Implementing conservation measures for data-limited species is a fundamental challenge for wildlife managers and policy-makers, and proves difficult for cryptic marine animals occurring in naturally low numbers across remote seascapes. There is currently scant information on the abundance and habitat preferences of Australian snubfin dolphins (Orcaella heinsohni) throughout much of their geographical range, and especially within the Kimberley region of northern Western Australia. Such knowledge gaps curtail rigorous threat assessments on both local and regional scales. To address this and assist future conservation listings, we built the first comprehensive catalog of snubfin dolphin sightings for the Kimberley. We used these data to estimate the species' extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) along the region's 7,000 km coastline, following a simple Bootstrap bivariate kernel approach to combine datasets of varying quality and quantify uncertainty. Our catalog consists of 1,597 visual detections of snubfin dolphins made over a period of 17 years (2004–2020) and collated from multiple sources, including online biodiversity repositories, peer-reviewed scientific articles, citizen science programs, as well as dedicated marine wildlife surveys with local Indigenous communities and Ranger groups. Snubfin dolphins were consistently encountered in shallow waters (<21 m depth) close to (<15 km) freshwater inputs, with high detection rates in known hotspots (e.g., Roebuck Bay, Cygnet Bay) as well as in coastal habitats suspected to be suitable (e.g., Prince Regent River and surrounds, King Sound, Doubtful Bay, Napier Broome Bay and the upper Cambridge Gulf). Bootstrap estimates of EOO and AOO were 38,300 (95% CI: 25,451–42,437) km2 and 700 (656–736) km2 respectively, suggesting that snubfin dolphins in the Kimberley are likely Vulnerable under IUCN criteria B2 at a regional scale, in keeping with their global classification. Our study offers insights into the distribution of a vulnerable coastal cetacean species and demonstrates the value of integrating multiple data sources for informing conservation assessments in the face of uncertainty.


Lagoons represent nearly 13% of the shoreline globally and around 5% in Europe. Coastal lagoons are shallow water bodies separated from the ocean by a barrier (e.g., narrow spit), connected at least intermittently to the ocean by one or more restricted inlets, and usually geographically oriented parallel to the shore-line. Coastal lagoons are flexible and usually able to cope with environmental change, yet nowadays they are under threat. This is partly due to climate change impacts (for example, sea-level rise and hydro-meteorological extreme events) but also due to more direct human activities and pressures.

The book focuses on addressing these challenges through integrated management strategies seen in a land-sea and science-stakeholder-policy perspective. Pan-European management challenges are seen from the context of the perspectives of Policy, Environment and Modelling. Four case study lagoons in different geographical locations in Europe provide examples of some of the practical experiences and results around these challenges. Possible impacts on drainage basins and lagoons are introduced through integrated scenarios which were developed through a multi-science and land-lagoon science perspective combined with interactions and contributions from stakeholders and citizens.

Issues around climate change impacts on environmental conditions in both drainage basins and lagoons are also included.

The book derives from a collaborative EC-funded project entitled Integrated Water Resources and Coastal Zone Management in European Lagoons in the Context of Climate Change comprising nine partner institutes with a wide diversity in the scientific disciplines covered.

This title belongs to Water Research Series

ISBN: 9781780406299 (eBook)

ISBN: 9781780406282 (Print)

DOI: 10.2166/9781780406299

This eBook was made Open Access in May 2016


INTRODUCTION Authority control is an important part of the cataloging process, for it brings consistency to the access points in library catalogs, which in turn enhances the discovery and retrieval of resources. It ensures that these access points are unique and consistent in content and form, and it provides a network of linkages for variant and related headings in the catalog. Reference to an authority file maintains consistency in controlled access points, while cross-references and the adjacent display of identical access points have been the primary methods used to accomplish the necessary linkages in the catalog. In Web-based catalogs, however, hypertext links are beginning to provide more direct catalog linkages, relieving the user of the need to retype a search query and perhaps introduce new errors in the process. Discussions of authority control for music focus primarily on different aspects of bibliographic relationships, for it is the extensive existence of these relationships among music materials that creates the need for authority control. The literature of music librarianship on this topic is not extensive, but one study examined the types and extent of relationships in depth and discovered that relatedness is a pervasive characteristic of music materials. [1] Another study examined bibliographic families, i.e., that "set of works related to one another because they have common ideational and semantic content," revealing that the many instantiations of a musical work can make for a complex network of relationships. [2] One particularly important authority control device for music is the uniform title. Barbara Tillett was among the first to discuss formally the uniform title in the context of bibliographic relationships, noting that it was used as a common device for linking related manifestations of a work and related works. [3] In an early empirical study, Richard Smiraglia examined a sample of musical works to determine the extent of need for uniform titles. [4] His research showed that virtually the entire sample yielded multiple manifestations and that the majority of these had titles proper differing from that of the first edition of the work. From these results Smiraglia concluded that uniform titles are a necessary part of the description of musical works and are needed to serve as authority control collocating devices. In another extensive article, this author traced the history and development of the uniform title, discussing the evolution from its early use for anonymous classics, sacred scriptures and specified publication forms, to its broader use today for any type of material in any format as the need warrants. [5] It is revealing that a large portion of the Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules for uniform titles is devoted to the application of uniform titles to musical works. [6] Research has demonstrated that authority control is particularly essential for bibliographic records for music resources. [7] Many factors contribute to the extensive relatedness of music materials, including the high occurrence of works with generic form titles (e.g., Quartet or Symphony); the high occurrence of multiple editions and multiple recordings of the same work; the wide variety of presentation formats for the same work (e.g., full score, vocal score, etc.); and the high occurrence of arrangements, selections, and other bibliographic relationships for music materials. The international music publishing marketplace also contributes to the need for authority control. It is not uncommon for composer and performer names to appear in many different forms, languages, and scripts, or for works to be published under varying titles. Thus, authority control in terms of authorized forms of names and uniform titles has long been a standard part of life for the music cataloger. With the expanding environment of information organization, however, we need to take a new look at authority control. …


Throughout his extraordinary career in architecture and interior design, Austrian Josef Frank (1885-1967) charted an original and complex version of modernism that expressed a unique view of the modern home, the single-family house, and its furnishings. This book - the first in English to analyze and interpret Frank's many achievements - brings his contributions out of obscurity and reveals the full scope of his alternative interpretation of the modern movement. In addition to ten essays on Frank's life and work, this book includes illustrations of 135 of Frank's architectural, furniture, and fabric designs, shown primarily in color. They trace his development as an architect and designer, from his early days in Vienna through his years in exile in Stockholm and New York. A selected list of his buildings, projects, and interior designs is found in the appendix. The book accompanies an exhibition of the same title mounted in May 1996 at The Bard Graduate Center in New York City.


The bioreduction of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solution was carried out using suspended growth and packed-bed reactors under a draw-fill operating mode, and horizontal subsurface constructed wetlands. Reactors were inoculated with industrial sludge from the Hellenic Aerospace Industry using sugar as substrate. In the suspended growth reactors, the maximum Cr(VI) reduction rate (about 2 mg/L h) was achieved for an initial concentration of 12.85 mg/L, while in the attached growth reactors, a similar reduction rate was achieved even with high initial concentrations (109 mg/L), thus confirming the advantage of these systems. Two horizontal subsurface constructed wetlands (CWs) pilot-scale units were also built and operated. The units contained fine gravel. One unit was planted with common reeds and one was kept unplanted. The mean influent concentrations of Cr(VI) were 5.61 and 5.47 mg/L for the planted and unplanted units, respectively. The performance of the planted CW units was very effective as mean Cr(VI) removal efficiency was 85% and efficiency maximum reached 100%. On the contrary, the unplanted CW achieved very low Cr(VI) removal with a mean value of 26%. Both attached growth reactors and CWs proved efficient and viable means for Cr(VI) reduction.


Type-II lissencephaly (LIS-II) is a rare developmental disorder characterized by the excessive migration of neurons and glia, which breach the glia limitans and accumulate within the subarachnoid space. The cortical structure is completely disrupted, the meninges are thickened, and the surface of the brain presents with a 'cobblestone-like' appearance. LIS-II is found in Walker–Warburg syndrome (WWS), muscle–eye–brain disease (MEB) and Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy (FCMD), autosomal recessive disorders all of which share features of congenital muscular dystrophy and ocular malformation. Genetic studies have found that abnormal protein glycosylation accounts at least partially, towards disturbances in neuronal migration in LIS-II. Aberrant interactions between neurons, mesenchyme and vasculature are also considered central to the pathogenesis of LIS-II. However, the contribution of glial cell populations towards pathology in LIS-II has not been characterized. Sections of the forebrain from 6 cases (19–31 gestational weeks) all with neuropathological features pathognomonic of LIS-II and WWS were immunoreacted with antisera to detect CD68, MHC-II (for microglia), and GFAP (for astrocytes), and histochemically with RCA-1 and tomato lectins (for microglia and blood vessels). Developing microglia and astrocytes were differentially affected in LIS-II. There was a clear distinction between early microglial maturation (induction of ramified morphology and 'downregulated' phenotype in these cells), and degenerative 'gemistocytic' changes affecting astrocytes within lower aspects of the cerebral wall. Ramified microglia were aligned with fibre tracts within the intermediate zone and continuing beyond the breach, but absent in neuro-vascular-mesenchymal masses found in upper regions. The lack of microglial activation or evidence of transitory 'ameboid' microglia within the telencephalon was quite remarkable, considering the gross abnormalities evident in the upper aspect of the cerebral mantle, and the 'degenerative changes' affecting differentiating astrocytes. It is clear that both microglial and astrocyte responses warrant further extensive investigation in relation to the neuronal disturbances found in lissencephaly.


Drawing upon preceding empirical studies on the potential endogeneity of both debt and dividends in developed markets, this study investigates two-way causal relationships that can exist between payout decisions and debt policies in Malaysian listed companies. The analysis is performed by applying a simultaneous equations model (SEM) on a sample of 267 listed firms on the Main board of Bursa Malaysia during 2006–2014. The main findings indicate that when dividend is treated as endogenous, there is a positive impact on leverage. However, leverage is found to have a simultaneous negative impact on dividends. The findings also show that liquidity and performance positively affect dividends, although they have a negative effect on leverage. Additionally, this study documents an inverse relation between tangibility and debt, a direct relation between reputation and debt, and also confirms that larger firms tend to pay out a higher percentage of dividends per share.


ABSTRACT While in Western literature, migration is generally considered an individual or (nuclear) household phenomenon, Indian context adds the strong presence of parents and extended family to the constellation. This paper addresses how significant others shape the life course events and the migration trajectories of highly skilled Indian migrants to the Netherlands and UK. We employ a qualitative approach to the life course framework to highlight the linked lives that can alter the migration decisions. Our findings are drawn from 47 semi-structured biographic interviews. The results underscore how further migration decisions are often informed by the implications of the different life stages of the linked lives, the key elements being care-giving by and for the parents. Furthermore, we also illustrate how migration provides space for negotiating social norms and expectations: due to the geographical distance between migrants and their parents, the local (non-Indian) context plays a bigger role and thus the need for and timing of conformity with norms can be postponed. The understanding of family life in transnational settings will be enriched when individuals are embedded within the cultural background and linked lives are extended beyond the immediate nuclear family.


The Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) is a natural ocean-atmosphere coupled mode that plays important roles in seasonal and interannual climate variations. The coupled mode locked to boreal summer and fall is distinguished as a dipole in the SST anomalies that are coupled to zonal winds. The equatorial winds reverse their direction from westerlies to easterlies during the peak phase of the positive IOD events when SST is cool in the east and warm in the west. In response to changes in the wind, the thermocline rises in the east and subsides in the west. Subsurface equatorial long Rossby waves play a major role in strengthening SST anomalies in the central and western parts. The SINTEX-F1 coupled model results support the observational finding that these equatorial Rossby waves are coupled to the surface wind forcing associated with IOD rather than ENSO. The ENSO influence is only distinct in off-equatorial latitudes south of 10°S. Although IOD events dominate the ocean-atmosphere variability during its evolution, their less frequent occurrence compared to ENSO events leads the mode to the second seat in the interannual variability. Therefore, it is necessary to remove the most dominant uniform mode to capture the IOD statistically. The seasonally stratified correlation between the indices of IOD and ENSO peaks at 0.53 in September-November. This means that only one third of IOD events are associated with ENSO events. Since a large number of IOD events are not associated with ENSO events, the independent nature of IOD is examined using partial correlation and pure composite techniques. Through changes in atmospheric circulation and water vapor transport, a positive IOD event causes drought in Indonesia, above normal rainfall in Africa, India, Bangladesh and Vietnam, and dry as well as hot summer in Europe, Japan, Korea and East China. In the Southern Hemisphere, the positive IOD causes dry winter in Australia, and dry as well as warm conditions in Brazil. The identification of IOD events has raised a new possibility to make a real advance in the predictability of seasonal and interannual climate variations that originate in the tropics.


We present the design for a remote qos control interface to the transport protocol based on existing work for similar applications. This puts together the read/write calls from the traditional le system API and an additional primitive. The addition amounts to programming an operating system data-streaming service which may be provided as a system call or otherwise using the standard techniques. Put together these allow much more than the traditional call based control interface. The resulting interface simpli es the mechanisms for distributed control. Parts of this interface have also been implemented in our ongoing experiments with le transfer.


This paper presents the development of a new method to measure the main phenolic compounds found in Cabernet Sauvignon red wines. A portable Raman spectrometer was used for this purpose, providing scattering spectra to analyze quantitatively the samples and determining the concentration of the compounds of interest. The Raman spectra were obtained from the wine samples corresponding to different seasons, vineyards, and harvests. The subsequent model calibration was based on reference analytical values obtained using standard laboratory techniques. Several preprocessing and correlation methods were applied to the data in order to adjust models for polyphenols, anthocyanins, and tannins and also to reduce the effect of fluorescence. The optimization of the models was carried out using R2 and root-mean-square error of validation (RMSEV) indices. The correlations of R2 = 0.895 and RMSEV = 5.55 mg/L were obtained, showing the potential of this technique for field measurements.


When an unanchored tank is subjected to strong motion, the impulsive mass of the contained liquid generates a moment which if strong enough could cause partial uplifting of the base plate. As the tank undergoes uplifting, the shell-base welded connection is subjected to cycles of rotation which could lead to its failure. To address this issue, the Eurocode and the New Zealand's recommendations limit the rotation amplitude that the shell-base connection of a tank may undergo to 0.2 radians. This limit is obtained from the following two assumptions: (1) a plastic hinge with a length equal to twice the thickness of the base plate forms at the base plate, next to the connecting weld, and (2) the maximum strain that can be sustained by the base plate is 5%. While these two assumptions are reasonable and have been the state of practice for many years, no research work is believed to exist backing these two assumptions and therefore the 0.2 radians limit. For this reason, an experimental research was conducted to determine the real rotational capacity of shell-base welded connections found in tanks. A total of 24 shell-base connections were tested considering the bending and membrane stresses that develop at the base plate when uplift occurs. Constant amplitude tests were carried at different amplitudes of rotation in order to create curves of rotation versus number of cycles to failure. The main finding from this investigation is that the current limit of 0.2 radians is very conservative and that a limit of 0.4 radians would be more realistic.


The brain is a very sensitive Bioelectromagnetic organ sat through classical resonance processes can be halted and damage of external electromagnetic fields and radiation. This review will explore the possibility that this could result in violence enhanced rates of homicide. The evidence that electromagnetic fields and radiation electromagnetic are genotoxic means that exposure to any electromagnetic fields and radiation will enhance cell death (Apoptosis). The natural ageing process involves oxygenated free radicals from the breathing process causing enhanced rates DNA damage, cancer and cell death. Exposure to electromagnetic fields and radiation also reduces melatonin which limits a body's ability to scavenge the free radicals and therefore contributes to enhanced Apoptosis and cancer rates. Melatonin is also necessary for a healthy immune system. Reduced melatonin is also associated depression and suicide and therefore is likely to be associated with violence of homicide. Since electromagnetic radiation damages the DNA and reduces melatonin it is scientifically logical that it also enhances many of the natural paging process in people, animals and plants. These conclusions are strongly supported by robust evidence that natural weather related effects are caused by natural electromagnetic fields and radiation with extremely small intensities. Therefore it is logical and proven that humanly generated fields and radiation at intensities from a thousand to many billion times higher, also significantly enhance a wide range of adverse health effects, including cancer, heart disease, sleep disturbance, depression, suicide, anger, rage, violence, homicide, neurological disease and mortality.


The term "microcelebrity" describes a broad range of practices, platforms and social relations that includes but is not limited to the increasing significance of public performance in everyday life, the monetisation of social media and the widening scope of what constitutes celebrity culture. While contemporary research on microcelebrity has introduced important ways of discussing the cultural impact of these new forms of visibility, the methodological focus has generally been on discourse analysis and social media analytics. In response, this paper reports on the early stages of a research project which involves interviewing microcelebrities living in Los Angeles about their profile creation on Instagram and YouTube. We argue there are significant issues at play in relation to gaining access to the interview subjects. The paper outlines the methods used and explores how the issue of access is negotiated by the interview subjects and the researcher. Since one of the authors, Jonathan Mavroudis, himself identifies as a microcelebrity with over 25,000 followers on Instagram he is in a unique position to interview these people. This high level of access to a specific cohort of microcelebrities has not been easy to gain for many academic researchers. Jonathan's microcelebrity status opens up the possibility of conducting autoethnographic research and this is framed as a discussion of relational ethics. Although the primary focus of the paper is on method we also want to discuss early suggestive themes arising from the data including the obligations felt by these microcelebrities to enact a particular mode of identity and how this is experienced as labour. We highlight these initial topics in order to bring context to the discussion of method. Access enables and constrains certain forms of research to occur and in so doing raises questions of trust and friendship. With only 3 interviews conducted to date this is not, of course, representative of all microcelebrities. However it can function as a snapshot of early findings that we hope will inform future research methods and conceptual debates. The paper concludes with some suggestions for future directions of the field more generally.


Abstract. Heterogeneous ice nucleation is a crucial process for forming ice-containing clouds and subsequent ice-induced precipitation. The importance for ice nucleation by airborne desert soil dusts composed predominantly of minerals is widely acknowledged. However, the potential influence of agricultural soil dusts on ice nucleation has been poorly recognized, despite recent estimates that they may account for up to 20–25% of the global atmospheric dust load. We have conducted freezing experiments with various dusts, including agricultural soil dusts derived from the largest dust-source region in North America. Here we show evidence for the significant role of soil organic matter (SOM) in particles acting as ice nuclei (IN) under mixed-phase cloud conditions. We find that the ice-nucleating ability of the agricultural soil dusts is similar to that of desert soil dusts, but is clearly reduced after either H2O2 digestion or dry heating to 300 °C. In addition, based on chemical composition analysis, we demonstrate that organic-rich particles are more important than mineral particles for the ice-nucleating ability of the agricultural soil dusts at temperatures warmer than about −36 °C. Finally, we suggest that such organic-rich particles of agricultural origin (namely, SOM particles) may contribute significantly to the ubiquity of organic-rich IN in the global atmosphere.


ABSTRACT The glass ceiling which frequently stops women from gaining access to and advancing in the accounting profession has long been recognized. The accounting profession, like all organizations, has tended to foster self-replication; that is, individuals in the power structure tend to hire, mentor, and advance those individuals who are perceived to be most like themselves. Research has found that these persons tend to be "masculine" men. The academic arm of the profession, while subject to much less scrutiny and study, appears to have subscribed to the same stereotypical masculine orientation as the key to advancement and tenure. This study examines the relationships among gender, sex-role orientation, academic rank, and job satisfaction among 101 university accounting professors. The Bem Sex-Role Inventory was utilized to measure the masculine and feminine personality characteristics of the respondents and the Job Descriptive Index (JDI) to measure the level of respondent satisfaction. Results indicated that female accounting faculty tend to suppress their feminine characteristics and emphasize their masculines ones while in line for promotion to a higher rank. Furthermore, all accounting faculty, regardless of gender or sex-role orientation were generally satisfied with the nature of work, supervision, and co-workers, but less satisfied with promotion and pay. INTRODUCTION Women, in their attempt to gain admission and advance in the so-called "male-dominated professions," have far too frequently encountered gender inequities and barriers-obstacles frequently referred to as the "glass ceiling." Gender discrimination and inequity can take numerous forms. Maupin (1986) suggests that much of the discrimination against women has focused on sex-role stereotyping; i.e., a preconception of their feminine sex characteristics. Included in these preconceptions are that women are reluctant to accept responsibility or assume positions of leadership and that women are frequently absent from the workplace due to marriage and child rearing responsibilities. In contrast, society tends to stereotype males as competitive, non-giving, and judging success by their external accomplishments. Bay et al. (2001, p. 4) reports that the literature suggests that in academia, some of the feminine role characteristics such as lack of competitiveness, lack of assertiveness, patience, receptivity and modesty are traits that may prevent success. Such stereotyping may result in female professors being assigned to more gender-appropriate tasks such as teaching, advising, and student-centered service leaving the more assertive males to conduct the research, which contributes to the successful pursuit of tenure, and to carry on the leadership types of service. While the academic arm of the accounting profession has been traditionally dominated by male faculty, there has been a marked increase in the number of female entrants into the academic environment. Norgaard (1989) found that there was a significant increase in the number of women accounting faculty members between 1981 and 1988 (14 percent to 22 percent) while only a slight change in the number of male faculty members occurred. In 1994, the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) reported that approximately 26 percent of all accounting faculty members were female. The American Accounting Association (AAA) in its study The Report on Supply and Demand for Accounting Professors (AAA, 1994) noted that women comprised 44 percent of the 144 doctoral candidates who expected to enter accounting academia in 1994. Carolfi, et al. (1996) reported that while women are still under represented in the academic accounting profession, institutions have made significant strides in increasing the number of female accounting faculty on staff with 30 percent of the accounting doctorates awarded between 1988 and 1993 granted to women. Collins (2000) reported that between 1991 and 1997, 39. …


Since the 2008 crisis, the economics literature has shown a renewed interest in Keynes's "beauty contest" (BC) as a fundamental aspect of the functioning of financial markets. We argue that to understand the importance of the BC, psychological and informational factors are of small importance, and a dynamic-structural approach should be followed instead: the BC framework is paramount because it is rooted in the historical trajectory of capitalism and it is not simply a consequence of "irrational" (i.e., biased) agents. In this genuine form, the BC mechanism allows one to understand the main trends of a financialized world. Moreover, the conventional nature of financial markets provides a sound method for assessing different economic policies whose effectiveness depends on how much they can influence the convention itself. This alternative understanding of the BC can be used to start the needed rethinking of economics, urged by the crisis, that is for now reduced to studying the financial and psychological "imperfections" of the market.


There is evidence that the risk of colon cancer is reduced by appropriate levels of physical exercise. However, the effects of single weekly bout of exercise are largely unknown. Our aim was to verify the effects of exercise once a week (1d-wk-1) and daily exercise training (5d-wk-1) in rats treated with the carcinogen 1-2Dimethyl-hydrazine (DMH). Forty-two Wistar rats were used in the experiment. The groups G1 and G2 were sedentary (controls), the groups G1A and G2A were submitted 1d-wk-1 of swimming, and G1B and G2B were submitted 5dwk-1 of swimming training for 8 weeks. The groups G2, G2A and G2B were treated with DMH two weeks after the start of exercise protocols. The rats were sacrificed three days after the swimming protocols and the colon was processed for immunohistochemistry with staining of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). A statistical analysis was performed by Anova test, followed by a post hoc Tukey's (p<0.05). The G2B presented a significant reduction of the PCNA-Li (PCNA-Labeling index) of the epithelium of the intestinal mucosa when compared with the G2 (p<0.001), showing a PCNA-Li similar to the group G1. The group G2A presented a reduction of the PCNA-Li when compared with the group G2 (0.05436 to 0.01760, p<0.001); however it still remained higher than group in the group G1. From our findings, we conclude that a single weekly bout of exercise significantly attenuate the DMH-related increase in epithelial cell proliferation during the rat colon carcinogenesis, but in a less intensive proportion than the daily exercise training.


Collaboration within interdisciplinary team is a challenge even with the presence of frequently communications. Barriers of effective knowledge delivery among team members exist because of knowledge boundary. Despite the use of common terminologies for communication, team members may create different interpretations toward a same cluster of terminologies when they hold different understandings, assumptions and values schemes embedded in their individual disciplines. In addition, interest conflicts among team members may also prohibit the effective collaboration. Such kind of barriers caused by knowledge itself usually result in an ineffective knowledge delivery in interdisciplinary collaboration. This research-in-progress study attempts to understand knowledge boundary problems and knowledge boundary spanning strategies to facilitate an effective collaboration between e-learning content developers and subject matter experts. Anchored on a case study of e-learning development project, this study explores two research questions: (1) what are knowledge boundary problems which can be found in the E-learning development process? (2) How to solve the knowledge boundary problems? Based on Carlile (2004)'s framework, we explore the difficulties that are risen by syntactic, semantic and pragmatic knowledge boundaries when the developers interact with SMEs. The expected findings would describe the scenarios of knowledge boundary problems during the development of E-learning projects, and illustrate solutions to cope with these problems. This study would contribute to academy and practice by revealing knowledge boundary spanning in e-learning development context.


Extant literature has documented well that people seek health information via the internet as patients and consumers. Much less, however, is known about interaction and creation behaviors in the development of new online health information and knowledge. More specifically, generalizable sociodemographic data on who engages in this online health behavior via social media is lacking in the sociological literature. The term "social e-health" is introduced to emphasize the difference between seeking behaviors and interaction and creation behaviors. A 2010 dataset of a large nationally representative and randomly sampled telephone survey made freely available from the Pew Research Center is used to examine social e-health behavior according to respondents' sociodemographics. The dependent variable of social e-health behavior is measured by 13 survey questions from the survey. Gender, race, ethnicity, age, education, and income are used as independent variables. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the odds of engagement in social e-health behavior based on the sociodemographic predictors. The social determinants of health and digital divide frameworks are used to help explain why socioeconomic variances exist in social e-health behavior. The findings of the current study suggest that predictable sociodemographic patterns along the dimensions of gender, race, age, education, and income exist for those who report engaging in social e-health behavior. This study is important because it underscores the fact that engagement in social e-health behavior is differentially distributed in the general U.S. population according to patterned sociodemographics.


The dynamics of classical correlation and quantum correlation of two qubits in an independent and common dissipative cavity are studied. We show that for an independent case, the quantum correlation keeps constant and the correlation relation decays before the critical time point Ωt¯. On the other hand t>Ωt¯, for the classical correlation does not change and the quantum correlation is lost. These situations demonstrate that the phenomenon of sudden transition between classical and quantum decoherence appears during the time evolution. For the common case, the quantum correlation dynamics is quite different. It is displayed that for some initial states, the quantum correlation can increase up to the critical point of time, after which it decreases, which means that the quantum correlation presents a sudden change of behavior in their decay rates. But for other initial states, the quantum correlation can keep increasing up to some-steady state value. Furthermore, we also investigate the nonzero quantum correlation between two qubits induced by the dissipation of the cavity.


Kaneko Fumiko (1903-1926) wrote this memoir while in prison after being convicted of plotting to assassinate the Japanese emperor. Despite an early life of misery, deprivation, and hardship, she grew up to be a strong and independent young woman. When she moved to Tokyo in 1920, she gravitated to left-wing groups and eventually joined with the Korean nihilist Pak Yeol to form a two-person nihilist organization. Two days after the Great Tokyo Earthquake, in a general wave of anti-leftist and anti-Korean hysteria, the authorities arrested the pair and charged them with high treason. Defiant to the end (she hanged herself in prison on July 23, 1926), Kaneko Fumiko wrote this memoir as an indictment of the society that oppressed her, the family that abused and neglected her, and the imperial system that drove her to her death.


Now that a number of central banks are faced with short-term nominal interest rates close to or at the zero lower bound, there is a renewed interest in the long-running debate about whether or not changes in the stock of money have direct effects. In particular, do changes in money have additional effects on aggregate demand outside of those induced by changes in short-term nominal interest rates? This article revisits and reinterprets the empirical evidence based on single equation regressions which is quite mixed, with some results supporting and other results denying the existence of direct effects. We use a structural model with no direct effects of money to show that the finding of positive and statistically significant coefficients on real money growth can be misleading. The model generates data that, when used to estimate analogues of the empirical regressions, produce positive and statistically significant coefficients on real money growth, similar to those often found when using actual data. The problem is that single equation regressions leave out a set of variables, which in turn, give rise to an omitted variables bias in the estimated coefficients on real money growth. Hence, they are an unreliable guide to calibrate monetary policies, in general, including at the zero lower bound.


The data consisted of 369 lactation records for calvings over a sixteen-year period (1972-1987) and included only cows that had normal milk records. The data were analysed using a linear model containing the fixed effects of parity, year of calving and season of calving. The least squares means ± S.E. were 1,273±58.4 kg for milk yield, and for postpartum body weight (kg) at 2, 3 and 4 months after calving were 343.40±3.96, 346.10±4.10 and 352.54±4.26 kg, respectively. With the exception of season of calving, the effects of parity and year of calving were significant (P<0.01) on the performance of the animals. Thus, the mean milk yields 1162, 1351 and 1350, were similar for pre-, peak- and post-rainy seasons, respectively. On the other hand, as parity increased from 1 to 3, milk yield also increased, but thereafter, there was a gradual decline in milk yield. Similarly, postpartum body weight also increased with parity. However, no consistent pattern for year effect was observed, which probably was a reflection of the variation in climatic conditions, or forage quality and/or availability. The phenotypic correlations between milk yield and post-partum body weights were negative and small (ranging from 0.01 to -0.08). However, high milk production in cows was associated with longer calving interval. The implications from the phenotypic correlations are suggestive of one or two possibilities. Firstly, selection for increased body weight may actually result in decreased milk yield. Also, a substantial genetic antagonism may exist between milk yield and fertility in the crossbred cows. Therefore, it is important that selection to improve milk production should take into consideration the reproductive performance of the cows.


Temporal variability in the vertical distribution of aerosol optical thickness (AOT) derived from the 0.532 µm aerosol extinction coefficient is described using Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) observations over 8.5 years (June 2006 to December 2014). Temporal variability of CALIOP column‐integrated AOT is largely consistent with total column AOT trends from several passive satellite sensors, such as the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer, and the Sea‐viewing Wide Field‐of‐view Sensor. Globally, a 0.0002 AOT per year positive trend in deseasonalized CALIOP total column AOT for daytime conditions is attributed to corresponding changes in near‐surface (i.e., 0.0–0.5 km or 0.5–1.0 km above ground level (agl)) aerosol particle loading, while a −0.0006 AOT per year trend during nighttime is attributed to elevated (i.e., 1.0–2.0 km or >2.0 km agl) aerosols. Regionally, increasing daytime CALIOP AOTs are found over Southern Africa and India, mostly due to changes in aerosol loading at the 1.0–2.0 km and 0.0–0.5 km agl layers, respectively. Decreasing daytime CALIOP AOTs are observed over Northern Africa, Eastern U.S., and South America (due mostly to elevated aerosol loading), while the negative CALIOP AOT trends found over Eastern China, Europe, and Western U.S. are due mostly to aerosol layers nearer the surface. To our knowledge, this study is the first to provide both a globally comprehensive estimation of the temporal variation in aerosol vertical distribution and an insight into passive sensor column AOT trends in the vertical domain.


This NBER series presents current academic research in the areas of taxation and government spending. The papers included provide important background information for policy analysis without making specific policy recommendations. Volume 17 continues the series tradition of addressing topics that are relevant to current issues as well as longer-range concerns, with topics that include the fiscal implications of the No Child Left Behind Act, the 2001 Tax Rebate, and the tax burdens of multinational corporations.


Some Jordan algebras were proved more than a decade ago to be an indispensable tool in the unified study of interior-point methods. By using it, we generalize the infeasible interiorpoint method for linear optimization of Roos [SIAM J. Optim., 16(4):1110–1136 (electronic), 2006] to symmetric optimization. This unifies the analysis for linear, second-order cone and semidefinite optimizations.


We investigate the causal impact of retirement on health care utilization using SHARE data for 10 European countries. We show that the number of doctor's visits and the probability of visiting a doctor more than four times a year (our measures of health care utilization) increase after retirement. The increase in health care utilization is found to depend mainly on the years spent in retirement, suggesting that adjustment may take time. We find evidence of heterogeneous effects by gender and across different patterns of time use prior to retirement (i.e., working long hours and combined work and out-of-work activities). Overall, the empirical findings suggest that the increase in health care utilization is consistent with the decrease in the opportunity cost of time faced by individuals when they retire.


This paper addresses issues of distributing multimedia presentations in an ambient intelligent environment, examines the existing technologies and proposes IPML, a markup language that extends SMIL for distributed settings. It uses a metaphor of play, with which the timing and mapping issues in distributed presentations are covered in a natural way. A generic architecture for playback systems is also presented, which covers the timing and mapping issues of presenting an IPML script in heterogeneous ambient intelligent environments.


This paper explores the relationship between writing, fantasy and trauma.
It links the psychological dimension of fantasy and imagination with literary creativity and the stylistic choice of writing in the fantastic mode.
The paper is in particular interested in how the unrepresentability of trauma is expressed textually. In a close reading of Jeanette Winterson's Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit (1985) I explore how the novel draws on the fantastic mode of magical realism to illustrate the condition of trauma and how the novel's literary form thus mirrors the practice of 'magical thinking' which its main character engages in as a means of self preservation. The key argument of the paper is that although the novel's narrative to some extent seeks to 'contain' the childhood trauma, its impact is mainly experienced through the novel's form, which registers rather than 'represents' the imprint of trauma.


The purpose of this work is to build a risk management decision support system for the real estate industry. The decision support system would be useful for risk managers interested in real estate investment. The paper identifies the main risk management related decisions that real estate professionals made on a daily basis. Risk management decision models are selected from an extensive literature review. These models are incorporated into a decision support system. A set of reports that will support risk management real estate decisions are designed and implemented in a prototype built to demonstrate the potential of this technology in the real estate industry. The database of the decision support is populated with a sample of data collected from the real estate market of the state of California USA and results were generated to illustrate how reports can be used to support real estate risk management decisions.


Health services providers receive payments mostly from private or public insurers rather than patients. Provider incentive problems arise because an insurer misses information about the provider and patients, and has imperfect control over the provider's treatment, quality, and cost decisions. Different provider payment systems, such as prospective payment, capitation, cost reimbursement, fee-for-service, and value-based payment, generate different treatment quality and cost incentives. The important issue is that a payment system implements an efficient quality-cost outcome if and only if it makes the provider internalize the social benefits and costs of services. Thus, the internalization principle can be used to evaluate payment systems across different settings.
 The most common payment systems are prospective payment, which pays a fixed price for service rendered, and cost reimbursement, which pays according to costs of service rendered. In a setting where the provider chooses health service quality and cost reduction effort, prospective payment satisfies the internalization principle but cost reimbursement does not. The reason is that prospective payment forces the provider to be responsible for cost, but cost reimbursement relieves the provider of the cost responsibility. Beyond this simple setting, the provider may select patients based on patients' cost heterogeneity. Then neither prospective payment nor cost reimbursement achieves efficient quality and cost incentives. A mixed system that combines prospective payment and cost reimbursement performs better than each of its components alone.
 In general, the provider's preferences and available strategies determine if a payment system may achieve internalization. If the provider is altruistic toward patients, prospective payment can be adjusted to accommodate altruism when the provider's degree of altruism is known to the insurer. However, when the degree of altruism is unknown, even a mixed system may fail the internalization principle. Also, the internalization principle fails under prospective payment when the provider can upcode patient diagnoses for more favorable prices. Cost reimbursement attenuates the upcoding incentive. Finally, when the provider can choose many qualities, either prospective payment and cost reimbursement should be combined with the insurer's disclosure on quality and cost information to satisfy the internalization principle.
 When good healthcare quality is interpreted as a good match between patients and treatments, payment design is to promote good matches. The internalization principle now requires the provider to bear benefits and costs of diagnosis effort and treatment choice. A mixed system may deliver efficient matching incentives. Payment systems necessarily interact with other incentive mechanisms such as patients' reactions against the provider's quality choice and other providers' competitive strategies. Payment systems then become part of organizational incentives.


This report presents the main economic facts on the role of coal in the Polish economy, and analyses the implications of the transition away from coal for coal consumption and coal mining employment in Poland. Poland's energy mix relies on coal, most of which is domestically produced. We argue that issues related to job creation and the cushioning of negative shocks for workers are key for the phasing out of coal in Poland, especially at the regional and local levels. Our simulations show that achieving the Paris Agreement target is feasible in Poland provided hard coal consumption is cut by 20% between 2015 and 2030, and by 55% between 2015 and 2050. We estimate that this reduction in coal consumption would translate into a decline in mining employment of 47% between 2015 and 2030, and of 77% between 2015 and 2050. On the labour supply side, the reduction in employment can be achieved through natural attrition; i.e., through an outflow of workers to retirement and a moderate inflow of new workers. Training programmes, vocational courses, in-work benefits, and social policy instruments should be used to ease the transition.


Two compact, high-pulse-energy, injection-seeded, 30-Hz frequency-doubled Nd:YAG-laser-pumped Ti: sapphire lasers were developed and operated at infrared wavelengths of 867 and 900 nm. Beams with laser pulse energy >30 mJ at ultraviolet wavelengths of 289 and 300 nm were generated through a tripling of the frequencies of these Ti:sapphire lasers. This work is directed at the replacement of dye lasers for use in an airborne ozone differential absorption lidar system. The ultraviolet pulse energy at 289 and 300 nm had 27% and 31% absolute optical energy conversion efficiencies from input pulse energies at 867 and 900 nm, respectively.


The title of this profound work conveys the bold, uncertain, and often dangerous adventure in which medical professionals and their organ transplant and dialysis patients are engaged. Built around a series of case studies developed through years of fi rst-hand ethnographic research, The Courage to Fail is the product of collaborative fi rst-hand research concerned with various social phenomena generated by transplantation and dialysis and also by the development and deployment of an artifi cial heart. The authors examine the individuals involved and the workings and atmosphere of some of the medical centers in which these forms of therapy have been developed. They examine "gift-exchange" dimensions of transplantation: the transcendent and tyrannical aspects of the "gift of life" that transplants entail for donors and recipients-and for medical professionals as well. They also analyze the dilemma of uncertainty inherent in medicine, which occurs with particular force in the development of such experimental techniques.


Childhood trauma can have a profound effect on development, with a lifelong impact on physical growth, psychological development, and mental health. This chapter provides a framework for adolescent health professionals to understand the impacts of traumatic stress on children and adolescents. This chapter mainly takes the Wenchuan Earthquake studies in China as an example, and reviews recent research findings on epidemiological characteristics of PTSD and related mental disorders, as well as on possible influencing factors and mechanisms for post-traumatic adaptation in children and adolescents. Important intervention strategies for PTSD in children and adolescents are introduced. Prospects for future research are also discussed.


Training models with discrete latent variables is challenging due to the difficulty of estimating the gradients accurately. Much of the recent progress has been achieved by taking advantage of continuous relaxations of the system, which are not always available or even possible. The Augment-REINFORCE-Merge (ARM) estimator provides an alternative that, instead of relaxation, uses continuous augmentation. Applying antithetic sampling over the augmenting variables yields a relatively low-variance and unbiased estimator applicable to any model with binary latent variables. However, while antithetic sampling reduces variance, the augmentation process increases variance. We show that ARM can be improved by analytically integrating out the randomness introduced by the augmentation process, guaranteeing substantial variance reduction. Our estimator, \emph{DisARM}, is simple to implement and has the same computational cost as ARM. We evaluate DisARM on several generative modeling benchmarks and show that it consistently outperforms ARM and a strong independent sample baseline in terms of both variance and log-likelihood. Furthermore, we propose a local version of DisARM designed for optimizing the multi-sample variational bound, and show that it outperforms VIMCO, the current state-of-the-art method.


A decade of climate change negotiations almost ended in failure because of the different policy approaches of the industrialized states. Japan, Germany, and the United States exemplify the deep divisions that exist among states in their approaches to environmental protection. Germany is following what could be called the green social welfare state approach to environmental protection, which is increasingly guided by what is known as the precautionary principle. In contrast, the US is increasingly leaning away from the use of environmental regulations, towards the use of market-based mechanisms to control pollution and cost-benefit analysis to determine when environmental protection should take precedence over economic activities. Internal political divisions mean that Japan sits uneasily between these two approaches. Miranda A. Schreurs uses a variety of case studies to explore why these different policy approaches emerged and what their implications are, examining the differing ideas, actors, and institutions in each state.


One course radius measurement method for vertical petroleum tank volume metrology based on 3D laser scan principle was researched. Method of distance measurement by laser phase-shift technology and angular measurement by optical grating was applied to acquire coordinates of points in each course under the control of servo system. The permitted error of measured point location is 2mm. Fitting algorithms base on direct iterative method (DIM) and least square method (LSM) were used to process measured data and deduce equivalent radius of each course. In comparison experiment, one 1000m3 vertical tank was used as test object. Compared to strapping method (international mandatory standard), the maximal deviation radius value of method discussed is 2.8mm. The maximal difference of radius value calculated by DIM and LSM is 0.1mm. The experimental results verified the method discussed in this paper.


In the present report, the United Nations Independent Expert sets out the parameters of a human rights-based approach to recovery from the global economic and financial crises, with a particular focus on the most vulnerable and marginalized groups. The report urges States to see recovery from the crises as an opportunity for change, a chance to rectify deeply ingrained poverty and social exclusion, restore social cohesion and lay the foundations for more equitable, sustainable societies. The report first identifies the human rights framework that States must comply with when designing recovery measures. The report notes that, while States have discretion to adopt policy measures according to their own context, human rights are not dispensable during times of economic hardship, and States must design and implement all policies according to their human rights obligations. The report analyses a number of recovery measures from a human rights perspective, highlighting their potential to threaten the enjoyment of economic, social and cultural rights. Then it recommends measures that States should consider taking to facilitate a human rights-based recovery from the crises. These innovative measures will assist States in moving as effectively and efficiently as possible towards the full realization of economic, social and cultural rights. By adopting policies that have at their heart the realization of human rights, States can ensure a swifter, more sustainable and inclusive recovery.


We present an unsupervised representation learning approach that compactly encodes the motion dependencies in videos. Given a pair of images from a video clip, our framework learns to predict the long-term 3D motions. To reduce the complexity of the learning framework, we propose to describe the motion as a sequence of atomic 3D flows computed with RGB-D modality. We use a Recurrent Neural Network based Encoder-Decoder framework to predict these sequences of flows. We argue that in order for the decoder to reconstruct these sequences, the encoder must learn a robust video representation that captures long-term motion dependencies and spatial-temporal relations. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our learned temporal representations on activity classification across multiple modalities and datasets such as NTU RGB+D and MSR Daily Activity 3D. Our framework is generic to any input modality, i.e., RGB, depth, and RGB-D videos.


Based on our knowledge that donor specific anti-HLA antibodies (DSA) are a major cause of allograft loss, determining how to monitor patients for DSA and how to treat them is important. Current published studies indicate that patients with preformed DSA differ from those without. Approximately 15-18 percent of transplant patients will have preformed DSA, which increases risk for early antibody mediated rejection (AMR) and allograft loss. The fact that nearly all AMR episodes occur in the first 1-2 months, coupled with the finding that a reduction in preformed DSA intensity within the first few weeks post-transplant decreases the risk of AMR, makes early testing important. It has also been shown that clearance of DSA at 6 months and 1 year can result in a decreased risk of transplant glomerulopathy and therefore, these times may be prime testing points. This monitoring schedule differs slightly from that of the patients who do not have performed DSA (i.e. low risk patients). Low risk patients who develop de novo DSA are most likely to do so in the first 6 months. However, more frequent sampling in the early months does not improve predictability of acute rejections in low risk patients and therefore, it is not as essential. Rather, testing at 6 months and then annually or biannually, would be beneficial, as it would serve to identify the 5 percent of new patients who develop DSA annually. Once these patients are identified, studies have shown that preemptive treatment to a goal of antibody clearance can be used to improve graft function and survival. In addition to screening for new DSA, monitoring for clearance of DSA along with histologic reversal of rejection in patients with AMR is important. In sum, there is substantial evidence suggesting that all patients need to have some monitoring for DSA to identify new onset of DSA or clearance of DSA. Additionally, in all DSA scenarios, treatment of persistent DSA is important, as it can lead to improved allograft survival.


Abstract. The physical properties of rain spectra are generally modeled using an analytical distribution. It is common for the gamma distribution and, to a lesser extent, the lognormal distribution to be used. The majority of studies in the literature focusing on the characterization of raindrop distribution are based on deep convective cloud observations, mostly at ground level. This study focuses on shallow-cumulus rain distributions throughout the depth of the cloud layer and subcloud layer using airborne in situ measurements made with both the Particle Measuring Systems (PMS) Optical Array Probe 260X (OAP-260-X) and the PMS two-Dimensional Precipitation (2DP) instruments during the Rain in Cumulus over the Ocean (RICO) field experiment. Sampled spectra analyzed on the scale of large-eddy simulation resolution (100 m) are found to be relatively broad, with values of the shape parameter – υ for the gamma law and σ g for the lognormal law – on the order of 1–3 and 1.5–2, respectively. The dependence of the shape parameters on the main rain variables (number concentration, water content, mean volume diameter, sedimentation fluxes and radar reflectivity) is examined, and a parameterization of the shape parameters υ and σ g as a function of a power law of the rainwater content and raindrop number concentration is proposed.


Tury Taner defines seismic attributes as "all the information obtained from seismic data, either by direct measurements or by logic or experience-based reasoning." Seismic attributes typically provide information related to the amplitude, shape, and/or position of the seismic waveform. A common classification of seismic attributes consists of five categories: complex trace attributes, Fourier attributes, time attributes, windowed attributes, and geometric (also called multitrace) attributes. The last category consists of attributes calculated using more than one input seismic trace that provide quantitative information about lateral variations in the seismic data (including coherence, dip/azimuth, and amplitude gradients).


Bloodstream Infections (BSI) remain a main cause of death in pediatric cancer patients. We present the first report on the microbiological profile of bacteremia and drug resistance patterns in Shenzhen, China. We examined the types of bloodstream infectious agents and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern in the pediatric oncology patients, from Shenzhen Children's Hospital from January 2016 to October 2018. Acinetobacter baumannii (12.82%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (12.82%) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (34.61%) were highly prevalent in cancer patients with bloodstream infection. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were also predominant. 29% of isolates were resistant to more than two class of antibiotics so call them as multi-drug resistant isolates.


Areleh Roth responded to the Holocaust by labouring to have Jews actualize pristine faith. As the slaughter in Europe mended the sinful universe prior to the advent of the Messiah, the living were enjoined to bring to bear the faith which was experienced by Abraham and which the people of Israel inherited over the ages. This meant struggling against the forces of Amalek who clouded the perception of God's presence amid the tragedy. Under divine aegis, Amalek brought suffering to induce repentance, he tested the people in order to activate free will, and clouded the perception of God's presence amid catastrophe. The struggle centred on annulling one's personality entirely, enabling God to enter the heart so completely as to totally replace the ego. This was the experience of pristine faith, and with it one related to God, through Abraham, and gained the strength to endure the tragedy. Even more, one's soul could join the ascent of those sparks which were dispersed upon the cosmic catastrophe (described by Isaac Luria) and thereby contribute to, and participate in, the rise of Israel to the spiritual redemption of the Sabbath before Adam's sin. Roth's response to the catastrophe was not of theological exposition (for example, why the pious suffered) but of practical means to survive and thrive on the level of spirit.


This article develops an unconventional perspective on the utilitarianism of Bentham and Mill in at least four areas. First, it is shown that both authors conceived of utility as irreducibly multi-dimensional, and that Bentham in particular was very much aware of the ambiguity that multi-dimensionality imposes upon optimal choice under the greatest happiness principle. Secondly, I argue that any attribution of intrinsic worth to any form of human behaviour violates the first principles of Bentham's and Mill's utilitarianism, and that this renders both authors immune to the claim by G. E. Moore that they committed a 'naturalistic fallacy'. Thirdly, in light of these contentions, I find no flaw in Mill's 'proof of utility'. Fourthly, I use the notion of intrapersonal utility weights to provide an interpretation of Mill's qualitative hedonism that is entirely consistent with his value monism.


Peace Love and Anarchy = Freedom and Fun Forever is an exhibition as mood board. It is the first partial retrospective document of 64- 65 Guildford Street a squatted house where a lot happened to a lot of people over a short space of time a long time ago. Milch, the gallery that claimed to reach the parts that other galleries cannot reach was started here, and ran on in different locations, and with a new lead for some 13 years or so. A nuanced 18th century house, generous spaces, floor boards, light and height, and delicate textures. Opening by coincidence on election night, June 8th 2017, in a new London, remade daily with glass and steel, this exhibition, through image, artefact and ephemera, provides a moment of reflection on the immense social and political changes that have transformed London over the past 25 or so years since this house was occupied. English Law in 1988 made squatting a double house near Russell Square, both possible and legal, we lived and worked and partied, in conducive, cocoon architecture for 7 eventful years. It was seminal. To consider this in contemporary language, this mood board of an exhibition might also stand as some kind of beginning for a case study of the multiple cultural impacts that have subsequently developed from the chance encounters that our home 64-65 Guilford Street made possible. From this house cultural legacies can be found now in the Tate Collection, in New York's Metropolitan Museum, in hearts and minds, creating top content in Hollywood, inscribed on, and pierced into the bodies of some millions of millennial barista's right across our glass steel globe.


Objective We assessed the relationship between the size of the 39 Journal Citation Reports (JCR) medical categories and impact factor (IF) of journals in these categories, and the implications that it might have for emergency medicine (EM) journals. Materials and methods Using the 2010 JCR database, we calculated the mean IF, 5-year IF (5y-IF), Eigenfactor (EF), and Article Influence (AI) scores including all journals for each category. We also calculated a 'weighted IF' for all journals by dividing each journal IF by the mean IF of its category. We ranked EM journals according to IF and 'weighted IF' into all the journals included in the 39 categories. We assessed the relationship between category size and bibliometric scores by linear regression. Results Category size varied from 252 journals (Pharmacology and Pharmacy) to 14 (Primary Healthcare), EM category occupying the 36th position (23 journals). The mean IF of EM category ranked in 34th position, 5-yIF in 32nd, EF in 34th, and AI in 34th position. Category size had a direct and significant association with mean IF, 5y-IF, and AI but not with mean EF. When the EM journals were ranked among all the journals according to their IF, only two (9%) were placed into the first quartile and raised up to eight (35%) when 'weighted IF' was considered. Conclusion There is a negative relationship between JCR size category and IF achieved by the journals. This places EM journals at a clear disadvantage because they represent one of the smallest clinical medical research disciplines.


Complementary and alternative medicines are used by up to 48% of lung cancer patients but have seen little formal assessment of survival efficacy. In this 10-year retrospective survival study, the authors investigated Pan-Asian medicine + vitamins (PAM+V) therapy in a consecutive case series of all non-small-cell lung cancer patients (n = 239) presenting at a San Francisco Bay Area Chinese medicine center (Pine Street Clinic). They compared short-term treatment lasting the duration of chemotherapy/radiotherapy with long-term therapy continuing beyond conventional therapy. They also compared PAM+V plus conventional therapy with conventional therapy alone, using concurrent controls from the Kaiser Permanente Northern California and California Cancer Registries. They adjusted for confounding with Kaplan-Meier, Cox regression, and newer methods – propensity score and marginal structural models (MSMs), which when analyzing data from observational studies or clinical practice records can provide results comparable with randomized trials. Long-term use of PAM+V beyond completion of chemotherapy reduced stage IIIB deaths by 83% and stage IV by 72% compared with short-term use only for the duration of chemotherapy. Long-term PAM+V combined with conventional therapy reduced stage IIIA deaths by 46%, stage IIIB by 62%, and stage IV by 69% compared with conventional therapy alone. Survival rates for stage IV patients treated with PAM+V were 82% at 1 year, 68% at 2 years, and 14% at 5 years. PAM+V combined with conventional therapy improved survival in stages IIIA, IIIB, and IV, compared with conventional therapy alone. Prospective trials using PAM+V with conventional therapy for lung cancer patients are justified.


Summary
Artificial resting boxes (12 × 18 × 30 inches) were used to collect Culiseta melanura in a hammock near Vero Beach, Florida. These boxes provided an easy and effective method to obtain sizable numbers of C. melanura as well as some other mosquitoes. About 15% of all the females collected were blood-engorged.
The use of cloth collecting bags inside the boxes saved time and simplified collecting without reducing the size of the collections.
The boxes attracted more mosquitoes 1) when placed in less densely vegetated areas, 2) when the entrance faced east rather than west, 3) when the height of the dark box entrance was increased from 6 to 12 inches, and 4) when the apparent size of the dark entrance was increased by the addition of a large concave frame around the opening.
Most C. melanura entered the boxes before 8:30 a.m., but some flight activity was evident during most of the day. A higher proportion of the individuals entering after 9:00 a.m. were females, and more of these females contained blood than did those entering earlier. More C. melanura left than entered the boxes during the day. The optimum collection time appears to be influenced by the weather conditions.


This paper investigates how the martyr figure of Omar al-Mukhtar (1858–1931) became a popular transnational icon in Africa, Asia and the Arab world. Originally part of the history of Cyrenaica, Omar al-Mukhtar became part of Arab culture during the struggle against colonialism and is now part of a suggested Arab 'imagined community'. The paper explores how his memory has been shaped in new and multiple ways in contemporary culture and politics of Middle East and North Africa. Al-Mukhtar's historic character has crossed the Libyan boundaries and the Cyrenaican leader became instrumental not only in the history of modern Libya, but contributed to the formation of different forms of Arab nationalism during their struggle against colonialism. The authors investigate how the construction of martyrdom developed and show that the pattern of collective memory did not proceed unambiguously. Further, they demonstrate how the martyr's legacy has been and is still utilised for political mobilisation and make the case by studying the activities of transnational insurrection groups – the 'brigades' or 'forces of Omar al-Mukhtar' from its original inceptions to recent occurrences.


We formally study how contrastive learning learns the feature representations for neural networks by analyzing its feature learning process. We consider the case where our data are comprised of two types of features: the more semantically aligned sparse features which we want to learn from, and the other dense features we want to avoid. Theoretically, we prove that contrastive learning using ReLU networks provably learns the desired sparse features if proper augmentations are adopted. We present an underlying principle called feature decoupling to explain the effects of augmentations, where we theoretically characterize how augmentations can reduce the correlations of dense features between positive samples while keeping the correlations of sparse features intact, thereby forcing the neural networks to learn from the self-supervision of sparse features. Empirically, we verified that the feature decoupling principle matches the underlying mechanism of contrastive learning in practice.


In this paper, we survey three generation of reflective middleware research carried out at Lancaster University, present experiences gained from this research, and highlight a number of important areas of future research. In particular, we discuss the extension of our reflective middleware ideas in terms of both depth and breadth. The depth extension applies reflective middleware principles to systems that lie beneath the traditional middleware domain: e.g. operating systems and networks. The breadth extension then applies the principles in a much broader range of application areas than those traditionally considered in reflective middleware research. These include reflective middleware for Grid computing and for sentient-object-based real-time control systems. We also briefly consider future work in applying our approach to the development of self-managing systems.


The life sciences present a politically and ethically sensitive area of technology development. NBIC convergence—the convergence of nanotechnology, biotechnology, and information and cognitive technology—presents an increased interaction between the biological and physical sciences. As a result the bio-debate is no longer dominated by biotechnology, but driven by NBIC convergence. NBIC convergence enables two bioengineering megatrends: "biology becoming technology" and "technology becoming biology." The notion of living technologies captures the latter megatrend. Accordingly, living technology presents a politically and ethically sensitive area. This implies that governments sooner or later are faced with the challenge of both promoting and regulating the development of living technology. This article describes four current political models to deal with innovation promotion and risk regulation. Based on two specific developments in the field of living technologies—(psycho)physiological computing and synthetic biology—we reflect on appropriate governance strategies for living technologies. We conclude that recent pleas for anticipatory and deliberative governance tend to neglect the need for anticipatory regulation as a key factor in guiding the development of the life sciences from a societal perspective. In particular, when it is expected that a certain living technology will radically challenge current regulatory systems, one should opt for just such a more active biopolitical approach.


Advocates of minimum pricing predicted that it would have an almost immediate impact in Scotland, with modelling forecasting 58 fewer deaths and 1,299 fewer hospital admissions in the first year. In the eight months after minimum pricing was introduced, alcohol-related mortality fell at the same rate in Scotland as it did in England and Wales (7%). Alcohol-related hospital admissions rose slightly in Scotland in 2018/19 under minimum pricing. The median Scottish household (by income) spent an extra £100.88 on alcohol in the first year of minimum pricing while the median income group in England spent an extra £44.20, a difference of £56.68 per annum. Those on below-average incomes have been hit hardest, with those in the bottom income group increasing their expenditure on alcohol by eleven per cent.


The paper evaluates the economic necessity and political incentives of a transitional fund for the East African Community (EAC). The fund has been proposed to encounter trade imbalances which may arise due to the intended customs union in East Africa. Using a disaggregated approach at the two-digit level of the Standard International Trade Classification, the paper assesses the overall impact of the EAC on trade flows. Moreover, the commodities that will be particularly affected by the customs union are identified. The results show that considerable trade effects cannot be expected, except for a very narrow range of products. The need for a transitional fund becomes less urgent from this perspective.


Abstract. Nitrous acid (HONO) photolysis is an important source of hydroxyl radicals (OH) in the lower atmosphere, in particular in winter when other OH sources are less efficient. The nighttime formation of HONO and its photolysis in the early morning have long been recognized as an important contributor to the OH budget in polluted environments. Over the past few decades it has become clear that the formation of HONO during the day is an even larger contributor to the OH budget and additionally provides a pathway to recycle NOx. Despite the recognition of this unidentified HONO daytime source, the precise chemical mechanism remains elusive. A number of mechanisms have been proposed, including gas-phase, aerosol, and ground surface processes, to explain the elevated levels of daytime HONO. To identify the likely HONO formation mechanisms in a wintertime polluted rural environment we present LP-DOAS observations of HONO, NO2, and O3 on three absorption paths that cover altitude intervals from 2 to 31, 45, and 68 m above ground level (a.g.l.) during the UBWOS 2012 experiment in the Uintah Basin, Utah, USA. Daytime HONO mixing ratios in the 2–31 m height interval were, on average, 78 ppt, which is lower than HONO levels measured in most polluted urban environments with similar NO2 mixing ratios of 1–2 ppb. HONO surface fluxes at 19 m a.g.l., calculated using the HONO gradients from the LP-DOAS and measured eddy diffusivity coefficient, show clear upward fluxes. The hourly average vertical HONO flux during sunny days followed solar irradiance, with a maximum of (4.9 ± 0.2)  ×  1010 molec. cm−2 s−1 at noontime. A photostationary state analysis of the HONO budget shows that the surface flux closes the HONO budget, accounting for 63 ± 32 % of the unidentified HONO daytime source throughout the day and 90 ± 30 % near noontime. This is also supported by 1-D chemistry and transport model calculations that include the measured surface flux, thus clearly identifying chemistry at the ground as the missing daytime HONO source in this environment. Comparison between HONO surface flux, solar radiation, NO2 and HNO3 mixing ratios, and results from 1-D model runs suggest that, under high NOx conditions, HONO formation mechanisms related to solar radiation and NO2 mixing ratios, such as photo-enhanced conversion of NO2 on the ground, are most likely the source of daytime HONO. Under moderate to low NO2 conditions, photolysis of HNO3 on the ground seems to be the main source of HONO.


South Africa higher education institutions are faced with a dual imperative: they
are expected to become globally competitive and to deliver programmes,
research outputs and community services that are accepted by the global higher
education community. On the other hand, they experience increasing demands
from government and local communities to become responsive to the social,
economical and political needs of mostly under-developed domestic societies.
While the imperatives for transformation in higher education derive in large
measure from South Africa's apartheid history, they also form part of a global
quest for change as throughout the world higher education systems are being
challenged to become more responsive to society's needs (Perold 1998:28-29).
Obviously, this is even more so in developing countries where the nature of
society, social, economic and educational needs are extensive.
 The main purpose of this research was to establish whether and how higher
institutions are responding to regional needs. For this purpose two higher
education institutions in the Free State province were targeted and an analysis
was done of their three year rolling plans as these plans indicates, amongst
others, how institutions are positionising themselves in their regions.


We develop in this paper a general econometric methodology referred to as the Simulated Asymptotic Least Squares (SALS). It is shown that this approach provides a unifying theory for 'approximation-based' or simulation-based inference methods and nests the Simulated Nonlinear Least Squares (SSNLS), the Simulated Pseudo Maximum Likelihood (SPML), the Simulated Method of Moments (SMM) in both parametric and semiparametric settings, the Indirect Inference (II) and the Efficient Method of Moments (EMM). We produce a new notion of Efficiency Bounds in Direction and provide a general study of the efficiency in the SALS framework. In the particular case of the II and the EMM methods and when the instrumental model is of a GMM type, we characterise a new weighting matrix for a more efficient estimation about the structural parameters of interest ?0. This new weighting matrix does no longer correspond, in the general case, to the classical one as characterised by Hansen (1982). Generalized global specification tests extending the previous existing ones are also proposed.


Stunting of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings, caused by Longidorus americanus, has been a problem at a Georgia (USA) nursery. Field and growth chamber studies were conducted to determine the survivability of the nematode in fallow nursery soil. The population density of L. americanus decreased rapidly in the upper 15 cm of soil in fallow field plots during the first 101 days and the nematode was not detected after 263 days. Bioassays subsequently failed to detect the nematode in the upper 30 cm of soil in fallow plots on days 263 and 365. Population densities also decreased rapidly in fallow soil during the initial 130 days of the growth chamber study and the nematode was not detected at days 334 and 427, or in subsequent bioassays. Longidorus americanus does not survive well in the upper 15-30 cm of nursery soil in the absence of a host, and the use of fallow may be an acceptable alternative to pesticides for the management of this nematode.


Endometriosis is seen in women during their reproductive age, where functional endometrial glands of the uterus and stromal component are observed outside the uterine cavity. Endometriosis in an operative scar is a rare event following mainly obstetric and gynecologic operation. Typical signs of scar endometriosis are cyclic pain and swelling tumor in the scar after obstetric or gynecologic operations. We present 24 cases of scar endometriosis with discussion and emphasis on variants of clinical signs, differential diagnostic, methods of treatment, and prevention.


Although recent advances in synthetic biology allow us to produce biological designs more efficiently than ever, our ability to predict the end result of these designs is still nascent. Predictive models require large amounts of high-quality data to be parametrized and tested, which are not generally available. Here, we present the Experiment Data Depot (EDD), an online tool designed as a repository of experimental data and metadata. EDD provides a convenient way to upload a variety of data types, visualize these data, and export them in a standardized fashion for use with predictive algorithms. In this paper, we describe EDD and showcase its utility for three different use cases: storage of characterized synthetic biology parts, leveraging proteomics data to improve biofuel yield, and the use of extracellular metabolite concentrations to predict intracellular metabolic fluxes.


Over the last two decades more and more information has been represented digitally, and communication increasingly has been happening over multiple channels, many of them digital. Availability and use of various interactive devices and the Internet has grown, making human-computer interaction (HCI) ubiquitous. At the same time the whole discipline of HCI has evolved, and its basic concepts like design and usability have become more relevant as people communicate or access information via technological artefacts. Recent developments in HCI research have shown an increasing interest in the experience that people have when using a system (products, services or artefacts that a person can interact with through a user interface). The term 'user experience' is widely used but its multidisciplinary nature has led to several de nitions and perspectives. User experience extends the more traditional concept of usability, focused primarily on ease-of-use, by emphasizing pleasure aspects of interaction. Although a considerable amount of literature has been published proposing many de nitions and models of user experience, no real consensus has been reached partially because of its complexity. This paper provides a literature overview of the components and temporal phases of user experience covering different viewpoints of user experience. It traces the development of the concept and attempts to understand how the different approaches to user experience relate to each other. Despite the importance of emotional, hedonic aspects of interaction the shift of focus away from utilitarian qualities of interaction may be premature. Basic functionality and usability requirements should be met prior to adding novel or fun design elements that make the experience pleasing.


This case study examines the effectiveness of a team-taught mass-media freshman level course on discernment of media messages, and decision-making. By means of preand postcourse surveys of students and faculty, this study examines students' decisions about consuming mass media and how after taking the course, their media selection process became more complex, deliberate, and organized. It also examines faculty response to the course in terms of how it appears to affect the students and how it affects faculty teaching and learning. Document Type Thesis Degree Name Master of Education (MEd) Department Graduate Education First Advisor Sydney Hielema


Numerous bacteria and fungi are able to colonize and form biofilms on plant surfaces. Microbes colonizing aerial surfaces, such as flowers, stems, and leaves (phyllosphere), are generally referred to as epiphytes. Bacterial colonizers of the root surface (rhizosphere) are generally referred to as rhizobacteria. This chapter specifically focuses on the mechanisms involved in bacterial biofilm formation on plant roots, including pathogenic and beneficial interactions. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is a powerful tool to visualize at the single-cell level the process of colonization and microcolonies in the rhizosphere and on sprouts showing the presence of many differently shaped bacteria. The genetic background of plants should also be taken into account to gain a better understanding about how bacteria function in the rhizosphere. Quorum-sensing genes have been identified in several plant-associated bacteria regulating a large variety of different phenotypes involved in pathogenicity and plant beneficial effects. Hyphae of soil-born pathogenic fungi attach to the root and usually colonize the root surface before penetrating and infecting the root. Biofilm formation on fungal hyphae implicates the possibility of interactions at the molecular level between the fungus and the bacterium. Bacterium-fungus interactions are found widespread through nature, associated with plants and animals, where these microorganisms compete with each other, attack each other, and form consortia.


Background Qatar ranks among the top countries with highest prevalence of diabetes and obesity. Obesity is generally measured by a Body mass index (BMI). BMI has been found to be independent risk factor for development of diabetes. Also, diabetes when associated with obesity leads not only to its poor control but also causes increased long-term complications from diabetes. Aim To delineate the pattern of obesity among residents of Qatar and to classify them as per World Health Organization criteria. Secondary objectives included assessing the pattern of diabetes with increasing body mass index. Method All consecutive obese adult patients attending pre-surgical screening endoscopy clinic over an 18 months period were included. Patients under 14 years of age and those who had previous surgical treatment were excluded. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as per standard criteria [weight (Kg)/Height (meters) 2] and was then classified as per World Health Organization criteria. Overweight, Type 1, Type 2 and Type 3 obesity was defined as BMI more than >25, >30, >35 and >40 respectively. Diabetes was defined as fasting plasma glucose ≥ 7 mmol/l. All patients underwent gastroduodenoscopy to assess the presence of helicobacter infection and evidence of mucosal inflammation prior to surgical treatment of obesity. Results A total of 529 patients with a mean age of 36.8 years were included 31.4% of obese patients were in 15–30 year age group. The mean weight, height and BMI were 123.6 Kg, 1.65 meters and 45.2 respectively. Overweight, Type I, II and III obesity was seen in 3 (0.6%), 30 (5.6%), 95(17.8%) and 401 (76%) patients respectively. Overall 34.5% had associated comorbid diseases. Type 2 Diabetes were seen in 11.1% of the patients. Diabetes was seen in 0%, 26.7%, 8.4% and 6.7% in overweight, Type I, Type II, Type III obesity respectively. Diabetes was significantly lower among very severely obese patients (Type III) as compared to those with overweight, moderately and severely obese patients (Overweight, Type I and II) (27/401, 6.7% versus 16/84,19% p = . 03).No correlation was found related to age, sex or helicobacter infection. Conclusions Among the residents of Qatar, 11% of obese patients were found to have diabetes. The highest prevalence of diabetes was seen in people with BMI of 25–30 (type 1 obese people). Diabetes prevalence did not increase with increasing obesity.


A compilation of writings on the chemical, biological, psychological, and experiential dimensions of Ayahuasca. Ayahuasca is a hallucinogenic Amazonian plant mixture that has been used for hundreds, perhaps thousands, of years by native Indian and mestizo shamans in Peru, Colombia, and Ecuador for healing and divination. Many Western trained physicians and psychologists have acknowledged that this substance can allow access to spiritual dimensions of consciousness, even mystical experiences indistinguishable from classic religious mysticism. In "Sacred Vine Of Spirits: Ayahuasca", Ralph Metzner, a pioneer in the study of consciousness, has assembled a group of authoritative contributors who provide an exploration of the chemical, biological, psychological and chemistry of Ayahuasca from leading scholars in the field of psychoactive research. He concludes with his own findings on Ayahuasca, including its applications in medicine and psychology, and compares the worldview revealed by Ayahuasca visions to that of Western cultures.


The function of nuclear actin is poorly understood. It is known to be a discrete component of several chromatin-modifying complexes. Nevertheless, filamentous forms of actin are important for various nuclear processes as well. Nuclear actin is often associated with nuclear actin-related protein Arp4 and other actin-related proteins like Arp8 in the INO80 chromatin remodeler. We recently determined the crystal structure of S. cerevisiae Arp4 that explains why Arp4 is unable to form actin like filaments and shows that it is constitutively bound to an ATP nucleotide. More interestingly, in vitro activities of Arp4 and Arp8 seem to be directed towards stabilizing monomeric actin and to integrate it stoichiometrically into the INO80 complex. Based on this activity, we discuss possible roles of nuclear Arps in chromatin modifying complexes and in regulating more general aspects of nuclear actin dynamics.


In this paper, we develop a protocol for the construction of cooperative networks when the channel state information is not available at the transmitters and the receivers. In the proposed protocol, differential space-time codewords are generated at the source terminal. In the broadcast phase, each row of the differential space-time codeword is transmitted to a different relay, whereas in the relay phase, the relaying terminals retransmit the codeword through simple amplify-and-forward algorithm. The performance of the cooperative diversity system is analyzed for a two-user case for different channel environments in. terms of the diversity gain and the diversity product. The optimization of the power allocation between source and relay terminals is considered for the maximization of the diversity product. When the same modulation scheme is used, the performance of differential detection is degraded by 3 dB noise enhancement compared with coherent detection


This study presents the first extensive examination of the effect of sandy beach sediments on dissolved organic carbon (DOC), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), nitrate and ammonium fluxes to the coastal ocean. Through a combination of in situ measurements and laboratory sand extraction experiments, it was determined that after exposure of seawater to the sandy beach sediments, concentrations of DOC, DON, nitrate and ammonium were elevated, clearly demonstrating that these sediments are a source of these constituents. On a per meter squared basis, the flux of DOC, DON and nitrate from these sandy sediments was higher than Chesapeake Bay sediments and higher in all constituents than rainwater. In a coastal bay such as Onslow Bay, which has no major riverine input, sandy beach sediments likely supply a significant amount of DOC, DON, and DIN to the coastal zone. The supply of nitrate from these sediments is particularly important accounting for approximately 18% of the standing stock of nitrate in Onslow Bay on an annual basis. Both nitrate and ammonium released from these sediments were rapidly consumed. The nitrate concentrations were correlated to chlorophyll a while DON concentrations remained high indicating that nitrate was driving primary productivity in the coastal waters and that DON was not very bioavailable.


There will be started a passportization of dissertation committees as a result of which there will be processed optimization of its network. Members of expert commitees of Supreme attestation commission and dissertation committees as well as organizations on the base of which there will be created committees, who will face new requests the biggest part of which will be related to index of publishing activity and quote ratings of scientists in international an bibliometric data base. There are presented results of national publication flow analysis regarding clinic medicine, indexed in Web of Science and Scopus, showing the problems of using scientometrical factors as a criteria of scientific level of potential members of expert and dissertation committees in various medical specializations


Although we are in the third decade of climate science communication as a discipline, and there is overwhelming scientific consensus and physical evidence for climate change, the general public continues to wrestle with climate change policy and advocacy. Early adolescence (12 to 13 years old) is a critical but under-researched demographic for the formation of attitudes related to climate change. This paper presents opinions on the worry, cause, and imminence of climate change that were collected from n=463 1st year secondary school students (12-13 years old) in public secondary schools in inner-urban centres in Austria and Australia. Overall, 86.83% of eligible respondents agreed that climate change was probably or definitely something we should worry about, 80.33% agreed that climate change was probably or definitely caused by humans, and 83.17% agreed that climate change was probably or definitely something that was happening now. The respondents' opinions were also compared to their respective adult population, with Australian 12-13 year olds showing strong positive climate-friendly attitudes, both in comparison to their adult population, and to their Austrian peers. In addition, although the opinions of Austrian 12-13 year olds were quite high, they did not reflect the higher climate-friendly opinions of their adult community. Our results suggest that socio-cultural worldview or socio-cultural cognition theory may not have the influence on this age group as it does on the respective adult population – and, if they are affected, there are attitudes or factors in this age group which resist the opinion-influence from their mature community. These findings are significant as early adolescents may be pivotal in the climate science communication arena and investigating their opinions with regard to climate change may offer an unexplored and under-utilised target for future communication efforts and climate literacy programmes.