Rates of microbial iron reduction and other pathways of organic carbon (Corg) oxidation were investigated in sediment from a 100‐m deep site in Lake Michigan. Total benthic mineralization rates of 6.8 and 8.0 mmol m−2 d −1, respectively, were determined from benthic flux measurements and by summation of dissolved inorganic carbon (ΣCO2) accumulation rates measured in anoxic incubations of sediment in discrete depth intervals to 18 cm depth. Carbon oxidation rates were highest near the sediment surface and decreased asymptotically toward zero. A Corg half‐life of 0.06 yr was estimated in the oxic zone, but the half‐life increased by more than two orders of magnitude in the deep anoxic layers. Mineralization in the oxic zone (0‐2.1 cm) accounted for 37% of the total SCO2 production, whereas microbial iron reduction was the most important pathway of carbon oxidation, accounting for 44%; sulfate reduction accounted for 19%, and methanogenesis was negligible. Denitrification accounted for <3% of Corg oxidation. Sulfate reduction was suppressed in the upper 5 cm, where oxygen, manganese, and iron reduction prevailed. Below this zone, sulfate reduction peaked but coexisted with microbial iron reduction. All Mn reduction was apparently coupled to iron and sulfide oxidation in the upper 6 cm. Below that level, a transient accumulation of iron monosulfide and pyrite implied that sulfate reduction increased during the 19th century because of anthropogenic atmospheric sulfur deposition. Sediment mixing through bioturbation was crucial for the cycling of Mn, Fe, and S, and estimates of biodiffusion coefficients were 0.02‐0.3 cm2 d−1.


Previous research has demonstrated that remote sensing can provide spectral information related to vegetation moisture variations essential for estimating live fuel moisture content (LFMC), but accuracy and timeliness still present challenges to using this information operationally. Consequently, many regional administrations are investing important resources in field campaigns for LFMC monitoring, often focusing on indicator species to reduce sampling time and costs. This paper compares different remote sensing approaches to provide LFMC prediction of Cistus ladanifer, a fire-prone shrub species commonly found in Mediterranean areas and used by fire management services as an indicator species for wildfire risk assessment. Spectral indices (SI) were derived from satellite imagery of different spectral, spatial, and temporal resolution, including Sentinel-2 and two different reflectance products of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS); MCD43A4 and MOD09GA. The SI were used to calibrate empirical models for LFMC estimation using on ground field LFMC measurements from a monospecific shrubland area located in Madrid (Spain). The empirical models were fitted with different statistical methods: simple (LR) and multiple linear regression (MLR), non-linear regression (NLR), and general additive models with splines (GAMs). MCD43A4 images were also used to estimate LFMC from the inversion of radiative transfer models (RTM). Empirical model predictions and RTM simulations of LFMC were validated and compared using an independent sample of LFMC values observed in the field. Empirical models derived from MODIS products and Sentinel-2 data showed R2 between estimated and observed LFMC from 0.72 to 0.75 and mean absolute errors ranging from 11% to 13%. GAMs outperformed regression methods in model calibration, but NLR had better results in model validation. LFMC derived from RTM simulations had a weaker correlation with field data (R2 = 0.49) than the best empirical model fitted with MCD43A4 images (R2 = 0.75). R2 between observations and LFMC derived from RTM ranged from 0.56 to 0.85 when the validation was performed for each year independently. However, these values were still lower than the equivalent statistics using the empirical models (R2 from 0.65 to 0.94) and the mean absolute errors per year for RTM were still high (ranging from 25% to 38%) compared to the empirical model (ranging 7% to 15%). Our results showed that spectral information derived from Sentinel-2 and different MODIS products provide valuable information for LFMC estimation in C. ladanifer shrubland. However, both empirical and RTM approaches tended to overestimate the lowest LFMC values, and therefore further work is needed to improve predictions, especially below the critical LFMC threshold used by fire management services to indicate higher flammability (<80%). Although lower extreme LFMC values are still difficult to estimate, the proposed empirical models may be useful to identify when the critical threshold for high fire risk has been reached with reasonable accuracy. This study demonstrates that remote sensing data is a promising source of information to derive reliable and cost-effective LFMC estimation models that can be used in operational wildfire risk systems.


The city of Perth is well known and treasured for its areas of protected bushland in the heart of the city. Kings Park and Bold Park represent a significant part of the natural heritage of the Swan Coastal Plain and are an important part of city life. The city is also a gateway to the incredible biodiversity to be found in south-west Western Australia.

Perth Plants provides a comprehensive photographic guide to all plants known to occur in the bushlands of Kings Park and Bold Park, both native plants and naturalised weeds. There are 778 species included, representing approximately one-quarter of all the plants in the greater Perth region, and one-tenth of all species known for the south-west of Western Australia.

This new edition contains 22 additional species and updated photography throughout. It is an essential reference for anyone interested in the plants of south-west Western Australia, and particularly the Swan Coastal Plain.


In this paper, a novel robust digital controller design is proposed and implemented for induction motor speed control. The objective is to design a robust output feedback controller that places the closed-loop poles in a specified region in order to achieve the desired dynamic performance for a system with variable load. The design is carried out in the frequency domain by solving the uncertain Diophantine equation using interval mathematics and non-linear optimization method. In order to capture the load variations, the characteristic equation is relaxed and enlarged from a fixed-point to an interval set. A simple model-based design methodology is adopted in this work and implemented experimentally using a Hardware-in-the-Loop environment. The proposed design is simulated and then validated using real induction drive system. The proposed controller is compared with two other controllers: the auto tuned PID and a least-square-based robust controller. Experimental results show that the designed robust controller provides a better dynamic response than conventional controllers used in the industry when the motor's load is varied. These results validate the proposed design as the plant's output follows the reference signal with minimal overshoot and settling time.


To examine whether the cultural normativeness of parents' beliefs and behaviors moderates the links between those beliefs and behaviors and youths' adjustment, mothers, fathers, and children (N = 1,298 families) from 12 cultural groups in 9 countries (China, Colombia, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, Philippines, Sweden, Thailand, and the United States) were interviewed when children were, on average, 10 years old and again when children were 12 years old. Multilevel models examined 5 aspects of parenting (expectations regarding family obligations, monitoring, psychological control, behavioral control, warmth/affection) in relation to 5 aspects of youth adjustment (social competence, prosocial behavior, academic achievement, externalizing behavior, internalizing behavior). Interactions between family level and culture-level predictors were tested to examine whether cultural normativeness of parenting behaviors moderated the link between those behaviors and children's adjustment. More evidence was found for within- than between-culture differences in parenting predictors of youth adjustment. In 7 of the 8 instances in which cultural normativeness was found to moderate the link between parenting and youth adjustment, the link between a particular parenting behavior and youth adjustment was magnified in cultural contexts in which the parenting behavior was more normative.


We conducted multivariate random-effect analyses on longitudinal data from 238 adults, ranging in age from 30 to 94, who were tested on five lexical tests over a period of 20 years to examine (a) the relations between lemma and lexeme retrieval as manifested in different tests of lexical retrieval and (b) changes in lexical processing during older adulthood. This study documents differing profiles of age-related decline in lexical retrieval determined by task demand, gender, education, and underlying cognitive skills. The tasks that required retrieval of unique lexical items (Boston Naming Test and Action Naming Test) yielded significant age-related decline that became more rapid in older age, distinguishing them from tasks that allowed for the retrieval of various lexical items. Findings support a cascaded progression of lemma and lexeme retrieval during word production.


ABSTRACT. Paulinella indentata n. sp. is described from benthic sandy sediments of Kames Bay, Scotland. The description is based on light and scanning electron microscopical observations. This marine, testate amoeba has filose pseudopodia, sometimes branched, extending up to 50 μm from the aperture. Tests are oval in outline (c. 15.8 × 9.8 μm) pale yellow in colour with a short collar. The most important diagnostic feature is the morphology of the surface scales which are arranged in staggered rows. Each cell is covered with around 22 scales (c. 5.7 × 2.9 μm). Scales are rectangular, curved with rounded corners and markedly indented along their median axis. They have a hollow channel running below each ridge and their surface is punctuated with rows of pores. This is the first isolation of Paulinella from benthic marine sediments.


Ma'ruf al-Rusafi, the distinguished Iraqi poet, was born in Baghdad in 1875 and died there on the sixteenth of March, 1945. He became a member of the al-Mab'uthan Council, he was several times in the Iraqi parliament, he lectured in Arabic Literature, and was unemployed for a long period during the last part of his life, when he had great difficulty in earning his living. Because he was frank, free-minded, ambitious, pure and dignified, he was subjected to continual attack by the rulers, religious leaders and conservatives, and consequently he lived a troubled and changeable life. This coloured his poetry with melancholy. His poetry was a complete record of the intellectual developments, social changes, economic problems, political events and literary currents of the time, in Iraq particularly, and in the Arab and Muslim World generally. His Diwan (in two volumes) contains three hundred and fifty poems. Some further political and social poems and his poems for children were not included in this Diwan. He also composed another Diwan, Al-gnl'r al-Makshuf, consisting mostly of erotic poems, which is not published yet. His poetical manner generally was smooth, easy, clear, expressive and eloquent. He believed that art has a goal, and that the real function of literature in any nation is to illustrate the ideal principles to the new generation, to awaken the national consciousness, and to encourage belief in progress. He therefore gave great attention to tile content of his poems and tried to avoid rhetorical devices. He was a modem poet in his poetical objectives, clear expression and unified poems, and a traditional poet in the form of Ms poetry using metre and rhyme. Although the tried to avoid the use of obscure words and repetition, his poetry contained some of both. It also contained many rhetorical devices, reminiscences of and quotations from earlier poets, proverbs and sayings. His poetry for children was distinguished by its clearness, easiness, simple words and particular poetical music. Al-Rusafi was influenced by Turkish literature and Western literary currents, reflecting some of the new scientific theories in his poetry. He composed in different genres of poetry: Social, Political, Description, Elegy, Panegyric, Satire, Nasib and Fakhr. But the most important parts of his Diwan were the Social and Political genres. In his Social poetry, he tried to direct people's attention to the great importance of Education and knowledge in the progress of any nation. He also tried to point out the importance of Work, National unity. Social equality, Charitable works and the Emancipation of women. He recalled earlier glory of the Muslims and Arabs in order to urge people to regain it. He was a humanitarian poet, took a special interest in the miserable, and called for aid for them as being human and the victims of society. In his political poetry, under the Ottoman Empire, he demanded Individual Freedom for each country within the group, so that they might obtain their political rights through a representative government working under a constitution and might obtain their rights of Freedom of publication and thought, both of which were limited by the law. After 1911, and with the increase of Western control of the Arab and Muslim countries, he demanded Independence for these countries. When the British occupied Iraq, he devoted his poetry to attacking them and demanding their evacuation, and to persuading the people of Iraq to pursue full independence. He continually advocated the formation of a nationalist government, and he always exposed the antinational policies that were followed by the native governments, believing that these were the agents of the British. Al-Rusafi was a great believer in Peace and the importance of Unity between the Arab countries in all aspects. His Descriptive poetry was distinguished by its completeness and accuracy, and by being linked with his humanitarian feelings. He described nature, modern inventions, calamities, and places of entertainment, In Elegy, he demonstrated his feelings towards his friends and contemporary poets, his faithfulness to his teachers and his patriotic consciousness. He used Panegyric to praise men for the benefits they confirmed on the people, not to flatter them for his own profit. He tried to avoid Satire and when he did use it he did not use it in a painful manner. M-Nasib poetry is very infrequent in his Diwan, and he imitated classical models. Al-Rusafi was proud of his own poetical skill and his striking personality, but he acknowledged the poetical talents of others as well.


This penetrating book raises questions about how power operates in contemporary society. It explains how the speed of information flows has eroded the separate space needed for critical reflection. It argues that there is no longer an 'outside' to the global flows of communication and that the critique of information must take place within the information itself.
The operative unit of the information society is the idea. With the demise of depth reflection, reflexivity through the idea now operates external to the subject in its circulation through networks of humans and intelligent machines. It is these ideas that make the critique of information possible. This book is a major testament to the prospects of culture, politics and theory in the global information society.


Zero-Shot Sketch-Based Image Retrieval (ZS-SBIR) is a specific cross-modal retrieval task for searching natural images given free-hand sketches under the zero-shot scenario. Most existing methods solve this problem by simultaneously projecting visual features and semantic supervision into a low-dimensional common space for efficient retrieval. However, such low-dimensional projection destroys the completeness of semantic knowledge in original semantic space, so that it is unable to transfer useful knowledge well when learning semantic features from different modalities. Moreover, the domain information and semantic information are entangled in visual features, which is not conducive for cross-modal matching since it will hinder the reduction of domain gap between sketch and image. In this paper, we propose a Progressive Domain-independent Feature Decomposition (PDFD) network for ZS-SBIR. Specifically, with the supervision of original semantic knowledge, PDFD decomposes visual features into domain features and semantic ones, and then the semantic features are projected into common space as retrieval features for ZS-SBIR. The progressive projection strategy maintains strong semantic supervision. Besides, to guarantee the retrieval features to capture clean and complete semantic information, the cross-reconstruction loss is introduced to encourage that any combinations of retrieval features and domain features can reconstruct the visual features. Extensive experiments demonstrate the superiority of our PDFD over state-of-the-art competitors.


This article investigates the latest developments in longevity-risk modelling, and explores the key risk management challenges for both the financial and insurance industries. The article discusses key definitions that are crucial for the enhancement of the way longevity risk is understood, providing a global view of the practical issues for longevity-linked insurance and pension products that have evolved concurrently with the steady increase in life expectancy since s. In addition, the article frames the recent and forthcoming developments that are expected to action industry-wide changes as more effective regulation, designed to better assess and efficiently manage inherited risks, is adopted. Simultaneously, the evolution of longevity is intensifying the need for capital markets to be used to manage and transfer the risk through what are known as Insurance-Linked Securities (ILS). Thus, the article will examine the emerging scenarios, and will finally highlight some important potential developments for longevity-risk management from a financial perspective with reference to the most relevant modelling and pricing practices in the banking industry.


Plants produce volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with diverse structures and functions, which change in response to environmental stimuli and have important consequences for interactions with other organisms. To understand these changes, in situ sampling is necessary. In contrast to dynamic headspace (DHS), which is the most often employed method, direct contact sampling employing a magnetic stir bar held in place by a magnet eliminates artifacts produced by enclosing plant materials in glass or plastic chambers. Direct-contact sorptive extraction (DCSE) using polydimethylsiloxane coated stir bars (Twisters) coated stir bars is more sensitive than DHS, captures a wider range of compounds, minimizes VOC collection from neighboring plants, and distinguishes the effects of herbivory in controlled and field conditions. Because DCSE is relatively inexpensive and simple to employ, scalability of field trials can be expanded concomitant with increased sample replication. The sensitivity of DCSE combined with the spectral deconvolution data analysis software makes the two ideal for comprehensive, in situ profiling of plant volatiles.


We present a number of results relating to the difference of two Gaussian Schell-model cross-spectral densities (CSDs). They allow us to specify conditions under which such a difference represents itself in a valid CSD. In particular, a sufficient condition is derived for the non-negative definiteness of the resulting CSD, for any admissible choice of the involved parameters, while a necessary and sufficient condition is obtained for the case of CSDs endowed with the property of being shape-invariant upon propagation.


The scientific and logistical limitations incurred by the use of animal models of humans within biomedical research and toxicity testing are substantial, and increasingly recognized; as is social concern about, and consequent regulatory restriction of, laboratory animal use. In defiance of these factors, such use remains enormous. Based on best estimates, 11,154,961 living non-human vertebrates were subjected to fundamental or medically-applied biomedical research, toxicity testing, or educational use, within Japan, in 2004; which was second only to the US. Additionally, the use of genetically-modified animals, and the implementation of large-scale chemical testing programs, are increasing laboratory animal use internationally. These trends demonstrate the need for considerably greater awareness of, and compliance with, the principles of the 3Rs―namely, the replacement, reduction and refinement of laboratory animal use―within governmental, academic and commercial sectors. These principles are widely recognized as essential to good laboratory animal practice. They may increase research quality and the robustness of outcomes, result in reduced timeframes and resource consumption, and jointly benefit consumers, industry and laboratory animals. An overview of 3Rs principles, and of strategies likely to increase their implementation, is therefore provided. Combinations of such strategies may have synergistic effects, improving both scientific outcomes and animal welfare.


During the late Miocene, exchange between the Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean changed dramatically, culminating in the Messinian Salinity Crisis (MSC). Understanding Mediterranean-Atlantic exchange at that time could answer the enigmatic question of how so much salt built up within the Mediterranean, while furthering the development of a framework for future studies attempting to understand how changes may have impacted global thermohaline circulation.

Due to their association with specific water masses at different scales, radiogenic Sr, Pb, and Nd isotope records were generated from various archives contained within marine deposits to endeavour to understand better late Miocene Mediterranean-Atlantic exchange. The archives used include foraminiferal calcite (Sr), fish teeth and bone (Nd), dispersed authigenic ferromanganese oxyhydroxides (Nd, Pb), and a ferromanganese crust (Pb). The primary focus is on sediments preserved at one end of the Betic corridor, a gateway that once connected the Mediterranean to the Atlantic through southern Spain, although other locations are investigated. The Betic gateway terminated within several marginal sub-basins before entering the Western Mediterranean; one of these is the Sorbas Basin, a well-studied location whose sediments have been astronomically tuned at high temporal resolution, providing the necessary age control for sub-precessional resolution records. Since the climatic history of the Mediterranean is strongly controlled by precessional changes in regional climate, the aim was to produce records at high (sub-precessional) temporal resolution, to be able to observe clearly any precessional cyclicity driven by regional climate which could be superimposed over longer trends. This goal was achieved for all records except the ferromanganese crust record.

The 87Sr/86Sr isotope record (Ch. 3) shows precessional frequency excursions away from the global seawater curve. As precessional frequency oscillations are unexpected for this setting, a numerical box model was used to determine the mechanisms causing the excursions. To enable parameterisation of model variables, regional Sr characteristics, data from general circulation model HadCM3L, and new benthic foraminiferal assemblage data are employed. The model results imply that the Sorbas Basin likely had a positive hydrologic budget in the late Miocene, very different to that of today. Moreover, the model indicates that the mechanism controlling the Sr isotope ratio of Sorbas Basin seawater was not restriction, but a lack of density-driven exchange with the Mediterranean. Beyond improving our understanding of how marginal Mediterranean sub-basins may evolve different isotope signatures, these results have implications for astronomical tuning and stratigraphy in the region, findings which are crucial considering the geological and climatic history of the late Miocene Mediterranean is based entirely on marginal deposits.

An improved estimate for the Nd isotope signature of late Miocene Mediterranean Outflow (MO) was determined by comparing Nd isotope signatures preserved in the deeper Alboran Sea at ODP Site 978 with literature data as well as the signature preserved in the Sorbas Basin (Ch. 4; -9.34 to -9.92 ± 0.37 eNd(t)). It was also inferred that it is unlikely that Nd isotopes can be used reliably to track changes in circulation within the shallow settings characteristic of the Mediterranean-Atlantic connections; this is significant in light of a recent publication documenting corridor closure using Nd isotopes. Both conclusions will prove useful for future studies attempting to understand changes in Mediterranean-Atlantic exchange.

Excursions to high values, with precessional frequency, are also observed in the radiogenic Pb isotope record for the Sorbas Basin (Ch. 5). Widening the scope to include locations further away from the gateways, records were produced for late Miocene sections on Sicily and Northern Italy, and similar precessional frequency cyclicity was observed in the Pb isotope records for these sites as well. Comparing these records to proxies for Saharan dust and available whole rock data indicates that, while further analysis is necessary to draw strong conclusions, enhanced dust production during insolation minima may be driving the observed signal. These records also have implications for astronomical tuning; peaks in Pb isotope records driven by Saharan dust may be easier to connect directly to the insolation cycle, providing improved astronomical tuning points.

Finally, a Pb isotope record derived using in-situ laser ablation performed on ferromanganese crust 3514-6 from the Lion Seamount, located west of Gibraltar within the MO plume, has provided evidence that plume depth shifted during the Pliocene. The record also suggests that Pb isotopes may not be a suitable proxy for changes in late Miocene Mediterranean-Atlantic exchange, since the Pb isotope signatures of regional water masses are too similar. To develop this record, the first published instance of laser ablation derived 230Thexcess measurements are combined with 10Be dating.


Significance The vast majority of evidence marshaled for the Late Heavy Bombardment comes from 40Ar/39Ar age spectra of Apollo samples, interpreted through "plateau" ages, which show an apparent cluster at ∼3.9 Ga. Whether such data can be uniquely inverted to constrain impact histories in the Earth−Moon system has never been tested. We show that diffusive loss of 40Ar from a monotonically declining impactor flux coupled with the early and episodic nature of lunar crust formation tends to create clustered distributions of apparent 40Ar/39Ar ages at ca. 3.9 Ga. Instead, these 40Ar/39Ar data can be reconciled with a continuously decreasing bollide flux. Thus, impacts may have played a minimal role in terrestrial habitability, early Earth dynamics, and the formation of Hadean zircons. The Late Heavy Bombardment (LHB), a hypothesized impact spike at ∼3.9 Ga, is one of the major scientific concepts to emerge from Apollo-era lunar exploration. A significant portion of the evidence for the existence of the LHB comes from histograms of 40Ar/39Ar "plateau" ages (i.e., regions selected on the basis of apparent isochroneity). However, due to lunar magmatism and overprinting from subsequent impact events, virtually all Apollo-era samples show evidence for 40Ar/39Ar age spectrum disturbances, leaving open the possibility that partial 40Ar* resetting could bias interpretation of bombardment histories due to plateaus yielding misleadingly young ages. We examine this possibility through a physical model of 40Ar* diffusion in Apollo samples and test the uniqueness of the impact histories obtained by inverting plateau age histograms. Our results show that plateau histograms tend to yield age peaks, even in those cases where the input impact curve did not contain such a spike, in part due to the episodic nature of lunar crust or parent body formation. Restated, monotonically declining impact histories yield apparent age peaks that could be misinterpreted as LHB-type events. We further conclude that the assignment of apparent 40Ar/39Ar plateau ages bears an undesirably high degree of subjectivity. When compounded by inappropriate interpretations of histograms constructed from plateau ages, interpretation of apparent, but illusory, impact spikes is likely.


Background With increasing number of older adults worldwide, promoting health and well-being becomes a priority for aging well. Well-being and physical and mental health are closely related, and this relation may become more vital at older ages as it may contribute to aging well. The state of well-being is a multifaceted phenomenon that refers to an individual's subjective feelings, and exploring perspectives of older adults on aging well is developing to be an important area of research. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore perceptions on aging well among older adult Palestinians ≥60 years. Methods A qualitative research design in the context of focus group discussions was used; seven focus groups were conducted including fifty-six participants (aged 63–81 years). Data were analyzed using a qualitative interpretative thematic approach described by Braun and Clarke. Results Three major themes were identified, "sense of well-being," "having good physical health," and "preserving good mental health." The participants perceived that aging well is influenced by positive feelings such as being joyous, staying independent, having a life purpose, self-possessed contentment, and financially secured, in addition to be socially engaged and enjoying good physical and mental health. Conclusion This study contributes to get a better insight concerning older adults' perspectives on aging well. Enhancing physically active lifestyle, participation in social and leisure activities, healthy eating habits, having a purpose in life, and being intellectually engaged are all contributing factors to aging well. Vital factors are to be considered in developing strategic health and rehabilitative plans for promoting aging well among older adults.


Surface grinding was performed on two silicon nitrides with different microstructures. The ground surfaces of both materials were observed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to consist of areas of microfracture, smeared areas, and areas covered with fine debris particles. It was determined that microfracture is the primary mechanism for material removal. Subsurface grinding damage was revealed by a bonded-interface technique to take the form of median-type cracks extending from the plastic zones. Distributed intergranular microcracks and intragrain twin/slip bands were observed within the plastic zones. The strengths of transverse-ground specimens were measured in four-point flexure. For the silicon nitride with a fine grain size and a mildly rising toughness-curve, grinding damage resulted in a drastic strength degradation compared to polished specimens. In contrast, the silicon nitride with large and elongated grains and a steeply rising toughness curve showed relatively little strength loss. The relationship between the ceramic microstructure and the damage tolerance in abrasive machining is discussed in light of these results.


In the present world the heavy machine applications have grown more sophisticated. Crane is designed in such a way to perform the tasks that are hard for human beings, in order to make the work faster and easier. In this area of crane utilization, forwarder movement is the key in performing most of the tasks. Forwarder movement plays an important role in tasks such as collecting logs from the ground and moving them from one place to another. These types of cranes find a wide range of utilization in forestry applications. In order to perform these tasks movement of the forwarder has to be according. Depending on the loads to carry the size of the forwarder also varies. Partial automation of the crane movement in the form of forwarder movement is the area of interest. Aim of the thesis is to concentrate on automation of crane link, to be more specific, the prismatic link. This can be achieved through the verification of the mechanism and similarity of the two algorithms in the Matlab system and in the DASA system.


Simple and rapid methods for adjusting the frequency of a radio frequency oscillator in small steps of frequency by aural methods are described. By use of the nth harmonic of the radio frequency oscillator the steps of frequency may be made 1/n times a convenient fixed audio frequency, such as that of a tuning fork. By elaboration of the equipment the adjustments may be made to within 1/n cycles per second, where n is the order number of the oscillator harmonic employed.


When detected early and surgically removed, melanoma has a cure rate greater than 90%. However, when the cancer is either unresectable or goes undetected until late-stage metastases develop, the five-year survival rate drops to 20%. Unfortunately, the current standard of care suffers from chemotherapeutic resistance, where the outcome results in a high rate of patient mortality. Recent clinical studies have demonstrated hydroxychloroquine-mediated inhibition of autophagy presents a promising strategy as an adjuvant therapy for melanoma treatment. Regrettably, in clinical trials hydroxychloroquine has not demonstrated reliable potency, at the maximum tolerated doses, in producing autophagy inhibition. Work by the Winkler and Amaravadi Laboratories has focused on developing a series of dimeric chloroquinebased autophagy inhibitors. Our findings encouraged us to develop a library of dimeric inhibitors, based on hydroxychloroquine and its congener, quinacrine. These not only inhibit autophagy, but also possess single agent anti-cancer activity previously unobserved with small-molecule autophagy inhibitors. Through our efforts we have designed DQ661, a dimeric quinacrine autophagy inhibitor which simultaneously inhibits key drivers of oncogenesis: autophagy, mTOR kinase signaling, and macropinocytosis. We have also discovered an analogous dimeric chloroquine inhibitor, DC661, which is a potent inhibitor of autophagy and cancer cell proliferation. Utilizing these compounds, we have identified a molecular binding partner for our dimeric inhibitors: protein palmitoyl thioesterase 1 (PPT1), a key regulator of palmitoylation within the lysosome. We are currently developing chemical tools to study the role of PPT1 in cancer biology. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Chemistry First Advisor Jeffrey D. Winkler


Dredge fishery for blue mussels Mytilus edulis (L.) impacts the benthic ecosystem, and substitution by area-intensive bottom culture production may reduce adverse effects on the ecosystem. Two different field studies in 2007 and 2009 tested the productivity of bottom culture of blue mussels, and whether a shift from dredging of full-grown blue mussels to production of blue mussels in bottom culture could reduce the area of impacted sea bottom. In the first study, the macrostructure of a commercial bottom culture was analysed by side scan mapping, and the growth of blue mussels was recorded on a transect from the edge to the central part of the bottom culture. In the second study, we analysed the effect of seeding density (1.5 and 3.5 kg m −2 ) on mus- sel production. The measured production was used to model the affected area when producing blue mussels in bottom culture. The macrostructure of the culture bed formed during the trans- plantation of mussel seed was not changed 1 yr after transplantation, indicating that transplanta- tion supported the formation of a robust blue mussel bed. Shell growth showed no spatial variabil- ity from the edge to the central part of the commercial bottom culture, suggesting that growth was not reduced by density-dependent food limitation. The population production:biomass ratio (P/B) of the experimental bottom cultures was 1.0 and showed no significant effect of seeding density. Model simulations indicated that the impacted area was smaller when producing blue mussels in bottom culture than in a fishery of full-grown mussels if P/B was higher than 0.5.


Although a biphasic dependence of cell migration speed on cell- substratum adhesiveness has been predicted theoretically, experimental data directly demonstrating a relationship between these two phenomena have been lacking. To determine whether an optimal strength of cell- substratum adhesive interactions exists for cell migration, we measured quantitatively both the initial attachment strength and migration speed of human smooth muscle cells (HSMCs) on a range of surface concentrations of fibronectin (Fn) and type IV collagen (CnIV). Initial attachment strength was measured in order to characterize short time- scale cell-substratum interactions, which may be representative of dynamic interactions involved in cell migration. The critical fluid shear stress for cell detachment, determined in a radial-flow detachment assay, increased linearly with the surface concentrations of adsorbed Fn and CnIV. The detachment stress required for cells on Fn, 3.6 +/- 0.2 x 10(-3) mu dynes/absorbed molecule, was much greater than that on CnIV, 5.0 +/- 1.4 x 10(-5) mu dynes/absorbed molecule. Time- lapse videomicroscopy of individual cell movement paths showed that the migration behavior of HSMCs on these substrates varied with the absorbed concentration of each matrix protein, exhibiting biphasic dependence. Cell speed reached a maximum at intermediate concentrations of both proteins, with optimal concentrations for migration at 1 x 10(3) molecules/micron2 and 1 x 10(4) molecules/micron2 on Fn and CnIV, respectively. These optimal protein concentrations represent optimal initial attachment strengths corresponding to detachment shear stresses of 3.8 mu dyne/micron2 on Fn and 1.5 mu dyne/micron2 on CnIV. Thus, while the optimal absorbed protein concentrations for migration on Fn and CnIV differed by an order of magnitude, the optimal initial attachment strengths for migration on these two proteins were very similar. Further, the same minimum strength of initial attachment, corresponding to a detachment shear stress of approximately 1 mu dyne/micron2, was required for movement on either protein. These results suggest that initial cell-substratum attachment strength is a central variable governing cell migration speed, able to correlate observations of motility on substrata differing in adhesiveness. They also demonstrate that migration speed depends in biphasic manner on attachment strength, with maximal migration at an intermediate level of cell-substratum adhesiveness.


We describe a fast, accurate method for determination of the optical coefficients of 'semi-infinite' and 'infinite' turbid media. For the particular case of time-resolved reflectance from a biological medium, we show that a single Monte Carlo simulation can be used to fit the data and to derive the absorption and reduced scattering coefficients. Tests with independent Monte Carlo simulations showed that the errors in the deduced absorption and reduced scattering coefficients are smaller than 1% and 2%, respectively.


This article describes a collaborative action research conducted by a lecturer and several primary school art teachers, who between 2001 and 2006 created the Visual Arts Education Web ('iii web') in Hong Kong. The creation of the 'iii web' was accomplished through research that employed questionnaires, focus group discussions and individual interviews. Teachers' perceptions of using websites in teaching were examined, art education websites from Hong Kong, Taiwan, Mainland China and the USA were compared, in order to create a website that could meet the needs of Hong Kong primary school art teachers. Inquiry-based learning is one of the important teaching approaches that were introduced during the Hong Kong Education Reform in 2003. An example of using the 'iii web' to teach public art is described to illustrate how the teacher and students used inquiry-based learning in art education.


This collection of essays by leading academics, lawyers, parliamentarians and parliamentary officials provides a critical assessment of the UK Parliament's two main constitutional roles-as a legislature and as the preeminent institution for calling government to account. Both functions are undergoing change and facing new challenges. Part 1 (Legislation) includes chapters on Parliament's emerging responsibilities for pre-legislative scrutiny of government Bills and for evaluating proposed legislation against explicit constitutional standards. The impact on legislation of the European Union and the growing influence of the House of Lords are also examined. Part 2 (Accountability) investigates how Parliament operates to scrutinise areas of executive action previously often shielded from effective parliamentary oversight, including national security, war-making powers and administrative justice. There are also chapters on parliamentary reform, including analysis of the House of Commons 'Wright reforms', parliamentary sovereignty, privilege and the European Convention on Human Rights, Euroscepticism, and parliamentary sovereignty and the regulation of lobbyists. The book will be of interest to anyone who is curious about the work of Parliament and is aimed at legal academics, practitioners and political scientists.


Scientific evidence is easily misunderstood. One of the most insidious instances of misunderstanding arises when scientific experts and those receiving their evidence assign different meanings to the same words. We expect scientific evidence to be difficult to understand. What is unexpected, and often far more difficult to detect, is the incorrect understanding of terms and phrases that appear familiar. In these circumstances, misunderstandings easily escape notice. We applied an evidence-based approach to investigating this phenomenon, asking two groups, one with legal education and one with scientific education, to define five commonly-used phrases with both lay and scientific connotations. We hypothesised that the groups would significantly diverge in the definitions they provided. Employing a machine learning algorithm and the ratings of trained coders, we found that lawyers and scientists indeed disagreed over the meanings of certain terms. Notably, we trained a machine learning algorithm to reliably classify the authorship of the definitions as scientific or legal, demonstrating that these groups rely on predictably different lexicons. Our findings have implications for recommending avoidance of some of these particular words and phrases in favour of terminology that promotes common understanding. And methodologically, we suggest a new way for governmental and quasi-governmental bodies to study and thereby prevent misunderstandings between the legal and scientific communities.


OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the effects of the parent-reported medical home status on health care utilization, expenditures, and quality for children.

DATA SOURCES
Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) during 2004-2012, including a total of 9,153 children who were followed up for 2 years in the survey.

STUDY DESIGN
We took a causal difference-in-differences approach using inverse probability weighting and doubly robust estimators to study how changes in medical home status over a 2-year period affected children's health care outcomes. Our analysis adjusted for children's sociodemographic, health, and insurance statuses. We conducted sensitivity analyses using alternative statistical methods, different approaches to outliers and missing data, and accounting for possible common-method biases.

PRINCIPAL FINDINGS
Compared with children whose parents reported having medical homes in both years 1 and 2, those who had medical homes in year 1 but lost them in year 2 had significantly lower parent-reported ratings of health care quality and higher utilization of emergency care. Compared with children whose parents reported having no medical homes in both years, those who did not have medical homes in year 1 but gained them in year 2 had significantly higher ratings of health care quality, but no significant differences in health care expenditures and utilization.

CONCLUSIONS
Having a medical home may help improve health care quality for children; losing a medical home may lead to higher utilization of emergency care.


Cytoplasmic organization and symbiotic associations of Didymocyrtis tetrathalamus (Haeckel) were examined. The most distinctive cytological feature is the presence of an extraordinary, non-living wall structure (termed endocapsular wall) that lies immediately inside the outer medullary shell. It closely resembles the capsular wall, which is the most diagnostic feature for radiolarian cytoplasmic organization, but is completely enclosed by the latter wall. The capsular wall lies inside the cortical shell, except in the polar region where the wall is always outside the latticed skeleton of the bilocular cortex. Based on these observations, and previously reported skeletal changes during maturation, five ontogenetic stages are described. In the first stage, the test consists of the double medullary shell and the endocapsular wall may serve as the "first capsular wall." In the second stage, the equatorial girdle surrounding the medullary shell and the capsular wall is formed. A major portion of the cortical shell is constructed in the third stage, forming the nearly completed hour-glass-shaped shell. In the fourth and fifth stages, the cortical shell is completed and polar caps lying above each pole are deposited, associated with the expansion of the central capsule to partially encompass the bilocular shell. Two ultrastructually different symbiotic dinoflagellates were observed in the extracapsular region around the cortical shell. One is identified as Amphidinium sp. and the other remains unnamed. They were never observed in the same host and appear to mutually exclude one another. In addition to dinoflagellates, there were also bacterial endobionts within vacuoles.


ABSTRACT Proteus mirabilis infection often leads to stone formation. We evaluated how bacterium-mucin adhesion, invasion, and intracellular crystal formation are related to antibiotic sensitivity and may cause frequent stone formation in enterocystoplasties. Five intestinal (Caco-2, HT29, HT29-18N2, HT29-FU, and HT29-MTX) and one ureter cell line (SV-HUC-1) were incubated in artificial urine with five Proteus mirabilis strains. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), laser scanning microscopy, and electron microscopy evaluated cellular adhesion and/or invasion, pathologic changes to mitochondria, and P. mirabilis-mucin colocalization (MUC2 and MUC5AC). An MTT (thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide) assay and FACS analysis of caspase-3 evaluated the cellular response. Infected cells were incubated with antibiotics at dosages representing the expected urinary concentrations in a 10-year-old, 30-kg child to evaluate bacterial invasion and survival. All cell lines showed colocalization of P. mirabilis with human colonic mucin (i.e., MUC2) and human gastric mucin (i.e., MUC5AC). The correlation between membrane mucin expression and invasion was significant and opposite for SV-HUC-1 and HT29-MTX. Microscopically, invasion by P. mirabilis with intracellular crystal formation and mitochondrial damage was found. Double membranes surrounded bacteria in intestinal cells. Relative resistance to cotrimoxazole and augmentin was found in the presence of epithelial cells. Ciprofloxacin and gentamicin remained effective. Membrane mucin expression was correlated with relative antibiotic resistance. Cell invasion by P. mirabilis and mucin- and cell type-related distribution and response differences indicate bacterial tropism that affects crystal formation and mucosal presence. Bacterial invasion seems to have cell type-dependent mechanisms and prolong bacterial survival in antibiotic therapy, giving a new target for therapeutic optimalization of antibiotic treatment.


The last major taxonomic review of the South African Echinoidea was published in 1976 and there have been very few additions to the fauna since that time, although numerous unidentified samples have continued to accumulate in the Iziko South African Museum. This study documents all additions to the fauna reported since the late 1970s. Most of these derive from our examination and identification of specimens in the Iziko South African Museum collections. Also included, though, are new records reported via the EchinoMap Virtual Museum, those published in the non-taxonomic literature and those derived from taxonomic revisions. For each new record we present an image of the species, key references, a brief diagnosis and detailed locality records. These sources together have resulted in 19 additions to the regional echinoid fauna, raising the total number of echinoid species known from the South African Exclusive Economic Zone to 71.


Diabetes mellitus is accompanied by increased intestinal cholesterol synthesis and cholesterol esterification. Both are reversed by insulin therapy. To assess whether the action of insulin on cholesterol esterification by intestinal cells is direct or mediated by other effectors associated with diabetes, we investigated the effect of insulin on the activity of microsomal acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) and on the incorporation rate of [14C]oleic acid into cholesteryl oleate in the Caco-2 human intestinal cell line. Microsomal ACAT activity of cells that were incubated with insulin for 3 h at a concentration of 1, 10, and 100 μU/ml was decreased by 48, 58, and 74%, respectively, compared with cells cultured in insulinfree medium. This effect was evident as soon as 10 min after the addition of 10 μU/ml insulin. The inhibition by insulin was reversible. After incubation for 24 h, intracellular esterified-cholesterol content and the ratio of esterified to nonesterified cholesterol were significantly lower in the cells treated with insulin (100 μU/ml) than in those not treated with insulin (esterified cholesterol 48.6 ± 2.0 vs. 74.2 ± 4.3 nmol/mg protein, respectively, P < .005; esterified to nonesterified ratio 0.280 ± 0.008 vs. 0.359 ± 0.059, respectively, P < .05). Cells cultured on filters manifested physiologic polarity; >90% of [14C]oleic acid-labeled cholesterol ester secreted by cells was secreted into the basolateral chambers. Incorporation of [14C]oleic acid into cholesteryl oleate over 24 h in the cells and in the medium of the basolateral chamber was suppressed by 100 μU/ml insulin by 23 and 40%, respectively. These findings indicate that insulin acts directly on the enterocytes to suppress intestinal cholesterol ester synthesis and secretion.


In this work we study in more details the impact of voltage trimming on different characteristics of model thick-film resistors (TFRs). Two series of RuO2-based TFRs with different conducting grain sizes are studied. As the composition of model pastes is completely known, it allows connecting the effects of trimming with the microscopic structure of the resistors.This study focuses on the change of resistivity, thermal coefficient of resistance, piezoresistivity and their post-trim stability. Those characteristics are studied as a function of conducting filler volume fraction. We show that the relative change of conductivity and the change in pezoresistivity due to voltage trimming are both diverging as the critical volume fraction, where the conductor/insulator transition occurs, is approached. It is also shown that voltage trimming changes the critical DC exponent, and can lead to a crossover from a nonuniversal to a universal behavior. We propose a description of voltage trimming which can explain the observed changes in characteristics of the samples. Key words: High-voltage Trimming, Thick- film resistors, Stability


We predict theoretically and confirm experimentally that the Kerr-induced phase drift of a fiber optic gyroscope (FOG) operated with a laser instead of a broadband source is virtually eliminated when the sensing coil is made of an air-core photonic-bandgap fiber. This is the first demonstration of a laser-driven FOG with a Kerr-induced drift low enough to meet the inertial navigation requirement for a 10-h transcontinental flight.


The Plant Pathology program at the UF/IFAS Southwest Research and Education Center is the state and local resource for plant diagnostic services, including HLB (Huanglongbing, or citrus greening) detection, and for insect identification. This brochure covers the center's history, instructions for sending samples to the HLB lab, answers to frequently asked questions, and center hours and contact information. Written by Pamela Roberts, Shea Teems, Joubert Fayette, and Jamie Burrow, and published by the UF Department of Plant Pathology, July 2015.


Green Jobs have become an emblem of a more sustainable economy and society that preserves the environment for present and future generations and is more equitable and inclusive of all people and all countries. Construction has been recognized as a significant contributor to climate change through its emission of global warming gases (GWG). Construction of new buildings and refurbishment of existing buildings alike also represent the largest potential for technically feasible and economically viable reductions of emissions and of energy consumption, while encouraging the development of new professional skills and generation of significant employment opportunities.

South Africa was the first country studied by the ILO in specific regard to Green Jobs in
Construction and the present document is an edited version of the research report.


Abstract: Three-dimensional seismic data from the NE Atlantic margin have revealed opal-A to opal-CT reaction zones hosted in Oligo-Pliocene strata as bright reflection events that cross-cut stratigraphic reflections. In some areas, the topographic relief at the top of the reaction zone has a remarkable geometry comprising roughly circular flattish regions, spaced 1–3 km apart, separated by networks of steep-sided troughs or ridges with a relief of up to 200 m. Here we show that these topographic structures formed around the upper tips of polygonal faults, and that remnants exist at deeper stratigraphic levels below the opal-A to opal-CT cross-cutting reflection. Furthermore, we deduce that the chemistry of formation water expelled transiently through the polygonal faults must have played a key role in their formation. Within silica-bearing successions, the transformation of opal-A to opal-CT is followed by the transformation of opal-CT to quartz at greater depth. The opal-CT to quartz transformation releases magnesium, which is known to promote opal-A to opal-CT transformation at lower temperatures. Consequently, we suggest that when the opal-A to opal-CT reaction zone nears the top of the polygonal fault system, it advances more rapidly through strata flushed by pore water that is richer in magnesium.


Denoising auto-encoders (DAEs) have been successfully used to learn new representations for a wide range of machine learning tasks. During training, DAEs make many passes over the training dataset and reconstruct it from partial corruption generated from a pre-specified corrupting distribution. This process learns robust representation, though at the expense of requiring many training epochs, in which the data is explicitly corrupted. In this paper we present the marginalized Denoising Auto-encoder (mDAE), which (approximately) marginalizes out the corruption during training. Effectively, the mDAE takes into account infinitely many corrupted copies of the training data in every epoch, and therefore is able to match or outperform the DAE with much fewer training epochs. We analyze our proposed algorithm and show that it can be understood as a classic auto-encoder with a special form of regularization. In empirical evaluations we show that it attains 1-2 order-of-magnitude speedup in training time over other competing approaches.


In order to cope with arising challenges in infrastructure sectors, utility organizations must develop new strategic, organizational, and technological capabilities. Public utility service providers have often been seen as lacking the capacity to identify and/or implement the needed transformation processes. Instead, privatization has been proposed as a panacea to remedy this deficit. However, privatization projects are often not realized because they encounter strong political opposition. This article presents the results of strategic planning projects in three public wastewater organizations in Switzerland. This study suggests that if appropriate processes are implemented, public utility organizations are able to overcome their limitations in identifying the relevant capability deficits and select adequate strategies to compensate for the deficits. While these strategies may deviate substantially across utilities due to differences in the goals pursued, the widespread adoption of strategic planning methods by public utilities represents a viable alternative to privatization.


Three dimensional molecular dynamics (MD) is used to model the mechanical response at the interface between a thin Cu coating resting on a base of Si. The copper coating is subjected to a displacement controlled shear load and the atom movements at the Si-Cu interface are monitored to investigate the effects of crystallographic anisotropy. The two crystals have the same crystallographic orientation, and two different interface normal directions are considered. The shear load is applied along different crystallographic directions to highlight the importance of crystallographic orientation for the mechanical response. The simulations are performed with the 3D MD free-ware LAMMPS. As the imposed displacement reaches a high enough magnitude, the Cu coating starts to slide over the Si base. Thus the atoms at the interface rearrange depending on loading direction and crystallographic orientation. (Less)


The existence of two basic levels of storage (fast/volatile and slow/non-volatile) has been a long-standing premise of most computer systems, influencing the design of OS components, including file systems, virtual memory, scheduling, execution models, and even their APIs. Emerging resistive memory technologies - such as phase-change memory (PCM) and memristors - have the potential to provide large, fast, non-volatile memory systems, changing the assumptions that motivated the design of current operating systems. This paper examines the implications of non-volatile memories on a number of OS mechanisms, functions, and properties.


This thesis seeks to demonstrate that Critical and Human Security approaches and perspectives – under conditions associated with the 'globalisation of security' and the 'bifurcation of the security environment' – should be increasingly influential in shaping New Zealand's contemporary approach to Security. 'Security' exists as a fundamental and legitimate quest for all Humankind. It is accepted as a core organising principle within societies, states and the international system, with efforts to preserve security central to the human condition. Critically though – within contemporary settings – the idea and concept of security is increasingly proving to be so weakly developed as to be inadequate for task. In the 21st Century, insecurity not only remains, but is intensifying globally. It is becoming one of the primary development challenges of our time, while today, one-and-a-half billion people continue to live in areas affected by social fragility, unrelenting competition, conflict and violence. The persistence of such alarming degrees of insecurity is partially symptomatic, and a consequence of the continuing prevalence of traditional state-centric notions of security. Such approaches are coming to be recognised for their increasingly narrow and reductionist focus on statist calculations of power; and notions of survival, sovereignty, threat and conflict. Crucially, they are proving ill-suited or inadequate to understanding, explaining and coping with the challenges of today's transforming security environment. As a consequence, an increasing number of security of security scholars and practitioners are speaking to the emergence of a transformative evolution in contemporary security and insecurity. Such an evolution is founded upon a critical recognition that many of today's security challenges are a consequence of the 'globalisation of security' and 'bifurcation of the security environment.' Under the conditions of globalisation and bifurcation, the resilience and utility of prevailing security ideas, institutions and practices can no longer be assumed. Indeed, many of the emerging challenges to security are the result of forces outside the traditional framework of strategic analysis that have little to do with the exercise of power by competing nation-states, but everything to do with the stability of states and human survival. While traditional state-centric security discourses continue to maintain measures of relevance, such orthodoxies – while necessary – are a not wholly complete, adequate or sufficient means by which to understand and respond to today's complex and interdependent security challenges. As this Thesis will demonstrate, profound changes in today's security environment and agenda, and the corresponding need for effective responses to such, is prompting the re-consideration of security concepts and policies adopted in the past, while also providing a window of opportunity for the development of fresh approaches and concepts. In this respect, I will advance the position that Critical approaches and perspective to security – and specifically Human Security – accord the normative scope for reconceptualising contemporary security in more openly inclusive and progressively comprehensive ways. Such an objective is testimony to our living in a world more interdependent than ever before, wherein all states, societies and individuals depend much more on the acts of omissions of others for their security and even for their survival. Importantly here, given such circumstances, there is a need for a clearer articulation of the inherent relationship between traditional state-centric and critical-human security perspectives. In this sense, the notion of the 'dialectic' and 'via media' provides potential for the progressive development of an 'ideal-type' approach to security that reconciles somewhat dissonant – if not inimical – state-centric and human-centric conceptions, while promising much in the way of addressing and alleviating insecurity and suffering. These themes, ideas and objectives will be considered through the rubric of New Zealand's contemporary approaches to security.


Educating Lawyers, the 2007 Carnegie Foundation study of legal education, challenges law schools to become more intentional about educating students for formation of professional identity. Noting that clergy education has focused more on the formative aspects of professional education than have other professional schools, the study suggests that legal educators could learn a great deal from clergy education about teaching for professional identity formation. Taking that suggestion to heart, the authors undertook an examination of clergy education, with a particular focus on the role of field education in students' personal and professional formation. This article reports on that examination of clergy field education, finding that in clergy education the primary educational goal of field education is reflection toward professional and personal formation. After reviewing various approaches to field education in clergy education, the authors suggest how legal externship teachers may learn from clergy education in making formation of personal and professional identity a central goal of the law school externship course, and offer suggestions of specific pedagogical and curricular approaches that may be adapted to externships in legal education.


Recent advances in quantum computing and in particular, the introduction of quantum GANs, have led to increased interest in quantum zero-sum game theory, extending the scope of learning algorithms for classical games into the quantum realm. In this paper, we focus on learning in quantum zero-sum games under Matrix Multiplicative Weights Update (a generalization of the multiplicative weights update method) and its continuous analogue, Quantum Replicator Dynamics. When each player selects their state according to quantum replicator dynamics, we show that the system exhibits conservation laws in a quantum-information theoretic sense. Moreover, we show that the system exhibits Poincare recurrence, meaning that almost all orbits return arbitrarily close to their initial conditions infinitely often. Our analysis generalizes previous results in the case of classical games.


There are few effective therapeutic options for the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Early evidence has suggested that IL-6R blockers may confer benefit, particularly in severe coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19). We leveraged large-scale human genetic data to investigate whether IL6-R blockade may confer therapeutic benefit in Covid-19. A genetic instrument consisting of seven genetic variants in or close to IL6R was recently shown to be linked to altered levels of c-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, circulating IL-6 and soluble IL-6R, concordant to known effects of pharmacological IL-6R blockade. We investigated the effect of these IL6R variants on risk of hospitalization for Covid-19 and other SARS-CoV-2-related outcomes using data from The Covid-19 Host Genetics Initiative. The IL6R variants were strongly associated with serum CRP levels in UK Biobank. Meta-analysis of scaled estimates revealed a lower risk of rheumatoid arthritis (OR 0.93 per 0.1 SD lower CRP, 95% CI, 0.90-0.96, P = 9.5 x 10-7), recapitulating this established indication for IL-6R blockers (e.g. tocilizumab and sarilumab). The IL-6R instrument was associated with lower risk of hospitalization for Covid-19 (OR 0.88 per 0.1 SD lower CRP, 95% CI, 0.78-0.99, P = 0.03). We found a consistent association when using a population-based control group (i.e. all non-cases; OR 0.91 per 0.1 SD lower CRP, 95% CI, 0.87-0.96, P = 4.9 x 10-4). Evaluation of further SARS-CoV-2-related outcomes suggested association with risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection, with no evidence of association with Covid-19 complicated by death or requiring respiratory support. We performed several sensitivity analyses to evaluate the robustness of our findings. Our results serve as genetic evidence for the potential efficacy of IL-6R blockade in Covid-19. Ongoing large-scale RCTs of IL-6R blockers will be instrumental in identifying the settings, including stage of disease, in which these agents may be effective.


We present an optimization algorithm we developed for a software provider of planning tools for distribution logistics companies. The algorithm computes a daily plan for a heterogeneous fleet of vehicles, that can depart from different depots and must visit a set of customers for delivery operations. Besides multiple capacities and time windows associated with depots and customers, the problem also considers incompatibility constraints between goods, depots, vehicles and customers, maximum route length and durations, upper limits on the number of consecutive driving hours and compulsory drivers' rest periods, the possibility to skip some customers and to use express courier services instead of the given fleet to fulfill some orders, the option of splitting up the orders, the possible existence of pick-up operations to be performed by empty vehicles traveling back to their depots and the possibility of ``open" routes that do not terminate at depots. Moreover, the cost of each vehicle route is computed through a system of fares, depending on the locations visited by the vehicle, the distance traveled, the vehicle load and the number of stops along the route. We developed a column generation algorithm, where the pricing problem is a particular resource constrained elementary shortest path problem, solved through a bounded bi-directional dynamic programming algorithm. We describe how to encode the cost function and the complicating constraints by an appropriate use of resources and we present computational results on real instances obtained from the software company.


This article provides a review of the Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act of 2003 (FACTA) as it relates to the growing problem of identity theft. The article also examines other identity theft-related proposed legislation from the 108th Congress and analyzes the effectiveness of the proposed measures. The authors conclude that FACTA represents an important step toward reducing the incidence of identity theft as well as ameliorating the damage that it causes. However, unless and until Congress addresses the extensive use and distribution of Social Security numbers and the safeguarding of data, identity theft is likely to continue to wreak financial and social havoc. ********** In recent years, the number of identity theft victims has skyrocketed as has the economic and social cost of this now-prevalent crime, and although it is difficult to quantify its precise impact, there is little doubt that identity theft is growing in frequency and severity, exacting an enormous social and financial toll (FTC 2003a, 2003b, 2003c; GAO 2002; Lormel 2002). Given the gargantuan costs of identity theft, lawmakers have not just fiddled while Rome burned. The Identity Theft and Assumption Deterrence Act (P.L. 105--318) was passed in 1998, making identity theft a federal crime, and the U.S. Patriot Act (P.L. 107--56), passed in the wake of the September 11th terrorist attacks, makes it more difficult for impersonators to open bank accounts. From the January 2003 start of the 108th Congress until this writing as of June 4, 2004, 24 bills were introduced that deal specifically with identity theft. Eventually emerging from the deluge of legislative efforts, Congress passed the Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act of 2003 (FACTA) (P.L. 108--159), a statute that makes permanent many uniform national standards for credit reporting as well as addressing identity theft problems at the federal level. This article provides a measure-by-measure analysis of the portions of the Act that address identity theft, as well as the many other legislative solutions that have been proposed to combat this particularly insidious consumer problem. We evaluate the extent to which each part of FACTA is likely to be effective in combating identity theft, and make similar evaluations about the bills that have yet to pass congressional muster. Of course, the article does not discuss every detail of the Act or of every bill. Instead, the major provisions and their likely effects are analyzed. Such an assembly of information enables a quick comparison between the route that U.S. legislators have chosen and the road not taken, with the alternatives not selected perhaps having as much effect on consumers as the statute that was actually passed. THE FAIR AND ACCURATE CREDIT TRANSACTIONS ACT OF 2003 (P.L. 108--159) Signed by President Bush on December 4, 2003, FACTA attacks identity theft on many fronts, including compulsory credit card number truncation on receipts, mandates to card issuers to investigate change of address and new card requests, fraud alert requirements by credit reporting agencies, mandatory blocking of identity theft-related information on credit reports, and free annual credit reports. The statute also requires credit reporting agencies to divulge consumer credit scores, provides for the improvement of the resolution process once identity theft has occurred, and includes several measures limiting the sharing of medical information in the financial system. The statute substantially improves the balance of power between identity thieves and consumers and addresses many of the most pressing concerns. Below we detail each of FACTA's major identity theft provisions. Credit Reporting Agencies Required to Add a Fraud Alert on Request FACTA requires credit reporting agencies to include a fraud alert in their files upon request by a consumer. A fraud alert is simply a statement that some information in the report may be based on identity theft. …


This collection of essays explores the significant agreements and tensions between contemporary feminist and postmodern theories and practices. Having brought enormous changes to conceptions of the body, identity, and the media, postmodernity compels the rethinking of many feminist categories, including female experience, the self, and the notion that "the personal is political." Feminist analysis has been equally important, though not always equally acknowledged, as a force within postmodernism. Feminist writings on subjectivity, master narratives, and the socioeconomic underpinnings of the master narrative of theory itself have been particularly influential. This volume traces the crossings and mutual interrogations of these two traditions into the arenas of cultural production, legal discourse, and philosophical thought. Multidisciplinary and international in their collective focus, the essays range from a study of Madonna as an Italian American woman who is revising the cultural meanings of an ethnic feminism to a unique interview with Mairead Keane, the national head of the Women's Department of the Irish political party Sinn Fein. Turning the prism of postmodern feminism onto such diverse cultural objects as literary and literary critical texts, contemporary film, and music, these essays intervene in debates regarding technology, sexuality, and politics. Challenging modern feminisms to articulate their inescapable relation to postmodern society, this expanded edition of a special issue of boundary 2 also explores ways in which feminism can work as the cutting edge of a global postmodernism. Contributors. Salwa Bakr, Claire Detels, Margaret Ferguson, Carla Freccero, Marjorie Garber, Barbara Harlow, Laura E. Lyons, Anne McClintock, Toril Moi, Linda Nicholson, Mary Poovey, Andrew Ross, David Simpson, Kathyrn Bond Stockton, Jennifer Wicke


Abstract. Advancing our understanding of Earth system dynamics (ESD) depends on the
development of models and other analytical tools that apply physical,
biological, and chemical data. This ambition to increase understanding and
develop models of ESD based on site observations was the stimulus for
creating the networks of Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER), Critical Zone
Observatories (CZOs), and others. We organized a survey, the results of which
identified pressing gaps in data availability from these networks, in
particular for the future development and evaluation of models that represent
ESD processes, and provide insights for improvement in both data collection
and model integration. From this survey overview of data applications in the context of LTER and
CZO research, we identified three challenges: (1) widen application of
terrestrial observation network data in Earth system modelling,
(2) develop integrated Earth system models that incorporate process
representation and data of multiple disciplines, and (3) identify
complementarity in measured variables and spatial extent, and promoting
synergies in the existing observational networks. These challenges lead to
perspectives and recommendations for an improved dialogue between the
observation networks and the ESD modelling community, including co-location
of sites in the existing networks and further formalizing these
recommendations among these communities. Developing these synergies will
enable cross-site and cross-network comparison and synthesis studies, which
will help produce insights around organizing principles, classifications,
and general rules of coupling processes with environmental conditions.


The grade standards have been developed for ascertaining the quality of cashew nuts and quality-price relationship has been studied in the North District of Goa, based on the data collected through personal interview for the year 1999-2000. Laboratory analysis, indexing, stepwise multiple regression analysis and tabular presentation have been employed for data analysis. Laboratory analysis consisted of generating data on qualitative variables, namely (i) number of nuts per kg, (ii) extraneous matter, (iii) void nuts, (iv) broken and damaged nuts, (v) oozing of liquid from cashew nut shell, (vi) cutting test, (vii) floating test, (viii) length, (ix) width, (x) thickness, (xi) moisture percentage, and (xii) recovery of kernels. By assigning appropriate weightages to these qualitative variables, scores have been worked out by adding the 12 quality parameters multiplied by the respective weightage. The total score so obtained has constituted the basis for grades. Five grade standards have been developed for cashew nut, based on composite index. It has been found that the number of nuts per kg, moisture percentage and cutting test reduce the prices and these factors could explain 98 per cent variations in price. All variables have been found to have the expected signs and only three variables, namely number of nuts per kg, floating test, and length have been observed significant in price determination. These results could be used as a guide by the farmers for fetching better price in the market, and by buyers for getting product of ascertained quality.


Mobile devices, such as smart phones and tablets, are increasingly being equipped with Near-Field
Communication (NFC) technology. Part of NXP's NFC solution for mobile devices is the incorporation of a so-called embedded Secure Element (SE), which is essentially a smart card chip running a Java Card virtual machine. Ideally, third party developers should be able to install their applets on it, but this is usually not allowed for security reasons. For the security of the information stored in the SE it is important to check and verify any Java bytecode that is uploaded to the SE for potentially exploitable or malicious code. With this internship, I investigated the current state of the art of Java Cards and studied how to design a software tool to analyze bytecode for the presence of potentially exploitable or malicious code, with the main purpose of making the SE management more flexible, but still secure.


Background The Philippines is an archipelagic country consisting of 7,107 islands with 36,289 kilometers of discontinous coastline. 14 out of 15 administrative regions (or 93%) are coastal regions, 62 out of 80 provinces (or 78%) are coastal provinces, while 832 out of 1,496 municipalities (or 56%) are coastal municipalities. It was estimated that the total coastal population will reach 73.3 million by 2011. Approach Initial awareness efforts through dialogue and lectures targeted staff of the regional offices of the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR), who has the mandate for the protection of whale sharks in the country through the Fisheries Administrative Order 193 (series of 1998). However, in 2010, through Administrative Order 282, several agencies were included in intensifying the protection of whale sharks, including the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), local government units (LGUs) and the academe, which become additional agents of the awareness campaign. Posters were distributed in areas visited to make the information more visible in the government offices and coastal areas. A website called Butanding Network (www.butandingnetwork.net) was created, and later converted to a page in the social media, to target people that are active in cyberspace. For the kids, awareness were done through storytelling sessions in schools and some public establishments. Collaborations were established with other non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and television shows to act as a resource speaker for whale shark information. Results 13 of the 14 coastal administrative regions were visited, of which either or both the BFAR and DENR regional offices were informed and encouraged to disseminate whale shark knowledge to their coastal jurisdictions. 15 State Universities and colleges (SUCs) around the country with biology, marine biology, environmental science and/or fisheries courses were encouraged to delve into whale shark research in their coastal waters. Children, ages ranging 6–12, were able to attend story telling sessions on 10 different occasions in 6 different locations. Whale shark related issues were relayed to the public through social media, television shows and documentaries. Conclusions The archipelagic nature of the Philippines makes it difficult to spread awareness in the country. The government agencies mandated to protect and conserve the whale sharks don't have a structured program for spreading awareness, and do not see conservation as a priority. Whale sharks and other large marine animals were not included or only discussed briefly in biology/marine biology/fisheries courses topics. Social media, television shows and documentaries are great ways to reach a larger audience, however, there is a need to standardize the contents and how it is presented to prevent misinformation of the public.


Orientation: The work of industrial/organisational (I/O) psychologists presents an interesting and relevant context for studying meaning and engagement as components of happiness. Research purpose: The aim of this study was to determine how I/O psychologists experience the meaning of their work and to investigate the relationships between their experiences of work-role fit, meaning of work, psychological meaningfulness and work engagement, utilising the happiness framework proposed by Seligman (2002). Motivation for the study: I/O psychologists spend more than 88% of their working day with people, and they are primary role models for happiness in the workplace. Information about their work engagement and experiences of meaning is therefore needed. Research design, approach and method: A survey design was used. A convenience sample (n = 106) was taken of I/O psychologists in South Africa. A biographical questionnaire, the Work-Role Fit Scale, the Work-Life Questionnaire, the Psychological Meaningfulness Scale, the Work Engagement Scale and a survey measuring the actual and desired time spent on six broad categories of work were administered. Main findings: Work-role fit predicted psychological meaningfulness and work engagement. The calling orientation to work predicted both psychological meaningfulness and work engagement. Work-role fit mediated the relationship between the meaning of work and psychological meaningfulness. Work-role fit partially mediated the relationship between a calling orientation to work and work engagement. Practical implications: A calling orientation to work should be fostered in I/O psychologists because it contributes to experiences of work-role fit, psychological meaningfulness and work engagement. Contribution/value-add: The results of this study contribute to scientific knowledge about work-role fit, engagement and meaning as components of happiness of I/O psychologists.


Architecture of Independence: African Modernism Vitra Design Museum Gallery, Weil am Rhein 20 February–31 May 2015 Graham Foundation, Chicago 29 January–16 April 2016 Maison de l'Architecture, Geneva 20 May–30 June 2016

Architecture of Independence: African Modernism was curated by Manuel Herz, with photography by Iwan Baan and Alexia Webster. The exhibition's title situated the buildings displayed in the West African postcolonial period, spanning the decades from the end of World War II to the late 1970s and early 1980s, when all West African states attained self-rule or independence from colonial rule. This era was dominated by an architectural shift from the typical colonial "public works department" style to the International Style. This architectural movement was espoused in Africa mainly by groups of young expatriates, including a few indigenous architects whose Western training had been influenced by the design theories of Bauhaus pedagogues such as Walter Gropius, the manifestos of CIAM, and the architecture of Le Corbusier. In the tropical climate zone, which comprises much of Africa and Southeast Asia, this new version of the International Style was adapted to respond to the climatic concerns of these warmer regions; it became known as tropical modernism, a theme echoed in this exhibition's title.

The exhibition was unusual in that it followed from the curator's similarly titled 2015 book.1 This edited volume gives a more comprehensive account of Herz's examination of African modernism, comprising a set of essays that support the book's pictorial content. The exhibition therefore provided a curated set of photographs and supporting exhibits from the more extensive material to be found in the book.

The main exhibition, as mounted by the Graham Foundation, consisted of a series of curated pictures arranged by country across different rooms and floors of the foundation's building. Most of the photographs …


Background In the US racial minorities are at a greater risk of receiving a lower quality of medical care. While hundreds of documented studies have identified racial treatment disparities in many areas of medicine, the field of Emergency Medical Services (EMS) remains relatively unexamined. Objectives This study explores racial treatment disparities in EMS pain management practices for adult patients who engage with pre-hospital emergency medical services for traumatic or painful emergencies. Methods This study is a quantitative analysis of 104 210 medical charts from 63 EMS agencies in Oregon from 2015 through 2017. Primary measures include the receipt of pain medication (outcome), patient race (predictor), and numerous control variables including EMS provider impression, pain severity, and socioeconomic status (SES) covariates. Results African American patients were 40% less likely (adjusted OR 0.60, 95% CI 0.53 to 0.68), and Asian patients were 36% less likely (adjusted OR 0.64, 95% CI 0.50 to 0.83), to receive any pain medication compared to White patients while controlling for common clinical and SES confounders. Secondary analysis indicated African Americans with private insurance experienced an even larger disparity (adjusted OR 0.45, 95% CI 0.31 to 0.64) compared to White patients with private insurance. Conclusions African American patients and Asian patients in Oregon receiving pre-hospital emergency medical assistance for painful injuries or conditions are significantly less likely to receive the same treatment as White patients. While this finding is consistent with many studies in the Emergency Department, these results demonstrate that racial disparities exist in EMS treatment.


Planar artificial membranes based on amphiphilic block copolymers are of high interest due to their potential applications in catalysis, drug screening, sensing, etc. Such polymeric membranes can successfully mimic biological membranes, providing high robustness and stability, which makes them good candidates to be developed in direction of applications. Even though solid-supported polymer membranes have been already investigated to a certain extent, it is still an emerging area. This thesis presents a new generation of biomimetic solid-supported membranes and hybrid polymer-lipid materials, based on amphiphilic block copolymers: poly(dimethylsiloxane)-block-poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline) (PDMS-b-PMOXA) and poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(γ-methyl-e-caprolactone)-block-poly[(2-dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate] (PEG-b-PMCL-b-PDMAEMA). The scope was preparation of stable solid-supported membranes and development of different strategies for insertion/attachment of biomolecules into such membranes. Block copolymers were firstly investigated in respect of behavior at the air-water interface. Deposition of the films on different solid supports (silica wafers, glass and gold slides) was achieved by performing transfers of Langmuir monolayers, which provide formation of defect-free films with good reproducibility. Further, deposited films were functionalized by introduction of membrane proteins and enzymes. To get the insights into morphology and thickness, the obtained systems were analyzed by surface-sensitive techniques, such as atomic force microscopy, ellipsometry, and contact angle measurements. Activity of inserted biomolecules was evaluated by electrical conductance measurements and activity assays. This thesis provides valuable impact in the preparation of membranes in a controllable and reproducible way. Furthermore, it presents different strategies for introduction of biomolecules into such systems, in order to obtain tailored functionality and properties. This work impact fundamental understanding and development of functional membranes. Such artificial membranes and hybrid materials can be further adapted for potential applications.


It is widely recognized today that the management of imprecision and vagueness will yield more intelligent and realistic knowledge-based applications. Description Logics (DLs) are a family of knowledge representation languages that have gained considerable attention the last decade, mainly due to their decidability and the existence of empirically high performance of reasoning algorithms. In this paper, we extend the well known fuzzy ALC DL to the fuzzy SHIN DL, which extends the fuzzy ALC DL with transitive role axioms (S), inverse roles (I), role hierarchies (H) and number restrictions (N). We illustrate why transitive role axioms are difficult to handle in the presence of fuzzy interpretations and how to handle them properly. Then we extend these results by adding role hierarchies and finally number restrictions. The main contributions of the paper are the decidability proof of the fuzzy DL languages fuzzy-SI and fuzzy-SHIN, as well as decision procedures for the knowledge base satisfiability problem of the fuzzy-SI and fuzzy-SHIN.


Starvation resistance in the larvae of a grapsid crab, Armases miersii, that breeds in supratidal rock pools in Jamaica was examined by point-of-no-return (PNR) and point-of-reserve- saturation (PRS) experiments. A. miersii shows an abbreviation of larval development (only 3 zoeal stages) and a high degree of lecithotrophy in the zoea I and II stages. In complete absence of food, larval development is possible from hatching to the zoea III stage. The potential for endotrophic development decreases during ontogeny: the zoea I is, in principle, entirely independent of food, without significant effects of starvation on survival; the zoea II shows significantly higher mortality under continued lack of food (since hatching) and delayed development after initial temporary starvation; the zoea III can also develop independently of food, but only if the preceding stages were fed continuously. Hence, no PNR or PRS can be given for individual zoeal stages of this species. Late effects of early feeding or starvation indicate that lecithotrophy in A. miersii is only facultative, i.e. food is not essential in the beginning of larval life, but it will be taken up when available. Conspicuous intraspecific variability in the degree of lecithotrophy was observed in larvae originating from 2 different females. In a hatch with particularly high endotrophic potential (but not in nutritionally more vulnerable larvae), development was significantly faster under starvation. This effect is interpreted as a change in energy partitioning: lack of food may induce a signal for switching from growth (accumulation of exogenous energy) to rapid mobilization of internal reserves (accelerated development, termination of the nutritionally vulnerable planktonic larval phase). Feeding after initial starvation may cause inverse effects, i.e. slower development, replacement of utilized reserves, and accumulation of additional energy for later stages. This switching should occur only in facultatively lecithotrophic larvae that have sufficient internal energy reserves to allow for this opportunistic bioenergetic strategy. Compared with most planktotrophic marine decapod larvae, the zoeal stages of A. miersii show higher starvation resistance and endotrophic potential. These ontogenetic traits are considered adaptations to breeding and larval development in a short-lived, nutritionally unpredictable habitat.


The Japanese Ministry of the Environment promulgated the new air quality standard of PM2.5 in September, 2009, which is equal to the value of the air quality standards of the US EPA (yearly average 15μg m and 24h average 35μg m). With the concentration of primary particles such as elemental carbon decreasing during the last decade, the contribution of secondary particles became a big concern. Observation using an aircraft is advantageous in that observation over the city sky does not receive local exhaust influence, is able to cover a wide range at a time, and is useful in understanding spatial character of the secondary particles. With the aircraft, a spatial variation of the particle size distribution (0.5– 10μm) of the coast line area and the inland area was measured nine times in three days from July 30, 2008 over the South Kanto region including the Tokyo metropolitan area. From the level flight observation at 600m altitude, the increased tendency of particle number concentration and the decreased tendency of mean particle diameter were observed as we flew to the north inland area. The number concentration and the relationship with the mean particle diameter showed the well-organized distribution. A volumetric change of more than 3 times was seen in the distribution of particles sampled in the inland area, whereas, a clear volumetric change was not seen in the distribution of particles sampled on the coast line. As for the number concentration of the particle, the mean particle diameter, and the particle volume, the value changed at the rate of 0.74cm km, -0.48nm km, 0.057μm cm km each as a function of distance from the coast line. The increment tendency of the volume growth rates was seen in proportion to the NO2 concentration in particular.


Many applications of silver nanoparticles are moderated by the electron charge transfer properties, such as the ionization potential, electron affinity and Fermi energy, which may be tuned by controlling the size and shape of individual particles. However, since producing samples of silver nanoparticles that are perfectly monodispersed in terms of both size and shape can be prohibitive, it is important to understand how these properties are impacted by polydispersivity, and ideally be able to predict the tolerance for variation of different geometric features. In this study, we use straightforward statistical methods, together with electronic structure simulations, to predict the electron charge transfer properties of different types of ensembles of silver nanoparticles and how restricting the structural diversity in different ways can improve or retard performance. In agreement with previous reports, we confirm that restricting the shape distribution will tune the charge transfer properties toward specific reactions, but by including the quality factors for each case we go beyond this assessment and show how targeting specific classes of morphologies and restricting the distribution of size can impact sensitivity.


Theorists of Common Pool Resources (CPR) management suggest that distribution and devolution of power can localize consequential decisions over natural resources. The Government of Indonesia has encouraged the collective management of natural resources through self-governed local communes. It has also argued for consensual decision making over the use, allocation and distribution of natural resources at the village, district and regency level. Devolution has not, however, given most people access to strategic and structural power to decide on natural resource governance. Two cases in South Sulawesi are discussed. In the case of the hunting of Sinjai's bats, devolution for collective governance was marked by contention, unfettered competition, and resource overutilization. Management of Sinjai's coastal mangroves, however, suggests that social institutions can stimulate social sensibility, encourage attachment to the natural landscape, and instigate collective responsibilities. Community members acted in a way that benefited the overall good, avowing individual rights. Barriers and enablers to sustainable natural resource governance emerged from the local context in each case, including assertion of private ownership of mangrove plots; they did not emerge as a consequence of distribution and devolution of power alone, as CPR theory suggests. Keywords: Devolution, collective action, reciprocity, ecological sensibility, mangroves, South Sulawesi


Paul Valery (1871-1945) was a poet and essayist, and along with Verlaine and Mallarme is regarded as one of the most important Symbolist writers, and an influence on poets from Eliot to Ashbery. He had a quiet life by many standards, but in one respect it was exemplary, even legendary; he made an early reputation in little magazines, decided to stop writing verse when still only 20, kept his silence for 20 years, then began again; and his first book of verse, published when he was 45, was his masterpiece La Jeune Parque.'A poem should not mean, but be,' said Archibald MacLeish. La Jeune Parque ('the goddess of Fate as a young woman') certainly exists: she's beautiful and makes great gestures. And as for what she means, there's a substantial amount of argument about that, so La Jeune Parque is a poem by either definition. It's a classic, by general agreement, written to the full 17th-century recipe for alexandrine couplets, and it's modern, with every word pulling its weight in more than one direction.Alistair Elliot's translation with notes is aimed at making this rewarding but difficult long poem accessible enough for bafflement to turn into admiration. He attempts to clarify its small puzzles and also trace the overall narrative line of Paul Valery's poem: it does have a story (what should a young woman do?) and does struggle towards a resolution. He also provides an introduction which deals with the interesting circumstances of the poem's four-year composition (1913-17), which resulted in Valery's instantly becoming a famous poet at the age of 45, after having written no poetry for 20 years.