The application of remote sensing technology, over more than three decades, has shown a great promise for large-scale geological mapping. This work presents an investigation for enhancing lineaments with possible relevance to faults, in Western Crete, Greece using a multi-spectral ASTER satellite image and standard geographic information systems (GIS) techniques. Image processing involved: a) the Principal Component Analysis; b) the computation of the normalized vegetation index image; and c) the generation of False Colour Composite images. The capability of the ASTER thermal infrared (TIR) bands to detect lineaments that might be related to failure of the crust has been evaluated. Moreover, a digital elevation model has been used to create the shaded relief and maps for the slope and aspect of the terrain. Remote sensing results have been compared, in digital form, with the drainage network at a scale of 1:50 000 and geological maps at scales of 1:200 000 and 1:50 000. Lineaments related to steep slopes, straight valley segments, abrupt changes in vegetation coverage and sudden bends along river courses have been evaluated as potential faults. Fieldwork surveys have been carried out in selected regions of interest. The applied methodology has contributed in identifying several known large-scale faults in Western Crete, Greece and mapping their potential extension.


Peatland streams have repeatedly been shown to be highly supersaturated in both CO2 and CH4 with respect to the atmosphere, and in combination with dissolved (DOC) and particulate organic carbon (POC) represent a potentially important pathway for catchment greenhouse gas (GHG) and carbon (C) losses. The aim of this study was to create a complete C and GHG (CO2, CH4, N2O) budget for Auchencorth Moss, an ombrotrophic peatland in southern Scotland, by combining flux tower, static chamber and aquatic flux measurements from 2 consecutive years. The sink/source strength of the catchment in terms of both C and GHGs was compared to assess the relative importance of the aquatic pathway. During the study period (2007–2008) the catchment functioned as a net sink for GHGs (352 g CO2‐Eq m−2 yr−1) and C (69.5 g C m−2 yr−1). The greatest flux in both the GHG and C budget was net ecosystem exchange (NEE). Terrestrial emissions of CH4 and N2O combined returned only 4% of CO2 equivalents captured by NEE to the atmosphere, whereas evasion of GHGs from the stream surface returned 12%. DOC represented a loss of 24% of NEE C uptake, which if processed and evaded downstream, outside of the catchment, may lead to a significant underestimation of the actual catchment‐derived GHG losses. The budgets clearly show the importance of aquatic fluxes at Auchencorth Moss and highlight the need to consider both the C and GHG budgets simultaneously.


The emergence of antibiotic resistances has raised concerns in society about the widespread use of antibiotics, such as monensin, as growth enhancers in agriculture. Pressure to find alternatives has increased since the European Union banned the use of ionophorous antibiotics. Butyrate supplementation has been found to enhance growth in pre-weaned calves and it has been recently suggested to enhance growth in post-weaned heifers. In a recent study by Rice in 2017, there was a quadratic (P=0.03) response for coccidia counts as sodium butyrate was increased, with the lowest counts being at the intermediate doses. This suggested that butyrate has the potential to decrease coccidian in post-weaned heifers. Monensin is also used as a coccidiostat. While the objective of the study as a whole was to determine if sodium butyrate can replace monensin in the prevention of coccidiosis and in enhancing growth and feed efficiency, this report focuses only on the prevention of coccidiosis. At this time, only six of the forty Holstein heifers entered the study. The design was a 2 X 2 factorial arrangement of treatments in a randomized complete block design. Heifers were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments: (1) carrier (control; C); (2) 0.75 g SB/kg of body weight + carrier (SB); (3) 1.0 mg M/kg of body weight + carrier (M); (4) (0.75 g SB/kg of body weight and 1.0 mg M/kg of body weight + carrier (SB/M). Heifers entered the study and were trained to Calan doors from week 12 to 13 age of life. Treatment began on week 14 of life and continued for 12 weeks. Fecal samples were taken from each calf weekly beginning in the covariate period for determination of coccidia. (Measurements were also taken to evaluate the growth of post weaned calves and apparent total tract nutrient digestibility). Oocyte counts were determined through the modified Wisconsin sugar floatation method. Due to the small sample size a statistical analysis was unable to be completed. However, the preliminary data suggested a negative trend in coccidian oocyte counts 2 as treatment progressed. This indicates that both sodium butyrate and monensin have the ability to decrease the shedding of coccidian oocytes, though the statistical significance is not known at this time.


Energy prosumption has become a common phrase as more householders and communities are producing and consuming their own electricity and heat. Prosumption is a combination of two words: production and consumption, and emerged as a concept at a time when consumers were beginning to be more proactive and take over steps traditionally thought of as 'production'. In many ways, energy prosumption is nothing new (e.g. wood combustion), yet development of our modern energy system has changed the relationships between energy producers and consumers (e.g. smart meters, renewable energy production). Thus, there is a growing body of research interested in the motivation and conditions for the uptake of microgeneration technologies and the implications to energy infrastructures and big energy producers. However, this 'energy prosumption' scholarship generally lacks a strong conceptual foundation and misses the opportunity to build on existing prosumption literature and related debates. This paper brings the wealth of literature on prosumption into the energy context and reflects on the insights offered by a prosumption lens. Our study explores a particular manifestation of prosumption – when a household is simultaneously a producer and consumer of their heat and/or electricity via microgeneration – and we present data from semi-structured interviews with 28 households living with microgeneration technologies in Scotland, UK. Thus, we provide a robust framework from which future research on household and community energy prosumption can build.


Abstract. This paper presents a collection of lidar-derived aerosol intensive optical properties for several aerosol types, namely the particle linear depolarization ratio, the extinction-to-backscatter ratio (lidar ratio) and the Ångström exponent. The data collection, named DeLiAn, is based on globally distributed, long-term, ground-based, multiwavelength, Raman and polarization lidar measurements, conducted mainly with lidars that have been developed at the Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research. The intensive optical properties are presented at two wavelengths, 355 and 532 nm, for 13 aerosol categories. The categories cover the basic aerosol types (i.e., marine, pollution, continental European background, volcanic ash, smoke, mineral dust), as well as the most frequently observed mixtures they form. This extensive collection also incorporates more peculiar aerosol categories, including dried marine aerosol that, compared to marine aerosol, exhibits a significantly enhanced depolarization ratio (up to 15 %). Besides Saharan dust, additional mineral dust types related to their source region were identified due to their lower lidar ratios (Central Asian and Middle Eastern dust). In addition, extreme wildfire events (such as in north America and Australia) emitted smoke into the stratosphere showing significantly different optical properties, i.e., high depolarization values (up to 25 %), compared to tropospheric smoke. The data collection reflects and underlines the variety of aerosol mixtures in the atmosphere and can be used for the development of aerosol-typing schemes. The paper contains the most up-to-date and comprehensive overview of optical properties from aerosol lidar measurements and, therefore, provides a solid basis for future aerosol retrievals in the frame of both spaceborne and ground-based lidars. Furthermore, DeLiAn can assist the efforts for the harmonization of satellite records of aerosol properties performed at different wavelengths.


Cognitive speed, inhibitory function, and memory decline with age while crystallised, particularly verbal, abilities remain largely intact. Poor health, fewer years of education, lower activity, the presence of the APOE E4 allele, and high BP appear to predict faster cognitive decline. Dementia is diagnosed in the presence of objective cognitive impairment, both long- and short-term memory, plus at least one additional (cortical) cognitive deficit, such as dysphasia, dyspraxia, agnosia, or disturbance in executive functioning. In addition, patients have to show significant impairment in social or occupational functioning and a significant decline from previous levels. Both smoking and diabetes increase the risk of all types of dementia, not smoking or even stopping smoking reduces this risk, but better control of type 2 diabetes does not appear to have a measurable effect. Drinking small to moderate amounts of alcohol appears to confer some benefit in ameliorating cognitive decline. There is some evidence that HRT, DHEA, BP lowering in patients without prior cerebrovascular disease, statins, vitamin B6 and procaine are NOT helpful. There is insufficient evidence to establish or refute a beneficial effect for exercise, treatment of type 2 diabetes, omega-3 fatty acids, folic acid with/without vitamin B12, antioxidant vitamins, or ginkgo biloba. Depressive symptoms are more prevalent than dementia. Clinical (major) depression can present with cognitive deterioration, often associated with subjective complaints. Patients with subjective or objective memory impairment, but without functional deterioration, can be referred to the local memory clinic, while demented patients eligible for acetylcholinesterase inhibitor treatment, patients whose diagnosis is unclear and who may need some specific investigations, as well as patients who may benefit from a combined approach with psychotropic drugs and behavioural support should be referred to the local mental health team.


Abstrucr-A method is described by which the real and imaginary parts of the materials coefficients governing the behavior of a resonator may be found from only three measurements of the immitance. An initial guess of the elastic constant provides a means for the reduction of the immittance formula to an equation, linear in the dielectric and the square. of the piezoelectric constant. Measurement of immittance at two frequencies generates a solvable system of equations. When the dielectric and piezoelectric constants have been found, they can be used for a more accurate determination of the elastic constant, which may replace the initial guess in an iteration procedure. For a complete determination of all materials coefficients, the number of required resonator geometries is shown to be four.


"Harmonic Analysis and Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations". July 3~5, 2017. edited by Hideo Takaoka and Hideo Kubo. The papers presented in this volume of RIMS Kokyuroku Bessatsu are in final form and refereed.


Natural product extracts present inherently complex matrices in which the identification of novel bioactive peptide species is challenged by low-abundance masses and significant structural and sequence diversity. Additionally, discovery efforts often result in the re-identification of known compounds, where modifications derived in vivo or during sample handling may obscure true sequence identity. Herein, we identify mass spectral (MS2) "fingerprint" ions characteristic of cyclotides, a diverse and biologically active family of botanical cysteine-rich peptides, based on regions of high sequence homology. We couple mass shift analysis with MS2 spectral fingerprint ions cross referenced with CyBase-a cyclotide database-to discern unique mass species in Viola communis extracts from mass species that are likely already characterized and those with common modifications. The approach is extended to a related class of cysteine-rich peptides, the trypsin inhibitors, using the characterized botanical species Lagenaria siceraria. Coupling the observation of highly abundant MS2 ions with mass shift analysis, we identify a new set of small, highly disulfide-bound cysteine-rich L. siceraria peptides.


Monitoring water quality is important for maintaining a healthy watershed, but it is mostly ignored in watershed planning and management. In the Dhrabi watershed of Pakistan, the quality of surface water was monitored at 16 locations to assess suitability for irrigation over regular intervals during the period 2007-2010. Similarly, groundwater quality was monitored at 10 locations for drinking and irrigation purposes. There was high spatial and temporal variability in surface water quality. Electrical conductivity (EC) and residual sodium carbonate (RSC) either exceeded or fluctuated around permissible limits at most of the locations throughout the monitoring period. Therefore, the use of such water for irrigation needs special care, otherwise its prolonged use may pose soil salinity and sodicity problems. The trend of EC and RSC for groundwater was similar to that for surface water. Exchangeable Mg 2+ exceeded permissible limits for most of the surface water and groundwater samples. In addition, microbial analysis of groundwater revealed that only two out of eight monitoring points during August 2009, none out of eight points during February 2010, and one out of nine points during June 2010 provided water fit for drinking. Soil samples were collected from the catchment areas of the major contributing streams and from the beds of the Kallar Kahar Lake and the Dhrabi Reservoir. The soil samples from the catchments showed high salinity and sodicity that may be the cause of high salinity and sodicity in the streams. The highest EC, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) in the bed samples from the Kallar Kahar Lake were about 43 dS/m, 56, and 45, respectively. These high values were due to the saline water brought into the lake with the runoff.


Reconstructing the 3D geometry of scenes based on monocular image sequences is a long-standing problem in computer vision. Structure from motion (SfM) aims at a data-driven approach without requiring a priori models of the scene. When the scene is rigid, SfM is a well understood problem with solutions widely used in industry. However, if the scene is non-rigid, monocular reconstruction without additional information is an ill-posed problem and no satisfactory solution has yet been found. Current non-rigid SfM (NRSfM) methods typically aim at modelling deformable motion globally. Additionally, most of these methods focus on cases where deformable motion is seen as small variations from a mean shape. In turn, these methods fail at reconstructing highly deformable objects such as a flag waving in the wind. Additionally, reconstructions typically consist of low detail, sparse point-cloud representation of objects. In this thesis we aim at reconstructing highly deformable surfaces by modelling them locally. In line with a recent trend in NRSfM, we propose a piecewise approach which reconstructs local overlapping regions independently. These reconstructions are merged into a global object by imposing 3D consistency of the overlapping regions. We propose our own local model – the Quadratic Deformation model – and show how patch division and reconstruction can be formulated in a principled approach by alternating at minimizing a single geometric cost – the image re-projection error of the reconstruction. Moreover, we extend our approach to dense NRSfM, where reconstructions are preformed at the pixel level, improving the detail of state of the art reconstructions. Finally we show how our principled approach can be used to perform simultaneous segmentation and reconstruction of articulated motion, recovering meaningful segments which provide a coarse 3D skeleton of the object.


This report is in response to a 2014 request from the Fiscal Review Committee of the Tennessee General Assembly. The purpose of this study is to provide an overview of Tennessee's current financing system for highways and bridges, outline challenges to the existing system, and review alternative funding methods. The report is intended to provide objective analysis for state legislators to consider. It does not make recommendations, address the level of funding needed, or propose how funds should be spent. The study focuses on funding for highways and bridges, and does not specifically address funding for air, rail, water, and mass transit transportation systems.


Cointegration analysis has been used widely to quantify market integration through price arbitrage. We show that total price variability can be decomposed into: (i) magnitude of price shocks; (ii) correlation of price shocks; (iii) between-period arbitrage. All three measures depend upon data frequency, but between-period arbitrage is most affected. We measure variation of these components across time and space using English weekly wheat price data, 1770-1820. We show that conclusions about arbitrage are sensitive to the precise form of cointegration model used; different components behave differently; and different factors – in terms of transport and information – explain behaviour of different components. Previous analyses should be interpreted with caution.


Human feedback is widely used to train agents in many domains. However, previous works rarely consider the uncertainty when humans provide feedback, especially in cases that the optimal actions are not obvious to the trainers. For example, the reward of a sub-optimal action can be stochastic and sometimes exceeds that of the optimal action, which is common in games or real-world. Trainers are likely to provide positive feedback to sub-optimal actions, negative feedback to the optimal actions and even do not provide feedback in some confusing situations. Existing works, which utilize the Expectation Maximization (EM) algorithm and treat the feedback model as hidden parameters, do not consider uncertainties in the learning environment and human feedback. To address this challenge, we introduce a novel feedback model that considers the uncertainty of human feedback. However, this incurs intractable calculus in the EM algorithm. To this end, we propose a novel approximate EM algorithm, in which we approximate the expectation step with the Gradient Descent method. Experimental results in both synthetic scenarios and two real-world scenarios with human participants demonstrate the superior performance of our proposed approach.


A field study in a dark grey basalt quarry nearby Rome is presented. PM10 airborne concentration due to typical quarry operations was recorded during a period of two months. The aim of the work is testing the suitability of the laser light scattering method in measuring airborne dust concentration in such typical environmental conditions like those from quarrying operations. To the scope, two sampling campaigns were developed according with two different methods: from one side a traditional gravimetric method (NIOSH 0600) based on an air sampling pump connected with PVC filters through a 37 mm aluminum cyclone was used to assess PM10 concentration. On the other hand, a light scatter technology developed with a real time dust monitor was applied. This method, which is based on a photo detector that measures laser light scattered by particles in the sampled stream, allows us to assess airborne dust concentration through a specific calibration generally carried out by comparing the time weighed average photometer readings with field measures of a known dust test (A1 Arizona Road Dust in this case). The step of assessing airborne dust concentration from a sampled particle number is a critical passage, as concentration itself is strictly connected to the physical and chemical characteristics of the sampled aerosol, such as particle size distribution, density and refractive index that obviously vary from pollutant to pollutant. So after a preliminary comparison of the sampled sets of values, some further analysis was developed in order to test the accuracy of the sampled values and the correlation factor was assessed. The R 2 value (0.706) showed a fairly good correlation between the two methods suggesting we consider the optical method suitable to survey PM10 in the specific case. So basalt airborne dust was taken into account and a field calibration was developed. The results showed a fulfilling improvement of correlation factor


The monochord was a standard feature of musical pedagogy in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. In the modern classroom, it allows our students to experience the pedagogical world of the medieval classroom, bringing a deeper reality to an otherwise abstract series of concepts. This article presents a general overview of the various uses of the monochord in medieval and Renaissance pedagogy and provides a lesson plan for using the instrument effectively in an undergraduate music history class.


In this paper I pursue arguments concerning the relation between economic and ethical value. I consider the relationship of activities to objects and (following Aristotle and Arendt) distinguish between the activities of action (doing) and production (making). Marx founded his theory of value on labor and the way it is congealed and occluded in commodities and most anthropology, whether Marxist or non-Marxist, has followed suit in the attention to objects (or objectifications). What are the consequences of adding the value of acts (especially performative acts) to the value of labor and what are the "objects" into which acts congeal? What would be a ritual theory of value?


Coopetition is a concept that describes the simultaneous cooperation and competition between organisations. The purpose of this research is to examine how certain factors that are perceived to be significant influence coopetitive relationships between 19 competing arts organisations and asks how much of an effect these factors have on those relationships. This research uses a thematic network as the framework for understanding and analysing multiple dyadic relationships and as such, employs the use of qualitative data collection methods: including semi-structured interviews and observational data to investigate the relationships between competing non-profit arts-based organisations in an inter-organisational network.
The research findings demonstrate that the factors identified within this research can pose both challenges and successes to the coopetitive relationships found within the network. Four factors in particular (i.e. proximity, building relationships, expectations and management) have been found to influence coopetitive relationships. Although these factors are found to be crucial for the success of the coopetitive network, these factors also create tensions between member organisations.
Specifically, this study makes two key contributions to coopetition literature. First, it extends our understanding of coopetitive relationships through a conceptualisation of coopetition using empirical data. It builds on previous work by Bengtsson and Kock (2000) who conceptualise coopetition as being one of three parts: cooperation between partners; competition between partners and the interaction between cooperation and competition. By conceptualising coopetition, this study discusses whether the factors for coopetition between single dyads can also apply in the context of a network of multiple dyads, and to what extent organisations can benefit or face challenges in coopetition. The aim is to enable a deeper understanding of coopetition and will also show how coopetitive networks operate.
Secondly, the role of tension in coopetitive relationships is explored. Traditionally in literature, tensions in inter-organisational relations have been linked to paradoxical influences such as value creation versus value appropriation. As it will be discussed in later chapters, coopetition itself is considered paradoxical and unpredictable suggesting that managing it can be quite challenging; particularly if organisations aim to balance the mutual benefits afforded through cooperation with separate strategic goals from being competitors. Thus, the role tension plays in inter-organisation relationships is critical for understanding the relationship between cooperation and competition; which remains to date relatively under-researched in coopetition literature (Chen, 2008; Das and Teng, 2000; Luo, 2007). Through the case study and the qualitative study, this thesis demonstrates that an organisation's ability to manage its coopetitive ties is linked to how the concept of coopetition is viewed.


A rigorous design rule of corrugated waveguide filters is developed by employing the Gel'fand–Levitan–Marchenko inverse-scattering method for the two-component coupled-wave equations of the Zakharov–Shabat type. In the course of developing the design method, the coupled Gel'fand–Levitan–Marchenko integral equations for the Zakharov–Shabat system having no discrete spectrum are shown to be reducible to a set of linear simultaneous equations amenable to simple numerical calculations when the reflection coefficient is a rational function.


Evidence from 10 studies comparing angiosperm trees and 5 studies comparing conifers or differing shade-tolerance was analysed. The number of intraphyletic comparisons in which the more shade-tolerant species showed the greater relative increase of biomass in elevated CO2 was significantly higher than would be expected by chance alone. It is suggested that more shade-tolerant species are inherently better disposed. in terms of plant architecture and partitioning of biomass and nitrogen, to utilise resources (light, water, nutrients) that are potentially limiting in elevated CO2 and that these traitu are responsible for the interaction between shade-tolerance and CO2 concentration. Compared with less shade-tolerant angiosperm trees, more shade-tolerant angiosperm species generally have a lower lear area ratio in ambient CO2 and show a smaller relative reduction in elevated CO2. Furthermore, leaf nitrogen content is usually lower in more shads-tolerant angiosperm species and tends to be more strongly reduced by elevated CO2 in those species. Within angiosperm trees, more shade-tolerant species showed a stronger stimulation of net leaf photosynthetic I ate in most experiments, but this trend was not significant.


This article uses the case of electric push buttons to argue for more systematic scholarly attention to user interfaces as objects of historical study. Between 1880 and 1923, push buttons diffused rapidly as switches for controlling domestic devices ranging from bells to lights. In a first stage from approximately 1880 to 1915, historical actors employed strategies to make electricity intelligible to and safe for consumers: some advanced a view of buttons as technical mechanisms that laypersons should know how to construct and deconstruct; others propagated a vision of buttons as mediums for using electricity without thought or effort. In a second phase after 1915, when many individuals had come to take push-button interfaces for granted, the electrical industry endeavored to undo this reification by revealing technical processes behind buttons. The article investigates how varying pedagogical models factored into social, cultural and political negotiations around electricity, consumption and everyday practices.


Widespread river regulation is known to modify river-aquifer interactions, influencing entire watersheds, but knowledge of the hyporheic flowpath along regulated rivers is limited. This study measured the hydraulic conductivity of the river bed and the aquifer, water levels and seepage fluxes in the heavily regulated Lule River in Northern Sweden, with the aim of characterising water exchange across the river-aquifer interface. While pristine rivers in the area are gaining, the Lule River was recharging the aquifer during 10% of the time. Daily river level fluctuations (typically ±0.25 m) directed ~3% of the total orthogonal flux across the river bed towards the aquifer, while during ~2% of the time the orthogonal fluxes were negligible (≤10 –4 m d –1 ). A clogging layer on the river bed, most likely formed due to the modified river discharge, restricted river-aquifer exchange. The hyporheic zone had higher electrical conductivity than the river and the aquifer and electrical conductivity occasionally decreased following rising river water levels, with 3–5 hours9 delay. Overall, hydropower regulation has severely altered the hydrological regime of the hyporheic zone in the Lule River.


Fungi are ubiquitous in the world and responsible for driving the evolution and governing the sustainability of ecosystems now and in the past.nFossil Funginis the first encyclopedic book devoted exclusively to fossil fungi and their activities through geologic time. The book begins with the historical context of research on fossil fungi (paleomycology), followed by how fungi are formed and studied as fossils, and their age. The next six chapters focus on the major lineages of fungi, arranging them in phylogenetic order and placing the fossils within a systematic framework. For each fossil the age and provenance are provided.
 Each chapter provides a detailed introduction to the living members of the group and a discussion of the fossils that are believed to belong in this group. The extensive bibliography (~ 2700 entries) includes papers on both extant and fossil fungi. Additional chapters include lichens, fungal spores, and the interactions of fungi with plants, animals, and the geosphere. The final chapter includes a discussion of fossil bacteria and other organisms that are fungal-like in appearance, and known from the fossil record. The book includes more than 475 illustrations, almost all in color, of fossil fungi, line drawings, and portraits of people, as well as a glossary of more than 700 mycological and paleontological terms that will be useful to both biologists and geoscientists.
 First book devoted to the whole spectrum of the fossil record of fungi, ranging from Proterozoic fossils to the role of fungi in rock weathering
 Detailed discussion of how fossil fungi are preserved and studied
 Extensive bibliography with more than 2000 entries
 Where possible, fungal fossils are placed in a modern systematic context
 Each chapter within the systematic treatment of fungal lineages introduced with an easy-to-understand presentation of the main characters that define extant members
 Extensive glossary of more than 700 entries that define both biological, geological, and mycological terminology


Mail search has traditionally served time-ranked results, even if it has been shown that relevance ranking provides higher retrieval quality on average. Some Web mail services have recently started to provide relevance ranking options such as the relevance toggle in the search results page of Yahoo Mail, or the ``top results" section in Inbox by Gmail. Yet, ranking results by relevance is not accepted by all, either in mail search, or in in other domains such as social media, where it has even triggered some public outcry. Given the sensitivity of the topic, we propose here to investigate a mixed approach of promoting the most relevant results, to which we refer as ``heroes'', on top of time-ranked results. We argue that this approach represents a good compromise to mail searchers, supporting on one hand the time sorted paradigm they are familiar with, while being almost as effective as full relevance ranking view that Web mail users seem to be reluctant to adopt. We describe three hero-selection algorithms we have devised and the associated experiments we have conducted in Yahoo mail. We measure retrieval success via two metrics: MRR (Mean Reciprocal Rank) and Success@k, and verify agreement between these metrics and users' direct feedback. We demonstrate that supplementing time-sorted results with hero results leads to a higher MRR than the traditional time-sorted view. We additionally show that MRR better reflects users' perception of quality than Success@k. Finally, we report on online results following the successful launch of one of our hero-selection algorithms for all Yahoo enterprise mail users and a few million Yahoo Web mail users.


The paper looks at Open Access strategies and resources that promote a new paradigm of scientific communication and provide benefits to science and society. It analyzes the documents that institutionalize Open Access within the University of Bergen, the Transilvania University of Brasov and the Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova. Implementing Open Access within the Moldovan-Romanian-Norwegian collaboration will improve dissemination of scientific knowledge in a spirit promoted by international initiatives and declarations. There is a need for increased responsiveness to changes that occur in all spheres of life, particularly in the field of information and communication. Under these circumstances, the role of the library in promoting scientific knowledge through various ways and methods increases enormously. The access to information and information sharing is essential for the successful development of society, and librarians play a crucial role in the promotion of Open Access to digital scientific information.


At first glance, it is puzzling to suggest that courts should care whether the public would be outraged by their decisions; judicial anticipation of public outrage and its effects seems incompatible with judicial independence. Nonetheless, judges might be affected by the prospect of outrage for both consequentialist and epistemic reasons. If a judicial ruling would undermine the cause it is meant to promote or impose serious social harms, judges have reason to hesitate on consequentialist grounds. The prospect of public outrage might also suggest that the Court's ruling would be incorrect on the merits; if most people disagree with the Court's decision, perhaps the Court is wrong. Those who adopt a method on consequentialist grounds are more likely to want to consider outrage than are those who adopt an interpretive method on nonconsequentialist grounds (including some originalists). The epistemic argument for attention to outrage is greatly weakened if people suffer from a systematic bias or if the public view is a product of an informational, moral, or legal cascade. There is also a strong argument for banning consideration of the effects of public outrage on rule-consequentialist grounds. Judges might be poorly suited to make the relevant inquiries, and consideration of outrage might produce undue timidity. These points have general implications for those who favor popular constitutionalism, or judicial restraint, on democratic grounds. An understanding of the consequentialist and epistemic grounds for judicial attention to public outrage also offers lessons for the decisions of other public officials, including presidents, governors, and mayors, who might be inclined to make decisions that will produce public outrage.


We present True2F, a system for second-factor authentication that provides the benefits of conventional authentication tokens in the face of phishing and software compromise, while also providing strong protection against token faults and backdoors. To do so, we develop new lightweight two-party protocols for generating cryptographic keys and ECDSA signatures, and we implement new privacy defenses to prevent cross-origin token-fingerprinting attacks. To facilitate real-world deployment, our system is backwards-compatible with today's U2F-enabled web services and runs on commodity hardware tokens after a firmware modification. A True2F-protected authentication takes just 57ms to complete on the token, compared with 23ms for unprotected U2F.


In many lakes, surface heat flux (SHF) is the most important component controlling the lake's energy content. Accurate methods for the determination of SHF are valuable for water management, and for use in hydrological and meteorological models. Large lakes, not surprisingly, are subject to spatially and temporally varying meteorological conditions, and hence SHF. Here, we report on an investigation for estimating the SHF of a large European lake, Lake Geneva. We evaluated several bulk formulas to estimate Lake Geneva's SHF based on different data sources. A total of 64 different surface heat flux models were realized using existing representations for different heat flux components. Data sources to run the models included meteorological data (from an operational numerical weather prediction model, COSMO-2) and lake surface water temperature (LSWT, from satellite imagery). Models were calibrated at two points in the lake for which regular depth profiles of temperature are available, and which enabled computation of the total heat content variation. The latter, computed for 03.2008-12.2013, was the metric used to rank the different models. The best calibrated model was then selected to calculate the spatial distribution of SHF. Analysis of the model results shows that evaporative and convective heat fluxes are the dominant terms controlling the spatial pattern of SHF. The former is significant in all seasons while the latter plays a role only in fall and winter. Meteorological observations illustrate that wind-sheltering, and to some extent relative humidity variability, are the main reasons for the observed large-scale spatial variability. In addition, both modeling and satellite observations indicate that, on average, the eastern part of the lake is warmer than the western part, with a greater temperature contrast in spring and summer than in fall and winter whereas the SHF spatial splitting is stronger in fall and winter. This is mainly due to negative heat flux values (net cooling) and stronger wind forcing, and consequently stronger mixing, in cold seasons.


'Mopan' persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) is a traditional astringent cultivar of persimmon and 'Yoho' persimmon (D. kaki) is a newly introduced Japanese nonastringent type of cultivar in northern China. Studies were conducted to investigate the physiological changes and expression of ripening-related genes in the postharvest process at different periods under the effects of endogenous ethylene in both cultivars. Persimmons were harvested and stored under room temperature for 20 days. An analysis of physiological changes showed significant differences between the two cultivars. Total soluble solids declined in 'Mopan' fruit, whereas those in 'Yoho' fruit increased during storage. Firmness, color, index of absorbance difference, total and soluble tannin contents, ethylene production, and respiration rates showed the same trend, but these values vary by cultivar. 'Mopan' fruit softened rapidly after harvest and attained edible quality in 20 days, with an increased rate of softening accompanied by increased expression of ripening-related genes. In contract, 'Yoho' fruit softening occurred slowly and did not soften even after 20 days, with minimal accumulation of the ripening-related genes. The information obtained from this study demonstrates that cell wall-hydrolyzing enzymes, the de-astringent process, and endogenous ethylene have critical roles in postharvest ripening, gene expression, and physiological property changes of 'Mopan' and 'Yoho' persimmon fruit during storage.


The notion of a history of life has been the subject of extensive debates in France, from the turn of the nineteenth century to the dawn of the twentieth century and beyond. In this paper, I analyze how the organization of buildings and collections within the Paris National Museum of Natural History (MNHN), and their successive transformations up to the present, have reflected concepts and controversies over this history. After a brief overview of the constitution of the Museum, this chapter studies the organization of the Museum's paleontological, zoological, and comparative anatomy collections, and the devices through which scientific ideas and debates about evolution have been displayed and presented to the public.

This paper will focus more particularly on the settings of three major collections of zoological specimens: (1) Georges Cuvier's "Museum of Comparative Anatomy," which was opened to the public in 1806; (2) the Palaeontology and Comparative Anatomy Gallery, which was founded by Albert Gaudry in 1898; and (3) the Great Gallery of Evolution, which was inaugurated in 1994. I will argue that organizing these exhibits involved theoretical choices, taxonomic methods, scientific practices and rhetoric of displays, as well as ideological choices that connected natural history to its intellectual and sociopolitical background.

Through the examination of these different settings over a period of more than two centuries and their present use, I will question today's choices of the Paris Museum regarding the meaning and roles of these galleries, involving patrimonial conservation, public entertainment, and diffusion of scientific knowledge in the public.


User interaction with online geospatial systems is an inter-disciplinary research field that combines the two disciplines Human Computer Interaction (HCI) and geographic information sciences. In recent years online geospatial systems have been created for different purposes such as way-finding systems, online atlases and collaborative systems. In order to accommodate the fact that an increasing number of people have access to geospatial data and technology, research has begun to focus on the impact and the utilization of such systems. However few studies regarding the usability of online geospatial systems have been conducted and most of these studies were set up in artificial lab-environments with few mostly poorly described test-users. Furthermore to the best of our knowledge no formal research framework currently exists that allows for analyzing the interaction of real-world users with such systems and that takes into account the spatial nature of these systems. The goal of this thesis is to show that users, depending on their demographics, experience, skills and context show significant differences in their interaction strategies and performance. Another important factor that has been neglected in many recent laboratory-based usability studies is the user's computer. In this work, we want to show that users, depending on their computer's properties show significant differences regarding their interaction strategies, their performance and satisfaction. The work in this thesis consists of three parts: 1. the establishment of an evaluation framework that categorizes and defines the interaction of real-world users with geospatial systems. The four main entities of this framework are the user (in terms of demographics, skills, knowledge and context), the system (defined by the interface design, spatial data, spatial functions, technologies and architectures), the user interaction (interaction strategies, performance and perception of spatial data), and the satisfaction of using the system. 2. the development of methods and software tools for gathering experimental data based on the four entities of the evaluation framework 3. the validation of the evaluation framework with case studies involving systems that have been developed for specific groups of end-users. We have conducted three case studies where real-world users interact with three online geospatial systems. The important findings of those studies were that there are noticeable gender differences regarding spatial navigation, that user satisfaction appears to be biased by the user's previous experience with geographic information technologies and that the type of the input device used (e.g. mouse or touchpad) has a considerable influence on task-completion time and user satisfaction. The above results indicate that the user's demographic parameters and background have a significant effect on the user's spatial interaction strategies, performance and satisfaction. Furthermore we have found evidence that suggests that the user's perception of spatial data strongly depends on the scale. We conclude that the design and development of spatial interaction functions (spatial navigation, digitization, selection of objects and locations) in online geospatial systems should highly depend on the type of users that the systems are developed for. To further fuel research on usability aspects of online geospatial systems, we provide the necessary tools and methods for conducting remote- and laboratory based testing of such systems.


Great strides have been made in understanding gout as a disease over the centuries. Despite these advances, reports suggest that the management of gout is relatively suboptimal at the primary care level. This article reviews important considerations in the management of gout and provides an evidence-based approach for the management of acute and chronic gouty arthritis at the primary care level. Recurrent monoarticular pain and swelling should raise the suspicion of gout and the demonstration of urate crystals in synovial fluid during a clinical episode confirms the diagnosis. Acute gouty attacks should be managed with appropriate doses of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or colchicines or steroids. Recurrent attacks of gout, presence of tophi and urate stones necessitate urate-lowering drugs. Prophylactic anti-inflammatory agents for up to six months should be added at initiation of urate-lowering therapy to reduce flares of acute attacks. Gout management requires lifelong commitment and adherence to lifestyle modification and treatment improves clinical outcomes.


Classical psychology and philosophy have conceived of thinking as being intimately related to concepts. According to predominant psychological theories, concepts are the building blocks of propositional thought. Although important authors such as William James and Lev Vygotsky offered alternative accounts of concepts, they have been largely ignored. This is particularly surprising in the case of sociocultural theories, which have not elaborated further on this important aspect of psychological life. This article seeks to explore these alternative theorizations on concepts in order to contribute to an understanding of concepts as processes that unfold through speech according to social dynamics. We also discuss some aspects of the theory of discourse of Bakhtin and Vološinov, in order to study the implications of a dialogical theory for the conception of concepts. We propose to conceive concepts as generic generalization processes that unfold through discourse in response to others' generalizations.


Relatively little research in the United States has examined the effectiveness of community service (CS) sentences among adult offenders, despite use of this alternative sanction for nearly 40 years. What little research exists, primarily from Europe, suggests that CS may not yield significant reductions in recidivism when compared to incarceration; however, much of this research suffers from important methodological limitations. This study employs a more rigorous evaluation design and a more appropriate comparison sample of offenders sentenced to pay traditional monetary fines. Results reveal that those who participate in CS sentences are less likely to experience post-program recidivism, controlling for several initial group differences. Limitations of the design and suggestions for future research are also discussed.


Interest in medicinal plants as a re-emerging health aid has been fuelled by increasing concern about the development of parasite resistance and the rising costs of prescription drugs in the maintenance of personal health and well-being, and the bioprospecting of new plant-derived drugs. Some plant extracts have been used worldwide in traditional medicine for the treatment of human helminthes but not all have been screened for activity against adult Schistosoma sp. The objective of this study was to evaluate the biological effects of crude extracts prepared from dried roots of Solanum incanum using experimental mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni, assessing the worm recovery and immunological responses after treatment. The mice were infected with a single dose of 250 Schistosoma mansoni cercariae and treated with the aqueous and methanol crude extracts at a specific time point. Evaluation on the number of worms recovered and the humoral and cellular immune responses was made. The results obtained showed a 16.7 % maturation of penetrant cercariae. The Solanum incanum aqueous group recorded the highest worm reduction of 46.3% compared to control infected animals with 53.7% worm recovery observed. Cytokine levels peaked during the acute infection and declined to detectable levels after treatment. There was a marked rise in SWAP specific Interleukin-5 and also a rise in 0-3hr and SWAP specific IgG regardless of the time point after treatment. IL-5 production was significantly greater in the infected control and the treatment groups (p<0.05). 0-3hr and SWAP induced gamma interferon production however did not increase after treatment. ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY


This paper deals with the consequences of cultural eutrophication and unconventional solutions for shallow lake restoration. Cultural eutrophication is the primary problem that affects especially shallow lakes, due to their physical characteristics (e.g. shallow depth, lack of stratification). Palic Lake, a very shallow Pannonian lake, received treated municipal wastewaters coming from the lagoons of a wastewater treatment plant. The sewage discharge mainly increased the nutrient load to the lake in the last decades. The lake sustainability is affected by inappropriate quality of water that flows into the lake, and abundance of deposited sediment. The technology that can provide both improvement of water quality and resolution of the sediment problem is a constructed wetland, which is designed to utilise the natural processes involving wetland vegetation, soil and their associated microbial assemblages to assist in additional water treatment. The technical solution is based on three key aspects: quality and quantity of deposited sediment, enriched by nutrients; effluent quality; desired lake water quality. A designed constructed wetland can accomplish the desired water quality and gradually remediate deposited sediment.


The second edition of the Handbook on Prisons provides a completely revised and updated collection of essays on a wide range of topics concerning prisons and imprisonment. Bringing together three of the leading prison scholars in the UK as editors, this new volume builds on the success of the first edition and reveals the range and depth of prison scholarship around the world.

The Handbook contains chapters written not only by those who have established and developed prison research, but also features contributions from ex-prisoners, prison governors and ex-governors, prison inspectors and others who have worked with prisoners in a wide range of professional capacities. This second edition includes several completely new chapters on topics as diverse as prison design, technology in prisons, the high security estate, therapeutic communities, prisons and desistance, supermax and solitary confinement, plus a brand new section on international perspectives. The Handbook aims to convey the reality of imprisonment, and to reflect the main issues and debates surrounding prisons and prisoners, while also providing novel ways of thinking about familiar penal problems and enhancing our theoretical understanding of imprisonment.

The Handbook on Prisons, Second edition is a key text for students taking courses in prisons, penology, criminal justice, criminology and related subjects, and is also an essential reference for academics and practitioners working in the prison service, or in related agencies, who need up-to-date knowledge of thinking on prisons and imprisonment.


Technologies
which utilize near-infrared (700 – 1000 nm) and short-wave infrared (1000 –
2000 nm) electromagnetic radiation have applications in deep-tissue imaging,
telecommunications and satellite telemetry due to low scattering and decreased
background signal in this spectral region. It is therefore necessary to develop
materials that absorb light efficiently beyond 1000 nm. Transition dipole
moment coupling (e.g. J-aggregation) allows for redshifted excitonic states and
provides a pathway to highly absorptive electronic states in the infrared. We present aggregates of two cyanine dyes whose
absorption peaks redshift dramatically upon aggregation in water from ~800
nm to 1000 nm and 1050 nm respectively with sheet-like morphologies and high
molar absorptivities (e ~ 105 M-1cm-1). We use Frenkel exciton theory to extend
Kasha's model for J and H aggregation and describe the excitonic states of
2-dimensional aggregates whose slip is controlled by steric hindrance in the
assembled structure. A consequence of the increased dimensionality is the
phenomenon of an intermediate "I-aggregate", one which redshifts yet displays
spectral signatures of band-edge dark states akin to an H-aggregate. We
distinguish between H-, I- and J-aggregates by showing the relative position of
the bright (absorptive) state within the density of states using temperature
dependent spectroscopy. I-aggregates hold potential for applications as charge
injection moieties for semiconductors and donors for energy transfer in NIR and
SWIR. Our results can be used to better design chromophores with predictable
and tunable aggregation with new photophysical properties.


In this design exhibit, we describe methods we have used to design a noticeboard interface for an older community in London. Three low-fidelity methods of prototyping interaction provided shared and accessible means for us and our end users to communicate design ideas, explore qualities of the user experience, and evaluate them within situations of use. This approach facilitated the development of an appropriate, innovative and feasible solution for a unique context.


Banteng (Bos javanicus) is listed as endangered species in IUCN Redlist. Only few thousand wild banteng survive and their numbers are decreasing as a result of hunting and the loss of habitat due to deforestation and conversion to agricultural land. One of the conservation measures is to preserve this species in ex-situ breeding center. The breeding centre with the largest number of individuals is Ragunan Zoo in Jakarta, with 21 animals. Despite those numbers of individuals available, the sex ratio was far from ideal at 16 males and five females. While in Taman Safari Prigen, there were with 16 individuals and a sex ratio of five males and 11 females [1] Since number of males are usually less than females, and also to avoid inbreeding in order to keep high heterozygosity population, therefore, assisted reproductive technology such as artificial insemination is considered to be necessary.For artificial insemination, semen collection sufficient quantitiy and quality of semen from males are needed. Thus, best semen collection method should be considered. Though transrectal massage procedure does not require the male to be anesthetized  prior to semen collection, semen collected by this technique contains urine contamination. Besides, volume of semen sample obtained by transrectal massage is lesser compared to electroejaculation. Electroejaculation is also suitable for wild animal because in this particular semen collection procedure, males are not required to be trained.The information about semen characteristics of banteng bulls collected by electroejaculation is less known. To date, study done by Johnston et al. (2002) is the only available data. That study only provided data from one semen sample from one 4-year-old banteng bull located at Western Plains Zoo [2]. Moreover such volume parameter and consistency was not reported from that study. Thus, this study is aimed to provide more reliable data from larger number of semen samples  collected by electroejaculation and to add information to previous data that are availabe.


Abstract Hydrogen is the major flammable gas observed in the dome space of each million-gallon radioactive waste storage tank at the U.S. Department of Energy Hanford Site. Semiempirical rate equations are derived to estimate hydrogen generation based on chemical reactions, radiolysis of water and organic compounds, and corrosion. The rate equations account for tank waste composition, temperature, radiation dose rate, and liquid fraction. Numerical parameters are established by the analysis of gas generation kinetic data from actual waste samples, literature data, and waste characterization and field surveillance data. The model improvement includes development of refined water radiolysis equations, accounting of total alpha radiation contribution to both water and organic radiolysis, new parameterization on the rate equations of organic thermolysis and radiolysis with extra tank waste gas generation test data, and revised corrosion rate equations. A comparison of the generation rates observed in the field with the rates calculated for 28 tanks shows agreement within a factor of 3. The model serves as a useful tool to evaluate flammable gas issues to support Hanford operations.


Background: Cervical cancer prevention programs are being reconfigured to incorporate human papillomavirus (HPV) testing and vaccination. To define priority areas for prevention efforts, we examined the geographic distribution of cervical cancer screening, incidence, stage, and mortality in the United States, prior to the introduction of HPV-based prevention technologies. Methods: County-level cervical cancer incidence data from 37 central registries were obtained from Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results and North American Association of Central Cancer Registries. A spatial–temporal model that accounted for demographic and behavioral attributes was used to generate a complete view of county-level incidence from 1995 to 2004, including counties with missing data. Distribution of stage at diagnosis was examined by registry. Counties with high mortality and infrequent screening were identified using vital statistics and newly available county-level screening estimates. Results: Compared with non-Hispanic whites and Asian and Pacific Islanders, incidence rates were higher among non-Hispanic black, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Hispanic women. Counties with infrequent screening often experienced elevated incidence and mortality rates and were located in states with suboptimal stage at diagnosis profiles. Affected areas included Appalachia, the southeastern Atlantic states, and the lower Mississippi Valley. Elevated death rates were experienced in central counties of large metropolitan areas. Conclusions: Geographic and racial/ethnic variability were evident in cervical cancer incidence and mortality. Women living in areas with endemic poverty would benefit from access to HPV-based prevention technologies. Impact: These findings provide a baseline for monitoring progress in cervical cancer control in the era of HPV-based prevention. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(4); 591–9. ©2011 AACR.


Small changes in the sea-surface temperature (SST) distribution in the equatorial Pacific
are known to have large consequences for the weather and climate on regional and even
global scales. A detailed knowledge of the SST patterns is therefore necessary if we are to
understand and predict these effects thoroughly. Effort has hitherto been concentrated on
understanding the dynamics of the West Pacific Warm Pool, but attention is now shifting to the eastern Cold Tongue region. This thesis contributes to this programme by assessing the impact of one unique feature of the equatorial East Pacific; the presence on the equator of a medium-sized island group - the Galapagos Archipelago.
The project is carried through using a combination of: in situ oceanographic data from ships and moorings; satellite SST and colour images; and diagnostics from both a sophisticated ocean general circulation model and a simplified (reduced gravity) model.
Each model was run both with and without a representation of the Galapagos.
It is found that under typical conditions the islands form the eastern boundary of the cold tongue; the lowest equatorial SSTs in the Pacific occur on the west coast of the main islands of the group. As well as preventing the cold tongue from extending any further east, the islands also cool the sea surface still further for a distance of some 1000 km to the west.
For the first 100 km or so the cooling is of the order of 1C; on the larger scale it is more like 0.1C.
This cooling is a result of hydraulically enhanced upwelling of waters from the Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC), which is best explained by a Bernoulli-type (non-rotating, non-linear) theory. This theory also predicts that water parcels in the EUC will undergo vertical excursions on their passage around the north and south coasts of the islands; these excursions are observed in at least one numerical model. Downstream of the archipelago the EUC usually reunites and executes inertial oscillations, meandering about the equator. Transport in the EUC is also reduced because of the presence of the islands, by 30-50% to the east of the islands and by up to 20% to the west.
Enhanced SST variability north and south of the equator immediately to the west of the Galapagos indicates that tropical instability waves (TIWs) are more active here than they would be were the islands absent. This is due to a pair of barotropically unstable zonal jets originating at the northern and southern tips of the islands. These jets are consistent with the theory of low-frequency flow past equatorial islands on the beta plane (which predicts that the South Equatorial Current will split into two such jets on encountering such an island), although weaker jets are found in models with no representation of the
Galapagos. As with the cold tongue, the islands form the eastern limit of the region where these jets are found.


ABSTRACT The association of molecules within membrane microdomains is critical for the intracellular organization of cells. During polarization of the C. elegans zygote, both polarity proteins and actomyosin regulators associate within dynamic membrane-associated foci. Recently, a novel class of asymmetric membrane-associated structures was described that appeared to be enriched in phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), suggesting that PIP2 domains could constitute signaling hubs to promote cell polarization and actin nucleation. Here, we probe the nature of these domains using a variety of membrane- and actin cortex-associated probes. These data demonstrate that these domains are filopodia, which are stimulated transiently during polarity establishment and accumulate in the zygote anterior. The resulting membrane protrusions create local membrane topology that quantitatively accounts for observed local increases in the fluorescence signal of membrane-associated molecules, suggesting molecules are not selectively enriched in these domains relative to bulk membrane and that the PIP2 pool as revealed by PHPLCδ1 simply reflects plasma membrane localization. Given the ubiquity of 3D membrane structures in cells, including filopodia, microvilli and membrane folds, similar caveats are likely to apply to analysis of membrane-associated molecules in a broad range of systems. Summary: Apparent accumulation of PIP2 and cortex/polarity-related proteins within plasma membrane microdomains in polarizing C. elegans zygotes reflects local membrane topology induced by filopodia, not selective enrichment within signaling domains.


BACKGROUND
While face-to-face interviews are considered the gold standard of survey modes, self-administered questionnaires are often preferred for cost and convenience. This article examines response patterns in two general population health surveys carried out by face-to-face interview and self-administered questionnaire, respectively.

METHOD
Data derives from a health interview survey in the Region of Southern Denmark (face-to-face interview) and The Danish Health and Morbidity Survey 2010 (self-administered questionnaire). Identical questions were used in both surveys. Data on all individuals were obtained from administrative registers and linked to survey data at individual level. Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to examine the effect of survey mode on response patterns.

RESULTS
The non-response rate was higher in the self-administered survey (37.9%) than in the face-to-face interview survey (23.7%). Marital status, ethnic background and highest completed education were associated with non-response in both modes. Furthermore, sex and age were associated with non-response in the self-administered mode. No significant mode effects were observed for indicators related to use of health services, but significant mode effects were observed for indicators related to self-reported health-related quality of life, health behaviour, social relations and morbidity (long-standing illness).

CONCLUSIONS
The same factors were generally associated with non-response in both modes. Indicators based on factual questions with simple answers categories were overall more comparable according to mode than indicators based on questions that involved more subjective assessments. Other measures such as efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the mode should also be considered when determining the most appropriate form of data collection.


Liu et al. (2004) systematically analyze the parameters of shear-wave splitting before and after the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake in Taiwan. They claim that they see no evidence for the temporal changes in shear-wave time delays, which some of us use to monitor the buildup of stress before earthquakes. In fact, the only diagram where one would expect to see the type of temporal changes observed elsewhere, figure 14a in Liu et al. (2004), does show two types of temporal variations of time delays. Here, we fit least-squares lines to these temporal changes and show that the duration/earthquake-magnitude relationships of these various changes agree very well with those seen elsewhere. Thus, the behavior before the Chi-Chi earthquake lends further support to the use of shear-wave splitting to stress-forecast the times and magnitudes of impending earthquakes.


The reproductive biology of the European hake ( Merluccius merluccius , Linnaeus, 1758) was studied on the eastern central Atlantic Moroccan coast from November 2001 to December 2003. The sex ratio was close to 1:1 for the specimens with a total length of less than 45 cm. European hake spawned all year round, though two spawning peaks were recorded with a certain interannual variability: the first and main peak in winter and a secondary intermittent peak in summer. Length at first maturity was estimated as 28.6 cm and 33.8 cm total length for males and females, respectively. These values are closer to Mediterranean than Atlantic hake values. The mean batch fecundity was 299872 eggs ind –1 . The relative batch fecundity was estimated as 228 eggs per gram of gutted weight. Batch fecundity increased proportionally with fish length and weight. The batch fecundity of European hake in the Moroccan Atlantic area is higher than that in northern Atlantic and northwestern Mediterranean areas.


SUMMARY "Science Links" is a program funded by a grant from the Institute of Library and Museum Services to recruit and educate ten diverse students with strong science and technology backgrounds or interests to the field of science librarianship. This paper described the recruitment phase of the project, launched in the summer of 2005. Although national in scope, a key component of the recruitment process was an active public relations campaign that targeted students at Historically Black Colleges & Universities in the southeast. Six librarians from underrepresented groups employed at the University of Tennessee, along with the Co-Principal Investigators for the grant, explain the strategies used to identify and select institutions likely to produce a high number of applicants for on-site visits. Obstacles, challenges, and unanticipated issues faced during the recruitment phase are also addressed. Designed to be a collaborative effort, the program emphasizes the importance of partnerships in achieving success. One expected outcome will be a carefully evaluated model that may be used to recruit future science librarians, with an emphasis on those from minority populations. The initial recruitment phase concluded in February 2006, the deadline for applicants to submit a "letter of intent" to apply to the program.


The accurate estimation of covariance matrices is essential for many signal processing and machine learning algorithms. In high dimensional settings the sample covariance is known to perform poorly, hence regularization strategies such as analytic shrinkage of Ledoit/Wolf are applied. In the standard setting, i.i.d. data is assumed, however, in practice, time series typically exhibit strong autocorrelation structure, which introduces a pronounced estimation bias. Recent work by Sancetta has extended the shrinkage framework beyond i.i.d. data. We contribute in this work by showing that the Sancetta estimator, while being consistent in the high-dimensional limit, suffers from a high bias in finite sample sizes. We propose an alternative estimator, which is (1) unbiased, (2) less sensitive to hyperparameter choice and (3) yields superior performance in simulations on toy data and on a real world data set from an EEG-based Brain-Computer-Interfacing experiment.


The drift kinetic equation is analysed for linear instabilities that are sensitive to the toroidal drift motion of long-mean free path particle populations. The interaction Lagrangian is resolved, and the toroidal drift precession evaluated for realistic tokamak equilibria, including the effects of cross section shaping and finite beta. The drift kinetic equation is expanded around a flux surface in accordance with a neoclassically resolved equilibrium and coincident bootstrap current. Analytical results pertaining to the effect of shaping, magnetic shear and finite beta on the toroidal drift and bounce/transit frequencies of passing and trapped particles are shown.


The U.S. economy is still reeling from the financial crisis that exploded in the fall of 2008. This Article asserts that the big banks were major culprits in causing the crisis by funding the non-bank lenders that created the toxic mortgages, which the big banks securitized and sold to unwary investors. Ironically, banks that were then too big to fail are even larger today. The Article briefly reviews the history of banking from the Founding Fathers to the deregulatory mindset that has been present since 1980. It then traces the impact of deregulation, which led to the savings and loan crisis of the 1980s and the current financial crisis. Prior to deregulation, the country had gone fifty years without a financial crisis. The Article briefly examines the causes of the crisis and analyzes in depth the financial innovation, such as adjustable-rate mortgages and credit default swaps, that former Fed Chairman Alan Greenspan extolled but that led us into a near financial meltdown. It traces the growth of the big banks and asserts that breaking them up would improve efficiency, permit risk to be priced appropriately, increase competition, and eliminate many conflicts of interest, including those of management who pursue greater financial rewards by ignoring the potential for catastrophic risk. It also asserts that regulation cannot be left in the hands of regulators who do not believe in regulation.


Backgrounds. H60 is a hematopoietic cell-specific dominant minor histocompatibility antigen that is considered to be ideal for modeling leukemia treatment after bone-marrow transplantation. We characterized the H60-specific CD8 T-cell response as CD4 help dependent. This study investigated the T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoires during the evolution of H60-specific CD8 T-cell responses and influence of CD4 help on the diversity. Methods. Ex vivo TCR Vβ and complementarity-determining region 3 length spectratypic and clonotypic analyses were performed using H60-tetramer-binding CD8 T cells purified from the mice undergoing the primary, secondary, and tertiary responses with cognate help, and the secondary response with noncognate separate CD4 help. Results. Involvement of a broad spectrum of TCRs was observed in the H60-specific primary response. With the involvement of diverse Vβ families in the secondary and tertiary responses, complementarity-determining region 3 length and clonotypic diversities within the Vβ subfamilies gradually decreased throughout the response evolution. In tertiary repertoires, the usage of Vβ8.3 and focused clonal usage within each Vβ subfamily were prominent. When noncognate separate CD4 help was provided during the induction of H60-specific secondary responses, extremely limited TCRs constituted the repertoire of reactive CD8 T cells, and most of these TCRs coincided with those observed in the secondary or tertiary repertoires provided with cognate help. Conclusions. This study is the first to characterize the diversity of TCRs specific for hematopoietic cell-specific mouse minor H antigens and demonstrate the effect of CD4 help on CD8 TCR repertoire diversity. Our data provide a basis for modeling therapeutic applications.


ABSTRACT Sport is widely recognised as having the potential to enhance the personal development of socially vulnerable youth, yet there is very limited knowledge on how community sports coaches can create optimal social conditions for life skill development and transferability. We adopt a salutogenic approach in order to study whether and how community sports coaches create these optimal social conditions. Based on the salutogenic framework, a thematic analysis was conducted of 15 in-depth interviews with community sports coaches providing sports lessons to socially vulnerable youth. As part of the interviews, the sports coaches were presented with several training scenarios and asked how they would respond in specific training situations. The results showed that the sports coaches aimed to create meaningful sporting experiences for youths. These meaningful sporting experiences were considered a precondition for keeping youths engaged in the sporting activities, as well as a precondition for life skill development. The sports coaches specifically focused on creating little moments of success and on making sure that the youths felt they belonged to a group. In order to ensure that the youths could experience moments of success, specific coaching strategies were implemented to increase the youths' comprehensibility and manageability in specific sport situations. According to the sports coaches, experiencing little moments of success could contribute to an increase in socially vulnerable youths' understanding of the everyday challenges that they face, as well as contribute to their ability to deal with these challenges. Creating meaningful sporting experiences may help youths 'to learn to cope' – a skill that could be beneficial over their lifespan and in different societal domains.


Bacterial abundance, electron transport system activity (ETSA) and organic matter con- tent (total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN) and chl a) on the burrow wall of the mud shrimp Upogebia major were determined and compared with those in surrounding non-burrow sediments and on the tidal-flat surface. The values of each parameter in burrow sediment tended to decrease outwardly from the wall, while bacteria abundance was highest in the subsurface of the burrow wall. In summer, the abundance of bacteria on the burrow wall was double that in the non-burrow sediments. In winter, both bacterial abundance and ETSA were at the same level as those in non- burrow sediments. The levels of TOC and TN on the burrow wall were more than 3 times higher than those in non-burrow sediments, regardless of the season. However, there was no significant difference in chl a content between burrow wall and non-burrow sediments. These results suggest that fresh organic matter in the burrow wall is supplied from the tidal-flat surface, making the burrow environment a suitable niche for microbial populations in the sediment. The mud shrimp burrow functions as a trap for organic matter and thus, helps prevent the outflow of carbon and nitrogen from the tidal flat.


What key concerns are reflected in documentaries produced in and about the United States? How have documentaries engaged with competing visions of US history, culture, politics, and national identity? This book examines how documentary films have contributed to the American public sphere& -creating a kind of public space, serving as sites for community-building, public expression, and social innovation. Geiger focuses on how documentaries have been significant in forming ideas of the nation, both as an imagined space and a real place Moving from the dawn of cinema to the present day, this is the first full-length study to focus on the extensive range and history of American non-fiction filmmaking. Combining comprehensive overviews with in-depth case studies, Geiger maps American documentary's intricate histories, examining the impact of pre- and early cinema, travelogues, the avant-garde, 1930s social documentary, propaganda, direct cinema, postmodernism, and 'new' documentary. Offering detailed close analyses and fresh insights, this book provides students and scholars with a stimulating guide to American documentary, reminding us of its important place in cinema history. Key Features Historical overview of major documentary forms and practices in the USACase studies, including Nanook of the North, The Plow that Broke the Plains, Grey Gardens, and Fahrenheit 9/11Analysis of critical debates relating to filmic representations of reality


The present study was conducted to measure the production efficiency of tomatoes in Ismailia, Egypt, adopting Data Envelopment analysis (DEA) procedures. Fifty eight of tomato farms had been surveyed in Ismailia governorate for the season July to October 2013. DEA was adopted to estimate technical, allocative, cost, and scale efficiency scores for the surveyed farms. A two limited Tobit regression analysis was used to estimate the impact of inputs overuse on efficiency measures. The analysis revealed that the estimated mean of the technical efficiency was 91 percent indicating that the total output can be further increased with efficient use of resources and technology. The results of allocative, cost, and scale efficiency measures showed substantial degree of inefficiency. The inefficiency can be attributed to overuse of land, seedlings, manure nitrogen fertilizers, potassium fertilizers, and labor. Most of scale inefficiency (about 76%) arisen from farms revealing increased returns to scale implying that most of the farms operate at sub-optimal level. Therefore, recommendations issued by agricultural extension agency in Egypt need to be revised in the light of efficiency measures rather Than production maximization.


Abstract: Styles of Indo-Caribbean jewelry created during indentureship have been continually reproduced up to the present. Exploring the demand and desire for these styles, this essay suggests that there is a communal aesthetic underlying the production of the jewelry, influenced by the perception of the jewelry as a commentary on sociohistorical realities and gendered labor practices. Artists working in the diaspora, including British-Guyanese jeweler Vannetta Seecharran, have created experimental pieces that still retain the minimalist and communal aesthetics traditionally associated with Indo-Caribbean jewelry.


Coral reefs provide substantial ecological and economic services to coastal communities in the tropics. Hence, there is a great concern about the permanence of these ecosystems and the consequent loss of the economic, ecological and social services coral reefs provide due to their susceptibility to natural and anthropogenic threats. Large-scale processes such as strong El Niño Southern Oscillation events, global warming and ocean acidifica - tion represent significant challenges for coral reefs. Benthic cyanobacteria and seaweed have substantially increased in reef areas, facilitated by excessive nutrient input, reduc- tion in herbivore populations and global warming. This review briefly describes the cur rently known aspects of coral, algae and cyanobacterial interactions, as well as the local and global environmental and ecological aspects that have caused the increase of algae and cyanobacteria in detriment to reef corals. Reef communities will keep changing in the light of large-scale events and anthropogenic influences. As short-term measures, ambi tious programs for grazer reintroduction could help curb population growth of algae and cyanobacteria. Medium- to long-term measures should be oriented at limiting nutrient input to water bodies.


IMPORTANCE
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) affects 1 in 88 children and is characterized by a complex phenotype, including social, communicative, and sensorimotor deficits. Autism spectrum disorder has been linked with atypical connectivity across multiple brain systems, yet the nature of these differences in young children with the disorder is not well understood.

OBJECTIVES
To examine connectivity of large-scale brain networks and determine whether specific networks can distinguish children with ASD from typically developing (TD) children and predict symptom severity in children with ASD.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
Case-control study performed at Stanford University School of Medicine of 20 children 7 to 12 years old with ASD and 20 age-, sex-, and IQ-matched TD children.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES
Between-group differences in intrinsic functional connectivity of large-scale brain networks, performance of a classifier built to discriminate children with ASD from TD children based on specific brain networks, and correlations between brain networks and core symptoms of ASD.

RESULTS
We observed stronger functional connectivity within several large-scale brain networks in children with ASD compared with TD children. This hyperconnectivity in ASD encompassed salience, default mode, frontotemporal, motor, and visual networks. This hyperconnectivity result was replicated in an independent cohort obtained from publicly available databases. Using maps of each individual's salience network, children with ASD could be discriminated from TD children with a classification accuracy of 78%, with 75% sensitivity and 80% specificity. The salience network showed the highest classification accuracy among all networks examined, and the blood oxygen-level dependent signal in this network predicted restricted and repetitive behavior scores. The classifier discriminated ASD from TD in the independent sample with 83% accuracy, 67% sensitivity, and 100% specificity.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
Salience network hyperconnectivity may be a distinguishing feature in children with ASD. Quantification of brain network connectivity is a step toward developing biomarkers for objectively identifying children with ASD.


The aim of this study was to examine the effects of three acoustic parameters on the difficulty of segregating a simple 4-note melody from a background of interleaved distractor notes. Melody segregation difficulty ratings were recorded while three acoustic parameters of the distractor notes were varied separately: intensity, temporal envelope, and spectral envelope. Statistical analyses revealed a significant effect of music training on difficulty rating judgments. For participants with music training, loudness was the most efficient perceptual cue, and no difference was found between the dimensions of timbre influenced by temporal and spectral envelope. For the group of listeners with less music training, both loudness and spectral envelope were the most efficient cues. We speculate that the difference between musicians and nonmusicians may be due to differences in processing the stimuli: musicians may process harmonic sound sequences using brain networks specialized for music, whereas nonmusicians may use speech networks.


The purpose of this study is to analyze archaeological settlement patterns within Grasslands National Park using Geographic Information Systems. Grasslands National Park is located in southwestern Saskatchewan along the international border and is split into West and East Blocks. The Park is primarily short grass prairie with the Frenchman River Valley running through the West Block and a system of north-south drainages running through the largely flatter grasslands ofthe East Block. Archaeological data for this study are derived from the results of an extensive survey of Grasslands National Park which recorded over 3000 surface sites. In addition to the survey, digital environmental data on topography, vegetation and soils were obtained from the Park for the purposes of analysis. Remote sensing data were used to conduct additional mapping ofwater sources. Analysis consisted ofa statistical comparison of site and feature type distributions over classes of environmental data. Statistically significant results were interpreted within the framework of the archaeological context of southwestern Saskatchewan. The study found that specific feature types had particular relationships to topography and the environment. Sites with stone rings were often located in upland areas near seasonal water sources. An association between sites with stone rings and grasses which are preferred by bison for forage is particularly strong. As bison may have intensively occupied the Park area in the late spring to take advantage of late spring growth of some grasses, the Park may have been extensively used by people hunting bison in the spring and early summer. In general topography, distance from water, and vegetation type were all significant factors in the distribution of sites and feature types. It is hoped that this thesis has provided a case study for the use ofGeographic Information Systems within the archaeology ofthe Northern Plains. The large body of survey data along with access to numerous environmental data sets has provided an excellent opportunity to analyse settlement patterns within the Canadian plains.


Disability content has been slowly integrated into social work curricula despite the large proportion of social workers supporting people with disabilities and its requirement in social work education by the Council on Social Work Education Educational Policy and Accreditation Standards. Schools of social work offer disability content to their students in three ways: infused, dedicated (specialization), or a combination of both. A content analysis of 1620 course titles and descriptions from the top schools of social work was conducted to assess the integration of disability content into social work curricula. Eighty percent of the schools included disability content in their curriculum. Disability content was more likely to be integrated using the infused rather than the dedicated model.


The Helmholtz equation often arises in the study of physical problems involving partial differential equation. Many researchers have proposed numerous methods to find the analytic or approximate solutions for the proposed problems. In this work, the exact analytical solutions of the Helmholtz equation in spherical polar coordinates are presented using the Nikiforov-Uvarov (NU) method. It is found that the solution of the angular eigenfunction can be expressed by the associated-Legendre polynomial and radial eigenfunctions are obtained in terms of the Laguerre polynomials. The special case for k=0, which corresponds to the Laplace equation is also presented. Keywords—Helmholtz equation, Nikiforov-Uvarov method, exact solutions, eigenfunctions.


Wireless mesh networks (WMN) are a promising technology to establish big wireless networks with little costs. What we need are security mechanisms that perform well in this special kind of network. Therefore we propose the application of group key agreement (GKA) protocols, since a common encryption key in the network will remove the need for reencryptions and enables a better performance. In this paper, we contribute a new theoretic approach to measure the performance of cryptographic protocols in WMN. We demonstrate the applicability of the new approach with three selected GKA protocols that have already been investigated regarding their WMN performance in previous work [7].


X-linked nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (XNDI) is a severe kidney disease caused by inactivating mutations in the V2 vasopressin receptor (V2R) gene that result in the loss of renal urine-concentrating ability. At present,no specific pharmacological therapy has been developed for XNDI, primarily due to the lack of suitable animal models. To develop what we believe to be the first viable animal model of XNDI, we generated mice in which the V2R gene could be conditionally deleted during adulthood by administration of 4-OH-tamoxifen.Radioligand-binding studies confirmed the lack of V2R-binding sites in kidneys following 4-OH-tamoxifen treatment, and further analysis indicated that upon V2R deletion, adult mice displayed all characteristic symptoms of XNDI, including polyuria, polydipsia, and resistance to the antidiuretic actions of vasopressin. Gene expression analysis suggested that activation of renal EP4 PGE2 receptors might compensate for the lack of renal V2R activity in XNDI mice. Strikingly, both acute and chronic treatment of the mutant mice with a selective EP4 receptor agonist greatly reduced all major manifestations of XNDI, including changes in renal morphology.These physiological improvements were most likely due to a direct action on EP4 receptors expressed on collecting duct cells. These findings illustrate the usefulness of the newly generated V2R mutant mice for elucidating and testing new strategies for the potential treatment of humans with XNDI.


In Romania, after the changes in 1989, most flats in existing buildings were sold to the occupants. This was a sort of "getting back" for those people who lost their private property, but another reason of this decision was the missing centralized management capacity of the administration. Looking back now and analyzing from the point of view of how property was redefined at that time, we can say with no doubts: it was made in a wrong way, and as time passes this will become a disaster. Tremendous progress was made in the last twenty years in any areas of life, but the existing stock of flat buildings still regresses from all points of view. The pushed administration model for new flat buildings also produces similar negative effects. The reason can be found on one hand in the way how private property division was done. On the other hand the so called "owner administration" model in most of the cases cannot work efficiently due to lack of knowledge, division, overemphasizing individual interest etc. This paper makes an up to date analysis of present Romanian situation and define new business opportunities, supplying business models for existing and new flat building administration. Applying a reconversion process, positive economical effects and improvement of the comfort and life quality of the owners of such kind of private properties could be achieved.


Transgenic mice containing the human renin gene were constructed with the aim of examining the tissue- and cell-specific expression of human renin. The human renin transgene used consisted of a genomic sequence extending approximately 900 bp upstream and 400 bp downstream of the coding region and included all exon and intron sequences. Two assays were developed to differentiate human renin transcripts from endogenous mouse renin transcripts at the whole-tissue level. High level human renin expression was evident in the kidney, adrenal gland, ovary, testis, lung, and adipose tissue of all four transgenic lines examined. Human renin mRNA could also be detected at lower levels in the submandibular gland and heart of two different individual lines. No expression was evident in the liver or brain of any line tested. In situ hybridization revealed the human renin mRNA to be localized and exquisitely restricted to renal juxtaglomerular cells. Treatment of transgenic mice with captopril resulted in an increase in the accumulation of renal renin mRNAs derived from both the mouse and human renin genes. Plasma renin activity assays using synthetic human renin substrate clearly demonstrated the elaboration of active human renin into the systemic circulation of transgenic mice. These data strongly suggest that the human renin transgene exhibits both tissue- and cell-specific expression in transgenic mice. Its expression is entrained to the same regulatory signals as the endogenous renin gene in kidney, and active human renin is released into the plasma of the transgenic mice.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)


Purpose: The paper explores the differences between countries concerning perception and use of traditional and virtual money. We try to answer the question who uses virtual money for investment and building assets and who uses it just for Internet payments. The background of the analysis are significant changes that have taken place in the virtual money market in recent years in relation to changes in the global financial market. Design/methodology/approach: A pilot study was conducted in Poland, the Russian Federation, and China, which is supposed to be an introduction to the bigger and wider survey. It was conducted within December 2019 and January 2020 with 81 surveyed persons. These were students of financial studies in the chosen countries. The paper questionnaire used in the survey consisted of 26 questions connected to virtual money plus 5 demographic questions. It was provided personally by teachers in class. Findings: The findings indicated that there are differences between countries in perception and the use of traditional and virtual money. These discrepancies can have cultural or historical background. Practical Implications: The practical usefulness of the whole study is that gathered information will permit to examine the economic and financial literacy of the respondents and their preferences for the use of innovative financial instruments. Originality/value: The study is related to the very current issue – virtual money as alternative to the currently functioning fiduciary money. The result of the research as one of the first indicated that a different perception of traditional and virtual money among different countries exist. This statement might be a huge contribution to the analysis of the current and further financial system.


We have investigated the decay of second-sound acoustic turbulence in superfluid He-4 following removal of the driving force that created it. A periodically driven cylindrical resonator of high quality Q factor was used to create one-dimensional second sound of large wave amplitude. The resultant acoustic turbulence involved an energy cascade towards the higher frequencies (smaller scales) where viscous dissipation occurred. Under some conditions, there was also a co-existing inverse energy cascade in the opposite direction, towards lower frequencies, where dissipation also occurred. We have found that the spectral dynamics that occurs when the periodic drive is switched off exhibits complex and interesting features. We show that the wave decay starts from the high-frequency end of the spectrum in both cases, and we have been able to identify and measure a nonlinear decay time related to the interwave interactions, as distinct from the linear decay process due to dissipation. A windowed Fourier analysis reveals that the occurrence of seemingly chaotic oscillations of the individual harmonic amplitudes were observed during the decay.


The amount of correction from spine deformity surgery that is required to avoid asymmetric and unbalanced sitting is not known, and methods sensitive enough to document moderate changes in pressure distribution over time are few, as the commonly used methods are qualitative or semiquantitative. The aim was to analyse seating pressure distribution with a pressure sensor mat system in patients with nonidiopathic scoliosis and to compare the pressure distribution with that in able-bodied controls. The aim was also to apply the method in a surgically treated scoliosis group before and after the spine fusion. Peak pressure, contact area of the entire and the maximum pressure surface, and three measures of asymmetry were calculated. Patients had higher peak pressure and more asymmetric loading than controls. Significant difference was indicated in contact area. After the spine fusion, all asymmetry indices improved. The method fulfilled clinical needs to detect the differences from normal controls as well as the surgery-dependent changes.