Abstract. Predictions of temperature and precipitation responses to changes in the anthropogenic emissions of climate forcers require the quantification of the radiative forcing exerted by those changes. This task is particularly difficult for near-term climate forcers like aerosols, methane, and ozone precursors because their short atmospheric lifetimes cause regionally and temporally inhomogeneous radiative forcings. This study quantifies specific radiative forcing, defined as the radiative forcing per unit change in mass emitted, for eight near-term climate forcers as a function of their source regions and the season of emission by using dedicated simulations by four general circulation and chemistry-transport models. Although differences in the representation of atmospheric chemistry and radiative processes in different models impede the creation of a uniform dataset, four distinct findings can be highlighted. Firstly, specific radiative forcing for sulfur dioxide and organic carbon are stronger when aerosol–cloud interactions are taken into account. Secondly, there is a lack of agreement on the sign of the specific radiative forcing of volatile organic compound perturbations, suggesting they are better avoided in climate mitigation strategies. Thirdly, the strong seasonalities of the specific radiative forcing of most forcers allow strategies to minimise positive radiative forcing based on the timing of emissions. Finally, European and shipping emissions exert stronger aerosol specific radiative forcings compared to East Asia where the baseline is more polluted. This study can therefore form the basis for further refining climate mitigation options based on regional and seasonal controls on emissions. For example, reducing summertime emissions of black carbon and wintertime emissions of sulfur dioxide in the more polluted regions is a possible way to improve air quality without weakening the negative radiative forcing of aerosols.


This paper presents a new database containing high-definition audio and video recordings in a rather unconstrained video-conferencing-like environment. The database consists of recordings of people sitting around a table in two separate rooms communicating and playing online games with each other. Extensive annotation of head positions, voice activity and word transcription has been performed on the dataset, making it especially useful for evaluating automatic speech-recognition, voice activity detection, speaker localisation, multi-face detection and tracking, and other audio-visual analysis algorithms.


OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to assess the association of chewing ability to oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) measured by the Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14) controlling for clinical oral health status, self-reported health status, demographic factors, and socioeconomic conditions among community-dwelling and institutionalized Korean elders.

METHODS
This cross-sectional study comprised a sample of 307 community-dwelling and 102 institutionalized people over the age of 60, using a cluster sampling procedure. A questionnaire was implemented and a clinical oral examination was completed for each subject. The outcome variable of interest was the OHIP-14 score, and its associations with chewing ability, objective oral health status, self-reported health status, demographic factors, and socioeconomic conditions were assessed. Because of highly-skewed distribution of the OHIP-14 scores, nonparametric analytic methods were used. The final model was developed using a multivariable two-level logistic regression model for a dichotomized OHIP-14 score to account for the cluster sampling method applied to this study.

RESULTS
The mean age of the participants was 75.4 years, with 67.7% being women. The median OHIP-14 score was 7. Negative oral health impacts were experienced fairly often or very often by a total of 36.4% of elderly. In the final model, elders who could chew none to three and four to six foods among seven indicator foods were 3.4 (P = 0.010) and 2.0 (P = 0.040) times more likely, respectively, to have worse OHRQoL compared with elders who could chew all seven food types. Also significant associations with worse OHRQoL were shown for being concerned about oral health [Odds Ratio (OR) = 4.9, P = 0.002], fair or better self-reported oral health (OR = 0.12, P = 0.002), very good/good self-reported general health (OR = 0.38, P = 0.008), being married (OR = 2.0, P = 0.054), and having a favourable economic status (OR = 0.43, P = 0.042).

CONCLUSIONS
This study showed highly significant association between chewing ability and OHRQoL measured by the OHIP-14 score after controlling for related factors. Amelioration of chewing ability might independently contribute to improving the OHRQoL of elders.


We present a rigorous analytical approach to diffraction problems posed by multilayered grating structures that incorporate metallic and dielectric elements having arbitrary shapes. The dielectric media can be either transparent or absorbing and may exhibit biaxial anisotropy, while the metallic materials may have finite or infinite conductivities. Our approach uses a modal formulation that describes each layer of the grating configuration in terms of an electrical transmission-line unit. The boundary conditions between adjacent layers are generally expressed by an interface transformer whose properties are dictated by the modal characteristics of the two layers. The electromagnetic behavior of a complex grating configuration can thus be represented by an equivalent network that has simple canonic constituents. Such a formulation of the wave scattering problem serves to systematically derive the diffracted fields everywhere. In addition, it provides a convenient scheme for stable numerical evaluations that have good convergence properties. We demonstrate the accuracy and effectiveness of this approach by examples that include comparisons with situations having exact solutions for the diffracted fields.


ABSTRACT The use of molecular tools often shows that regional species diversity differs from what we know from assessments based on morphological identifications. The seaweed flora of the British Isles has been well established over a long period from foundational work published during the XVIII-XIX centuries to more recent revisions based on molecular tools. The application of these tools (primarily rbcL sequences), alongside morphological observations, to the study of the tribes Streblocladieae and Polysiphonieae in the British Isles led us to three new records of species, as well as two species that require taxonomic revision. Polysiphonia morrowii Harvey, P. delicata Díaz-Tapia and Vertebrata tripinnata (Harvey) Kuntze are recorded for the first time in the British Isles. Finding P. morrowii and P. delicata, which are considered introduced or cryptogenic in Europe, is not surprising and these new records improve our knowledge of their distribution. Vertebrata tripinnata had previously been recorded in southern Europe and collecting it on the northern coast of Ireland considerably expands its known distribution. We also found that rbcL and cox1 sequences for the morphologically divergent V. simulans (Harvey) Kuntze and P. ceramiiformis P.Crouan & H.Crouan (which has never been transferred to Vertebrata) from the British Isles were identical, and we propose to reduce the latter to a synonym of the former. Finally, we found two pseudo-cryptic species represented in specimens morphologically assigned to V. fruticulosa (Wulfen) Kuntze, and we propose the resurrection of V. martensiana (Kützing) Piñeiro-Corbeira, Maggs & Díaz-Tapia. This work further evidences the relevance of reassessing red algal species diversity using molecular tools, even in regions where floras are considered well-known.


Hydrogels are a unique class of polymer which swell, but do not dissolve in, water. A range of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate based copolymer hydrogels containing both cyclic and linear polyethers have been synthesised and are described in this thesis. Initially, cyclic polyethers were occluded within the polymer matrix and the transport properties investigated. The results indicated that the presence of an ionophore can be used to modulate ion transport and that ion transport is described by a dual-sorption mechanism. However, these studies were limited due to ionophore loss during hydration. Hence, the synthesis of a range of acrylate based crown ether monomers was considered. A pure sample of 4-acryolylaminobenzo-15-crown-5 was obtained and a terpolymer containing this monomer was prepared. Transport studies illustrated that the presence of a `bound' ionophore modulates ion transport in a similar way to the occluded systems. The transport properties of a series of terpolymers containing linear polyethers were then investigated. The results indicated that the dual-sorption mechanism is observed for these systems with group II metal cations while the transport of group I metal cations, with the exception of sodium, is enhanced. Finally, the equilibrium water contents (EWC) surface and mechanical properties of these terpolymers containing linear polyethers were examined. Although subtle variations in EWC are observed as the structure of the polyether side chain varies, generally EWC is enhanced due to the hydrophilicity of the polyether side chain. The macroscopic surface properties were investigated using a sessile drop technique and FTIR spectroscopy. At a molecular level surface properties were probed using an in vitro ocular spoilation model and preliminary cell adhesion studies. The results indicate that the polyethylene oxide side chains are expressed at the polymer surface thus reducing the adhesion of biological species.


A Home Movie, an 18-minute auto ethnographic film essay, concludes a two-year process of personal study of mental health, immigration and growth. Since the first shots of the film were captured with a DSLR camera, on December of 2014 at Pearson Airport, to the last shot taken on February of 2017 at his adoptive hometown of Hamilton, Ontario, the author went through a severe personal crisis, broke a leg, traveled, inquired his loved ones on the effects of his migration on their lives, severely strained and then strengthened ties with family, lost loved ones, and achieved a better understanding of his own self. In this accompanying thesis, medical, artistic and sociological issues are carefully considered, but the crucial findings come from personal honesty and the finding of an artistic voice in the medium of film.


Since 2003, 39 small earthquakes have been detected off the coast of central Oregon in the nominally locked part of the Cascadia subduction zone, where very little seismic activity has been recorded in spite of a paleoseismic record of great subduction events. Although the regional earthquake bulletin reports depths of 29 and 28 km for the two largest events ( M w 4.9 and M w 4.7, which occurred in 2004), analysis by Trehu et al. (2008) indicates that they were low-angle thrust events that occurred on the plate boundary at depths of 9–11 and 16 km, respectively. Because of sparse onshore station coverage, most of the smaller events have large location uncertainties. Double-difference relative location of 30 of these earthquakes reveals two tight clusters approximately 30 km apart; each cluster is associated with one of the two larger events. Within each cluster, relocation reduces the hypocenter depth spread from >15 km to <3 km, with uncertainties on the order of 0.1 km. The relocations, combined with independent absolute hypocenter locations for two 2008 events using a deployment of land and ocean-bottom seismometers, suggest that the seismicity occurred at plate boundary depths, possibly on the Cascadia megathrust. This concentrated activity in the seismogenic zone may represent patches on the fault plane with anomalous frictional characteristics, possibly caused by subducted topographic features, which can affect the propagation of a large megathrust rupture.


The Parque Nacional de Zinave covers 400 000 ha in Mozambique to the south of the Save River. Until recently, this park had been characterised by neglect and illegal hunting that caused the demise of most of its large wildlife. A recent initiative has been launched that aims at rehabilitating the park within the scope of the Greater Limpopo Transfrontier Park (GLTP). A vegetation map was required as input to its management plan. The three primary objectives of the study were, firstly, to understand the environmental and biotic determinants of the vegetation, secondly, to identify and describe individual plant communities in terms of species composition and structure along the roads in the study area and, thirdly, to delineate landscapes in terms of their plant community make-up, environmental as well as biotic determinants and distribution. This is the third survey and description of the landscapes of the national parks located in the Mozambique part of the GLTP. A combination of feldwork and analysis of LANDSAT satellite imagery was used. A total of 75 sample plots were surveyed. A brief subjective visual assessment was undertaken for another 114 sample points. The accuracy of the landscape map was evaluated by means of 582 points assessed during an aerial game count. The ordination results clearly indicate the overriding importance of moisture availability in determining vegetation composition. Ten distinct plant communities were recognised. Different combinations of these plant communities can be grouped in six major landscapes, namely the Save River channel and river banks, Save riverine forest, Acacia nigrescens woodland landscape, mopane landscape, miombo landscape and sandveld landscape. The landscapes with their individual plant communities represent habitats that are highly suitable for the reintroduction of many game species that were lost during the latter part of the last century. Conservation implication: No formal description and mapping of the vegetation existed for Zinave. The landscape map is a vital input for the management plan. The reintroduction of wildlife species that were exterminated during the civil war requires a selection of suitable habitats for the placement of the 'sanctuary' that will be used to ensure the initial security of the introduced animals. The landscape map of Zinave fits into the broader mapping of the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park and Conservation Area (GLTFCA) for conservation planning purposes.


Low access to food retailers selling healthy and affordable foods may lead to reliance on food retail venues that carry a limited range of foods. Reliance on smaller retail stores and restaurants may result in a poor diet and diet-related health problems. The U.S. Department of Agriculture's National Household Food Acquisition and Purchase Survey contains abundant data for examining how access to food retailers influences where households get their food, including stores and restaurants, and how much they spend at each place. This research looks at households that do not use their own vehicle to travel to a store and live more than 0.5 mile from the nearest SNAP-authorized supermarket or superstore, likely barriers to accessing food. Using a national sample and a low-income subsample that includes participants of the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), the authors find evidence that access-burdened households have some distinct shopping patterns. They are less likely to visit a large store (supermarket, supercenter, or warehouse store) than households with a vehicle or close access (77 percent compared with 87 percent). While those with burdened access who do visit these venues do so less frequently, both groups average over two shopping events at these stores (2.4 events for access-burdened households compared with 2.8 for those with sufficient access). The differences in shopping frequency do not translate to less spending at these large stores as both access-burdened and sufficient-access households spend about 58 percent of their food budget there. Access-burdened households spend a greater share of their budget at food-at-home sources (73 percent) and a smaller percentage of their food at restaurants of all types (27 percent) than households with better access (63 and 37 percent, respectively). Overall spending patterns are similar for both SNAP participating and low-income nonparticipating households that are access-burdened compared with those who have sufficient access.


This paper studies the credit risk implications of labor market fluctuations, by incorporating defaultable debt into a textbook search model of unemployment. In the model, the present value of cash flows that firms extract from workers simultaneously drives unemployment dynamics and credit risk variation. The model generates fat right tails in both unemployment and credit spreads, and their strong co-movement over the business cycle, in line with the historical U.S. data from 1929 to 2015. Quantitatively, the model reasonably replicates the level, volatility and cyclicality of credit spreads. Overall, the paper highlights labor market fluctuations as an important macroeconomic driver of credit risk variation.


Objectives: This study examined the effectiveness of psychosocial rehabilitation in reducing negative symptoms and improving social skills in chronic schizophrenia patients. Method: In this experiment 30 subjects were selected as the experimental group and 30 subjects were selected as the control group. The subjects were matched, and examined in a quasi-experimental study. To examine negative symptoms and social skills, the Scale for Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) and Social Skills Checklist were used respectively. The applied interventions (psycho- social rehabilitation) were evaluated using pretest and post- test and a three months follow-up. Results: After three months of rehabilitation, the experimental group demonstrated a significant decrease (P<0.001) in negative symptoms as well as a significant improvement (P<0.001) in social skills in comparison with the control group. Conclusion: Compatibility of the rehabilitation program, intensive intervensions, extensive use of tokens, providing a social learning milieu, and activating the patients are among the critical factors of the effectiveness of the mentioned interventions. The results also suggest that psychosocial rehabilitation can be an effective intervention for patients with schizophrenia in Iran.


In music radio broadcasting, radio personalities (presenters, hosts, DJs) have traditionally been of critical importance to programming success. In this article, I seek to add to the understanding of contemporary developments within radio, especially music radio, through focusing on the presenter from a political economy perspective. How do new business models and technologies affect the performances and forms of talk developed by presenters in contemporary radio? What new roles are assigned to presenters in commercial music radio? How are work practices and labor relations affected? The article shows how media convergence has impacted the work of radio personalities in traditional broadcasting.


We describe a new robot architecture: the collaborative robot, or cobot. Cobots are intended for direct physical interaction with a human operator. The cobot can create smooth, strong virtual surfaces and other haptic effects within a shared human/cobot workspace. The kinematic properties of cobots differ markedly from those of robots. Most significantly, cobots have only one mechanical degree of freedom, regardless of their taskspace dimensionality. The instantaneous direction of motion associated with this single degree of freedom is actively servo-controlled, or steered, within the higher dimensional taskspace. This paper explains the kinematics of cobots and the continuously variable transmissions (CVT) that are essential to them. Powered cobots are introduced, made possible by a parallel interconnection of the CVT. We discuss the relation of cobots to conventionally actuated robots and to nonholonomic robots. Several cobots in design, prototype, or industrial testbed settings illustrate the concepts discussed.


Understanding the value of monocultural acculturation orientation to the host culture (assimilation) and bicultural acculturation orientation (integration) for language learning is critical in guiding educational policy and practices for immigrant students. This study aimed to enhance our understanding on the relationship between acculturation orientation and second language (L2) learning. It generated two conceptual models to describe how cultural identification affects language learning as hypothesized in different theories on identity and L2 learning and tested these two hypothesized models in the immigration context of Hong Kong. A survey was conducted among a group of senior high school South Asian minority students on their learning of the language of the host culture, Chinese, to provide the basis for comparison. It was found that the students mainly adopted the bicultural/integration orientation and that bicultural orientation was the optimal acculturation orientation for learning Chinese. Bicultural orientation influenced the participants' Chinese language learning outcome through impacting psychosocial well-being and engagement with the target language and community. The findings suggest that we need to take both linguistic and psychosocial adjustment factors into consideration when conceptualizing the role of identity in L2 learning. Furthermore, this study cautions us against a context-independent stance toward the utility of assimilation for language learning.


The volume of"free"data on the internet has been key to the current success of deep learning. However, it also raises privacy concerns about the unauthorized exploitation of personal data for training commercial models. It is thus crucial to develop methods to prevent unauthorized data exploitation. This paper raises the question: \emph{can data be made unlearnable for deep learning models?} We present a type of \emph{error-minimizing} noise that can indeed make training examples unlearnable. Error-minimizing noise is intentionally generated to reduce the error of one or more of the training example(s) close to zero, which can trick the model into believing there is"nothing"to learn from these example(s). The noise is restricted to be imperceptible to human eyes, and thus does not affect normal data utility. We empirically verify the effectiveness of error-minimizing noise in both sample-wise and class-wise forms. We also demonstrate its flexibility under extensive experimental settings and practicability in a case study of face recognition. Our work establishes an important first step towards making personal data unexploitable to deep learning models.


Background Advance care planning (ACP) and advance directives (AD) issues are significant for health professionals providing palliative care and those affected by the need for palliative care. For change to occur, existing and emerging evidence on ACP and AD needs to be accessible. While research-based evidence is being generated at ever faster rates, better infrastructure in the management of evidence-based knowledge is needed. Aim To facilitate access to evidence-based resources related to ACP and AD. Methods CareSearch is funded by the Department of Health and Ageing to provide evidence-based information for the palliative care community. Content is created within a knowledge translation framework. This includes identifying intended users, searching and appraising relevant literature and online resources, writing and peer review of web pages, development of evidence tools including PubMed searches, and identification of relevant materials for inclusion in the CareSearch bibliographic databases. Results Web metrics show the website's ACP and AD materials are being used with nearly 40 000 page views in 2012. Page views by type of resource were: Clinical Practice Pages: 10 173 For Patients and Families: 9828 RAC/GP/Nurses Hub: 12 915 Finding Evidence: 5823 Discussion Web-based resources can increase access and reach to the evidence base for ACP and AD. While access to evidence does not necessarily change practice, it is a necessary first step. Conclusion The CareSearch website promotes evidence-based practice by facilitating access to the underlying evidence. Specific ACP and AD evidence resources and easy to read and download consumer information are available at http://www.caresearch.com.au


In Chapter 1 we give a general introduction and motivate the need for clustering and dimension reduction methods. We continue in Chapther 2 with a review of different types of existing clustering and dimension reduction methods. In Chapter 3 we introduce mixture densities and the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm to estimate their parameters. Although the EM algorithm has many attractive properties, it is not guaranteed to return optimal parameter estimates. We present greedy EM parameter estimation algorithms which start with a one-component mixture and then iteratively add a component to the mixture and re-estimate the parameters of the current mixture. Experimentally, we demonstrate that our algorithms avoid many of the sub-optimal estimates returned by the EM algorithm. Finally, we present an approach to accelerate mixture densities estimation from many data points. We apply this approach to both the standard EM algorithm and our greedy EM algorithm. In Chapter 4 we present a non-linear dimension reduction method that uses a constrained EM algorithm for parameter estimation. Our approach is similar to Kohonen's self-organizing map, but in contrast to the self-organizing map, our parameter estimation algorithm is guaranteed to converge and optimizes a well-defined objective function. In addition, our method allows data with missing values to be used for parameter estimation and it is readily applied to data that is not specified by real numbers but for example by discrete variables. We present the results of several experiments to demonstrate our method and to compare it with Kohonen's self-organizing map. In Chapter 5 we consider an approach for non-linear dimension reduction which is based on a combination of clustering and linear dimension reduction. This approach forms one global non-linear low dimensional data representation by combining multiple, locally valid, linear low dimensional representations. We derive an improvement of the original parameter estimation algorithm, which requires less computation and leads to better parameter estimates. We experimentally compare this approach to several other dimension reduction methods. We also apply this approach to a setting where high dimensional 'outputs' have to be predicted from high dimensional 'inputs'. Experimentally, we show that the considered non-linear approach leads to better predictions than a similar approach which also combines several local linear representations, but does not combine them into one global non-linear representation. In Chapter 6 we summarize our conclusions and discuss directions for further research.


Research background: Previous studies have demonstrated that providing relevant information to users is positively affected by higher quality of accounting standards and adhering to ethical rules and accounting principles by accounting professionals. On the other hand, there are a lot of cases when the law was broken. The most common reason for committing financial statement´s fraud include in-creasing stock prices, getting loans from bank or avoiding payment of taxes.
Purpose of the article: The aim of this paper is to evaluate both the relationship between using of legislation and accounting errors rate in the financial statements as well as the possible using of creative accounting from the point of view of enterprises and non-profit organizations in the Czech Republic.
Methods: Among the quantitative research methods the questionnaire was used. The questionnaires were sent out to randomly 201 selected enterprises and non-profit organization. The survey was conducted from September 2017 to the end of January 2018. The data were analyzed by means of the tools of descriptive statistics and the chi-square goodness of fit test. The research questions sought to investigate whether Czech Accounting Standards helped in all areas of accounting and reporting and avoiding of errors in financial statements, and whether the respondents encountered fraudulent procedures in compiling financial statements.
Findings & Value added: The results indicated that using Czech Accounting Standards was perceived as a useful tool in solving all situations in areas of accounting and avoiding accounting errors. Moreover, it was proved that the volume and frequency of errors were not significant in financial statements.


The aim of this work is the development and application of a partial evaluation procedure for rewriting-based functional logic programs. Functional logic programming languages unite the two main declarative programming paradigms. The rewriting-based computational model extends traditional functional programming languages by incorporating logical features, including logical vanables and built-in search, into its framework. This work is the first to address the automatic specialisation of these functional logic programs. In particular, a theoretical framework for the partial evaluation of rewriting-based functional logic programs is defined and its correctness is established. Then, an algorithm is formalised which incorporates the theoretical framework for the procedure in a fully automatic technique. Constraint solving is used to represent additional information about the terms encountered during the transformation in order to improve the efficiency and size of the residual programs. Experiments using an implementation of the algorithm for the partial evaluation of Escher programs show that the specialiser not only passes the "KMP-test", but also can perform the elimination of data structures and obtains notable speed-up for McCarthy's 91 -function. Circuit simulation lends itself to optimisation by partial evaluation. A general interpreted-code circuit simulator can be specialised with respect to a particular design in order to improve the simulation speed. In this work, a simulator is implemented for behavioural and register-transfer level designs written in the Verilog hardware description language. Testing and verification of high-level designs using interpreted-code simulators is notoriously inefficient. In this thesis, it is shown that the efficiency of an event-driven simulator for behavioural or register-transfer level designs can be improved automatically by partial evaluation.


Because of large economic and environmental asymmetries among world regions and the incentive to free ride, an international climate Regime with broad participation is hard to reach. Most of the so far proposed Regimes base on an allocation of emission rights that is to be perceived as fair. Yet, there are also some arguments to focus more on the actual welfare implications of different Regimes and to aim for a "fair" Distribution of resulting costs. Using the Cpmputable General Equilibrium model DART, we analyze the driving Forces of welfare implications in different Scenarios where a global Emission target derived from the 2 degree target is reached. These include two Regimes that are often presumed to be "fair", namely a harmonized international carbon tax and a cap and trade System based on the convergence of per capita Emission rights, and additionally an "equal loss" Scenario where welfare losses relative to a Business as usual Scenario are equal for all Major world regions. We show that "eqaual losses" would mean in particular to compensate for the effects of climate policy on energy markets and e.g. to compensate for the loss of oil revenues as the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) argues for.


COMPOSERS COMMONLY USE MAJOR OR MINOR SCALES to create different moods in music.Nonmusicians show poor discrimination and classification of this musical dimension; however, they can perform these tasks if the decision is phrased as happy vs. sad.We created pairs of melodies identical except for mode; the first major or minor third or sixth was the critical note that distinguished major from minor mode. Musicians and nonmusicians judged each melody as major vs. minor or happy vs. sad.We collected ERP waveforms, triggered to the onset of the critical note. Musicians showed a late positive component (P3) to the critical note only for the minor melodies, and in both tasks.Nonmusicians could adequately classify the melodies as happy or sad but showed little evidence of processing the critical information. Major appears to be the default mode in music, and musicians and nonmusicians apparently process mode differently.


Objective To present a case in which ACE inhibitors were found to be the cause for a patient's visual hallucinations and to explore the different reasons that led to this adverse effect. Method Case report and literature review. Results Our patient developed visual hallucinations in the absence of other features of delirium, soon after her ACE inhibitor therapy had been increased. She had a background of ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke. Her symptom disappeared when the ACE inhibitor was stopped. There have been two case reports of visual hallucinations caused by ACE inhibitors published, and also reports in pharmacovigilance documents, however this side effect is not recognised in the British National Formulary. Three different physiological pathways have been suggested as possible causes for the neuropsychiatric symptoms (visual hallucinations and others, such as severe depression and enhancement of cognition) in the case of ACE inhibitors: A protease action over the enzyme encephalinase, an action over the Corticotrophin Releasing Factor leading to the increase of cortisol and finally, through the direct effect of the suppression of the ACE enzyme in the brain, that can affect circulating levels of Acetylcholine. Conclusion ACE inhibitors have central actions that can account for a variety of neurocognitive symptoms, including visual hallucinations. Stopping therapy can sometimes result in the resolution of these symptoms. Clinicians should be aware of this rare but serious adverse effect associated with this commonly used drug.


When some firms of a cartel cheat and produce more than their allocated quota, cartels fail to maximize their profit or surplus, while consumers benefit. Similar effects appear when more fringe (or noncartel) firms exist in a market, which is called an "imperfect cartel". Consequently, the cartel firms would welcome more fringe firms to join their cartel. On the other hand, when some firms have joined the cartel, other fringe firms would prefer to stay out: they can increase their production because of higher prices due to the cartel. [more] A numerical example (modified [1]), illustrates the effects of both the number of cartel and fringe firms. The market consists of up to 40 identical firms (without entry), with cartel firms and fringe firms, facing a linear demand curve, . The fringe firms are price takers, while the cartel behaves as a monopolist for the residual demand. Both fringe and cartel firms' Marginal Costs are, . The graphic shows two representative firms, the fringe (left graph) and the cartel (right graph). The left graph displays also, the total production, the total cartel production and the total fringe production, as well as the representative fringe's production. The right graph displays the cartel surplus (green) and the Dead Weight Loss (red) from the cartel price. Notice however, that the Residual Demand is discontinuous below €10 and should be identical to the Total Demand, but that part is of no interest.


Objective : The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of pH and concentration of bleaching agents on the mineral content and surface morphology of human dental enamel for 14 days. Material and Methods : Eighty human central incisors were randomly divided into 8 groups (n=10): G1-7.5% hydrogen peroxide/pH=9.0; G2–9.5% hydrogen peroxide/pH=9.0; G3-7.5% hydrogen peroxide/pH=7.0; G4-9.5% hydrogen peroxide/pH=7.0; G5-10% carbamide peroxide/pH=5.0; G6-16% carbamide peroxide/pH=5.0; G7-37% phosphoric acid 15s (positive control); G8-no treatment (negative control). The mineral analysis of the bleaching gel collected was assessed by ICP-AES and surface morphology was observed by SEM. Results : Friedman and Dunn's statistical test demonstrated significant differences among the proposed treatments (p 0.01). However, the latter groups showed significantly higher values as compared to groups G1, G2, G3 and G4 (p<0.01). Conclusion : Alteration in enamel mineral content may not be influenced by concentration when bleaching agents with the same pH are compared. The most apparent alterations in mineral content and surface morphology may be noted when more acidic products are used. The daily mineral content measurement may not be influenced by repeated applications of bleaching agents. Keywords Dental bleaching; Mineral content; Enamel; Peroxide; Demineralization; pH.


Commander Adam Dalgliesh is already acquainted with the Dupayne Museum in Hampstead, and with its sinister murder room celebrating notorious crimes committed in the interwar years, when he is called to investigate the killing of one of the trustees. He soon discovers that the victim was seeking to close the museum against the wishes of both staff and fellow trustees. Everyone, it seems, has something to gain from the crime. When it becomes clear that the killer is prepared to kill again, inspired by the real-life crimes from the murder room, Dalgliesh knows that to solve this case he has to get into the mind of a ruthless killer.


In 2009, Mount Vernon Cancer Network piloted four 1 day experiential advance care planning (ACP) workshops in four locations facilitated by two educators. The training the trainer model was considered early in order to increase the availability of ACP facilitators across MVCN. Participants to the 1 day workshops were invited to attend a ½ day 'Teaching Advance Care Planning'. 51 participants attended the workshops: ▶ 45% Community Matrons, District, Respiratory Specialist Nurses, Care Home Staff ▶ 18% palliative care education roles ▶ 15% hospice care ▶ 12% Clinical Nurse Specialists in Palliative Care ▶ 6% hospice social workers ▶ 4% associate specialist/GP assistant roles. The participants confidence increased significantly following attendance at the workshops: Pre Post Confidence in explaining ACP 54% 100%. What a statement of wishes and preferences is 33% 93%. What an advance decision to refuse treatment is 24% 91%. When lasting power of attorney (welfare) is used 15% 87%. A 'Teaching Advance Care Planning' ½ day interactive workshop discussed the rationale for the 1 day course, signposting to relevant resources and information about the wider evidence base for advance care planning. Participants brought to the sessions the type of sessions, target audience and timings that they planned to deliver training to. Draft lesson plans and resources were produced during the workshop for them to take away to practice. Delivery methods and interactive exercises were also discussed and offered. The education model was further developed and delivered in 2010.


Rainfall data are an essential input for many simulation models. In fact, these latter have a decisive role in the development and application of rational water policies. Since the accuracy of the simulation depends strongly on the available data, the task of optimizing the monitoring network is of great importance. In this paper, an application is presented aiming at the evaluation of a precipitation monitoring network by predicting monthly, seasonal, and interannual average rainfall. The method given here is based on the theory of the regionalized variables using the well-known geostatistical variance reduction method. The procedure that involves different analysis methods of the available data, such as estimation of the interpolation uncertainty and data cross validation, is applied to a case study data set in Tunisia in order to demonstrate the potential of improvement of the observation network quality. Root mean square error values are the criteria for evaluating rainfall estimation and network performance is discussed based on the kriging variance reduction. Based on this study, it was concluded that some sites should be dropped to eliminate redundancy and some others need to be added to the existing network essentially in the center and the south to have a more informative network.


A symposium examining the contributions of the post-Chicago School provides an appropriate opportunity to offer some thoughts on both the past and the future of antitrust. This afterword reviews the excellent papers with an eye toward appreciating the contributions and limitations of both the Chicago School, in terms of promoting the consumer welfare standard and embracing price theory as the preferred mode of economic analysis, and the post-Chicago School, with its emphasis on game theory and firm-level strategic conduct. It then explores two emerging trends, specifically neo-Brandeisian advocacy for abandoning consumer welfare as the sole goal of antitrust and the increasing emphasis on empirical analyses.


This research aimed to identify local wisdom is ever existed  rubber plant (from past done but did not do it present), which is still carried out and the rubber farmers who were past and the present  do,  and which were not past done but present do of rubber farmers. This research  uses survey and SnowBall Sampling method in finding the proper respondent to obtain the 15 respondents consisting of 1) Farmers Rubber, 2) Ninik Mamak, 3) Religious Leaders, 4) Apparatus Village, 5) members of farmer groups, 6) Patron( Induk Semang ). Methods interviews were conducted to obtain information about local wisdom rubber plants. Descriptive and qualitative analysis in preparing this research. Criteria that respondents who sought rubber farmers who have long experience and the cultivation of local wisdom to know the rubber plant. The results showed that local wisdom of rubber plant by the farmers in cultivation in 1) Land Clearing  that are amounted 21 local wisdom, 2) Nurseries amounted 5 local wisdom 3) Planting amounted 9 local wisdom,  4) The period before production amounted 2 local wisdom,  5) Maintenance amounted 18 local wisdom and 6) Rejuvenation amounted  4 local wisdom, 6) Rubber tapping amounted 15 local wisdom,  7) Processed Materials Rubber amounted 4 local wisdom,  8) Marketing amounted  4 local wisdom. The total local wisdom of rubber plant that 82 local wisdom. Application of local wisdom rubber plant is dominated by the activity pattern of human behavior, actions / activities that reflect the daily life of the local community and religion. Keywords: Local Wisdom, Rubber Plant, Rubber Farmers, Past, Present


This paper presents the R package MitISEM, which provides an automatic and flexible method to approximate a non-elliptical target density using adaptive mixtures of Student-t densities, where only a kernel of the target density is required. The approximation can be used as a candidate density in Importance Sampling or Metropolis Hastings methods for Bayesian inference on model parameters and probabilities. The package provides also an extended MitISEM algorithm, 'sequential MitISEM', which substantially decreases the computational time when the target density has to be approximated for increasing data samples. This occurs when the posterior distribution is updated with new observations and/or when one computes model probabilities using predictive likelihoods. We illustrate the MitISEM algorithm using three canonical statistical and econometric models that are characterized by several types of non-elliptical posterior shapes and that describe well-known data patterns in econometrics and finance. We show that the candidate distribution obtained by MitISEM outperforms those obtained by 'naive' approximations in terms of numerical efficiency. Further, the MitISEM approach can be used for Bayesian model comparison, using the predictive likelihoods.


Italy's secondary school system has faced funding constraints for many years which limits availability of new permanent job slots for teachers. When permanent posts do arise they are allocated mostly on seniority while merit only plays a small role. Thus, the age distribution of teachers in schools reflects older teachers' preferences which include the amenity of being close to urban centres. Using schools' distance from main urban centres and population size in the school's vicinity to instrument for non-random exposure of schools to older teachers, we show older teachers are detrimental to pupil attainment in secondary schools. The effect is large: a six-year increase in the average age of teachers (roughly similar to the increase that has occurred in the last 20 years) leads to a one standard deviation reduction in the mean graduation mark. The findings suggest there may be value in altering the way teachers are allocated to secondary schools in Italy.


We propose and demonstrate experimentally a novel way of generating sub-10fs deep-UV pulses. The technique is based on chirped-pulse four-wave mixing induced by a broadband near-IR (NIR) pulse and a near-UV pulse. The broadband IR pulse is prepared by preliminarily broadening the spectral width of an NIR pulse by self-phase modulation. The positively chirped broadband IR pulse is suitable for generating a negatively chirped deep-UV pulse, which can be compressed by normal group-velocity dispersion in a transparent medium. Self-compression of the generated deep-UV pulse in air has been demonstrated to produce sub-10fs deep-UV pulses with excellent temporal and spectral profiles for ultrafast spectroscopy in the deep UV.


This report gives a summary of the FLOW "Operation and Maintenance Cost Estimator (OMCE)" project. In this report first a short introduction to operation and maintenance (O&M) of offshore wind farms is given and then, the tools which are further developed through this project for O&M cost estimation are discussed. Furthermore, an O&M study for RWE's Rhyl Flats offshore wind farm is demonstrated and the results are discussed.


Perhaps the most striking feature of the Supreme Court's constitutional campaign jurisprudence is its longstanding, profound hostility to virtually any government regulation whatsoever of campaign speech and spending. Such an approach is highly unusual in constitutional law, which typically tolerates at least some level of regulatory intervention even with respect to strongly protected rights. The Court's behavior in this respect is consistent with – and, I argue, is best understood as – the kind of behavior in which a court engages when it fears a slide down a slippery slope. But what lies at the bottom of the slope? And how reasonable is the Court's apparent belief that any movement at all down the slope will result in an irreversible slide into the disfavored outcome?Although the evidence is scanty, the Court's behavior appears to be motivated by a deep-seated fear of loss of democratic self-rule, especially a fear that incumbents will use government power to entrench themselves in office, resulting in a catastrophic and possibly irremediable loss of popular sovereignty. This is without question a serious and legitimate fear. Justification of the Court's rigid response to this fear, however, requires more: it requires the existence of some mechanism by which permitting even a modicum of government regulation of campaign spending might plausibly lead down the slippery slope to political slavery. Because slippery slope arguments nearly always rest on speculative empirical premises, they rarely can be rebutted in any formal sense. Nevertheless, slippery slope arguments can be more or less plausible, and I argue that none of the possible mechanisms of descent down the slope is sufficiently plausible to justify the Court's uncompromising, absolutist stance against regulation of campaign spending.


Abstract: In order to recapture the essence and justification of this paper, the source of this theoretical
review we found it in the definition of statehood. After the end of the thirty years of civil war in Europe and
the signing of the peace treaty of Westphalia in 1648, the creation and development of the country began to
the form that we know today.

In terms of increasing interdependence between the countries, the question of their mutual cooperation is
essential. For the states equally important segment with internally arranged relations is the manner on
which they concern and regulate the international relations.

State boundaries are endpoints to where sovereignty lies within a country. The authorities within it regulate
the relations inside and the nature of its international positions. The highest authority, which does not
recognize any other form of higher power, is sovereignty. Considering that the law, especially the
international, is an active matter open to interpretation, although the basic features of a country are clear,
yet there are two types of states divided to a de jure- existing under law and de facto-existing in reality,
based on the matter whether and which of the characteristics of statehood they own.

Republic of Macedonia, has raised the issue of the international relations high. Confirmation of the said is
the chapter VI of the Constitution, which is dedicated to this issue. Except the Constitution, the area of the
international relations is stipulated by the Law on Foreign Affairs and the Law of signing, ratification and
execution of the international contracts. The Law on Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Macedonia, precisely
defines the concepts of "foreign affairs" and "foreign policy".

Keywords: state, recognition, politics, government, rule, sovereignty, international relations, international
development


There is very little documented about the response of cereal landraces to modern agricultural practices. Bere is a Scottish barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) landrace which is grown in Orkney to supply meal for baking. A recent research programme has improved yields and the security of the Bere harvest, making it possible to supply a new market for grain
to produce specialist whiskies. At the start of this research, a survey of Orkney farmers who had grown Bere since the 1980s showed that most had planted it at the traditional time in mid-May, used few inputs and considered the main constraints of the crop to be low yield (2.8 to 3.8 t/ha) and susceptibility to lodging. Three years of trials in Orkney between 2003 and 2005 showed very significant increases in grain yield (17-76%) and thousand grain weight from planting Bere earlier, in the second half of April. This also had the advantage of an earlier and more secure harvest. Yields showed smaller, but often significant, increases (5-11%) from applying mineral fertiliser, growth regulator or fungicide, while combinations of growth regulator and fungicide increased yields from 10- 22%. In spite of usually increasing grain yield, growth regulator did not always control lodging. Although the use of inputs often increased the gross margins of growing Bere, a trial in 2005 showed that early planting was a more cost effective single intervention than either the use of fungicide or growth regulator. By increasing grower profits and reducing harvesting risks, these results have made it viable for more farmers to grow Bere in its region of origin, providing growers and end-users with additional income and contributing to the in situ conservation of this landrace.


In order to evaluate how much Total Solar Irradiance (TSI) has influenced Northern Hemisphere surface air temperature trends, it is important to have reliable estimates of both quantities. Sixteen different estimates of the changes in TSI since at least the 19th century were compiled from the literature. Half of these estimates are "low variability" and half are "high variability". Meanwhile, five largely-independent methods for estimating Northern Hemisphere temperature trends were evaluated using: 1) only rural weather stations; 2) all available stations whether urban or rural (the standard approach); 3) only sea surface temperatures; 4) tree-ring widths as temperature proxies; 5) glacier length records as temperature proxies. The standard estimates which use urban as well as rural stations were somewhat anomalous as they implied a much greater warming in recent decades than the other estimates, suggesting that urbanization bias might still be a problem in current global temperature datasets – despite the conclusions of some earlier studies. Nonetheless, all five estimates confirm that it is currently warmer than the late 19th century, i.e., there has been some "global warming" since the 19th century. For each of the five estimates of Northern Hemisphere temperatures, the contribution from direct solar forcing for all sixteen estimates of TSI was evaluated using simple linear least-squares fitting. The role of human activity on recent warming was then calculated by fitting the residuals to the UN IPCC's recommended "anthropogenic forcings" time series. For all five Northern Hemisphere temperature series, different TSI estimates suggest everything from no role for the Sun in recent decades (implying that recent global warming is mostly human-caused) to most of the recent global warming being due to changes in solar activity (that is, that recent global warming is mostly natural). It appears that previous studies (including the most recent IPCC reports) which had prematurely concluded the former, had done so because they failed to adequately consider all the relevant estimates of TSI and/or to satisfactorily address the uncertainties still associated with Northern Hemisphere temperature trend estimates. Therefore, several recommendations on how the scientific community can more satisfactorily resolve these issues are provided.


Recently we have given proof of two theorems characterizing the Clifford algebra. By using such two theorems we have reformulated the well known von Neumann postulate on quantum measurements giving evidence of the algebraic manner in which quantum wave function collapse of quantum mechanics happens. In the present paper we introduce logic in Clifford algebra interpreting its idempotents as logical statements. Using the previously mentioned theorems we demonstrate that the two basic foundations of quantum mechanics, as the indeterminism and the quantum interference, do not arise from physics itself but from logic. We advance the principles that there are levels of our reality in which we lose our possibility of unconditionally define the truth. At this level of reality we cannot separate matter per se from the basic foundations of the logic that we use to describe it. This logical relativism does not characterize classical mechanics but quantum physics. According to Y. F. Orlov, at quantum level the truths of logical statements about dynamic variables become dynamic variables themselves.


Airborne laser scanning (ALS) is an active remote sensing technique that uses the time-of-flight measurement principle to capture the three-dimensional structure of the earth's surface with pulsed lasers that transmit nanosecond-long laser pulses with a high pulse repetition frequency. Over forested areas most of the laser pulses are reflected by the leaves and branches of the trees, but a certain fraction of the laser pulses reaches the forest floor through small gaps in the canopy. Thus it is possible to reconstruct both the three-dimensional structure of the forest canopy and the terrain surface. For the retrieval of quantitative forest parameters such as stem volume or biomass it is necessary to use models that combine ALS with inventory data. One approach is to use multiplicative regression models that are trained with local inventory data. This method has been widely applied over boreal forest regions, but so far little experience exists with applying this method for mapping alpine forest. In this study the transferability of this approach to a 128 km2 large mountainous region in Vorarlberg, Austria, was evaluated. For the calibration of the model, inventory data as operationally collected by Austrian foresters were used. Despite these inventory data are based on variable sample plot sizes, they could be used for mapping stem volume for the entire alpine study area. The coefficient of determination R2 was 0.85 and the root mean square error (RMSE) 90.9 m3ha−1 (relative error of 21.4%) which is comparable to results of ALS studies conducted over topographically less complex environments. Due to the increasing availability, ALS data could become an operational part of Austrian's forest inventories.


This weekly COVID-19 health evidence summary (HES) is based on 3.5 hours of desk-based research. The summary is not intended to be a comprehensive summary of available evidence on COVID-19 but aims to make original documents easily accessible to decision-makers which, if relevant to them, they should go to before making decisions. This summary covers publications on Clinical characteristics and management; Epidemiology and modelling; Therapeutics; Social Science; Comments, Editorials, Opinions, Blogs, News; Guidelines, Statements & Tools; Dashboards & Trackers; C19 Resource Hubs and Online learning & events.


Transcriptional identity of human dendritic cell subsets is mainly dictated by ontogeny rather than by signals derived from the cells' final tissue microenvironment. Dendritic cell branches Dendritic cell (DC) subsets have been well studied in mice; however, the relative contribution of ontogeny and tissue microenvironment to DC function in humans is less clear. Now, Heidkamp et al. perform phenotypic and transcriptional profiling of three DC subtypes in different human tissues from a large number of individuals. They find that DC subpopulations in more lympho-hemaotopoietic organs (spleen, thymus, and blood) are more strongly influenced by ontogeny, whereas those from lung and skin may be influenced by the issue microenvironment. The data collected here provide an in depth look at the transcriptional profile of dendritic cell subsets in humans and inform our understanding of human DC biology. In mice, conventional and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (DCs) derive from separate hematopoietic precursors before they migrate to peripheral tissues. Moreover, two classes of conventional DCs (cDC1 and cDC2 DCs) and one class of plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) have been shown to be transcriptionally and functionally distinct entities. In humans, these three DC subtypes can be identified using the cell surface markers CD1c (cDC2), CD141 (cDC1), and CD303 (pDCs), albeit it remains elusive whether DC functionality is mainly determined by ontogeny or the tissue microenvironment. By phenotypic and transcriptional profiling of these three DC subtypes in different human tissues derived from a large number of human individuals, we demonstrate that DC subpopulations in organs of the lymphohematopoietic system (spleen, thymus, and blood) are strongly defined by ontogeny rather than by signals from the microenvironment. In contrast, DC subsets derived from human lung or skin differed substantially, strongly arguing that DCs react toward modulatory signals from tissue microenvironments. Collectively, the data obtained in this study may serve as a major resource to guide further studies into human DC biology during homeostasis and inflammation.


Ruzic-Muslic, D., M. M. PetRovic, M. P. PetRovic, z. Bijelic, v. PANtelic, P. PeRisic and v. BogDANovic, 2011. traditional production and characteristics of sjenica cheese and Pirot kachkaval. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 17: 664-672 in this paper, principles of traditional production and main characteristics of sjenica cheese and Pirot kachkaval are presented. sjenica cheese belongs to the group of soft, white cheeses in brine and it is produced as autochthonous product made of sheep milk, on the territory of sjenica-Pester plateau. Pirot kachkaval is firm cheese of steamed curdle produced from mix of sheep and cow milk (1: 2 ratio) on the territory of stara Planina Mountain. these are geographical areas where production takes place in village households/farms and on mountains in summer cottages (katun, bacija), which is characteristic of craft dairy processing. Specific traits of traditional manufacturing of sjenica cheese and Pirot kachkaval derive from climatic conditions, characteristic grass associations of the specific mountain region and milk from autochthonous populations (Sjenica and Pirot sheep). in order to maintain the traditional manufacturing technology of these native products and to have organized production, it is necessary to protect the geographical origin of these products.


Anxiety and Asthma 2 Asthma is the most common chronic childhood disease, characterized by attacks that make a child or adult feel like they are unable to breathe (Shohat, Graif, & Garty, 2005). Currently, nearly 6.3 million children between the ages of 5 and 14 are afflicted with asthma (EPA, 2006) Children with asthma are also more prone to developing other disorders especially, anxiety. The prevalence of child patients with asthma suffering from anxiety disorders is found to be as high as 4.7% (Katon, Richardson, Lozano & McCauley, 2004). The current study aims to examine the risk factors that contribute to the comorbidity of asthma and anxiety in pediatric patients. Several risk factors can lend themselves to this comorbidity and it is hypothesized that there are four prevalent ones. The risk factors were drawn from the biological, environmental, and familial domains. They include asthma severity levels, socioeconomic status, amount of stress in the family and parent mental health. There were five main measures used in the study. The Functional Severity Scale determined asthma severity. Socioeconomic status was determined by using the Hollingshead Index. Parent mental health status was assessed through the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) and family stress levels through the Family Inventory of Life Events (FILE). The primary caregiver completed all four measures during their lab visit. Participants ranged between 8-12 years of age along with their primary caregivers. Ninety-three percent of the primary caregivers were mothers. They were drawn from a sample pool from the Family Life and Asthma Project, an on-going study based in Syracuse, New York. Seventy-two families were selected based on which children completed the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC), a measure of childhood anxiety. Overall, it was found that family stress levels, socioeconomic status, and the severity of the child's asthma all had significant effects on child anxiety levels. The only factor that did not have a significant effect was the level of parent depression or anxiety. When the risk factors were looked at as one combined risk factor, levels of anxiety rose with the presence of zero, one, or two risk factors. However, when children had three, four, or five risk factors in their lives, anxiety increased and decreased inconsistently. Table of


Robust design optimisation of stochastic black-box functions is a challenging task in engineering practice. Crashworthiness optimisation qualifies as such problem especially with regards to the high computational costs. Moreover, in early design phases, there may be significant uncertainty about the numerical model parameters. Therefore, this paper proposes an adaptive surrogate-based strategy for robust design optimisation of noise-contaminated models under lack-of-knowledge uncertainty. This approach is a significant extension to the Robustness under Lack-of-Knowledge method (RULOK) previously introduced by the authors, which was limited to noise-free models. In this work it is proposed to use a Gaussian Process as a regression model based on a noisy kernel. The learning process is adapted to account for noise variance either imposed and known or empirically learned as part of the learning process. The method is demonstrated on three analytical benchmarks and one engineering crashworthiness optimisation problem. In the case studies, multiple ways of determining the noise kernel are investigated: (1) based on a coefficient of variation, (2) calibration in the Gaussian Process model, (3) based on engineering judgement, including a study of the sensitivity of the result with respect to these parameters. The results highlight that the proposed method is able to efficiently identify a robust design point even with extremely limited or biased prior knowledge about the noise.


The purpose of this 6‐year study was to diagnose the chemistry conceptions of students at different age levels in Taiwan (the first and second years), to explore the causes of their conceptions of different chemistry topics, including oxidation/reduction, batteries/electrolysis, acids/bases, gas particles, chemical equilibrium, categorisation and nature of matter, and material science/organic compounds (the third and fourth years), and to design learning activities to overcome students' conceptions in chemistry (the fifth and sixth years). This research, called the National Science Concept Learning Study, was carried out by eight principal investigators and coordinated by two senior researchers. The study piloted hundreds of students from August 2000 to March 2003. In March 2003, a national survey was conducted. After compiling survey results, attention was turned to identifying the sources of student conceptions, looking at teacher–student interactions, everyday language, and representations in textbooks. This study found that, depending on their age level, students held various types of conceptions of chemical concepts. Elementary school students' responses to test items were more intuitive and phenomenon oriented. Junior high and senior high school students, although showing cognitive development, had similar conceptions about chemical concepts. We also found that the conceptions of younger students trying to learn more abstract concepts were mainly due to their limited cognitive development and insufficient prior science knowledge. However, the inappropriate use of models, illustrations, and definitions of new terminology in textbooks was also a factor. For high school students, instruction, textbooks, and teaching materials were the main sources of student conceptions. Sources such as experiments, reference books, and instruction in after‐school programs also influenced student learning. Our understanding of the different aspects of student learning in chemistry points to the need for development of efficient teaching strategies and assessment tools to help students learn chemistry concepts correctly. In this paper, the author will report the results from the first 4 years.


There is currently much debate amongst EAL specialist teachers in the U. K. regarding the assessment of bilingual pupils. Several studies, including inspection evidence, highlight the consistent failure of some groups of minority ethnic and bilingual pupils within the current summative assessment arrangements. This study is an attempt to refocus concern back to the processes of teaching and learning and hence the formative assessment of bilingual pupils. More specifically, this study investigates whether analysis of pupil-pupil talk during game playing can reveal information about how bilingual pupils are learning English as an additional language in the context of U. K. classrooms, and whether this information can be used by teachers to promote such learning (i. e. as a formative assessment). The fieldwork was undertaken in four schools across Newcastle Upon Tyne, three of which have large and diverse bilingual and minority ethnic pupil populations. The investigation was achieved by video recording small groups of bilingual pupils working and talking together whilst playing specially designed board games which focus on aspects of English language learning in accord with the National Literacy Strategy. Each group interaction was then transcribed and analysed using a discourse analysis system designed to reflect the behaviour of pupils playing the games. This initial analysis was then used to facilitate a deeper, more qualitative and interpretive analysis informed by sociocultural theory where learning is viewed as a socially situated activity mediated by language. This theoretical structure provided both a conceptual framework in which to understand the role of language and collaborative interaction in learning, and an analytic framework through which to observe and interpret such learning. As such, an holistic and essentially qualitative approach was adopted. The resulting information about pupils' learning was then fed back to the class and EAL specialist teachers. The results clearly demonstrate that specially designed board games are an accessible and empowering context for bilingual pupils' learning of English in U. K. classrooms. Moreover, the analysis of pupils' interactive behaviour whilst playing such games reveals constructive information about how bilingual pupils are learning English, their motivation and confidence in approaching this learning, as well as what they have already learnt or are in the process of learning. This thesis exposes the exact nature of such learning. The results also reveal that, although time consuming, the information resulting from such analyses can help guide teaching and learning needs, and is especially useful for those bilingual pupils most reticent to talk in front of adults in the classroom. The results of this study broaden our understanding of the nature of L2 language learning as a socially situated interactive activity from both a theoretical and pedagogical perspective. In particular, by hybridising the process of sociocultural analysis with the pedagogic process of formative assessment, this research has profitably extended the scope of application of sociocultural theory. Furthermore, it raises some interesting policy implications in regard to the purpose and form of the assessment of bilingual pupils in the U. K.


In a residence dispute between separated lesbian parents the House of Lords considered that the principles to be applied to determine the child's welfare were the same as those that applied between heterosexual parents. It also affirmed the importance of a parent's biological relationship with a child to the child's welfare. At the same time, it found that 'natural parenthood' could mean one or more of at least three parent-child relationships: genetic parenthood, gestational parenthood and psychological/social parenthood. This paper raises questions about the prioritisation of biological links and the applicability of principles of universality and formal equality and suggests that the results are equivocal for lesbian parents. While on the one hand they may legitimise lesbian parent families, on the other they erase the differences and difficulties encountered in the actual parenting they do.


Coase, in his seminal 1959 work, recorded the following statement from Congressmen Rogers during the House hearings on subscription television: "if the Government owns a tract of land on which you raise cattle, they charge a man for the use of the land. Why would it not be just as reasonable to charge a man to use the avenues of the air as it would be to use that pasture". This paper will argue that that bit of prophetic wisdom should be used to reset efforts to free up Government held spectrum for more efficient uses. For the last decade, attempts to use government spectrum for commercial purposes have almost exclusively focused on either re-allocation or technical coexistence mechanisms, or some combination of the two. The prerequisite that a technical sharing mechanism be employed seems to be a legacy artifact of the circa 2003 negotiation and agreements that allowed for portions of the 5 GHz band to be used for unlicensed WiFi devices. The band is used sporadically (but importantly) by several RADAR applications. Allowing WiFi devices to use the band and wander unrestrained (like dumb cattle) would have disrupt important safety applications. Therefore rules mandating "smart radios", that would detect the presence of RADAR in the area and restrict their own operation accordingly were adopted. However, beyond geography, those rules greatly restrict the use of the spectrum to essentially one technology (WiFi) for one application (short range local area access). Unfortunately this model has been applied in every subsequent attempt to gain access to Government spectrum. For instance the NTIA and FCC established a Spectrum Sharing Innovation Test-Bed pilot program to examine the feasibility of increased sharing between federal and nonfederal users by the use of Dynamic Sharing Access techniques. Harold Feld & Dr. Gregory Rose in their paper "Breaking the Logjam: Creating Sustainable Spectrum Access Through Federal Secondary Markets" also propose a technology based (smart radios controlled by a smarter data base) solution. And other industry initiatives such as Qualcomm and Nokia"s Authorised Shared Access (ASA) propose sharing via cognitive technologies. This paper argues that a more efficient means to gain access to Government spectrum, is to apply a simpler model (again following a land analogy) and allow the NTIA to operate a program similar to the Department of the Interior's Bureau of Land Management which leases and permits for the use, occupancy, and development of the public lands. Thanks to CSEA as amended by the Middle Class Tax Relief and Job Creation Act of 2012 most of the legal framework exists. The solution to enabling more sharing, and therefore more efficient use of spectrum currently allocated to Federal users is to create incentives for a potential commercial user, and the Government incumbent to enter into negotiations. And to enable the price mechanism to uncover the optimum use of technology or other means applied to either commercial or Government or both systems. This paper's proposition is that rather than smart radios, the solution to accessing Government spectrum is a framework that allows for a smart lessee, who can then deploy smart, dumb, or otherwise radios as his application sees fit. The paper analyzes and contrasts the history of Government land and spectrum management and proposes some specific, modest changes that (I believe) would make a big improvement, by enabling a true market solution to the problem.


A high estrogenic environment in utero may increase subsequent breast cancer risk. It was therefore determined whether a maternal exposure during pregnancy to the phytoestrogen genistein or zearalenone, both of which exhibit estrogenic activities in vitro and in vivo, alters breast cancer risk among female offspring. Pregnant rat dams were treated daily with subcutaneous injections of 20, 100 or 300 microgram genistein, 20 microgram zearalenone, or vehicle between days 15 and 20 of gestation. The offspring were given 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) at the age of 2 months to induce mammary tumors. The results indicate that in utero exposure to genistein, but not to zearalenone, dose-dependently increased the incidence of DMBA-induced mammary tumors, when compared with the controls. Tumor growth characteristics were not altered. Prior to the carcinogen administration, the number of estrogen receptor (ER) binding sites, determined using a ligand binding assay, were significantly elevated in the mammary glands of genistein offspring. In contrast, the mammary protein kinase C (PKC) activity was significantly reduced in the genistein offspring. Our results suggest that a maternal exposure to subcutaneous administration of genistein can increase mammary tumorigenesis in the offspring, mimicking the effects of in utero estrogenic exposures. Further, increased ER protein levels and reduced PKC activity in the mammary gland may be involved in increasing susceptibility to carcinogen-induced mammary tumorigenesis in rats exposed to genistein in utero.


This article presents an overview of widely practised short-term multicurrency investment strategies such as carry trade, momentum and term spread strategies. We provide evidence on their downside risk properties and illustrate their performance over historical episodes of financial market turmoil. We show that the strategies exhibit substantial tail risks and that they do not perform uniformly during distress periods in global markets. Interestingly, equity market investments feature even greater downside risk.


This dissertation is a contribution to two fields of study: applied social epistemology and the philosophy of technology. That is, it is a philosophical study, based on empirical fieldwork research, of social and technical knowledge. Social knowledge here is defined as knowledge acquired through the interactions between epistemic agents and social institutions. Technical knowledge is here defined as knowledge about technical artefacts (including how to design, produce, and operate them). I argue that the two must be considered collectively both in the sense that they are best considered in the light of collectivist approaches to knowledge and in the sense that they must be considered together as part of the same analysis. An analysis solely of the interactions between human epistemic agents operating within social institutions does not give adequate credit to the technological artefacts that help to produce knowledge; an analysis of technical knowledge which does not include an analysis of how that technical knowledge is generated within a rich and complex social network would be similarly incomplete. I argue that it is often inappropriate to separate analyses of technical knowledge from social knowledge and that although not all social knowledge is technical knowledge, all technical knowledge is, by definition, social. Further, the influence of technology on epistemic cultures is so pervasive that it also forms or ̳envelops' what we consider to be an epistemic agent. Engineering anti-individualism: a case study in social epistemology 4


This paper explores who is financially literate, whether people accurately perceive their own economic decision-making skills, and where these skills come from. Self-assessed and objective measures of financial literacy can be linked to consumers' efforts to plan for retirement in the American Life Panel, and causal relationships with retirement planning examined by exploiting information about respondent financial knowledge acquired in school. Results show that those with more advanced financial knowledge are those more likely to be retirement-ready.


Introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics-Anil W. Date 2005-08-08 Introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics is a textbook for advanced undergraduate and first year graduate students in mechanical, aerospace and chemical engineering. The book emphasizes understanding CFD through physical principles and examples. The author follows a consistent philosophy of control volume formulation of the fundamental laws of fluid motion and energy transfer, and introduces a novel notion of 'smoothing pressure correction' for solution of flow equations on collocated grids within the framework of the well-known SIMPLE algorithm. The subject matter is developed by considering pure conduction/diffusion, convective transport in 2-dimensional boundary layers and in fully elliptic flow situations and phase-change problems in succession. The book includes chapters on discretization of equations for transport of mass, momentum and energy on Cartesian, structured curvilinear and unstructured meshes, solution of discretised equations, numerical grid generation and convergence enhancement. Practising engineers will find this particularly useful for reference and for continuing education.


Abstract. Sunshine duration was historically the traditional parameter to quantify solar radiation. In the present study, we propose to benefit from the measurements made with Campbell-Stokes recorders at 18 sites in Belgium and Luxembourg to generate maps of daily sunshine duration for the period 1995–2005. In order to provide maps with the highest degree of confidence as possible, ancillary data of high spatial resolution derived from Meteosat satellites images are used within the mapping process. Different methods combining in situ sunshine duration measurements and Meteosat-derived data are evaluated. The best performing method is then used to compile a dataset of gridded daily sunshine duration data over Belgium and Luxembourg. The 1995–2005 sunshine duration climate map is finally provided. Various areal mean values are computed and discussed.


Few studies have explored the frequency and impact of lower extremity injuries, such as those to the knee, among professional baseball players. The purpose of this study was to detail the epidemiology of knee injuries in Major League Baseball (MLB) and Minor League Baseball (MiLB) players during the 2011-2014 seasons. It was hypothesized that knee injuries are a common occurrence in these athletes, and represent a significant source of time away from play. The MLB Health and Injury Tracking System database was searched to identify all patients diagnosed with knee injuries during the 2011-2014 seasons. All injuries that occurred during the preseason, regular season, and postseason that resulted in time away from play were included. Injury data analyzed included total number of knee injuries, specific diagnoses, injury mechanisms, locations, player positions, and time lost. Descriptive statistics were conducted and injury rates per athlete-exposures were calculated. During the 2011-2014 seasons, a total of 2171 knee injuries occurred in MLB and MiLB players, representing 6.5% of all injuries in professional baseball. The knee injury rate across both the MLB and MiLB was 1.2 per 1000 athlete-exposures. The mean number of days missed per injury across both leagues was 16.2 with a total of 30,449 days of missed play amongst all athletes over the 4 seasons. Injuries to the knee were the fifth most common cause of missed time in all of baseball, and the fourth most common reason for missed games in the MLB alone. Approximately 12% of all injuries required surgical intervention. The most common mechanism of injury was noncontact (44%), and base runners were injured more frequently than any other position (24%). The infield (30%) and home plate (23%) were the most common locations in which injuries occurred. These data can be utilized for targeted injury prevention initiatives.


CHARACTERIZATION OF THE THERMAL TRANSPORT THROUGH A TEMPORALLY-VARYING ASH LAYER Darron Palmer Cundick Department of Mechanical Engineering Master of Science Ash deposits in commercial coal-fired boilers frequently pose serious maintenance challenges and decrease thermal efficiency. A better understanding of fundamental thermal transport properties in ash deposits can help mitigate their negative effects. In order to characterize the thermal properties of boiler-side deposits, this work presents a thermal transport model and in-situ measurements of effective thermal conductivity in coal ash deposits. A simple model of the thermal transport through an ash deposit, with and with out slagging, was developed. The model approximates the deposit by dividing it into four regimes: particulate, sintered, solidified slag, and molten slag. The development of this model was auxiliary to the primary focus of this study: the in-situ measurement of effective thermal conductivity of ash deposits. Deposits of loosely-bound particulate ash were obtained experimentally using a down-fired drop tube reactor. Pulverized coal was fired and deposits were collected on an instrumented deposition probe. An approach is presented for making in-situ measurements of the temperature difference across the ash deposits, the thickness of the deposits, and the total heat transfer rate through the ash deposits. Using this approach, the effective thermal conductivity was determined for coal ash deposits formed under oxidizing and reducing conditions. Three coals were tested under oxidizing conditions: IL #6 Crown III coal, IL #6 Patiki coal and WY Corederro coal. The WY coal exhibited the lowest range of effective thermal conductivities (ke =0.05 to 0.175 W/mK) while the IL #6 coals showed higher effective thermal conductivities (ke =0.2 to 0.5 W/mK). The IL #6 Crown III coal and the WY Corederro coal were also tested under reducing conditions. A comparison of the ash deposits from these two coals, formed under oxidizing or reducing conditions, showed larger effective thermal conductivities in deposits formed under reducing conditions. The IL #6 Crown III coal exhibited the greatest increase (as high as 50%) in ke, under reducing conditions, over that measured in oxidizing conditions. For all of the experiments conducted, an increase in effective thermal conductivity with deposit thickness was observed, with sintering likely causing the increase in ke.


In this contribution we focus on the role of experts in the assessment of tort damages from an economic point of view. We distinguish two different aspects.
First, we examine the role which economists might play in assessing damages in tort cases. This approach focuses on the insights that Law and Economics provides regarding the correct assessment of damages. We pay specific attention to two problematic forms of losses where economic insights may play an important role: pure economic loss and personal injury damage (both loss of income and compensation for immaterial losses due to fatal and non-fatal accidents).
Second, we investigate from a Law and Economics point of view the role of experts in general (not only economists) in the assessment of damages. We discuss i.a. the question why experts may be involved in the assessment of damages, the potential problems (and the possible solutions) when using experts, and differences between party appointed experts and court appointed experts.
It turns out that the economic analysis can provide a different, insightful viewpoint in some respects, such as the fact that market based mechanisms may help to provide incentives to party appointed experts to provide an accurate and objective damage assessment.


Comparative genomic studies have led to the recent identification of several novel globin types in the Metazoa. They have revealed a surprising evolutionary diversity of functions beyond the familiar O(2) supply roles of hemoglobin and myoglobin. Here we report the discovery of a hitherto unrecognized family of proteins with a unique modular architecture, possessing an N-terminal calpain-like domain, an internal, circular permuted globin domain, and an IQ calmodulin-binding motif. Putative orthologs are present in the genomes of many metazoan taxa, including vertebrates. The calpain-like region is homologous to the catalytic domain II of the large subunit of human calpain-7. The globin domain satisfies the criteria of a myoglobin-like fold but is rearranged and split into two parts. The recombinantly expressed human globin domain exhibits an absorption spectrum characteristic of hexacoordination of the heme iron atom. Molecular evolutionary analyses indicate that this chimeric globin family is phylogenetically ancient and originated in the common ancestor to animals and choanoflagellates. In humans and mice, the gene is predominantly expressed in testis tissue, and we propose the name "androglobin" (Adgb). Expression is associated with postmeiotic stages of spermatogenesis and is insensitive to experimental hypoxia. Evidence exists for increased gene expression in fertile compared with infertile males.


Background: The effects of ethical regulation in the form of review and bureaucratic procedures on research are perceived as challenging for researchers. The centrality of the achievement of informed consent in ethical regulation and review has also been problematised from a range of perspectives which view it as unachievable in some methodologies, as necessary but problematic, or as an overly bureaucratic requirement which makes it informed but not genuine. However, in the existing critiques of regulation, there is limited attention paid to ethics review which is where decisions are made about the ethics of research. Much is claimed about the barriers and limitations the review of ethics presents to researchers, however, there is little evidence which starts from the standpoint of committee members and explores how the work of National Health Service Research Ethics Committees (NHSRECs) is accomplished in the everyday contexts in which decisions are made. This study aimed to reveal new knowledge about how NHSECs work to reach decisions about applications with a particular emphasis on consent and capacity. The RECs included in the study were 'flagged' for capacity which meant that members had undergone additional training in the requirements for research with people who lack capacity in the Mental Capacity Act 2005. Methods: The study used ethnographic approaches and institutional methodology to 'map' the work of RECs. Theoretically, institutional ethnography starts with the standpoint of those involved in the seemingly mundane and everyday work of institutions. The research sought to deepen understanding and provide insights into how committee members view their work and their perspectives on research and researchers. Interpreting the everyday is foundational to institutional ethnography and the endeavour also seeks to describe how work is shaped and organised by wider social discourses. The methods employed were observation, interview and an analysis of a significant text. Altogether, there were nine observations of RECs with a total of seventeen research applications heard. Twelve interviews were conducted with reviewers and eight with researchers who had attended the REC at the time of my observations. Data was managed using NVivo software, organised into themes and then analysed with the aim of producing a detailed ethnographic description of the work undertaken. Findings: The study produced an ethnographic 'mapping' of the work of NHSRECs. Findings and subsequent analysis revealed (i) how the setting, order and membership of committees shaped their work and supported the institutional and social imperatives for ethics review to be transparent, fair and objective; (ii) that 'judgement' and 'decisions' could be distinguished in deliberations. Much of reviewers' discussion of applications is subjective and discerning. Relationships with each other and with researchers were significant. Committee members considered abstracted principles of ethical regulation and the framework of bureaucratic procedure, but used subjective means to translate these into meaningful and practical concepts and requirements; (iii) that 'texts' in the form of requirements were important in decision-making. Committee members made reference to procedures in order to legitimise their judgements. Finally, a text used in NHSRECs, the 'Mental Capacity Checklist' is the focus of analysis and this demonstrates how committees make their judgements 'fit' with requirements, looking for evidence of the required categories in the application and in the dialogue with researchers
Conclusions and implications: NHSREC reviewers are committed to their work, to research and researchers in general regardless of the nature of research. However, procedural ethics delineates and draws boundaries around the field of review. In addition, wider social structures and discourses of trust and transparency influence and shape formal review. These may constrain and limit REC members as much as researchers. RECs may benefit from a reflexive analysis of their work which would enable them to consider the local and wider influences on their judgements and decision-making. There is potential for this to be included in training programmes which already exist for REC members. Researchers may benefit from gaining insights from 'within' the ethics committee increasing their knowledge of review from the perspective of those making decisions. This may assist in them feeling better equipped to overcome the challenges of ethics review. Approvals and scientific review: Organisational approval for the study was given by the National Research Ethics Service (NRES) whose functions became part of the Health Research Authority during the course of this study. Scientific review of this study was undertaken by my Lead Supervisor at the start of the PhD and reviewed internally by the Executive Committee of the School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work at the University of Salford. The University of Salford's Research Ethics Committee gave ethical approval.


Knowing users' views and demographic traits oers a great potential for personalizing web search results or related services such as query suggestion and query completion. Such signals however are often only available for a small fraction of search users, namely those who log in with their social network account and allow its use for personalization of search results. In this paper, we oer a solution to this problem by showing how user demographic traits such as age and gender, and even political and religious views can be eciently and accurately inferred based on their search query histories. This is accomplished in two steps; we rst train predictive models based on the publically available myPersonality dataset containing users' Facebook Likes and their demographic information. We then match Facebook Likes with search queries using Open Directory Project categories. Finally, we apply the model trained on Facebook Likes to large-scale query logs of a commercial search engine while explicitly taking into account the dierence between the traits distribution in both datasets. We nd that the accuracy of classifying age and gender, expressed by the area under the ROC curve (AUC), are 77% and 84% respectively for predictions based on Facebook Likes, and only degrade to 74% and 80% when based on search queries. On a US state-by-state basis we nd a Pearson correlation of 0 :72 for political views between the predicted scores and Gallup data, and 0:54 for aliation with Judaism between predicted scores and data from the US Religious Landscape Survey. We conclude that it is indeed feasible to infer important demographic data of users from their query history based on labelled Likes data and believe that this approach could provide valuable information for personalization and monetization even in the absence of demographic data.


"Staying Well After Psychosis is extremely readable, based on solid research evidence and packed full of clinical insights and strategies that will satisfy any clinician seeking innovative approaches to the promotion of recovery from psychosis." --Anthony P. Morrison, Professor of Clinical Psychology, University of Manchester, UK Over the past decade our understanding of the experience of psychosis has changed dramatically. As part of this change, a range of psychological models of psychosis and associated interventions have developed. Staying Well After Psychosis presents an individually based psychological intervention targeting emotional recovery and relapse prevention. This approach considers the cognitive, interpersonal and developmental aspects involved in recovery and vulnerability to the recurrence of psychosis. Andrew Gumley and Matthias Schwannauer provide a framework for recovery and staying well that focuses on emotional and interpersonal adaptation to psychosis. This practical manual covers, in detail, all aspects of the therapeutic process of Cognitive Interpersonal Therapy, including:* Taking a developmental perspective on help seeking and affect regulation.* Supporting self-reorganisation and adaptation after acute psychosis.* Understanding and treating traumatic reactions to psychosis.* Working with humiliation, entrapment, loss and fear of recurrence appraisals during recovery.* Working with cognitive interpersonal schemata.* Developing coping in an interpersonal context. Clinical psychologists, psychiatrists and mental health professionals will find this innovative treatment manual to be a valuable resource in their work with adults and adolescents. This book will also be of interest to lecturers and students of clinical psychology and mental health.


Objective: To describe sequence variants in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes in a sample of Colombian patients with a personal or family history of breast cancer suggestive of genetic risk.Materials and methods: Case series consisting of 67 patients referred for genetic testing because of suspected hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome (HBOC). Of the 67 cases, 42 (62.7%) met the medical indication criteria of the 2013 National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) and they were subjected to the entire sequencing of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. A determination was made of the frequency of sequence mutation, variants, and of the clinical significance of the variants found based on the Breast Cancer Information Core (BIC).Results: Mutations were identified for the BRCA 1 gene in six patients (14.3%), no mutation was documented for the BRCA 2 gene, and 43 genetic variants were found in 27 patients (64.2% of 42 cases). Of these, 21 (48.8%) were identified in the BRCA1 gene and 22 (51.2%) in the BRCA 2 gene. Among these variants, 5 pathogenic mutations were found only in the BRCA1 gene and, of those, only 1 had been reported previously in Colombia.Conclusions: This study identifies pathogenic genetic variants in the BRCA1 gene not described previously in the Colombian population, as well as others known in different populations. Therefore, it helps expand knowledge regarding the variants of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes in the Colombian population. However, additional studies are required with sufficient power and methodological quality to estimate the frequency of sequence mutations and variants for the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes in Colombian women suspected of having the hereditary breast or ovarian cancer syndrome.