This U.S. Bureau of Mines (USBM) report discusses the results of research conducted in the USBM experimental mine at its Lake Lynn Laboratory to determine the alarm times of smoke and carbon monoxide (CO) sensors, and a point type heat sensor (PTHS) to slowly developing coal-conveyor belt fires. The tests were conducted at air velocities of 0.44 and 0.97 m/s. The data clearly indicate that smoke sensors provide earlier warning of fire than 10 ppm CO sensors, and that 10 ppm CO sensors provide earlier warning than PTHS. A success rate of 1.0 (indicating detection of every test fire) was obtained for both smoke and CO sensors. For the PTHS, the success rate was 0.57 at the lower air velocity, decreasing to 0 at the higher air velocity. Data are also presented showing the sequence of fire events and detection events at the two air velocities as a function of time. Results show that early detection and warning of underground mine fires will improve the probability of miners' escape.


Objective The aim of this study was to obtain national data regarding adherence to national guidelines for aetiological investigations for hearing loss in children and highlight any variations in practice. Information was also collected on possible factors affecting lack of adherence. Design An online questionnaire based on the national guidelines for aetiological investigations for deafness was designed. Setting The questionnaire was distributed to the leads of all the Newborn Hearing Screening Programme (NHSP) sites across England through the Medical Research Council Hearing & Communication Group. Participants The questionnaire was sent to 100 recipients; from this 52 responses were obtained. Outcome measures Variability in the investigations offered for hearing loss. Results There was a 52% response rate. Analysis of the responses showed that audiovestibular physicians and paediatricians in audiology were more likely than other specialists to request level 1 investigations (investigations that are recommended to be offered in all cases). Respondents from London and the North West were more likely to request level 1 investigations compared with those from other regions. In all, 14 of the 19 audiovestibular physicians and paediatricians in audiology requested level 1 investigations routinely, but only 11 of 33 from other specialties did likewise. Of the 20 respondents from London and the Northwest, 15 requested level 1 investigations routinely, whereas only 10 of the 32 respondents from the other regions did the same. The difference was statistically significant in both cases. The geographical variation was specially marked for family audiograms and MRI. Conclusions There is significant variation from the national guidelines in requesting aetiological investigations for permanent hearing impairment (PHI) in children, depending on the specialty of the clinician and the geographical region, these variations appear partly to be due to the availability of local resources but also due to lack of awareness of the importance of some investigations.


ISO 26262 is the first comprehensive automotive safety standard that addresses the safety of the growing number of electric/electronic and software intensive features in today's road vehicles. This paper assesses the standard's ability to provide safety assurance. The strengths of the standard are: (1) emphasizing safety management and safety culture; (2) prescribing a system engineering development process; (3) setting up a framework for hazard elimination early in the design process; (4) disassociating system safety risk assessment from component probabilistic failure rate. The third and fourth strengths are noteworthy departure from the philosophy of IEC61508. This standard has taken muchneeded and very positive steps towards ensuring the functional safety of the modern road vehicles. SAE publications from industry show a lot of enthusiasm towards this standard. This paper suggested a number of items to be considered further strengthen the standard's ability to provide safety assurance. First, the Automotive Safety Integrity Level (ASIL) assessment may want to consider only the severity level, so that the subjectivity involved in likelihood assessment is eliminated. The ASIL assessment also needs to be standardized across manufacturers in order to address the tension between safety and business competitiveness. Government, industry consortium, and research institutions may want to work together on ASIL standardization efforts. Second, this standard provides little guidance on how to eliminate hazards in the design, but rather provides details on how to design and evaluate the effectiveness of component failure detection and control mechanisms. This paper identifies research that could be conducted on how to adapt the System Theoretic Accident Modeling and Process model during the design phase. Third, this standard gives detailed guidance on reliability engineering methods for component failures, but little on system safety design methods. Reliability and safety are different attributes of the system. This standard can be improved by further research on adapting system safety engineering methods to this standard. Fourth, the standard also substitutes good software systems engineering practices for software safety, although this is on par with other industry standards. Further research is needed to address software safety assurance. Fifth, the need for more detail in the safety assurance process and plan for product and operation phases of the product are discussed. Last, the needs for better design methods and safety assurance plan concerning driver/vehicle interaction design are also presented.


Administration of the interferon inducer polyriboinosinic acid.polyribocytidylic acid (poly rl.poly rC) (10 mg/kg, ip) to male rats suppressed the constitutive hepatic expression of the male-specific cytochrome P-450 [AH, reduced-flavoprotein/oxygen oxidoreductase (RH hydroxylating), EC 18.104.22.168] isozyme P450IIC11 (P-450h) to 21% of control levels within 24 hr. The mRNA for P-450h was more rapidly suppressed by the drug, being significantly suppressed to 56% of control values within 6 hr of administration. P-450h mRNA levels were further lowered to 10% of control by 24 hr. The kinetics of suppression of P-450h apoprotein and mRNA by poly rl.poly rC indicate that the primary mechanism(s) is (are) at a pretranslational level. Tilorone analog R11-877DA (TA) (50 mg/kg, ip), also an interferon inducer, produced qualitatively similar effects to those of poly rl.poly rC, although the TA produced lesser (51% and 59%) decreases in P-450h protein and mRNA, respectively, 24 hr after injection. Again, the results indicate a pretranslational mechanism of P-450h suppression. Although both interferon inducers suppressed hepatic P-450h expression, the magnitudes of these effects were not notably greater than those on total hepatic P-450, indicating that suppression of rat liver P-450 isozymes by interferon inducers is not confined to P-450h.


From the Series Editor's Introduction:
For much of the twentieth century, French intellectual life was dominated by theoreticians and historians of mentalite. Traditionally, the study of the mind and of its limits and capabilities was the domain of philosophy, however in the first decades of the twentieth century practitioners of the emergent human and social sciences were increasingly competing with philosophers in this field: ethnologists, sociologists, psychologists and historians of science were all claiming to study 'how people think'. Scholars, including Gaston Bachelard, Georges Canguilhem, Leon Brunschvicg, Lucien Levy-Bruhl, Lucien Febvre, Abel Rey, Alexandre Koyre and Helene Metzger were all investigating the mind historically and participating in shared research projects. Yet, as they have since been appropriated by the different disciplines, literature on their findings has so far failed to recognise the connections between their research and their importance in intellectual history.In this exemplary book, Cristina Chimisso reconstructs the world of these intellectuals and the key debates in the philosophy of mind, particularly between those who studied specific mentalities by employing prevalently historical and philological methods, and those who thought it possible to write a history of the mind, outlining the evolution of ways of thinking that had produced the modern mentality.
Dr Chimisso situates the key French scholars in their historical context and shows how their ideas and agendas were indissolubly linked with their social and institutional positions, such as their political and religious allegiances, their status in academia, and their familial situation.The author employs a vast range of original research, using philosophical and scientific texts as well as archive documents, correspondence and seminar minutes from the period covered, to recreate the milieu in which these relatively neglected scholars made advances in the history of philosophy and science, and produced ideas that would greatly influence later intellectuals such as Foucault, Derrida and Bourdieu. This book will appeal to historians of science and philosophy, particularly Continental philosophy, and those with interest in the history of ideas and the historiography of the disciplines of the social sciences.


This technical note addresses the gradient-based parameter estimation problem for pairwise linear Gaussian systems. The new adaptive filtering scheme is based on gradient-based optimization methods for estimating the uncertain system parameters and a robust square-root variant of the pairwise Kalman filter used for estimating the unknown states of the pairwise linear Gaussian systems. Hence, in the adaptive filtering techniques, the dynamic state and system parameters are estimated simultaneously. The method of the filter sensitivities computation required in gradient evaluation is derived in terms of square-root factors of covariance matrices.


Robert Gordon "And Moses said, I will now turn aside, and see this great sight, why the bush is not burnt. And when the LORD saw that he turned aside to see, God called unto him out of the midst of the bush, and said, Moses, Moses. And he said, Here am I. And he said, Draw not nigh hither: put off thy shoes from off thy feet, for the place whereon thou standest is holy ground. Moreover he said, I am the God of thy father, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob. And Moses hid his face; for he was afraid to look upon God. And the LORD said, I have surely seen the affliction of my people which are in Egypt, and have heard their cry by reason of their taskmasters; for I know their sorrows; And I am come down to deliver them out of the hand of the Egyptians, and to bring them up out of that land unto a good land and a large, unto a land flowing with milk and honey; unto the place of the Canaanites, and the Hittites, and the Amorites, and the Perizzites, and the Hivites, and the Jebusites." (Exodus 3:3-8)


In this paper, we use nationally representative data to describe basic characteristics of cohabiting unions in Japan. We also examine the correlates of cohabitation experiences and evaluate the relationship between cohabitation and the transition to first marriage. We demonstrate that cohabitation has increased rapidly among recent cohorts of women and that cohabiting unions in Japan tend to be relatively short and almost as likely to dissolve as to result in marriage. Simple models for the timing and nature of first marriage suggest that cohabitation is only weakly associated with marriage timing. Results change dramatically when we estimate models that account for self-selection into cohabitation. Controlling for unobserved characteristics associated with both selection into cohabitation and first marriage, we find that cohabitation experience itself is strongly associated with earlier marriage. We conclude with speculation about the likelihood of further increases in cohabitation and the potential implications for marriage and fertility.


The Diamond-Mortensen-Pissarides search and matching model is the workhorse of labor macro, but it has difficulty in simultaneously matching the cyclical behavior of job loss and vacancies when taken to the data. By completely ignoring frictions in job creation and focusing instead on firm-level heterogeneity, one can match the cyclical behavior of job flows and vacancies relatively well. In particular, one can generate a Beveridge Curve which looks much like the real Beveridge Curve, and one can replicate the approximately equal contributions of job creation and destruction to the cycle. Focusing on heterogeneity rather than on hiring costs seems to give an improved picture of hiring activity over the cycle.


A BSTRACT . An index number approach is developed for measuring changes in inputs, outputs, and total factor productivity in a timber-producing sector. These methods are applied to timber production in the U.S. South for the period 1952 to 1985. Results suggest that development of the sector may be described by an adjustment phase between 1952 and 1962 and a growth phase between 1962 and 1985. Aggregate output grew during the latter period at an annual rate of 2.0% for the forest industry and 1.2% for all other private lands. Input growth was also strong for the industry reflecting expansion in both the area of timberland and the intensity of management. On other private lands, however, timberland and inputs showed steady declines. Output growth net of input growth shows that productivity grew at about 0.5% per year on the industry lands and 2.5% per year on other private lands. However, the strong productivity measure for the other private ownership likely reflects measurement error related to the classification of timberland. These results demonstrate the potential hazards of using either trends in timberland area or gross investment (planting) alone to assess the development of a timber-producing


The Reserve Bank of New Zealand formally began operations on 1 August 1934, with responsibility for currency issue, debt management and the exchange rate. Although the establishment of the Bank can be seen partly as a response to the depression of the early 1930s, it also reflected forces that played out over much of the period following the First World War. Britain's push to see its Dominions establish their own central banks and the long-standing case for an independent New Zealand currency were both important factors shaping the debate around the case for a central bank. This article discusses these historical influences, the personalities that played a key role in the policy debate, and the events that culminated in the opening of the Bank.


A new translation of this gripping domestic tragedy, set in Simenon's very own neighbourhood. Book twelve in the new Penguin Maigret series. One by one the lighted windows went dark. The silhouette of the dead man could still be seen through the frosted glass like a Chinese shadow puppet. A taxi pulled up. It wasn't the public prosecutor yet. A young woman crossed the courtyard with hurried steps, leaving a whiff of perfume in her wake. Summoned to the dimly-lit Place des Vosges one night, where he sees shadowy figures at apartment windows, Maigret uncovers a tragic story of desperate lives, unhappy families, addiction and a terrible, fatal greed. Penguin is publishing the entire series of Maigret novels in new translations. This novel has been published in previous translations as Maigret Mystified and The Shadow in the Courtyard. "Compelling, remorseless, brilliant." (John Gray). "One of the greatest writers of the twentieth century...Simenon was unequalled at making us look inside, though the ability was masked by his brilliance at absorbing us obsessively in his stories." (Guardian). "A supreme writer...unforgettable vividness." (Independent).


Abstract A large number of older adults (65+ years) live on their own, and can experience high levels of loneliness. However, accessing activities to engage with their community can be difficult either due to their age and associated comorbidities, such as frailty, or due to financial reasons, for lacking the funds to access transport to activities. The aim of this study was to evaluate an existing service in the North West of England, Community Connectors, which enables people aged 18 and above to access social activities within their community in order to reduce loneliness and social isolation. This study only included middle‐aged and older adults. A total of 13 semi‐structured interviews were performed after people had taken part in the 14‐week Community Connectors programme. Data were coded by two research team members by using thematic analysis. Members of the public were involved in the design of this study, and in the dissemination. Between June 2017 to September 2018, 234 older adults and 53 middle‐aged adults were referred to Community Connectors. Four themes emerged from the interviews: falling out of society; easy self‐referral; structured supportive services; and reconnecting with community. Services often depend on individuals making the first step to access, however, without easy or facilitated access people can becoming isolated. Participants reported on how Community Connectors provided easy and open access that enabled better response to individual needs. The structured support provided individuals with confidence in engaging with community activities and enhanced individuals' social networks. Community Connectors enables middle‐aged and older adults to engage with social activities in their community, and thus helps participants to feel less lonely and more socially connected. Future work needs to quantitatively measure the impacts of the service on loneliness, depression, and social connectedness in order to fully understand their impact.


Most traits of interest in medical (including psychiatric) contexts are complex traits, generally of multifactorial aetiology including genetic factors. These genetic factors may include coding and noncoding sequences (with the variation in the latter being the dominant mode of human genetic variation). Epigenetic factors may also be involved in the aetiology of diseases. The study of genetic aspects of complex traits presents a level of conceptual and technical difficulties not seen elsewhere in genetics. New molecular techniques, especially those that have emerged in the post-genomic era, provide promise for a solution to these problems. Genome-wide association studies have provided evidence for the common disease–common variant hypothesis. However, other studies have noted the importance of rare variants including some with severe effects. The importance of epigenetic factors has recently come to be recognised. Over all, the advances of genomics and the post-genomic era have underscored the complexity of disease aetiology in most cases.

Key Concepts:

Disease traits are a result of complex developmental interactions between genomic and environmental factors.

Complex genetic traits are those that fall between simple Mendelising traits and the quantitative (continuously varying) traits traditionally studied by the methods of quantitative genetics.

Many disease traits are complex genetic systems of this sort.

The contribution of classical genetics (including quantitative genetics) to the study of most disease traits has been modest.

In contrast, recent molecular methods including allele sharing, quantitative trait locus mapping and allelic association studies show more promise.

Genome-wide allelic association studies have provided a wealth of new insight and considerable support for the 'common disease–common variant' model of disease aetiology.

However, rare genetic variants may also be important for the aetiology of some diseases including psychiatric ones.

Because of the social and political ramifications of genetic explanations, care must be taken in imputing genetic etiologies to diseases.

Keywords:

genetic disease;
genetic aetiology;
genome-wide association studies;
common disease–common variant;
complex traits;
polygenic traits;
genomics;
genetic reductionism


The purpose of this study is to investigate school district administrators' perspectives concerning the professional activities and influence of special educators in Norway (n = 266) and Sweden (n = 290). We examine three themes drawn from a survey of practices and policies in each country: (a) the organisational arrangements in which special educators work, (b) perceived changes in special educators' activities, and (c) ratings of special educators' influence on the content of instruction and the availability of resources for children with special needs. Findings suggest that special educators frequently work in teams, function largely as advisors, and spend less time working with individual students than in previous years. There appears to be a more pronounced increase in special educators' time devoted to advising and documentation in Sweden than in Norway. Swedish special educators were also more frequently described as working in multidisciplinary teams. Participants in both countries rated the influence of special educators significantly higher than that of parents and teachers on the availability and distribution of resources; and significantly higher than politicians, public officials, teachers, and parents with regard to influence over the content of instruction. We discuss these findings in relation to the goals and development of inclusive education in Scandinavia.


BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE
Hemorheologic alterations have been suggested to play a role in the pathogenesis of diabetic microvascular complications. We measured various hemorheologic parameters and assessed their possible role as a diagnostic tool for diabetic nephropathy (DN).

METHODS
248 subjects with type 2 diabetes and 222 subjects with prediabetes were included in this study. Hemorheologic parameters, including erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), elongation index at 3 Pa (EI) were measured using microfluidic hemorheometer. Various metabolic parameters were measured from fasting blood samples. The subjects were stratified into three groups according to classification of DN by urinary albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR) and four groups by estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR), than analyzed.

RESULTS
Significant differences were observed in metabolic and hemorheologic parameters according to progression of DN. Among them, (Fibrinogen×ESR)/ EI differed in all three groups of urinary ACR. In multiple regression analysis, (Fibrinogen×ESR)/ EI was an independent predictor of urine ACR after adjusted with confounding factors (ß  = 0.010, p <  0.001). (Fibrinogen×ESR)/ EI also showed significant difference no or minimal CKD stage, moderate CKD and severe CKD classified by GFR. This parameter showed area under curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of 0.762, and moderate sensitivity and specificity to predict prevalence of microalbuminuria.

CONCLUSIONS
(Fibrinogen×ESR)/ EI is a sensitive parameter for screening diabetic nephropathy.


The first book to bring together the many different everyday gestures that are used all over the world. Desmond Morris has travelled to over 60 countries while making field studies of human body language, and made notes of hand gestures and facial expressions. The result is a fascinating reference book of over 600 different gestures from Europe, the Middle East, North & South America and the Far East. The book is arranged alphabetically under the part of the body used with Meaning, Action, Background and Locality and each gesture is illustrated with a line drawing. The World Guide to Gestures complements Desmond Morris's bestsellers Manwatching and Bodywatching.


Were Jonah's experiences true to the history of ancient Israel? Were they meant to be read comically, philosophically, allegorically, symbolically, or realistically? And is God godly when acting beyond the comprehension of prophets, let alone ordinary human beings? These issues, and many more, are thoughtfully considered in this meticulously detailed and insightful translation of the original Hebrew text of Jonah as created by Jewish authorities during the second half of the first millennium B.C.E. In these profound and enduring tales, realistic events and miraculous incidents merge, and we never have to wait long to witness the power of God's love or wrath. One of the twelve prophets, Jonah faced more challenges in a short span of time than any other biblical hero. He went to sea and nearly drowned in the belly of a great fish. On land, Jonah journeyed east to Nineveh, where his mission was to spread the word of God in a city plagued by evil. He was tested by God at every turn. But even during his darkest hours, his faith never wavered and through all the tumult, he always listened for the comforting voice of the Lord. Author Jack M. Sasson employs the very latest information in biblical scholarship to interpret the many nuances in Jonah's seemingly simple story. Providing Greek, Hebrew, Latin, Aramaic, and, occasionally, Syriac and Arabic translations, this Anchor Bible Commentary volume is an exciting addition to the world-acclaimed series.


Transverse cracking of concrete bridge decks is problematic in numerous states. Cracking has been identified in the negative and positive moment regions of bridges and can appear shortly after opening the structure to live loads. To improve the service life of the bridge deck as well as decrease maintenance costs, changes to current construction practices in Indiana are being considered. A typical bridge deck was instrumented which incorporated the following: increased reinforcement amounts, decreasing reinforcement spacing, and high-performance, low-shrinkage concrete. The low shrinkage concrete was achieved using a ternary concrete mix. The objective of this research was to determine the performance, particularly in terms of transverse cracking and shrinkage, of a bridge incorporating design details meant to reduce cracking. Based on measurements from the bridge, it was determined that maximum tensile strains experienced in the concrete were not sufficient to initiate cracking. An on-site inspection was performed to confirm that cracking had not initiated. The data was analyzed and compared with the behavior of a similarly constructed bridge built with nearly identical reinforcing details, but with a more conventional concrete to evaluate the effect of the HPC. Based on this study, it was observed that full-depth transverse cracks did not occur in the structure and that the use of HPC lowered the magnitude of restrained shrinkage strains and resulting tensile stresses.


In this paper, we develop a nonlinear multicompartment lung mechanics model that accounts for nonlinearities in both the airway resistances and the lung compliances. Many models assume that the airway resistances for a lung mechanics system are constant over the entire range of air flows, and hence, pressure losses due to the airway resistances are assumed to be linear functions of the air flows. In the development of our nonlinear multicompartment lung model, we assume that the resistive losses are characterized by a Rohrer-type model, which can more accurately capture resistive losses as a function of the flows. Several illustrative numerical examples for a two-compartment lung model are presented and the response of the multicompartment lung model with nonlinear resistances and nonlinear compliances is compared to that of a multicompartment lung model with linear resistances and nonlinear compliances.


A global disk oscillation implemented in the viscous decretion disk (VDD) model has been used to reproduce most of the observed properties of the well known Be star ζ Tau. 48 Librae shares several similarities with ζ Tau—they are both early-type Be stars, display shell characteristics in their spectra, and exhibit cyclic V/R variations—but has some marked differences as well, such as a much denser and more extended disk, a much longer V/R cycle, and the absence of the so-called triple-peak features. We aim to reproduce the photometric, polarimetric, and spectroscopic observables of 48 Librae with a self-consistent model, and to test the global oscillation scenario for this target. Our calculations are carried out with the three-dimensional NLTE radiative transfer code HDUST. We employ a rotationally deformed, gravity-darkened central star surrounded by a disk whose unperturbed state is given by the VDD model. A two-dimensional global oscillation code is then used to calculate the disk perturbation and superimpose it on the unperturbed disk. A very good, self-consistent fit to the time-averaged properties of the disk is obtained with the VDD. The calculated perturbation has a period P = 12 years, which agrees with the observed period, and the behavior of the V/R cycle is well reproduced by the perturbed model. The perturbed model improves the fit to the photometric data and reproduces some features of the observed spectroscopic data. Some suggestions to improve the synthesized spectroscopy in a future work are given.


[1] In this paper, data from spaceborne radar, lidar and infrared radiometers on the "A‐Train" of satellites are combined in a variational algorithm to retrieve ice cloud properties. The method allows a seamless retrieval between regions where both radar and lidar are sensitive to the regions where one detects the cloud. We first implement a cloud phase identification method, including identification of supercooled water layers using the lidar signal and temperature to discriminate ice from liquid. We also include rigorous calculation of errors assigned in the variational scheme. We estimate the impact of the microphysical assumptions on the algorithm when radiances are not assimilated by evaluating the impact of the change in the area‐diameter and the density‐diameter relationships in the retrieval of cloud properties. We show that changes to these assumptions affect the radar‐only and lidar‐only retrieval more than the radar‐lidar retrieval, although the lidar‐only extinction retrieval is only weakly affected. We also show that making use of the molecular lidar signal beyond the cloud as a constraint on optical depth, when ice clouds are sufficiently thin to allow the lidar signal to penetrate them entirely, improves the retrieved extinction. When infrared radiances are available, they provide an extra constraint and allow the extinction‐to‐backscatter ratio to vary linearly with height instead of being constant, which improves the vertical distribution of retrieved cloud properties.


This paper employs fifteen dynamic macroeconomic models maintained within the European System of Central Banks to assess the size of fiscal multipliers in European countries. Using a set of common simulations, we consider transitory and permanent shocks to government expenditures and different taxes. We investigate how the baseline multipliers change when monetary policy is transitorily constrained by the zero nominal interest rate bound, certain crisis-related structural features of the economy such as the share of liquidity-constrained households change, and the endogenous fiscal rule that ensures fiscal sustainability in the long run is specified in terms of labour income taxes instead of lump-sum taxes.


[1] Intercontinental Transport of Ozone and Precursors (ITOP) (part of International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation (ICARTT)) was an intense research effort to measure long-range transport of pollution across the North Atlantic and its impact on O3 production. During the aircraft campaign plumes were encountered containing large concentrations of CO plus other tracers and aerosols from forest fires in Alaska and Canada. A chemical transport model, p-TOMCAT, and new biomass burning emissions inventories are used to study the emissions long-range transport and their impact on the troposphere O3 budget. The fire plume structure is modeled well over long distances until it encounters convection over Europe. The CO values within the simulated plumes closely match aircraft measurements near North America and over the Atlantic and have good agreement with MOPITT CO data. O3 and NOx values were initially too great in the model plumes. However, by including additional vertical mixing of O3 above the fires, and using a lower NO2/CO emission ratio (0.008) for boreal fires, O3 concentrations are reduced closer to aircraft measurements, with NO2 closer to SCIAMACHY data. Too little PAN is produced within the simulated plumes, and our VOC scheme's simplicity may be another reason for O3 and NOx modeldata discrepancies. In the p-TOMCAT simulations the fire emissions lead to increased tropospheric O3 over North America, the north Atlantic and western Europe from photochemical production and transport. The increased O3 over the Northern Hemisphere in the simulations reaches a peak in July 2004 in the range 2.0 to 6.2 Tg over a baseline of about 150 Tg.


The Inter-American Court of Human Rights has now developed a significant jurisprudence on indigenous peoples, far more extensive than the case law of the other regional human rights tribunals. Also, unlike the various United Nations institutions that promote indigenous rights, the Inter-American Court issues binding and detailed judgments. As a result, the Court has become a global leader in the adjudication and redress of indigenous claims. For this reason, this first close and critical examination of the Court's reparations for indigenous peoples is vital. With respect to non-monetary remedies, the Court has ordered the restitution of communal lands and other powerful measures. Generally, these pioneering remedies have directly responded to victims' preferences for restoration. In contrast, the Court's monetary reparations frequently disappoint. Examples include token sums ordered for plundered ancestral resources and a neglect of individualized compensation. By undercompensating indigenous petitioners in these ways, the Court fails to recognize them as full-fledged rights bearers. Fully entitled to collective and individual rights, they accordingly require appropriate remedies on both communal and individual levels. This critique is urgent because indigenous cases continue to flow to the Court, and its criteria are increasingly adopted by UN authorities, regional human rights institutions, and national courts. Ultimately, this Article urges the Court to commit to a victim-centered approach for monetary damages, as it generally has done for non-monetary remedies. Once rights violations are proven, if the Court does not reasonably respond to the way victims want to be restored, it will not adequately redress them. As a result, the Court will betray its mandate as a human rights tribunal and undermine the individual and collective rights of indigenous peoples.


CONTEXT
Asthma is a major cause of morbidity in the United States. Self-management of asthma requires access to appropriate equipment. Clinical experience in an inner-city practice suggests that families encounter difficulties in filling prescriptions for spacers/holding chambers, peak flow (PF) meters, and nebulizer machines.

OBJECTIVES
To determine whether Bronx, NY, pharmacies (1) carry spacers/holding chambers, PF meters, and nebulizer machines; (2) accept Medicaid insurance for them; and (3) perceive barriers to reimbursement by Medicaid for this equipment.

DESIGN AND SETTING
Structured telephone survey of 100 Bronx pharmacies randomly selected from the 1999 telephone directory.

PARTICIPANTS
Ninety-eight pharmacists and 2 pharmacy technicians in 100 different pharmacies.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Pharmacists' reports of equipment availability, Medicaid acceptance, and reasons for not carrying equipment or accepting Medicaid.

RESULTS
Overall equipment availability was as follows: spacers (68%), spacers with masks (57%), adult PF meters (40%), child-range PF meters (24%), and nebulizer machines (56%). For Medicaid recipients, equipment was less available: spacers (45%), spacers with masks (35%), adult PF meters (27%), child-range PF meters (17%), and nebulizer machines (33%). Surveyed pharmacists reported misconceptions about requirements for Medicaid reimbursement, which included the following: that Durable Medical Equipment permits are required (64% spacers and 33% PF meters), that special forms are needed (17% PF meters), or that this equipment is not covered by Medicaid (14% spacers and 8% PF meters). Of the 100 surveyed pharmacists, 32 reported difficulties with Medicaid reimbursement and 41 had never tried to receive reimbursement.

CONCLUSIONS
These results suggest that (1) access to spacers/holding chambers, PF meters, and nebulizers for Medicaid-insured families is severely limited in Bronx pharmacies; (2) misunderstandings regarding Medicaid reimbursement policies are common; and (3) interventions to increase the proportion of pharmacies that dispense equipment are needed.


We explore the robust quantization of the Hall resistance in epitaxial graphene grown on Si-terminated SiC. Uniquely to this system, the dominance of quantum over classical capacitance in the charge transfer between the substrate and graphene is such that Landau levels (in particular, the one at exactly zero energy) remain completely filled over an extraordinarily broad range of magnetic fields. One important implication of this pinning of the filling factor is that the system can sustain a very high nondissipative current. This makes epitaxial graphene ideally suited for quantum resistance metrology, and we have achieved a precision of 3 parts in 1010 in the Hall resistance-quantization measurements.


As modern electronics continuously exceed their performance limits, there is an urgent need to develop new cooling devices that balance the increasing power demands. To meet this need, cutting-edge cooling devices often utilize microscale structures that facilitate two-phase heat transfer. However, it has been difficult to understand how microstructures trigger enhanced evaporation performances through traditional experimental methods due to low spatial resolution. The previous methods can only provide coarse interpretations on how physical properties such as permeability, thermal conduction, and effective surface areas interact at the microscale to effectively dissipate heat. This motivates researchers to develop new methods to observe and analyze local evaporation phenomena at the microscale.
 Herein, we present techniques to characterize submicron to macroscale evaporative phenomena of microscale structures using micro laser induced fluorescence (μLIF). We corroborate the use of unsealed temperature-sensitive dyes by systematically investigating their effects on temperature, concentration, and liquid thickness on the fluorescence intensity. Considering these factors, we analyze the evaporative performances of microstructures using two approaches. The first approach characterizes local or overall evaporation rates by measuring the solution drying time. The second method employs an intensity-to-temperature calibration curve to convert temperature-sensitive fluorescence signals to surface temperatures. Then, submicron-level evaporation rates are calculated by employing a species transport equation for vapor at the liquid-vapor interface. Using these methods, we reveal that capillary-assisted liquid feeding dominates evaporation phenomena on microstructured surfaces. This study will enable engineers to decompose the key thermofluidic parameters contributing to the evaporative performance of microscale structures.


Little research has been done on student-athletes after graduation. The question driving this study was do athletes use their degree after graduation in lieu of academic clustering, fraud, emphasis on winning and athletic identity. The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not student-athletes undergraduate degree and career alignment was greater, less, or similar to the average collegiate body. Data was collected from 65 former male student-athletes from a Midwest Division I Mid-Major University over the 2009 through 2015 athletic seasons. Two sports were evaluated, Football (n= 54) and Men's Basketball (n= 14). Degree fields were determined by Roster and Media Guides found on the institutions athletic website. Various social media tools such as LinkedIn, Facebook, and other business websites were used to determine the career of each individual. Degree and career alignment was determined by comparing the career to the institutions Career Center, Career Exploration tool, "What can I do with this major" to each individuals degree. This document contains information about the types of areas and employers specific to that major. Results gathered suggests that student-athletes degree and career alignment scores less than the general bachelor degree achieving population. A unique aspect to this study is the focus on the revenue sports of football and men's basketball.


Rats with peripheral tumors exhibit depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors, which may be due to proinflammatory cytokines and reduced corticosterone. A relationship exists between health and mood. Individuals suffering from disease are more likely to suffer from depression and mood disorders, and depression is associated with increased severity of symptoms, and even death, in certain diseases, including cancer. Proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor–α (TNF-α), can trigger behaviors associated with depression. Pyter et al. found that rats with induced mammary tumors exhibited more depressive behaviors and behaviors associated with anxiety than did control rats or rats treated with the cancer-inducing agent, but before tumor formation. The mammary tumors produced increased IL-1β compared with normal mammary tissue. In addition, the abundances of the proinflammatory mediators IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α and the antiinflammatory mediator IL-10 were all elevated in the hippocampus of rats with mammary tumors compared with the control rats. Corticosterone, produced by the adrenal gland under the control of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, reduces proinflammatory responses, and its production is stimulated by stress. Although the rats with tumors exhibited no change in circulating basal corticosterone concentrations, the tumor-carrying rats showed a significantly smaller increase in corticosterone than did control rats in response to a swim stressor. Furthermore, rats with tumors had increased mRNA for both the mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors in the hypothalamus, suggesting that peripheral tumors influence the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. The relationship between cancer and the immune system is complex, not only affecting tumor progression but also potentially affecting prognosis by influencing patient mood and ability to cope with stress. L. M. Pyter, V. Pineros, J. A. Galang, M. K. McClintock, B. J. Prendergast, Peripheral tumors induce depressive-like behaviors and cytokine production and alter hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis regulation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106, 9069–9074 (2009). [Abstract] [Full Text]


This sumptuously illustrated, beautifully written encyclopedia, the best book available on the topic, presents the most up-to-date information about planet Earth in a style and format that will appeal to an extremely wide range of readers. With thousands of photographs, illustrations, diagrams, and maps and a text written by a team of international experts, it presents an impressive overview of our globe - beginning with the history of the universe and ending with today's conservation issues. A truly spectacular reference, "The Encyclopedia of Earth" offers new visual interpretations of many ideas, concepts, and facts, painting a fascinating picture of Earth today and across the ages. The encyclopedia is divided into six sections that are designed for either browsing or in-depth study. Birth gives an overview of Earth's 4.6-billion-year history, including the evolution of life. Fire explains the inner workings of our dynamic planet, its structure, and the tectonic forces that have molded its landscape. Land surveys rocks, minerals, and habitats. Air covers weather, including extreme weather events such as tornadoes and hurricanes. Water tours the oceans, rivers, and lakes of the world. The final section, Humans, provides a compelling portrait of our relationship with Earth, and of how the natural world has shaped social and political developments. "The Encyclopedia of Earth" features: some of the world's finest landscape photography and hundreds of detailed illustrations and diagrams, cross sections, cutaways, maps, and charts; coverage of topics including volcanology, paleontology, geology, natural history, cosmology, and more; simple, easy-to-understand explanations of complex phenomena; the most recent scientific information and conservation data; 'Fact files' providing information at readers' fingertips; and, 'Heritage Watch' boxes focusing on key conservation issues and World Heritage sites.


The aim of this study was to evaluate the microtensile bond strength of two all-in-one self-etch adhesives applied to sound and caries-affected dentin with four different application techniques. Forty extracted third molars with occlusal caries were randomly divided into four groups for G-Aenial Bond and S3 Bond: (1) according to manufacturer's instructions; (2) with acid etching before applying adhesives; (3) doubling adhesive application time; and (4) doubling adhesive coating. Teeth were sectioned to obtain 1-mm- ± 0.2-mm-thick dentin sticks and subjected to a tensile force. For G-Aenial Bond, doubling the time and application of two consecutive coats produced significantly higher strength than that obtained by following manufacturers' instructions and acid etching application to sound dentin. Prior acid etching and application of two consecutive coats to caries-affected dentin generated significantly higher bond strength than that using other techniques. For S3 Bond, there was no significant difference between application techniques in caries-affected dentin. For sound dentin, double-time application of S3 Bond produced significantly higher strength than application according to the manufacturers' instructions. Compared to the application according to manufacturer's instructions, acid etching before applying adhesives, doubling application time, and doubling the coating had a positive effect on bond strength to caries-affected dentin for all-in-one adhesives.


This paper describes a methodology for the prediction and evaluation of cracking behavior in concrete gravity dam's for use in periodic safety investigations as outlined in FERC 1988. While the method has the general capability of predicting cracks anywhere in the dam structure, its primary application is in the analysis of crack propagation along the dam-foundation interface. The proposed method provides an automated procedure for crack propagation analysis to replace the trial-and-error cracked-base analysis method commonly used in gravity dam safety analyses. The finite element method provides the computational basis of the procedure. Applications of the method for gravity dams include hydrostatic (for example, Probable Maximum Flood) and seismic loading conditions. Input and output processing routines simplify the definition of loading including the upstream and downstream hydrostatic loading, and uplift pressure distribution along the dam-rock interface. Site-specific data for the reservoir, dam and foundation materials, and structural dimensions are used to define their geometry, stiffness and strength characteristics. All input is in the form of dam engineering terminology. Output is in a graphical form illustrating the distributions of cracking, uplift, and reaction forces.


In an article recently published in the Stanford Law Review Professors Douglas G. Baird and Robert K. Rasmussen assert that big-case bankruptcy reorganizations have "all but disappeared" and give three theoretical explanations. This reply provides empirical evidence that the assertion is wrong; reorganizations not only survive but are booming. It then explains how their theoretical explanations led Baird and Rasmussen to the wrong conclusion. In their first explanation, Baird and Rasmussen note that modern firms have few firm-specific or dedicated assets. From that observation, they argue that the firms have no going concern value. This reply argues that the going concern value of bankrupt firms exists independently of the firm's assets and does not depend on their nature. Instead, going concern value inheres in the relationships among people and assets. Modern firms continue to generate those relationships and so continue to have substantial going concern value. Baird and Rasmussen's second explanation relies on asserted recent advances in bankruptcy contracting. They claim those advances made it possible to deliver control rights dynamically to investors whose incentives match the interests of the firm. Through these contracts, creditors who are the residual owners of the firm are put in control of the firm, rendering reorganization superfluous. This reply notes that Baird and Rasmussen supply no description of the contracts involved. It also provides empirical evidence that the pattern of contracting claimed is impossible because no single class of residual owners exists in most bankrupt firms. In their third explanation, Baird and Rasmussen argue that improvements in the market for firms have made sale as a going concern an effective substitute for reorganization. This reply explains why reorganizations would continue even if firms could be sold for their full going concern values.


Currently there is a gap between the research conducted in computer vision and robotics communities. There are many characteristics in common in computer vision research and vision research in robotics. Despite having these common interests, however, pure computer vision has seen significant theoretical and methodological advances during the last decade which many of the robotics researchers are not fully aware of. On the other hand, the manipulation and control capabilities of robots as well as the range of application areas have developed greatly. In robotics, vision can not be considered an isolated component, but it is instead a part of a system resulting in an action. Thus, in robotics the vision research must include consideration of the control of the system, in other words, the entire perception-action loop. This requires that a holistic system approach is useful and could provide significant advances in this application domain. Assembled here is a collection of some of the state of the art methods that are using computer vision and machine learning techniques and apply them in robotic applications.


The removal of water is an integral part of tissue paper production. Through air drying (TAD) is used for water removal when producing premium tissue grade products, however, at the price of higher energy demand. A better understanding of TAD may therefore lower the energy demand.The objective was to investigate the influence of formation, pulp type and grammage on non-uniform drying and air flow through sheets. A laboratory method, based on infrared thermography, was used to determine drying time and area-specific and mass-specific drying rates. Air flow rate and pressure drop were used to determine flow resistance and modified permeability.Pulp type had a large influence on the air flow through the sheet. Modified permeability, i.e. the material property describing the air flow through the fibre network, was strongly dependent on grammage for lower grammages, while it approached a constant value for higher grammages. In contrast to that, mass-specific drying rates were similar for the different pulp types at lower grammages, but proved to be grammage-dependent for higher grammages. Formation did not influence the drying speed to any large extent.The results illustrate that industrial TAD processes operate under very special process conditions due to the low grammage sheets.


The first round of Situational Judgement Tests (SJTs) has been declared a "success" by the Foundation Programme Office, the body that administrates the test. The SJT was introduced this year for all applicants to the foundation programme, which allocates first year junior doctor jobs in the UK.

The SJT—which replaces the previous method of assessment, white space questions—requires candidates to read through clinical scenarios and rank a set of given actions in order of preference. The test took place in December 2012 and January 2013, with two main sittings and one contingency sitting. Every UK medical school took part, with most candidates (99.4%) completing the test on the first sitting. Thirteen medical schools reported 100% attendance at the first sitting.

The …


The literary review and critical essay were complicated genres informed by the demands of the publishers and the expectations of readers. This essay examines critical writings by Victorian women, including George eliot, Margaret oliphant, and Anne Thackeray Ritchie, within the contexts of canon studies and reception theory to demonstrate how Victorian women writers were actively involved in acts of canon formation that both attest to the cultural implications of their work and have significant implications for contemporary pedagogical practices. Topics such as recovery work, anthology formation, and the role of the periodical press in the nineteenth century are also considered within this framework.


An understanding of the diversity of community water systems (CWS) in the United States is essential when evaluating the financial implications of the 1986 and subsequent amendments to the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA). This diversity, in terms of size, primary water source, ownership, and existing levels of treatment, shape the nature of the technical, institutional, and financial issues that must be confronted in moving these systems toward compliance with SDWA regulations. This report provides a descriptive summary of these operating and design characteristics ofCWS's across the country. The data are organized to help provide a typology of representative public water systems that can be examined to better understand the regional effects of policy implementation. The focus of the analysis is on small water systems, those most burdened by the expanded montoring and treatment regulations; much of the data are also provided for larger systems for purposes of comparison and completeness. Emphasis is directed towards current water treatment objectives being pursued by CWS's and the treatment processes already in place. It is for those smaller systems that may require the addition of multiple water treatment processes that the financial implications are likely to be most severe. As would be expected, there is a shortfall between the number of systems serving fewer than 10,000 people employing multiple treatment processes and the estimated number required. There are systems, however, that have demonstrated success with a number of multiple treatment processes, particularly in the small and medium-size categories. The experience gained by these systems would seem invaluable in efforts to accelerate the process of field testing and approval of technologies applicable to systems serving lower population levels.


The increasingly internationalised nature of higher education has enhanced the potential for students to benefit from a more diverse student body, yet there are gaps between the rhetoric and ideals of internationalisation and the lived realities for both home and international students. This paper advances the idea that fostering cosmopolitan values might be an educational focus for internationalisation. In this study I construct an intercultural 'capability set' as means of operationalising cosmopolitan values within higher education, by drawing on Kwame Anthony Appiah's conception of cosmopolitanism, on the 'capability approach' of Amartya Sen and on data from 44 interviews with undergraduate home and international pharmacy students. Findings illustrated the value of the capability approach a means of evaluating students' intercultural capabilities and potential of the capability set to be used as a heuristic tool for informing thinking about the creation of academic environments which promote justice, student agency and capability development.


Correspondence to Dr Vikash Ranjan Keshri; VKeshri@ georgeinstitute. org. in and Dr Soumyadeep Bhaumik; sbhaumik@ georgeinstitute. org. in © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2022. Reuse permitted under CC BYNC. No commercial reuse. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ. Global health as a field has its epistemological roots in related fields of tropical medicine and international health. 2 These fields are not only products of colonialism, they also enabled imperialism through the destruction of traditional knowledge and consequent capture of the knowledge ecosystem. Efforts to decolonise global health are therefore much needed. Calls to reform global health institutions, global health education, agenda setting, resource allocation, the problem in 'gaze' and equitable institutional partnerships have been made. 5–7 Unfortunately, diversity, equity and inclusion (DEI) remains a dominant framing of ongoing discussions on decolonising global health. Efforts around DEI are indeed necessary—as a part of antiracism and other social movements promoting inclusiveness of all forms of minorities in decisionmaking ; but they do not effectively address the structural imbalance of power between highincome countries (HICs) and low/middleincome countries (LMICs). To undo the persistence of colonialism in global health, it is necessary to understand how feudal structures helped imperial forces to sustain political colonisation. In this editorial, we highlight the similarities of those feudal structures to the current global health ecosystem, and why DEI efforts alone may only strengthen this feudal structure. Moving forward, dismantling the feudal structure of global health should be a target for efforts to decolonise global health.


Based on paleo-reconstructions of tectonic evolution of Taiwan, on the style of deformation across the Taiwan mountain ranges, on global travel-time tomography beneath Taiwan and on the characteristics of the Chi-Chi earthquake, I propose that the last M7.6 earthquake is a "subduction earthquake" which has ruptured a segment of the plate interface between the Eurasia and the Philippine Sea. Considering this event as an interface thrust earthquake, I propose to guide the future investigations of the Taiwan Foothills with such view including ultra-deep drilling (about 5-8 km) through the ruptured fault, down-hole permanent monitoring, systematic paleoseismic studies across active faults and numerical modeling of elastic deformation of Taiwan coupled with GPS observations. The aim of these studies being the determination of the distribution, recurrence and magnitudes of earthquakes in the western part of Taiwan.


Lattice networks with dissipative interactions can be used to describe the mechanics of discrete meso‐structures of materials such as 3D‐printed structures and foams. This contribution deals with the crack initiation and propagation in such materials and focuses on an adaptive multiscale approach that captures the spatially evolving fracture. Lattice networks naturally incorporate non‐locality, large deformations and dissipative mechanisms taking place inside fracture zones. Because the physically relevant length scales are significantly larger than those of individual interactions, discrete models are computationally expensive. The Quasicontinuum (QC) method is a multiscale approach specifically constructed for discrete models. This method reduces the computational cost by fully resolving the underlying lattice only in regions of interest, while coarsening elsewhere. In this contribution, the (variational) QC is applied to damageable lattices for engineering‐scale predictions. To deal with the spatially evolving fracture zone, an adaptive scheme is proposed. Implications induced by the adaptive procedure are discussed from the energy‐consistency point of view, and theoretical considerations are demonstrated on two examples. The first one serves as a proof of concept, illustrates the consistency of the adaptive schemes and presents errors in energies. The second one demonstrates the performance of the adaptive QC scheme for a more complex problem. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


The purpose of this study is to produce empirical evidence of psychometric properties of a survey questionnaire, the Malaysian Secondary School Students' Leadership Scale (M3SLS) Version 2. The scale was analysed by using Rasch Model. The questionnaire was administered on 2340 students from 26 government schools in four main divisions of Sabah, Malaysia. The results showed that secondary dimension is noticeable and the constructs were suggested to be analysed separately in future. PTMEA Corr are all in positive values. Person statistics (separation>2; reliability >0.8) and item statistics (separation>3; reliability >0.8) were within the acceptable range. All items in the M3SLS were in the range of 0.5 to 1.50, except item V5 (2.01), item V3 (1.64), item V4 (1.63), item V1 (1.63) and item V7 (1.53). All the items were maintained after the test.


The Mesoproterozoic–Neoproterozoic Torridonian Sandstone of NW Scotland has renewed sedimentological significance following recent advances in the understanding of pre-vegetation alluvium, as it is one of the most extensive and easily accessible successions of such strata worldwide. This paper presents the first modern sedimentological analysis of the unit's constituent Meall Dearg Formation (late Mesoproterozoic), recognizing a dominance of alluvial facies, with subordinate aeolian facies. Alluvial strata within the Meall Dearg Formation contain direct evidence for event deposition by high-energy floods, including the following: (1) widespread upper and transitional upper flow regime elements; (2) frequent stacking of successively lower flow regime elements; (3) common subcritical subaqueous dune fields with superimposed ripple marks; (4) occasional thin, desiccated mudstones; (5) evidence that microbial mats colonized substrates during intervals of sedimentary stasis. Together these strands of primary sedimentary geological evidence indicate that the alluvial deposition of the Meall Dearg Formation was typified by supercritical flows during high-energy floods, punctuated by prolonged intervals of sedimentary stasis. The preservation potential of all of the features was boosted by highly aggradational sedimentary conditions. These primary observations have implications for the 'norm' in pre-vegetation alluvium and confirm that, despite increasing recognition of diversity within Precambrian fluvial systems, classical pre-vegetation motifs of high-energy alluvial flood deposits preserved as 'sheet-braided' alluvium are still an archetypal sedimentary signature in some instances. Using supportive evidence from the Meall Dearg Formation, we recommend that the term 'sheet-braided' be used in inverted commas in future studies; this emphasizes the polygenetic depositional nature of the 20:1 width:thickness fluvial style, while maintaining the value of the term in the isolation of a key characteristic of pre-vegetation sedimentary architecture.


Microsporidia are fungi-like obligate intracellular pathogens, which infect most animals and cause microsporidiosis. Despite the serious threat that microsporidia pose to humans and agricultural animals, few drugs are available for the treatment and control of microsporidia. To identify novel inhibitors, we took advantage of the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans infected with its natural microsporidian Nematocida parisii. We used this system to screen the Pandemic Response Box, a collection of 400 diverse compounds with known antimicrobial activity. After testing these compounds in a 96-well format at high (100 μM) and low (40 μM) concentrations, we identified four inhibitors that restored the ability of C. elegans to produce progeny in the presence of N. parisii. All four compounds reduced the pathogen load of both N. parisii and Pancytospora epiphaga, a C. elegans-infecting microsporidia related to human-infecting species. One of these compounds, a known inhibitor of a viral protease, MMV1006203, inhibited invasion and prevented the firing of spores. An albendazole analog, MMV1782387, inhibited proliferation of N. parisii. We tested albendazole as well as 5 other analogs and observed that MMV1782387 was amongst the strongest inhibitors of N. parisii and displayed the least host toxicity. Our study further demonstrates the effectiveness of the C. elegans-N. parisii system for discovering microsporidia inhibitors and the compounds we identified provide potential scaffolds for anti-microsporidia drug development.


| The idea of designing a multifunctional urban space in different forms and with various meanings has always been existed in the field of architecture and the urban design, but the comprehensive definition of this concept is still missing. Although these types of urban spaces have always been elaborated spontaneously in developing countries, in developed countries, there are more restrictions for using urban spaces. Despite the differences in the ownership of public spaces, multifunctional spaces have emerged around the world and are increasing day by day. These spaces differ according to the context in which they are formed, the characteristics related to the morphology of the space and its dimensions and sizes, as well as their primary function. Beside these differences, they maintain common patterns that will help urban actors plan and design for such spaces in the future. This article analyses 80 examples of spaces that are currently multifunctional or demonstrate the potential to become one. In this research, the case-based reasoning (CBR) method has been employed along with the pattern language of Christopher Alexander to select the criteria and extract patterns. The result represents principles that can help designers to be more effective in enhancing the quality of life of citizens. Finally, it is observed that the obtained patterns have less physical form and mostly involve space planning and management. The pattern that has the most repetition among the extracted patterns is "participation", which should be considered as a culture in all its forms from the beginni.ng in the process of planning, design and management.


INTRODUCTION The trucking industry in the United States has historically operated on profit margins as low as 3 to 4 cents on every dollar of sales after taxes, compared to the 7 to 9% average profit margin experienced by the heavy manufacturing industry (Dun and Bradstreet, 1999; Lambert and Min, 2000). Recently, the profit margin of the industry declined further, from 3.08% in 1994 to 2.60% in 1999 (American Trucking Associations Economics and Statistic Group, 2001). With tight profit margins and increasing competition, a key to a trucking firm's survival is its ability to keep trucking operations "lean." Sustaining lean operations, however, is not easy given mounting cost pressures from rising fuel costs, taxes, insurance, and labor. For example, the national average price of diesel fuel spiked to $1,491 per gallon in 2000 from $1,044 per gallon in 1998. In addition, for-hire carriers paid 8.4% more in federal highway-user taxes in 1999 than in 1998 (American Trucking Associations Economics and Statistics Group, 2001). Those trucking firms that could not handle steep cost increases outpacing revenue growth failed to survive in the end. In 2000 alone, 3,670 trucking firms went out of business. This alarming statistic represents an increase of 205.8% in trucking business failures from the previous year (American Trucking Associations Economics and Statistics Group, 2001). One way of improving the operational efficiency of trucking firms is to learn from best practice firms that can be identified by setting a reliable financial performance standard. Examples of such a standard are a financial audit, an industry norm, and a benchmark. Since a trucking firm needs to measure its financial performance relative to its competitors to constantly strengthen its market position, benchmarking seems to be the most effective way of setting a reliable financial standard and then measuring the operational efficiency of the trucking firm. In general, benchmarking is a continuous quality improvement process by which an organization can assess its internal strengths and weaknesses, evaluate comparative advantages of leading competitors, identify the best practices of industry leaders, and incorporate these findings into a strategic action plan geared to gain a position of superiority (Min and Galle, 1996). The main goals of benchmarking are to: * Identify key performance measures for each function of a business operation; * Measure one's own internal performance levels as well as those of the leading competitors; * Compare performance levels and identify areas of comparative advantages and disadvantages; * Implement programs to close a performance gap between internal operations and the leading competitors (Furey 1987, p.30). In setting the benchmark, this paper will measure the operational efficiency of trucking firms relative to prior periods and their competitors. The operational efficiency measured by input/output ratios can reflect the true overall productivity of trucking firms better than traditional financial ratios that tend to focus on myopic aspects of financial performance. As a way of comparatively assessing the productivity of trucking firms with multiple inputs and outputs, this research uses data envelopment analysis (DEA), which was successfully explored in measuring the operational efficiency of banks (e.g., Thanassoulis, 1999), hospitals (Valdmanis, 1992), nursing homes (Kleinsorge and Karney, 1992), purchasing departments (Murphy et al., 1996), cellular manufacturing (Talluri et al, 1997), travel demand (Nozick et al., 1998), information technology investments (Shafer and Byrd, 2000), customer service performances of less-than-truckload (LTL) motor carriers (Poli and Scheraga, 2000) and international ports (Tongzon, 2001). For further details on other DEA applications, interested readers should refer to Seiford (1990). In general, DEA is referred to as a linear programming (non-parametric) technique that converts multiple incommensurable inputs and outputs of each decision-making unit (DMU) into a scalar measure of operational efficiency, relative to its competing DMU's. …


1. Introduction W. Brian Arthur has recently described what he calls casino of technology strategizing for high technology and high risk ventures as follows: Imagine that all technology strategizing takes place in a big casino. There are gaming tables everywhere, and Larry Ellisons and Bill Haseltines of the world are all wandering from table to table wondering which game to join. There's new game forming--let's say it's broadband or digital banking. Haseltine, who runs Human Genome Sciences, is the first to the table, and he says, "I want to play this game." The croupier says, "Fine, Mr. Haseltine. You can play." Haseltine says, "How much will it be to ante up?" The croupier says, "For you, it will be $4 billion." Haseltine says, "Fine--who else will be playing?" The croupier says, "We do not know until they arrive." So Haseltine says, "OK. What products are we going to be playing with?" The croupier says, "We do not know until we see them." Haseltine asks, "How well will they work?" The croupier says, "No one knows that until the future." Haseltine replies, "What are the rules?" The croupier says, "The rules will be formed when people sit down." (Arthur 2003:48) Arthur could have just as well picked anything from biotechnology, (1) for example genetic databases. In this case Estonia could be considered a player in Arthur's high-technology casino, too. Estonia has set a legal background for genetic databases (2) and launched the Estonian Genome Project (EGP) in 2001. The EGP is creating a nation-wide health and DNA database of the Estonian population and will provide access to the database for the purpose of performing genetic studies of common diseases. In addition, however, the initiators of the project have declared as one of the objectives of the EGP to increase the international competitiveness of the Estonian economy. According to the mission statement of the EGP, the competitiveness is to be strengthened by development of medical, gene technology and research institutions' infrastructure, as well as investments in high technology, creation of new jobs, and the emergence of knowledge-intensive products and services in the stated fields. (3) However, the entire state budget of the Republic of Estonia for 2004 is less than $4 billion mentioned above by Arthur, and it is roughly one third of the Estonian GDP (estimated $15.2 billion in purchasing power parity in 2002 (4)). Moreover, to borrow from Arthur again, other players have also sat down at the gaming table: Iceland has deCode, (5) UK has initiated Biomedical Population Collection (now named The UK Biobank), (6) and Germany's independent science funding agency Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft has recently called for and endorsed founding such a database also in Germany. (7) Whatever one thinks of the EGP, it can hardly be denied that this is a scientific and technology-intensive project aimed at creating new knowledge. Thus, the economic benefits of the EGP should occur via innovation process; innovations, in turn, are arguably the major determinants of economic growth and development. (8) Thus, the question we try to answer is rather straightforward: under what circumstances can the EGP have positive impact on the Estonian economy? We propose to take a comprehensive approach and start--as the EGP does--from the competitiveness. Following OECD we define it as a capacity of an economy "to produce internationally competitive products and services (export), while at the same time maintaining or increasing the actual income of people." (9) (Tiits and Kattel 2003) In what follows, we will briefly sketch the theoretical background of what determines competitiveness (Part I). This will give us the necessary setting to look at, first, the technological and export performance of Estonian industry in the 1990s and real wage dynamics, and, second, to examine the EGP and its possible impact on the Estonian economy (Part II). …


Extracted text; Dance science is a relatively new field of research, but has priceless value to those aspiring to become professional dancers in the future. As a college student training to become a professional concert dancer, I wanted to find out the most effective way to use the last few years of my pre-professional training to benefit me most. I had professors who recommended cross training at the gym, physical therapists who recommended yoga, dance mentors who pushed me to look at other fitness training methods like Pilates, Ultra Barre, and Gyrotonics, and then some who claimed that my dancing was sufficient enough to stand alone. With all of the proPosed options, there was no way of knowing if any of these options were actually going to effect my dancing in a positive way. Modern dance science research has been looking at whether or not dancers should cross train to see maximum growth and strength in performing, auditioning, and technique training. After looking into literature and studies that were already published, countless professional dancers do incorporate some kind of fitness component in addition to their dancing. Of all the above methods mentioned, yoga classes were simple, realistic, and functional enough to benefit dancers of any background and training. / Is it beneficial for pre-professional dancers to cross train to achieve maximum fitness benefits that directly translate to dance abilities? More so, how can a regular yoga practice affect the dance training of a pre-professional level dancer? / Beyond literature review and fundamental yoga technique research, I decided to ask a few of my peers to incorporate a regular yoga practice into their training and journal about it. Using a local yoga studio, Purple Blossom Yoga, three dancers attended different Ashtanga classes and reflect about the experience. I have included some of the journaling prompts as an addendum for reference. This period lasted for fifteen weeks, September through November. With those journals I was able to compare how my own yoga practice and the university-level dancers that I danced with matched up to the literature I was reading. /


The numerous yeast genome sequences presently available provide a rich source of information for functional as well as evolutionary genomics but unequally cover the large phylogenetic diversity of extant yeasts. We present here the complete sequence of the nuclear genome of the haploid-type strain of Kuraishia capsulata (CBS1993T), a nitrate-assimilating Saccharomycetales of uncertain taxonomy, isolated from tunnels of insect larvae underneath coniferous barks and characterized by its copious production of extracellular polysaccharides. The sequence is composed of seven scaffolds, one per chromosome, totaling 11.4 Mb and containing 6,029 protein-coding genes, ∼13.5% of which being interrupted by introns. This GC-rich yeast genome (45.7%) appears phylogenetically related with the few other nitrate-assimilating yeasts sequenced so far, Ogataea polymorpha, O. parapolymorpha, and Dekkera bruxellensis, with which it shares a very reduced number of tRNA genes, a novel tRNA sparing strategy, and a common nitrate assimilation cluster, three specific features to this group of yeasts. Centromeres were recognized in GC-poor troughs of each scaffold. The strain bears MAT alpha genes at a single MAT locus and presents a significant degree of conservation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes, suggesting that it can perform sexual cycles in nature, although genes involved in meiosis were not all recognized. The complete absence of conservation of synteny between K. capsulata and any other yeast genome described so far, including the three other nitrate-assimilating species, validates the interest of this species for long-range evolutionary genomic studies among Saccharomycotina yeasts.


In situations where the calculation of ocean wave propagation and impact on structures are required, fast numerical solvers are desired in order to find relevant wave events. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD)-based numerical wave tanks (NWTs) emphasize on the hydrodynamic details such as fluid–structure interaction, which make them less ideal for the event identification due to the large computational resources involved. Therefore, a computationally efficient numerical wave model is needed to identify the events both for offshore deep-water wave fields and coastal wave fields where the bathymetry and coastline variations have strong impact on wave propagation. In the current paper, a new numerical wave model is represented that solves the Laplace equation for the flow potential and the nonlinear kinematic and dynamics free surface boundary conditions. This approach requires reduced computational resources compared to CFD-based NWTs. The resulting fully nonlinear potential flow solver REEF3D::FNPF uses a σ-coordinate grid for the computations. This allows the grid to follow the irregular bottom variation with great flexibility. The free surface boundary conditions are discretized using fifth-order weighted essentially non-oscillatory (WENO) finite difference methods and the third-order total variation diminishing (TVD) Runge–Kutta scheme for time stepping. The Laplace equation for the potential is solved with Hypre's stabilized bi-conjugated gradient solver preconditioned with geometric multi-grid. REEF3D::FNPF is fully parallelized following the domain decomposition strategy and the message passing interface (MPI) communication protocol. The numerical results agree well with the experimental measurements in all tested cases and the model proves to be efficient and accurate for both offshore and coastal conditions.


Cryptography world have implemented a variety of methods for encoding messages today. The more complicated the method used, the resulting level of security would be better. In order to increase the level of security in the cryptographic algorithms, chaos theory is used. The chaos theory is a branch of mathematics that studies how to generate random numbers.Chaos theory is very sensitive to the initial value (initial condition), it is very useful and can be applied in the world of cryptography to generate a random key that will be processed as a tool in the process of encryption and descryption. More random numbers are generated, the better the security level of a ciphertext. This study specifically discusses/investigates how chaos theory applied for encoding using beaufort cipher encryption methods to increase the security on the keywords used. Based on the results of tests performed on the tested images show that the beaufort cipher algorithm using a key generated using chaos functions proved to be effective and safe.This is evidenced/proved by the average processing time required to perform the encryption and descryption process is quite fast which is about 0.7 seconds. And visually based testing and statistical test used encryption


High light-extraction (external quantum efficiency ~40%) 465-nm GaN-based vertical light-emitting diodes (LEDs) employing double diffuse surfaces were fabricated. This novel LED structure includes one top transmitted diffuse surface and another diffuse omnidirectional reflector (ODR) on the bottom of a LED chip. The diffusive ODR consists of a roughened p-type GaN layer, an indium-tin-oxide (ITO) low refractive index layer, and an Al layer. The surface of the p-type GaN-layer was naturally roughened while decreasing the growth temperature to 800 degC. After flip-bonding onto a Si substrate by AuSn eutectic metal and laser lift-off processes to remove the sapphire substrate, an anisotropic etching by dilute potassium hydroxide (KOH) was employed on the N-face n-GaN layer to obtain transmitted diffuse surfaces with hexagonal-cone morphology. The double diffused surfaces LEDs show an enhancement of 56% and 236% in light output power compared to single side diffused surface and conventional LEDs, respectively. The devices also show a low leakage current in the order of magnitude of 10 -8 A at -5 V and a calculated external quantum efficiency of about 40%. The high scattering efficiency of double diffused surfaces could be responsible for the enhancement in the device light output power


Fermentation is one of the oldest forms of food preservation in the world. In South America, most fermented beverages are nondairy products featuring several other food raw materials such as cereals, fruits, and vegetables. Generally, natural fermen‐ tations are carried out by yeast and lactic acid bacteria forming a complex microbiota that acts in cooperation. Yeast have a prominent role in the production of beverages, due to the ability to accumulate high levels of ethanol and to produce highly desirable aroma compounds, but lactic acid bacteria are particularly important in fermentation because they produce desirable acids, flavor compounds, and peptides that inhibit the growth of undesirable organisms. Among the South America beverages based on cereals and vegetables, the fermented beverages chicha , caxiri , cauim and champús , and cachaça , a fermented and distilled beverage, could be cited. Genetic and physiological analyses of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains isolated from cachaça have been shown to present interesting traits for beer production, such as flocculation and production of aroma compounds, fundamental to high-quality beer. The study of these traditional beverages allows the identification of new microorganism strains displaying enhanced resistance or new flavor and aroma profiles that could lead to applications in several industries and ultimately new products.


DNA read mapping is a computationally expensive bioinformatics task, required for genome assembly and consensus polishing. It requires to find the best-fitting location for each DNA read on a long reference sequence. A novel resistive approximate similarity search accelerator (RASSA) exploits charge distribution and parallel in-memory processing to reflect a mismatch count between DNA sequences. RASSA implementation of DNA long-read prealignment outperforms the state-of-the-art solution, minimap2, by 16–77× with comparable accuracy and provides two orders of magnitude higher throughput than GateKeeper, a short-read prealignment hardware architecture implemented in FPGA.


Substance use, like many human behaviors, occurs along a broad continuum from no use to extremely heavy use. Satisfactory interpersonal interaction involves understanding others' facial affect. There is a lack of research on facial affect recognition accuracy in individuals with substance use disorders. This archival study will seek to explore individuals with substance use disorders facial affect recognition accuracy. This archival study was conducted with data from 10 Project Working Recovery consumers. These consumers had met the admission criteria for PWR, including being at least 18 years old, presenting with a substance use disorder, and being psychiatrically and medically stable enough to receive services at the intensive outpatient level. Data was collected as part of Project Working Recovery's clinical service; consumers were informed of the objectives, benefits, and possible inconveniences prior to completing the Diagnostic Analysis of Nonverbal Accuracy 2-Adult Facial Expressions (DANVA2-AF). The DANVA2-AF was administered and consumers were asked to identify the facial affect of 24 stimuli. Demographic data and results from the DANVA2-AF were analyzed to explore the study objective.


"The right to be forgotten" (RTBF) is a relatively new concept in human-rights law, but it deals in root ethical issues familiar to news people and their sources. Editors must routinely weigh the news' long-term role as a "historical record" against its potential negative impacts on individuals. In the digital-journalism era, publication is at the same time both more enduring and less static, creating new parameters and possibilities for ethical decision-making. Because news content may be seen by more people in more places for much longer, the potential to do lasting good or harm is greater, but, because digital publication is more retractable and redactible than legacy platforms, the possibility of correction, clarification and removal creates both new harm-reduction opportunities and new challenges to the historical record. Also known as a "right to erasure" or "right to oblivion," the RTBF, now accepted in the European Union, recognizes that, even in the age of Google, people should retain some degree of control over information about themselves and their pasts. (Factsheet on the 'Right to be Forgotten' ruling (C131-12), n.d.; Manna, 2014; Rosen, 2012). This paper will explore both legal and ethical implications of the issue.


Dynamic yawing effects on vertical tail loads are considered by a theory of flat yawing maneuvers. A comparison is shown between computed loads and the loads measured in flight in a fighter airplane. The dynamic effects were investigated on a large flying boat for both an abrupt rudder deflection and a sinusoidal rudder deflection. Only a moderate amount of control deflection was found to be necessary to attain the ultimate design load on the tail. In order to take into account dynamic effects in design, specifications of yawing maneuverability or control movement are needed.


"There is probably no other phase of public administration in the United States, which is so badly managed as the conduct of elections." (Harris 1934, 1) Sixty-six years later, following the 2000 presidential election, the above-quoted observation still seems apt. The breakdown led to a whirlwind of litigation in the federal courts, leaving much of the public wondering whether a country that has made a practice of assisting newer democracies with the administration of their elections might need help with its own. Seldom has the relationship between courts and administration been the subject of such intense national focus, as it was with the judicial-administrative interplay during the 2000 election for the president of the United States. The unprecedented stakes riding on the outcome of the judicial-administrative decisions involved in election administration in Florida highlighted features of the judicial-administration interface and subjected it to public scrutiny as perhaps no other area of public policy since the early desegregation decisions. Understandably, both the processes they observed and the outcome that resulted troubled many people. Charges of bias were directed toward judges, administrators, and legislators at state and national levels. Charges of judicial overreaching were plentiful on both sides: Gore partisans alleged judicial overreaching by the U.S. Supreme Court, while Bush partisans alleged overreaching by the Florida Supreme Court. The purpose here is not to engage or evaluate charges of overreaching or partisanship; reams of legal and political commentary will be devoted to that enterprise for decades to come. Instead, the objective here is to examine the decisions for insight into what they might portend for improving election administration in the future and what they might tell us about the judicial-administration interface. I will attempt to draw out some initial lessons that appear to derive from the events and decisions associated with the post-election controversy. Undoubtedly, there are numerous other lessons that will come out of these events. This is meant to serve as an early look. Lesson I: Administrative Neglect in Critical Public Services Leads to the Courts The first lesson is not a new one, but it seems to have received heightened public attention as a result of the post-election dispute. The lesson the nation seems to have to re-learn time and again is that when the requisites of administration in an important area of public service are neglected for a long period of time, breakdown inevitably results and the affected parties turn to the courts to resolve what has been allowed to develop into a crisis. Time and again at the point of crisis, the courts have had to fashion solutions with little preparation and inadequate legislative guidance. This has occurred in many areas of public service such as mental health, prison conditions, and school desegregation (Cooper 1988). The courts are less like an advancing army charging in to dominate a territory and more like a fire brigade that has been summoned when half the building is already engulfed in flames. Nonetheless, the effect of judicial rulings in these areas was not only to force states and localities to address problems they had ignored for years, but also to put others on notice of minimum standards and that be enforced (Cooper 1997, 427). In the area of mental health, for example, the federal court's entry into supervision and reform of mental health institutions came in the landmark case of Wyatt v. Stickney (325 F. Supp. 582 [M.D.A1. 1971]); the court's decision found the abysmal conditions to which Alabama had committed patients in state-operated mental health institutions violated the U.S. Constitution. The decision followed three decades of professional-association analyses and legislative reports that had clearly documented the unacceptable conditions, procedures, and policies to which patients in many states were being subjected. …


The author provides an overview of the prevailing assessment and instructional issues related to culturally and linguistically diverse students with special education needs. Also, the author presents current trends and prevalence rates of students with disabilities who are also English language learners, in addition to general guidelines for the appropriate assessment of such students for special education services. Last, the author describes researchbased academic and behavioral strategies for these students, along with web-based resources geared to assist general and special educators working with diverse students with special needs.


O bjective: To investigate the mechanism of miR-24 in dopaminergic neuron injury in Parkinson's disease (PD). M ethods: In vivo  and in vitr o PD models were established using rotenone. Rats underwent behavioral assessment using an open field test and a rotarod test. MN9D cell viability was measured using an MTT assay. The interaction between miR-24 and DJ-1 was investigated using a dual-luciferase reporter assay. R esults: MiR-24 expression was upregulated in the brain tissues of PD rats and in rotenone-induced MN9D cells, while DJ-1 expression, the LC3-II/LC3-I ratio, and the protein level of Beclin 1 were downregulated. Rotenone reduced MN9D cell viability and interfering with miR-24 lessened its inhibition effect. Interfering with miR-24 upregulated the LC3-II/LC3-I ratio and the protein level of Beclin 1 by increasing DJ-1 expression and then relieved rotenone-induced dopaminergic neuronal cell injury. These findings were confirmed by the PD rat model. C onclusion: Interfering with miR-24 alleviates rotenone-induced dopaminergic neuron injury via enhancing autophagy by increasing DJ-1 expression. K eywords: Parkinson's disease, autophagy, miR-24, DJ-1, dopaminergic neuron


The conventional wisdom says that Ottoman Armenians and Rums had collaborated against the Ottoman government during the First World War and its immediate aftermath, and then the Ankara government after 1920. They may have joined forces during the First World War when they regarded the "Turks" as their common enemy. However, when the "Turk" was out of the way after the First World War, Armenians and Rums could not agree on how to share the spoils. This was particularly true for Trabzon which was coveted both by Armenians, who wanted to integrate the vilayet to their Greater Armenia, and Trabzon Rums who wished to establish an independent republic in the region. Therefore, while ostensibly working against the "Turk", Rums and Armenians essentially intrigued against one another over Trabzon. Although both parties paid lip service to a Ponto-Armenian federation from time to time, they at the same time undermined each other's efforts to gain ground in Trabzon. Combined with Turkish resolve to keep Trabzon and Allies' hesitancy to honor their promises to the Armenians and Rums during the First World War, Armenian-Rum dispute over Trabzon rendered the project of a Ponto-Armenian federation abortive.


This paper characterizes the performance of IA technique taking into account the dynamic traffic pattern and the probing/feedback cost. We consider a TDD system where transmitters acquire their CSI (Channel State Information) by decoding the pilot sequences sent by the receivers. Since global CSI knowledge is required for IA, the transmitters have also to exchange their estimated CSIs over a backhaul of limited capacity. Under this setting, we characterize in this paper the stability region of the system and provide a probing algorithm that achieves the max stability region. In addition, we compare the stability region of IA to the one achieved by a TDMA system where each transmitter applies a simple ZF (Zero Forcing technique).


We study the Haldane-Hubbard model by exact renormalization group techniques. We analytically construct the topological phase diagram, for weak interactions. We predict that many-body interactions induce a shift of the transition line: in particular, repulsive interactions enlarge the topologically nontrivial region. The presence of new intermediate phases, absent in the noninteracting case, is rigorously excluded at weak coupling. Despite the nontrivial renormalization of the wave function and of the Fermi velocity, the conductivity is universal: at the renormalized critical line, both the discontinuity of the transverse conductivity and the longitudinal conductivity are independent of the interaction, thanks to remarkable cancellations due to lattice Ward identities. In contrast to the quantization of the transverse conductivity, the universality of the longitudinal conductivity cannot be explained via topological arguments.


In many intensive dairy regions in northwest Europe, a decline in grazing is observed. In the Netherlands, the proportion of dairy cows with access to pasture is declining, as well as the time spent grazing per cow. The decline in grazing is seen as an unwanted trend by many stakeholders and is, thus, under debate amongst dairy farmers, the dairy chain, and society. Therefore, a public–private partnership was initiated to encourage grazing by providing farmers with usable means of improving their grazing systems. The partnership involved stakeholders from the dairy farming community, dairy and feed industry, agrotechnical industries, advisory services, and research. The objective of this partnership was to develop and stimulate technological innovations and management measures that increase fresh grass intake at pasture. The innovation network combined an integrated research approach with farmer working groups and broader stakeholder interactive meetings. The project started with a comprehensive grass intake framework, which was the foundation for exploration of innovations. The framework consisted of six interlinked components: soil, grass growth, grass supply, grass intake, feed supplementation, and cow behavior. In a continuous interactive cycle, strategic choices were made to focus on potentially effective innovations. The use of a public–private partnership to develop usable innovations that encourage grazing practices proven to be a good approach to develop a shared vision among stakeholders. It provided a basis to work together toward innovative practices and to disseminate the outcomes to the foreseen users. The approach succeeded in design concepts for two specific innovations, i.e., weekly grass growth predictions and daily fresh grass intake tracking. We demonstrated that meaningful grazing and fresh grass intake are possible in intensive dairy systems with high stocking rates and high levels of supplementary feeding.