I. INTRODUCTION The title of this article is a paradox in itself. Freedom of religion is a part of human rights law. The basic assumption of human rights law is that human rights are universal and that respect for human rights should not depend on any particular economic, political, or cultural context. Indeed, if basic liberties were dependent upon their appropriateness to the norms of a particular country, group, or community, they would unavoidably lose their critical content. If every group producing specific, context-related norms were entitled to tailor human rights to its own needs and values, Muslim women would not be able to fight the discriminations they endure in their countries, and it would be impossible to condemn genital mutilations, which are justified in the name of cultural specificities. However, many countries do impose an official religion, and the economic or political context of the country is often an excuse to deny human rights in general. Thus putting freedom of religion "in context" might be considered dangerous, but such a view would be a misunderstanding. II. Two KINDS OF CONTEXTUALIZATION To understand human rights and cultural contexts, one should distinguish between two very different methods of relating human rights to cultural contexts (not to mention the political and economical ones). The first method-the "bad" type-is the one summarized above: adapting basic liberties to a certain context would mean that when a conflict of norms arises, the particular cultural value will prevail. In these circumstances, the relevant communities will only accept the segment of human rights law that fits into their own normafive system. That is, they would retain their prejudices, not allowing the universal norm of human rights to prevail over their own specific values. This selective "reception" of human rights by a culture would simply mean subordinating human rights to the values of the group. The latter norms would be immune to any moral criticism expressed from "outside" the culture. This kind of universal claim (for instance, the universal requirement that religion is a matter of conscience, not of force) would unavoidably be labelled ethnocentric. Instead of seeing basic human rights norms as impartial and transcultural standards, the (often self-appointed) leaders of the group would simply dismiss these external norms as the requirements of another particular culture, that is, Western culture. Such a claim should be patiently rebutted. If this is not carefully done, human rights will lose their critical edge and become an innocuous part of cultures that will remain "sovereign" as far as the values they want to impose (that is, very often, the way they treat their own members) are concerned. But there is a second method-the "good" type-of considering human rights in a particular context. This view takes into account the fact that several conceptions of basic liberties exist in democratic countries. Consequently, it would be an oversimplification to consider one of these interpretations as authentic and the others not. In fact, the meaning of human rights is the subject of an ongoing debate. Such a controversy is normal in open societies particularly due to the fact that the universal norm of human rights is much more complex than it first appears. For instance, the status of religion itself is different in the United States than in many European countries. Of course, this is an oversimplification of the problem. There are divergent currents of thought everywhere, and the debate takes place as much within the broad cultural contexts (United States, Western Europe, Eastern Europe-where the Orthodox Church is dominant, etc.) as between systems. I would like to briefly emphasize some of the very problematic elements of this debate. In doing so, I hope to clarify some of the complex contemporary stakes of freedom of religion. Although such an analysis will not produce general agreement, a "systematic study of confused notions"' may help to create a clearer view of the disIMAGE FORMULA8agreements because an intelligible opposition of perspectives is better for democracy than sheer confusion. …


OBJECTIVE
To discuss issues in the design of a measurement strategy related to the use of patient-reported outcomes (PROs) in support of a labelling claim.

METHODS
In association with the release by the US Food and Drug Administration of its draft guidance on the use of PROs to support labeling claims, the Mayo/FDA Patient-Reported Outcomes Consensus Writing Group was formed. This paper, part of a series of manuscripts produced by the Writing Group, focuses on designing a PRO measurement strategy.

RESULTS
Developing a PRO measurement strategy begins with a clear statement about the proposed label claim that will derive from the PRO data. Investigators should identify the relevant domains to measure, develop a conceptual framework, identify alternative approaches for measuring the domains, and synthesize the information to design the measurement strategy. Often, there is not an already existing single instrument that has been developed and validated for the purposes of a given study. In such cases, investigators may consider supplementing an already existing questionnaire with additional scales or questions, modifying already existing instruments for a new application or patient population, or developing a new instrument altogether. The level of revalidation required for modifications and adaptations depends on the extent of the changes made. Revalidation requirements may range from cognitive testing/debriefing to confirm that subjects respond to the new instrument as expected to full-scale reliability and validity evaluations.

CONCLUSION
A position of "reasonable pragmatism" is recommended such that the best available measurement strategy be considered as evidence for labeling.


PURPOSE
Diabetes mellitus is considered a relative contraindication for dental implant therapy, depending on levels of glycemic control. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the peri-implant conditions and measure the levels of interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in the peri-implant crevicular fluid (PICF) in patients with glycemic-controlled type 2 diabetes (T2DM).

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Thirteen patients with well-controlled T2DM and seven systemically healthy patients were recruited for this study. Clinical measurements were recorded, and samples of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and PICF were collected from the sulci of both adjacent teeth and implants at baseline (after implant placement), 1 month, 4 months, and 7 months. Levels of IL-1β and TNF-α in the GCF and PICF were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Standardized intraoral radiographs were taken at baseline (after implant placement), 4 months, and 7 months. Implant stability was assessed by resonance frequency analysis at baseline, at 1 month, and at 4 months.

RESULTS
Glycosylated hemoglobin levels in the T2DM group were significantly increased at 7 months compared to baseline levels. Implant stability quotient levels at 4 months were increased significantly compared to baseline in both groups. Alveolar bone levels around implants were statistically lower at 4 and 7 months compared to baseline and statistically decreased at 7 months compared to 4 months in the T2DM group. There were no significant differences between groups in bone levels around implants, and no significant differences were found in levels of IL-1β and TNF-α at either teeth or implants or between the groups.

CONCLUSION
The results suggest that dental implant therapy can be offered to patients with well-controlled T2DM, as there were no significant differences between control and diabetic patients in terms of clinical parameters or GCF and PICF cytokine levels.


High quality electron beams have been produced in a laser-plasma accelerator driven by femtosecond laser pulses with a peak power of 26 TW. Electrons are produced with an energy up to 150 MeV from the 2 mm gas jet accelerator and the measured rms relative energy spread is less than 1%. Shot-to-shot stability in the central energy is 3%. Pepper-pot measurements have shown that the normalized transverse emittance is ∼1π mm mrad while the beam charge is in the range 2–10 pC. The generation of high quality electron beams is understood from simulations accounting for beam loading of the wakefield accelerating structure. Experiments and self-consistent simulations indicate that the beam peak current is several kiloamperes. Efficient transportation of the beam through an undulator is simulated and progress is being made towards the realization of a compact, high peak brilliance free-electron laser operating in the vacuum ultraviolet and soft x-ray wavelength ranges.


Rivers in mountainous areas are subject to cyclic perturbations due for instance to summer storms or daily variations in snowmelt. Such phenomena cause successive floods occurring under very similar forcing conditions. However, as shown by several field studies, measured bed load transport may vary significantly from one event to another. These fluctuations are still only partially understood and further research is necessary given the natural hazards and sediment stock issues at stake. This work aims to investigate bed load transport over steep slopes during repeated floods. Experiments are carried out in a 17 m long 60 cm wide flume inclined with an angle of 1.7. The bed is initially flat and made of homogenous natural gravel with a mean diameter of 6 mm. 200 identical floods are performed with no resetting of the bed between two simulations. Each flood lasts 1 hour and the input hydrograph is triangular with a minimum discharge of 5 l/s and a peak discharge of 21 l/s. The sediment input discharge is also triangular and ranges from 0 g/s to 20 g/s. At low flow, no sediment transport is observed. The bed topography is measured after each flood by ultrasound sensors and bed load is monitored continuously at the output via geophones. The bed slope derived from the bed topography presents an oscillatory behaviour characterized by a period of approximately 20 floods and relatively constant amplitudes. However, the general trend shows two phases: the average slope primarily decreases during the first 100 runs and then remains constant. This suggests that after a relaxation time, a quasi-equilibrium state is reached. Measured bed load also oscillates with a period of 20 floods in the first phase. However, the amplitudes are less regular and strong peaks are observed. The intensity of the latter decreases as the system develops toward the quasi-equilibrium state. When the second phase is reached, the solid flux fluctuations lose their periodic nature. Peaks are still observed. Bar formation is closely related to bed load transport in the first phase. Indeed, bar formation occurs when a strong solid flux is measured. During an aggradation period, when the bed load is low, the bars are filled. Bar creation and destruction therefore show the same periodic characteristics as explained above. In the second phase, bars are larger but their evolution seems much slower. These observations suggest that a river system responds to cyclic floods in a succession of aggradation and degradation phases until a quasi-equilibrium state is reached after a sufficient amount of time. During this adjustment period, bed features vary with a relatively regular oscillatory behaviour. Once at the quasi-equilibrium state, large fluctuations in solid flux still occur.


The U.S. government is often referred to as the world's biggest debtor. But how much debt does it owe? A visit to the website of the U.S. Department of the Treasury yields a bewildering array of different measures of U.S. federal government debt. Although the gross debt of the U.S. federal government is approaching $18 trillion, the debt that is subject to the debt limit is a few billion dollars smaller, while debt in the hands of the public is less than $13 trillion.


OBJECTIVE
To review the literature addressing the assessment and management of pain in patients with polytraumatic injuries including traumatic brain injury (TBI) and blast-related headache, and to identify patient, clinician and systems factors associated with pain-related outcomes.

DESIGN
Systematic review.

METHODS
We conducted searches in MEDLINE of literature published from 1950 through July 2008. Due to a limited number of studies using controls or comparators, we included observational and rigorous qualitative studies. We systematically rated the quality of systematic reviews, cohort, and case-control design studies.

RESULTS
One systematic review, 93 observational studies, and one qualitative research study met inclusion criteria. The literature search yielded no published studies that assessed measures of pain intensity or pain-related functional interference among patients with cognitive deficits due to TBI, that compared patients with blast-related headache with patients with other types of headache, or that assessed treatments for blast-related headache pain. Studies on the association between TBI severity and pain reported mixed findings. There was limited evidence that the following factors are associated with pain among TBI patients: severity, location, and multiplicity of injuries; insomnia; fatigue; depression; and post-traumatic stress disorder.

CONCLUSIONS
Very little evidence is currently available to guide pain assessment and treatment approaches in patients with polytrauma. Further research employing systematic observational as well as controlled intervention designs is clearly indicated.


This paper discusses a method of compressing three-dimensional biomedical images with losses, based on representing the data in the form of an octree. A modification of the method by geometrical normalization (equalization) of the image is proposed. It is shown that the proposed method has greater efficiency than the compression obtained when one exclusively uses the method based on an octree with losses but with a definite level of noise suppression.


Marine fouling is the settlement and growth of a variety of marine organisms, such as bacteria, diatoms, protozoa and algae spores on structures immersed in seawater, such as ship's hulls, navigation buoys, and sonar equipment. Anti-fouling refers to material or systems used to prevent the accumulation of biological material on submerged surfaces. Bio-fouling results in higher fuel consumption and can also facilitate the transport of harmful NIS (Non-Indigenous Species). Antifouling technologies incorporating biocides (e.g., Tributyltin) have been developed to prevent fouling. Their widespread use, however, raised concerns about their toxic effects on marine communities. The AFS Convention (International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems in Ships) is a 2001 IMO (International Maritime Organization) treaty, whereby states agree to ban the use of harmful anti-fouling paints and other anti-fouling systems that contain harmful substances. Particularly, the use of the organotinTributyltin is prohibited, since leaching of that chemical from the hulls of ships has been shown to cause deleterious effects on some sea creatures. Although the AFS Convention has entered into force, its full implementation has not yet been appropriately achieved. Most of the ratifying States have delegated the Classification Society to inspect their ships to ensure the implementation of the provisions of the Convention. Since painting ships takes place in dry docks, the full control falls in the hands of Classification Societies.


Herbert Read was a maverick character in the cultural life of the twentieth century. A radical leader of the avant garde in the 1930s, and an anarchist revolutionary during the war years, by the time of his death in 1968 he had become a key figure at the heart of the British cultural establishment. To Hell with Culture offers readers an ideal overview of the ideas that marked out this seminal and hugely influential thinker. It is a controversial work that engages the reader in a wide range of topics, from revolutionary art to pornography. Adept at challenging assumptions and penetrating to the heart of any issue, Read's deft prose encourages the reader to think critically, to question and to subvert the voice of authority, of whatever political or cultural creed. Only through such a critical evaluation of culture, Read believes, can one appreciate the art that arises from the 'unpolitical manifestation of the human spirit'. At a time when authority and value are questionable terms, and when culture itself is a contested concept, Read's is both a challenging and an enlightening voice.


This article is written in the interests of opening up dialogue and generating debate about the relationship between dance literacy and the role of creativity in dance education. It aims to provoke discussion amongst dance educators who may, or may not, currently value or be aware of, the benefits that graphic movement notation can play in learning and teaching in, through and about dance. This article, however, is not an exhaustive examination of the educational value of graphic movement notation, as that information is readily available from many different sources including dance educators, anthropologists of dance, dance historians and so forth. Questions that are of concern here include: Why should graphic notation play a more prevalent role in dance education? Why not graphic notation? What may be grounding current resistance towards its inclusion? What benefits could accrue from creative making of graphic movement notation for teachers, learners and the status of dance education itself? How can we make graphic notation more creative? Such lines of inquiry can give rise to some interesting educational, historical and pedagogical matters.


Continuance commitment is essential in our world today because employees have the fear that a loss of their jobs will affect their income and their livelihood. This is not an exception for working students. The Commission on Higher Education (CHED), Philippines has recounted that eight of the students are working student. Work-study is also an accepted practice of the most Seventh-day Adventist universities. This study seeks to investigate the continuance commitment of the students as related to compensation and social support. This study is correlational research design. Out of the 450, working students in AUP 100 were randomly sampled to answer the self-constructed questionnaires. The study used Pearson correlation to analysis the relationship and T-Test and ANOVA to analyze the difference. This study revealed that there is a high positive significant relationship between compensation and continuance commitment and a moderate positive significant relationship between social support and continuance commitment. Also, there was no significant difference in continuance commitment based on sex, age, and the number of units of the working students. The working students stay on their job because of the high compensation they receive from AUP and the moderate social support they get from their families, friends, and relatives. Both male and female working students are committed to staying on their job. The number of units did not deter the working students from being a commitment to their jobs. The study has revealed that the continuance commitment of working students is based on compensation and social support. The research recommends that in order to get the commitment of working students, the wage payments to them must be high with moderate social support.


In this landmark book, Dr. Teri James Bellis, one of the world's leading authorities on auditory processing disorder (APD), explains the nature of this devastating condition and provides insightful case studies that illustrate its effect on the lives of its sufferers. Millions of Americans struggle silently with APD. For many of them, holding a simple conversation can be next to impossible. As sound travels through an imperfect auditory pathway, words become jumbled, distorted, and unintelligible. As Dr. Bellis notes, the most profound impact of this highly specific impediment to auditory comprehension may be on the young. Facing a severely reduced ability to read, spell, comprehend, and communicate, children with APD are subject to anxiety, academic failure, and a damaged sense of self. Often, they are misdiagnosed. Discussing the latest and most promising clinical advances and treatment options, and providing a host of proven strategies for coping, Dr. Bellis takes much of the mystery out of APD. If you or anyone you know has difficulty comprehending spoken language, or if your child is struggling in school, this important book may have the answers you need.


Researchers at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) have developed several new tools for evaluating roof support performance. A miniature data acquisition system (MIDAS) was developed that can collect readings from up to 16 strain gauges at regular time intervals and store the readings for later retrieval. Three LED lights change from green to yellow, then red, based on the reading levels and/or rates of change of rock movement. This feature can be used to warn miners of rock instabilities. The system can be used with any strain-gauged support (resin bolt, friction bolt, cable bolt) or with a newly developed rock strain strip (ROSS) developed by NIOSH to measure rock strain. A ROSS is grouted in a hole drilled adjacent to the rock support to be evaluated; the deformed shape of the ROSS provides anchorage on either side of the strain gauges. Data from both laboratory tests and field evaluations are presented that describe the capabilities of both the MIDAS and ROSS instruments.


The Russian system of personalized power is growing ever more dependent on the same strategies that proved useless in sustaining the USSR. While the system still has the potential to limp along, its survival tactics render the it progressively more dysfunctional. Among the circumstances weighing against the system's survival are the unintended yet logical consequences of the regime's own strategies for monopolizing power and resources. While there are grounds for cautious optimism regarding Russian society's future beyond the system, the system itself is moving toward its self-destruction.


Four conceptual models and measures of adult playfulness were investigated and compared. Each proffers different constitutive dimensions underlying the construct, and argues that the explanation for playfulness lies within the independent or relative contributions of the dimensions, or in their interactive relationship. 646 undergraduate university students with complete data on all four measures, as well as on a self-rated criterion assessment, participated in the study. The findings indicated the extent to which each model was best regarded as an additive, balanced, or synergistic relationship, and further revealed their differential efficacy and predictive power in capturing and elucidating the adult playfulness construct. An alternative model is proposed in which the most powerful predictors are synthesized. Contributions toward an increased understanding of playfulness in young adults were identified from the collation of results and their competing hypotheses, and directions for the trajectory of further research utilizing the conceptual frameworks were presented.


Microsoft Excel continues to grow in power, sophistication, and capability, but one thing that has changed very little since the early '90s is its user interface. The once-simple toolbar has been packed with so many features over the years that few users know where to find them all. Microsoft has addressed this problem in Excel 2007 by radically redesigning the user interface with a tabbed toolbar that makes every feature easy to locate and use. Unfortunately, Microsoft's documentation is as scant as ever, so even if users can find advanced features, they probably won't know what to do with them. Excel 2007: The Missing Manual covers the entire gamut of how to build spreadsheets, add and format information, print reports, create charts and graphics, and use basic formulas and functions. Like its siblings in the Missing Manual series, this book crackles with a fine sense of humor and refreshing objectivity about its subject, guiding readers through the new Excel with clear explanations, step-by-step instructions, lots of illustrations, and friendly, time-saving advice. It's a perfect primer for small businesses with no techie to turn to, as well as those who want to organize household and office information.


Fatty acids composition leaves of Satureja hortensis L., Satureja boissieri Hausskn ex Boiss., Thymus kotschyanus Boiss.& Hohen. var. glabrescens Boiss., Thymus kotschyanus Boiss. & Hohen. var. kotschyanus, Thymus hausknechtii Velen., Thymus pubescens Boiss. & Kotschy ex Celak var. pubescens, Thymus fallax Fisch & Mey, Origanum vulgare L. subsp. gracile and Origanum acutidens L., were analyzed by gas chromatography. The fatty acid composition of plants used to this study showed different saturated and unsaturated fatty acid concentrations. The main fatty acids found were Palmitic acid methyl ester (13.49-27.71%), Linoleic acid methyl ester (10.85-19.47%), and Linolenic acid methyl ester (40.68-56.53%); while other fatty acids were found in minor proportions. As a result, all taxa had the highest total unsaturated fatty acid amounts (39.05-73.19%) and the lowest total saturated fatty acid amounts (19.43-51.12%). The highest unsaturated fatty acid determined to Satureja hortensis (73.19%), the lowest to Thymus hausknechtii (39.05%). In this study, palmitic acid methyl ester was found the major saturated fatty acids in all studied taxa.


Maritime security has become a buzzword in recent years as criminal activities at sea threaten a wide range of geostrategic, security and economic imperatives. In few other places in the world is this problem more pointed than in the Gulf of Guinea on Africa's western coast. While countries in the region are receptive to mechanisms promoting co-operation in tackling maritime insecurity, problems are posed by inadequate information around the nature and extent of maritime crime, as well as a dearth of legal instruments to address this activity. This presents an important challenge to evidence-based policymaking, and prevents capacity-constrained countries from using their resources in the most effective way. The impending AU summit on maritime security and safety to be convened in October 2016 in Lomé, Togo, however, provides a unique opportunity to address these obstacles.


The objective of this research is to provide policy recommendation with regard to strategy
formulation for the development of community forests. The policy recommendation aims to
improve local people's economy, to alleviate poverty and to achieve community-reliance
through the utilization of community forest programs. This study is also aimed to strengthen
roles and functions of various institutions to be synergized in empowerment activities in line
with the jurisdiction of rights for management and utilization of community forest. This
research used descriptive qualitative approach. Data was collected from Tanggamus
Regency in Lampung Province of Indonesia through interviews. Secondary data was also
obtained from related sources: literature and government regulations. This study found that
the implementation of community forest policy is merely based on the government regulation.
Another finding is that empowerment practices undertaken in the community forest is still
lack of the involement of stakeholders. In addition, there is a positive impact in the practice of
community forest which can be seen from the level of public awareness to the forest and in
planting crops. Therefore, this research suggests that: first, there is the need of policy to
overcome bureaucratic system in applying the community forest management permits;
second, it needs a new formulation of budget to facilitate the community in the application of
the community forest management.


As part of a geodetic experiment aimed at understanding the deformation associated with the Australian-Pacific plate boundary in the South Island of New Zealand, in 1992 we reoccupied using Global Positioning System (GPS) techniques a first-order triangulation and trilateration network established in 1978 between Christchurch on the east coast and Hokitika on the west. The network crosses the South Island a few tens of kilometers southwest of the region where the plate boundary changes from a single, throughgoing oblique slip fault, the Alpine fault, to a series of subparallel strike-slip faults, the Marlborough faults. The GPS data have been analyzed as daily network solutions, with about 12 stations in each solution. RMS repeatabilities for stations with multiple occupations are 4 mm, 8 mm, and 15 mm in the north, east, and vertical components, respectively. The observed strain across the network is consistent with the entire NUVEL-IA Pacific-Australia plate velocity being accommodated on land across this part of the South Island. Shear strain rates derived from the GPS and terrestrial data show that the highest strain rate (> 0.4 μrad/yr) occurs in the region of the Southern Alps and Alpine fault. This rate is about two thirds of the rate predicted from the NUVEL-IA plate velocity model assuming that all the plate boundary deformation occurs across this region, implying that about two thirds of the plate motion is accommodated in the vicinity of the Alpine fault. Significant shear strain rates greater than 0.2 μrad/yr are also observed farther east, particularly in the region of the Porters Pass-Amberley fault zone, demonstrating that this zone accommodates a significant part of the plate boundary deformation. Using dislocation modeling, we show that the variation in fault-parallel shear strain rates across the Alpine fault is reasonably consistent with a nonoptimized dislocation model involving a 50° dipping fault that is presently locked to a depth of ∼12 km. One explanation for this observation is that the upper ∼12 km of the crust in this area is storing most of the right-lateral shear component of the relative plate motion as elastic energy that will be released in a future major earthquake. The variation in the other component of shear strain, which may be interpreted as fault-normal relative contraction, is not explained by a simple dislocation model, implying that the normal component of plate motion is taken up in other ways.


We demonstrate the use of antireflection (AR) coated microparticles for the enhanced optical manipulation of cells. Specifically, we incubate CHO-K1, HL60, and NMuMG cell lines with AR-coated titania microparticles and subsequently performed drag force measurements using optical trapping. Direct comparisons were performed between native, polystyrene microparticle and AR microparticle tagged cells. The optical trapping efficiency was recorded by measuring the Q value in a drag force experiment. CHO-K1 cells incubated with AR microparticles show an increase in the Q value of nearly 220% versus native cells. With the inclusion of AR microparticles, cell velocities exceeding 50 μm/s were recorded for only 33 mW of laser trapping power. Cell viability was confirmed with fluorescent dyes and cells expressing a fluorescent ubiquitination-based cell cycle protein (FUCCI), which verified no disruption to the cell cycle in the presence of AR microparticles.


The dynamics of User Datagram Protocol (UDP) traffic over Ethernet between two computers are analyzed using nonlinear dynamics which shows that there are two clear regimes in the data flow: free flow and saturated. The two most important variables affecting this are the packet size and packet flow rate. However, this transition is due to a transcritical bifurcation rather than phase transition in models such as in vehicle traffic or theorized large-scale computer network congestion. It is hoped this model will help lay the groundwork for further research on the dynamics of networks, especially computer networks.


In this paper space charge dynamics in low-density polyethylene (LDPE) under different do electric fields, ranging from 25 kV/mm to 125 kV/mm, have been investigated using the pulsed electroacoustic (PEA) technique. Bipolar space charges have been found to present in the sample and the amount of charge increases with both the applied electric field and the duration of electric field applied. Double injection is believed to be responsible for the charge measured. Negative charge dominates due to electrode configuration used in the research. The formation of charge leads to an increase in the maximum electric field. Results show that the maximum electric field depends on both the magnitude and the duration of the applied field. The charge decay after the removal of the applied field shows a fast decaying rate for the charge formed at high applied electric field.


Alternating direction iterative (ADI) methods do not usually work well on parallel computers due to having to do parallel rather than serial tridiagonal solves in all but one dimension. An ADI-like iteration is developed and analyzed which does not require parallel tridiagonal solves in any direction, has at least as good of a convergence rate as ADI, and has almost no communication when a small number of iterations are used. Acceleration parameters are investigated in order to reduce the number of of iterations to a small number. Numerical experiments on a network of workstations and a parallel computer are also included.


Background Several physical assessment protocols to identify intrinsic risk factors for injury aetiology related to movement quality have been described. The Functional Movement Screen (FMS) is a standardised, field-expedient test battery intended to assess movement quality and has been used clinically in preparticipation screening and in sports injury research. Aim To critically appraise and summarise research investigating the reliability of scores obtained using the FMS battery. Study design Systematic literature review. Methods Systematic search of Google Scholar, Scopus (including ScienceDirect and PubMed), EBSCO (including Academic Search Complete, AMED, CINAHL, Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition), MEDLINE and SPORTDiscus. Studies meeting eligibility criteria were assessed by 2 reviewers for risk of bias using the Quality Appraisal of Reliability Studies checklist. Overall quality of evidence was determined using van Tulder's levels of evidence approach. Results 12 studies were appraised. Overall, there was a 'moderate' level of evidence in favour of 'acceptable' (intraclass correlation coefficient ≥0.6) inter-rater and intra-rater reliability for composite scores derived from live scoring. For inter-rater reliability of composite scores derived from video recordings there was 'conflicting' evidence, and 'limited' evidence for intra-rater reliability. For inter-rater reliability based on live scoring of individual subtests there was 'moderate' evidence of 'acceptable' reliability (κ≥0.4) for 4 subtests (Deep Squat, Shoulder Mobility, Active Straight-leg Raise, Trunk Stability Push-up) and 'conflicting' evidence for the remaining 3 (Hurdle Step, In-line Lunge, Rotary Stability). Conclusions This review found 'moderate' evidence that raters can achieve acceptable levels of inter-rater and intra-rater reliability of composite FMS scores when using live ratings. Overall, there were few high-quality studies, and the quality of several studies was impacted by poor study reporting particularly in relation to rater blinding.


Along with the development of information and communications technology being popular, types of data become rich and multiple, the analysis scope changes from structured data to non-structured data without sorting context, and the data volume becomes huge and is continuously growing. When data application cases and value benefit are gradually noticed in past years, government agencies realize that data could develop the value through cross-boundary collaboration, rather than simple relying on internal processing and analyses, and the collaboration process allows the government cultivating to apply data with added-value and establish evidence-based governance. Aiming at employees in public sectors in the central government of Taiwan, total 320 copies of questionnaire are distributed and 247 valid copies are retrieved, with the retrieval rate 77% . The research results are summarized as below: (1) Regarding the curiosity and expectation of data analysis of the government, either directors of agencies or key case officers, with the expectation of applying the possessed data with added value, do not simply regard data as dead records, but attempt to apply data to solve specific public issues; (2) In addition to inducing the curiosity about data application in the internal organization, success cases of other agencies could facilitate the action of an organization participating in the project for expanding to central and local levels or cross-units inducing the agencies with similar businesses engaging in the project as well as accelerate project influence through experience sharing and reinforce the confidence of other units in information and data governance; (3) Information and data governance could benefit the government shaping positive image to interpret outcomes through data for the reference of future policies, strengthen the industrial and academic research energy of the business, as well as enhance public trust and agency transparency through cooperation with experts. According to the results to propose suggestions, it is expected to provide related policy suggestions for the government examining the internal organization from management to execution about the preparation for data governance and the reference for top decision-makers planning data application strategies, applying data to public-private collaboration, and improving existing data governance structure.


The wind environment around buildings and the wind pressures on building surfaces are studied by scale-model experiments in wind tunnels and confirmed by full scale measurements. Such experiments are often expensive and time consuming. Computational wind engineering as a new branch of computational fluid dynamics has been developed recently to evaluate the interaction between wind and buildings numerically. In the current study, a systematic examination of wind effects on buildings and wind flow conditions around buildings has been carried out numerically. Contrary to the usual numerical evaluations which were only performed on rectangular buildings, the current study evaluates the wind effects on buildings of different shapes such as L-shapes and Z-shapes. The steady state Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equations and the k-$\varepsilon$ turbulence model have been adopted for the numerical studies. These equations have been solved with the SIMPLE method. Some researchers declared that the discrepancies between the computed results with the k-$\varepsilon$ model method and the experimental data on the flat roof of a rectangular building are caused by the coarse grid used. To check this, a systematic evaluation of the k-$\varepsilon$ model method in predicting the wind pressure on flat roofs has been attempted by using grids of various densities. Computations were made for a low building and a taller building. Both the advantages and limitations of this most widely used method in computing the wind pressure on flat roofs under normal and oblique wind conditions have been discussed. This study revealed that these discrepancies can be attributed not only to the coarse grid arrangement but also to the k-$\varepsilon$ model itself. To keep the advantages of k-$\varepsilon$ model in representing the fully turbulent flow in the external region far from solid walls and to avoid its shortcomings for the near wall flows, a two-layer methodology combining the k-$\varepsilon$ model in external flow region with either a one-equation model or a modified k-$\varepsilon$ model in the near wall area has been adopted in this study to predict the wind conditions around a cubic building. The two-layer method based on the modified k-$\varepsilon$ model has not been found effective. The two-layer method based on a one-equation model, however, has been proved very effective in predicting the separation above the roof surface and near the side walls of a cubic building which was not possible with the usual k-$\varepsilon$ model method; as a result, the prediction of the wind pressure on the roof and side walls has also been apparently improved


Background: Chondroitin/dermatan sulfate (CS/DS) proteoglycans present in the extracellular matrix have important structural and regulatory functions. Results: Six human genes have previously been shown to catalyze CS/DS polymerization. Here we show that one of these genes, chpf, is represented by two copies in the zebrafish genome, chpfa and chpfb, while the other five human CS/DS glycosyltransferases csgalnact1, csgalnact2, chpf2, chsy1, and chsy3 all have single zebrafish orthologues. The putative zebrafish CS/DS glycosyltransferases are spatially and temporally expressed. Interestingly, overlapping expression of multiple glycosyltransferases coincides with high CS/DS deposition. Finally, whereas the relative levels of the related polysaccharide HS reach steady-state at around 2 days post fertilization, there is a continued relative increase of the CS amounts per larvae during the first 6 days of development, matching the increased cartilage formation. Conclusions: There are 7 CS/DS glycosyltransferases in zebrafish, which, based on homology, can be divided into the CSGALNACT, CHSY, and CHPF families. The overlap between intense CS/DS production and the expression of multiple CS/DS glycosyltransferases suggests that efficient CS/DS biosynthesis requires a combination of several glycosyltransferases.


This intra-individual study examined relationships over time of job demands and resources with employee perceptions of psychological contract breach and violation, or the emotional impact of breach. Based on Conservation of Resources (COR) Theory, we expected job demands to increase the susceptibility of experiencing contract breach and violation over time, and we expected this relationship to be moderated by available job resources. In particular, autonomy and social support were expected to buffer relationships of job demands with breach, while development was expected to intensify relationships between job demands and breach. For violation, we expected job resources to intensify the relationships between job demands and breach, in line with the betrayal hypothesis. Analyses on weekly diary data showed that weekly job demands were related to higher contract breach perceptions in the following week when autonomy and social support were low and when development was high. Moreover, weekly job demands were related to higher violation in the next week, especially when social support was high. The study shows that job demands may be related to higher odds of experiencing a breach and higher violation, and job resources may play opposite roles in moderating the relationships of job demands with breach and violation.


Abstract Objective: Obstetric complications may be an important factor in the development of schizophrenia. The aim of this study is to evaluate the role of these complications in the development of schizophrenia in adult life, with particular attention to the potential role of birth weight. Method: We carried out a case-control study, comprising schizophrenics and patients with diseases of the schizophrenia spectrum as cases, and their healthy male brothers as controls. Obstetric complications were assessed using the "Midwife Protocol" of Parnas et al. Results: The main result was that birth weight may be a risk factor for schizophrenia, as indicated by odds ratio analysis. The confidence intervals are very wide and, without compromising the clinical significance of the results, they give a limited indication of the real entity of the risk. Conclusions: The results contribute to understanding of the role played by a single complications.


Energy management in households gets increasingly more attention in the struggle to integrate more sustainable energy sources. Especially in the electrical system, smart grid systems are envisioned to be part in the efforts towards a better utilisation of the energy production and distribution infrastructure. The Home Energy Management System (HEMS) is a critical infrastructure component in this endeavour. Its main goal is to enable energy services utilising smart devices in the households based on the interest of the residential consumers and external actors. With the role of being both an essential link in the communication infrastructure for balancing the electrical grid and a surveillance unit in private homes, security and privacy become essential to address. In this chapter, we identify and address potential threats Home Energy Man‐ agement Platform (HEMP) developers should consider in the progress of designing architecture, selecting hardware and building software. Our approach starts with a general view of the involved stakeholders and the HEMS. Given the system over‐ view, a threat model is constructed from the HEMP developer's point of view. Based on the threats that have been detected, possible mitigation strategies are proposed taking into account the state of the art of technology for securing platforms.


In this work, we discuss kinetic descriptions of flocking models of the so-called Cucker--Smale [IEEE Trans. Automat. Control, 52 (2007), pp. 852--862] and Motsch--Tadmor [J. Statist. Phys., 144 (2011), pp. 923--947] types. These models are given by Vlasov-type equations where the interactions taken into account are only given long-range bi-particles interaction potentials. We introduce a new exact rescaling velocity method, inspired by the recent work [F. Filbet and T. Rey, J. Comput. Phys., 248 (2013) pp. 177--199], allowing us to observe numerically the flocking behavior of the solutions to these equations, without a need of remeshing or taking a very fine grid in the velocity space. To stabilize the exact method, we also introduce a modification of the classical upwind finite volume scheme which preserves the physical properties of the solution, such as momentum conservation.


When work was started on revising the Swedish code for concrete pipes at the end of the 70's, a research project was carried out to evaluate the risk of increased load due to frost action under Swedish conditions. Two test pipelines were constructed, consisting of concrete pipes with a diameter of 300 mm installed in both narrow and wide pipe trenches, and a PVC sewage pipe with a diameter of 300 mm. The tests showed that in certain types of backfill material frost will have an influence on the load exerted on a buried pipe. This was found to be of substantial importance for pipes laid in narrow trenches and designed for normal trench load. A description of the tests is given in this paper accompanied by a presentation and analysis of the results.


Working With Veterans Energy Psychology 1:1 • Nov 2009 The first few moments of an encounter with a veteran may be crucial in establishing a therapeutic alliance. A posture of respect and acknowledgment of their service provides a good start. Political observations should be avoided. Many service members identify with the archetypal warrior, laying down their lives to protect others and have a sense of betrayal that their purpose has been interrupted. They are often reluctant to talk about their experiences, or engage with a mental health practitioner, because of similar past experiences that did not bring relief. EFT is useful in this context because it can be used without the veteran describing the emotionally triggering event. Veterans may experience these as real, present-time events, not as memories distant in time.Service members may also be afraid that their mental health symptoms may make them appear weak to their comrades and superiors, potentially damaging their careers. Symptoms like flashbacks and nightmares often occur when healthcare providers are unavailable, and a portable self-help method like EFT is useful at such times. EFT also provides a coping technique to families of service providers and improves resilience. Successful implementation in a military culture requires sensitivity to these issues.


A cohort of convalescent Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF) patients and their household contacts (HHCs) were studied prospectively to determine if convalescent body fluids contain Ebola virus and if secondary transmission occurs during convalescence. Twenty-nine EHF convalescents and 152 HHCs were monitored for up to 21 months. Blood specimens were obtained and symptom information was collected from convalescents and their HHCs; other body fluid specimens were also obtained from convalescents. Arthralgias and myalgia were reported significantly more often by convalescents than HHCs. Evidence of Ebola virus was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in semen specimens up to 91 days after disease onset; however, these and all other non-blood body fluids tested negative by virus isolation. Among 81 initially antibody negative HHCs, none became antibody positive. Blood specimens of 5 HHCs not identified as EHF patients were initially antibody positive. No direct evidence of convalescent-to-HHC transmission of EHF was found, although the semen of convalescents may be infectious. The existence of initially antibody-positive HHCs suggests that mild cases of Ebola virus infection occurred and that the full extent of the EHF epidemic was probably underestimated.


Abstract: This paper brings together theoretical work on gender, caregiving, and illness to investigate emotion work performed in response to a spouse's physical illness. We analyzed qualitative in-depth interview data with 36 individuals in 18 long-term heterosexual marriages ( N =36) wherein one or both spouses experienced illness. Findings indicated that men and women performed, received, and interpreted their emotion work in gendered ways. Women with an ill spouse performed emotion work more often than men. Women who were ill themselves often performed emotion work to relieve the burden on their spouse—a dynamic not found among men who were ill. When women performed emotion work, they constructed this work as a natural propensity. Men who did not perform emotion work constructed themselves as protective and problem-solving. These findings point to underlying intra- and inter-personal processes that may help to explain why women experience higher levels of caregiver burden and depression than do men.


Extracted from text ... STORM WARNING : The Tempest. Directed by Malcolm Purkey, The Wits Theatre.
Design by Gerhard Marx and lighting design by Melanie Dobbs, 13-25 September 2004.
TONY VOSS
There is no stage curtain, so the island and the magician's cell, his books and instruments, are
visible as the audience enters. In the crepuscule of the house-lights dimming, the stage fills, the
weather breaks, and in the darkness set and machinery come to life. What looked like a huge oldfashioned
semi-cylindrical blotter turns into a metronomically rolling deck on which a deckhand
clings perilously to a mast: the wound wind-machine seems to ..


Building correct and efficient concurrent algorithms is known to be a difficult problem of fundamental importance. To achieve efficiency, designers try to remove unnecessary and costly synchronization. However, not only is this manual trial-and-error process ad-hoc, time consuming and error-prone, but it often leaves designers pondering the question of: is it inherently impossible to eliminate certain synchronization, or is it that I was unable to eliminate it on this attempt and I should keep trying?
 In this paper we respond to this question. We prove that it is impossible to build concurrent implementations of classic and ubiquitous specifications such as sets, queues, stacks, mutual exclusion and read-modify-write operations, that completely eliminate the use of expensive synchronization.
 We prove that one cannot avoid the use of either: i) read-after-write (RAW), where a write to shared variable A is followed by a read to a different shared variable B without a write to B in between, or ii) atomic write-after-read (AWAR), where an atomic operation reads and then writes to shared locations. Unfortunately, enforcing RAW or AWAR is expensive on all current mainstream processors. To enforce RAW, memory ordering--also called fence or barrier--instructions must be used. To enforce AWAR, atomic instructions such as compare-and-swap are required. However, these instructions are typically substantially slower than regular instructions.
 Although algorithm designers frequently struggle to avoid RAW and AWAR, their attempts are often futile. Our result characterizes the cases where avoiding RAW and AWAR is impossible. On the flip side, our result can be used to guide designers towards new algorithms where RAW and AWAR can be eliminated.


Smart materials are predicted to 'revolutionise' the A/E/C industry. They are supposed to enable a building to change colour, shape, size and opacity. However, past research shows that smart materials are still not used very often in engineering applications to their full potential. In this publication we advocate that materials should not be only chosen for simple properties such as visual, physical and insulating characteristics, but for capabilities such as being able to save/generate energy, store information, and to react to stimuli from their local environment. Therefore, this paper will research into the addition of SolaVeil to a window, its physical configuration and the possibility to model and analyse it through Building Performance simulation (BPS). This material is primarily designed to eliminate glare and redirect light. As a result it can reduce energy use caused by air conditioning and artificial lighting systems. This paper researches into the behaviour of SolaVeil in a computer simulation using two different case studies. The first will compare how changing the width but maintaining the reflective area affects illuminance distribution, and the second will determine which physical properties of SolaVeil are most effective. Finally, conclusions are drawn based on the case studies and it is shown that smaller width light shelves are the most suitable for an anti glare product. It is also determined that for SolaVeil to minimise glare in a room without compromising illuminance levels, it should have a light shelf angle of 40 degrees, cover between 40-60% of a window and its strips should be spaced 5mm.


ABSTRACT This study investigated the relationships among college students' epistemic beliefs in biology (EBB), conceptions of learning biology (COLB), and strategies of learning biology (SLB). EBB includes four dimensions, namely 'multiple-source,' 'uncertainty,' 'development,' and 'justification.' COLB is further divided into 'constructivist' and 'reproductive' conceptions, while SLB represents deep strategies and surface learning strategies. Questionnaire responses were gathered from 303 college students. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling showed acceptable model fits. Mediation testing further revealed two paths with complete mediation. In sum, students' epistemic beliefs of 'uncertainty' and 'justification' in biology were statistically significant in explaining the constructivist and reproductive COLB, respectively; and 'uncertainty' was statistically significant in explaining the deep SLB as well. The results of mediation testing further revealed that 'uncertainty' predicted surface strategies through the mediation of 'reproductive' conceptions; and the relationship between 'justification' and deep strategies was mediated by 'constructivist' COLB. This study provides evidence for the essential roles some epistemic beliefs play in predicting students' learning.


Abstract. Documentation of treatment is one of the central tenets of conservation as a profession, and a necessary aspect of the preservation of cultural heritage. Photographic documentation has been an essential technique for recording the nature of heritage objects and illustrating conservation procedures. The routine use of digital photography in recent years has opened many avenues to conservators, but also poses unique threats to the long-term stability of the conservation record. Digital documentation is subject to decay just as physical or "analogue" records are, with the stark difference that digital data corrupts absolutely, where physical records can remain legible through various stages of deterioration. It is therefore necessary to understand the options that conservators have with regards to preservation of their records for the future. The various guidelines presently available regarding digital documentation may be synthesized into a coherent "best practice" specific to digital conservation documentation. This practice, however, must be reconsidered within the framework of what is necessary to ensure that photographic records are preserved, versus what is feasible. In order to determine if conservators are aware of the limitations of digital technology, thirty practicing conservators were asked to respond to a questionnaire regarding their own documentation practices. The responses identified a lack of best practice, and indicated that there are multiple factors which prevent conservators from developing effective methods for creating, storing, and accessing documentation. To address this, a modified form of best practice, the "best practical" method, is developed as a series of guidelines with the intent of being feasible for practicing conservators. This method aims to reduce the time and economic costs required of best practice, while minimizing the risk to the conservation record. The "best practical" guidelines are being designed to be applicable to a wide range of professional contexts, from large public institutional conservators to independent private contractors. The significance of selection of documentation for long-term survival is also emphasized. The value of these guidelines lies in the identification of small changes to current practice that have the potential to make large differences in the amount of information preserved for future conservators, scholars, and other interested parties.


Simulations in virtual environments for educational purpose are well-known in many domains to achieve an interactive learning experience. This paper addresses the development of a virtual reality application for training non-professionals in using a fire extinguisher. Virtual firefighting is advantageous compared to fire training in a real environment in terms of security, practicality and the selection of training scenarios. Additionally, it is a costeffective alternative while offering a more engaging training experience. The state-of-the-art virtual reality device HTC Vive, paired with the high-level game development framework Unity, is used to develop a 360-degree fire simulation and therefore allows trainees to interact with a fire in a safe setting. The scenario can be controlled from an external supervisor for professional learning feedback. Through visual effects, realistic lighting, suitable shading methods and a physical approximation of fire growth, we achieved to develop a realistic and an immersive learning environment which is also maintainable for further development.


Israeli public diplomacy surrounding the disengagement from Gaza and the general elections in the Palestinian Authority (PA) in 2005 reflects a problematic misconstruction of Israel's messages in English regarding its relations with the Palestinians. Based on content analysis of official documents, such as official announcements, press releases, and speeches by Israeli government officials (the PM and the foreign ministry), we point to the incompleteness of Israeli public messages aimed at non-Hebrew speakers in terms of major framing functions. Incorporating narrative analysis, we further claim that the problem of missing framing functions is part of a larger problem of misconstruction of the state's foreign policy narrative. At the core of this problem lies a discontinuity between the definition of the problem faced by Israel, the characterization of those who are responsible for the problem, and the proposed solutions to the problem. While the definition of the problem tends to rest quite heavily on internal disputes within Israel, namely the dispute between the government and the settlers, the Palestinians are those who are held responsible for the problem, and the solution is defined as a confrontation with the Palestinians. This incoherence between the definition of the problems and the solutions offered has damaged the internal logic of Israeli public diplomacy. The article discusses these findings against the backdrop of the traditional Israeli approach toward public diplomacy as reflected by the concept of "explanation" (hasbara). It suggests that these incoherencies played a key role in the explanation of why Israel failed to achieve significant improvement in its international image following the disengagement.


The biocompatible thiol‐functionalized rGOSH/PMASH microcapsules encapsulating nerve growth factor (NGF) are arrayed onto a transparent and conductive substrate, i.e., indium tin oxide (ITO), to integrate electrically stimulated cellular differentiation, electrically controlled NGF release, and topographically rough nano‐surfaces into a 3‐D platform for nerve regeneration. The rGOSH/PMASH microcapsules with microscale topography function not only as an adhesive coating to promote the adhesion of PC12 cells but also as electroactive NGF‐releasing electrodes that stimulate NGF release and accelerate the differentiation of PC12 cells during electrical stimulation. Once electrical treatment is applied, NGF release and electrically enhanced cellular differentiation lead to an obvious increase both in the percentage of cells with neurites and in the neurite length. This length can reach nearly 90 μm within 2 days of cell culture. The average neurite length is significantly increased (four‐fold) after culture on the rGOSH/PMASH microcapsule substrate for 2 days compared with culture on a substrate without an rGOSH/PMASH coating. These multifunctional rGOSH/PMASH microcapsules may be used as potential 3‐D patterned substrates for neural regeneration and neural prosthetics in tissue engineering applications.


The Apostolic tradition in the Early Church's understanding of Scripture and faith – A brief hermeneutical overview. This study is a concise hermeneutical overview of faith's various ways of understanding and of the different approaches towards Scripture interpretation in the history of the Early Church. The research manifests that historically the Apostolic Tradition of the Early Church, with its ecumenically accepted expression of faith in the Nicene Confession (originating from the Ecumenical Councils of Nicaea 325 and Constantinople 381), offers a foundation towards Church unity and at the same time provides us with a vital hermeneutical key for the Church's understanding of the scriptures and of her faith.


Crystal structure refinements of undoped and 14 atomic% F-doped LaFeAsO (T c = 20 K) were performed over the temperature region of 25 K to 300 K by synchrotron X-ray diffraction. The electronic structures of the crystals were also examined using density functional theory (DFT). Undoped LaFeAsO was observed to undergo a crystallographic transition from the tetragonal (P4/nmm) to orthorhombic (Cmma) phases at ∼160 K. This crystallographic transition was accompanied with an antiferromagnetic spin ordering at ∼140 K. The DFT calculation results suggest that both transitions were caused by the "Cooperative Jahn-Teller effect". In contrast, an F-doped sample maintains the non-magnetic tetragonal phase down to 25 K. F-ion substitutions for the O sites changed the bond length and angle in the distorted LaO tetrahedron, whereas weaker geometric effects were observed in the FeAs layer. Further, the F-doping induced large decreases in the c-axis length and the La-As distance, suggesting an enhancement of the charge polarizations in the (LaO) δ+ and (FeAs) δ- layers as a result of electron transfer between two layers. The enhanced polarization and Fe-Fe interaction in the FeAs layer are likely to suppress the transitions leading to the emergence of a superconducting phase. ©2008 The Physical Society of Jap an.


During the past decade it has become evident that microRNAs regulate gene expressions and control many developmental and cellular processes in eukaryotic organisms. Recent studies suggest that microRNAs play an important role in toxicogenomics and are likely to play an important role in a range of human diseases including cancer. microRNAs in Toxicology and Medicine is a comprehensive and authoritative compilation of up-to-date developments in this emerging research area, presented by internationally recognized investigators. It focuses on the role of microRNA in biology and medicine with a special emphasis on toxicology. Divided into six parts, topics covered include:- microRNA and toxicology – including environmental toxicants and perturbation of miRNA signaling; microRNA, and Disease States featuring microRNAs in drug-induced liver toxicity, microRNAs and Inflammation the regulatory role of microRNA in mutagenesis, microRNAs and cancer, and the role of microRNAs in tumor progression and therapy, as well as current understanding of microRNAs as therapeutic targets in cancer- microRNAs and disease states- microRNAs and stem cells- microRNAs and genomics- microRNAs and epigenomics- microRNAs and biomarkers – including body fluid microRNAs as toxicological biomarkers, cell-free microRNAs as biomarkers in human diseases, and circulating microRNAs as biomarkers of drug-induced pancreatitismicroRNAs in Toxicology and Medicine is an essential insight into the current trends and future directions of research in this rapidly expanding field for investigators, toxicologists, risk assessors, and regulators in academia, medical settings, industry, and government. (Less)


Constructing mesoporous single crystals is largely limited due to the challenge of controlling the assembly of nanocrystal building blocks via a conventional evaporation-induced self-assembly process. Here, we developed a facile synergistically controlled evaporation and hydrolysis method to prepare mesoporous single crystal NiO nanorod arrays. The crystallinity of mesoporous NiO is readily tuned from polycrystalline to single crystalline by controlling the evaporation and hydrolysis rates of precursor solvents.


There is a broad consensus among informed observers both inside and outside the Beltway that American public diplomacy leaves much to be desired. Recent studies describe ineffectiveness, inadequate resources, and a general lack of direction. Further complicating this situation, there is no real consensus among critics on what must be done to fix current problems. Moreover, the ills afflicting public diplomacy are poorly understood. Losing Hearts and Minds? situates these problems within the complex environment of U.S. government bureaucracy, and relates them to other instruments of national power, particularly diplomatic activities and military force. This book prompts debate by analyzing obstacles to effective public diplomacy, and offers a comprehensive vision of this critical dimension of statecraft, which without improvements will ill serve the nation in its ongoing efforts to counter the global threat of terror. After a systematic exploration of the concepts and terminology used to characterize public diplomacy and the wider domain of strategic influence, Carnes Lord examines the contemporary security environment and sketches an overall strategy that should guide the United States in projecting influence in the war on terror and in pursuing larger global interests. The author then looks at the cultural and institutional problems that have long handicapped the performance of the U.S. government in these areas. The book concludes with a detailed examination of the specific problems facing governmental agencies involved in public diplomacy and kindred disciplines, including the Departments of State and Defense, international broadcasters, and the White House.


The immunity-related p47 guanosine triphosphatases are a class of innate immunity effectors found in murine cells, where they play a role in defense against intracellular pathogens. However, the role of similar proteins in humans has been less clear. Now Singh et al. demonstrate that in mouse cells one of these receptors acts via autophagy, inducing large autolysosomal organelles to destroy intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacilli. Furthermore, the sole human counterpart, IRGM, also works via autophagy to control intracellular mycobacteria. S. B. Singh, A. S. Davis, G. A. Taylor, V. Deretic, Human IRGM induces autophagy to eliminate intracellular mycobacteria. Science 313, 1438-1441 (2006). [Abstract] [Full Text]


This thesis set out to investigate the influence of disturbance on the succession of the Krakatau islands (Rakata, Sertung, Panjang). The hierarchical model of succession by S. Pickett and colleagues (1987) was adopted as a research framework, and provided the basis for an alternative model of succession on Krakatau that focuses on processes rather than successional pathways. Investigations were conducted on (i) the meso-scale, and (ii) the patch-scale, (i) quantified the recent disturbance regime, and inter- and intra-island differences in diversity, (ii) compared sapling performance (growth, mortality and recruitment), and species compositional patterning in space and time for saplings and the seed bank with respect to island, gap size and severity of disturbance. Multivariate techniques were used, and amongst other attempts at characterising the light environment, hemispherical photography was employed. For the first time the effect of a continuous period of volcanic activity (1992-1995) of Anak Krakatau could be directly quantified and compared between Panjang and Sertung (ash-affected) and Rakata (receiving no ash). Increased rates of gap formation in the volcanically active period in comparison to the previous decade were found for all islands. This supports the disturbance-driven model of Whittaker and colleagues. However, an extension is required, because, contrary to expectation, Rakata also experienced more disturbance. This increase is argued to be a result of more severe weather conditions, and an increased number of earth tremors, during times of volcanic activity. The disturbance factors of extreme climatic events (e.g. ENSO events) and human impact are also proposed for inclusion in the alternative model. Drought associated with the 1994 El Nino is of relevance to short-term and potential long-term impact on regeneration dynamics and succession. Attention was drawn to the local human influence of pumice mining on the coastal forests. Supporting previous findings on the plot- and whole island scales, data from species presence/absence transects established that species richness and beta-diversity on the ash- affected islands was also lower on the meso-scale. Panjang's canopy composition is less uniform, and locally more species-rich than Sertung's. More evidence of the suggested decline of the mono-dominant species Neonauclea calycina and Timonius compressicaulis was gathered. The third dominant, Dysoxylum gaudichaudianum, is expanding in the lowlands of all islands. This is aided by its ability to regenerate in moderate shade, to grow rapidly in gap environments, and its tolerance of ash-fall, drought and herbivory. However, on Rakata, it is not expected to become generally mono-dominant because a considerable number of other potential canopy species are present. Sapling performance and species composition and its changes were in general strongly affected by ash-fall and drought. These factors tended to override effects of gap size and severity of disturbance. Advance regeneration, and the composition of the local forest type were identified as important factors influencing the composition of the early stages of gap-fill. The local forest type also seemed to contribute most to seed bank composition. As rarer species tended to have clumped distributions, and 'safe sites' for regeneration seemed not to be limiting, dispersal constraints were argued to be the most likely factors slowing diversification, unless further severe volcanic disturbance leads to successional set-back. The latter also strongly limits the predictability of succession on Krakatau.


Faster than at-speed testing provides an effective way to detect small delay defects (SDDs). It requires test patterns to be delicately classified into groups according to the delay of sensitized paths. Each group of patterns is applied at certain frequency. In this paper, we propose to generate tests for faster than at-speed testing using path delay fault (PDF) model and single path sensitization criterion. An effective path selection and grouping method is introduced, which could quickly and accurately identify paths whose delay falls into a given delay span. Several techniques are used to improve the efficiency of the testable path selection procedure. Experimental results on ISCAS'89 benchmark circuits show that the proposed method could achieve high transition fault coverage and high test quality of SDDs with low CPU time.


The main subject of this thesis is the development of new geometric tools and techniques for solving classic problems within the geometry of numbers and convex geometry. At a high level, the problems considered in this thesis concern the varied interplay between the continuous and the discrete, an important theme within computer science and operations research.
The first subject we consider is the study of cutting planes for non-linear integer programs. Cutting planes have been implemented to great effect for linear integer programs, and so understanding their properties in more general settings is an important subject of study. As our contribution to this area, we show that Chvatal-Gomory closure of any compact convex set is a rational polytope. As a consequence, we resolve an open problem of Schrijver (Ann. Disc. Math. `80) regarding the same question for irrational polytopes.
The second subject of study is that of ellipsoidal approximation of convex bodies. Different such notions have been important to the development of fundamental geometric algorithms: e.g. the ellipsoid method for convex optimization (enclosing ellipsoids), or random walk methods for volume estimation (inertial ellipsoids). Here we consider the construction of an ellipsoid with good \covering" properties with respect to a convex body, known in convex geometry as the M-ellipsoid. As our contribution, we give two algorithms for constructing M-ellipsoids, and provide an application to near-optimal deterministic volume estimation in the oracle model.
Equipped with this new geometric tool, we move to the study of classic lattice problems in the geometry of numbers, namely the Shortest (SVP) and Closest Vector Problems (CVP). Here we use M-ellipsoid coverings, combined with an algorithm of Micciancio and Voulgaris for CVP in the e2 norm (STOC `10), to obtain the first deterministic 2O (n) time algorithm for the SVP in general norms. Combining this algorithm with a novel lattice sparsification technique, we derive the first deterministic 2O(n)(1 + 1=/∈) n time algorithm for (1 + ∈)-approximate CVP in general norms.
For the next subject of study, we analyze the geometry of general integer programs. A central structural result in this area is Kinchine's flatness theorem, which states that every lattice free convex body has integer width bounded by a function of dimension. As our contribution, we build on the work Banaszczyk, using tools from lattice based cryptography, to give a new and tighter proof of the atness theorem.
Lastly, combining all the above techniques, we consider the study of algorithms for the Integer Programming Problem (IP). As our main contribution, we give a new 2O(n) nn time algorithm for IP, which yields the fastest currently known algorithm for IP and improves on the classic works of Lenstra (MOR `83) and Kannan (MOR `87).


A PETRI-NET BASED METHODOLOGY FOR MODELING, SIMULATION, AND CONTROL OF FLEXIBLE MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS by Venkatesh Kurapati Global competition has made it necessary for manufacturers to introduce such advanced technologies as flexible and agile manufacturing, intelligent automation, and computer-integrated manufacturing. However, the application extent of these technologies varies from industry to industry and has met various degrees of success. One critical barrier leading to successful implementation of advanced manufacturing systems is the ever-increasing complexity in their modeling, analysis, simulation, and control. The purpose of this work is to introduce a set of Petri net-based tools and methods to address a variety of problems associated with the design and implementation of flexible manufacturing systems (FMSs). More specifically, this work proposes Petri nets as an integrated tool for modeling, simulation, and control of flexible manufacturing systems (FMSs). The contributions of this work are multifold. First, it demonstrates a new application of PNs for simulation by evaluating the performance of pull and push diagrams in manufacturing systems. Second, it introduces a class of PNs, Augmentedtimed Petri nets (ATPNs) in order to increase the power of PNs to simulate and control flexible systems with breakdowns. Third, it proposes a new class of PNs called Realtime Petri nets (RTPNs) for discrete event control of FMS s. The detailed comparison between RTPNs and traditional discrete event methods such as ladder logic diagrams is presented to answer the basic question 'Why is a PN better tool than ladder logic diagram 7 and to justify the PN method. Also, a conversion procedure that automatically generates PN models from a given class of logic control specifications is presented. Finally, a methodology that uses PNs for the development of object-oriented control software is proposed. The present work extends the PN state-of-the-art in two ways. First, it offers a wide scope for engineers and managers who are responsible for the design and the implementation of modern manufacturing systems to evaluate Petri nets for applications in their work. Second, it further develops Petri net-based methods for discrete event control of manufacturing systems. A PETRI-NET BASED METHODOLOGY FOR MODELING, SIMULATION, AND CONTROL OF FLEXIBLE MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS by Venkatesh Kurapati A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of New Jersey Institute of Technology in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering


The Law Society of South Africa (LSSA) and De Rebus support the Road Accident Fund's (RAF's) initiative to eradicate fraud and unethical behaviour by attorneys and other role players. However, it should be noted that the fraud is not one sided. The RAF's advert on p 21 is a clear message that the fund is on a drive to root out corruption; the same message should be applicable to the RAF's own staff as the entire chain of corruption must be eradicated.


The purpose of this study was to determine the role of perceived social support (PSS) on subjective well-being (SWB) in Lebanese college students. All students were undergraduate students and followed the American educational system. Life satisfaction was assessed using the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), and the affective dimension of well-being was measured using the Positive Affect Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). The degree of PSS was measured using the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS). Findings suggested that Lebanese college students were generally satisfied with their lives general and experienced more positive than negative affect. Female participants experienced more negative affect (NA) than male participants. The high income level group scored greater on the SWLS scale and perceived higher PSS. Lebanese youth perceived great levels of PSS and PSS was found to be an important positive predictor of subjective well-being. In conclusion, these findings reconfirm the importance of perceived social support as predictor of subjective-well-being among youth.


Any learner with the ability to predict the future of a structured time-varying signal must maintain a memory of the recent past. If the signal has a characteristic timescale relevant to future prediction, the memory can be a simple shift register---a moving window extending into the past, requiring storage resources that linearly grows with the timescale to be represented. However, an independent general purpose learner cannot a priori know the characteristic prediction-relevant timescale of the signal. Moreover, many naturally occurring signals show scale-free long range correlations implying that the natural prediction-relevant timescale is essentially unbounded. Hence the learner should maintain information from the longest possible timescale allowed by resource availability. Here we construct a fuzzy memory system that optimally sacrifices the temporal accuracy of information in a scale-free fashion in order to represent prediction-relevant information from exponentially long timescales. Using several illustrative examples, we demonstrate the advantage of the fuzzy memory system over a shift register in time series forecasting of natural signals. When the available storage resources are limited, we suggest that a general purpose learner would be better off committing to such a fuzzy memory system.


PURPOSE
To evaluate and compare the protective effect of tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) on photoreceptor degeneration in different models of retinal degeneration (RD) in mice.

METHODS
Bbs(M390R/M390R) mice were injected subcutaneously twice a week, from P40 to P120, and rd10 mice were injected every 3 days from P6 to P38 with TUDCA or vehicle (0.15 M NaHCO(3)). Rd1 and rd16 mice were injected daily from P6 to P30 with TUDCA or vehicle. Retinal structure and function were determined at multiple time points by electroretinography (ERG), optical coherence tomography (OCT), and histology.

RESULTS
The amplitude of ERG b-waves was significantly higher in TUDCA-treated Bbs1 and rd10 animals than in controls. Retinal thickness on OCT was slightly greater in treated Bbs1 animals than in the controls. Histologically, outer segments were preserved, and the outer nuclear layer was significantly thicker in the treated Bbs1 and rd10 mice than in the controls. Bbs1(M390R/M390R) mice developed less obesity than the control Bbs1(M390R/M390R) while receiving TUDCA. The Rd1 and rd16 mice showed no improvement with TUDCA treatment, and the rd1 mice did not have normal weight gain during treatment.

CONCLUSIONS
TUDCA treatment preserved ERG b-waves and the outer nuclear layer in Bbs1(M390R/M390R) mice, and prevented obesity assessed at P120. TUDCA treatment preserved ERG b-waves and the outer nuclear layer in the rd10 mice to P30. TUDCA is a prime candidate for treatment of humans with retinal degeneration, especially those with Bardet-Biedl syndrome, whom it may help not only with the vision loss, but with the debilitating obesity as well.


Judicial dispute resolution is common in family courts, where it usually consists of informal efforts to bring about settlement in pre-trial conferences. Many judges are especially eager to promote settlement in child custody and visitation cases. This paper will critically evaluate informal JDR in parenting disputes, by asking whether and to what extent it is in the best interests of the children involved. It begins by identifying several features which distinguish custody and access disputes from other types of civil litigation, and which are relevant to the normative analysis of JDR in this context. The paper then describes and evaluates three arguments which might be made against informal JDR in custody and access. First, one might argue that there is too much settlement and not enough neutral adjudication of civil cases in general, or of parenting cases in particular. Second, one might applaud settlement in these cases but say that the efforts of the justice system to encourage it are ineffectual or inappropriate. Third, one might approve of settlement-seeking by the justice system in custody and access cases, but maintain that the system's reliance on judges to do this work is mistaken. The first two arguments can be rejected, but the author argues that the third has substantial merit. This paper will conclude by arguing that facilitative mediation by non-judges appears to have significant advantages over judicial settlement-seeking as a way to resolve custody and access cases without adjudication. Assigning settlement-seeking to facilitative non-judges could revitalize both settlement-seeking and adjudication in family court.


The sea-surface microlayer (SML) is at the uppermost surface of the ocean, linking the hydrosphere with the atmosphere. The presence and enrichment of organic compounds in the SML have been suggested to influence air–sea gas exchange processes as well as the emission of primary organic aerosols. Here, we report on organic matter components collected from an approximately 50 µm thick SML and from the underlying water (ULW),  ∼  20 cm below the SML, in December 2012 during the SOPRAN METEOR 91 cruise to the highly productive, coastal upwelling regime off the coast of Peru. Samples were collected at 37 stations including coastal upwelling sites and off-shore stations with less organic matter and were analyzed for total and dissolved high molecular weight (> 1 kDa) combined carbohydrates (TCCHO, DCCHO), free amino acids (FAA), total and dissolved hydrolyzable amino acids (THAA, DHAA), transparent exopolymer particles (TEP), Coomassie stainable particles (CSPs), total and dissolved organic carbon (TOC, DOC), total and dissolved nitrogen (TN, TDN), as well as bacterial and phytoplankton abundance. Our results showed a close coupling between organic matter concentrations in the water column and in the SML for almost all components except for FAA and DHAA that showed highest enrichment in the SML on average. Accumulation of gel particles (i.e., TEP and CSP) in the SML differed spatially. While CSP abundance in the SML was not related to wind speed, TEP abundance decreased with wind speed, leading to a depletion of TEP in the SML at about 5 m s−1. Our study provides insight to the physical and biological control of organic matter enrichment in the SML, and discusses the potential role of organic matter in the SML for air–sea exchange processes.


The literature on civil wars tends to understand greed and grievances in antagonistic terms of 'either–or'. This article suggests that in the political economy of conflict, greed and grievances may be causally linked and reinforce each other: war (or shadow) economies of combatants and the survival economies of civilians are intertwined. Gains made by conflict entrepreneurs and war profiteers feed grievances about identity, economic inequality, and lack of political power. Once civil war is onset (for whatever reason), the political economy of war produces a self-sustaining logic of clientelism along the lines of perceived 'friends' and 'foes'. These dividing lines get reinforced in everyday political networks of survival. This everyday clientelism, in turn, nourishes grievance discourses along the same lines. These grievances contribute to heighten the motivation for people to fight for 'justice'. In this way, greed produces grievances, which in turn stabilize the war economy and offer economic opportunities for greedy entrepreneurs of violence. Case studies from Sri Lanka on local resource conflicts in the context of civil war support this proposition. They indicate that because of the civil war and the breakdown of state and civic institutions, ethnicity becomes a mechanism for civilian actors to access resources available largely through arbitrary power. Civilians thus become part of the 'game'. In effect, this leads to 'ethnicized entitlements', where the ethnic groups are asymmetrically endowed with bargaining power to access resources, depending upon their affiliation with militant actors and their respective initial power resources. These ethnicized entitlements satisfy greed for some war winners and feed grievances among those at the losing end.


In many applications - such as compression, de-noising and source separation - a good and efficient signal representation is characterized by sparsity. This means that many coefficients are close to zero, while only few ones have a non-negligible amplitude. On the other hand, real-world signals such as audio or natural images - clearly present peculiar structures. In this paper we introduce a global optimization framework that aims at respecting the sparsity criterion while decomposing a signal over an overcomplete, multi-component dictionary. We adopt a probabilistic analysis which can lead to consider the signal internal structure. As an example that fits this framework, we propose the weighted basis pursuit algorithm, based on the solution of a convex, non-quadratic problem. Results show that this method can provide sparse signal representations and sparse m-terms approximations. Moreover, weighted basis pursuit provides a faster convergence compared to basis pursuit.


C Agriculture readers are a well-educated audience of 15,000 business leaders, faculty, scientists and policymakers, a recent survey shows. In September and November 2002, California Agriculture sent 19,025 U.S. readers a resubscription notice on the dust cover of the magazine and posted similar forms on the Web site. The twofold purpose was to purge subscribers with no current interest, and to collect current information on reader interests and characteristics. Of recipients, 66% or 12,593 resubscribed. (The balance of the 15,000 are chiefly foreign subscribers.) Of respondents, 87% are college graduates; 55% of readers hold advanced degrees (see figure). Not surprisingly, 31% identify themselves as faculty members or research scientists. Another 22% describe themselves as either corporate officers or managers. The category of professional — doctors, attorneys and lab technicians, for example — was chosen by 22% of those responding. Readers also revealed that their occupational fields are broad-based. While a core of 33% work in agriculture (25% in production or processing, 8% in agribusiness), two-thirds work in other areas such as government regulation and research (in water resources or food safety, for example). "The audience is a good match to content," says Steve Nation, director of ANR's Office of Governmental and External Relations. "While the journal is peer-reviewed to ensure that the science is sound, the text is edited to be accessible to a crossdisciplinary and professional audience." The journal's authors are primarily, but not exclusively, UC faculty who wish to disseminate peer-reviewed research to an audience that extends around the world. "The profile of readers indicates that California Agriculture performs a broader educational function than faculty normally can achieve with technical publication in a disciplinary journal," notes Associate Editor Al Sokolow, UC Davis public policy specialist. "It extends significant new research findings to a wider readership, informing decision-makers who are not in the same disciplinary field of important developments." In addition to domestic subscribers, there are 1,740 foreign recipients, including 1,323 overseas libraries. International subscribers pay a subscription fee or must request an exception. Of journals sent to foreign libraries, 600 are distributed through UC Berkeley's library exchange program. "California Agriculture is one of the most important titles of the 70 that we exchange. It is actively used at the institutions to which we send it. It unquestionably extends the University's presence very broadly around the world," says Frank Carothers, head of the Gifts and Exchange Division of the UC Berkeley library. While California Agriculture's audience is worldwide, its research focus is primarily on California. As a natural outcome, two-thirds of U.S. subscribers (8,305) live in California. Readers were asked to check as many work interest areas as applied. They reported their chief interests were agriculture (33%), pest management (29%), the environment (28%), water (26%) and horticulture (26%). Other interest areas were land use (21%), forestry (13%), ranching (13%), food safety (12%), energy (11%) and nutrition (10%). While the audience is computer savvy (3,173 or 25% resubscribed on line), most said they did not read the magazine online. This is consistent with other research showing that many people read while commuting or during leisure hours, when printed publications are more convenient. Studies also show that readers prefer to have access to both online and printed sources, with many preferring the Internet to perform research. Close to 2,500 readers submitted their e-mail addresses, and are now receiving e-mail notification of the Web site posting of California Agriculture, with table of contents and links. Findings reported here are based on approximately 8,000 to 11,000 responses depending on the question. Survey data was compiled and statistically analyzed by Brent Donnellan, former postdoctoral researcher, Human and Community Development, UC Davis. (Donnellan is now an assistant professor at Michigan State University.) California Agriculture gratefully acknowledges the contribution of the late Associate Adjunct Professor Curt Acredolo, also of Human and Community Development, UC Davis. Acredolo consulted extensively on the postcard design and the input procedures and ideas. — Janet White


In this paper we provide theoretical support for the so-called "Sigmoidal Gaussian Cox Process" approach to learning the intensity of an inhomogeneous Poisson process on a d- dimensional domain. This method was proposed by Adams, Murray and MacKay (ICML, 2009), who developed a tractable computational approach and showed in simulation and real data experiments that it can work quite satisfactorily. The results presented in the present paper provide theoretical underpinning of the method. In particular, we show how to tune the priors on the hyper parameters of the model in order for the procedure to automatically adapt to the degree of smoothness of the unknown intensity, and to achieve optimal convergence rates.


Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is the consensus term developed and validated in the last 10 years encompassing all classes or stages of kidney injury; it refers to a continuum of injury. AKI is common in critically ill patients and is associated with adverse outcomes such as mortality and progression to Chronic Kidney Disease. Research into therapies for AKI has been largely unsuccessful, which is partly due to the inadequacy of conventional methods to detect AKI early enough for therapies to be implemented effectively. As a result, the investigation of novel markers for the early detection of AKI and new therapies for AKI have become a research priority. Two treatments were to be given to patients with traumatic brain injury in clinical trials commencing in 2010, to investigate their benefit for neurological function. The treatments: erythropoietin and early, sustained hypothermia, had also been shown to protect the kidney and hasten renal recovery in animal studies. However, few human studies had been undertaken. In this thesis we took the opportunity that the EPO-TBI and POLAR trials presented to investigate whether erythropoietin and hypothermia (respectively) reduce the occurrence, severity, and duration of AKI. Furthermore, in nested cohorts from each trial several promising new biomarkers for AKI were evaluated as predictors of AKI and in their response to therapy. Results of this thesis are embargoed until both the 'parent' trials are published.


Konrad Bloch was one of the leaders of the small group of exceptional biochemists who unravelled the pathways of intermediary metabolism. He was born in 1912 in Niesse, Germany, into a highly cultured, prosperous Jewish family, and began his schooling at the local gymnasium. For his 13th birthday, a rich uncle offered Konrad his choice of a cello or a canoe. Before he had a chance to make the obvious choice of any red-blooded 13-year-old boy, his mother intervened: 'Of course Konrad would prefer the cello'. And a cello it was. In due course, Konrad graduated from the gymnasium at Niesse and embarked on a career in organic chemistry in Hans Fischer's laboratory in Munich. He earned from Fischer the greatest four-word recommendation ever: 'Herr Bloch ist ausgezeichnet'. (Some critics claim that the recommendation read, 'Herr Bloch ist sehr gut'.) But spectacular recommendation or no, there was no place for Konrad in Hitler's Germany. He applied to Fritz Kögl in Utrecht but fortunately was rejected; had he been accepted he would have been trapped when the Nazis overran Holland. He managed to slip into Switzerland, where he tried to obtain a PhD This future Nobel laureate failed his doctoral examination; he had neglected to cite a publication of one of his examiners. During his stay in Switzerland, Bloch had occasion to try to repeat some work on the fatty acids of tubercle bacilli, work that Rudolf Anderson at Yale had published. He found that Anderson's work had been faulty. With an audacity that he would never have dared towards a German Geheimrat, Bloch wrote to Professor Anderson to correct his experimental results. Anderson reacted as the ideal scientist is supposed to react but as not all scientists do. He checked his work again, and then wrote promptly, confirming Bloch's experiments, and thanking him for the correction. Later, when Bloch was forced to leave Switzerland, he appealed in desperation to Anderson for help in entering the USA. Anderson again reacted as one would hope that a scientist would: he promptly sent two letters in reply, one from the Dean that Bloch could show to the US consul, promising Bloch an assistantship at Yale, and a second, private letter, admitting that there was no money to support the assistantship. Bloch gratefully used the first letter to gain entry to the USA, and started his search for a PhD advisor.