In laboratory studies, multi-surface slate-based reading systems have shown great promise as platforms for active reading. However, the true utility of such a system can only be ascertained through the rigors of real world use. We conducted month-long deployments of a multi-slate reading system to support the active reading activities of graduate students in the humanities. During these deployments we documented how the added display area and increased micro-mobility of multiple devices enhanced navigation and reading comfort. We also noted the essential role of writing and annotation. Finally, we observed how electronic affordances like synchronization across devices helped provide functionality that would not have been possible with paper documents. This paper contributes new information about how electronic reading solutions fit into real world reading workflows.


The human nervous system is an ensemble of connected neuronal networks. Modeling and system identification of the human nervous system helps us understand how the brain processes sensory input and controls responses at the systems level. This study aims to propose an advanced approach based on a hierarchical neural network and non-linear system identification method to model neural activity in the nervous system in response to an external somatosensory input. The proposed approach incorporates basic concepts of Non-linear AutoRegressive Moving Average Model with eXogenous input (NARMAX) and neural network to acknowledge non-linear closed-loop neural interactions. Different from the commonly used polynomial NARMAX method, the proposed approach replaced the polynomial non-linear terms with a hierarchical neural network. The hierarchical neural network is built based on known neuroanatomical connections and corresponding transmission delays in neural pathways. The proposed method is applied to an experimental dataset, where cortical activities from ten young able-bodied individuals are extracted from electroencephalographic signals while applying mechanical perturbations to their wrist joint. The results yielded by the proposed method were compared with those obtained by the polynomial NARMAX and Volterra methods, evaluated by the variance accounted for (VAF). Both the proposed and polynomial NARMAX methods yielded much better modeling results than the Volterra model. Furthermore, the proposed method modeled cortical responded with a mean VAF of 69.35% for a three-step ahead prediction, which is significantly better than the VAF from a polynomial NARMAX model (mean VAF 47.09%). This study provides a novel approach for precise modeling of cortical responses to sensory input. The results indicate that the incorporation of knowledge of neuroanatomical connections in building a realistic model greatly improves the performance of system identification of the human nervous system.


About the book: Social Policy Review is an annual selection of commissioned articles focusing on developments and debates in social policy in the UK, Europe and internationally. The Review has become recognised as a topical, accessible, well-written and affordable publication and has a substantial readership among social policy teachers, students, researchers and policy makers.

Social Policy Review 13 continues the tradition of providing a different style and approach to policy issues from that found in most academic journals and books. Chapters have been purposely chosen to review a varied and interesting selection of social policy developments in Britain and internationally, and to set current policy developments in a broader context of key trends and debates.


Increasing rapid industrialization has exerted immense pressures on water quality by introducing a large variety of chemicals into our environment. When effluents from industries are discharged into river channels, the river water is polluted physically, biologically and chemically. This study was conducted to analyze the river water quality for Temperature, pH, ~O, BOD, COD, TSS and NH3-N and to assess the extent of heavy metal pollution in the Oemak Laut Industrial Park river system) Water quality parameters such as pH. 00, Temperature, BO~, COD, TSS and NH3-N were monit6red to determine their status in relation to the health of the river ecosystem. Elemental concentrations of Zn, Cu, Hg and Pb were measured. The mean value of water quality parameters are pH, 7.6; Temperature 28.1 oC; ~O, 5.4 mglL; BOD, 4.1 mglL; COD. 45 mglL; TSS, 42.5 mgIL and NH3-N, 0.12 mglL. The highest element present in samples was Zn, 0.09 mglL in water samples and
0. 16 mglkg in sediment samples and the least abundant element was Hg, <0.001 mgIL in both samples. The levels of heavy metals did not exceed the limits designated by Interim National Water Quality Standard INWQS), World Health Organization (WHO) and Interim Sediment Quality Guidelines (ISQG). The industrial activities and other unsustainable development undertakings have occurred in the surrounding areas of the Oemak Laut Industrial Park. As a result, the impact of these activities may cause some environmental problem to the Sungai Sarawak and adjacent areas by changing the area's hydrological characteristics, which in the long terms may lead to deterioration .


We analyze bathymetric, gravimetric, and magnetic data collected on cruise KN145L16 between 25.5°E and 35°E on the ultraslow spreading Southwest Indian Ridge, where the 750 km long Andrew Bain transform domain separates two accretionary segments to the northeast from a single segment to the southwest. Similar along‐axis asymmetries in seafloor texture, rift valley curvature, magnetic anomaly amplitude, magnetization intensity, and mantle Bouguer anomaly (MBA) amplitude within all three segments suggest that a single mechanism may produce variable intrasegment lithospheric thickness and melt delivery. However, closer analysis reveals that a single mechanism is unlikely. In the northeast, MBA lows, shallow axial depths, and large abyssal hills indicate that the Marion hot spot enhances the melt supply to the segments. We argue that along‐axis asthenospheric flow from the hot spot, dammed by major transform faults, produces the inferred asymmetries in lithospheric thickness and melt delivery. In the southwest, strong rift valley curvature and nonvolcanic seafloor near the Andrew Bain transform fault indicate very thick subaxial lithosphere at the end of the single segment. We suggest that cold lithosphere adjacent to the eastern end of the ridge axis cools and thickens the subaxial lithosphere, suppresses melt production, and focuses melt to the west. This limits the amount of melt emplaced at shallow levels near the transform fault. Our analysis suggests that the Andrew Bain divides a high melt supply region to the northeast from an intermediate to low melt supply region to the southwest. Thus, this transform fault represents not only a major topographic feature but also a major melt supply boundary on the Southwest Indian Ridge.


Gastrointestinal motility research is progressing rapidly, leading to significant advances in the last 15 years in understanding the cellular mechanisms underlying motility, following the discovery of the central role played by the interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC). As experimental knowledge of ICC physiology has expanded, biophysically based modeling has become a valuable tool for integrating experimental data, for testing hypotheses on ICC pacemaker mechanisms, and for applications in in silico studies including in multiscale models. This review is focused on the cellular electrophysiology of ICC. Recent evidence from both experimental and modeling domains have called aspects of the existing pacemaker theories into question. Therefore, current experimental knowledge of ICC pacemaker mechanisms is examined in depth, and current theories of ICC pacemaking are evaluated and further developed. Existing biophysically based ICC models and their physiological foundations are then critiqued in light of the recent advances in experimental knowledge, and opportunities to improve these models are identified. The review concludes by examining several potential clinical applications of biophysically based ICC modeling from the subcellular through to the organ level, including ion channelopathies and ICC network degradation.


Patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes metlitus (NIDDM) exhibit decreased rates of skeletal muscle insulin-mediated glucose uptake (IMGU). Because IMGU is equal to the product of the arteriovenous glucose difference (AVGΔ) across and blood flow (F) into muscle (IMGU = AVGΔ × F), reduced tissue permeability (AVGΔ) and/or glucose and insulin delivery (F) can potentially lead to decreased IMGU. The components of skeletal muscle IMGU were studied in six obese NIDDM subjects (103 ± 9 kg) and compared with those previously determined in six lean (weight 68 ± 3 kg), and six obese (94 ± 3 kg) with normal glucose tolerance. The insulin dose-response curves for whole body and leg muscle IMGU were constructed using the combined euglycemic clamp and leg balance techniques during sequential insulin infusions (range of serum insulin 130–80,000 pmol/L). In lean, obese, and NIDDM subjects, whole body IMGU, femoral AVGΔ, and leg IMGU increased in a dose-dependent fashion over the range of insulin with an ED50 of 400–500 pmol/L in lean, 1000–1200 pmol/L in obese, and 4000–7000 pmol/L in NIDDM subjects (P < 0.01 lean vs. obese and NIDDM). In lean and obese subjects, maximally effective insulin concentrations increased leg blood flow ∼2-fold from basal with an ED50 of 266 pmol/L and 957 pmol/L, respectively (P < 0.01 lean vs. obese). In contrast, leg F did not increase from the basal value in NIDDM subjects (2.7 ± 0.1 vs. 3.5 ± 0.5 dl/min, NS). In the physiological range of insulin concentrations NIDDM subjects had lower body IMGU, leg F, femoral AVGΔ, and leg IMGU than obese and lean subjects, but at maximally effective insulin concentrations, femoral AVGA did not differ between obese and NIDDM subjects. Thus, 1) both reduced skeletal muscle tissue permeability and blood flow are found in NIDDM subjects and 2) impaired insulin-mediated augmentation of skeletal muscle blood flow in obese NIDDM patients is due to the diabetic state per se and not to the obesity status. Whether reduced skeletal muscle blood flow is the result or the cause of insulin resistance in patients with NIDDM remains to be elucidated.


French liaison consonants are challenging for phonological theory because they pattern ambiguously between word-initial and word-final consonants. In recent works, these facts have been used to motivate different underlying representations for liaison consonants and non-liaison consonants. This paper argues that this move is not necessary. The gradient behavior of liaison consonants can indeed be derived through constraint interaction while maintaining that liaison consonants and non-liaison consonants have the same underlying representation. Two independently motivated hypotheses will play a key role in deriving this result: (i) word variants strive to be similar to their citation forms via output-output correspondence and (ii) concatenating two words (word 1 and word 2) has phonetic/phonological consequences on word 1's final segment and on word 2's initial segment. Together with the fact that liaison consonants are absent from the citation forms of liaison words, these hypotheses predict that liaison consonants will be less protected against changes than stable word-final consonants but more protected than word-initial consonants, thus explaining their gradient behavior. The analysis is illustrated with a detailed case study on Quebec French affrication combining corpus data and grammatical modeling.


Beginning in the 1980s, a group of black legal entrepreneurs frustrated with the slow pace of integration in mainstream large law firms set out to create their own "black" (or "minority") "corporate" firms. Although rarely articulated in quite these terms, their goal was to create institutions capable of doing for black lawyers in the waning decades of the twentieth century what the "Jewish" firms successfully accomplished for a similarly marginalized group in the century's middle decades: to create institutions so large and successful that they would eventually forced the mainstream bar to eliminate (or at least significantly reduce) the discriminatory barriers that prevented blacks from achieving full professional status. For a brief period, it seemed like history would repeat itself and the dream of creating true black corporate law firms would succeed. But by the turn of the twenty first century, most of the firms that had been started with such hope just a few years before had either shuttered their doors or shrunk significantly in both size and ambition. In this article, I chronicle this rise and fall through the voices of over 50 lawyers who were either involved in creating black corporate law firms or were in a position to help these fledgling organizations succeed. I argue that the stories of these pioneers shed important light on the transformation of the market for legal services, as well as contemporary debates about diversity in the legal profession, the importance of self-identified "black" institutions in an increasingly integrated world, and the lasting value of quixotic quests.


This study is an experimental design with randomization comparing the use of standard gauze dressings (SGD) to transparent adhesive dressings (TAD) to cover chest tube insertion sites in post-operative patients who have undergone cardio-thoracic surgery. The study was conducted in a 400 bed, tertiary non-academic teaching hospital in the Midwestern United States. Seventy-nine patients were enrolled in the study; 39 received TAD and 40 received SGD. The non-inferiority margin was set at 15% in keeping with current recommendations (Kaul & Diamond, 2006). The TAD was found to be not inferior to the SGD with regards to the proportional differences in the occurrence of skin irritation (0.024 (95% CI -0.1, 0.15), the proportional differences in occurrence of skin tears (0.024(95% CI -0.08, 0.14), and the proportional difference in cost per dressing change 0.018 (95% CI -0.008, 0.046). The proportional difference in the number of dressing changes required per chest tube day exceeded the 15% non-inferiority margin. It is important to note however that the increased margin favored the TAD by 20% as compared to the SGD (SGD0.51-TAD 0.31). Mann-Whitney test was used to evaluate differences in cost per dressing type U=118, p 001, and number of dressing changes required by dressing type U=601, p=.01. Both results favored the TAD. Kendall's tau correlation revealed that the costs were significantly greater in patients who received SGD τ (79), p<.001. Skin irritation was measured using a color scale and skin tears were measured using the Payne-Martin skin tear assessment tool. Patients did not differ by dressing type in the development of skin irritation (U = 763, p= .693), or development of skin tears (U = 761.5, p = .584). Based on these findings use of TAD can be recommended as not inferior to the current practice of using gauze and tape. Further study is needed to evaluate whether this non-inferiority is maintained in patients who require chest tubes for longer periods of time. Running head: CHEST TUBE DRESSINGS 10


Initial assessments of the potential for geologic carbon sequestration rely on existing subsurface data, most of it collected for oil and gas exploration. We document the challenges of assessing the ![Formula][1] storage potential based on archived data, for the case of the Upper Ordovician Queenston Formation in New York. In central New York, the entirely subsurface Queenston Formation consists primarily of sandstones. In contrast, in western New York where the Queenston Formation crops out, it is composed of shale, siltstone, and sandstone. A foremost interpretation challenge is to obtain porosity data from the borehole logs. Intercomparisons of various measures of porosity and of the availability of those data led to the decision to use neutron porosity data for the hematite- and clay-rich sandstone. To map porosity regionally, a second challenge is to establish the physical correlation between four regionally extensive stacked petrophysical zones in central New York, each recording base-level fall trends in fluvial sandstones, and four petrophysical zones in western New York, each characterized by base-level rise deposits of marginal marine and shallow marine deposits. Two alternative correlations can be justified with differing implications for pore volumes in a transition region. This analysis estimates that the Queenston Formation of central New York can sequester up to approximately ![Formula][2] metric tons of ![Formula][3] at depths greater than 3000 ft (914 m) in sandstones with porosity exceeding 10%. The Queenston Formation is not suitable for ![Formula][4] storage in western New York.

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 [2]: /embed/mml-math-2.gif
 [3]: /embed/mml-math-3.gif
 [4]: /embed/mml-math-4.gif


OBJECTIVES
One of the hallmarks of contemporary osteoporosis and bone loss is dramatically higher prevalence of loss and fragility in females post-menopause. In contrast, bioarchaeological studies of bone loss have found a greater diversity of age- and sex-related patterns of bone loss in past populations. We argue that the differing findings may relate to the fact that most studies use only a single methodology to quantify bone loss and do not account for the heterogeneity and complexity of bone maintenance across the skeleton and over the life course.

METHODS
We test the hypothesis that bone mass and maintenance in trabecular bone sites versus cortical bone sites will show differing patterns of age-related bone loss, with cortical bone sites showing sex difference in bone loss that are similar to contemporary Western populations, and trabecular bone loss at earlier ages. We investigated this hypothesis in the Imperial Roman population of Velia using three methods: radiogrammetry of the second metacarpal (N = 71), bone histology of ribs (N = 70), and computerized tomography of trabecular bone architecture (N = 47). All three methods were used to explore sex and age differences in patterns of bone loss.

RESULTS
The suite of methods utilized reveal differences in the timing of bone loss with age, but all methods found no statistically significant differences in age-related bone loss.

DISCUSSION
We argue that a multi-method approach reduces the influence of confounding factors by building a reconstruction of bone turnover over the life cycle that a limited single-method project cannot provide. The implications of using multiple methods beyond studies of bone loss are also discussed.


The Testamentum Salomonis is a late apocryphal work probably written by a Christian author of the third century of our era. The Testament tells of the marvels of Solomon hunting the demons. This aspect of ancient of demonology goes back to Greek mythographic cycles, but our author utilized also Judic Haccadic materials, as well as alien traditions coming upfrom "Aramaean-Iranian" environment.


Marketing and Corporate Communications suffer both from a general accepted definition, which leads to a differing corporate understanding and functional implementation. To this basic problem adds that the explosion of communication channels and means, but also turbulent markets of an over-communicating world resulted in blurring borderlines, of where one discipline starts and the other ends (Ries et al. 2001).

Nevertheless both disciplines have different theoretical frameworks, which make marketing and corporate communications distinct. A third problem is that while Marketing and Marketing Communications have an established relationship, corporate communications and Public Relations are frequently confused. The overall result is a dilemma, which created a sceptical view in organisations for both disciplines impacting on available budgets and participation at organisational decision-making processes.

German studies by the University of Mainz provided evidence that up to 60% of allocated budgets are wasted, since the functions of marketing and communication do not align their interventions sufficiently (Rolke. 2002). On the other hand, German studies demand that corporate communication, including marketing, needs to become a 360° address to stakeholders reducing controversial behaviour of the parties involved (Kirf et al. 2002). Johnson et al.'s strategy definition explicitly stresses stakeholder satisfaction as an organisational task (2008): "Information is everything" (Darendorff cited in Johannsen et al. 2001). French studies support this view and outline that marketing and communications need to collaborate closely and need to be strategically orientated recommending a communication and marketing cockpit (Libaert. 2003, Libaert et al. 2006, van Laethem. 2005, van Laethem et al. 2004).

An approach to resolve the existing dilemma is the new discipline of Strategic Communication, which may be considered both as a discipline and an organisational function, by which marketing and communication strategies can be better managed, implemented, monitored and evaluated (Oestreicher. 2010).

The international research of organisational rivalry between both functions directed to the development of a new strategic structure, which is presented in this paper relying on Steyn et al's five strategy levels and offers a new concept allowing to position marketing and communication strategy more precisely and enables the overarching Strategic Communication to supervise tactics and interventions of both strategies for improved beneficial and more sustainable organisational outcomes in a value-oriented economy acting in hyper-competitive and turbulent markets (2009, 2010; 2002).


For compressed sensing (CS), we develop a new scheme inspired by data fusion principles. In the proposed fusion based scheme, several CS reconstruction algorithms participate and they are executed in parallel, independently. The final estimate of the underlying sparse signal is derived by fusing the estimates obtained from the participating algorithms. We theoretically analyze this fusion based scheme and derive sufficient conditions for achieving a better reconstruction performance than any participating algorithm. Through simulations, we show that the proposed scheme has two specific advantages: 1) it provides good performance in a low dimensional measurement regime, and 2) it can deal with different statistical natures of the underlying sparse signals. The experimental results on real ECG signals shows that the proposed scheme demands fewer CS measurements for an approximate sparse signal reconstruction.


The hilarious plot of Claude Bleton's novel, Les negres du traducteur, published in France in 2004, allows us to explore the relationships that translators are often perceived to establish with their authors and originals. Bleton's text is particularly helpful for a discussion of some notions that are usually related to contemporary theories of text and translation that revolve around the post-Nietzschean notion of the "death of the author." Aaron Janvier, Bleton's narrator and protagonist, is a frustrated writer who manages to become a prominent translator of Spanish novels into French, and whose taste for domesticating translation strategies turns him into a powerful figure in the publishing circles of Paris, Madrid and Barcelona. As Janvier gets increasingly influential in the publishing world, he does not hesitate to turn the authors he should be translating into his "negres," that is, into ghostwriters who are in charge of writing the "originals" that are expected to be strictly faithful to the "translations" he sends them. When some of his authors begin to reconsider their peculiar arrangement, Janvier simply kills them off. Through a close examination of Bleton's characterization of the translator as killer, this essay proposes to rethink some recurrent cliches associated with translators, their craft, and the alleged impropriety of their close relationship with texts and authors.


There is nary a scholar in this collection of essays who works in the United States; nor is there a single sociologist represented among the nine authors who each wrote a chapter, all original except for one. Instead the book's contents, well-orchestrated by its editor, David Berry, come from professors of media studies, politics, journalism, social psychology, art history, cultural studies, and screen media. Either the Frankfurt School's ghost has moved on and left sociology in its wake while invading other fields, or sociology took all that it needed from the Frankfurters in the 1970s and 1980s, when its practitioners regularly wrote about that tight group of multi-talented Jewish thinkers who coalesced in Weimar Germany, escaped fascism, and blossomed in the United States. Studious tearing apart of Adorno's Negative Dialectics or Marcuse's OneDimensional Man or Fromm's Escape from Freedom or Benjamin's essays or Adorno and Horkheimer's Dialectic of Enlightenment may well continue in some quarters of graduate study, but they do not seem to appear in the ''comps'' reading lists of sociology students in the way they did prior to the Rightist reaction of the 1980s. So why did Harvard University Press not long ago issue a lavish, expensive, and comprehensive collection of Walter Benjamin's essays? Why do other fine university presses continue to publish all of Adorno's works, whether on philosophy, music, cultural studies, or social theory? Monographs continue to appear with regularity, 45 years after Adorno's untimely death, and for many scholars worldwide, the Frankfurt School remains a steadfast part of their everyday intellectual equipment. In a sense, once a Frankfurter, always a Frankfurter—except, it seems, within U.S. sociology, which never entirely embraced the Frankfurt perspective, a mixture of philosophy, cultural critique, and nonpositivist analysis. Perhaps Benjamin and Adorno were so far ahead of everyone else in understanding how mass culture would transform advanced societies that they outstripped sociology's analytic tools and worldview, but have come into their own among researchers whose primary interest lies in understanding what film, computers, social media, and television have done to and with interaction. This is illustrated by Mike Wayne in his chapter on Hans Magnus Enzensberger (affiliated with the School if not a primary member), wherein the sad Facebook tale of Raoul Moat is analyzed. After seeing his social existence decompose while in prison, he informed the ''world'' via his Facebook identity about his ''totally f_____ life,'' then proceeded to shoot his ex-wife, her lover, a policeman, and so on, until killing himself while surrounded in a remote area of Northumberland by dozens of police. He instantly became a Facebook martyr and 38,000 ''members'' joined a sympathy page set up by an unrelated woman, against which the United Kingdom's Prime Minister railed in the House of Commons (pp. 127–130). There are many ways of interpreting the ultimate sociological meaning of this otherwise trivial and ordinary event, but the Frankfurt perspective is surely as useful as any other, and that accounts for the utility and optimism of Berry's collection. He wisely points out that ''the hypodermic needle theory'' of media infusions into empty minds, though via the internet attributed to the Frankfurters, has little to do with their actual work, and the chapters he commissioned try to correct this misapprehension. Characteristically useful, for instance, is Robert Babe's simplified listing of Horkheimer and Adorno's critique of mass culture (pp. 103–106), which could be put to use in any course dealing with such matters. Other chapters handle the application of Bourdieu's habitus to the case of Walter Benjamin himself, Marcuse's ''Great Refusal,'' the heretofore unexplored relation


INTRODUCTION When two people agree to legally bind themselves to a contract, and one of these parties subsequently violates that agreement, the law has a difficult question to answer. It must determine whether the breaching party should be forced to go through with the deal as originally intended, or instead compensate the wronged party monetarily. The established common law of contract remedies in U.S. jurisdictions treats specific performance as discretionary. (1) Thus, courts may, in special circumstances, force the breaching party to go through with the bargain, but the default rule is cash payment to put the aggrieved party in as good a position as she would have been had the contract been completed. (2) This preference for cash payment, however, is reversed when the contract deals with a parcel of land. A land transaction triggers an almost automatic presumption that specific performance is appropriate. (3) This presumption, although longstanding and respected in the law, stands on some rather shaky logical grounds. (4) First, in some areas of the specific performance doctrine, the application of the presumption is illogical and inconsistent. Based on the unique properties of the land in question, it makes some sense on historical and equitable principles that aggrieved buyers should be able to demand specific performance of a real estate contract. (5) In some jurisdictions, however, the law offers specific relief to sellers as well, forcing the buyer to take the property and give the seller a cash payment. (6) Cash, of course, is the most fungible property imaginable, and yet the magic of land's favored status allows specific performance to produce it. Second, the automatic availability of specific performance tends to overcompensate parties harmed by the breach. (7) This occurs because once a breach materializes, the aggrieved party has an option either to force completion at the contract price via specific performance, or to seek compensation based on her expectations when the deal was made. (8) Real estate markets have been known to vary greatly over relatively short periods, and litigation over contract disputes often takes many months. Plaintiffs, then, have the luxury of observing the market for a period of time after the contract has been finalized to decide which remedy to pursue. This option confers upon a plaintiff a guarantee that she will be compensated at least in the full amount of her expectation, but it also creates a significant chance that she can improve her situation. (9) Overcompensation is a problem in contract law, which operates most efficiently when the damages awarded match the actual harm done. (10) Last, specific performance provides compensation that necessarily includes a party's subjective valuations of property. (11) Apart from these transactions in land and a few other specialties such as heirlooms, contract law does not take these idiosyncratic viewpoints into account. (12) Wherever possible, valuations in contract law are based upon objective market-driven observations to preserve predictability and to allow for efficient breach. (13) A party seeking to breach efficiently could still use some of her breach savings as a payoff to prevent the other party from seeking specific enforcement, (14) but the increased transaction costs of this post-breach negotiation will tend to make contract formation more costly and inefficient. The approach of general contract law, in which the party seeking specific performance must establish why it is logically justified, should be applied equally to contracts in land. Developments in the field of professional real estate appraisal have made it possible to ascertain accurately the market value of real property. For cases in which appraisers' methods fail, doctrines already in place to govern specific performance in general contract law can be utilized in favor of the aggrieved party. In a world in which land ownership is often seen as an investment in nearly fungible properties, in which real estate appraisers have increasingly scientific techniques, and in which judges have increased discretion in granting specific performance when the merits of the case actually require it, land's favored status is an increasingly undesirable relic of the Middle Ages. …


This book provides guidance on engineering in chalk. It describes the chalk's geological setting, its origins, occurrence, its stratigraphy, weathering and geomorphological situations, the material and mechanical properties. The descriptions are supported by a comprehensive set of photographs. It explains recommended schemes for the engineering description and classification of chalk, building on the work presented in CIRIA PR011, 'Foundations in Chalk'. The publication looks at the mechanical and material properties of intact, in-situ and compacted chalk and considers their implications for the design and construction of earthworks, cuttings, retaining walls and anchorages. Major sections deal with the selection and design of shallow and piled foundations. Based on analysis of the results of pile testing, the book makes recommendations for the design and choice of bored, CFA, driven cast-in-place and pre-formed piles in chalk and for estimating shaft and base resistances).


This paper reports on preliminary results of a design research project that explores how spaces in virtual reality may be designed to build on qualities of embodied sensemaking. The project forms a basis for the exploration of an ethical dimension to interactions in virtual reality. This publication focuses on identifying qualities of embodied sense-making in an existing physical space, the interactive exhibition Charged Utopia. These qualities are transposed into a virtual interactive space. The translation of the qualities is done through the three main themes: Physical Movement, Resistance and Ambiguity. We present the design research process to describe how these themes were identified and transposed. We conclude with reflections that sketch ways in which we might capitalise on the opportunities offered by a virtual space, while respecting human skills in embodied sensemaking.


The Encyclopedia of Lifestyle Medicine and Health offers thorough coverage of relevant topics and issues in historical and contemporary context, with information on lifestyle habits and practices and their impact on health. These volumes sort out the science behind nightly news reports and magazine cover stories, helping the reader to discern sound, evidence-based advice from that which is merely fad. The volumes convey the latest research on lifestyle medicine, incorporating content from such areas as health psychology, communication, public policy and health promotion, and disease prevention, among others. Readers are empowered to lead and promote healthier lifestyles after perusing the hundreds of signed, authoritative entries written by leading experts in their respective fields. Accompanying bibliographies and suggested readings provide guidance toward more in-depth resources. This comprehensive reference resource is written accessibly, making it useful for a broad audience, including students and academics in the fields of health, physical education, biology, medicine, nursing and allied health, physical therapy, nutrition, public health, and health communication, as well as for lay readers interested in learning how to lead a healthier lifestyle


Abstract Earnings-related unemployment benefits weaken markedly the economic incentives for searching and accepting a job. This study estimates that the current Finnish unemployment insurance scheme lowers the number of employed by tens of thousands of persons. The scheme may also weaken the incentives of the firms to create new vacancies and thereby hinder the employment of all unemployed individuals. Moreover, a significant share of the benefits is paid to persons whose lifetime earnings are relatively high. Consequently, limiting the duration of the maximum benefit period is warranted. A cutback of the earnings-related benefits increases the lifetime income disparities somewhat, but notably less than a cutback of basic unemployment allowances.


Museums are not conventionally associated with innovation or viewed as part of innovation systems. After all, we could argue, museums are about the past, heritage, and nostalgia, whereas innovation is about the future. Yet, if this is the case, why does a company such as BMW co-locate its archive, museum, and innovation center? In this preliminary essay on the combination of past and present knowledge in innovation, we revisit the academic literature on innovation systems. We explore how, historically, museums and their collections have contributed to innovation and to the development of innovative designs. We ask: How have organizations set up to preserve the past contributed to the future, and what has encouraged and inhibited these processes? We focus primarily on nineteenth- and twentieth-century experience in the United Kingdom and on the relationships among the arts, design, and industry on the one hand and museum collections on the other.


Until the middle of this century, the Western world knew little about the peoples of the Central Highlands of what is now Papua New Guinea, and vice versa. Only in 1930 was the curtain abruptly lifted on those valleys and mountain ridges, with their tens of thousands of inhabitants whose mineral resources, service as laborers, fealty as colonial subjects, and souls became objects of intense interest on the part of gold prospectors, Australian administrative officers, and missionaries. For the most part, these early interlopers were mere sojourners, and all were too preoccupied with their immediate objectives to learn or report much about the lives of people whose very existence had only recently been suspected. Within the general framework of how and why they conducted their early Highlands fieldwork, but with the freedom to develop their essays as they chose, potential contributors were asked to reflect on a range of interrelated topics: Before the Highlands: training and theoretical orientation prior to the experience; previous fieldwork; why the Highlands and a particular region were chosen; expectations and preparation. Arrival: first impressions of the region and the people; the colonial encounter; selecting and establishing a field base; hosts' reactions and expectations; hosts' understandings of the fieldworker's objectives. Fieldwork: logistics of living in the field; relationships with administrators and/or missionaries; the role of the anthropologists in the community; what the community gained from the ethnographer's presence; methods employed. Analysis: how the anthropological climate of the times shaped or influenced analyses; how the Highlands experience may have changed the author's theoretical orientation. After the Highlands: how return visits or later work has been influenced by the first encounter; how the early work relates to issues subsequently prominent in Highlands ethnography or anthropology in general.


Repeated claims have been made since the early 2000s that UK energy, and its governance, is 'in transition'. In this thesis it is argued, using a conceptual framework
informed largely but by no means exclusively by ideational institutionalism, that although UK energy governance, policy and associated institutions have been
undergoing a period of continuous crisis, challenge and change, a policy paradigm shift cannot as yet be claimed. This is because UK energy governance processes have not fully rejected some of the ideas upon which the 'pro-market' system was founded in the early 1980s, and due to a lack of credibility in alternative frameworks and solutions.
Governance practices do, however, appear to show tendential signs of policy paradigm change. This process of change has been initiated largely in response to public and political concerns about the security of energy supplies, which emerged in the mid 2000s, in addition to growing political support in the UK for measures to mitigate climate change. To the extent that any new 'norms' can be claimed it is suggested here
that the emergence of an 'energy-security-climate nexus' in energy governance processes is of particular significance. This nexus reflects the appropriation of the idea that domestic energy production is more 'secure' by climate change protagonists looking to encourage support for increased renewable energy production in the UK. It
also reflects a long-standing climate idea that decisions about energy and climate policy should be reached through inter-linked processes.
This thesis provides an analysis of change and continuity in UK energy governance from 2000 to 2010 with a particular emphasis on the various ideas, about both energy and its governance, that have informed policymaking as well as the alternative narratives which have called for changes. The thesis is informed empirically by a range of policy documents, including White Papers, Acts, reports and formal reviews, presentations by policy-makers and analysts, and secondary literature. This material has been crosschecked against a limited number of unstructured interviews with policymakers, analysts, consultants and Government advisors. Academic, media, thinktank and other third party literature has also been used to inform and construct those narratives which have, over this period of time, presented critiques of and alternatives to the 'status quo' in energy policymaking.


Summary:

In 1997 the initial analyses of the large-scale Fourth National Survey of Ethnic Minorities were presented in three volumes published by PSI: Ethnic Minorities in Britain: Diversity and Disadvantage, The Health of Britain's Ethnic Minorities and Ethnicity and Mental Health. This new report brings together and updates the two publications on health, and draws on follow-up research. Using both the mental and physical health data from the survey, it critically examines various approaches to understanding ethnic differences in health, exploring further the complex relationship between ethnicity and health. Central to the report is a detailed examination of the contribution of socio-economic factors to differences in health, using data uniquely available in the Fourth National Survey.

Ethnicity, Class and Health first examines the existing evidence on ethnic differences in health and the explanations for them. It looks at how rates of illness vary across and within ethnic groups and considers how far differences in health might be consistent across subgroups and generations. It then explores in detail the contribution of socio-economic factors to inequalities in health. The report concludes by considering the implications of its findings for our understanding of ethnic inequalities in health and raises a number of important theoretical issues for future research in this area.

This report will be of interest to academics and students interested in epidemiology, public health medicine, medical sociology, anthropology and race relations; social researchers; health professionals; and policy makers


With Web mail services offering larger and larger storage capacity, most users do not feel the need to systematically delete messages anymore and inboxes keep growing. It is quite surprising that in spite of the huge progress of relevance ranking in Web Search, mail search results are still typically ranked by date. This can probably be explained by the fact that users demand perfect recall in order to "re-find" a previously seen message, and would not trust relevance ranking. Yet mail search is still considered a difficult and frustrating task, especially when trying to locate older messages. In this paper, we study the current search traffic of Yahoo mail, a major Web commercial mail service, and discuss the limitations of ranking search results by date. We argue that this sort-by-date paradigm needs to be revisited in order to account for the specific structure and nature of mail messages, as well as the high-recall needs of users. We describe a two-phase ranking approach, in which the first phase is geared towards maximizing recall and the second phase follows a learning-to-rank approach that considers a rich set of mail-specific features to maintain precision. We present our results obtained on real mail search query traffic, for three different datasets, via manual as well as automatic evaluation. We demonstrate that the default time-driven ranking can be significantly improved in terms of both recall and precision, by taking into consideration time recency and textual similarity to the query, as well as mail-specific signals such as users' actions.


Using the Philadelphia‐based organization Media Mobilizing Project as a case study, this article argues for a more sophisticated understanding of social movement networks. We argue that the fragmentation of the neoliberal city has increased the saliency of networked‐based organizing. Contrary to much of the existing scholarly literature, however, we argue that such networks combine horizontal and vertical forms of organization, as well as online and offline media. Networks are not purely horizontal, nor are new media necessarily the best or most natural apparatus for developing networked social movements. Instead, we argue, radio and video may be better suited to connecting poor people in today's cities. We also shift the locus of analysis away from transnational networks to local ones. While the fragmentation of communities and isolation of the poor can be found across a range of deindustrialized cities in the United States and globally, the effect of deindustrialization and neoliberalism is asymmetrical. This difference gives the specifics of particular locations greater saliency in scholarly analysis. The local network reveals a three‐dimensional political and organizational response that joins the contemporary urban landscape with the contemporary media landscape.


Millions of people living in rural areas in some developing countries are entombed in extreme poverty well beneath any definition of human decency. They live in squalid areas due to the absence of adequate sewage system, lack of agricultural and municipal solid waste management. As an easy and cheap solution to their problems, residents of rural communities either throw their wastes in the streets and in the nearest water way or burn them in the field. These unintended practices contribute to the deterioration of the quality of air, water, soil and food. In addition to the environmental problems, rural communities in developing countries suffer from illiteracy, unemployment, high risk for disease, high mortality rate, and low life expectancy. Due to this tragic situation, it became imperative to find a solution to reach zero pollution in rural areas. Since the emergence of the concept of sustainable development many efforts have been made to apply the 'cradle-to-cradle' approach in different sectors where all waste is used for the production of other goods. Unfortunately, the application of 'cradle-to-cradle' concept in rural communities to approach 100% full utilization of all types of wastes is not sufficiently explored. The aim of this paper is to propose solutions for the waste problem in rural areas through the concept of environmentally balanced rural complex called "Zero Waste Rural Community Complex (ZWRC 2 )". The idea is to develop a complex in each rural community that groups compatible, simple and low cost technologies including briquetting, composting, biogas, and animal fodder. All wastes generated from the rural community will be transported to this complex and fully utilized as raw material to produce organic fertilizers, energy, animal fodder and other useful products depending on market need.


Chinese elites do not treat Europe as an equal partner and are convinced that China holds the upper hand over Europe. They see a growing asymmetry in bilateral relations. China's sense of its own potential is boosted by internal divisions within the European Union. At the same time, Europe is China's key economic partner and an 'economic pillar' supporting China's growth on the international stage. Beijing strives to maintain Europe's open attitude towards the Chinese economy, in particular its exports, technology transfer to China, location of investments and diversification of China's currency reserves. Cooperation with Europe and support from Europe are necessary to enable China to improve its position in the international economic and financial system, mainly in order to legitimise China's actions in the area of multilateralism and global governance. Similarly, Beijing attaches great importance to maintaining Europe's non-involvement in two issues: China's core interests and Chinese-American relations.


Research on climate change mitigation at the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) aims to ensure that forest-based emissions reductions are efficient, equitable and provide benefits to affected communities in developing countries. Through its Global Comparative Study, CIFOR is producing knowledge to inform global, national and local REDD+ policy in 15 tropical forest countries. This assessment asks how well the Global Comparative Study has achieved its aim and how it could be improved. The report presents the evaluation methodology, results and recommendations for CIFOR's future policy engagement work.


From the historical perspective the port competitiveness was often strongly determined by the geographical position of the port itself as well as the natural conditions of its surrounding. It is logical if we take into consideration that the port location is static while the port needs to be a connector of the inland and maritime transport routes, and it needs to have favourable maritime conditions in order to effectively serve ships and cargo. From such a perspective, the ecological specificities and biodiversity of the surrounding area can be perceived as a negative development factor that can significantly limit and/or reduce potential for competitiveness development. From the methodology point of view this paper develops a framework that examines ecological impact of logistics activities and port development activities in general in order to evaluate possible competitiveness boost strategies in practical situations when there is ecologically sensitive and environmentally fragile area around the port.Authors are trying to shed some light onto modern approach toward port competitiveness and logistics operations that aims to harmonise and reconcile the requirements of ecological protection with modern port development directions towards competitiveness boost. Such development direction can be founded on the idea that modern technological and social and economic development enables port authorities as well as ports' top management to take into account much wider ecological perspective in order to improve logistics services, attract more cargo as well as future investors in the port infra and superstructure.


In the present study, we have analyzed the real human plasma effect for the detection of the cytokine biomarker; interleukin-10 (IL- 10) using an electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) based biosensor. IL-10 is one of the many antigens that are secreted in acute stages of inflammation after left ventricle assisted device (LVAD) implantation for patients suffering from heart failure (HF). For this interest, a biosensor was developed in order to increase the sensitivity of detection in complex medium and in the presence= of other interferences: interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-1 (IL-1) that are also secreted after LVAD implantation. The anti-human IL-10 monoclonal antibodies (anti-IL-10 mAb's) were immobilized onto gold microelectrodes through functionalization with selfassembled monolayers (SAMs) of 16-Mercaptohexadecanoic acid b(MHDA) followed by carbodiimide chemistry. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was applied during the microelectrode functionalization process to characterize the gold microelectrode surface properties. EIS analysis was made for studying the human plasma effect and for cytokine detection. The biosensor was highly selective and sensitive toward the corresponding cytokines IL-10. These were detected in real human plasma samples diluted 1000-fold, by using EIS: before LVAD implantation, after 24 hrs, and after 72 hrs of LVADs implantation at 16.9 ± 1.5 pg/mL, 62.4 ± 2.6 pg/ mL, and 37.6 ± 6.2 pg/mL, respectively. IL-10 was also detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using the same plasma samples for the same periods of LVAD implantation at 11.3 pg/mL, 57.2 pg/mL, and 34.0 pg/mL, respectively. The present electrochemical biosensor is very promising for an alternative, rapid, low cost, and sensitive technique for cytokine detection that could be at the patient's bedside using point-of-care testing (POCT). This can provide rapid quantitative information to clinicians and doctors in order to predict the first signs of inflammation after LVAD implantation.


Abstract. We report the first Tertiary bird fossil from Central America, an ungual phalanx from a large, unknown genus and species of Accipitridae from the early Miocene Centenario Fauna, Panama. This specimen provides another example of a Neogene bird from North and Central America with its possible closest living relatives occurring today in Africa. In contrast, there is no evidence of African affinities among the reptile or mammal fossils from the Centenario Fauna.


Far from being the serene, natural streams of yore, modern rivers have been diverted, dammed, dumped in, and dried up, all in efforts to harness their power for human needs. But these rivers have also undergone environmental change. The old adage says you can't step in the same river twice, and Ellen Wohl would agree - natural and synthetic change are so rapid on the world's great waterways that rivers are transforming and disappearing right before our eyes. "A World of Rivers" explores the confluence of human and environmental change on ten of the great rivers of the world. Ranging from the Murray-Darling in Australia and the Yellow River in China to Central Europe's Danube and the Mississippi, the book journeys down the most important rivers in all corners of the globe. Wohl shows us how pollution, such as in the Ganges and in the Ob of Siberia, has affected biodiversity in the water. But rivers are also resilient, and Wohl stresses the importance of conservation and restoration to help reverse the effects of human carelessness and hubris. What all these diverse rivers share is a critical role in shaping surrounding landscapes and biological communities, and Wohl's book ultimately makes a strong case for the need to steward positive change in the world's great rivers.


With the advances in wireless communication technology and advanced positioning systems, a variety of Location-Based Services (LBS) become available to the public. Mobile users can issue location-based queries to probe their surrounding environments. One important type of query in LBS is moving monitoring queries over mobile objects. Due to the high frequency in location updates and the expensive cost of continuous query processing, server computation capacity and wireless communication bandwidth are the two limiting factors for large-scale deployment of moving object database systems. To address both of the scalability factors, distributed computing has been considered. These schemes enable moving objects to participate as a peer in query processing to substantially reduce the demand on server computation, and wireless communications associated with location updates. In the first part of this dissertation, we propose a distributed framework to process moving monitoring queries over moving objects in a spatial network environment. In the second part of this dissertation, in order to reduce the communication cost, we leverage both on-demand data access and periodic broadcast to design a new hybrid distributed solution for moving monitoring queries in an open space environment. Location-based services make our daily life more convenient. However, to receive the services, one has to reveal his/her location and query information when issuing locationbased queries. This could lead to privacy breach if these personal information are possessed by some untrusted parties. In the third part of this dissertation, we introduce a new privacy protection measure called query l-diversity, and provide two cloaking algorithms to achieve both location kanonymity and query l-diversity to better protect user privacy. In the fourth part of this dissertation, we design a hybrid three-tier architecture to help reduce privacy exposure. In the fifth part of this dissertation, we propose to use Road Network Embedding technique to process privacy protected queries.


Aim: To assess the efficacy and tolerability of interferon (IFN) alpha in chronic cystoid macular oedema (CMO) due to non-infectious uveitis. Methods: Retrospective analysis of an interventional case series. IFN alpha-2a was administered at an initial dose of 3 or 6 million IU per day subcutaneously and tapered afterwards to the lowest possible dose to maintain the absence of CMO. Treatment efficacy was assessed by optical coherence tomography. Results: Twenty-four patients with chronic CMO (median duration 36.0 months) due to non-infectious anterior (n = 2), intermediate (n = 18) or posterior (n = 4) uveitis have been analysed. Ineffective pretreatment included systemic corticosteroids (all patients), acetazolamide (22 patients) and at least one immunosuppressive drug (18 patients). IFN therapy was shown to be effective ( = complete resolution of CMO within 3 months, able to taper IFN) in 15 patients (62.5%), partly effective ( = incomplete resolution of CMO, unable to taper IFN) in six patients (25.0%) and not effective ( = no response or recurrence of CMO) in three patients (12.5%). IFN treatment was generally well tolerated. Common side effects including flu-like symptoms, fatigue or increased liver enzymes were dose-dependent and led to discontinuation of IFN in only one patient. Conclusion: The data demonstrate IFN alpha to be an effective and well-tolerated therapy for chronic refractory uveitic CMO.


Abstract We examine whether the existing stock of immigrant firms induces more new firms of the same nationality in the same sector and province. We carry out the analysis by using Italian administrative data on the population of individual firms observed over the time window 2002–13. We find support for a strong attractiveness (pulling) effect, which significantly differs by gender, with female immigrant entrepreneurs showing a lower reactiveness to the existing stock of firms compared to their male counterparts. Also, we find that exposure to gender inequality matters for the degree of equality of the pulling effect between genders. Only for countries of origin with unequal gender opportunities do female immigrants show a lower pulling effect than their male peers. No difference in the effect between men and women is, instead, found with reference to the degree of gender inequality in the destination.


The integration of E-learning has expanded in a variety of directions to a degree that its successful application is of great importance to all sectors of education and training. E-learning can offer unquestionable advantages to everyone involved in both the assessment and the knowledge transfer process (Owens and Floyd 2007; Luchoomun, McLuckie and van Wesel 2010; Damyanov and Tsankov 2016). Some of the challenges of e-learning methods rest in choosing the right platform, and in determining the scope of the selected material as well as the adequacy of its user friendly methodology. Among the features of e-learning platforms that are applicable to a wider audience is the criterion of multi-language application. As regards E-learning in foreign language education, there are three pragmatic and cultural aspects which are often omitted from the e-learning system: 1) the transfer of idiomatic competence; 2) the acquisition of cultural concepts; and 3) the inclusion of small and endangered languages. This is not the case with the elaboration of the e-learning platform IPHRAS Interphraseologie für Studien-und Berufsmobile. The proposed paper presents its main achievements and focuses on the methodology for foreign language learning in a multilingual electronic environment. The process is facilitated by the incorporation of thematically structured multiword units (idioms and collocations). Its priority is easy access to a variety of languages, including Greek, Turkish, Romanian, Bulgarian, through more popular languages such as English and German. The degree of translation equivalence of its elements facilitates not only multilingualism, but also the initial phase of mastering the vocabulary of additional languages. The IPHRAS platform was elaborated by an international team of Balkan researchers and language instructors and funded by the European Commission within the Lifelong learning program.


Read At Home is the best-selling home reading series designed for young, beginner readers. It features all the popular Oxford Reading Tree characters in exciting stories written for parents to support their children's reading at home. Read At Home First Experiences introduce young children to new situations and are ideal for parent and child to read together. Read At Home First Experiences help parents to: BLExplore the wider world with their child BLTalk about shared feelings and emotions BLBuild vocabulary through the fun activities RAH Level: Although these books have been created for parents to share with their child, they have been written to Level 4 of Read At Home. Level 4 is for children Building Confidence in Reading - those children who can recognise 30-50 words by sight, can read harder sentences, with less support, and can use sounds to help make words. The story is written with simple but more varied sentence structure and vocabulary with three to four sentences per page. Each story provides a range of fun activities to encourage talk and support reading skills: BLA puzzle activity in every book to make reading fun and practise looking at detail BLA game or fun activity like a Maze or Spot the Difference - a treat for children to enjoy at the end of the story Highly successful , high profile author and illustrator team: BLRoderick Hunt, author of the original Oxford Reading Tree stories, and Annemarie Young, are superb storytellers with over 50 years educational experience between them BLAlex Brychta's humorous and detailed illustrations bring the stories alive and are known to and loved by millions of Oxford Reading Tree readers


Existing research on data collection using wireless mobile vehicle network emphasizes the reliable delivery of information. However, other performance requirements such as life cycle of nodes, stability and security are not set as primary design objectives. This makes data collection ability of vehicular nodes in real application environment inferior. By considering the features of nodes in wireless IoV, such as large scales of deployment, volatility and low time delay, an efficient data collection algorithm is proposed for mobile vehicle network environment. An adaptive sensing model is designed to establish vehicular data collection protocol. The protocol adopts group management in model communication. The vehicular sensing node in group can adjust network sensing chain according to sensing distance threshold with surrounding nodes. It will dynamically choose a combination of network sensing chains on basis of remaining energy and location characteristics of surrounding nodes. In addition, secure data collection between sensing nodes is undertaken as well. The simulation and experiments show that the vehicular node can realize secure and real-time data collection. Moreover, the proposed algorithm is superior in vehicular network life cycle, power consumption and reliability of data collection by comparing to other algorithms.


To enable navigation of miniature aerial vehicles (MAVs) with a low-quality inertial measurement unit (IMU), external sensors are typically fused with the information generated by the low-quality IMU. Most commercial systems for MAVs currently fuse GPS measurements with IMU information to navigate the MAV. However there are many scenarios in which an MAV might prove useful, but GPS is not available (e.g., indoors, urban terrain, etc.). Therefore several approaches have recently been introduced that couple information from an IMU with visual information (usually captured by an electro-optical camera). In general the methods for fusing visual information with an IMU utilizes one of two techniques: 1) applying rigid body constraints on where landmarks should appear in a set of two images (constraint-based fusion) or 2) simultaneously estimating the location of features that are observed by the camera (mapping) and the location of the camera (simultaneous localization and mapping-SLAM-based fusion). While each technique has some nuances associated with its implementation in a true MAV environment (i.e., computational requirements, real-time implementation, feature tracking, etc.), this paper focuses solely on answering the question "Which fusion technique (constraint- or SLAM-based) enables more accurate long-term MAV navigation?" To answer this question, specific implementations of a constraint- and SLAM-based fusion technique, with novel modifications for improved results on MAVs, are described. A basic simulation environment is used to perform a comparison of the constraint- and SLAM-based fusion methods. We demonstrate the superiority of SLAM-based techniques in specific MAV flight scenarios and discuss the relative weaknesses and strengths of each fusion approach.


During the last decades most industrialised countries have experienced a massive educational expansion. Corresponding to this development there has been an increase of female employment which is, however, to a large extent part-time. At the same time, the attempts of firms to achieve more employment flexibility - facilitated by government intervention to deregulate the labor market - has contributed to the growth of precarious jobs, such as, fixed-term, (certain types of) part-time jobs and self-employment. This has been true in particular for the United Kingdom.In this paper we examine the relationships between the growth of precarious employment, the general educational expansion and gender in Germany and the United Kingdom. Our first question is to what extent education shields from insecure employment. The empirical analysis focuses on effects of both general and vocational education and compares these effects between countries. Based on national differences in the educational systems, we expect a relatively smaller influence of education on the likelihood of precarious employment in the UK where the educational system is less restrictive - that is, less rigidly stratified - than in Germany. Second, we try to better understand the link between gender and precarious employment by looking at its embeddedness within the national institutional arrangements. We expect that the economic interests of firms to create precarious jobs are more or less closely linked to the national gender regimes. Given the stronger emphasis on the male-breadwinner model we expect that the female bias in precarious employment is relatively stronger in Germany than in the United Kingdom. Data from the German Microcensus (1982, 1996) and the British Labor Force Survey (1984, 1996) are used for the empirical analyses


This chapter builds upon work in media and fandom studies to explore the use of fandoms (online networks of fans of books, movies, bands, etc.) and fandom tasks as pedagogical tools in technology-enhanced language classes. This fandom-oriented task-based approach to computer-assisted language learning (CALL) looks at the creative and practical work of several online fandoms, and focuses on examples of four different technology-mediated language tasks that offer both technological and linguistic continuity with language learners' target online activities. The chapter explores the linguistic skills and proficiency levels targeted by each of the four tasks and discusses curriculum implications. Finally, this chapter concludes with a discussion of specific technology-influenced pedagogical considerations associated with fandom tasks.


We describe our design and fabrication of a low-loss and compact 1.5%-Delta silica-based athermal arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) using a resin-filled groove. We present the theory of athermal AWG design and clarify the relationship between the AWG design parameters and the groove design required for realizing an athermal condition. We also describe approaches for reducing excess loss in the groove, which are used to optimize the groove and arrayed waveguide designs. We examine the performance of a 40-channel 100 GHz spacing athermal AWG module that employs all of the approaches. We successfully reduce the excess loss in the groove to 0.2 dB and achieve a compact chip size of 31times23 mm2 as well as sufficient optical performance and temperature insensitivity for practical use. In addition, we confirm by calculation that our approaches for excess loss reduction are also effective for an athermal AWG with a channel spacing of less than 100 GHz.


The growing global competition in which knowledge is a prime factor for economic growth is increasingly shaping policies and setting the agenda for the future of European higher education. With its aim to become the world's leading knowledge economy, the European Union is concerned about its performance in the knowledge sector, in particular in the nexus of research, higher education institutions, and innovation. A major concern is to solve the "European paradox†: whereby Europe has the necessary knowledge and research, but fails to transfer this into innovation and enhanced productivity and economic growth. Further complicating the matter, policy responses are formulated and implemented at different levels within the EU: at the European-wide level, the national, regional, and institutional levels. Moreover, the formulation of policies are often underpinned by different perceptions of the meaning of globalization, the nature of global competition for the higher education sector, and by differences in the current ability of institutions to effectively promote innovation in the private sector. This paper offers an overview of relevant European higher education policies and responses to global competition, and considers how global competitiveness can best be stimulated and achieved; what role competition and cooperation-based strategies at the national and European level play in this respect, and what is the best mix.


Case law from the European Court of Human Rights demonstrates to the U.S. Supreme Court how a pluralistic neutrality principle can enrich the American society and harness the value of faith in the public sphere, while at the same time retaining the vigorous protection of individual religious rights. The unfortunate alternative to a jurisprudence built around pluralistic neutrality is the inevitability of intolerant secularism — an increasingly militant separation of religious ideals from the public life, leading ultimately to a repressive society that has no room in its government for religious citizens. The results of intolerant secularism are seen in a recent series of negative cases decided by the European Court, which illustrate how highly secularized nations can trample the fundamental rights of religious citizens for the sake of secular ideals. The Supreme Court can avoid this type of intolerance in the United States by distancing itself from the principle of strict neutrality that the Court often has repeated in its Establishment Clause cases. A better path for the Supreme Court is to emulate a series of positive cases from the European Court that demonstrate pluralistic values. These cases show the value that religion can bring to public life, and the ability of progressive nations to welcome religious diversity into the public square without harming individual rights. The net result of this shift in the Supreme Court's focus — without sacrificing the value and purpose of the Establishment Clause — would be to promote the cause of religious pluralism in the United States, and to enhance the dignity of the American people to live out their religious faith in the community insofar as they choose (or do not choose) to do.


Carry Select Adder (CSLA) is one of the fastest adders used in many data-processing processors to perform fast arithmetic functions. The CSLA is used in many systems to overcome the problem of carry propagation delay by independently generating multiple carries and then select a carry to generate the sum. But the CSLA is not area efficient because it uses multiple pairs of Ripple Carry Adders (RCA). Due to the rapidly growing mobile industry not only the faster arithmetic unit but also less area and low power arithmetic units are needed. The modified CSLA architecture has developed using Binary to Excess-1 converter (BEC). This paper proposes an efficient method which replaces the BEC using D latch. Designs were developed using structural VHDL and synthesized in Xilinx 13.2 with reference to FPGA device XC3S500E.


The present study is focussed on the problem of developing a basin response function with inadequate data. The case of a catchment with some measurements of output and with input data either totally absent or unemployable is specifically taken for the analysis. The method proposed by Delaine (1970) and demonstrated by him for an experimental drainage area of around 50 acres has been suitably extended to natural catchments from 25 mi. 2 to 750 mi. 2 . It is shown that the synthesis is subjected to uncertainties and errors when the method is applied to larger catchments, though reasonably good results are obtained for smaller catchments. The authors suggest an alternate method applicable for all sizes of catchments assuming linearity and time invariance and that the parameters of the model are correlated with the catchment characteristics.


We show that a new class of contorted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) containing five-membered rings can be prepared via a palladium-catalyzed cyclopentannulation followed by Scholl cyclodehydrogenation. The annulation chemistry can be accomplished between a di-arylethynylene and an appropriate aryl-dibromide to form 1,2,6,7-tetraarylcyclopenta[hi]aceanthrylenes and 1,2,6,7-tetraaryldicyclopenta[cd,jk]pyrenes. Scholl cyclodehydrogenation to close the externally fused aryl groups was accomplished only with properly arranged alkoxy substitutions and provides access to the pi-extended 2,7,13,18-tetraalkoxytetrabenzo[f,h,r,t]rubicenes and 2,7,13,18-tetraalkoxydibenzo[4,5:6,7]indeno[1,2,3-cd]dibenzo[4,5:6,7]indeno[1,2,3-jk]pyrenes. The final compounds each possess apparent [4]helicene-like arrangements with fused five-membered rings; however, only the 2,7,13,18-tetraalkoxytetrabenzo[f,h,r,t]rubicenes contort out of planarity owing to an additional [5]helicene like arrangement. Single crystal analysis of the contorted aromatic shows the PAHs stack in a lock-and-key like arrangement and pi-stack in a columnar arrangement. Solution-phase aggregation, as well as liquid crystalline mesophases, were found for derivatives with suitably attached solubilizing chains.


BACKGROUND
The antitumor activity of lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cells immunotherapy is not always effective in all patients, especially when used alone. In this study, we investigated the in vitro antitumor activities of a combination of LAK immunotherapy and gene therapy employing an adenovirus carrying the p53 gene (Ad-p53) in human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The in vitro cytotoxicity of LAK cells was tested in H891 cells infected with or without Ad-p53, and the mRNA expression levels of natural killer group 2D ligands (UL16 binding protein (ULBP) 1 to 5) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) in these cells were measured by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.

RESULTS
Ad-p53 infection increased the cytotoxicity of LAK cells against H891 cells, and also increased the mRNA expression levels of the ULBPs in H891 cells and TNF-α in the LAK cells.

CONCLUSION
The antitumor activities of LAK cells in H891 cells were enhanced by Ad-p53.

CONCLUSION
The combinational therapy of LAK immunotherapy and Ad-p53 gene therapy may represent a new paradigm for the treatment of head and neck cancer.


The effort to update the regional hydrology methods of the Santa Clara Valley Water District (District) entails a series of tasks that are long and difficult. This paper enumerates the tasks and provides a quick look at the problems and the progress that has been achieved towards finding solutions. The hydrology methods cover all types of watersheds, small, large, urban, rural, gaged, ungaged, regulated and unregulated. This is done to provide consistent design flow values for storm drains and major flood control facilities, for small detention ponds as well as major multipurpose reservoirs. The first part of this paper addresses project management, funding, the difficulties encountered, and the back-up plans. The second part of the paper addresses the gathering and qualification of basic hydrological raw data, the extraction of maximum annuals from that data, and the development of mathematical and statistical tools for the analysis of the resulting time series. In addition, the paper addresses the use of HEC-1 to develop hydrographs from rural and urban areas. For urban areas, an extra effort was made to develop an urban hydrology technique. This technique is used to evaluate the impact of increased imperviousness and channelization, due to various types of land uses, on the hydrologic responses of watersheds. Lastly, this paper addresses the design criteria for detention ponds and their use as multipurpose facilities for flood and non-point source (NPS) pollution control.


Understanding the business (interaction) protocol supported by a service is very important for both clients and service providers: it allows developers to know how to write clients that interact with a service, and it allows development tools and runtime middleware to deliver functionality that simplifies the service development lifecycle. It also greatly facilitates the monitoring, visualization, and aggregation of interaction data. This paper presents a framework for discovering protocol definitions from realworld service interaction logs. It first describes the challenges in protocol discovery in such a context. Then, it presents a novel discovery approach, which is widely applicable, robust to different kinds of imperfections often present in real-world service logs, and helps to derive protocols of small sizes, thanks to heuristics. As finding the most precise and the smallest model is algorithmically not feasible from imperfect service logs, finally, the paper presents an approach to refine the discovered protocol via user interaction, to compensate for possible imprecision introduced in the discovered model. The approach has been implemented and experimental results show its viability on both synthetic and real-world datasets.


Transsphenoidal surgery is the most indicated approach not only for small and large pituitary adenomas but also for huge ones. A modified transsphenoidal technique to remove huge pituitary adenomas with marked suprasellar extension (4–8 cm of maxi- mum diameter) resulted very useful in authors' experience. The technique allowed avoiding the occurrence of a precocious descent of the suprasellar cisternal plane into the sellar plane during tumor removal and its related dangerous consequences. Technique was performed opening at the beginning only the lateral parts of peritumoral dura mater, and after removal of lateral parts of the tumor, the central part of peritumoral dura mater was opened and the central intrasellar and suprasellar parts of the tumor were removed. Comparing the results to similar patients operated by the same authors with standard surgical technique, we observed that total removal was accomplished in 64% of patients treated with modified technique than 45% of patients treated with standard transsphenoi dal surgery. Moreover, better results were achieved concerning intraoperative CSF leak, postoperative CSF fistula, and average time of postoperative stay in hospital. For invasive dumbbell-shaped pituitary adenomas, particular therapeutic plans are necessary.


A balanced mechanics-materials approach and coverage of the latest developments in biomaterials and electronic materials, the new edition of this popular text is the most thorough and modern book available for upper-level undergraduate courses on the mechanical behavior of materials. To ensure that the student gains a thorough understanding the authors present the fundamental mechanisms that operate at micro- and nano-meter level across a wide-range of materials, in a way that is mathematically simple and requires no extensive knowledge of materials. This integrated approach provides a conceptual presentation that shows how the microstructure of a material controls its mechanical behavior, and this is reinforced through extensive use of micrographs and illustrations. New worked examples and exercises help the student test their understanding. Further resources for this title, including lecture slides of select illustrations and solutions for exercises, are available online at www.cambridge.org/97800521866758.


After its successful application to the treatment of acute Pb poisoning, Ca disodium EDTA came into routine clinical use for diagnosis and treatment of subacute and chronic Pb poisoning. Despite widespread use, few definitive conclusions have emerged about the sources of Pb mobilized by Ca disodium EDTA. Furthermore, the possibility that mobilized Pb may be redistributed has been suggested. The current studies indicate that the standard therapeutic protocol for Ca disodium EDTA has little impact on critical organs such as brain and liver and moreover, that diagnostic Ca disodium EDTA chelation may even increase the concentration of Pb in these tissues. After a 3 to 4 month exposure to Pb acetate in drinking water, different groups of rats received daily i.p. injections of saline (control), 75 or 150 mg/kg of Ca disodium EDTA for either 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 days and were then sacrificed 24 hr after the final injection. Tissue analyses indicated that Pb was mobilized from bone and kidney and redistributed initially to both brain and liver. Levels in both brain and liver declined with subsequent Ca disodium EDTA injections, but no net loss from either tissue occurred over the 5-day treatment period despite a decline in blood Pb levels and a marked enhancement of urinary Pb excretion. These findings stress the need for further investigation of Ca disodium EDTAs effects and for parallel evaluation of alternate chelating agents, and suggest that a re-evaluation of both the diagnostic and therapeutic roles of Ca disodium EDTA may be advisable.


The object of this work was to further develop the idea introduced by Muaddi et al (1981) which enables some of the disadvantages of earlier destructive adhesion test methods to be overcome. The test is non-destructive in nature but it does need to be calibrated against a destructive method. Adhesion is determined by measuring the effect of plating on internal friction. This is achieved by determining the damping of vibrations of a resonating specimen before and after plating. The level of adhesion was considered by the above authors to influence the degree of damping. In the major portion of the research work the electrodeposited metal was Watt's nickel, which is ductile in nature and is therefore suitable for peel adhesion testing. The base metals chosen were aluminium alloys S1C and HE9 as it is relatively easy to produce varying levels of adhesion between the substrate and electrodeposited coating by choosing the appropriate process sequence. S1C alloy is the commercially pure aluminium and was used to produce good adhesion. HE9 aluminium alloy is a more difficult to plate alloy and was chosen to produce poorer adhesion. The "Modal Testing" method used for studying vibrations was investigated as a possible means of evaluating adhesion but was not successful and so research was concentrated on the "Q" meter. The method based on the use of a "Q" meter involves the principle of exciting vibrations in a sample, interrupting the driving signal and counting the number of oscillations of the freely decaying vibrations between two known preselected amplitudes of oscillations. It was not possible to reconstruct a working instrument using Muaddi's thesis (1982) as it had either a serious error or the information was incomplete. Hence a modified "Q" meter had to be designed and constructed but it was then difficult to resonate non-magnetic materials, such as aluminium, therefore, a comparison before and after plating could not be made. A new "Q" meter was then developed based on an Impulse Technique. A regulated miniature hammer was used to excite the test piece at the fundamental mode instead of an electronic hammer and test pieces were supported at the two predetermined nodal points using nylon threads. This instrument developed was not very successful at detecting changes due to good and poor pretreatments given before plating, however, it was more sensitive to changes at the surface such as room temperature oxidation. Statistical analysis of test results from untreated aluminium alloys show that the instrument is not always consistent, the variation was even bigger when readings were taken on different days. Although aluminium is said to form protective oxides at room temperature there was evidence that the aluminium surface changes continuously due to film formation, growth and breakdown. Nickel plated and zinc alloy immersion coated samples also showed variation in Q with time. In order to prove that the variations in Q were mainly due to surface oxidation, aluminium samples were lacquered and anodised Such treatments enveloped the active surfaces reacting with the environment and the Q variation with time was almost eliminated especially after hard anodising. This instrument detected major differences between different untreated aluminium substrates.Also Q values decreased progressively as coating thicknesses were increased. This instrument was also able to detect changes in Q due to heat-treatment of aluminium alloys.


In the data of the ether-drift experiments there might be sizable fluctuations superposed on the smooth sinusoidal modulations due to the Earth's rotation and orbital revolution. These fluctuations might reflect the stochastic nature of the underlying "quantum ether" and produce vanishing averages for all vectorial quantities extracted from a naive Fourier analysis of the data. By comparing the typical stability limits of the individual optical resonators with the amplitude of their relative frequency shift, the presently observed signal, rather than being spurious experimental noise, might also express fundamental properties of a physical vacuum similar to a superfluid in a turbulent state of motion. In this sense, the situation might be similar to the discovery of the CMBR that was first interpreted as mere instrumental noise.


Laser-induced optogalvanic (OG) signal oscillations detected in miniature neon glow discharge plasma are investigated using a discharge equivalent-circuit model. The damped oscillations in OG signal are generated when a pulsed dye laser is tuned to a specific neon transition (1s5→2p2) at 588.2 nm under the discharge conditions where dynamic resistance changes its sign. Penning ionization via quasi-resonant energy transfer collisions between neon gas atoms in metastable state and sputtered electrode atoms in ground state is discussed to explain the negative differential resistance properties of discharge plasma that are attributed to oscillations in the OG signal. The experimentally observed results are simulated by analyzing the behavior of an equivalent discharge-OG circuit. Good agreement between theoretically calculated and experimental results is observed. It is found that discharge plasma is more sensitive and less stable in close vicinity to dynamic resistance sign inversion, which can be useful for weak-optical-transition OG detection.


BACKGROUND
Portable instruments that measure the prothrombin time and automatically calculate the international normalized ratio (INR) with the use of a drop of whole blood have simplified the treatment of patients who are receiving warfarin therapy. The accuracy of these portable monitors has never been determined by comparing INR results with a criterion (gold) standard INR determination.

METHODS
Duplicate whole-blood INR determinations were made with two commercially available portable INR monitors. Duplicate frozen-plasma samples were measured with four different thromboplastin reagents, each with a different international sensitivity index. The criterion standard INR was determined by using an international reference thromboplastin and the manual tilt-tube technique. Agreement was evaluated by determining how accurately laboratory and monitor INR determinations matched criterion standard values in designating a sample to be within or outside of currently recommended INR target ranges.

RESULTS
Two of the laboratory methods, which used relatively sensitive thromboplastins, showed close agreement with the criterion standard, whereas two laboratory methods that used less sensitive thromboplastin reagents showed poor agreement. Both of the portable monitors fell between these extremes. The two best laboratory methods ere significantly better (P < .003) than both monitors, which in turn were better (P < .003) than the remaining two laboratories.

CONCLUSIONS
There is large interlaboratory variation in the accuracy of INR determinations. Laboratory methods that used insensitive (high international sensitivity index) thromboplastins performed poorly. Accuracy of monitor measurements appears satisfactory.


The type of neuronal activity required for circuit development is a matter of significant debate. We addressed this issue by analyzing the topographic organization of the olfactory bulb in transgenic mice engineered to have very little afferent spontaneous activity due to the overexpression of the inwardly rectifying potassium channel Kir2.1 in the olfactory sensory neurons (Kir2.1 mice). In these conditions, the topography of the olfactory bulb was unrefined. Odor-evoked responses were readily recorded in glomeruli with reduced spontaneous afferent activity, although the functional maps were coarser than in controls and contributed to altered olfactory discrimination behavior. In addition, overexpression of Kir2.1 in adults induced a regression of the already refined connectivity to an immature (i.e., coarser) status. Our data suggest that spontaneous activity plays a critical role not only in the development but also in the maintenance of the topography of the olfactory bulb and in sensory information processing.


Maternal employment has increased dramatically over the last two decades. The result of this increase in the number of working mothers is the expanded use of day care programs for children. Examined in this paper are research findings on the impact of day-care on the child and the family. The implications of these findings for policy development are discussed. Currently in the United States, over 50 percent of mothers work outside the home; this figure is expected to rise to 75 percent by 1990. The fastest growing segment of the working mother population is among those with children under two (Zigler and Gordon, 1982). This increasing rate of maternal employment of the last two decades has created the need for alternative arrangements for infants and young children. There is some concern among child development specialists that these alternative arrangements of care may have detrimental effects on a child's social and psychological development. Much of the concern about substitute care is based on the theory and research related to the negative effects of institutionalization on young children, (Bowlby, 1951; Spitz, 1945). This body of literature, however, tells one little about the typical forms of substitute care experienced by most children, Obviously, children generally do not experience the extreme physical and social deprivation reported on in the institutional literature (Advisory Committee on Child Development, 1976:117). Consequently, the quality of substitute care received by the majority of children is not comparable to the type of care studied in the institutional literature. Still, the possibility remains that even with high quality care, differences may be found in the behavior and development of children as a function of the type of substitute care received. The literature reports numerous studies on the impact of various forms of substitute care; however, most of these studies are not well designed (Advisory Committee on Child Development, 1976:118). The typical form of substitute care focused on in the literature has been high quality, university based day-care settings, a form of substitute care most children do not have access to (Santrock, 1983:159). Even though the majority of these studies have weak methodological designs and are based on day-care settings not experienced by most children, some meaningful findings have emerged in the literature. This paper will focus on those relevant studies reporting on the impact of one very common form of substitute care, day-care for the pre-school child. The major emphasis of the review will be on how day-care impacts the pre-school child's intellectual development, emotional development, social development, and the child's family system. The authors will draw from these findings several major policy implications. Review of Major Findings


In the recent case between Rafael Vergara Hermosilla and The Cola-Cola Company, Coca-Cola was accused of infringing copyright in a translation of a song used in promotions for the 2010 FIFA WORLD CUP. The United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit held that it had a perfect defence because the copyright had been assigned to it as the result of an ordinary exchange of e-mails. Will the position be the same in South Africa?


The Second World War was turned on its head at the moment Admiral Kolhammer's ultra-modern stealth warships were hurled back through time from 2021. But no one could have predicted just how much of a nightmare would ensue...Only months after the Transition, the great powers scramble to develop the weapons of tomorrow. The year 1942 is now a world of crude jet fighters, monstrous attack helicopters, and unholy dirty bombs - a mongrel technology, born decades prematurely. Then, in a radical rewriting of history, Japanese forces sweep into Australia, foreign agents begin a campaign of terror in the USA, and Germany prepares for an all-out attack on Britain. The twenty-first-century forces must resort to the most extreme measures yet and face a future rife with possibilities - all of them apocalyptic...Picking up from where he left off with "Weapons of Choice", John Birmingham shocks and awes us with this gripping second installment in the "Axis of Time" trilogy.


Purpose: To evaluate the feasibility of using radioactive bone cement to delivertherapeuticradiation to the vertebral body without undue risk to the spinal cord, i.e. vertebral brachytherapy.Method and Materials: CT‐scan based Monte Carlo N‐Particle radiation transport models, consisting of a three‐dimensional rectangular lattice of 0.625×0.625×1.25‐mm voxels, were created of a T‐12 human cadaveric vertebra. Trabecular and cortical bone were both represented by a spectrum of thirty complementary volume fractions of solid cortical bone and bone marrow, and all soft tissue was represented as a single material. A cylindrical volume of radioactive bone cement was simulated within the model, and two candidate radioisotopes were studied: P‐32 and Sr‐89. Thirty million particle histories were simulated (MCNPX v.2.5.0) to characterize the dose distribution within the vertebral body. Results: The dose distributions for both radioisotopes were axisymmetric about the cement implant and rapidly decreased with increasing distance from the cement. Initial activities of 0.94 mCi and 0.51 mCi for P‐32 and Sr‐89, respectively, would deliver >300 Gy to bone within 1.6 mm of the cement implant and >80 Gy to bone within 2.8 mm, while keeping the dose at 3.4 mm under 45 Gy. Conclusion: The predicted dose distributions show that a therapeuticradiationdose would be delivered to all bone within ∼3 mm of the cement without undue risk to tissue beyond 3.4 mm (such as the spinal cord), indicating preliminary feasibility of this technique. With further development, this technology may yield a clinically‐feasible procedure that would eliminate the need for 10 radiotherapy sessions, making it convenient for the patient, while potentially improving the clinical outcome by delivering a higher dose to the tumor and a lower dose to the spinal cord than conventional radiotherapy. Conflict of Interest (only if applicable): Research sponsored by Bone‐Rad Therapeutics, Inc.


The development of the unemployment rate differs substantially between OECD countries. In recent years some countries experienced a mild increase, other countries had a stable unemployment rate, while there are also "successful" countries in which the unemployment rate decreased a lot. A common feature of the successful countries is that they implemented a comprehensive set of institutional reforms. In this paper we present a theoretical and empirical framework to investigate how unemployment is affected by different labour market institutions (LMI) such as labour taxes, unemployment benefits, employment protection, union bargaining power and (de)centralisation of bargaining. We argue that complementarities between LMI can be exploited to improve labour market performance. In our empirical analysis of annual data over the period 1960-1995 of eighteen OECD countries we show that interactions between LMI are indeed important.