Structural geology has emerged as an integrative, synthetic science in the past 50 years, focused on deciphering the history preserved in the rock record and determining the processes of rock deformation. Owing to the nature of structural geology, studies focus on historical elements, such as structural inheritance and tectonic history, and increasingly involve theoretical, process-based approaches. The strength of the field is that it uses these historical- and process-based approaches simultaneously in order to determine the three-dimensional architecture, kinematic evolution, and dynamic conditions of lithospheric deformation over a wide range of spatial and temporal scales.

In this contribution we focus on significant progress made in understanding shear zones, fault zones, intrusions, and migmatites, both as individual features and as systems. Intrinsic to these advances are insights into the strain history, specifically through the temporal evolution of geologic structures. Increasingly sophisticated geochronological techniques have advanced the field of modern structural geology by allowing age determinations to be linked to rock microstructure and deformational fabrics, from which displacement rates and strain rates can be estimated in some settings. Structural studies involving new approaches (e.g., trenching), and integrated with geomorphology and geodesy, have been applied to study active geologic structures in near surface settings. Finally, significant progress has been made in constraining the rheology of naturally deformed rocks. These studies generally rely on results of experimental deformation, with microstructural analyses providing the connection between naturally deformed rocks and results of experiments. Integration of field-based observations, laboratory-derived rheological information, and numerical models provide significant opportunities for future work, and continues the tradition of simultaneously using historical- and process-based approaches.


Abstract Relatedness and individualism themes are pervasive in psychology, extending across clinical, personality, well-being, social, developmental, assessment, and psychopathology domains. Individualism themes have been described using such terms as agency, autonomy, environmental mastery, personal control, and an independent self-construal. Relatedness themes are evident in the concepts of communion, positive relations with others, collectivism, sociotropy, and an interdependent self-construal. In this article, we first consider how these themes of individualism and relatedness may permeate our understanding of gender differences in both the rate and experience of depression. We then highlight the various ways that relatedness and individualism themes have been studied across several diverse research domains in psychology, focusing on both the positive and negative variants of each construct. This review forms the basis for further establishing the importance of the themes of individualism and relatedness to depression. In doing so, we integrate these themes with a self-schema model of emotion, in which individual difference variables play a central role in emotional experiences, such as depression, for each individual. Our extension of this model focuses on determining the extent to which either relatedness or individualism, or some combination of both, may be central to a given person's experience of depression. Several applications of this self-- schema model to a clinical context with depressed individuals are then highlighted. These include a need to understand more about both the content and function of relatedness self-schemata, and their possible implications for depressed individuals; a need to consider more fully the positive aspects of both relatedness and individualism self-- schemata; a need to consider separate dysfunctional self-- evaluative belief systems that may pertain to either individualism or relatedness; and, finally, a need to consider distinct types of self-esteem that may pertain specifically to either individualism or relatedness. GENDER ISSUES IN DEPRESSION: RELATEDNESS AND INDIVIDUALISM THEMES A gender difference in the rate of depression has been a topic investigated by many researchers in the past two decades (Shaw, Kennedy, & Joffe, 1995; Sprock & Yoder, 1997; Stoppard & McMullen, 1999). In North America, for example, women are estimated to be between two and four times more likely than men to experience unipolar depression at some point in their lives (Culbertson, 1997; Nolen-Hoeksema, 1995). This finding was initially argued to be an artifact, the result of confounding variables such as the increased helpseeking behaviour of women and gender-based diagnoses, leading to inflated rates of depression being reported for women (Shaw et al., 1995). More recent research studies, however, have verified that this 2:1 ratio is indeed reflective of a genuine difference in the rates of depression between women and men in North America (Hurst & Genest, 1995). Ensuing from the confirmation of this gender distinction in depression have been a myriad of attempts to account for this difference (Culbertson, 1997; Nolen-Hoeksema, 1995; Shaw et al., 1995). The two most prominent explanations include: (1) biological (i.e., hormonal changes), and (2) social and cultural factors. Whereas the evidence supporting a biological cause for increased depression in women is still inconclusive (Nolen-Hoeksema, 1995), the present Western sociocultural context is seen by many investigators as a viable contributing factor (Helgeson & Fritz, 1998; Hurst & Genest, 1995; Kaplan, 1986). The effect of culture is validated, in part, by the finding that gender distinctions in depression are not robust cross-culturally (Nolen-Hoeksema, 1995). In turn, this suggests that variations in cultural patterns and values may have an important role in determining differential rates of depression for women versus men. …


Stem and cob borers cause substantial damage to maize and affect the quality and economic value of maize in West Africa. Manipulation of planting dates is considered a possible mechanism for averting the overall impact of borers and their damage to the crop. Experiments were carried out in southern Benin to evaluate the effect of various planting dates on the incidence and damage to maize by Sesamia calamistis (Hampson). The trials were conducted at the Benin station of the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) at Abomey-Calavi and at Sehoue, located 70 km north of the IITA, Benin station. The planting dates were: early planting (the day following the first rains), intermediate planting (2–3 weeks after the early planting) and late planting (4–5 weeks after the early planting). The experiments were carried out in the main and minor cropping seasons, respectively, during two successive years in 2003 and 2004. The variables measured included population density of S. calamistis, percentage of infested plants and cob damage. In the main cropping season, incidence of stemborers and percentage of infested plants were higher in the late planting than in the early planting and intermediate planting treatments. The manipulation of planting dates for the control of S. calamistis during the minor maize growing season is not recommended.


"When I'm driving as a man, nobody notices me, everyone goes Chink, but when I'm Zoe people are honking me, winking at me, tailing me and she's like voom, speeding down the West Way."

What is it that makes Chinese men mostly invisible in the West? Why, by contrast, are Chinese women nearly always seen as desirable? Zoe has grappled with this question in her work as an actor on stage.  As a Chinese man he often passes unnoticed, but as a Chinese woman, Zoe attracts attention and feels empowered.

Deconstructing Zoe is a vivid and intimate portrait of a transgender actor. We trace the journey from boyhood in a small town in Malaysia to the West-end stage via the trans scene of London.

The accompanying commentary describes the filmmaking process and discusses how Deconstructing Zoe, explores the intersection between gender, race and sexuality, in the postcolonial geographical spaces of her world stage. It questions how Zoe, by performing race, is able to create agency and become the author of her own identity


Context: Internet of things (IoT) technology is rapidly increasing and changes the business environment for a software organization. There is a need to understand what are important factors of business model should a software company focus on obtaining benefits from the potential that IoT offers. This thesis also focuses on finding the impact of IoT on software business model and software industry especially on software development.Objectives: In this thesis, we do research on IoT software business model and also software industry. The objectives of this research are included as follows:1. Summarize the current business models for IoT and to identify the important factor for IoT business models.2. Analyze the impact of IoT on software business models.3. Analyze the impact of IoT on Software development especially on requirement engineering.4. Provide recommendations how requirements engineering are connected to provide better support business modeling for IoT.Methods: We conducted a systematic literature review based on the guidelines suggested by Wohlin, to find the current business model for the IoT. Next, we designed and executed an industrial survey to explore the impact of IoT on a software business model and software development.The results of survey were statistically analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square test of significance and Friedman test.Results: 21 peer reviewed papers were identified which were analyzed in relation to their rigor and relevance. From the literature reviews, results indicate 9 business model elements are being focused on the IoT business models. In addition to this 4 most important business model factors were identified. On the other hand, the industrial survey resulted from 56 survey responses, identified that value proposition is the most important element for the IoT business model. It was also observed that even the impact is high for the value proposition. Regarding the software development, customer demands is highly impactful and moreover, the results suggest that requirement management is highly impactful.Conclusions: The current software business models were found for the IoT industries. In additional the software business model elements which were majorly focused in the IoT industries were also identified and the most important factor which brings the value for IoT business models were also discussed. Furthermore the impact of IoT on software business model element and software development, especially on the requirement phase, was analyzed and discussed. This helps the practitioners to understand the impact of IoT on software business models and software industry and helps the organization to improve IoT business to its full potential.


Having lived through two successful exit strategies in the last four years, served on a few startup boards, and mentored numerous budding entrepreneurs, I have concluded that putting together a board of directors for new companies that are beyond proof of concept often is not a top priority, but it really should be. In the span of my career, I have witnessed first-hand both functional and dysfunctional boards. This article is a distillation of lessons learned and meant to be a guide for founders of entrepreneurial startups. This article provides a high-level overview of some key questions and issues that may confront startup founders, and are in no manner meant as a substitute for recent literature available in the market, such as the excellent comprehensive book on this subject, Startup Boards: Getting the Most Out of Your Board of Directors, by Brad Feld and Mahendra Ramsinghani. Nor should the company's founder fail to consult the regulatory framework established by the SEC, or seek legal and financial advice offered by a general counsel or a management services firm.


We report results from free-drifting sediment trap deployments at 200 m depth which enable measurement of the diel variations in the downward flux of detrital particulate dimethylsulphoniopropionate (DMSPp) over periods of 24-72 hours in three contrasting trophic regimes of the tropical northeastern Atlantic Ocean off Mauritania. The source of DMSPp was the phytoplankton living in surficial water layers. The three regimes exhibited similar strong diel cycles, the nocturnal fluxes being up to 100-fold lower than the daytime fluxes. High (or low) detrital DMSPp, fluxes were associated with high (or low) numbers of pteropods trapped inside the sampling cups. Thus, contamination of sinking material is likely to have occurred, promoting an overestimate of the daytime fluxes. It is concluded that the transport of DMSPp at depths deeper than 200 m is strongly influenced by the downward migration of pteropods during the daylight: hours. This mode of transport is shown to be a general process in tropical waters for accelerating DMSPp sedimentation. Under these oceanic and experimental conditions the daily DMSPp flux at 200 m accounted for only about 0.1 % of the DMSPp standing stock. Hence, the DMSPp downward flux is likely to have a minor influence in the upper ocean budget of DMSPp.


The core of my thesis is to present a Marxist interpretation of the process of industrialisation in South Africa. I do so with the view that previous discussions on the process of industrialisation and its effects on the South African political economy have tended to obscure class relations in favour of race relations. The reason that this has occurred is that the dominant tradition in Marxist studies on South Africa has been located within a structuralist framework derived essentially from the French school of Marxism. The methodology of the structuralist Marxists has been such that it has led them to develop analytical tools that have focused on race rather than class as the predominant contradiction within South African society. An inadequate application and interpretation of Marx's labour theory of value has led Wolpe to develop his cheap labour thesis which has proven to be both problematic and inadequate as an aid to understanding the particular form of industrialisation in South Africa. Despite criticisms of this theory it has continued to be reproduced uncritically within South African acadentia leading to the development of further analytical tools such as racial capitalism and racial fordism that have proven to be inadequate in interpreting industrialisation. These concepts, moving even further away from Marx 's labour theory of value, tended to focus on the superficial aspects of racism rather than on class exploitation. The effect has been that an eclecticism has developed within the structuralist Marxist's analysis leading to an interpretation that seemed no different from the neoclassical and liberal schools of thought. A more serious implication of the structuralist Marxist's methodology has been the effect that it has had on the liberation movements and trade unions in South Africa. These theories played an important influential role in the strategic thinking of the liberation organisations leading them to direct working class struggles against a dominant racism rather than against a dominant racism and capitalism. These studies have implied that the post-apartheid state would be a reformist capitalist state rather than a revolutionary socialist state. While emanating from Marxism the structuralist Marxists have in actual fact been promoting a reformist capitalism.

With these criticisms in mind I attempt to develop an interpretation of industrialisation that moves away from the structuralist methodology by anchoring my analysis within Marx's labour theory of value and class struggle. Furthermore, using the methodological approach of Geoffrey Kay I locate South Africa's process of industrialisation within the framework of colonialism and changing forms of imperialism. In order to understand South Africa's industrialisation (and that of many other former colonies) one has to develop an understanding of the changing forms of international capital and the effects that this had on development in various parts of the world. This interpretation essentially locates development and industrialisation within the process of capital accumulation and class struggle but also allows for an understanding often emergence of racism within this dynamic. The peculiarities of racism are located within this changing form of imperial dontination. While racism plays an important part in the dynamics of capital accumulation it is not tlle dontinant contradiction of South African society, which should be located within capitalist accumulation and changing forms of imperialism. Crises which emerge within this context are thus not crises of racism or crises in the economy but crises in the process of accumulation as a direct result of class struggle and affect both state and capital in a very serious way. The outcome of the crises can lead to reform or revolution. The post apartheid state has clearly adopted a reformist approach and for the structuralist Marxists tltis does not seem to be a problem, with many Marxists now seeing themselves as fonner Marxists.


The problem of scientific misconduct is alive and well, and is not limited to a few deranged and obscure individuals. Unjustifiably ignored, it is significant and has serious legal implications. In a societal sphere where honesty is one of the cardinal principles, scientific misconduct is a legal issue masquerading itself as peer review. Most reports of scientific misconduct reach the public through news stories. The totality of such cases is much greater, since only the most prominent and disputed cases are considered newsworthy. Because the federally mandated codes and the intra-institutional control have accomplished little in the control of scientific misconduct and the conduct of science has evolved in new directions, there is a need for additional solutions to the control of this deviant behavior. A more rigorous and legalized approach towards the control of the malady of scientific conduct is needed. The law can operate as a complex system of social cues, when the state guides its citizenry toward a new view of morality. This has been exemplified in the past through control of medical malpractice and manufacturing of goods. A similar approach could be attempted in the scientific enterprise. Institutions that conduct research need to comply with a variety of legal rules, which are laxly enforced. Many academic leaders will cry out loud about yet more bureaucracy, will question the effectiveness of these suggestions, and will attempt to find reasons why they are impossible to implement. My answer to them is that, as a matter of policy, guarding research integrity through a vigilant system of adjudication will allow weeding out and deterring the malefactors, achievement of excellence beyond personal gain, and retention of the public's trust. The success of preserving the principles we value will depend on our trust of the procedures put in place, the investment of experience, dedication to the goals of science, grasp of the legal framework, and good judgment.


In this article the theoretical investigation and the experimental verification of an almost distortion-free pulse delay are presented. The proposed Brillouin slow-light system provides very large fractional delay at very low distortion since the pulse shape and the pulse width are maintained during the delaying process. Beyond that, the method is compatible with any other conventional Brillouin based slow-light system to significantly increase its efficiency.


Undergraduate courses provide valuable opportunities to train and empower students with the knowledge, skills, and motivation to advance society in more sustainable directions. This article emphasizes the value of bridging primary scientific research with undergraduate education through the presentation of an integrated experiential learning and primary research model called Farm-based Authentic Research Modules in Sustainability Sciences (FARMS). FARMS are collaboratively designed with agricultural stakeholders through a community needs assessment on pressing food system issues and opportunities with the objective for faculty and students to jointly identify evidence-based management solutions. We illustrate the implementation of FARMS in an undergraduate course in Ecological Agriculture at Dartmouth College, NH where students assessed various agroecological solutions for managing plant vitality, weeds, soil quality, pests, pollinators, and biodiversity at the Dartmouth Organic Farm. Student reflections indicate that the FARMS course component was beneficial for understanding agroecological theories and concepts while also motivating involvement in sustainability sciences despite the challenges of primary research. Educator reflections noted that the FARMS pedagogical approach facilitated achieving course objectives to develop students' ability for systems thinking, critical thinking, and interdisciplinarity while fostering students' collaboration skills and overall motivation for creating change. Adopting the FARMS model should enable faculty in the sustainability sciences to serve as bridges between the learning, practicing, and scientific communities while supporting educational programming at student and community farms. Ultimately, it is expected that the implementation of FARMS will increase student capacity and prepare the next generation of leaders to address complex challenges of the food system using an evidence-based approach.


Abstract The introduction traces the history of the influential Bombay poetry publishing house Clearing House in the 1970s, and in particular the part played in its history by Adil Jussawalla, Arvind Krishna Mehrotra, Gieve Patel and Arun Kolatkar. It draws upon an archive of correspondence relating to Clearing House, maintained by Adil Jussawalla and entrusted to Jerry Pinto in 2011, parts of which are unpublished. The archive contains letters between Arvind Krishna Mehrotra, Adil Jussawalla and other members of the publishing house that combine the quirkily personal with discussion of the financing, publishing and dissemination of poetry, as well as other correspondence related to Clearing House's activities. The introduction also draws upon Pinto's personal conversations with Adil Jussawalla, Gieve Patel and other Bombay poets. It is followed by a selection of material from the archive itself.


Plastics pollution has been an issue in the United States since discovery of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch catapulted it to the forefront of news reporting. Regulatory and academic activity around plastics has had a common feature: it focused almost exclusively on one stage in plastics' linear model and framed the problem as a waste problem. Challenges have come in two forms: the shift from the linear production model of take-make-waste to a sustainability paradigm represented by the concept of circular production, and disruption of the global plastics waste supply chain occasioned by changes in China's waste import policies. These shifts are forcing countries to reassess their approach to plastics. This Article argues for an expanded view of the U.S. plastics problem, one that reframes the problem around sustainability and plastics' full life cycle, rather than a focus on waste alone. It proposes regulatory interventions and ideas for a future research agenda to move the study and regulation of plastics from linear to circular.


Shortlisted for the 2015 Costa Biography Award. BBC Radio 4 Book of the Week. Wonderland is part of our cultural heritage - a shortcut for all that is beautiful and confusing; a metaphor used by artists, writers and politicians for 150 years. But beneath the fairy tale lies the complex history of the author and his subject: of Charles Dodgson, the quiet academic, and his second self, Lewis Carroll - storyteller, innovator and avid collector of 'child-friends'. And of his 'dream-child', Alice Liddell, and the fictional alter ego that would never let her grow up. This is their secret story: a history of love and loss, of innocence and ambiguity, and of one man's need to make Wonderland his refuge in a rapidly changing world. Drawing on previously unpublished material, Robert Douglas-Fairhurst traces the creation and influence of the Alice books against a shifting cultural landscape - the birth of photography, changing definitions of childhood and sexuality and the tensions inherent in the transition between the Victorian and modern worlds.


This report is an ethnographic analysis of a crofting community on the island Barra, Outer
Hebrides, Scotland. It aims to develop the notion of a 'crofting community' and the identity
of the crofter in the 21st century; with the interplay of the many significant challenges that
rural Scotland faces through negative rural processes such as an ageing, homogenising
population, significant outward migration and the availability of affordable, adequate
housing. These issues, along with many more, require a detailed examination of the
relationships within the communities themselves; the networks that are available, the
hierarchies that are afforded and the cultural symbols that the community possess.
Through a multi-method approach, utilising cover participant-as-observer methods and semistructured
interviews with 'key actors' in the community, this investigation aims to provide a
reliable and valid ethnographic account of the community present on Barra, illustrating it's
inner workings and particularities. The issues raised through the data gathered will form a
thematic narrative where extrapolation of necessary situations, events or phrases that
significantly illustrate the issues that the community is facing in this present time, which can
then be played out for the reader to view, make sense of and hopefully highlight areas of
future research.


During the last decade, an increasing share of foreign aid has been provided to countries coming out of civil war or experiencing severe conflict. Most of these countries—like the Republic of Congo, Sudan, Somalia, Sierra Leone, and Liberia—suffer from a combination of conflict, a state in crisis, underdevelopment, and poverty. Under most circumstances, poverty is greatly exacerbated by conflict, but it is also one of a number of factors that may contribute to violent conflict. Addressing what Frances Stewart has called "horizontal inequalities" is, therefore, likely to play a role in preventing the shift from grievance to violence, as well as in building and sustaining peace in postwar situations. In several countries that have suffered from protracted conflict, however, an approach focused on poverty has been slow to emerge. To a large extent, peace-building missions have become statebuilding missions, first, because "fragile states" are seen as a risk both for their society and for international security and, second, because it is broadly assumed that one vital condition for sustainable peace is that the state apparatus has the capacity to exercise core functions of statehood in an efficient, nonviolent, and legitimate way. In the process, however, the extent to which the poverty and marginalization of large rural populations have spurred recent wars has been underestimated. As a consequence, donors and policymakers risk rebuilding the causes of war. This brief uses examples from Sudan and Afghanistan to highlight the role that land issues have played both in causing poverty and in driving and sustaining protracted conflict. In both countries, a number of interconnected conflicts have global reach, as well as occurring at regional, national, and local levels. For example, conflicts over water and grazing rights in Darfur and elsewhere in Sudan have become entwined with political rivalries on a larger scale, even including neighboring countries. In a similar fashion, efforts by foreign troops to track down remnants of Al-Qaida and Taliban forces in Afghanistan have become entangled with localized conflicts. A great challenge, therefore, is to identify which particular types of interventions affect the different levels and dimensions of current conflicts. This is a tall order, but it seems safe to conclude that the international community has not yet responded adequately to the challenge. In Afghanistan, postwar reconstruction efforts have been focused on establishing an effective central state that operates under the rule of law and in accordance with principles of transparency and accountability. While the U.S.–led coalition has invested heavily in military efforts, aid strategies have created a state that depends on foreign funds and military forces for its survival. In the process, the role that rural land issues have played in driving and sustaining internal conflict has been insufficiently considered. In Sudan, the international community has been drawn into continuous crisis management because of Darfur, as well as the slow and very difficult implementation of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) signed in 2005 between the Government of Sudan and the Sudan People's Liberation Movement. As one consequence, there is less concern with the patterns of development that have been and are being pursued in Sudan, and the way in which they may promote or reduce poverty. In both countries, land use is a key grievance that fuels a number of local and regional conflicts.


Overview Eight years of octopus fishery records from southwest Madagascar reveal significant positive impacts from 36 periodic closures on: (a) fishery catches and (b) village fishery income, such that (c) economic benefits from increased landings outweigh costs of foregone catch. Closures covered ~20% of a village's fished area and lasted 2-7 months. Fishery Catches from Each Closed Site Octopus landings and catch per unit effort (CPUE) significantly increased in the 30 days following a closure's reopening, relative to the 30 days before a closure (landings: +718%, p<0.0001; CPUE: +87%, p<0.0001; n = 36). Open-access control sites showed no before/after change when they occurred independently of other management ("no ban", n = 17/36). On the other hand, open-access control sites showed modest catch increases when they extended a 6-week seasonal fishery shutdown ("ban", n = 19/36). The seasonal fishery shutdown affects the entire region, so confound all potential control sites. Fishery Income in Implementing Villages In villages implementing a closure, octopus fishery income doubled in the 30 days after a closure, relative to 30 days before (+132%, p<0.001, n = 28). Control villages not implementing a closure showed no increase in income after "no ban" closures and modest increases after "ban" closures. Villages did not show a significant decline in income during closure events. Net Economic Benefits from Each Closed Site Landings in closure sites generated more revenue than simulated landings assuming continued open-access fishing at that site (27/36 show positive net earnings; mean +$305/closure; mean +57.7% monthly). Benefits accrued faster than local fishers' time preferences during 17-27 of the 36 closures. High reported rates of illegal fishing during closures correlated with poor economic performance. Broader Co-Management We discuss the implications of our findings for broader co-management arrangements, particularly for catalyzing more comprehensive management.


Stream water and groundwater are important fresh water resources but their water quality is deteriorated by harmful solutes introduced by human activities. The interface between stream water and the subsurface water is an important zone for retention, transformation and attenuation of these solutes. Streambed structures enhance these processes by increased water and solute exchange across this interface, denoted as hyporheic exchange.
This thesis investigates the influence of hydrological and morphological factors on hyporheic water and solute exchange as well as redox-reactions in fluvial streambed structures on the intermediate scale (10–30m). For this purpose, a three-dimensional numerical modeling approach for coupling stream water flow with porous media flow is used. Multiple steady state stream water flow scenarios over different generic pool-riffle morphologies and a natural in-stream gravel bar are simulated by a computational fluid dynamics code that provides the hydraulic head distribution at the streambed. These heads are subsequently used as the top boundary condition of a reactive transport groundwater model of the subsurface beneath the streambed. Ambient groundwater that naturally interacts with the stream water is considered in scenarios of different magnitudes of downwelling stream water (losing case) and upwelling groundwater (gaining case). Also, the neutral case, where stream stage and groundwater levels are balanced is considered. Transport of oxygen, nitrate and dissolved organic carbon and their reaction by aerobic respiration and denitrification are modeled.
The results show that stream stage and discharge primarily induce hyporheic exchange flux and solute transport with implications for specific residence times and reactions at both the fully and partially submerged structures. Gaining and losing conditions significantly diminish the extent of the hyporheic zone, the water exchange flux, and shorten residence times for both the fully and partially submerged structures. With increasing magnitude of gaining or losing conditions, these metrics exponentially decrease.
Stream water solutes are transported mainly advectively into the hyporheic zone and hence their influx corresponds directly to the infiltrating water flux. Aerobic respiration takes place in the shallow streambed sediments, coinciding to large parts with the extent of the hyporheic exchange flow. Denitrification occurs mainly as a "reactive fringe" surrounding the aerobic zone, where oxygen concentration is low and still a sufficient amount of stream water carbon source is available. The solute consumption rates and the efficiency of the aerobic and anaerobic reactions depend primarily on the available reactive areas and the residence times, which are both controlled by the interplay between hydraulic head distribution at the streambed and the gradients between stream stage and ambient groundwater. Highest solute consumption rates can be expected under neutral conditions, where highest solute flux, longest residence times and largest extent of the hyporheic exchange occur. The results of this thesis show that streambed structures on the intermediate scale have a significant potential to contribute to a net solute turnover that can support a healthy status of the aquatic ecosystem.


BACKGROUND: The topographical description of the relationship between the upper posterior roots and the maxillary sinus is essential for decreasing the risk of complications during surgical or nonsurgical procedures and to detect possible sinus pathologies. For the evaluation, the most commonly used imaging method is panoramic radiography. This study aims to investigate the reliability of panoramic radiography according to cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), which is extremely successful in the three-dimensional evaluation, by examining the relationship between the maxillary teeth and the sinus floor. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 350 teeth were analyzed according to their topographic relationship to the maxillary sinus using panoramic and CBCT images. Two parameters were used to evaluate the safety of the panoramic radiograph on the posterior maxillary region. First, the topographic relationship was classified according to the criteria organized by Shahbazian et al. and compared both the imaging methods by the McNemar–Bowker test. Then, the diagnostic reliability test was performed for panoramic radiography according to the topographic classification. Second, 248 linear vertical measurements were made between the apexes of the roots and the sinus floor in the maxillary posterior region and then compared between the panoramic and the CBCT images. RESULTS: The McNemar–Bowker test showed that there was a significant relationship between the two imaging methods in both the dental groups (premolar teeth P = 0.030 and molar teeth P = 0.014). Furthermore, a total of 124 measurements were analyzed using the Mann–Whitney U-test and no statistically significant difference was found between the two imaging methods (P = 0.576). CONCLUSION: Although reliable results were obtained in panoramic radiographs when compared to CBCT images, panoramic radiography may not be sufficient before the surgical procedure. Nevertheless, when the posterior maxillary teeth are not too close to the sinus floor, panoramic radiographs can be used safely for the initial diagnostic evaluation.


Previous research suggests that virtual reality (VR) may supplement conventional training in laparoscopy. It may prove useful in the selection of surgical trainees in terms of their dexterity and spatial awareness skills in the near future. Current VR training solutions provide levels of realism and in some instances, haptic feedback, but they are cumbersome by being tethered and not ergonomically close to the actual surgical instruments for weight and freedom of use factors. In addition, they are expensive hence making them less accessible to departments than conventional box trainers. The box trainers in comparison, although more economical, lack tangible feedback and realism for handling delicate tissue structures. We have previously reported on the development of a modified digitally enhanced surgical instrument for laparoscopic training, named the Parkar Tool. This tool contains wireless accelerometer and gyroscopic sensors integrated into actual laparoscopic instruments. By design, it alleviates the need for both tethered and physically different shaped tools thereby enhancing the realism when performing surgical procedures. Additionally the software (Valhalla) has the ability to digitally record surgical motions, thereby enabling it to remotely capture surgical training data to analyse and objectively evaluate performance. We have adapted and further developed our initial single training tool method as used with a laparoscopic pyloromyotomy scenario, to an enhanced method using multiple Parkar wireless tools simultaneously, for use in several different case scenarios. This allows the use and measurement of right and left handed dexterity with the benefit of using several tasks of differing complexity. The development of a 3D tissue-surface deformations solution written in OpenGL gives us several different virtual surgical training scenario approximations to use with the instruments. The trainee can start with learning simple tasks e.g. incising tissue, grasping, squeezing and stretching tissue, to more complex procedures such as suturing, herniotomies, bowel anastomoses, as well as the original pyloromyotomy as used in the first model.


This paper presents an environmental accounting method, based on Odum's systems theory. So-called emergy analysis (spelled with an M) was here applied for evaluating sustainability of the Abruzzo Region, a large area in the middle of Italy along east coast. This study attempts to answer questions concerning: globalization (strong competition among regional and national systems, outsourcing of productive activities), energy (growth of consumptions, cost and lack of resources), territorial disequilibrium (concentration of activities and environmental impacts) and use of resources (renewable and non renewable). The aim of this research is to study a territorial system and to verify potentiality and contribution that this environmental accounting technique provides to manage and to program the future development. In particular this study aims to understand the functioning of a region based on the analysis of stocks and flows of energy and matter inside the examined area, investigating their spatial distribution and their relationships with geo-morphological structure of territory. This study further evaluates the use of local resources and aims to understand the relationships among the different parts of a territorial systems, their level of autonomy in terms of resource use and their effective spatial boundaries, which usually do not correspond to the administrative limits. The study also attempts to present the evaluation in an easily comprehensible graphic manner as digital maps.


Amoghavajra (Bukongjin'gang不空金剛; 704/5-774) was a historically significant Buddhist monk who operated in China during the Tang dynasty (618–907). He was a prolific translator and is widely regarded as the founder of an Esoteric or Tantric Buddhist tradition in East Asia. Arriving in China at a young age, Amoghavajra became a monk and practiced under Vajrabodhi (Jin'gangzhi金剛智; 671–741). Following his master's death, Amoghavajra undertook an ocean voyage to Sri Lanka and southern India. He returned to Tang China in 746/747 with a collection of newly acquired Buddhist texts and training in ritual practices. He was the recipient of patronage and support from members of the ruling elite in Tang China, including a succession of three emperors—Xuanzong 玄宗 (r. 713–756), Suzong 肅宗 (r. 756–762), and Daizong 代宗 (r. 762–779). Amoghavajra served the Tang government with his ritual services and was appointed a minister in the central government bureau charged with overseeing official ritual services for the Tang state. With this support and influence, Amoghavajra translated a vast collection of Buddhist scriptures and authored numerous commentaries, ritual manuals, and compendia, and he effectively established a teaching of Buddhism in China that is generally referred to as "Esoteric Buddhism." This teaching of Buddhism was subsequently transmitted by Kūkai 空海 (774–835) to Japan, where it became established as the Japanese Shingon school. In Chinese and Japanese Buddhist histories, Amoghavajra is regarded as a patriarch of Tang dynasty Esoteric Buddhism and Japanese Shingon.


We introduce a class of multidimensional linear systems with evolution along a free semigroup. The transfer function for such a system is a formal power series in noncommuting indeterminates. Standard system-theoretic properties (the operations of cascade/parallel connection and inversion, controllability, observability, Kalman decomposition, state-space similarity theorem, minimal state-space realizations, Hankel operators, realization theory) are developed for this class of systems. We also draw out the connections with the much earlier studied theory of rational and recognizable formal power series. Applications include linear-fractional models for classical discrete-time systems with structured, time-varying uncertainty, dimensionless formulas in robust control, multiscale systems and automata theory, and the theory of formal languages.


This paper describes a series of participatory research and training workshops that enabled the poor in Ahmedabad to identify their problems and priorities and develop their capacity to address them and to work with other groups in so-doing. Each "workshop" consisted of a six-month process of research, training and discussion, and information dissemination. As the paper describes, VIKAS began as the organizer but increasingly became the facilitator as representatives from lowincome groups became more active in organizing and managing the workshops.


The banded civet Hemigalus derbyanus is a small, little-known civet with a geographical range comprising Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra and some associated islands), Malaysia, Brunei, peninsular Myanmar and peninsular Thailand. Habitat loss and degradation are the main threats to the species leading to its classification as globally Vulnerable by The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The banded civet uses degraded habitat to some extent, but its exact ecological requirements and the extent of its dependence on primary forest are unknown. We analysed 65 (Balanced Model) and 104 (Spatial Filtering Model) location records of the banded civet to predict habitat suitability on Borneo. The resulting model predicted the majority of Borneo to be suitable habitat; although in general, the low-lying coastal areas, swamp forests and high-altitude areas were predicted to be unsuitable. Given this large area of predicted suitable habitat and the high overlap of habitat suitability and protected areas, the results from the distribution modelling do not suggest any urgent special conservation measures for the banded civet beyond maintenance of the current remaining forested habitat and protected areas. However protection and, in some cases, ecological rehabilitation of habitat corridors will also be important to ensure connectivity among populations in increasingly isolated protected areas.


The epistemic assumptions, methods, and rhetoric employed by colonial indigenous intellectuals in Latin America were based on preconquest intellectual labor and literacy systems. These practices were deeply impacted by collaborative projects and historical scholarship undertaken in the 16th century, as indigenous elites embraced European literacy and scholarly models. This merging of diverse traditions led to a "golden age" of indigenous intellectual achievements in the 17th century, and to a diversity of genres cultivated by native scholars in late colonial times. Indigenous historical actors were intellectuals not only because they recorded and disseminated historical, religious, or political knowledge, but also because they were inserted in culturally hybrid social networks through which collective knowledge circulated. While the works of Chimalpahin, Guaman Poma, Garcilaso de la Vega, and don Fernando de Alva Ixtlilxochitl are relatively well known, this small sample of native and mestizo intellectuals must be expanded considerably to examine works produced through co-authorship arrangements with friars and priests, and to address clandestine works composed exclusively for native audiences by less known, or even anonymous, indigenous scholars.


Author(s): Rosatte, Richard C.; Power, Michael J.; MacInnes, Charles D.; Lawson, Kenneth F. | Abstract: Rabies is currently enzootic in many cities of southern Ontario. The Ministry of Natural Resources is utilizing two different tactics for the control of rabies in urban wildlife rabies vectors − rat immunization with baits (foxes) and vaccination by injection following live-capture (skunks and raccoons). Between 47 and 79% of the skunks and 61 and 76% of the raccoons were captured and vaccinated (Imrab) in a 60-km2 urban area of Metropolitan Toronto during 1987, 1989. Only three cases of rabies in skunks have been reported since control began in 1987. Population increases of 120% for skunks and 40% for raccoons were noted since the rabies control program was initiated. Densities for raccoons and skunks in urban habitat were found to be as high as 56 and 36 per km2, respectively. An estimated 56% of the foxes in Metropolitan Toronto were reached with rabies vaccine baits following distribution throughout the ravine systems and at fox pup-rearing den sites. To our knowledge, this is the first documentation of the use of a live-virus rabies vaccine for the control of fox rabies in a large metropolitan environment.


Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the main food crops for feeding the world's population. Due to the accumulation of parasitological problems, potato growers have been forced to make a greater application of pesticides, affecting the environment and prof itability. A strategy to reduce plant health problems in potato is to start the growing season with disease-free minitubers, which are grown from certif ied plants in pathogen-free soil; however, in aeroponics or in a soilless cultivation system, a higher yield and quality of mini tubers might be obtained. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the effect of aeroponics on minituber production compared to the production in soil or in a substrate based on coconut coir dust. In aeroponics, a mini tuber production resulted 4.4 times higher than that obtained by plants on soil, while plants on coir dust also outperformed production on soil by 40%. Higher production of minitubers in aeroponics was associated with higher stolon production, since 2.4 times more stolons were produced than those by plants in soil. In aeroponics, 96.6% of the minitubers weighed less than 50 g and only 3.4% was greater than 50 g; in contrast, 19.8% and 24.3% of minitubers were greater than 50.1 g in plants grown in coir dust or in soil, respectively. In general, the vegetative growth of plants in aeroponics was greater than that obtained in coconut coir dust and soil.


Extended AbstractStudies on wild pinnipeds such as blood and tissue sampling or attachment ofinstruments usually require immobilization. This is particularly true for adult malesouthern elephant seals whose body mass generally exceeds 2 tons, and hence,a suitable chemical restraint is required for any handling. Therefore, both appropriatedrugs and a remote delivery system as generally applied in wild animal research isrequired (CLINE et al., 1969; TRILLMICH and WIESNER, 1979; KOCK, 1987; BUSH,1992). Wild elephant seals are only accessable during their onshore-periods whilebreeding and moulting. At this time, they fast and hence undergo considerablemetabolic changes. The individuals' constitutions are then highly variable, and thereaction to external stimuli ranges from being calm to being aroused. Thereby, thedosage of drugs is hardly to assess, and the response to drugs is variable(HAMMOND and ELSNER, 1977). Estimation of body mass is also difficult sincemoulting males tend to aggregate tightly in large groups when ashore, occasionallylying over and over. The harsh field conditions in polar regions aggravate the workadditionally. Therefore, both a sturdy drug delivery system, and some considerationson the methods of application are recommended.In the present study, 27 animals were immobilized to obtain subcutaneous tissuesamples, and to attach satellite linked dive recorders to their pelage at the end oftheir annual moult. Prior to immobilization, doses were calculated roughly basedon the estimated body mass. Immo-bilization was performed in two steps. Firstly,Large Animal Immobilon® (LA Immobilon®) was injected remotely to achieveinitial sedation (x=0.0009 mg/kg etorphine; 0.0037 mg/kg acepromacine). As thesecond step, if breathing and reflexes occured regularly, ketamine wassubsequently injected by hand to maintain narcosis (x=81 min). Nine casesrequired the application of the etorphine-antidote Large Animal Revivon®(x=0.0052 mg/kg diprenor-phine) injected intraveneously (n=3), intramuscularly(n=5), or sublingually (n=1) to antagonize side effects such as prolonged apneaand/or decrease of reflexes.Results and DiscussionThe total dosages of ketamine required to maintain narcosis (x=1.7 mg/kg) werenegatively correlated with those of LA Immobilon® (p<0.01). The dosages ofLA Immobilon® were approximatelly 15-30 times lower than recommended forother large-sized mammal species including marine mammals (ALFORT et al.,1974; BORN and KNUTSEN, 1990; GRIFFITH et al., 1993), and the therapeuticrange was low. LA Immobilon® appears nevertheless to be useful as a first-stepimmobilization agent in adult male southern elephant seals owing to its smallvolume required for remote injection, and the possibility of high specificantagonization by Large Animal Revivon®. We nevertheless suggest thatLA Immobilon® should only be used as a kind of pre-medication, not usedrepeatedly in the same individual, and solely if high specific antidote(Large Animal Revivon®) is availlable. It has further to be realized thatLA Immobilon® is potentially dangerous for personnel, especially when usedin remote areas. Therefore, both the specific morphine-antidote for humans(Narcanti®), and trained field personnel should be aboard.


Linearity and efficiency are both critical parameters for radio frequency transmitter applications. In theory, a Doherty amplifier is a linear amplifier that is significantly more efficient than comparable conventional linear amplifiers. It comprises two amplifiers, connected at their outputs by a quarter-wave transformer. The main amplifier is always on, while the peaking amplifier is off during low power levels. Load modulation of the main amplifier occurs when the peaking amplifier is on due to the quarter-wave transformer, ensuring the main amplifier never enters saturation. This results in an efficiency characteristic that increases with respect to input power at twice the normal rate at low power levels, and plateaus to a high value at high power levels. However, in much of the research that has been done to-date, less-than-ideal results have been achieved (although efficiency was better than a conventional amplifier). It was decided to investigate the cause of the discrepancy between theoretical and practical results, and devise a method to counteract the problem. It was discovered that the main cause of the discrepancy was non-ideal transistor gate-voltage to drain-current characteristics. The implementation of a gate bias control scheme based upon measured transistor transfer characteristics, and the desired main and peaking amplifier output currents, resulted in a robust method to ensure nearideal results. A prototype amplifier was constructed to test the control scheme, and theoretical, simulated and measured results were well matched. The amplifier had a region of high efficiency in the high power levels (over 34% for the last 6 dB of input power), and the gain was nearly constant with respect to input power (between 4 and 5 dB over the dynamic range). Furthermore, it was decided to investigate the role harmonics play within the Doherty amplifier. A classical implementation shunts unwanted harmonics to ground within the main and peaking amplifiers. However, odd harmonics generated by the peaking amplifier can be used to operate the main amplifier like a class F amplifier. This means its supply voltage can be lowered, without the amplifier entering saturation, and the efficiency of the Doherty amplifier can be increased without a detrimental effect on the its linearity. A prototype amplifier was constructed to test this theory, and gave good results, with better efficiency than that of a conventional amplifier, and a constant gain with respect to input power (between 6.4 dB and 6.5 dB over the dynamic range).


Tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), is a common and potentially lethal infectious human disease. Rifampicin is a front line anti-tuberculosis drug usually prescribed in combination with isoniazid, pyrazinamide and streptomycin for a period of six to seven months. When given orally for the treatment of MTB, rifampicin exhibits low bioavailability. Recent attempts to increase bioavailability and decrease dosage of anti-tuberculosis drugs have focused on creating polymer coated rifampicin nanoparticles. The research effort presented in this thesis evaluates the formation, characterization and relative bioavailability of rifampicin loaded carboxymethylcellulose acetate butyrate (CMCAB) particles using two different formulation techniques. Multi inlet vortex mixer (MIVM) and manual spray drying techniques were used to form the rifampicin containing CMCAB particles. Characterization studies and analyses of particles revealed differences in particle sizes, shapes and drug loading between the different particle formulation techniques. In vivo pharmacokinetic studies in BALB/c mice indicate that a single dose of rifampicin laden CMCAB spray dried particle formulations are able to improve pharmacokinetic parameters including relative bioavailability of rifampicin compared to that of the free drug form at the same concentration.


In this study, the internal structure of an optical waveguide embedded in a flexible optical circuit board is observed with a confocal microscope. In order to increase the light reflection from an internal material interface with a very small index difference, and thus enhance the signal contrast, a theta microscopy scheme has been integrated into a conventional confocal microscope, and a high NA oil-immersion lens has been used. The interface reflectivity is increased from roughly 0.0015% to 0.025% by the proposed method, and the internal structure can thus be successfully measured.


An investigation into technologies to detect impaired performance due to driver fatigue was undertaken. From this, a new forced-choice stimulus-reaction device was developed specifically to detect driver impairment in operators of haul trucks in open cut mines. The device was developed in conjunction with personnel from the mining industry to suit the harsh conditions of the mining environment. The technology was trialled in three open cut mines and in a driving simulator at Murdoch University in Western Australia. Data were collected on the performance of drivers and analysed to validate the technology. A significant positive correlation was found between measures of reduced operator reaction performance and measures of eye closure. It was found that the device detected few false alarms and missed few bouts of tiredness as indicated by eye closures. It is suggested that the device would be a useful tool to assist with the detection of driver fatigue in open cut mining environments.

The forced-choice reaction-monitoring device was used to assess the performance of drivers in a gold mine in Kalgoorlie, Western Australia. The fly-in-fly-out haul truck drivers worked 14 consecutive 12-hour night shifts, had a day off, then worked 13 consecutive 12-hour day shifts. A total of more than 3,500 hours of real-time objective performance data were collected and analysed. The main findings were that the objective performance data showed patterns of low performance that did not fit some of the performance data that would be expected from examination of past literature. Many findings are discussed in light of these anomalies. Another important finding is that the subject's background and sleep pathology is a possible predictor for poor performance on the forced-choice reaction task.

The system was also used to measure the performance of drivers with rising blood alcohol levels in a driving simulator. Subjects drank vodka with a mixer while driving for two hours starting at both 20:00 hrs and 22:00 hrs, with a week in between the two trials. The fatigue monitor detected reaction times slower than 3 SD of baseline performance at low levels of BAC. Performance at 22:00 hrs was marginally more impaired than performance at 20:00 hrs. Drivers at low BAC levels tended to compensate easier on the reaction task at 20:00 hrs compared to at 22:00 hrs. The ARRB fatigue monitor shows good capacity to detect poor performance due to low and medium measures of BAC.

The research undertaken within this thesis has provided data that challenges contemporary research that generally suggests that time on task is one of the largest influences of fatigue at work. It appears that both circadian influences and individual lifestyle habits will have an equal or greater impact on fatigue risk at work.


A regional IPM project was initiated with four rounds of sampling for white grubs on the fairways of nine golf courses located on the Lower Peninsula of eastern Virginia, from 2000 through 2002. Fifteen regressor variables were collected and measured that included local-scale variables, golf course management practices and spatial pattern metrics derived from satellite images that underwent two methods of a supervised classification of six land-cover types (turf, woods, wetland, urban, bare soil and water) on four landscape scales derived from 10 km x 10 km buffer zones surrounding each golf course. Pearson's correlation coefficients were calculated to reduce the number of variables to a few that were highly correlated with white grub densities. Mallow's C(p) calculations were performed on the reduced variable sets to extract those that would be highly predictive. A multiple linear regression was performed using the Mallow's variables to develop eight regression equations (two classification methods x four landscape scales) that were used to predict regional white grub presence and abundance in 2003 on six additional golf courses located on the Lower Peninsula. The best model was the 6 km x 6 km buffer zones model from the second classification method, which included one local-scale variable (golf course age) and three spatial pattern metrics (total turf area, total turf area-to-total urban area ratio, and a woods interspersion-juxtaposition index). The mean difference between actual and predicted values was -0.15, standard deviation = 0.79, R = 81.38%. Additionally, a study was conducted to determine whether the number of white grubs collected from transects of sampled golf course fairways was significantly different from those found in the roughs. White grub counts from the roughs were significantly higher (mean = 0.283 grubs/transect, standard error = 0.0135) than those from fairways (mean = 0.146 grubs/transect, standard error = 0.0188); t = -4.31, df = 735, P = 0.0001.


Praise for Option Pricing Models & Volatility Using Excel-VBA "Excel is already a great pedagogical tool for teaching option valuation and risk management. But the VBA routines in this book elevate Excel to an industrial-strength financial engineering toolbox. I have no doubt that it will become hugely successful as a reference for option traders and risk managers." --Peter Christoffersen, Associate Professor of Finance, Desautels Faculty of Management, McGill University "This book is filled with methodology and techniques on how to implement option pricing and volatility models in VBA. The book takes an in-depth look into how to implement the Heston and Heston and Nandi models and includes an entire chapter on parameter estimation, but this is just the tip of the iceberg. Everyone interested in derivatives should have this book in their personal library." --Espen Gaarder Haug, option trader, philosopher, nd author of Derivatives Models on Models "I am impressed. This is an important book because it is the first book to cover the modern generation of option models, including stochastic volatility and GARCH." --Steven L. Heston, Assistant Professor of Finance, R.H. Smith School of Business, University of Maryland


Given the transnational nature of the Arabic satellite television industry and the cultural differences among Arab regions, this experiment examined the role of social identity in Arab viewers' media choices and perceived identification with characters. Overall, Arab viewers identified more with in-group characters (gender and cultural region) and were more interested in watching programs that feature in-group lead characters. The perceived intended audience of the television program mediated the relationship between cultural identity on one hand and perceived identification with characters and selective exposure on the other. The findings show that social identity plays an important role in Arab viewers' media consumption, and are discussed in light of social identity theory.


We report on a novel class of optical materials for ethanol vapor sensing, based on polystyrene opals infiltrated with an innovative stimuli-responsive hydrogel. We describe the fabrication process of the bare polystyrene opals and their subsequent infiltration. The optical characterization of the photonic crystal templates was performed to prove the good quality of the samples. Measurements on the infiltrated opals showed that the transmission spectra in the visible range strongly change at varying concentrations of ethanol vapor. The fabricated structures show a linear optical response in the visible range, for high values of ethanol concentration.


It is a fact that states with a high corruption rate (or a high corruption perception) are at the same time those with a poor human rights record. Beyond this coincidence, the paper seeks to identify a concrete legal relationship between corruption and deficient human rights protection. This is in practical terms relevant, because the extant international norms against corruption have so far yielded only modest success; their implementation could be improved with the help of human rights arguments and instruments.This paper therefore discusses a dual question: Can corrupt behaviour be conceptualised as a human rights violation? Should it be categorised and sanctioned as a human rights violation? My answer is that such a reconceptualization is legally sound, and that its normative and practical benefits outweigh the risk of reinforcing the anti-Western skepticism towards the fight against corruption. This assessment leads to the practice recommendation of a mutual mainstreaming of the international anti-corruption and human rights procedures. I conclude that the re-framing of corruption not only as a human right issue but as a potential human rights violation can contribute to closing the implementation gap of the international anti-corruption instruments.


INTRODUCTION Scholarly communication has undergone dramatic change in the digital era as a result of rapidly evolving digital technology. It is within this context of evolving scholarly communication that this paper reports on an inquiry into (1) the extent to which university libraries in South Africa are actively embracing new and emerging trends in scholarly communication; and (2), the extent to which LIS school curricula in South Africa are responding to new and emerging scholarly communication competencies required in university libraries. METHODS This qualitative study, located within an interpretivist epistemological worldview, was informed by the Operational Elements of Scientific Communication aspect of Khosrowjerdi's (2011) Viable Scientific Communication Model. Data was collected using summative content analysis of university library job advertisements over a four-year period; South African university libraries' organizational organograms; and course descriptions available on the websites of South Africa's LIS schools. RESULTS & DISCUSSION A review of job advertisements and organograms shows that on the whole university libraries in South Africa are embracing the new and emerging trends in scholarly communication, but some university libraries are performing better than others in adopting emerging scholarly communication services such as RDM, digital humanities, or research landscape analysis. Course description analysis provides evidence that LIS schools' curricula, as per global trend reported in the literature, do not seem to be keeping pace with developments in scholarly communication. CONCLUSION The ambivalent nature of an evolving scholarly communications field with unclear definitions and boundaries necessitates professional practitioners who are adaptable and open to change as well as an LIS education curriculum that is in constant review to seamlessly embrace an evolving field propelled by advancing digital technologies.


The so-called effervescence process, which enlivens champagne and sparkling wines tasting, is the result of the fine interplay between CO(2)-dissolved gas molecules, tiny air pockets trapped within microscopic particles during the pouring process, and some liquid properties. This critical review summarizes recent advances obtained during the past decade concerning the physicochemical processes behind the nucleation, rise, and burst of bubbles found in glasses poured with champagne and sparkling wines. Those phenomena observed in close-up through high-speed photography are often visually appealing. Let's hope that your enjoyment of champagne will be enhanced after reading this fully illustrated review dedicated to the deep beauties of nature often hidden behind many everyday phenomena (51 references).


It is well-established that synapse formation involves highly selective chemospecific mechanisms, but how neuron arbors are positioned before synapse formation remains unclear. Using 3D reconstructions of 298 neocortical cells of different types (including nest basket, small basket, large basket, bitufted, pyramidal, and Martinotti cells), we constructed a structural model of a cortical microcircuit, in which cells of different types were independently and randomly placed. We compared the positions of physical appositions resulting from the incidental overlap of axonal and dendritic arbors in the model (statistical structural connectivity) with the positions of putative functional synapses (functional synaptic connectivity) in 90 synaptic connections reconstructed from cortical slice preparations. Overall, we found that statistical connectivity predicted an average of 74 ± 2.7% (mean ± SEM) synapse location distributions for nine types of cortical connections. This finding suggests that chemospecific attractive and repulsive mechanisms generally do not result in pairwise-specific connectivity. In some cases, however, the predicted distributions do not match precisely, indicating that chemospecific steering and aligning of the arbors may occur for some types of connections. This finding suggests that random alignment of axonal and dendritic arbors provides a sufficient foundation for specific functional connectivity to emerge in local neural microcircuits.


Antibiotic resistance plasmids are bacterial extrachromosomal elements that carry genes conferring resistance to one or more antibiotics. They are notorious for their ability to transfer by conjugation between bacterial species and are significantly involved in the emergence and dissemination of multiple drug resistance associated with bacterial infections in humans. The information provided here includes some of the history and nature of antibiotic resistance as well as how plasmids have become significantly involved as intercellular carriers via the phenomenon of bacterial conjugation. The manner by which resistance determinants are able to move onto plasmids via their initial association with transposons and integrons is discussed. The existence of elements with both transpositional and conjugative properties, such as the conjugative transposons and integrative conjugative elements, is also noted.

Key Concepts:

Multiple antibiotic resistance represents a serious and growing clinical problem with regard to bacterial infections in humans.

Resistance genes are commonly found on plasmids, which are small extrachromosomal elements commonly found in bacteria.

Plasmids can vary widely with regard to their size and copy number in the cell.

Plasmids are commonly able to move from one bacterial cell to another by a mechanism known as conjugation, which involves cell-to-cell contact followed by transfer of a copy of plasmid DNA from a donor to a recipient.

Genes conferring antibiotic resistance are commonly found on elements known as integrons and transposons, which facilitate movement between different replicons such as between the bacterial chromosome and a plasmid.

Some transposable elements, known as conjugative transposons, also carry resistance traits; and, although unable to replicate autonomously, they can move from one bacterial cell to another by a plasmid-like mechanism.

Excessive use of antibiotics in the treatment of human infections has, over time, contributed to the emergence and selection of resistant bacteria in the gut, a phenomenon that includes passage of resistance traits between nonpathogens and pathogens.

Keywords:

conjugative transposon;
horizontal transfer;
insertion sequence;
integron;
plasmid;
transposon


Background and Objective Approximately 20% of US children and adolescents consume pizza on any given day; and pizza intake is associated with higher intakes of energy, sodium, and saturated fat. The reformulation of pizza products has yet to be evaluated as a viable option to improve diets of the US youth. This study modeled the effect on nutrient intakes of two potential pizza reformulation strategies based on the standards established by the Nestlé Nutritional Profiling System (NNPS). Methods Dietary intakes were retrieved from the first 24hr-recall of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011–12, for 2655 participants aged 4–19 years. The composition of pizzas in the NHANES food database (n = 69) were compared against the NNPS standards for energy, total fat, saturated fat, sodium, added sugars, and protein. In a reformulation scenario, the nutrient content of pizzas was adjusted to the NNPS standards if these were not met. In a substitution scenario, pizzas that did not meet the standards were replaced by the closest pizza, based on nutrient content, that met all of the NNPS standards. Results Pizzas consistent with all the NNPS standards (29% of all pizzas) were significantly lower in energy, saturated fat and sodium than pizzas that were not. Among pizza consumers, modeled intakes in the reformulation and substitution scenarios were lower in energy (-14 and -45kcal, respectively), saturated fat (-1.2 and -2.7g), and sodium (-143 and -153mg) compared to baseline. Conclusions Potential industry wide reformulation of a single food category or intra-category food substitutions may positively impact dietary intakes of US children and adolescents. Further promotion and support of these complimentary strategies may facilitate the adoption and implementation of reformulation standards.


Abstract. Hydrological modeling system was developed as a tool addressed supporting flood risk management by the existing and projected reservoirs in the Amur River basin. The system includes the physically-based semi-distributed model of runoff generation ECOMAG coupled with a hydrodynamic MIKE-11 model to simulate channel flow in the main river. The case study was carried out for the middle part of the Amur River where large reservoirs are located on the Zeya and Bureya Rivers. The models were calibrated and validated using streamflow measuruments at the different gauges of the main river and its tributaries. Numerical experiments were carried out to assess the effect of the existing Zeya and Bureya reservoirs regulation on 850 km stretch of the middle Amur River stage. It was shown that in the absence of the reservoirs, the water levels downstream of the Zeya and Bureya Rivers would be 0.5–1.5 m higher than the levels measured during the disastrous flood of 2013. Similar experiments were carried out to assess possible flood protection effect of new projected reservoirs on the Zeya and Bureya Rivers.


Abnormal isoforms of the prion protein (PrP(Sc)) that cause prion diseases are propagated and spread within the body by "carrier" cell(s). Cells of the immune system have been strongly implicated in this process. In particular, PrP(Sc) is known to accumulate on follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) in individuals affected by variant Creutzfeld-Jakob disease. However, FDCs do not migrate widely and the natural history of prion disorders suggests other cells may be required for the transport of PrP(Sc) from the site of ingestion to lymphoid organs and the central nervous system. Substantial evidence suggests that the spread of PrP(Sc) requires bone marrow-derived cells that express normal cellular prion protein (PrP(C)). This study examined the expression of PrP(C) on bone marrow-derived cells that interact with lymphoid follicles. High levels of PrP(C) are present on myeloid dendritic cells (DCs) that surround the splenic white pulp. These myeloid DCs are ontologically and functionally distinct from the FDCs. Consistent with these observations, expression of PrP(C) was strongly induced during the generation of mature myeloid DCs in vitro. In these cells PrP(C) colocalized with major histocompatibility complex class II molecules at the level of light microscopy. Furthermore, given the close anatomic and functional connection of myeloid DCs with lymphoid follicles, these results raise the possibility that myeloid DCs may play a role in the propagation of PrP(Sc) in humans.


This article explores the discourse of 'feral' parenting that emerged during and in the direct aftermath of the UK riots of 2011 from an austerity perspective. Despite the riots occurring amidst a global economic downturn, a diversification of Britain's political landscape and great social unrest, this discourse positioned the culpability for the riots on a class of 'feral' children borne of 'feral' parents. More precisely, this blame was centred upon the lone, working-class mother. The 'feral' parent discourse created these parents in opposition to the 'austere' parent citizen inscribed as the norm within the current economic climate. Whilst this vilification has a substantial history and draws upon pre-existing notions of value, this discourse was simultaneously imbued with contemporary meaning to aid novel socio-economic and political incentives under austerity. Through analysing news media and political rhetoric, I argue that austerity parenting is a significant component of neoliberal governmentality whereby social norms around parenting, marriage and employment are naturalised.


A very simple one-pot synthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-functionalized silver nanoparticles in an aqueous solution at room temperature without hazardous reducing agents wherein NADH is employed as the functional molecule for highly selective optical sensing of mercuric ions (Hg2+) in an aqueous solution based on an absorption and emission method, with a detection limit of 0.02 nM. NADH was used as the reducing and stabilizing agent for the formation and stabilization of silver nanoparticles, and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) was used as the growth agent for the silver nanoparticles. The NADH-stabilized silver nanoparticles were used as an optical sensor for the detection of mercuric ions. The potential sensing ability of these synthesized silver nanoparticles is utilized to design an absorption and emission-based sensor platform for mercuric ions with high sensitivity and selectivity in the presence of other interfering metal cations, including Pb2+, Cd2+, Ce2+, Cu2+, Ni2+, Li+, Na+, K+ and Ca2+. The facile biomolecule-assisted synthesis of anisotropically structured silver nanoparticles and the direct detection of mercuric ions at the nano-molar concentration level in the presence of other interfering metal ions in water are the main advantages of the present system. The ultrasensitive nature of the sensing platform is ascribed to the NAD-functionalized anisotropic silver nanostructures. The present optical sensor is very simple to prepare, cost effective, and time saving; no external assemblies are attached on the surface of the silver nanoparticles. This method does not require the use of organic co-solvents, enzymatic reactions, light-sensitive dye molecules, lengthy protocols, surface modification of nanoparticles, or sophisticated instrumentation, thereby overcoming most of the limitations of conventional methods.


This paper presents data on laser rangefinder-binoculars developed and produced at
 OAO S. A. Zverev Krasnogorsk Factory. The illuminator of the rangefinder is a pulsed
 semiconductor laser, and the detector is a silicon avalanche photodiode. The main
 parameters and characteristics of the items are presented, and a functional diagram
 of the rangefinder channel is considered. Ways of improving the
 rangefinder-binoculars are pointed out: increasing the maximum measurable distance,
 enhancing the measurement accuracy, and creating modifications with a set of
 additional options.


Theoretical potentials for rotational excitation of H2O by He were constructed via several methods, all of which start with a large basis set SCF interaction. The semiempirical Hartree-Fock with damped dispersion (HFD) model adds a damped long-range attraction with parameters adjusted to fit experimental total differential cross sections. Purely ab initio potentials add correlation energies obtained via perturbation theory (MP2 and MP4) or a variational method (ICF1). Scattering calculations were performed on all surfaces to compare with available beam scattering and pressure broadening data and to assess sensitivity of state-to-state rates to uncertainties in the potential. From comparison with the limited experimental data, the ICF1 surface appears to be marginally better than the MP4 surface. Thermal rates calculated from this surface should be accurate to better than 50%, at least for the larger, more important rates.


We develop a model where people differ in their altruistic preferences and can serve the public interest in two ways: by making donations to charity and by taking a public service job and exerting effort on the job. Our theory predicts that people who are more altruistic are more likely to take a public service job and, for a given job, make higher donations to charity. Comparing equally altruistic workers, those with a regular job make higher donations to charity than those with a public service job by a simple substitution argument. We subsequently test these predictions using cross-sectional data from Germany on self-reported altruism, sector of employment, and donations to charity. In addition, we use panel data from the Netherlands on volunteering and sector of employment. We find support for most of our predictions.


Abstract. Consistent forest loss estimates are important to understand the role of forest loss and deforestation in the global carbon cycle, for biodiversity studies, and to estimate the mitigation potential of reducing deforestation. To date, most studies have relied on optical satellite data and new efforts have greatly improved our quantitative knowledge on forest dynamics. However, most of these studies yield results for only a relatively short time period or are limited to certain countries. We have quantified large-scale forest loss over a 21-year period (1990–2010) in the tropical biomes of South America using remotely sensed vegetation optical depth (VOD). This passive microwave satellite-based indicator of vegetation water content and vegetation density has a much coarser spatial resolution than optical data but its temporal resolution is higher and VOD is not impacted by aerosols and cloud cover. We used the merged VOD product of the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR-E) and Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) observations, and developed a change detection algorithm to quantify spatial and temporal variations in forest loss dynamics. Our results compared reasonably well with the newly developed Landsat-based Global Forest Change (GFC) maps, available for the 2001 onwards period (r2 =  0.90 when comparing annual country-level estimates). This allowed us to convert our identified changes in VOD to forest loss area and compute these from 1990 onwards. We also compared these calibrated results to PRODES (r2 =  0.60 when comparing annual state-level estimates). We found that South American forest exhibited substantial interannual variability without a clear trend during the 1990s, but increased from 2000 until 2004. After 2004, forest loss decreased again, except for two smaller peaks in 2007 and 2010. For a large part, these trends were driven by changes in Brazil, which was responsible for 56 % of the total South American forest loss area over our study period according to our results. One of the key findings of our study is that while forest loss decreased in Brazil after 2005, increases in other countries partly offset this trend suggesting that South American forest loss as a whole decreased much less than that in Brazil.


A new class of nanometer-scale, low power, solidstate devices is being investigated for the detection of hazardous vapors. These chemical vapor sensors are comprised of nanometer-sized gold particles encapsulated by monomolecular layers of alkanethiol surfactant deposited as thin films on interdigitated microelectrodes (Fig. 1). These new, alkylthiolstabilized, gold nanocluster materials are appropriately categorized as metal-insulator-metal ensembles (MIME). When chemical (agent, hazmat) vapors reversibly absorb into these thin MIME films, a large modulation of the electrical conductivity of the film is observed. The measured tunneling current between gold clusters is extremely sensitive to very small amounts of monolayer swelling or dielectric alteration caused by absorption of vapor molecules. For chemical agent simulants, a large dynamic range (5-logs) of sensitivities is observed and extends down to well below sub-ppm vapor concentrations. Tailored selectivities of the sensors are accomplished by incorporation of chemical functionalities at the terminal structure of the alkanethiol surfactant or substitution of the entire alkane structure. Current research efforts are focused on examining the molecular mechanism(s) of conduction and mapping the selectivity and sensitivity of sensor elements. Targeted applications include: low-cost, low-power CB agent sensors, filter residual life indicators and orthogonal detector applications. 1. SENSING PRINCIPLE Chemical vapors, reversibly absorbing into these thin films, effect large changes in the electrical conductivity of the film (Fig. 1). Tunneling currents between gold clusters are extremely sensitive to very small amounts of monolayer swelling or dielectric alteration caused by absorption of vapor molecules. Response times are extremely fast for monolayers. Selectivity depends on chemical functionalization of the alkanethiol. For simulants, a large dynamic range (5-logs) of sensitivities is observed and extends down to well below sub-ppm vapor concentrations. 2. CONCEPT Coated Micro-electrode Gold Nanoclusters


This work examines reserves in the recently revised Swiss Code of Obligations, which will enter into force 1 January 2023. The analysis focuses on their creation and dissolution, and distinguishes between reserves formed by the board and reserves formed by the general assembly. By focusing on an instrument in the banking sector, the reserves for general banking risks, this work investigates the general assembly's possibility to delegate the power to form further reserves to the board of directors based on the articles of the association. This question is analyzed in the context of companies limited by shares, limited liability companies, and cooperatives. Finally, the effects of such a delegation and the consequences in a practical view of going to court are analyzed through the Federal Supreme Court's judgment in a similar topic of delegation.


CRIS (Current Research Information Systems) provide researchers, research managers, innovators, and others with a view over the research activity of a domain. IRs (institutional repositories) provide a mechanism for an organisation to showcase through OA (open access) its intellectual property. Increasingly, organizations are mandating that their employed researchers deposit peer-reviewed published material in the IR. Research funders are increasingly mandating that publications be deposited in an open access repository: some mandate a central (or subject-based) repository, some an IR. In parallel, publishers are offering OA but replacing subscription-based access with author (or author institution) payment for publishing. However, many OA repositories have metadata based on DC (Dublin Core) which is inadequate; a CERIF (Common-European Research Information Format) CRIS provides metadata describing publications with formal syntax and declared semantics thus facilitating interoperation or homogeneous access over heterogeneous sources. The formality is essential for research output metrics, which are increasingly being used to determine future funding for research organizations.


Abstract

Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorder associated with Streptococcal Infection (PANDAS) is characterized with main clinical features including obsessive-compulsive disorders and tics, acute-onset in prepubertal age, relapsing-remitting course, association with neurological abnormalities (mainly choreiform movements and motor hyperactivity), and temporal relationship with group A streptococcal infections. Thirty- four children with a serious- severe grade of PANDAS were enrolled in Italian Institutions with the aim to report clinical manifestations of the patients and their response to the intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) treatment. All patients were selected according to the Swedo's criteria and specific laboratory investigations as suggested by Chang for the PANS and treated with IVIG at the dosage of 2 g/kg/day for two consecutive days. At the onset, all patients presented with at least, one psychiatric manifestation including anxiety, emotional lability, bedwetting, enuresis, and phobia, and oppositional behavior including temper tantrums, personality changes, and deterioration in math skills and handwriting. At the laboratory investigations, positivity of pharyngeal swab for streptococcal infection in most of the patients and variable titers of anti-DNase B and ASO were found. In 29 patients reduction or disappearing of the motor symptoms were reached after 1 or 2 cycles of IVIG treatment, while in 5 patients the symptoms reappeared after the third cycle of IVIG. PANDAS may present with polymorphic clinical signs involving behavioral and psychiatric manifestations. In this study, IVIG has been shown to be effective in most of the cases and no complications have been reported during the treatment. Since there is no general agreement on PANDAS treatment, further more extensive researches in this topic are to be hoped.


The thesis will be divided into three main sections 1. The Life of Liu Hsiang, 2. The works of Liu Hsiang. 5. The Hsin Hsu. 1. The Life of Liu Hsiang; A translation of the Biography of Liu Hsiang in the Ch'ien Han Shuj a synopsis of this Biography, together with notes on the dates of his birth and death etc. 2. The works of Liu Hsiang; A list of his works, with the history of their transmission, drawn from the Literary Chapters of the Histories, With notes on works still extant. 3. The Hsin Hsu; The main section of the thesis; consisting of a complete analysis of the book, and selected translations of representative stories; subject-titles have been given to the stories, and characters appearing in them indexed. Where the same story occurs in other books of the Han and pre-Han period, references have been given to them, the texts have been collated, and the connection between the Hsin Hsu and the other versions of the story has been commented upon. A section has been devoted to the structure of the work and its characteristics. The findings are summarized.


Marijuana policy analyses typically focus on the relative costs and benefits of present policy and its feasible alternatives. This essay addresses a prior, threshold issue: whether marijuana criminal laws abridge fundamental individual rights, and if so, whether there are grounds that justify doing so. Over 700,000 people are arrested annually for simple marijuana possession, a small but significant proportion of the one hundred million Americans who have committed the same crime. In this essay, we present a civil libertarian case for repealing marijuana possession crimes. We put forward two arguments, corresponding to the two distinct liberty concerns implicated by laws that both ban marijuana use and punish its users. The first argument opposes criminalization, demonstrating that marijuana use does not constitute the kind of wrongful conduct that is a prerequisite for just punishment. The second argument demonstrates that even in the absence of criminal penalties, prohibition of marijuana use violates a moral right to exercise autonomy in personal matters – a corollary to Mill's harm principle in the utilitarian tradition, or, in the non-consequentialist tradition, to the respect for personhood that was well described by the Supreme Court in its recent Lawrence v. Texas opinion. Both arguments are based on principles of justice that are uncontroversial in other contexts.


Mobile commerce (m-commerce) provides remarkable opportunities for online retail organisations, but also poses the risk of identity-related frauds. Due to the propensity of these frauds through mobile devices, approaches used by retail organisations are ineffective for management of identity frauds in m-commerce. Online retail organisations need a guiding framework for the evaluation of approaches used for identity fraud management. In addition, very little research has been conducted on identity frauds and methods of evaluation of the approaches to combat it in m-commerce. To better understand these issues and address the missing link, this study explores the types and possible methods of identity-related frauds in m-commerce and evaluates approaches.
The fraud management lifecycle framework Wilhelm (2004) has been extended to include the evaluation of identity fraud management approaches. A qualitative approach to data collection was adopted and case study research methods were applied. Three large online retail organisations based in the UK were selected for data collection. In all, 36 semi-structured interviews were conducted from staff involved in online business management, information security, and related areas. Where possible, internal documents were also collected. Wilhelm's (2004) framework was adopted to underpin this research. The reliability of the questionnaire was tested through a pilot study.
The results were analysed using a thematic approach. Both inductive and deductive approaches were used to explore themes at each stage of the framework. The cross-case analysis approach adopted to compare the results of the three case studies was also reflected through extant literature. This study found that most of the identity frauds are committed through mobile devices while online organisations are using traditional e-commerce approaches, which are not equally effective in m-commerce. Furthermore, these approaches have never been evaluated in m-commerce, which is a major cause of increasing identity fraud.
This is the first study to evaluate the existing identity fraud management approaches in m-commerce. This research has identified the weaknesses and limitations in the approaches used in identity fraud management. The study also suggests guidelines to improve existing approaches and some new approaches. Finally, the Wilhelm (2004) framework has been extended to evaluate identity fraud management approaches in m-commerce.
The study provides in-depth understanding about the process of identity fraud management, which consists of the methods, approaches, and strategies that online organisations have adopted. In this research, guidelines are suggested to evaluate the identity fraud management approached in m-commerce. This will help online organisations to understand the weaknesses in existing approaches and improve the performance in m-commerce identity fraud management. This study will also help online organisations to control the fraud losses and could provide them with a competitive edge in the industry.


SUMMARY 1. Despite the importance of microorganisms for leaf litter decomposition in streams, little is known about which factors affect community composition of bacterial and fungal communities. Standard morphological techniques probably underestimate microbial diversity. 2. We used terminal restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the ITS regions for fungi, and the 16S region for bacteria, to compare fungal and bacterial communities on four cross types of cottonwood leaves (Populus fremontii, P. angustifolia, and their naturally occurring F1 and backcross hybrids). Decomposing leaves were studied in two Arizona rivers that differ in water chemistry and macroinvertebrates. 3. Hybridising cottonwoods are an ideal model system to test how genetic differences in leaf litter chemistry affect microbial communities because cross types have different decomposition rates and leaf litter chemistry. Leaves were incubated in litter bags for 2 weeks and brought to the laboratory for genetic analysis. Communities were analysed using non-metric multi dimensional scaling (NMDS) and diversity indices. 4. Fungal and bacterial communities differed between the two rivers, even when growing on identical substrates. There were also significant differences in microbial communities among the four cross types, indicating that genetically based differences in leaf litter translate to differences in microbial communities. 5. Diversity increased along the hybridising complex from P. fremontii to P. angustifolia, with hybrids showing intermediate values. Fungal and bacterial diversity were significantly higher on cross types with higher tannin concentrations and slower decomposition rates. 6. Environmental conditions most strongly structured microbial communities, but within an environment, genetic-based differences in leaf litter quality yielded differences in diversity and community structure. 7. Molecular tools are making it possible to understand patterns of microbial diversity in river ecosystems, paving the way for a better understanding of how differences in microbial species affect ecosystem processes and higher trophic levels.


Constraint satisfaction has been a very successful paradigm for solving problems such as resource allocation and planning. Many of these problems pose themselves in a context involving multiple agents, and protecting privacy of information among them is often desirable. Secure multiparty computation (SMC) provides methods that in principle allow such computation without leaking any information. However, it does not consider the issue of keeping agents' decisions private from one another. In this paper, we show an algorithm that uses SMC in distributed computation to satisfy this objective.