One recurring call over a century of American constitutional thought is for return to a "classical" understanding of American federal and state Constitutions. "Classical" does not necessarily mean "originalist" or "interpretivist." Some classical views, such as the attempt to revitalize Lochner-style economic due process, find little support in the text of the federal Constitution or any of the contemporary state constitutions. Rather, constitutional meaning is thought to lie in a background link between constitution formation and classical statecraft. The core theory rests on the assumption of a social contract to which everyone in some initial position agreed. Like any contract, it would make every participant a winner. The participants have liberty and property rights antecedent to the state, but choose to give up as little of these as needed to empower government. Because insisting on either unanimous consent or individual voter participation on every issue is impractical and unwise, republican representative government comes into existence. But then it is essential that this government act consistently with the social contract and not be captured by factions, or special interests.The result is constitutionalism that is wary of legislation as excessively vulnerable to special interest capture, suspicious of non-unanimous direct democracy tools such as initiatives and referenda because they often disrespect individual rights, and severely critical of most forms of economic regulation. With this distrust of legislation comes a reliance on judges to get the right answer, striking down statutes as unconstitutional even when the court's mandate is not explicitly stated in any constitutional language.This article argues, first, that the Constitution was not classical in its inception. Historically it was "pre-classical," particularly on matters of private contract and property rights and government intervention in the economy. That conclusion is consistent with its text, but even clearer from contemporary perspective, as well as early court interpretation. Second, a distinctively "classical" perspective on the Constitution came later, as the influence of Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations and his English and American followers filtered through American academies. The adoption of classical views resulted from the Jacksonian movement, which began in the 1820s. It took root in federal constitutional doctrine with Jackson's appointment of Chief Justice Roger B. Taney, an economic liberal. Classical liberal views increasingly influenced both state and federal constitutional thought well into the twentieth century, although state courts interpreting their own constitutions led the way. These included a reversal of Chief Justice Marshall's broad reading of the federal commerce power, a strong antiregulatory bias favoring private markets, suspicion of monopoly, the rise of a theory of inverse takings so as to limit the government's power to engage in economic development that harmed private property, development of a technical and narrowly focused patent system as an exception to this hostility toward monopoly, legislative capture justifications for judicial review, and a strong view of liberty of contract. As these doctrines expanded, however, constitutional doctrine began to depart more significantly from constitutional texts.While constitutional classicism was liberal in its economics, it was not libertarian. Even the strongest advocates for laissez faire in constitutional economic theory also favored strong regulation of morality on fundamentally Christian grounds. These views characterized both the great Gilded Age public law treatise writers as well as the Supreme Court. Third, one defining element of classical political theory -- the "social contract" -- never captured an important following in American mainstream constitutional thought, not even during the founding and early national periods or the later heyday of constitutional classicism. While judges and constitutional writers sometimes spoke of a social "contract" or "compact," they almost always meant the text of a constitution or some other authoritative document. They rarely advocated for a social contract doctrine that would enable them to jump off the ratified text to some unnamed fundamental principle. Even the academic and judicial architects of economic substantive due process during the Gilded Age and Progressive Era did not typically rely on the social contract idea, and some of them forcefully rejected it. Fourth, and concluding, the idea that classical constitutional doctrine was displaced by "progressive" constitutionalism is also wrong, or at least wildly exaggerated. The constitutional revolution that occurred during the first four decades of the twentieth century was certainly supported by self-identified "progressives." But support for change was broader and much more centrist, driven by changes in economic theory that today are accepted by liberals and conservatives alike. This makes it impossible to go back.


Remote evaluation (REV) is a construct for building distributed systems that involves sending executable code from one computer to another computer via a communication network. How REV can reduce communication and improve performance for certain classes of distributed applications is explained. Implementation issues are discussed. REV is incorporated into a high-level programming language by defining its syntax and its semantics. The compile-time and run-time support for REV is discussed in both heterogeneous and homogeneous systems and compared to that needed by a remote procedure call implementation. Sample performance measurements are included. Experience with a prototype REV implementation is summarized. >


Activation of the protein Bax by cell damage promotes apoptosis and provides an important mechanism for tumor suppression. Ku70 (which was initially identified as a DNA repair protein) sequesters Bax in healthy cells and thereby suppresses Bax-mediated apoptosis. Although cell damage can disrupt the association between Ku70 and Bax, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Noting that a C-terminal linker region adjacent to the Bax interaction domain of Ku70 resembled known acetylation sites in other proteins, Cohen et al. probed Ku70 immunoprecipitates with an antibody against acetylated proteins and found that Ku70 was acetylated in vivo. Moreover, Ku70 acetylation increased after treatment of cells with UV radiation. Western analysis of immunoprecipitates indicated that Ku70 interacted with the acetyltransferases CBP [cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB)-binding protein] and PCAF (p300/CBP-associated factor). Recombinant Ku70 served as an in vitro substrate for CBP, PCAF, and P300. Analysis of the acetylation of synthetic peptides identified two lysine residues (K539 and K542) in the linker region likely to serve as in vivo targets for CBP and PCAF. Tandem mass spectrometry analysis confirmed that both residues were acetylated in vivo. Pharmacological analysis indicated that class I/II histone deacetylases (HDACs) and sirtuins deacetylated Ku70. Treatment with HDAC inhibitors blocked the ability of overexpressed Ku70 to inhibit Bax-mediated apoptosis and decreased association of endogenous Ku70 with Bax. Ku70 mutants designed to mimic constitutive acetylation of K539 or K542 were ineffective in suppressing Bax-mediated apoptosis. Thus acetylation of Ku70 appears to be a mechanism whereby cell damage can lead to Bax-mediated apoptosis; this finding substantiates the emerging role of histone acetyltransferases as tumor suppressors. H. Y. Cohen, S. Lavu, K. J. Bitterman, B. Kekking, T. A. Imahiyerobo, C. Miller, R. Frye, H. Ploegh, B. M. Kessler, D. A. Sinclair, Acetylation of the C terminus of Ku70 by CBP and PCAF controls Bax-mediated apoptosis. Mol. Cell 13, 627-638 (2004). [Online Journal]


The overall price level contains prices of everything purchased or purchasable (Fischer, 1911). The consumer price index only covers a small subset of all prices in the economy and since these prices are among the stickiest in the economy, this index may not fully capture the true rate of monetary inflation in the short run. Merging all price indices into one overall index has been rejected, not least for practical reasons. Issing (2003), though, argues that money growth can be interpreted as a proxy for the overall inflation rate; hence it is unnecessary to create a price index if the money growth rate can be used instead. This paper builds on Assenmacher-Wesche and Gerlach (2008a, b), and analyzes the relationship between money growth and different price indices such as the consumer price index, GDP deflator, share price index and house price index in eight developed countries. The results show that money growth is correlated with financial asset price inflation in the short, medium and long run. Real asset price inflation and money growth are correlated over the medium and long term and consumer inflation and money growth only over the long term. Since all movements in money growth, short term and long term, are associated with price changes, this paper concludes that money growth may serve as a proxy for the overall inflation rate.


This document outlines a set of goals for proposed new IPv6 site- multihoming architectures. It is recognised that this set of goals is ambitious and that some goals may conflict with others. The solution or solutions adopted may only be able to satisfy some of the goals presented here.


Trustworthy operation of industrial control systems (ICS) depends on secure code execution on the embedded programmable logic controllers (PLCs). The controllers monitor and control the underlying physical plants such as electric power grids and continuously report back the system status to human operators. We present HARVEY, 1 a PLC rootkit that implements a physics-aware stealthy attack against cyberphysical power grid control systems. HARVEY sits within the PLC's firmware below the control logic and modifies control commands before they are sent out by the PLC's output modules to the physical plant's actuators. HARVEY replaces legitimate control commands with malicious, adversary-optimal commands to maximize the damage to the physical power equipment and cause large-scale failures. To ensure system safety, the operators observe the status of the power system by fetching system parameter values from PLC devices. To conceal the maliciously caused anomalous behavior from operators, HARVEY intercepts the sensor measurement inputs to the PLC device. HARVEY simulates the power system with the legitimate control commands (which were intercepted/replaced with malicious ones), and calculates/injects the sensor measurements that operators would expect to see. We implemented HARVEY on the widely spread Allen Bradley PLC and evaluated it on a real-world electric power grid test-bed. The results empirically prove HARVEY's deployment feasibility in practice nowadays.


Objective: This paper examines gender differences in the labour market integration of newly arrived refugees in Germany. In particular, we focus on the heterogeneity in employment rates among female refugees. Background: Previous research has demonstrated that refugee women are disadvantaged on the labour market not only compared to their male counterparts, but also compared to other immigrant women. So far, however, little is known about the mechanisms that underlie the specific disadvantages of refugee women. Method: Using data from the IAB-BAMF-SOEP Survey of Refugees, we analyse the labour market participation of refugees who migrated to Germany between 2013 and 2017. To test our theoretical assumptions, we apply logistic regressions. Results: Our results show that compositional differences in qualifications, family structure, institutional support, and networks can partly explain the gender gap in labour force participation that disadvantage refugee women. We find substantial variation in the importance of different determinants for the labour market outcomes of men and women. Conclusion: As the gender gaps in labour supply could be fully attributed to the theoretical mechanisms offered in the literature, further research is needed to disentangle female refugees' employment behaviour.


In the present research several aspects of the reproductive biology of the marine
hermaphroditic bryozoan, Celleporell hyalin (Linnaeus, 1767) were investigated. First
(see Chapter 2), aliquots, of different ages from a stock of allosperm suspension were used
to fertilize a series of virgin ramets, so characterizing the decay in fertility of released
sperm and any effects of sperm ageing on subsequent embryogenesis and larval
metamorphosis. The effect of temperature on the above variables was also investigated.
The fertile half-life of C. hvalina sperm was about 1-2 h, although significant decay in
fertility occurred within a few minutes after release. Sperm ageing showed no deleterious
effects on embryogenesis, larval viability, or metamorphosis. No clear effects of
temperature on sperm ageing and fertilization success were found.
Allosperm. storage was studied in colonies of C. hyalina. (L. ) under several experimental
conditions (see Chapter 3). Recipient virgin colonies were exposed to sexually compatible
allosperm suspension and the appearance of the last newly ovulated oocytes in the coelorn.
was used to assess duration of sperm storage. The same experiments examined
continuation of brooding cycle and brooding success throughout the period of allosperm
storage. Similar obserVations were conducted on wild colonies of C. hyalina taken from
the field and kept in reproductive isolation in the laboratory. Production of progeny in
females zooids budded beyond the original colonial growing edge was taken as evidence
of sperm movement. The results of the present study show that recipient colonies continue
producing coelomic oocytes up to 5 weeks after exposure to allosperm suspension.
Moreover, the progeny were produced not only by female zooids present at the moment of
allosperm dosage but also by female zooids, budded later, beyond the limit of the original
growing edge. Since oocytes were not present in control colonies exposed to selfsperm, the
results of the present study indicate that recipient colonies store sexually compatible
allosperm and transport them within the colony in order to produce viable progeny.
The effect of water flow on both sperm release and fertilization success in colonies of C.
hyalin (L. ) was studied (see Chapter 4). Maximum numbers of released sperm were
found at low and zero water velocities. Moreover, protruded male lophophores were
observed only under those conditions. Fertilization success was studied in virgin
colonies of C. hyalina (L. ) exposed to compatible allosperm suspensions under different
feeding activity and water flow conditions. Fertilization success was higher in colonies
with more active feeding autozooids than in those with fewer feeding autozooids. High
water flow conditions induced reduction in the proportion of protruded lophophores,
and reduced the frequency of ovicells bearing progeny. Moreover, in all the experiments
offspring were concentrated in areas of the colony bearing active feeding autozooids.
The results of this study suggest that sperm release take place under similar conditions
that enhance cross fertilization, with a possible role of feeding activity in bringing
sperm to the proximity of receiver colonies.
Sperm competition and female choice was investigated in virgin colonies of C. hyalin (L. )
exposed to sexually compatible allosperm cocktails (see Chapter 5). A microsatellite-based.
genotyping system was used to determine paternity. Progeny were mainly the product of
outcrossing. In a few cases, a small proportion of progeny was attributed to selffertilization.
These results suggest that outcrossing is the main reproductive strategy in this
species and that neither selective female choice nor sperm competition occur in C. hyalin
.
Cryptic incompatibility allowing a flexible mating strategy to produce out-crossed progeny Z) in the presence of allospenn and selfing when they were absent was not found.
The effects of mating sequence and temporal interval between matings (2 or 48 h) on
sperm precedence in double-mated individuals were studied (see Chapter 6). Paternity
was determined by using a microsatellite-based genotyping system. Settled colonies
produced after short mating showed evidence of sperm mixing and first-male precedence.
However, last colonies produced after both short and long mating intervals showed
evidence of first-male precedence. When analyses were conducted using all the sampled
progeny, low incidence of paternity by the second sperm donor (P2) and absence of self
fertilization were found. No effect of mating order on success of the second donor was
found. Prevalence of outcrossing was also found. These results suggest that first-male
precedence in C. hyalin may promote outcrossing under sperm limitation conditions, by
acceptance of the first compatible allosperm to become available.
The effects of exposure to sperm suspensions and stressors on sexual allocation in colonies
were studied (see Chapter 7). In the first experiment the effect of a waterborne factor on
receptor colonies was studied. Adult colonies were exposed to compatible allosperm
suspensions that had been filtered through 0.45 Vrn pores potentially able to remove
cellular sized particles. As a control, receptor colonies were exposed to non-filtered
allosperin suspensions. Appearance and growth of oocytes occurred only in the coelorn. of
the control colonies. The active factor is not a dissolved molecule, but a particle that can be
removed from water by filtration through 0.45 [im pores. This result plus the absence of
developing oocytes in the receptor colonies exposed to similar concentration of selfsperm,
suggest the operation of self/honself recognition and an important and active role of
allosperm in initiating colonial reproductive investment in C. hyalina. Prevention of
colonial growth and others stressors were associated with production of basal male zooids.
In other experiments, exposure to sperm suspensions of different degrees of genetic
relatedness showed a virtual absence of production of progeny in those colonies exposed to
closely related sperm (i. e. self and halfsibs). Finally, in experiments with sexually
immature colonies, the onset of sexual reproduction was triggered by exposure to
allosperm, resulting in the production of female zooids even before the appearance of male
zooids.
Contacts between colonies of different genetic relatedness were studied under laboratory
conditions (see Chapter 8). Moreover, observations were made on colonies growing on
their natural substrata. Five types of responses were observed, from total fusion to
overgrowth. Maximum degree of fusion, or morphological fusion, was manifested as
morphologic interconnection between the ad oining colonies (i. e. production of coalescent
zooids). Fusion occurred in all contacts between colonies of the same genotype, between
parental colonies and their progeny and, between full and half sib colonies. In most cases
the production of coalescent zooids was found. Absence of fusion occurred in all contacts
between unrelated colonies and between some of the half sibs. Observations on wild
colonies growing in contact with each other failed to reveal any incidences of coalescence.
Non-aggressive overgrowth was confined to dead areas of one colony overgrown by
zooids of the other healthy colony, independent of the genetic relatedness of the pairs.
Differences in the fusibility between isocontact and allocontact suggest that colony
specificity exists in C. hyalin
,
as has been found in other sessile colonial marine
organisms.


Improving access to health care services has been advocated widely since the Declaration of Alma-Ata. Despite the efforts to realize this in Ethiopia it is only in the year 2003 that the intention to take the package of essential health services to the kebele level (smallest administrative unit) was realized through the introduction of the Health Services Extension Program (HSEP). The objective of this study was to explore whether introduction of HSEP has improved the coverage of child health services in the rural areas of Jimma Zone. A cross sectional study was conducted in three randomly selected districts of Jimma Zone Southwest Ethiopia. The data collection was undertaken during the months of May June and July 2009. A structured questionnaire was used to interview female heads of sampled households from nine kebeles randomly selected in three Woredas (districts). Data were collected on the socio-demographic characteristics use of health posts child vaccination and childhood diarrhea. Checklists were used for record review. Data obtained were analysed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) V14. Only 64.0% of the kebeles had functional health posts although another 32.0% of the kebeles in the zone had health posts under construction. However most (93.7%) of the kebeles in the zone already had two health extension workers (HEWs) assigned. Vaccination coverage as measured by DPT3 was 67.9% and 10% of the under-two year old children included in this survey had diarrhoea during the past two weeks. Of the 34 (51.5%) mothers who sought help during diarrhoeal attacks 12 (35.3%) of them went to the health post. The first places of treatment seeking were health centres and health posts with equal proportion for both (43.5%). Treatment was sought within a day or two after commencement of diarrhoea for 70.6% of the children. Thirty nine (69.7%) of the 56 children who were given recommended fluids received oral rehydration solution (ORS) or homemade solution. In addition to continuing efforts to improve coverage there is a need to ensure that activities are linked with follow up of vaccination early treatment seeking and proper home management of diarrhoea.


Purpose The Good Intern Programme (GIP) in Sri Lanka has been implemented to bridge the 'theory to practice gap' of doctors preparing for their internship. This paper evaluates the impact of a 2-day peer-delivered Acute Care Skills Training (ACST) course as part of the GIP. Study design The ACST course was developed by an interprofessional faculty, including newly graduated doctors awaiting internship (pre-intern), focusing on the recognition and management of common medical and surgical emergencies. Course delivery was entirely by pre-intern doctors to their peers. Knowledge was evaluated by a pre- and post-course multiple choice test. Participants' confidence (post-course) and 12 acute care skills (pre- and post-course) were assessed using Likert scale-based questions. A subset of participants provided feedback on the peer learning experience. Results Seventeen courses were delivered by a faculty consisting of eight peer trainers over 4 months, training 320 participants. The mean (SD) multiple choice questionnaire score was 71.03 (13.19) pre-course compared with 77.98 (7.7) post-course (p<0.05). Increased overall confidence in managing ward emergencies was reported by 97.2% (n=283) of respondents. Participants rated their post-course skills to be significantly higher (p<0.05) than pre-course in all 12 assessed skills. Extended feedback on the peer learning experience was overwhelmingly positive and 96.5% would recommend the course to a colleague. Conclusions A peer-delivered ACST course was extremely well received and can improve newly qualified medical graduates' knowledge, skills and confidence in managing medical and surgical emergencies. This peer-based model may have utility beyond pre-interns and beyond Sri Lanka.


Bio-ethanol is a clean and renewable fuel that is significantly gaining attention, mainly via its major environmental benefits produced from diverse resources. The campaign for the establishment of biorefineries and encouragement of fossil fuels is gradually gaining greater attention. This research seeks to comparatively investigates material requirement, production yield, and total equipment cost involved in the rice-husk and maize-cob transformation into bioethanol fuel for large-scale production using process modeling and simulation study approach to promote potential investors' interest. This analysis was carried out using a simulator (Aspen HYSYS) and a computational package (MATLAB). The evaluation entails modeling, simulating, material, and energy analysis, including process equipment sizing and cost for the plants. Comparative material analysis of the yield from the model process for the use of biomasses reveals that 9.94kg and 7.32kg of fuel-grade bioethanol would be obtained using 0.03kg and 0.02kg of enzymes for every 1kg of rice husk and maize cob charge in the plant, respectively, per hour. Analysis of the plants' energy flow shows that the maize cob transformation into bioethanol fuel required more energy than the rice husk-based plant confirming maize cob conversion to be more energy-intensive than rice husk. Moreover, the equipment cost analysis indicated that it would cost $ 4739.87 and $ 1757.36 to process a kilogram of biomass (rice husk and maize cob) into fuel-grade bioethanol, respectively, per hour. Ultimately, this study's findings identify rice husk's use to be of high yield while maize cob would be making the production less capital intensive.


Tricalcium aluminate (C3A) is a major phase of Portland cement clinker and some dental root filling cements. An accurate all-atom force field is introduced to examine structural, surface, and hydration properties as well as organic interfaces to overcome challenges using current laboratory instrumentation. Molecular dynamics simulation demonstrates excellent agreement of computed structural, thermal, mechanical, and surface properties with available experimental data. The parameters are integrated into multiple potential energy expressions, including the PCFF, CVFF, CHARMM, AMBER, OPLS, and INTERFACE force fields. This choice enables the simulation of a wide range of inorganic-organic interfaces at the 1 to 100 nm scale at a million times lower computational cost than DFT methods. Molecular models of dry and partially hydrated surfaces are introduced to examine cleavage, agglomeration, and the role of adsorbed organic molecules. Cleavage of crystalline tricalcium aluminate requires approximately 1300 mJ m(-2) and superficial hydration introduces an amorphous calcium hydroxide surface layer that reduces the agglomeration energy from approximately 850 mJ m(-2) to 500 mJ m(-2), as well as to lower values upon surface displacement. The adsorption of several alcohols and amines was examined to understand their role as grinding aids and as hydration modifiers in cement. The molecules mitigate local electric fields through complexation of calcium ions, hydrogen bonds, and introduction of hydrophobicity upon binding. Molecularly thin layers of about 0.5 nm thickness reduce agglomeration energies to between 100 and 30 mJ m(-2). Molecule-specific trends were found to be similar for tricalcium aluminate and tricalcium silicate. The models allow quantitative predictions and are a starting point to provide fundamental understanding of the role of C3A and organic additives in cement. Extensions to impure phases and advanced hydration stages are feasible.


ABSTRACT Levels of several cytokines were evaluated in the sera of patients with neuromyelitis optica (NMO) and paraneoplastic or nonparaneoplastic autoimmune encephalitis (AE) and healthy controls (HC). AE patients had higher serum interleukin-17 (IL-17), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and IL-12 levels than NMO patients and HC. Also, AE patients with antibodies to cell surface antigens (voltage-gated potassium channel, N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor) displayed increased serum Th17 cytokine (IL-17, IL-23) levels as compared with AE patients with antibodies to intracellular antigens (Hu, Yo), NMO patients, and HC. Aquaporin-4 (Aqp-4) antibody positive NMO patients had higher serum IL-9 levels than Aqp-4 antibody negative NMO patients. IL-17, IL-23, IL-12, and antibody levels were significantly correlated in AE patients with antibodies to cell surface antigens. Our results support the notion that different pathogenic mechanisms are involved in central nervous system diseases associated with antibodies to intracellular and cell surface neuronal antigens. T helper 1 (Th1)-/Th17-type immunities and IL-9 might be important therapeutic targets in AE and NMO, respectively.


Mobile robots are of high interest for unmaned planetary exploration. The very successful Pathfinder mission to Mars has impressively demonstrated the potential of mobile platforms for planetary exploration [1]. The European Space Agency (ESA) also started to develop concepts for micro-rovers for Mars missions. Within an interdisciplinary group of companies specialized in space applications and research labs new designs of micro-rovers have been investigated. Two concepts, a simple and robust one and an innovative one, have been selected and functional breadboard models of them are currently built. After a discussion of the key issues for robust locomotion the present paper will focus on the design and control of the more innovative solution. It consists of 6 independently driven wheels arranged in two triangles. It therefore allows not only for efficient rolling on flat surfaces but also to step on obstacles. Additionally the center of mass and the instrumentation carrousel is adjustable, allowing to optimally balance the micro-rover in almost every situation. Even after flipping over the robot will always be able to get back on its wheels.


Root distribution pattern forms the crux for optimum utilization irrigation, fertilizers and other inputs. Therefore, root distribution in terms of root mass and root activity (i.e. root length) in pomegranate cv. Bhagwa was studies in light textured, shallow soil types on four year old trees of pomegranate. Roots were collected from six radial distances (0-30, 30-45, 45-60, 60-75, 75-90 and 90 cm and above) and seven depths (0-15, 15-30, 30-45, 45-60, 60-75, 75-90 and above 90 cm). The results revealed that total dry mass of feeder roots (diameter up to 5 mm) was 992.7 g plant-1 while cumulative root length (activity) was 2332.4 m plant. On weight basis, contribution of small roots (2 < to < 5 mm) in total weight was the highest whereas, on the basis of root length, contribution of very fine roots (< 0.5 mm ) was exceptionally high compared to other categories of the roots. Root growth or root activity of pomegranate plants was observed in 0-60 cm radial distance and 0-45 cm vertical distance. Therefore fertilizers and water may be applied in this zone for better utilization of inputs by the tree roots..


About the book:
In recent years, the study of human geography has been reshaped by the work of feminist geographers, and as a result a considerable number of universities now include feminist geography and gender issues in their courses. This text provides an introduction to contemporary debates in feminist geography. These explorations in diversity and difference make up feminist geography in the 1990s. Feminist Geographies introduces key analytical concepts, examines the history of the subdiscipline, explores feminist geographers' methodologies and considers the various ways in which feminist geographers have worked with some of geography's key concepts; notably space, place, landscape and environment. The text also goes on to outline areas of future debates within the subject.


Background: Lumbar lordosis (LL), the anterior convexity of the lumbar spine in the mid-sagittal plane, gives the spine some resilience and helps in protecting it from compressive forces because some of the force is taken by the anterior longitudinal ligaments. In aging and lumbar spondylosis, the intervertebral discs undergo the same degenerative changes though at different rates, and in both, while some authors reported a straightening of LL, others reported no significant change. This morphologic information would hopefully influence therapeutic decision-making, particularly in lumbar spondylosis, which though usually asymptomatic, is a common cause of low back pain. Aim: The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of aging and lumbar spondylosis on LL. Subjects and Methods: Lumbosacral joint angle (LSJA), an angular measure of LL, was retrospectively measured in 252 normal and 329 spondylotic adolescent and adult supine lateral lumbosacral spine archival radiographs, and data were analyzed with IBM SPSS Statistics 23.0 (New York, USA). Results: Normal LSJA range was 5°–39°; the mean was 18.7° and showed insignificant variation with gender and aging. Spondylotic range was 5°–40° and the mean (20.8°) differed from the normal mean by about 2°, which probably have inconsequential effect on the lumbar curvature, suggesting that the normal and spondylotic mean values are essentially equal. The spondylotic mean also showed insignificant variation with aging and inconsequential 1° gender difference in favor of females. Conclusion: LL is substantially maintained in aging and lumbar spondylosis.


While high quality library and information services continue to thrive and strengthen economic and social development, much of the knowledge that exists on users needs and behaviors is fundamentally based on the results of users in English-speaking, western developed countries. Information Access and Library User Needs in Developing Countries highlights the struggles that developing countries face in terms of information gaps and information-seeking user behavior. The publication highlights ways in which users in developing countries can benefit from properly implementing LIS services. Researchers, academics, and practitioners interested in the design and delivery of information services will benefit from this collection of research.


The Brazilian state apparatus consists of a patchwork built upon a cascade of reform attempts over a span of sixty years. Multiple layers of legislation have produced a complex and inconsistent institutional landscape that has made policy change a difficult task. Four major public management policy reforms resulted in significant constitutional changes in the form of constitutional provisions, and they reshaped the modus operandi of the federal administration. The approach adopted here is comparative because it is oriented towards identifying similarities and differences among four different cases that occurred in Brazil during the 20th century. The pattern of these cases is intriguing because the frequency, variety, and speed of the reforms followed a zigzag course, and thus do not correspond to the gradual long-term and cumulative transformations that took place in many developed countries. Each case study corresponds to a specific historical episode. The material is organised and analytically narrated around interconnected events that took place within the episode. The events were significant in themselves and they clearly highlighted aspects of the means-ends chains. The framework adopted for the analysis was developed by Kingdon to explain pre-decisional and decisional stages of the policy-making process. The reason for this is the Brazilian context, characterised by fluidity, unclear technologies, chance, temporal sorting, and attention allocation. Policy change effectively took place when events in the political, problematic and policy streams converged to generate windows of opportunity, during which times public entrepreneurs pushed their policy solutions through the upper echelons of decision-making arenas. The investigation is centred on the dynamics of policy processes. The main conclusion of the thesis refers to the essential role played by entrepreneurs in getting the reforms approved. The reformers' influence in establishing the default implementation model varied in the four cases because of problems of political feasibility, rotation of reformers, policy discontinuities, inconsistencies in transitory legislation, and lack of top-down political support.


Within the larger framework of a project on Mixed Ability Teaching, a qualitative experiment was carried out with respect to the individual differences between pupils of very different ability ranges, when learning French. This experiment was meant to gain insight into the nature of the differences concerning vocabulary learning and reading strategies.69 pupils (12-15 year) pupils of very different ability ranges (but being educated together) were presented with a variety of vocabulary learning and reading tasks. They worked individually or in pairs and were requested to think aloud. The following tasks were used: 1) while reading a story, guessing the meaning of unknown words from the context, 2) after having read a story, memorizing the meaning of unknown words by means of vocabulary cards, 3) intensive reading of a relatively difficult illustrated story, 4) recalling the meaning of new words incidentally acquired (or not), while reading a story, 5) doing an exercise, involving different reading strategies.The analysis of the protocol records focused on the causes of the differences between weak and strong pupils. The differences which were found could be related to two relevant general strategies: guessing the meaning of an unknown word from the context and analyzing the word form of an unknown word. The main results were the following: 1) the attention of weak pupils tends to be exclusively drawn by one source of information; weak pupils are not able to integrate information from different sources (advance knowledge, text, word forms, context, illustrations, cues), 2) weak pupils take no account whatsoever of the sentence structure, 3) weak pupils have difficulties in generalizing from a new word to an already known word (in the target language or in the mother tongue). The article concludes with some implications for foreign language teaching.


(cid:2) ABSTRACT: Th rough a hospitality lens, the article looks at an Evangelical grassroots organization's practice of house visits to Syrian refugees in Mafraq, Jordan. It begins by situating the hosting practices of European volunteers in the context of Mafraq's multi-layered NGO environment and within the emerging literature on the role of transnational support networks in faith-based humanitarianism. A review of philosophical and anth ropological literatures reveals how power dynamics and bordering practices shape the hospitality encounter. Its function as a scale-shift er between the local and the national makes "hospitality" well-suited for the study of displacement. Subsequent parts of the article explore volunteers' acts of infringement on Syrians' hos-pitality code that allow them to "contain" refugees' demands for aid. Th e fi nal section revisits Boltanski's theory of a "politics of pity" in communicating distant suff ering. Th e set-up of house visits forces refugees to perform "suff ering" which provides the raw material for volunteers' moving testimonies back home.


Import demand has been a major research topic in international economics for the past 80 years because of its importance for analyzing trade and evaluating trade policies. The goal of this paper is to survey the literature and conduct a meta-analysis of empirical studies on import demand with the intention of clarifying the effect of economic development on income elasticity. In particular, we test the hypothesis that higher income levels are associated with a more elastic import demand. We apply a combination of parametric and non-parametric methods on estimates from a sample of 152 papers published over the period 1975-2014 and find that this relationship is significant and robust. Specifically, kernel densities of income elasticity estimates for high-income countries in North America and Europe are shown to exceed those for poorer parts of the world. The results from quartile regressions confirm this pattern and establish its robustness when controlling for the effect of model specifications.


Siphonic roof drainage systems have been in existence for approximately 30 years, and are becoming an increasingly common elemeiit of urban drainage iilfiastructure. In that time, the construction sector in most developed countries have been gradually persuaded of the benefits that these systems offer when compared to conventional roof drainage technologies. However, current design practice is based on steady-state theory and, arguably, simplistic assumptions. In response to perceived deficiencies in current design practice, a siphonic roof drainage research programme was initiated at Heriot-Watt University in 1996. This has led to a better understanding of the performance characteristics of siphonic systems, with particular reference to the priming of such systems (the purging of air fiom the system). This has resulted in the development of a numerical model capable of accurately simulating the priming phase of single outlet siphonic roof drainage systems. However, the majority of installed systems incorporate more than one roof outlet, and the interaction between such outlets is not well understood. It was therefore recognised that firther research was required to extend the applicability of the existing numerical model to multi-outlet applications. The work reported herein details an ongoing UK governrhent funded research programme to investigate the performance characteristics of multi-outlet siphonic roof drainage systems. The experimental aims, apparatus and procedures are described, and results are illustrated. In addition, "real" data obtained fiom three installed siphonic roof drainage systems are discussed. Conclusions are drawn regarding the performance characteristics of multi-outlet siphonic roof drainage systems, and plans for future work are outlined.


This article will discuss different understandings of love. In particular, two modern perceptions of love will be differentiated: love as consisting of individual, often inconstant, emotions between human beings, and a Christian understanding of love, which is often expressed through caring for other members of the community. Aspects of Christian love will then be examined in ethical terms, emphasising the relevance of love for the diaconal dimension of the church. Before one is able to help one's neighbour, one first has to be actively identified within the complex social structures of society. Next, the nature of diaconal action has to be defined and adapted to individuals who are in need, or who have become needy or been disadvantaged by society, for example, migrant workers, refugees or asylum seekers. A central aspect of diaconal action – in addition to meeting basic needs – lies in giving a voice to such individuals and in empowering them, including politically, to represent their own interests in public life.


Transition metal complexes have been used widely by many bioinorganic chemists for developing active transition metal anticancer complexes with better efficiency. The interaction of transition metal complexes with DNA has beena subject of passionate research in the field of bioinorganic chemistry. Objective: To synthesize a new Schiff base ligand (1-Methyl-4-nitro-benzene(2-imino-1,2-dihydro-indol-3-ylidene)-(4-nitro-phenyl)-amine) by the condensation reaction between isatin and p-nitroaniline and  Its Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Mn(II) complexes were prepared by the interaction of the Schiff base ligand with metal(II) chloride. Method: They were characterized by elemental analysis, IR, 1H NMR, EPR, UV–Vis, magnetic susceptibility measurements and conductivity measurements.  DNA cleavage activity by the complexes was performed by gel electrophoresis method. The Schiff base and its complexes have been screened for their antibacterial (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Klebsila Pneumonia.). Result: All the synthesized complexes have distorted octahedral geometry and the coordination of ligand to metal complexes confirmed by IR spectral studies .


Gender Equity: In Search of Diotima's Place With the Ancient Philosophers Within the text of Plato's Symposium (Plato, trans. 1948) when it is Socrates turn to speak he defers to his teacher a woman named Diotima from Mantinea. Socrates recounts their conversations and shares both what and how she taught him. Socrates speaks of her as wise and knowledgeable on many subjects and his instructress. He said: "... it was she who taught me the philosophy of love (p. 553)." Diotima's voice, within the text, is strong and clear and for centuries her existence was not questioned. Yet contemporary historians and philosophers while studying and interpreting the text have turned her into a fictional character (Mialone, 1997). Margaret Walker argues that Diotima's fate is particularly haunting; it seems she was the teacher, at least by reputation, of a very great male philosopher. Yet she did not just disappear from the history of philosophy; she was reduced to a figment of that great man's imagination (Walker, 2005, p. 154). This paper explores the loss of Diotima as an historical person. This paper also brings Diotima's voice to the Round Table regarding what and how she taught Socrates. Acknowledging her existence and hearing her ideas elevates the history of womankind and brings to the table her unique perspective and understanding of teaching and learning which indeed we may learn from. Socrates when it was his turn to speak at the Symposium (Plato. 1961 trans.) said "... I shall begin by stating who and what Love is, and go on to describe his functions, and I think the easiest way will be to adopt Diotima's own method of inquiry by question and answer ... she used the same arguments on me that I've just brought to bear on Adathon to prove that, on my own showing, Love was neither beautiful nor good (p. 554)." As the dialogue unfolds we hear Diotima teaching Socrates about love including the love of about wisdom, virtue, beauty, and the good. These ideas are often under study and/or discussion throughout Plato's works. Diotima uses mythology and analogy to promote understanding and discussion as the means for bringing forth thoughts from her student Socrates. She appears to have had a significant influence on Socrates and taught him well, for what he says he learned from her he is able to recollect, interpret and expand on as he nurtures, (albeit at times) agitates, annoys, frustrates and/or angers others throughout the Platonic dialogues. While the existence of no other personage within any of the dialogues is questioned "recent philosophic tradition has assumed that Diotima was not an historical person (Waithe, 1987 p. 5)." When, How, and Why Diotima was Banished from Reality From the time Plato wrote the Symposium until 1485 with the publication of Oratio Septima II written by Maresilio Ficino, no one questioned Diotima's existence. From her study of Diotima Mary Ellen Waithe tells us: Nowhere is the suggestion found that Diotima was anything but a real person who had the conversations with Socrates recorded by Plato. For nearly nineteen centuries Diotima was ... considered a historical person. Ficino's remark on the absurdity of thinking a woman a philosopher achieved and retained the status of received doctrine for the next 500 years (Waithe, 1987, p. 106). From this it is apparent that Ficino, not Plato, created the fiction of Diotima based on his inability to appreciate a woman philosopher. Kathleen Wider (Wider, 1986) in her research on ancient Greek women philosophers explored the arguments by several modern scholars regarding whether Diotima was an actual historical figure. Wider offers that The arguments supporting the view that she is a fictitious personage invented by Plato are weak ... Scholars have given all kinds of reasons for Plato's invention of Diotima. …


This lecture introduces fundamental principles of online multiplayer games, primarily massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs), suitable for students and faculty interested both in designing games and in doing research on them. The general focus is human-centered computing, which includes many human-computer interaction issues and emphasizes social computing, but also, looks at how the design of socio-economic interactions extends our traditional notions of computer programming to cover human beings as well as machines. In addition, it demonstrates a range of social science research methodologies, both quantitative and qualitative, that could be used by students for term papers, or by their professors for publications. In addition to drawing upon a rich literature about these games, this lecture is based on thousands of hours of first-hand research experience inside many classic examples, including World of Warcraft, The Matrix Online, Anarchy Online, Tabula Rasa, Entropia Universe, Dark Age of Camelot, Age of Conan, Lord of the Rings Online, Tale in the Desert, EVE Online, Star Wars Galaxies, Pirates of the Burning Sea, and the non-game virtual world Second Life. Among the topics covered are historical-cultural origins of leading games, technical constraints that shape the experience, rolecoding and social control, player personality and motivation, relationships with avatars and characters, virtual professions and economies, social relations inside games, and the implications for the external society. Table of Contents: Introduction / Historical-Cultural Origins / Technical Constraints / Rolecoding and Social Control / Personality and Motivation / Avatars and Characters / Virtual Professions and Economies / Social Relations Inside Games / Implications for External Society


Use of well-feathered trees when establishing an orchard promotes early cropping; however, many pear cultivars do not readily form sylleptic branches in commercial nurseries. Observations of young trees of the interspecific pear 'PremP109' suggest it has an upright habit with minimal natural branching, which leads to slow canopy establishment. Plant growth regulators with cytokinin-like activity have been applied to a range of fruit trees in nurseries to induce sylleptic branching, resulting in well-feathered trees. This investigation compared the efficacy of cyclanilide (CYC) at 5, 10, 50, 100, or 1,000 ppm and 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) at 1000, or 3000 ppm treatments and two controls, on feathering of two-year-old headed 'Premp109' nursery trees. All treatments except one control were subsequently sprayed with four weekly applications of gibberellic acid (GA(3)) at 200 ppm, to encourage extension of any sylleptic branches that formed. The control and GA(3) only treatment produced no branches and averaged about four spurs tree(-1). Application of BA or CYC increased the number of spurs and shoots produced, with the lower concentrations of CYC being more effective than higher concentrations. The number of spurs produced doubled for the BA 3,000 ppm, CYC 5 and CYC10 ppm treatments, when compared with the controls. However, the number of extended shoots produced were low, ranging between 0.2 and 2.2 shoots tree(-1). The length of the shoots produced were longest for the BA1000 treatment averaging 203 mm, while the shoot lengths produced by the remaining effective treatments ranged between 27 and 86 mm. These results highlight the difficulty in inducing sylleptic branching in 'PremP109', and reinforce the need for tree training systems that utilize the natural non-branching growth habits of fruit trees such as these.


We study the causal connection between trade and development using one of the earliest massive trade expansions: the first systematic crossing of open seas in the Mediterranean during the time of the Phoenicians. We construct a measure of connectedness along the shores of the sea. This connectivity varies with the shape of the coast, the location of islands, and the distance to the opposing shore. We relate connectedness to local growth, which we measure using the presence of archaeological sites in an area. We find an association between better connected locations and archaeological sites during the Iron Age, at a time when sailors began to cross open water very routinely and on a big scale. We corroborate these findings at the level of the world.


Three new species of Poecillastra are described here from bathyal waters off central Chile. P. antonbruunae n. sp. is diagnosed by its two categories of oxeas, the smaller one only up to 621 μ m in length, and calthrops as the sole triaene category; P. sinetridens n. sp. by the possession of oxeas larger than 3000 μ m long, microxeas which can be over 300 μ m long, and absence of triaenes; and P. maremontana n. sp. by its three categories of oxeas, three categories of streptasters (one of spirasters and two of plesiasters), one category of calthrops and centrotylote microxeas. Comments upon other Poecillastra and an identification key for Pacific species of the genus are given. Evolutionary hypotheses are discussed for the genus given the distribution of spicule morphotypes, as well as the recurrent phenomenon of spicule loss in Astrophorida. Five species of Pachastrella are transferred here to Poecillastra on the basis of their possession of microxeas instead of microrhabds, viz. P. cribrum Lebwohl, 1914; P. dilifera de Laubenfels, 1934 [ sensu Dickinson (1945)]; P. fusca Lebwohl, 1914; P. incrustata Bergquist, 1968; and P. scrobiculosa Lebwohl, 1914. We recognize 28 species of Poecillastra , 19 of them occurring in the Pacific Ocean.


Objectives To investigate the association between change in daily step count and both adiposity and insulin sensitivity and the extent to which the association between change in daily step count and insulin sensitivity may be mediated by adiposity. Design Population based cohort study. Setting Tasmania, Australia. Participants 592 adults (men (n=267), mean age 51.4 (SD 12.2) years; women (n=325), mean age 50.3 (12.3) years) who participated in the Tasmanian component of the national AusDiab Study in 2000 and 2005. Main outcome measures Body mass index, waist to hip ratio, and HOMA insulin sensitivity at follow-up in 2005. Results Over the five year period, the daily step count decreased for 65% (n=382) of participants. Having a higher daily step count in 2005 than in 2000 was independently associated with lower body mass index (0.08 (95% confidence interval 0.04 to 0.12) lower per 1000 steps), lower waist to hip ratio (0.15 (0.07 to 0.23) lower), and greater insulin sensitivity (1.38 (0.14 to 2.63) HOMA units higher) in 2005. The mean increase in HOMA units fell to 0.34 (−0.79 to 1.47) after adjustment for body mass index in 2005. Conclusions Among community dwelling, middle aged adults, a higher daily step count at five year follow-up than at baseline was associated with better insulin sensitivity. This effect seems to be largely mediated through lower adiposity.


A theory of Fresnel images is presented. Only the Fresnel images of plane periodic objects viewed in monochromatic light are considered. The theory is in agreement with the experimental and computer research available in the literature. Photographs of Fresnel images of gratings are shown to verify certain aspects of the theory.


Professional studies has traditionally been regarded as an add-on extra to the mainstream business of creative practice for design students. It has frequently been delivered in the final year of study and the content has normally been giving general advice on CV preparation plus appearances from successful practitioners and/or various funding bodies. This article shares the experiences of developing professional studies for students at the Arts Institute at Bournemouth as a funded ADC-LTSN project, with reference to creativity as it is perceived in the world of business and management. This revealed a dominance of the myth of the creative artist in the literature of art, design and management studies. The second part of the project involved professional trainers using psychological profiling tools and other activities with the students. This led to a consideration of the importance of teamworking for the process of creativity. The activities met with some resistance from the students. This could be explained by the prevalence of the myth of the creative artist and also the questioning culture of a higher education context.
(from publisher website)


In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of boron on in vivo oral yeast colonization in study groups which are exposed to boron dust in different sections of the boron mine. The study was carried out in the boron mining areas of two districts (Eskisehir and Balikesir) of Turkey. We included 184 people working in open quarry and stone milling unit, 144 people working in the factory and 150 people as control group. Specimens were taken from four oral mucosal regions and cultured onto Sabouraud dextrose agar. After incubation for 3 - 7 days at 30°C, the total number of yeast colonies on the plates was considered the relative intensity of carriage, and the total number of yeast colonies on the plates was considered the relative intensity of oral carriage. The susceptibility of Candida spp. to boric acid was investigated. The frequency of Candida colonization in boron intensive area workers was found significantly higher than automatic factory workers and control groups (p = 0.012), there were no difference between automatic factory workers and control groups in point of Candida colonization (p = 0.749). We observed that oral yeast colonization had increased directly proportional with boron powder exposure in boron mine (p = 0.005). Mean minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of boric acid for Boron intensive area, 0.87 - 2.0% for automatic factory and 0.83 - 2.0% for control subjects. We observed that intensive exposure to boron mineral powders was strictly related to oral yeast colonization. Exposure to industrial boron mineral powder may cause important health problems by increasing Candida colonization in oral cavity. It may be useful to do periodical health control in boron mineral workers and population under risk.


The focus of this paper is to evaluate the use of two different network topologies for Ethernet networks in small Common Off The Shelf (COTS) clusters. The fully meshed network topology was evaluated and its impact on latency and bandwidth was measured and compared to the more traditional switched network topology. This was done at MPI level by measuring the point-to-point round trip latency (ping-pong) and all-to-alla bandwidth for different sized messages. The results from the experiments are presented and the overall the benefits and drawbacks of the both approaches are discussed.


HP-UX CSE: Official Study Guide and Desk ReferenceThe definitive HP-UX CSE exam preparation guide and referenceHP-approved coverage of all three CSE exams: CSE HP-UX Advanced System Administration, CSE High Availability Using HP-UX Serviceguard, and CSE HP-UX Networking and SecurityComprehensive study resources: exam objectives, sample questions, and summaries for last-minute reviewMore than a great study guide: an outstanding reference for working system engineersThis book delivers comprehensive preparation for all three HP-UX CSE exams, the core exam: CSE HP-UX Advanced System Administration, and specialty exams, CSE High Availability Using HP-UX Serviceguard and CSE HP-UX Networking and Security. Coverage includes: Implementing HP-UX in technology-rich enterprise environments Maximizing the performance and availability of HP-UX systems and applications Partitioning: node and virtual partitions Disks, volumes, file systems: RAID, LVM, VxVM, HFS, VxFS, VFS layer, swap/dump space, and more Monitoring system resources, activities, events, and kernels Processes, threads, and bottlenecks: priorities, run queues, multi-processor environments, memory requirements, bottlenecks, and more Installation, patching, and recovery, including Software Distributor and Ignite-UX Emergency recovery with HP-UX installation media Broad networking coverage: IPv6, ndd, DHCP, DNS, NTP, CIFS/9000, LDAP, sendmail, Automatic Port Aggregation, VPNs, VLANs, and more Planning, implementing, and managing high availability clustering with Serviceguard Other HP-UX cluster solutions: Extended Serviceguard Cluster, Metrocluster, Continentalclusters, and more Infrastructure for remote access to HA clusters: SANs, DWDM, dark fiber HP-UX security administration: Trusted systems, SSH, HIDS, IPSec, IPFilter, and Bastille Operating Systems/HP-UX Sample questions, last-minute review tips, and other study resourcesThis isn't just an outstanding prep guide, it's the definitive day-to-day reference for working professionals in high availability environments.© Copyright Pearson Education. All rights reserved.


Can directed technical change be used to combat climate change? We construct new firm-level panel data on auto industry innovation distinguishing between "dirty" (internal combustion engine) and "clean" (e.g., electric, hybrid, and hydrogen) patents across 80 countries over several decades. We show that firms tend to innovate more in clean (and less in dirty) technologies when they face higher tax-inclusive fuel prices. Furthermore, there is path dependence in the type of innovation (clean/dirty) both from aggregate spillovers and from the firm's own innovation history. We simulate the increases in carbon taxes needed to allow clean technologies to overtake dirty technologies.


The purpose of this study was to seek a greater understanding of the female doctoral student experience. In particular, the emphasis of this study is on exploring the dynamics and consequences of the advisor/advisee relationships that female doctoral students experience. This study was designed to address the role of ethnicity and gender in: (a) the selection of an advisor; (b) the quality and characteristics of the advisor/advisee relationship; (c) the impact of the advisor/advisee relationships on program satisfaction; and (d) the impact of external factors on the advisor/advisee relationship and academic experience of female doctoral students. To accomplish this goal, qualitative methods were utilized to study the advisor/advisee relationship experiences of six doctoral students. Results of this study suggest female doctoral students may become disillusioned with their progress or feel the weight of external factors bearing down on their progress. Students managing effective relationships with theirs advisors shared these feelings with their advisors. It appears open communication can make a tremendous difference in the type of advisement experience a female doctoral student shares with her advisor The participants of this study suggest graduate advisors should expect the most from female doctoral students, but refrain from exerting their values and beliefs academically, professionally, or personally upon them. These female doctoral student participants hold their advisors in high esteem and regard. All study participants seem to subscribe to the belief that advisors can make or break them. This study suggests the ultimate advisement goal these female doctoral student participants have with regard to their advisee/advisee relationship is that their advisors not break them, while they are making them or help to put them back together if they do break their spirits during the doctoral process.


An examination is made of the formation and development of shear zone structures on (1) the microscopic scale in the shear box test, (2) an intermediate scale in the Riedel experiment, and (3) the regional scale in the earthquake fault. On the basis of the resistance to shear, three structural stages are chosen for detailed study: the peak structure occurring at peak shearing resistance, the post-peak structure occurring after peak shearing resistance, and the residual structure occurring at residual shearing resistance. Most of the similarities in structure between the different scales at each of these stages are interpreted in terms of the mechanical properties of the material, the Coulomb failure criterion, and the kinematic restraints inherent in the type of deformation. Other similarities which are not as yet understood are described and suggested as topics for future research.


Spectral decomposition of the Koopman operator is attracting attention as a tool for the analysis of nonlinear dynamical systems. Dynamic mode decomposition is a popular numerical algorithm for Koopman spectral analysis; however, we often need to prepare nonlinear observables manually according to the underlying dynamics, which is not always possible since we may not have any a priori knowledge about them. In this paper, we propose a fully data-driven method for Koopman spectral analysis based on the principle of learning Koopman invariant subspaces from observed data. To this end, we propose minimization of the residual sum of squares of linear least-squares regression to estimate a set of functions that transforms data into a form in which the linear regression fits well. We introduce an implementation with neural networks and evaluate performance empirically using nonlinear dynamical systems and applications.


Over the past few years the analysis of drug residues in sewage has been promoted as a means of estimating the level of drug use in communities. Measured drug residue concentrations in the sewage are used to determine the load (total mass) of the drug being used by the entire community. Knowledge of the size or population of the community then allows for the calculation of drug-use relative to population (typically drug-mass/day/1000 inhabitants) which facilitates comparisons between differing communities or populations. Studies have been performed in many European countries, including Norway, as well as in the US and Australia. The approach has successfully estimated the use of cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA, cannabis, nicotine and alcohol. The analysis of biomarkers of drug use in sewage has great potential to support and complement existing techniques for estimating levels of drug use, and as such has been identified as a promising development by the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA; www.emcdda.europa.eu/wastewater-analysis). The approach is not without its challenges, and ongoing collaboration across Europe aims at agreeing upon best-practice and harmonising the methods being used. In Norway development is being performed through the NFR RUSMIDDEL funded DrugMon (www.niva.no/drugmon) project that has led to the development of many new techniques, significantly improved our understanding of the uncertainties associated with the approach and allowed the coordination of Europe wide collaboration which has included all important intercalibration exercises. Application of the technique can provide evidence-based and real-time estimates of collective drug use with the resulting data used to improve the much needed estimates of drug use and dependency.


An integral part of any audio-visual speech processing (AVSP) system is the front-end visual system that detects facial-features (e.g., eyes and mouth) pertinent to the task of visual speech processing. The ability of this front-end system to not only locate, but also give a confidence measure that the facial-feature is present in the image, directly affects the ability of any subsequent post-processing task such as speech or speaker recognition. With these issues in mind, this paper presents a framework for a facial-feature detection system suitable for use in an AVSP system, but whose basic framework is useful for any application requiring frontal facial-feature detection. A novel approach for facial-feature detection is presented, based on an appearance paradigm. This approach, based on intraclass unsupervised clustering and discriminant analysis, displays improved detection performance over conventional techniques.


A comprehensive guide to the Entity Framework with insight into its latest features and optimizations for responsive data access in your projectsAbout This BookCreate Entity data models from your database and use them in your applicationsLearn about the Entity Client data provider and write statements in Entity SQL to perform CRUD operationsExplore ADO.NET Data Services and how they work with the Entity FrameworkWho This Book Is ForIf you are a C# developer who wants to learn a new way of querying data and utilizing it in applications efficiently for data binding or other operations, then this book is for you. Basic knowledge of ADO.NET is assumed.What You Will LearnExplore the features of the ADO.NET Entity FrameworkUnderstand the concepts of entities and their relationshipsCreate an Entity Data Model using the ADO.NET Entity Data Model Designer and the EdmGen toolExtend existing Entity Types to create your own Entity TypesWrite programs against the Entity Data Model to perform CRUD operationsDiscover ADO.NET Data Services and learn how they can be used with the Entity FrameworkFamiliarize yourself with WCF Data Services (formerly ADO.NET Data Services)Apply Code First, Model First and Database First approachesIn DetailThe ADO.NET Entity Framework from Microsoft is a new ADO.NET development framework that provides a level of abstraction for data access strategies and solves the impedance mismatch issues that exist between different data models.This book explores Microsoft's Entity Framework and explains how it can used to build enterprise level applications. It will also teach you how you can work with RESTful Services and Google's Protocol Buffers with Entity Framework and WCF. You will explore how to use Entity Framework with ASP.NET Web API and also how to consume the data exposed by Entity Framework from client applications of varying types, i.e., ASP.NET MVC, WPF and Silverlight. You will familiarize yourself with the new features and improvements introduced in Entity Framework including enhanced POCO support, template-based code generation, tooling consolidation and connection resiliency. By the end of the book, you will be able to successfully extend the new functionalities of Entity framework into your project.Style and approachThis book is a step-by-step tutorial providing hands-on code examples with detailed explanations. The book aims to explain the concepts of the Entity Framework and illustrate how you can use these in applications with a tutorial based approach.


Background Cancer and its treatment can severely impact quality of life, giving rise to complex needs with respect to follow-up care. To support patient needs and increase efficiency of care with limited resources, the Swedish government has launched national reforms to redesign cancer care pathways. Objective The aim of this study was to explore how prostate cancer patients experience their journey through the healthcare system when their care is provided according to the standardized care pathway, as described in healthcare policy documents. Methods A qualitative, descriptive approach with individual interviews was used. A template of a standardized prostate cancer pathway, created together with healthcare professionals, was used during interviews. Fourteen interviews were conducted with prostate cancer patients all operated on at a midsized hospital in southeast Sweden between October 2015 and April 2016. The interviews were analyzed with qualitative content analysis and illustrated in a patient journey map. Results We identified an overall theme, "walking a tightrope," consisting of 4 categories: "waiting," "becoming familiar with a troublesome body," "adjusting to a different life," and "information challenges." Conclusions The clinical implementation of the standardized care pathway is described as a straight path through care, but patients described their experiences as walking a tightrope. Lack of information, especially about cancer treatment and its adverse effects, was the most common experience. Implications for Practice Our findings indicate areas where further healthcare tools could improve patient experiences of cancer treatment. This could include offering individualized information and tools to increase patient empowerment, as well as patient/caregiver collaboration (co-care).


BACKGROUND
Healthcare is a fast-paced, dynamic atmosphere. Clinical decision-making and clinical skills have been identified as necessary skills for autonomous practitioners in physical therapy. However, there are limited tools to measure these skills, which are cumbersome to implement and not validated.

PURPOSE
To validate a survey tool across three cohorts of DPT students and one cohort of physical therapy interns.

DESIGN
A cross-sectional, descriptive study.

METHODS
A 25-item survey tool was used to measure clinical decision-making and clinical skills. The survey tool was sent and data collected online via REDCap (Research Electronic Data Capture).

RESULTS
The survey response rates were between 19% and 47%. The Cronbach's alpha was ≥0.964 across domains and the total scale. Mann-Whitney U-tests demonstrated significant differences between all cohorts except between the second- and third-year students. The interns demonstrated less variance in their answers than students earlier in the curriculum.

CONCLUSIONS
The survey demonstrated excellent internal consistency and construct and face validity. The psychometric properties of the tool and the possibility of a ceiling effect need to be studied further.


We report on the static and dynamic behavior of the intensity and polarization of the light transmitted by a Fabry–Perot cavity filled with sodium vapor without a buffer gas. The light beam is resonant with the D1 transition, and the behavior can be traced back to the simultaneous presence of Zeeman pumping and hyperfine pumping in the sodium ground state, combined with velocity-selective hole-burning effects. Together with optical bistability, tristability, and pitchfork bifurcation, the system displays intrinsic oscillations in the absence of a magnetic field. We discuss the features of these phenomena, particularly the appearance of Hopf bifurcations, and the ways they are affected by the experimental control parameters. We also report evidence of period doubling and of more-complex dynamics in the presence of a magnetic field.


A number of quantitative or fundamental weighting schemes have been shown to produce robust outperformance with respect to standard cap-weighted equity indices over long time periods. Over periods ranging from a few months to a few years, however, such alternative weighting schemes can generate substantial downside risk relative to cap-weighted indices, which would be a source of concern for most investment managers or chief investment officers. In this article, the authors focus on two reasonable proxies for well-diversified, efficient frontier portfolios, namely, the maximum Sharpe ratio (MSR) portfolio and the global minimum volatility (GMV) portfolio. They address the question of how to use these building blocks to design an improved equity benchmark while satisfying target levels of average and extreme tracking error with respect to cap-weighted indices. The authors find that robust proxies for the GMV portfolio provide defensive exposure to equity that does well in adverse market conditions, while robust proxies for MSR portfolios provide greater access to the upside of equity markets. Because the relative performance of these two diversification approaches depends on market conditions, they expect a combination of both approaches to lead to a smoother conditional performance and higher probability of outperformance of the cap-weighted index, an intuition that is confirmed in empirical tests. Empirical analysis also suggests that "diversifying the diversifiers" still leads to high levels of relative downside risk, in particular when the performance of cap-weighted indices is unusually strong. In this context, the authors introduce an explicit relative risk control mechanism designed to reduce the consequences of severe short-term underperformance with respect to the cap-weighted index and confirm through out-of-sample empirical tests that "tracking the tracking error" would allow investors to achieve better access to outperformance per unit of extreme relative risk taken. Overall, the results reported in this article suggest that it is possible to achieve robust outperformance versus cap-weighted indices by diversifying model risk and by controlling relative risk compared to the cap-weighted indices.


For many years researchers have linked increases in sediment and bedload from drainage basins to external factors such as increased rainfall. However, natural systems have always shown a high degree of scatter or nonlinearity in this response, which has made prediction of sediment yields difficult. We identify and describe a mechanism for self-organized criticality in the bedload sediment output from a simple drainage basin evolution model. This implies that identical floods will give considerably different sediment yields, which effectively renders the system unpredictable. Therefore, existing empirical methods for estimating sediment yields may need to be radically reevaluated. Furthermore, sedimentary records used to infer past climate or environmental conditions could simply reflect the internal system dynamics instead of external drivers.


Cold-seep carbonate concretions were preserved in the Chiahsien paleoseep remnant within the Pliocene Yenshuiken Formation of southwestern Taiwan foreland sequence. Compared to the non-seep controls in the Yenshuiken Formation, muddy host rocks that were < 30 cm from massive authigenic carbonate concretions (ACCs) have low CaCO3 contents (~1%), high percentages of agglutinated foraminifera (~90%), and almost no calcareous foraminifera (both benthic and planktonic). However, host rocks that were > 30 cm away from such ACCs have normal marine assemblages (low agglutinated foraminifera percentages, < 6.6%; fair CaCO3 content, 3.5 7.9%). Host rocks that were < 80 cm from chimney-shaped ACCs also have abnormal assemblages, whereas those > 80 cm away from the chimneys have normal assemblages. Host rocks between pipe-shaped ACCs have similar characteristics to mudstone samples from control sites. Low percentages of calcareous foraminiferal fossils in the paleoseep remnant are due to pore water acidification within the taphonomically active zone (TAZ), which is triggered and accelerated by oxidation of sulfide [HS-, the product of anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM)] in the methane seep environments. We suggest that foraminiferal assemblages can be influenced by methane seep activities taphonomically and that, therefore, ratios between calcareous and agglutinated foraminifera can reflect and record geochemical interface [e.g., TAZ; sulfate-methane interface (SMI) where AOM occurs] shifts on a subtler scale (only few decimeters) in paleoseep remnants. Article history: Received 28 May 2017 Revised 29 November 2017 Accepted 7 December 2017


ABSTRACT: Bacteria of the Cytophaga-Flavobacterium-Bacteroides (CFB) group (phylum Bacteroidetes),
in particular members of the class Flavobacteria, are among the most prominent heterotrophic
organisms in marine pelagic systems. They have also previously been found to be important
in the initial biopolymer degradation of sedimentary organic matter. The Flavobacteria community
was analysed in inshore, marine sediments subject to regular inputs of highly labile organic carbon
in order to understand the importance of this group in carbon degradation. We used denaturing gradient
gel electrophoresis and real-time PCR in a statistically robust manner, over 2 consecutive years,
to demonstrate that the number of Flavobacteria in the sediment increased and community composition
shifted with organic loading. Further community shifts occurred after cessation of organic loading,
and population numbers also decreased. Flavobacteria appear to be important in the initial
responses of the sediment microbial community to organic loading, regardless of sediment type, but
flavobacterial composition was not predictable. The highly dynamic nature and large diversity (functional
redundancy) of the Flavobacteria in these sediments may contribute to this unpredictable
response.
KEY WORDS: Flavobacteria . Organic pollution . Degradation . Community composition


At no other point in life is good nutrition more important than while the foetus is developing. But women in Australia often don't receive adequate reliable information about how to ensure what they eat is best for both themselves and their developing baby. Disciplines Medicine and Health Sciences | Social and Behavioral Sciences Publication Details Charlton, K. & Lucas, C. (2015). Don't judge pregnant women, give them good nutrition advice. The Conversation, 2 April 1-3. This journal article is available at Research Online: http://ro.uow.edu.au/smhpapers/2871 There's still time to make a tax deductible donation before June 30. Make a donation April 2, 2015 2.33pm AEDT Karen Charlton Associate Professor, School of Medicine at University of Wollongong Catherine Lucas Accredited Practising Dietitian and PhD Candidate (School of Medicine) at University of Wollongong At no other point in life is good nutrition more important than while the foetus is developing. But women in Australia often don't receive adequate reliable information about how to ensure what they eat is best for both themselves and their developing baby. Early nutrition is the key to lifelong health. The "developmental origins of adult disease" hypothesis first proposed by David Barker in the late 1980s drew attention to the role of intrauterine nutrition on the later health of the child. The Barker hypothesis states inadequate nutrition results in permanent changes in the foetus' physiology and metabolism. These adaptations, it's thought, equip the foetus for postnatal life in an environment of nutritional deficit. Adequate nutrition in utero is key to lifelong health. Ed Yourdon/Flickr, CC BY-NC-SA Don't judge pregnant women, give them good nutrition advice https://theconversation.com/dont-judge-pregnant-women-give-them-g... 1 of 3 26/06/2015 3:05 PM So, low birth weight (but not pre-term) babies, who are later exposed to excess – as is the case of most economically developed societies – are more prone to developing diabetes, hypertension and heart disease in adulthood. But eating too much during pregnancy is not recommended either. Maternal obesity is also associated with the risk of chronic disease in the offspring. Medicalisation of pregnancy But advances in scientific knowledge like this one have sadly meant pregnancy has moved from being considered a natural life stage to a state that requires medical management, with strong parameters around risk reduction. This shift has been accompanied by societal judgement that considers women responsible for the poor health of their children. Popular media perpetuates this with headlines such as "Obese pregnant women risking babies' health". And then there are non scientifically-trained celebrities, who nonetheless get to air their opinions. Consider chef Pete Evans who attributes autism to maternal diets, even when the diets comply with relevant guidelines. All this places pressure on women to do all the "right things" during pregnancy to have a healthy child. It also results in women feeling judged about their decisions and becoming extremely risk averse. Mixed messages You'd think all this pressure stems from the fact that women receive lots of good nutritionrelated advice during pregnancy so they can make informed decisions and limit risk. But this is not the case. Pregnant women receive conflicting information about nutrition, and are often confused by the mixed messages they get from health-care providers, the media and the internet. Fish and seafood, for instance, are good sources of several nutrients, including protein, omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and iodine, all of which are important for foetal development. Australian dietary guidelines say: maternal consumption of fish during pregnancy is likely to have a number of health benefits for women and their children. There's plenty of pressure on women to do all the 'right things' during pregnancy to have a healthy child. Sami Taipale/Flickr, CC BY-NC-SA Don't judge pregnant women, give them good nutrition advice https://theconversation.com/dont-judge-pregnant-women-give-them-g... 2 of 3 26/06/2015 3:05 PM But research shows many women may be avoiding fish and seafood during pregnancy because of concerns related to food safety and the detrimental effects of mercury. Although both can be eaten as long as they have been well cooked and served hot, and when larger species (shark, marlin, swordfish) are limited, women report avoiding these foods altogether. Much of the educational material given out in antenatal clinics emphasise the risks of fish and seafood consumption also, without highlighting their nutritional benefits. This is just one example of the kind of coupling of risk aversion and limited advice that work together to promote less than ideal nutritional outcomes in pregnancy. The right way forward All in all, the causes of poor nutrition in the preconception and pregnancy stages are complex and multifactorial. They may be related to poor education and low income, inadequate access to proper health care, and a general lack of awareness about nutritional requirements. To address it, we need an approach that encompasses both individual education and "upstream" public health initiatives. In Australia, pregnant women are not routinely referred to allied health professionals such as dietitians, which means it's often left to midwives to provide them with nutrition-related advice. But midwifery degrees are not required to include nutritional content, so midwives are clearly ill-equipped for this task. General practitioners, who are often the first point of call for women when they get pregnant, and who may continue caring for them throughout their pregnancies in shared-care models, are also failing to provide essential nutrition information. If we're going to help pregnant women ensure they're eating right for themselves and their babies, we will need to start by educating health professionals who they encounter throughout their pregnancies to provide clear nutritional advice. This guidance should address myths about food risks and emphasise trustworthy sources of information. And whatever else they do, it's vital our messages aren't about blaming soon-to-be mothers. Advice about fish and seafood is one example of how women are not getting the right guidance about what to eat during pregnancy. IamNotUnique/Flickr, CC BY-NC-SA Don't judge pregnant women, give them good nutrition advice https://theconversation.com/dont-judge-pregnant-women-give-them-g... 3 of 3 26/06/2015 3:05 PM


Background Public report card designers aim to provide comprehensible provider performance information to consumers. Report cards often display classifications of providers into performance tiers that reflect whether performance is statistically significantly above or below average or not statistically significantly different from average. To further enhance the salience of public reporting to consumers, report card websites often allow a user to compare a subset of selected providers on tiered performance rather than direct statistical comparisons of the providers in a consumer's personal choice set. Objective We illustrate the differences in conclusions drawn about relative provider performance using tiers versus conducing statistical tests to assess performance differences. Methods Using publicly available cross-sectional data from Medicare Hospital Compare on three mortality and three readmission outcome measures, we compared each provider in the top or bottom performance tier with those in the middle tier and assessed the proportion of such comparisons that exhibited no statistically significant differences. Results Across the six outcomes, 1.3–6.1% of hospitals were classified in the top tier. Each top-tier hospital did not statistically significantly differ in performance from at least one mid-tier hospital. The percentages of mid-tier hospitals that were not statistically significantly different from a given top-tier hospital were 74.3–81.1%. The percentages of hospitals classified as bottom tier were 0.6–4.0%. Each bottom-tier hospital showed no statistically significant difference from at least one mid-tier hospital. The percentage of mid-tier hospitals that were not significantly different from a bottom-tier hospital ranged from 60.4% to 74.8%. Conclusions Our analyses illustrate the need for further innovations in the design of public report cards to enhance their salience for consumers.


ABSTRACT Survey data on people's reported attitudes towards ethnic minorities are sometimes used as a proxy for ethnic discrimination. However, there is weak empirical evidence of a link between reported attitudes and discrimination. In this article, we use survey data on people's attitudes towards ethnic minorities combined with a direct measure of ethnic discrimination from a field experiment in the Swedish housing market to re-examine this policy-relevant issue. We find clear evidence of a link between reported attitudes towards ethnic minorities and the extent of ethnic discrimination: in regions where attitudes are more negative, there is more discrimination, and vice versa. Thus, in contrast to most prior studies, our results suggest that reported attitudes may be a useful predictor of ethnic discrimination.


The objectives of the present work were to evaluate the severity of drug abuse and drug dependence among prisoners as well as their emotional aspects, and to relate drug use with violent behavior, symptoms of depression and anxiety, type of crime and relapse. The instruments used were: BDI, BAI, STAXI and MINI Plus. The participants (N=60) were on average 27.88 years old (SD=4.53) and the minimum period of imprisonment was four months. The results showed that aggressiveness levels were low, and depression and anxiety levels were minimal in prisoners. However, a long history of alcohol consumption and other drugs abuse were observed among them as well as traits of depressive symptoms and aggressiveness. In conclusion, a large number of prisoners were alcohol addicted and their main kind of crime was robbery. They also showed emotional disorders related to aggressiveness and depression.


Hierarchical modeling is applied for the investigation of micro packed bed reactors. This method allows for the use of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations in the analysis of representative complex geometries, where a full-scale CFD simulation of the entire reactor is not possible. Detailed and computationally demanding analyses are used to study a selected number of conditions and phenomena. Then, lumped parameters are derived from CFD results by means of engineering correlations. These parameters are incorporated in simplified reactor models based on macroscopic conservation equations. We provide evidence for the potential of the approach by using as a show-case a micro packed bed reactor in the context of highly exothermic selective oxidation processes. This reactor configuration consists of catalytic particles packed in the channels of a honeycomb matrix, which is expected to strongly enhance the radial heat transfer. In particular, we first focus on the analysis of energy transfer mechanisms by CFD and their interpretation via a 1D model and we provide an assessment of existing correlations with respect to the unconventional configuration (2 mm channel equivalent diameter and 0.8 mm sphere diameter). These correlations are then implemented in a pseudo-continuous (i.e. macroscopic) 2D model to allow for a systematic investigation of the capabilities of the micro packed bed reactor in dealing with the selective oxidation of o-xylene to phthalic anhydride. We found that due to the enhanced radial heat transfer micro packed bed reactors allow for quasi-isothermal operations, thus extending the range of operating conditions possible without occurring in adverse thermal behavior of the reactor. On a more general basis, we prove that the hierarchical approach to chemical reactor engineering is an effective tool to bring the application of fundamental modeling at a level of complexity relevant to full-scale applications, otherwise not possible because of the impractical computational costs.


This report describes the underlying causes of fires in a site in Jambi Province, Sumatra, Indonesia. The site is located in an expired logging concession, and consists mostly of rubber plantations, which are run by the original inhabitants of the area, agricultural land, and largescale oil palm plantations. Socio-economic research and hot-spot analysis suggest that fires used in land clearing for oil palm plantations were the most common cause of vegetation fires in the site. The clearing of land for smallholder rubber establishment also contributed to forest land fires. A third cause of fire that was found were its use in land tenure conflicts between smallholders and plantations. There appeared to have been burning by either group to claim the other group's land. There were cases when trees and buildings were burned down as part of conflicts. Few quantitative data are available on land use practices and changes in the site. Consequently, it is not possible to assess how much each of the underlying causes have contributed to the total fire and smoke problem in the site. To supplement existing information, more detailed land cover change analysis, related to socio-economic findings will be undertaken in 2001.


This paper proposes a multiagent-based optimal microgrid control scheme using a fully distributed diffusion strategy. A two-level cooperative optimization multiagent system is adapted for distributed energy resources economic dispatch. The lower level implements an adaptive droop scheme based on online no-load frequency adjustments. The upper level implements distributed communication using diffusion between neighboring agents for optimal microgrid management. The proposed control scheme enables peer-to-peer communication among the agents without the necessity of a centralized controller, and simultaneously performs resource optimization while regulating the system frequency. The results are compared with centralized and consensus-based optimization algorithms. We have concluded that the proposed algorithm is superior over consensus algorithms in terms of convergence speed and utilizes reduced communication infrastructure compared to centralized controllers. Simulation demonstrations were conducted along with experimental results from a hardware-based microgrid using an industrial multiagent framework. The simulation and experimental results show that the proposed method and the agent framework can be deployed in real-world microgrids and offer superior decision making on optimal microgrid control.


The Chicago Area Waterway System (CAWS) is a man-made channel, which serves the Chicago area for the drainage of urban storm water and the conveyance of secondary treated effluent from the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago's (District) North Side, Stickney and Calumet water reclamation plants (WRPs). A microbial characterization of the CAWS upstream and downstream of the WRPs and from the WRP outfall was initiated by collecting dry and wet weather samples and analyzing for indicators and pathogens. During dry weather, indicator bacteria (fecal coliform [FC], E. coli [EC], enterococci [EN]) were the most abundant microbial species detected in the CAWS compared to pathogens (Salmonella spp [SA], enteric viruses [EV], adenovirus [AV], norovirus [NV] and Giardia and Cryptosporidium). Pseudomonas aeruginosa [PA] levels in the outfall samples were either lower or equivalent to the CAWS. The wet weather samples had a higher frequency of detection of indicator bacteria and pathogens compared to dry weather samples. Overall, the concentrations of pathogens in the CAWS, representing the weather conditions experienced in a recreational year, were relatively low. The study concluded that the presence of pathogens in the CAWS downstream of the WRPs were due to secondary loading of the waterway under wet weather conditions from combined sewer overflows (CSOs) and other discharges.