholder's demands for business implementation of economic multiplier oriented CRS programmes. To address the problem of CRS performance instability, the Strategic Corporate Responsibility and Sustainability (CRS) Performance Management Model is built to enable business engagement in delivery of economic multipliers programmes to create CRS value convertible into Cash Value Added (CVA) for distribution among stakeholders and for business survival. The results from pilot testing indicate capability of the model's integrative processes to deliver CRS performances that are verifiable and acceptable to stakeholders. However this requires business leader's CRS Values as a driving force.


We describe the Dynamic Unit Commitment and Loading (DUCL) Model that has been developed for use in real-time system operations at BC Hydro (BCH) to determine the optimal hydroelectric unit generation schedules for plants with multiple units and complex hydraulic configurations. The problem is formulated and solved with a novel procedure that incorporates three algorithms. First, an expert system is used to eliminate infeasible and undesirable solutions. Second, dynamic program- ming is used to solve the optimal static unit commitment problem for a given plant loading, feasible unit combinations, and current hydraulic conditions. Third, the DUCL problem is formulated and solved as a large-scale network problem with side constraints. Output from the model includes DUCL schedules, spinning and operating reserve, and trades curves such as that between water usage and the number of unit switches. The innovative use of the procedure allows the model to effectively schedule hydro units for the energy and capacity markets in real-time. Application of the method is demonstrated by determining the 24-time-step DUCL schedule for a 2700 MW plant with ten units of four different unit types.


All currently active planetary exploration robots employ wheels for locomotion. In this work an
alternative robotic locomotion concept is examined: the rimless wheel, also known as whegs. It
has been proven to be successful in traversing rough terrain on earth and inhibits an appealing
simplicity in its mechanics and controls. These aspects along with its inherent redundancy make
the rimless wheel particularly suited for planetary exploration. The rimless wheel's kinematics
and compliant spokes are analytically examined using mechanical models. The dynamics of these
models are explored in a computational multi-body simulation which confirms the conclusions
drawn from the analytical models about running, climbing and movement on rough terrain. A parameter
variation then yields a set of suitable parameters for a future scout rover. The application
in sand is considered separately both analytically and computationally. Based on these results a
single wheel is build and tested on the conclusions drawn from modelling and simulation. These
experiments provide strong support that the two-sided goal of efficient movement on hard and
flat surfaces as well as reliable negotiation of rough terrain can be achieved with the developed
locomotion system.


Titanium dioxide, irradiated by ultraviolet/visible light was used to mediate the photocatalyzed degradation of several methylated creosote phenolics: ortho-, meta-, and para-cresol, 2,3-, 2,4-, 2,5-, 2,6-, 3,4- and 3,5-xylenol as well as 2,3,5-trimethylphenol. Total mineralization of the phenols to CO$\sb2$ and H$\sb2$O ensues as evidenced for m-cresol, 3,4-xylenol, and 2,3,5-trimethylphenol. The photo-oxidation of methylhydroquinone and 4-methylcatechol, two intermediates detected in the photodegradation of cresols, also leads to total mineralization to CO$\sb2$. The effect of such parameters as pH, initial phenol concentration, TiO$\sb2$ concentration, oxygen concentration and radiant power levels on the degradation of methylated phenols was examined in detail for m-cresol and 3,4-xylenol. The rates of photodegradation were found to increase as a function of pH and temperature. Concentration dependence experiments show the photo-oxidation process follows saturation-type behaviour. Intermediates were identified in these photo-oxidation reactions: these were typically methylated derivatives of dihydroxybenzenes or p-benzoquinone. Photochemical efficiencies (lower limits of quantum yields) were determined for the cresols and the xylenols; these were: 0.0096 (o-cresol), 0.0076 (m-cresol), 0.0104 (p-cresol), 0.0067 (2,3-xylenol), 0.012 (2,4-xylenol), 0.0074 (2,5-xylenol), 0.015 (2,6-xylenol), 0.0060 (3,4-xylenol) and 0.0067 (3,5-xylenol). A practical case study was carried out using aqueous mixtures of coal tar creosote; irradiation of the solutions in the presence of TiO$\sb2$ resulted in the complete mineralization of the organic components (75 wt% C) to CO$\sb2$. The reactions of xylenols and pentahalogenated phenols with $\cdot$OH radicals were examined in homogeneous solution using pulse radiolysis in order to identify the primary organic radicals formed. Reaction of $\cdot$OH radicals with 2,3-, 2,4-, 2,5-, 2,6- and 3,5-xylenol yields exclusively the $\cdot$OH-adducts (dihydroxydimethylcyclohexadienyol radicals) as the initial products. 3,4-Xylenol reacts with $\cdot$OH to form both an $\cdot$OH-adduct and a phenoxyl radical. At pH $\le$ 8, the 3,4-phenoxyl radical is formed via H$\sb2$O elimination from the $\cdot$OH-adduct; by contrast, at pH $\ge$ 9, both radicals appear to form concurrently. The principal products from the reaction of OH$\cdot$ with pentabromophenoxide and pentachlorophenoxide are the corresponding pentahalophenoxyl radicals; other products formed are the $\cdot$OH-adducts (dihydroxypentahalocyclohexadienyl radical anions), and the semiquinone radicals. The reaction of OH$\cdot$ with pentafluorophenoxide anion yields exclusively the dihydroxypentafluorocyclohexadienyl radical. The sonochemical oxidation of phenol was also examined in aerated solutions. Major intermediates detected were hydroquinone, catechol and p-benzoquinone. In contrast with photo-oxidation, complete mineralization to CO$\sb2$ did not occur.


In the alarming context of rising bacterial antibiotic resistance, there is an urgent need to discover new antibiotics or increase and/or enlarge the activity of those currently in use. In this article, aminoguanidine and dihydrotriazine derivatives were designed, synthesized and evaluated in terms of their antibacterial and antifungal activities. Most of the synthesized compounds showed potent inhibitory activities against different bacteria and one fungus with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 1 to 64 μg/mL , which obviously better than the positives control drug. The compound 23a showed the best antibacterial activities, whose MIC value was 1 μg/mL against eight strains. The cytotoxic activity of the compound 4c, 8a and 23a were assessed in Human liver cancer cells. The preliminary docking results imply that compounds 21b and 23a possibly display their antibacterial activity through the interaction with DHFR protein by targeting residues of the active cavities of DHFR.


Patient injury is a predictable feature of health care, particularly in hospitals, in the United States and elsewhere. Analysis of patient safety rests on four basic propositions. First, patient injury (ranging from minor injuries to death) is a recurring feature of health care and negatively affects roughly one in every ten patients. Second, physicians (and the hospitals in which they practice) all too often continue to practice bad medicine in spite of what is known about good medical practice. Third, medical practice too often ignores effective practices. Fourth, regulatory tools need to be expanded in order to force more integration and coordination in health care delivery.This article examples the range of patient safety efforts undertaken in the U.S. over the past fifteen years, with particular emphasis on the patient safety initiatives in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. Six broad strategies are examined, including 1) Standardizing Good Medical Practices; 2) Tracking Adverse Events in Hospitals; (3) Disclosing Provider Performance; (4) Reforming Payment Systems; (5) Coordinating and Integrating Care; and (6) Expanding Provider Responsibility. The PPACA is a major attempt to improve access to health care by expanding coverage through Medicaid and by reforming the private insurance market. Quality is also an important focus of PPACA - it promotes disease management, care coordination, new payment models, value-based purchasing initiatives, and the use of comparative effectiveness research. PPACA offers a strong regulatory push toward the goal of "flawless execution," the health care equivalent of zero defects in industrial production.


The reduction of. electrodeposited P-lead dioxide to lead
sulphate in 5M sulphuric acid has been studied at the stationary
and RDE. Potential step and sweep experiments have been made and
a model for the discharge process of lead dioxide has been
proposed based on charge transfer and limited high field conduction.
T'he potentiostatic oxidations of lead sulphate overlying lead and
lead dioxide have been investigated.
The reduction behaviour of porous one-dimensional lead dioxide
electrodes have been examined and shown to be independant of
rotation speed in a large excess of 5M sulphuric acid. The reduction
peak was broadened by the porosity. This broadening was interpreted
in terms of the reaction being driven more deeply into the pore
structure as the front of the electrode becomes progressively more
resistive. The effect of different potential sweep rates on the
current response and effects of progressive redox cycles can be
fully explained on this model. The potentiostatic oxidation of
porous electrodes of lead dioxide containing lead sulphate has also
been investigated. The form of the current transient was found to
depend on the balance of lead sulphate and lead dioxide.
Investigations have been carried out on the above electrodes using
the techniques of scanning electron microscopy and alternating current.
Possible interpretations of the results are discussed. The influence of the solid/porous material interphase on the
electrode behaviour has been investigated for a variety of alloy
supports with special reference to the charge output on reduction,
ease of reoxidation and electrode support/porous phase adhesion.
The progress made in the understanding of some of the problems
associated with the lead acid cell has been discussed.


A variety of recent studies have suggested that the meridional overturning circulation (MOC) is at least partially controlled by the Southern Ocean (SO) winds. The paradoxical implication is that a link exists between the global surface buoyancy flux to the ocean (which is needed for the density transformation between surface and deep water) and the SO winds. Although the dependency of buoyancy forcing on local wind is obvious, the global forcings are usually viewed independently with regard to their role as drivers of the global ocean circulation. The present idealized study is focused on understanding this wind'buoyancy connection. In order to isolate and investigate the effect of SO winds on the overturning we have neglected other important key processes such as SO eddies. We present the wind'buoyancy connection in the framework of a single gigantic island that lies between latitude bands free of continents (such as the land mass of the Americas). The unique geometry of a gigantic island on a sphere allows for a clear and insightful examination of the wind'buoyancy connection. This is because it enables us to obtain analytical solutions and it circumvents the need to calculate the torque exerted on zonal sills adjacent to the island tips (e.g. the Bering Strait). The torque calculation is notoriously difficult and is avoided here by the clockwise integration, which goes twice through the western boundary of the island (in opposite directions) eliminating any unknown pressure torques. The link between SO winds and global buoyancy forcing is explored qualitatively, using salinity and temperature mixed dynamical-box models and a temperature slab model, and semiquantitatively, employing a reduced gravity model which includes parametrized thermodynamics. Our main finding is that, in all of these cases the island geometry implies that the stratification (and, hence, the air'sea heat flux) can always adjust itself to allow the overturning forced by the wind.We find that, in the mixed dynamical-box models, the salinity and temperature differences between the boxes are inversely proportional to the MOC. In spite of the resulting smaller north'south temperature difference, the meridional heat transport is enhanced.


Water plays a key role in gold-catalyzed CO oxidation [Also see Report by Saavedra et al.] The discovery of highly active gold catalysts for CO oxidation (CO + ½O2 → CO2) about 25 years ago (1) ignited substantial interest in the use of gold as a catalyst. Yet, this seemingly simple reaction has proven to be quite complicated. No consensus exists regarding the mechanism by which gold catalyzes CO oxidation. Confounding the understanding of this process was the discovery that incorporation of minute quantities of water in the reactant feed stream can increase catalytic activity by up to several orders of magnitude (2). Many conflicting reports have been proposed for the role of water in the CO oxidation reaction. On page 1599 of this issue, Saavedra et al. (3) present a compelling mechanism that ties together the conclusions of many of these reports.


BACKGROUND
Delayed presentation of symptomatic breast cancer of three months or more is associated with lower survival rates from the disease, yet 20% to 30% of women wait at least three months before consulting their general practitioner (GP) with breast symptoms.

AIM
To explore the factors that influence GP consultation by women with breast cancer symptoms.

DESIGN OF STUDY
Qualitative analysis of semi-structured interviews.

SETTING
Forty-six women with newly diagnosed breast cancer, selected from 185 women recruited to a larger study.

METHOD
Interviews were conducted eight weeks after diagnosis of breast cancer, comparing two groups of women divided according to the extent of delay between onset of symptoms and seeking medical care. Fifteen women had sought advice from their GP within two weeks of symptom discovery ('non-delayers' and 31 had waited 12 weeks or more before seeing their doctor ('delayers').

RESULTS
Women with breast symptoms who presented promptly to GPs recognised the seriousness of the symptom they had discovered more quickly than delayers. Perception of seriousness was influenced by the nature of the initial symptom and how far it matched the individual's expectations of breast cancer as a painless breast lump. Other factors affecting help-seeking included attitudes to GP attendance, beliefs about the consequences of cancer treatment, and perceptions of other priorities taking precedence over personal health.

CONCLUSIONS
This analysis suggests that women need further information about the different types of breast cancer symptoms to assist symptom recognition, as well as encouragement to seek medical advice if a symptom is ambiguous. In addition, women may benefit from greater awareness of the benefits of early detection and reassurance about the improvements in quality of breast cancer care.


Updated edition of this top-selling CWNA study guideSybex is the official publisher for CWNP, Inc., the organization behind the the CWNA certification. The new edition of Sybex's top-selling CWNA Study Guide covers the latest CWNA Exam, PW0-105. If you're preparing for the exam, you'll find full coverage of radio frequency (RF) technologies, as well as IEEE 802.11 regulations and standards, protocols and devices, network security, and much more. This detailed book not only covers all exam objectives, it also includes practical chapter review questions and hands-on exercises. The book's website offers additional practice exams and flashcards, demo software, and more.Prepares you for Exam PW0-105, the new CWNA exam administered by the Certified Wireless Network Professional, Inc.Covers all exam objectives, including radio frequency (RF) technologies and IEEE 802.11 regulations and standards, protocols and devices, network implementation, network security, and RF site surveyingIncludes practical examples and review questions to reinforce learningDiscusses the latest information on wireless trends, protocols, and standards--helpful whether you're preparing for the exam or notProvides additional practice exams, electronic flashcards, demo software, and more from the book's accompanying websiteCWNA certification is the foundation for any professional who uses wireless networks--and a springboard to more advanced wireless certifications. Get started today with this detailed CWNA prep guide.Note: CD-ROM materials for eBook purchases can be downloaded from http://booksupport.wiley.com.


Big data from food retail stores is increasingly being used for population dietary surveillance, epidemiological studies of diet-related diseases, and evaluations of public health interventions. However, for retail data to be useful it is necessary to understand the spatio-temporal variation of when and where food is purchased and consumed. While some customers willingly share home location data with retailers as part of loyalty programs such data is typically too fine-grained/sensitive to be applied for research purposes. The aim of this study was to analyse differences between privacy-preserving models and actual retail catchments, and investigate if machine learning techniques could improve the accuracy of such catchment models. Based on a UK-wide sample of 4 million grocery store loyalty card holders, covering 485 million transactions over 29 months (2019-2021) and distributed across 33,000 neighbourhoods (Lower Super Output Areas, or LSOA), the study demonstrates how models trained on geolocated data perform at predicting, per store, catchment areas which contain 50, 80, and 95% of its customers' primary location. Through comparative assessment of machine learning approaches, we find better performance from tree-based models (RF, XGB) with the best performance from an XGB model achieving an R2 of 0.72 and MAE of 1.06. To conclude, we review variable importance measures using SHAP values and discuss the relative merits of including specific features when modeling catchment areas.


The last 7000 years of environmental history for Paoay Lake and its surrounding landscape is examined through the analysis of pollen, diatoms, charcoal, mineral magnetics and AMS dating. Basal sediments contain shells of Cerithiidae and the saline‐tolerant diatom Diploneis indicating that this was an estuarine environment before becoming a freshwater lake after 6000 bp. Pollen analysis shows that submontane forests, characterized by Pinus pollen, underwent a major disturbance around 5000 years ago, recovering to previous levels by 1000 years ago. Charcoal as an indicator of fire is abundant throughout record, although the highest levels occur in the earlier part of the record, between 6500 and 5000 years ago. An aspect of the project was to examine whether there is evidence of land clearance and agricultural development in the region during the late Holocene. While a clear signal of human impact in the record remains equivocal, there appears to be a correspondence between submontane forest decline and mid‐Holocene ocean data that depict warmer and possibly drier conditions for the region. The study highlights the vulnerability of these montane forests to forecasts of a warmer and drier climate in the near future.


This article identifies lack of ample information to employers on the need to use available welfare policy to low income workers to be able to assist them in using common shared transportation to commute as a viable solution to address the problem. Similarly, the article accentuates on the need to avail low income earners every available assistance to make their lives with the while one of which is access to affordable transportation considering that transport fares are quiet expensive and take large chunk of the meagre wages being paid to these low income workers. The article notes that while there is law and policy that could be used by employers to invoke providing assistance through welfare benefits on common shared transportation for poor workers, there is paucity of information and awareness programme to impress this on them for purposes of implementation. As such, only few employers intervene by using this measure of common shared transportation for the benefits of workers to commute to work. The article highlights the importance of common shared transportation but impressed that workers would benefit immensely if there is ample awareness and information motivating employers to use this welfare benefits for the poor workers. The article points out that while common shared transport is good for commuting low income workers to work, it also has inherent impediments such as delays, defects, repairs challenges, attitudes of the drivers and so on. It shows that with the proper information and oversight, management and good attitudes by the stakeholders and the role players, common shared transportation would be a more effective mode to commute.


The plain packaging of tobacco products, the disposal of hazardous waste and the management of toxic chemicals are all areas of health, safety and environmental (HSE)
regulation which have faced legal challenges by private corporations under international investment agreements established as a means of promoting and protecting inward
investment. How these legal challenges are made possible by the international trade and investment regime, and what lasting impact they are having on the regulatory autonomy of
governments is the focus of this research. This empirical work seeks to understand the impact of International Investment Agreements (IIAs) on national regulatory autonomy. By probing trends in regulation as well as the level of awareness of IIAs by government regulators, this research aims to identify the likelihood of constrained regulatory decision making or 'regulatory chill' amongst those governments who have faced challenges, or the threat of challenges, to their regulatory measures under IIAs. It
will also consider whether any chilling effect is more likely in a developing country versus a developed country environment.
This research engages with the relevant international relations literature which looks at the impact of the international integration of markets and trends in globalization on the policy autonomy of national governments. More particularly it looks not only at whether
globalization leads to the erosion of national policy autonomy, but whether this manifestation of globalization (ie: increasing numbers of negotiated IIAs with private corporate access to binding investor-state arbitration) leads to the erosion of national policy autonomy in the
form of forced regulatory restraint or chill.
There has been a proliferation of bilateral and regional rules on investment and with worldwide levels of investment expected to reach $1.8 Trillion by 2015, these agreements are arguably relevant to the overall trade and investment system. In this context, this research will contribute to existing academic literature with respect to the impact of trade and investment agreements on state policymaking autonomy within both developed and developing countries and will make recommendations in the area of trade and investment policy development and negotiations, including the role of investment provisions and investor-state dispute settlement in future bilateral and multilateral trade agreements.


The microbial source tracking (MST) methods of antibiotic resistance analysis (ARA) and fluorometry (to detect optical brighteners in detergents) were used in the summers of 2004 and 2005 to determine the origins of fecal pollution at beaches with a past history of, or the potential for, high enterococci counts and posted advisories. At Hilton and Anderson beaches, ARA and fluorometry in the summer of 2004 detected substantial human-origin pollution in locations producing consistently high counts of Enterococcus spp. Investigations by municipal officials led to the fluorometric detection and subsequent repair of sewage infrastructure problems at both beaches. The success of these mitigation efforts was confirmed during the summer of 2005 using ARA and fluorometry, with the results cross-validated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Results at other beaches indicated that birds and/or wildlife were largely responsible for elevated enterococci levels during 2004 and 2005. The application of fluorometry proved difficult in opens waters due to high levels of dilution, but showed potential for use in storm drains.

An additional study developed and tested a new library-based MST approach based on the pattern of DNA band lengths produced by the amplification of the 16S-23S rDNA intergenic spacer region, and subsequent digestion using the restriction endonuclease MboI. Initial results from small known-source libraries yielded high average rates of correct classification (ARCC). However, an increase in the library size was accompanied by a reduction in the ARCC of the library and the method was deemed unsuccessful, and unsuitable for field application.

A final study focused on the potential for classification bias with disproportionate source category sizes using discriminant analysis (DA), logistic regression (LR), and k-nearest neighbor (K-NN) statistical classification algorithms. Findings indicated that DA was the most robust algorithm for use with source category imbalance when measuring both correct and incorrect classification rates. Conversely k-NN was identified as the most sensitive algorithm to imbalances with the greatest levels of distortion obtained from the highest k values.

 Conclusions of this project include: 1) application of a validation set, as well as a minimum detectable percentage to known-source libraries aids in accurately assessing the classification power of the library and reducing the false positive identification of contributing fecal sources; 2) the validation of MST results using multiple methods is recommended for field applications; 3) fluorometry displayed potential for detecting optical brighteners as indicators of sewage leaks in storm drains; 4) the digestion of the 16S-23S rDNA intergenic spacer region of Enterococcus spp. using MboI does not provided suitable discriminatory power for use as an MST method; and 5) DA was the least, and k-NN the most, sensitive algorithm to imbalances in the size of source categories in a known-source library.


ESSAY Introduction Journalism education has been examined from numerous frameworks during its 131-year history, and every step of the way there have been discourse and debates about its nature from educators, professionals, journalism program graduates and administrators. Nowhere in these debates have the characteristics of the learning environment been examined. Ignoring the study of the learning environment in which journalism education takes place is a fatal flaw, and needs to be corrected as we begin the next century and a new millennium. Instead of traveling the same research paths again and again, journalism researchers need to take paths that break new ground. Applying the theory of experiential learning to journalism education offers one such path. Experiential researcher P. Honey proposed characteristics of a learning environment in an article in a book entitled Training and Development Yearbook in 1992.1 Before laying the groundwork for a new research area, I would like to consider historical perspectives of journalism education. Historical Perspectives The first classes started at what is now called Washington and Lee University of Lexington, Virginia, and during the first twenty years, journalism classes focused on teaching students to be printers, A. A. Sutton said in the book Education for journalists in 1945.2 During the 1888/1889 academic year, Cornell University offered writing courses. Other universities followed with such courses, and departments were organized. The University of Missouri started the first journalism department in 1908. The teaching of writing courses set off a debate about whether journalism students needed to study writing, a debate taken up by T. Campbell-- Copeland in an 1893 book entitled The Ladder to Journalism.3 Many thought journalism was best learned on the job. Historians have left a trail of discourse in the form of articles and books on the developments in teaching journalism. Those researchers include W. Schramm, who wrote an article in 1947 titled "Education for Journalism: Vocation, General or Professional," and published in Journalism Quarterly, W. D. Sloan, who wrote an article in 1990 entitled "In Search of Itself: A History of Journalism Education," which was included in the book Makers of the Media Mind: journalism Educators and Their Ideas; 5 and Frank L. Mott, who wrote a book in 1962 entitled American Journalism: A history 1690-1960. 6 Journalism courses grew to include principles of journalism, ethics, newsgathering, editorial writing, the law of libel, history, newspaper administration and comparative journalism, advertising, public relations and reporting. The instructors were professional news people. Practical training was the norm until Joseph Pulitzer funded the School of Journalism at Columbia University in New York, resulting in a radical curriculum change that brought liberal arts and the sciences and the beginning of Ph.D.s teaching in the classrooms, according to R. T. Baker in the 1954 book The Bicentennial History of Columbia.' The issues became whether the liberal arts and sciences were needed, and if they were, what kind of balance there should be between journalism and the liberal arts classes, and whether Ph.D.s should replace professional people. The next change in journalism education brought theory into the curriculum, and this change brought more debate between those who favored practice and those who favored adding theory to practice. In the early 1900s, schools, departments and programs were formed, and the issue became whether the programs should focus just on journalism skills and related courses or should include a broad base in the liberal arts and sciences. Other issues have been raised over the years-issues such as the centrality of journalism to the university setting, who should teach journalism courses, what skills and competencies need to be taught, whether journalism should be merged with other communication programs and whether a journalism program is better if accredited. …