For many years Rudolf Arnheim, known as the leading psychologist of art, has been keeping notebooks in which to jot down observations, ideas, questions, and even (after a stay in Japan for a year) poems in the haiku pattern. Some of these notes found their way into his books - known and prized the world over - such as "Art and Visual Perception", "Visual Thinking", and "The Power of the Center" (see list below). Now he has selected, from the remaining riches of his notebooks, the items in this volume. The book will be a joy to ramble through for all lovers of Arnheim's work, and indeed for anyone who shares Arnheim's contagious interest in the order that lies behind art, nature, and human life. It is a seedbed of ideas and observations in his special fields of psychology and the arts. 'I have avoided mere images and I have avoided mere thoughts,' says Arnheim in the Introduction, 'but whenever an episode observed or a striking sentence read yielded a piece of insight I had not met before, I wrote it down and preserved it.' There are also glimpses of his personal life - his wife, his cats, his students, his neighbors and colleagues. He is always concrete, in the manner that has become his trademark, often witty, and sometimes a bit wicked. In the blend of life and thought caught in these jottings, psychology and the arts are of course prominent. But philosophy, religion, and the natural sciences add to the medley of topics - always addressed in a way to sharpen the senses of the reader who, sharing Arnheim's cue from Dylan Thomas, may accompany him through 'the parables of sun light and the legends of the green chapels and the twice told fields of childhood.' All of Rudolf Arnheim's books have been published by the University of California Press.


Corporate governance has become a 'buzzword' in the current global business literature. The corporate entities are assuming a mounting role in different spheres of economic activity. Separation of ownership from management and limited liability of members are the two major facial appearance of corporate bodies that necessitate giving a separate thought to the governance of these organizations. The concept of corporate governance has become widely circulated because of audit failure. The basic objective of audit process is to ensure that the operations of an enterprise are carried out in good faith by the management without using the resources to satisfy self-interest. Against this backdrop, the present study aims at analyzing the role of auditors in the corporate governance of India's corporate houses. The external auditor's responsibilities in corporate governance are fundamental complements in helping to achieve the desired aims of corporate governance. Keywords: Corporate, governance, auditor, financial scandal, India .


Calls for revolutionizing business education are being answered by a proliferation of virtual learning environments. Virtual universities are emerging and more and more universities are developing and offering virtual courses capitalizing on ever-growing and ubiquitous Internet-related technologies. This paper presents an implementation of a web-based virtual learning environment that was created to offer an IT introductory college level course for undergraduate business students at a large university in the U.S. The environment consists of several virtual areas to conduct the classroom activities and house the relevant resources and information. Theory predicts that higher level of "learner control" leads to more effective learning. Control and flexibility, among other advantages offered to the learner in virtual environments, are the intended benefits of this implementation.


Feeding practices in Australian dairy herds were recorded in 100 dairy herds in five districts of two states. A questionnaire about the feeding practices was completed and pasture samples were also collected, where applicable, for analysis. Data and pasture samples were collected once from each farm with visits to regions occurring at different times of the year. Diets were evaluated for nutritional adequacy using the CPM Dairy program. Average milk yield on the day of sampling was 22.8 L/day. The combination of grazed pasture with grain fed during milking was the most prevalent feeding system (54%) in all areas. This was followed by combination of pelleted grain/by-products combined with pasture grazing (25%). Only one herd in the study was not feeding any form of concentrates at the time of sampling. The estimated percentage of concentrate in the diet ranged from 25% +/- 11.6 to 44% +/- 12.0. Wheat, which was fed at up to 9.8 kg/cow. day DM was the most prevalent grain in all areas, except for Gippsland. The predominant sources of protein in all areas were canola meal, cottonseed meal and lupins. By-products were prevalent, with brewers grain and wheat millrun the most commonly used, fed at 2.8 and 1.6 kg/cow. day DM, respectively. Most farms (81/100) incorporated at least one type of 'buffer' in the ration, and limestone (67%) was the most prevalent mineral additive. Monensin and virginiamycin were fed in all areas, with a varying prevalence. Feeding or dose rates used for minerals and rumen modifiers were not always appropriate to those recommended for mineral needs or control of rumen function. This paper demonstrated that a wide variety of feeding systems are used in Australian dairy herds and provides information on nutritive characteristics of pastures.


Challenges to street tree survival and the resulting short lifespans are frequently discussed but inadequately quantified. This study addresses trends in street tree mortality by reviewing published literature and by assessing street trees in Philadelphia 2-10 years after planting. Proposed causes of mortality and decline in street trees include poor soil and atmospheric conditions, natural disturbances, and direct human actions. Street tree mortality studies carried out to date have measured mortality using a wide variety of methodologies and have shown a wide range of results. Reported survival rates from thirteen published studies in temperate climates are compared. Annual survival rates are estimated for each study, and range from 34.7 to 99.7%. Linear regression analysis of eleven of these studies reveals a significant relationship between survival and time period since planting (estimated r2 = 0.69, estimated annual survival 94.2%). Methods for estimating average lifespan are also discussed. Street tree survival in Philadelphia was assessed for comparison to published literature. Select street trees species planted in the years 1995-2003 in North Philadelphia were surveyed to assess survival rates, and to identify trends in mortality and tree size. These trees were planted by the Philadelphia Green program of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society. The overall survival of street trees 8-10 years after planting is 57%. Planting year specific survival rates for 8, 9, and 10 years after planting are 44%, 58%, and 63%, respectively. These values are comparable to those predicted by the analysis of previously published studies. Survival of trees 8-10 years after planting varies significantly by species, zip code, and U.S. Census indicators. Current tree size varied significantly by exposed soil area and sidewalk condition. One select species, hedge maple, was chosen for additional study to assess temporal trends in street tree mortality. Hedge maples 2-10 years after planting in North Philadelphia were surveyed. Time period since planting was significantly correlated to survival (estimated r2 = 0.75, estimated annual survival 95.5%). Conclusions about the causes of mortality in the study area are suggestive, but limited. Power analysis of tree diameter and site vehicular disturbance indicates that a sample size upwards of 1000 would be needed to detect difference. Recommendations are made for future data collection of street tree studies in Philadelphia and elsewhere. Disciplines Environmental Sciences Comments Presented to the Faculties of the University of Pennsylvania in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Environmental Studies 2006. Advisor: Professor Fred Scatena This thesis or dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/mes_capstones/4 Lara Roman MES Capstone Advisor: Fred Scatena 28 May 2006 Master of Environmental Studies Capstone: Trends in Street Tree Survival, Philadelphia, PA Abstract Challenges to street tree survival and the resulting short lifespans are frequently discussed but inadequately quantified. This study addresses trends in street tree mortality by reviewing published literature and by assessing street trees in Philadelphia 2-10 years after planting. Proposed causes of mortality and decline in street trees include poor soil and atmospheric conditions, natural disturbances, and direct human actions. Street tree mortality studies carried out to date have measured mortality using a wide variety of methodologies and have shown a wide range of results. Reported survival rates from thirteen published studies in temperate climates are compared. Annual survival rates are estimated for each study, and range from 34.7 to 99.7%. Linear regression analysis of eleven of these studies reveals a significant relationship between survival and time period since planting (estimated r = 0.69, estimated annual survival 94.2%). Methods for estimating average lifespan are also discussed.Challenges to street tree survival and the resulting short lifespans are frequently discussed but inadequately quantified. This study addresses trends in street tree mortality by reviewing published literature and by assessing street trees in Philadelphia 2-10 years after planting. Proposed causes of mortality and decline in street trees include poor soil and atmospheric conditions, natural disturbances, and direct human actions. Street tree mortality studies carried out to date have measured mortality using a wide variety of methodologies and have shown a wide range of results. Reported survival rates from thirteen published studies in temperate climates are compared. Annual survival rates are estimated for each study, and range from 34.7 to 99.7%. Linear regression analysis of eleven of these studies reveals a significant relationship between survival and time period since planting (estimated r = 0.69, estimated annual survival 94.2%). Methods for estimating average lifespan are also discussed. Street tree survival in Philadelphia was assessed for comparison to published literature. Select street trees species planted in the years 1995-2003 in North Philadelphia were surveyed to assess survival rates, and to identify trends in mortality and tree size. These trees were planted


ABSTRACT We present the life histories of two environmentally engaged unionists in South Africa, who were decisive for formulating the environmental programmes of their respective trade unions. Their experiences of participating in the resistance against apartheid in universities and factories taught them the necessity to connect different struggles and equipped them with the knowledge and ability to connect the fight for workers' rights with the fight against environmental degradation. Both activists experienced the difficulty of integrating 'the environment' politically and practically into a trade union agenda. The labour movement has traditionally experienced nature as a place outside of work to be enjoyed for recreation. While nature constitutes an indispensable condition for labour, it has been privately appropriated by Capital. For environmental policies to form an integral part of union agendas, nature needs to be wrestled away from its appropriation by Capital and understood as an inseparable ally of labour.


Visualization design can benefit from careful consideration of perception, as different assignments of visual encoding variables such as color, shape and size affect how viewers interpret data. In this work, we introduce perceptual kernels: distance matrices derived from aggregate perceptual judgments. Perceptual kernels represent perceptual differences between and within visual variables in a reusable form that is directly applicable to visualization evaluation and automated design. We report results from crowd-sourced experiments to estimate kernels for color, shape, size and combinations thereof. We analyze kernels estimated using five different judgment types-including Likert ratings among pairs, ordinal triplet comparisons, and manual spatial arrangement-and compare them to existing perceptual models. We derive recommendations for collecting perceptual similarities, and then demonstrate how the resulting kernels can be applied to automate visualization design decisions.


On our current trajectory, severe disruptions to national and regional food systems are highly likely to happen - the main question is when. This report, commissioned by the UN DESA as a strategic input to SD21 and the Rio discussions, focuses on vital areas and offers a collection of up to date information on the current and likely trends for our global Food and Agriculture systems.With contributions from more than 70 global agri-food leaders in the business, policy, green, and social arenas, the report exposes unforeseen areas of consensus. By opening the silos of partisan thinking to invite reasoned discussion, it also exposes areas of disagreement and lays out a key set of specific "high impact" areas where smart decisions will make the most difference for sustainable and resilient food and agriculture systems.


Abstract. A new, fringe projection based compact handheld 3D scanner for the surface reconstruction of measurement objects under water is introduced. The weight of the scanner is about 10 kg and can be used in a water depth of maximal 40 metres. A measurement field of about 250 mm x 200 mm is covered under water, and the lateral resolution of the measured object points is about 150 μm. Larger measurement objects can be digitized in a unique geometric model by merging subsequently recorded datasets. The recording time for one 3D scan is a third of a second. The projection unit for the structured illumination of the scene as well as the computer for device control and measurement data analysis are included into the scanners housing. A display on the backside of the device realizes the graphical presentation of the current measurement data. It allows the user to evaluate the quality of the measurement result in real-time already during the recording of the measurement under water. For the calibration of the underwater scanner a combined method of air- and water-calibration was developed which needs only a few recorded underwater images of a plane surface and an object with known lengths. First measurement results obtained with the new scanner are presented.


The purpose of this article is to shed some light on the emerging, yet largely undefined, principle of openness in EU law. After addressing the semantic confusion existing between openness and transparency, it attempts – through a textual and systemic interpretation of their respective legal basis – to identify the normative content of the EU turn to openness. It then moves to explore the principle's potential for attaining its declared Treaty-sanctioned objectives: promoting good governance and ensuring the participation of civil society in the democratic life of the Union. It illustrates that, although openness largely maintains an instrumental rationale – aimed at enhancing the quality of the regulatory outcome rather than at promoting a more inclusive process –, the institutional, substantive and societal landscapes surrounding its operation have changed in recent times. It demonstrates that these alterations may help to shift the understanding of openness in the EU away from a specific, unidirectional, bottom-up right of access to information to a much broader, proactive and top-down duty of the EU administration to genuinely open its vault of information to the public and create new avenues of participation for civil societies and other organised interests. The changing nature of the openness rights accompanied by the growing demand for more active participation inherent to our times is set to reinvigorate civic life and, more importantly, to ensure political legitimacy grounded in democratic values.


Low-resource farmers are quite capable of selecting appropriate plant material even in difficult environments, but they need skills and genetic diversity from both within and outside their locality. Although farmers and breeders may differ in what they think and what they perceive as being important, joint farmer scientist selection exercises are feasible and offer a fruitful option for ensuring farmers participation, says Malcolm Sellu Jusu.

While I was working with the national agricultural research centres in Sierra Leone, numerous rice varieties were released over time but they were rarely adopted by the farmers. They simply did not use them. What, in addition, triggered my curiosity was the discovery of a for us unknown rice variety that the farmers called Pa Three Month, because it matures after three months. It turned out to be a popular local novelty. Pa Three Month was not a research station release; it had probably resulted from an outcross between local rice varieties (Oryza glaberrima) and international high-yielding materials (Oryza sativa). Here was an excellent reason to take a new look at how farmers were handling their seeds and how they selected seeds for the next year s crop. In various village trials, farmers were invited to select from a large number of farmer varieties, releases and pre-releases from the Rice Research Station (RRS) in Sierra Leone, and introductions from the International Network for the Genetic Evaluation of Rice in Africa (INGER-Africa).

Low-resource farmers like variety

We found that farmers chose international sativa rices from INGER-Africa as frequently as they did the local rices, but they were less interested in the advanced lines from the national RRS. So farmers look for, and like, exotic material: not just as an innovation, but also for its potential to complement existing material. There is reason to conclude that the potential of local material for selection and breeding is still not exhausted, hence the lack of interest in yet newer varieties. Low-resource farmers like to experiment with many varieties and not just a few high-performing ones. Some farmers, for instance, interplant 'older' (O. glaberrima) and 'newer' (O. sativa) types. Even without fertilisers, these combinations outyield the same varieties planted as monocrops, for reasons of internal competition. Farmers also try to synchronise flowering in these mixtures, thus enabling outcrossing and a secure harvest in adverse environmental circumstances. Therefore, Pa Three Month is probably not the only variety that might have resulted from these combinations.

These farmers are among the world s most impoverished people and they work in highly insecure war-time conditions, but it is clear that they know what they are looking for and they can explain the reasons for their choices. There is also considerable agreement among the farmers, even though their choices do not necessarily match with those of researchers. Farmers know which varieties do best on poor soils, which ones keep longer, taste better, give a long satisfied feeling in the stomach, or are less susceptible to pests. They prefer to sow mixes and usually plant up to five different varieties on the same farm. Rice seeds keep for 18 months, but farmers can exchange them with relatives, neighbours, or even farmers in other regions, particularly when they move and need other rice seeds. Despite the fact that farmers have been growing rice for hundreds of years, there is a considerable regional and ethnic variation in seed management and rice varieties, for historical factors also play an important role. Inter-regional trade and proximity of towns where development NGOs and agricultural research stations are based tend to lead to more sophisticated seed selection methods, richer mixes of rice varieties and increased sociocultural relations in seed handling.

Institutional innovation is needed

Acknowledging local knowledge and cultural difference is essential for development and adoption of new varieties. Breeders must begin to take this into account in addition to the conventional interaction between genotype and the physical environment. I do not agree with those who argue that farmers need only a few broadly adapted modern varieties developed according to a standard international ideotype, nor with the populists ranged against them, who argue that farmers have their own ideas and genetic resources and therefore do not need external assistance or materials. Plant improvement research programmes have only focused on local varieties for introducing useful genes into well-established high-yielding varieties. They should also make farmers selection experiments a regular part of an interactive process for bringing together farmers and researchers in a much-needed, complementary relationship.


This book supports the third European League of Institutes of the Arts Teachers' Academy and has been and designed to stimulate discussions about the contested notions of creativity. The papers and workshops question and employ creativity in many different ways. Central to many is a discussion as to whether creativity is an inherent quality, a gift that cannot be taught or learned. Others discuss how creativity may be enhanced or stifled through changes to educational policy or structures, or equally, through theoretical and critical studies or the commercial realities of professional practice.

The papers are loosely divided into three strands. The first examines the subject of creativity with reference to overarching themes including entrepreneurship, design management and professional practice, as well as through a number of different disciplinary fields. These papers explore the limitations and opportunities presented by different teaching scenarios and contexts both within and beyond the university. The second strand examines how teaching, learning and research methods and the instruments of evaluation, assessment and curriculum design may be used innovatively, reflectively and creatively to enhance student learning; and the third strand explores questions of creativity, diversity, disability and the implications and opportunities for teachers as well as their students to reflect upon their position in the context of Higher Arts Education.


Mozambique, an aid darling, poses some stark questions for development co-operation. Current economic management strategies mean that a growing group of young people are leaving school with a basic education but no economic prospects. Will 'marginal' youth in towns and cities pose a threat of political and criminal violence? Can peace be built on poverty and rising inequality? Are elections and expanded schooling enough when there are no jobs?


Municipal wastes have become a severe problem in developed and developing countries during the last century, paper being the main constituent. Not all of the waste paper can be recycled, and therefore alternative procedures for the use of the remaining material should be pursued. The aim of the present work was the application of cellulases for waste paper treatment and the subsequent glucose production and optimization of the conditions for such treatment. Glucose thereafter can be utilized for production of ethanol or other chemicals by specific microbial cultures. The work focused in the stabilization of cellulases by cross-linking or by the addition of specific crown ether based compounds to improve glucose production. The results indicated that enzymatic treatment of waste paper is of particular interest, since it may be an alternative way to carry out municipal wastes treatment and concomitant glucose production. By the application of the proposed procedure, the total amounts of municipal wastes can be greatly reduced and production of bioethanol can be achieved.


The cooperative organization of dynamic biological processes often requires coordination via chemical signaling. Riedel et al. found that, when attached to a surface, a critical number of sperm cells self-organized into a hexagonally packed array of rotating vortices where each vortex consisted of about 10 hydrodynamically synchronized cells forming a quantized rotating wave. This spatial-temporal pattern of entrained sperm cells formed in the absence of chemical cell-cell signaling, leading to a new coordination concept of cooperative cilia and flagella. Thus, single cells and microorganisms can be hydrodynamically coordinated without the need for chemical signaling. I. H. Riedel, K. Kruse, J. Howard, A self-organized vortex array of hydrodynamically entrained sperm cells. Science 309, 300-303 (2005). [Abstract] [Full Text]


Over the past decade companies have become more global and employee groups more diverse than ever before. Organizations are less hierarchical and more collaborative. And today's offices are full of once unimaginable technological distractions. We asked experts in cross-cultural communication, information networks, and the science of attention what skills executives should cultivate to tackle these new challenges. Molinsky thinks that managers must overcome psychological barriers in order to act in ways that other cultures find appropriate. Davenport and Iyer explain why the devolution of hierarchy has increased the value of building and wielding influence through digital networks and offer tips for how to do it. And Davidson tells managers to get over their fears about distraction and embrace the brain's natural tendency to divide attention.


Wind-tunnel tests were performed to determine the drag of the front-wheel arrangements of several types of tricycle landing gear. One wheel was tested in arrangements to simulate both nonretracted and partially retracted types. The landing gears were tested in conjunction with a fuselage, and the effects of wheel extension and longitudinal location were determined. The drag changed very little with either longitudinal location or wheel extension for the landing gear with the lowest drag; a completely faired landing gear of the wheelspan, single-strut type. The drag of the trouser-type landing gear increased considerably, however, with an increase in the wheel extension. The wheel of the unaired retractable landing gear was at least one-half retracted into the fuselage before the drag became less than that of the best nonretracted landing gear. The drag per unit frontal area of the landing gears of the present tests was about the same as that found for similar landing gears in earlier tests.


We consider the problem of multi-cell downlink beamforming with N cells and K terminals per cell. Cooperation among base stations (BSs) has been found to increase the system throughput in a multi-cell set up by mitigating inter-cell interference. Most of the previous works assume that the BSs can exchange the instantaneous channel state information (CSI) of all their user terminals (UTs) via high speed backhaul links. However, this approach quickly becomes impractical as N and K grow large. In this work, we formulate a distributed beamforming algorithm in a multi-cell scenario under the assumption that the system dimensions are large. The design objective is the minimize the total transmit power across all BSs subject to satisfying the user SINR constraints while implementing the beamformers in a distributed manner. In our algorithm, the BSs would only need to exchange the channel statistics rather than the instantaneous CSI. We make use of tools from random matrix theory to formulate the distributed algorithm. The simulation results illustrate that our algorithm closely satisfies the target SINR constraints when the number of UTs per cell grows large, while implementing the beamforming vectors in a distributed manner.


The objective of present paper is to study the immunogenicity of combinations of multiple vector vaccines expressing HIV-1 structural genes from different subtypes. Mice were vaccinated with DNA (B'/C) and rMVA (B'/C) vaccines expressing B'/C recombinant subtype gag-pol and env genes, DNA (B') and rAd5 (B') vaccines expressing subtype B' gag gene with different combination schemes. HIV-1 Gag-specific cellular immune responses and P24- specific IgG levels were analyzed by IFN-γ enzyme-linked immunospot assay (ELISPOT) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) respectively. ELISPOT results indicated that the Gag-specific cellular immune responses induced by combination of three vaccines were much higher than that induced by combination of two vaccines. Among the groups of mice immunized with two vaccines, the groups with rAd5 booster elicited higher cellular immune responses compared with the groups with rMVA booster. All the test groups of three vaccines in combination could induce similar level of cellular immune responses, which did not correlate with the immunization order. ELISA results showed that p24- specific IgG induced by combination of three vaccines were much higher than that induced by combination of two vaccines. It indicates that the combination scheme of multiple vector vaccines maybe a promising AIDS vaccine strategy.


The importance of computer-assisted diagnosis in endoscopy is to assist the physician in detecting the status of tissues by characterising the features from the endoscopic image. Due to the complex nature of clinical manifestations, employing a single "feature" technique to detect different abnormalities may not necessarily yield accurate results. In this paper schemes have been developed to extract new texture features from the texture spectra in the chromatic and achromatic domains for a selected region of interest from each colour component histogram of endoscopic images. The implementation of an advanced neural network scheme and the concept of fusion of multiple classifiers dedicated to specific feature parameters have been also adopted in this paper. The endoscopic images used in this study have been obtained using the new M2ATM Swallowable Imaging Capsule - a patented, video colour-imaging disposable capsule. The detection accuracy of the proposed system has reached to 100%, providing thus an indication that such intelligent schemes could be used as a supplementary diagnostic tool in endoscopy.


Abstract Although ground truth (GT) locations for peaceful nuclear explosions (PNEs) conducted in the former Soviet Union are generally thought to be well known, they can be erroneous by up to tens of kilometers. Information (maps, photographs, descriptions) published in radionuclide contamination and environmental studies, combined with satellite imagery, allow for the improvement of the coordinates of these detonations. We are able to link disturbed areas visible in satellite imagery to probable detonation sites for all PNEs conducted in the Sakha Republic (Yakutia), Russia, and improve on, or confirm, previously published solutions; taking possible uncertainties and alternative sites into consideration, all of them can be located to GT0 or GT1. The improvements are most pronounced for Crystal, where a mound over the detonation site can be identified, and for detonations conducted for the purpose of enhanced petroleum recovery near Tas‐Yuryakh.


The purpose of this book is twofold: to provide a brief, simple introduction to the theory of radiation and its applcation in astrophysics and to serve as a refernce manual for researchers. The first part of the book consists of a dicussion of the basic formulas and concepts that underlie the classical and quantum descriptions of radiation processes. The rest of the book is concerned with applications. The spirit of the discussion is to present simple derivations that will provide some insight into the basic physics involved and then to state the exact results in a form useful for applications. The reader is referred to the original literature and to reviews for rigorous derivations.The wide range of topics covered is illustrated by the following table of contents: Basic Formulas for Classical Radiation Processes; Basic Formulas for Quantum Radiation Processes; Cyclotron and Synchrotron Radiation; Electron Scattering; Bremsstrahlung and Collision Losses; Rediative Recombination; The Photoelectric Effect; and Emission and Absorption Lines.


ABSTRACT Magnolia champacifolia J. E. Dandy ex F. Gagnepain, sp. nov., originally described, but invalidly published in 1938, is validated here by designating the flowering sheet as the holotype. Otherwise, a new species of Magnolia L., M. lamdongensis V.T. Tran, N.V. Duy & N.H. Xia, sp. nov. from southern Vietnam is described and illustrated. It is distinguished from the closely related M. champacifolia J. E. Dandy ex F. Gagnepain, sp. nov., and M. albosericea Chun & Tsoong by its leaf blades narrowly ovate, glabrous, apex long acuminate, petiole c. 3 cm long, tepals short and glabrous, peduncle c. 3 cm long and densely papillate when young, and gynoecium glabrous.


While the sharing economy is generally perceived to be very innovative, it has hardly been analyzed what defines this innovativeness. The main aspect for the sharing economy as a whole is the peer-to-peer (P2P) organization of its businesses. This allows sharing platforms to enter markets more easily, consequently increasing com-petition in these markets. In addition to that, many sharing platforms are also techno-logically innovative or apply a tested concept in a new setting. Increased competition may result in even more innovation in order to keep customers satisfied and boost the benefit these derive from participating in the sharing economy. However, in most affected markets, there is no level playing field yet between the established incum-bents and the new sharing platform entrants. This calls for urgent action on the side of policy-makers to foster innovation in the sharing economy while enabling fair com-petition.


This paper develops a restrictive procedure for evaluating economic policy decisions, by comparing actual economic history to a simulated history where a specific policy decision is replaced with a counterfactual, but credible, alternative. Our procedure is theoretically straightforward, but empirically problematic since it requires the identification of a feasible policy alternative and a model linking a specific policy choice to subsequent economic outcomes. We apply the procedure to the mistaken decision to maintain an excessively lax financial regulation regime in Ireland during the period 2003 – 2008. We measure the differences in banking sector stability and national income that would have occurred if the stricter regulatory regime imposed in Ireland in 2009 had been put in place six years earlier. We find that a few simple, reasonably prudent regulatory controls on the Irish banking sector would have greatly limited the vulnerability of the domestic sector to the 2008 global credit freeze, and almost certainly prevented the 2008-2009 collapse of the domestic banking sector and the consequent deep Irish recession of 2009-2010. On the other hand, the risky and unsustainable inflow of foreign capital mediated by the domestic banks accounts for a substantial part of Irish economic growth during the 2003-2007 period. Without this net foreign borrowing inflow, cumulative gross domestic product over the early period would have been substantially lower.


We report on mode-selective ultrafast coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) of a powder of sodium dipicolinate. We produce a pair of stretched laser pulses with precisely adjusted matching chirp rates. We use the pulses for frequency-resolved excitation of coherent molecular vibrations in this highly scattering medium. The induced oscillations are probed with the third delayed ultrashort laser pulse. Since the attained spectral width of the pump-Stokes excitation band is on the order of the spacing between the Raman lines, time-resolved CARS measurements reveal single-mode as well as double-mode coherence decay dynamics, depending on the timing between the pump and Stokes pulses. For a fixed probe pulse delay, the sweeping of the arrival time for one of the preparation pulses maps out the CARS spectrum of the analyte.


A volume in Quantitative Methods in Education and the Behavioral Sciences: Issues, Research, and Teaching Series Editor Ron Serlin, University of Wisconsin (sponsored by the Educational Statisticians, SIG) Multilevel Modeling of Educational Data, co-edited by Ann A. O'Connell, Ed.D., and D. Betsy McCoach, Ph.D., is the next volume in the series: Quantitative Methods in Education and the Behavioral Sciences: Issues, Research and Teaching (Information Age Publishing), sponsored by the Educational Statisticians' Special Interest Group (Ed-Stat SIG) of the American Educational Research Association. The use of multilevel analyses to examine effects of groups or contexts on individual outcomes has burgeoned over the past few decades. Multilevel modeling techniques allow educational researchers to more appropriately model data that occur within multiple hierarchies (i.e.- the classroom, the school, and/or the district). Examples of multilevel research problems involving schools include establishing trajectories of academic achievement for children within diverse classrooms or schools or studying school-level characteristics on the incidence of bullying. Multilevel models provide an improvement over traditional single-level approaches to working with clustered or hierarchical data; however, multilevel data present complex and interesting methodological challenges for the applied education research community. In keeping with the pedagogical focus for this book series, the papers this volume emphasize applications of multilevel models using educational data, with chapter topics ranging from basic to advanced. This book represents a comprehensive and instructional resource text on multilevel modeling for quantitative researchers who plan to use multilevel techniques in their work, as well as for professors and students of quantitative methods courses focusing on multilevel analysis. Through the contributions of experienced researchers and teachers of multilevel modeling, this volume provides an accessible and practical treatment of methods appropriate for use in a first and/or second course in multilevel analysis. A supporting website links chapter examples to actual data, creating an opportunity for readers to reinforce their knowledge through hands-on data analysis. This book serves as a guide for designing multilevel studies and applying multilevel modeling techniques in educational and behavioral research, thus contributing to a better understanding of and solution for the challenges posed by multilevel systems and data.


AbstractTitle: The directed conversation. Participant roles, perspective and democracy in the Swedish television programme Debatt.Number of pages: 38Author: Ulrika PalmkvistTutor: Goran SvenssonCourse: Media and Communication Studies DPeriod: Autumn 2005University: Uppsala UniversityPurpose/Aim: The aim of this essay is to see if the debate programme model created by Christian Svensson can be applied also to the programme "Debatt". The work will mainly focus on the part of the model, which includes the participant roles. There will also be an approach to whether "Debatt" can be described as a democratic instrument or not.Material/Method: The study has been concentrated on five programmes. The methods being used in this essay are both qualitative and quantitative.Main results: This essay shows that "Debatt" shows many similarities to the model written by Svensson from the experiences from his own study. The study also concludes that a local perspective gives the programme a higher "democratic potential" even though arguments can be brought up to why "Debatt" is not to be seen as democratic instrument.Keywords: Debatt, Debatt – direkt fran Sverige, debattprogram, deltagarroller, aktorsroller, programledarroll, demokratisk potential.


This paper describes the recommended solar forcing dataset for CMIP6 and highlights changes with respect to CMIP5. The solar forcing is provided for radiative properties, namely total solar irradiance (TSI), solar spectral irradiance (SSI), and the F10.7 index as well as particle forcing, including geomagnetic indices Ap and Kp, and ionization rates to account for effects of solar protons, electrons, and galactic cosmic rays. This is the first time that a recommendation for solar-driven particle forcing has been provided for a CMIP exercise. The solar forcing datasets are provided at daily and monthly resolution separately for the CMIP6 preindustrial control, historical (1850–2014), and future (2015–2300) simulations. For the preindustrial control simulation, both constant and time-varying solar forcing components are provided, with the latter including variability on 11-year and shorter timescales but no long-term changes. For the future, we provide a realistic scenario of what solar behavior could be, as well as an additional extreme Maunder-minimum-like sensitivity scenario. This paper describes the forcing datasets and also provides detailed recommendations as to their implementation in current climate models.

For the historical simulations, the TSI and SSI time series are defined as the average of two solar irradiance models that are adapted to CMIP6 needs: an empirical one (NRLTSI2–NRLSSI2) and a semi-empirical one (SATIRE). A new and lower TSI value is recommended: the contemporary solar-cycle average is now 1361.0 W m−2. The slight negative trend in TSI over the three most recent solar cycles in the CMIP6 dataset leads to only a small global radiative forcing of −0.04 W m−2. In the 200–400 nm wavelength range, which is important for ozone photochemistry, the CMIP6 solar forcing dataset shows a larger solar-cycle variability contribution to TSI than in CMIP5 (50 % compared to 35 %).

We compare the climatic effects of the CMIP6 solar forcing dataset to its CMIP5 predecessor by using time-slice experiments of two chemistry–climate models and a reference radiative transfer model. The differences in the long-term mean SSI in the CMIP6 dataset, compared to CMIP5, impact on climatological stratospheric conditions (lower shortwave heating rates of −0.35 K day−1 at the stratopause), cooler stratospheric temperatures (−1.5 K in the upper stratosphere), lower ozone abundances in the lower stratosphere (−3 %), and higher ozone abundances (+1.5 % in the upper stratosphere and lower mesosphere). Between the maximum and minimum phases of the 11-year solar cycle, there is an increase in shortwave heating rates (+0.2 K day−1 at the stratopause), temperatures ( ∼  1 K at the stratopause), and ozone (+2.5 % in the upper stratosphere) in the tropical upper stratosphere using the CMIP6 forcing dataset. This solar-cycle response is slightly larger, but not statistically significantly different from that for the CMIP5 forcing dataset.

CMIP6 models with a well-resolved shortwave radiation scheme are encouraged to prescribe SSI changes and include solar-induced stratospheric ozone variations, in order to better represent solar climate variability compared to models that only prescribe TSI and/or exclude the solar-ozone response. We show that monthly-mean solar-induced ozone variations are implicitly included in the SPARC/CCMI CMIP6 Ozone Database for historical simulations, which is derived from transient chemistry–climate model simulations and has been developed for climate models that do not calculate ozone interactively. CMIP6 models without chemistry that perform a preindustrial control simulation with time-varying solar forcing will need to use a modified version of the SPARC/CCMI Ozone Database that includes solar variability. CMIP6 models with interactive chemistry are also encouraged to use the particle forcing datasets, which will allow the potential long-term effects of particles to be addressed for the first time. The consideration of particle forcing has been shown to significantly improve the representation of reactive nitrogen and ozone variability in the polar middle atmosphere, eventually resulting in further improvements in the representation of solar climate variability in global models.


OBJECTIVES
To examine the association between exposure to X-rated movies and teens' contraceptive attitudes and behaviors.

METHODS
Black females, 14 to 18 years old (n = 522) were recruited from adolescent medicine clinics, health departments, and school health clinics.

RESULTS
Exposure to X-rated movies was reported by 29.7% of adolescents. Exposure to X-rated movies was associated with being more likely to have negative attitudes toward using condoms (odds ratio [OR]: 1.4), to have multiple sex partners (OR: 2.0), to have sex more frequently (OR: 1.8), to not have not used contraception during the last intercourse (OR: 1.5), to have not used contraception in the past 6 months (OR: 2.2), to have a strong desire to conceive (OR: 2.3), and to test positive for chlamydia (OR: 1.7).

CONCLUSIONS
Additional research is needed to understand the impact of X-rated movies on adolescents' sexual and contraceptive health.


Morphological characteristics of individuals are due to hereditary and environmental factors. Regarding to the importance of leaf morphology in systematics investigations and bearing up the effects of environmental variations, especially altitudinal variations on these traits, the differentiation feasibility of brant oak in a restricted altitudinal gradient is investigated. A total number of 400 leaves from 40 individual ramets in Armarde, in an altitudinal ranges from 1580 to 1844 meters above sea level were sampled and 29 quantitative and qualitative traits were measured. The results revealed that the number of teeth and the shape of leaf at lower altitudes are lesser than higher altitudes. Also, leaf base angle has a negative and significant correlation with the altitude. In two altitudinal classes, the shape of leaf tip and the angle of midrib and vein, showed the lowest plasticity and coefficient of variation with respect to environmental conditions. Ramets were classified in three different classes based on cluster analysis and the separator traits were the maximum leaf width, leaf area and sinusoidal angle. Considering the fact that the separator traits would not showed any significant association with altitude, it seems that some variations might be likely due to physiological response of leaves to environmental variations. However, it's more likely that the occurrence of inter and intra specific hybridization between brant´s oak species would culminated in separation of the individuals.


A major practical problem when implementing home monitoring using 3D camera technology is the calibration process which serves to relate the camera coordinate system to a coordinate system interpretable by the caregiver. In this paper, we propose a calibration algorithm which can relate both coordinate systems without performing actual measurements of the position of reference points in the room. The calibration tool is constructed such that it can be operated by any caregiver and hence eases the deployment of the home monitoring appliances. Our method (semi)automatically detects a plane corresponding to the ground floor in the three dimensional images. Random points from that plane are used to calculate rotation angles in a least squares manner. Experiments are performed to investigate how the obtained results depend on the parameters of the algorithm.


HIV has reached pandemic proportions in Southern Africa. Great emphasis is placed on the prevention and containment of HIV transmission by suppressing virus replication using highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART). HAART has proven to be highly effective if taken correctly, and has lead to increased life expectancy. Increasing numbers of HIV-positive patients on antiretroviral (ARV) therapy or HIV-exposed individuals taking prophylaxis present for surgery and critical care management. The anaesthesiologist should be familiar with the anaesthetic implications of HIV as well as the possible drug interactions while on ARV treatment. This article focuses specifically on the anaesthetic implications of the patient on HAART.
HAART is HIV treatment with a combination of three or more ARV drugs from five broad classes. The specific HAART regimen in use in South Africa is considered in detail in this article. The pharmacokinetics of the ARV drugs is complex, and subject to interactions at many different sites. Serious drug interactions are possible, including drugs commonly used in anaesthesia. Drug interactions and recommendations are discussed in detail.
ARVs are known to cause multiple systemic side effects, including lactic acidosis, Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS), premature atherosclerosis and increased cardiovascular risk, hyperlipidaemia, insulin resistance, skeletal disorders, hepatotoxicity, lipodystrophy, mitochondrial abnormalities, allergic reactions and pancreatitis.
Non-compliance is common, and leads to the rapid development of resistance. The anaesthesiologist may inadvertently exacerbate this in the perioperative period. Recommendations regarding the interruption of treatment and fasting are made. Alternative routes for HAART administration are also explored. The management of the critically ill patient on a HAART regimen is discussed.


Exception handling is one of the most important factors in software development. It provides fault-tolerant functionality for possible errors occurredduring execution. Most of modern programming languages (e.g., Java, C++, OCaml, Ruby, etc.) have such function. On the other hand, it is able to make the program complicated. One of the main drawback is to generate code clones. In this paper, we focus on exception handling on networking using aspect-oriented approach in a componentbased framework implemented in Java. Handling I/O related exceptions is separated from the main code and then weave it into the program before compiling. It reduces the cost of programming and increases readability of the program code. This approach is implemented as an extension of the Squareknot framework. We also discuss on the effect of this approach in the view point of source code and bytecode.


This paper discusses inclusion of persons with disabilities in social cash transfer programmes in developing countries. Drawing on material from literature reviews and interviews, it considers potential challenges in the design of these programmes, particularly barriers to access and the complexities of assessment, and the impact of transfers for persons with disabilities. The paper identifies some key principles for including persons with disabilities in social transfer schemes, specifically: strong legal foundations; participation of persons with disabilities in programme design, implementation and evaluation; and embedding transfers within a wider framework of action to tackle discrimination and empower persons with disabilities. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Abstract. The fast development of solar radiation and energy applications, such as photovoltaic and solar thermodynamic systems, has increased the need for solar radiation measurement and monitoring, for not only the global but also the diffuse and direct components. End users look for the best compromise between getting close to state-of-the-art measurements and keeping low capital, maintenance and operating costs. Among the existing commercial options, SPN1 is a relatively low cost solar radiometer that estimates global and diffuse solar irradiances from seven thermopile sensors under a shading mask and without moving parts. This work presents a comprehensive study of SPN1 accuracy and sources of uncertainty, drawing on laboratory experiments, numerical modelling and comparison studies between measurements from this sensor and state-of-the art instruments for six diverse sites. Several clues are provided for improving the SPN1 accuracy and agreement with state-of-the art measurements.


With demands for improved quality, increasing competition for state and federal funds, and the challenges of integrating technology into the curriculum, higher education faces greater economic uncertainties than ever before. The chief financial officer (CFO) of any higher education institution stands squarely in the middle of this maelstrom. This issue of New Directions for Higher Education offers CFOs proven strategies for balancing the operating and capital budgets, maximizing net enrollment revenues, containing costs, planning for the resource needs of technology, identifying and managing risks, and investing the endowment wisely. The contributors discuss how CFOs can build positive relationships with key players in the campus's financial planning and budget, including admissions and financial aid staff, state legislatures, and the board investment committee.This is the 107th issue of the quarterly journal New Directions for Higher Education.


JPEG baseline is one of the world's most used compression algorithms. This is because it is fast, offers good compression with little noticeable image degradation and allows the user to specify the level of image quality. The algorithm uses a number compression techniques such as difference, run-length and Huffman coding. It also does a number of image manipulation functions such as colour space conversion and changing from the spatial to the frequency domain. This paper explains the algorithm in detail as well as giving code for a J implementation. The implementation given compresses 24-bit Windows bitmap images. Also provided is a brief explanation and code implementation of JFIF (JPEG File Interchange Format). The result is an implementation that runs in a similar time as implementations in compiler based languages.


The properties of composite materials based on mixtures of gadolinium-doped ceria (GDC) and Li(2)CO(3)-K(2)CO(3) are analyzed as potential SOFC electrolytes. In a temperature range higher than 500 degrees C, their ionic conductivity is significantly higher than for single GDC. Discontinuities were found in the conductivity Arrhenius diagram (sigma vs. 1/T) around the melting point of the carbonate mixture (490 degrees C), showing, at least partially, the contribution of molten carbonates. At this stage, precise mechanisms are still under analysis.


Laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) additive manufacturing (AM) is an effective method of fabricating nickel-titanium (NiTi) shape memory alloys (SMAs) with complex geometries, unique functional properties, and tailored material compositions. However, with the increase of Ni content in NiTi powder feedstock, the ability of producing high quality parts is notably reduced due to the emergence of macroscopic defects such as warpage, elevated edge/corner, delamination, and excessive surface roughness. This study explores the printability of a nickel-rich NiTi powder, where printability refers to the ability of fabricating macro-defect-free parts. Specifically, single track experiments were first conducted to select key processing parameter settings for cubic specimen fabrication. Machine learning classification techniques were implemented to predict the printable space. The reliability of the predicted printable space was verified by further cubic specimens fabrication and the relationship between processing parameters and potential macro-defect modes was investigated. Results indicated that laser power was critical to the printability of high Ni content NiTi powder. In the low laser power setting (P<100 W), the printable space was relatively wider with delamination as the main macro-defect mode. In the sub-high laser power condition (100 W < P < 200 W), the printable space was narrowed to a low hatch spacing region with macro-defects of warpage, elevated edge/corner, and delamination happened at different scanning speed and hatch spacing combinations. The rough surface defect emerged when further increasing laser power (P> 200 W), leading to a further narrowed printable space.


A circuit simulation model is presented suitable for the design of analogue and digital SOS MOSFET integrated circuits. Both the drift and diffusion components of channel current are modeled, which are computed from the surface potentials at the drain and source ends of the channel. The surface potential function varies continuously from subthreshold to strong inversion allowing a smooth transition of device conductances and capacitances at the threshold voltage. Charge is conserved in the model formulation yielding reliable simulation results in transient analysis. The model has been implemented in the SPICE program, together with important extrinsic elements such as impact ionization current, pn-junction current and capacitances, and substrate resistance. The pn-junction current expression includes a physical formulation for the drain leakage current. The influence of temperature on device characteristics is included, making the model valid from /spl minus/55 to 125/spl deg/C. Simulation results are compared with measured dc device characteristics showing considerable improvement over bulk MOS models in predicting the drain conductance. In subthreshold, the model predicts the observed increase in inverse subthreshold slope with drain bias for n-channel devices. Transient simulations show that capacitive coupling from drain, gate and source nodes can strongly influence the floating substrate potential. The model has been successfully applied to the design of analogue SOS circuits. >


Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL

Alcohol drinking is a known risk factor for oral cancer in humans. However, previous animal studies on the promoting effect of ethanol on oral carcinogenesis were inconclusive. It is necessary to develop an animal model with which the molecular mechanism of ethanol-related oral carcinogenesis may be elucidated in order to develop effective prevention strategies. In this study, mice were first treated with 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4NQO, 100μg/ml in drinking water) for 8 weeks, and then given water or ethanol (8%) as the sole drink for another 16 weeks. During the experiment, 8% ethanol was well tolerated by mice. The incidence of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) increased from 20% (8/41) to 43% (17/40; p<0.05). Expression of 5-lipoxygenase (5-Lox) and cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox-2) was increased in dysplasia and SCC of 4NQO-treated tongues, and further enhanced by ethanol. Using this mouse model, we further demonstrated that fewer cancers were induced in Alox5-/- mice, as were cell proliferation, inflammation, and angiogenesis in the tongue, as compared with Alox5+/+ mice. Interestingly, Cox-2 expression was induced by ethanol in knockout mice, while 5-Lox and leukotriene A4 hydrolase (LTA4H) expression and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) biosynthesis were dramatically reduced. Moreover, ethanol enhanced expression and nuclear localization of 5-Lox and stimulated LTB4 biosynthesis in human tongue SCC cells (SCC-15 and SCC-4) in vitro. In conclusion, this study clearly demonstrated that ethanol promoted 4NQO-induced oral carcinogenesis, at least in part, through further activation of the 5-Lox pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism.

Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1601. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1601


To investigate the genomic evolution of metastatic pediatric osteosarcoma, we performed whole-genome and targeted deep sequencing on 14 osteosarcoma metastases and two primary tumors from four patients (two to eight samples per patient). All four patients harbored ancestral (truncal) somatic variants resulting in TP53 inactivation and cell-cycle aberrations, followed by divergence into relapse-specific lineages exhibiting a cisplatin-induced mutation signature. In three of the four patients, the cisplatin signature accounted for >40% of mutations detected in the metastatic samples. Mutations potentially acquired during cisplatin treatment included NF1 missense mutations of uncertain significance in two patients and a KIT G565R activating mutation in one patient. Three of four patients demonstrated widespread ploidy differences between samples from the sample patient. Single-cell seeding of metastasis was detected in most metastatic samples. Cross-seeding between metastatic sites was observed in one patient, whereas in another patient a minor clone from the primary tumor seeded both metastases analyzed. These results reveal extensive clonal heterogeneity in metastatic osteosarcoma, much of which is likely cisplatin-induced. Implications: The extent and consequences of chemotherapy-induced damage in pediatric cancers is unknown. We found that cisplatin treatment can potentially double the mutational burden in osteosarcoma, which has implications for optimizing therapy for recurrent, chemotherapy-resistant disease.


We systematically study a type of plasmonic light absorber based on a monolayer of gold nano-spheres with less than 30 nm in diameters deposited on top of a continuous gold substrate. The influences of particle size, inter-particle distance, particle-substrate spacer size etc on the resonance are studied thoroughly with a 3D finite-element method. We identified that the high-absorption resonance is mainly due to gap plasmon (coupled through particle bodies) when the separation between neighboring nano-spheres is small enough, such as close to 1 nm; at larger particle separations, the resonance is dominated by particle dipoles (coupled through the host dielectric). Experimentally, an absorber was fabricated based on chemically-synthesized gold nanoparticles coated with silica shell. The absorber shows a characteristic absorption band around 810 nm with a maximum absorbance of approximately 90%, which agrees reasonably well with our numerical calculation. The fabrication technique can be easily adapted for devising efficient light absorbers of large areas.


Hiding information in network traffic may lead to leakage of confidential information. In this paper we introduce a new steganographic system: the PadSteg (Padding Steganography). To authors' best knowledge it is the first information hiding solution which represents inter-protocol steganography i.e. usage of relation between two or more protocols from the TCP/IP stack to enable secret communication. PadSteg utilizes ARP and TCP protocols together with an Etherleak vulnerability (improper Ethernet frame padding) to facilitate secret communication for hidden groups in LANs (Local Area Networks). Basing on real network traces we confirm that PadSteg is feasible in today's networks and we estimate what steganographic bandwidth is achievable while limiting the chance of disclosure. We also point at possible countermeasures against PadSteg.


The extraction of phenolics (anthocyanins, total phenolics and tannins) and pigmented tannin evolution in Merlot red wines made using three different winemaking techniques were evaluated over one year. Traditional maceration (TM) (two plunges per day), half plunging (half) and no plunging (NP) methods were compared using triplicate 12 kg vinification. No pre-fermentation maceration occurred and a 15-day fermentation and post-fermentation period was used. The wines were analysed daily during the 15-day maceration period and regularly after pressing during the next 11 months. Phenolic, tannin and colour measurements were analysed using UV/Vis spectral readings processed using the AWRI WineCloud TM . At the end of the 15-day maceration, total phenolics, total pigment and free anthocyanins were significantly lower in concentration in the TM treatment compared with NP. The tannin concentration also was significantly lower from days 10 to 12. Pigmented tannin was consistently at higher concentrations in the TM treatment, although not significantly so, during maceration. The significant differences were maintained as the wine developed over the next 11 months; however, the NP trial wine displayed increased pigmented tannin development compared with the TM, being significantly higher in pigmented tannin from about day 90. Higher colour and phenolic extraction in the NP trial led to higher stable colour development in the resulting wines, with the winemaking having an important effect in modifying the pigment profile of the wines. General wine quality parameters did not differ significantly between the three treatments.


This is a report on teaching the first semester of college-level choreography with an emphasis on elements of craft. The philosophical and aesthetic issues that lie behind this choice are described and an attempt is made to explain the sequence of coursework and the way choreographic skills are approached. Student comments are included to show the types of responses received from students at the end of the semester.


Combining high‐throughput sequencing with targeted sequence capture has become an attractive tool to study specific genomic regions of interest. Most studies have so far focused on the exome using short‐read technology. These approaches are not designed to capture intergenic regions needed to reconstruct genomic organization, including regulatory regions and gene synteny. Here, we demonstrate the power of combining targeted sequence capture with long‐read sequencing technology for comparative genomic analyses of the haemoglobin (Hb) gene clusters across eight species separated by up to 70 million years. Guided by the reference genome assembly of the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) together with genome information from draft assemblies of selected codfishes, we designed probes covering the two Hb gene clusters. Use of custom‐made barcodes combined with PacBio RSII sequencing led to highly continuous assemblies of the LA (~100 kb) and MN (~200 kb) clusters, which include syntenic regions of coding and intergenic sequences. Our results revealed an overall conserved genomic organization of the Hb genes within this lineage, yet with several, lineage‐specific gene duplications. Moreover, for some of the species examined, we identified amino acid substitutions at two sites in the Hbb1 gene as well as length polymorphisms in its regulatory region, which has previously been linked to temperature adaptation in Atlantic cod populations. This study highlights the use of targeted long‐read capture as a versatile approach for comparative genomic studies by generation of a cross‐species genomic resource elucidating the evolutionary history of the Hb gene family across the highly divergent group of codfishes.


Japan and Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) enjoy a diverse and longstanding economic relationship. The ties between the two economies encompass trade and foreign direct investment in a range of industries, a robust cooperation agenda between governments, and significant migration flows, bringing considerable benefits to both sides and belying the common impression that LAC-Asia integration is only about commodities-for-manufacturing trade. This report describes how the relationship has evolved over the course of more than a century, highlighting the role of both firms and governments in discovering new areas for mutually beneficial exchange and encouraging a broader distribution of development gains. Despite these successes, there are still opportunities for LAC governments to deepen integration with Japan. In a challenging global economic environment, the report suggests how governments can ensure this relationship continues to prosper in the future.


Restorative justice is an approach to crime and punishment that seeks to bypass the dynamics of the courtroom. It features the opportunity for victim and offender to construct a mutually agreed-upon means of reparation. Its proponents frequently invoke three ethical claims in defence of the practice: that punishment is not a necessary response to crime, that justice must be understood in a contextual rather than a foundational sense, and that the character of the offender can be amended through the restorative encounter. Each claim will be analysed and critiqued from perspectives drawn from traditional and contemporary Christian ethics.


ABSTRACT The current article presents a case study of the settlement response of the historic Hoca Pasha Mosque that involves uncertainties arising from the complex excavation activities, soil properties, building materials, and geometry and the presence of pre-existing cracks in the mosque's walls. The objective is to demonstrate the added value of a two-stage numerical analysis approach for the assessment of the settlement response of the building. The first stage comprises analyses of the structural behavior using the monitored settlements for each wall. The second stage examines the behavior of the complete building as a whole. The effects of soil-structure interaction and the pre-existing cracks are considered through discrete interface elements. It is shown that executed simulations can reasonably reproduce the overall settlement response, resulting stresses and the pre-existing crack activities. The parametric analyses in the second stage also produce generalizable results, of use beyond the specific case. Namely, as the soil/structure stiffness ratio increases the settlement-induced vulnerability increases. Including soil-structure interaction in the analyses reduces tensile strains due to differential settlements. Including pre-existing cracks reduces tensile strains in the vicinity of the cracks but results in an increase of stresses in neighboring sections.


Ca2Si5N8:Eu2+,Tm3+ presents outstanding long lasting luminescence at about 610 nm. However, to be useful for in vivo optical imaging, persistent luminescence materials should possess high optical performance combined with sizes in the nanoscale. With this aim, we investigated two different techniques for the preparation of nanoparticles from Ca2Si5N8:Eu2+,Tm3+ bulk powder. First, nanoparticles were successfully prepared with the pulsed laser ablation method in liquid (abbreviated as PLAL). Secondly, nanoparticles obtained by selective sedimentation from the bulk compound resulted in satisfactory yield and allowed to perform the first real-time in vivo imaging with Ca2Si5N8:Eu2+,Tm3+ host. Finally the influence of surface functionalization on the biodistribution of the probe after systemic injection is discussed.


The films of John Waters (b. 1946) are some of the most powerful send-ups of conventional film forms and expectations since Luis Bu-uel and Salvador Dali's Un Chien Andalou. In attempting to reinvigorate the experience of movie-going with his shock comedy, Waters has been willing to take the chance of offending nearly everyone. His characters have great dignity and resourcefulness, taking what's different or unacceptable or grotesque about themselves, heightening it and turning it into a handmade personal style. The interviews collected here span Waters's career from 1965 to 2010 and include a new one exclusive to this edition. Waters began making films in his hometown of Baltimore in 1964. Demonstrating an innate talent at capturing the hideous and crude and elevating it to art, he reached international acclaim with his outrageous shock comedy Pink Flamingos. This landmark film redefined cinema and became a cult classic. Appearing in this and many of Waters's early films, his star Divine would consistently challenge gender definitions. With Polyester, Waters entered the mainstream. The film starred Divine as an unhappy housewife who romances a former teen idol played by Tab Hunter. Waters's commercial breakthrough, Hairspray, told the story of Baltimore's televised sock-hop program, The Corny Collins Show, and how one brave girl (Ricki Lake) used her platform as a dancer to end segregation in her town. From Serial Mom and Pecker to Cecil B. Demented, Waters continued to infiltrate the mainstream with his unique approach to filmmaking. As a visual artist, he was given a retrospective at the New Museum of Contemporary Art in 2004, which was shown at galleries around the world.


Campylobacter is one of the leading causes of bacterial human acute gastroenteritis. These microorganisms are highly prevalent in poultry semen and may contribute to vertical transmission of the pathogen between the breeder hen and offspring. Unfortunately, strategies to reduce or eliminate these pathogens in poultry semen negatively impact sperm viability. Many plant essential oils have been reported to exhibit antimicrobial activity against bacteria, fungi and viruses. The objective of our study was to examine the efficacy of trans-cinnamaldehyde, the main component in cinnamon oil, to reduce Campylobacter concentrations in chicken semen. Semen was collected from roosters, pooled and diluted with semen extender, then divided into treatments: negative control (no Campylobacter, no trans-cinnamaldehyde), positive control (inoculated with Campylobacter, no trans-cinnamaldehyde) or treatments containing concentrations of 0.24, 0.12, 0.06, 0.03 or 0.015% trans-cinnamaldehyde. Treatment groups receiving Campylobacter were then immediately inoculated with ~10 cfu/mL of a wild-type Campylobacter jejuni and 5 held at 4°C or 23°C for 2 h. Semen was stored at 4°C for an additional 24 h and assessed for Campylobacter concentrations and sperm viability at 2, 6 and 24 h utilizing SYBR 14/Propidium iodide live/dead stain and fluorescent microscopy. The study was replicated eight times. After 2h at 23°C a 2 log reduction in Campylobacter counts were observed in the 0.12 and 0.24% trans-cinnamaldehyde treatment groups compared to positive controls. In the 4°C treatments, no differences were observed between treatments and controls after 2 h. Samples evaluated after 24 h incubation in vitro at 4°C, showed significant reductions of Campylobacter counts in the 0.06, 0.03 or 0.015% trans-cinnamaldehyde treatments groups, while the 0.12 and 0.24% groups eliminated detectable Campylobacter counts. Sperm viability remained at 80% or above for all treatment groups. Trans-cinnamaldehyde reduced Campylobacter in semen, without detrimentally affecting sperm viability and might provide a practical solution to eliminate Campylobacter in poultry semen after in vitro storage.


The choice of the Tennessee Valley Authority as the subject for the first IIASA Conference on the experience of large-scale planning projects may appear to be somewhat surprising. The TVA has been controlling rivers and generating electric power over a vast area of the southeastern United States for nearly forty years. So much has been written about the TVA that one might suppose there was little left to discuss.

As it turned out, however, the experience of the TVA was an ideal subject for systems analysis, one aspect that has received relatively little attention. As Project Leader of the Planning and Management in Large Organizations Group, I was pleased with the selection of the TVA rather than some similar large organization recently completed or in the development stage. It is usually difficult to get enough accurate information about a new organization. For one thing, it is likely to be in a state of flux: what was true yesterday may be no longer true tomorrow. Furthermore, to discuss matters fully and frankly for fear they may reveal secrets or expose themselves to criticism for some aspects that have not been thoroughly worked out.

As the reader reviews the proceedings of this Conference, he will find that the TVA was indeed candid in its representation of the methods and activities being pursued, and was also entirely willing to discuss its weaknesses and shortcomings.

We found the TVA to be a dynamic organization, responsive to change while still maintaining its basic philosophy of improving the living standards for the people of the region through a program of integrated regional development. The task has not yet been fully completed, but the progress of the last forty years represents a significant achievement for the TVA.

The present two volumes mark the first case study of large-scale planning projects. This work will be followed up by a similar Conference dealing with the Bratsk-Ilimsk Experience in the Siberian Region of the Soviet Union, the Lublin Development Project of Poland, the Shinkansun Program in Japan, and other projects as they become identified. It is intended that comparisons and generalizations can be made which would aid the National Member Organizations of IIASA and the scientific world in general in developing effective management techniques for similar cases.

The TVA presentations are printed in the form they were actually prepared in. IIASA has not attempted to edit them, and they have been published here as received from the TVA. This procedure has resulted in variations in the quality of print and type. We sincerely apologize for this inconvenience and hope that this does not present any problems.


RNA interference (RNAi) is a phylogenetically widespread gene-silencing process triggered by double-stranded RNA. In plants and Caenorhabditis elegans, two distinct populations of small RNAs have been proposed to participate in RNAi: "Primary siRNAs" (derived from DICER nuclease-mediated cleavage of the original trigger) and "secondary siRNAs" [additional small RNAs whose synthesis requires an RNA-directed RNA polymerase (RdRP)]. Analyzing small RNAs associated with ongoing RNAi in C. elegans, we found that secondary siRNAs constitute the vast majority. The bulk of secondary siRNAs exhibited structure and sequence indicative of a biosynthetic mode whereby each molecule derives from an independent de novo initiation by RdRP. Analysis of endogenous small RNAs indicated that a fraction derive from a biosynthetic mechanism that is similar to that of secondary siRNAs formed during RNAi, suggesting that small antisense transcripts derived from cellular messenger RNAs by RdRP activity may have key roles in cellular regulation.


Paper presents a brief idea about advancements in drones using Raspberry PI. A camera is attached with drone which helps PI to capture images and then PI can process it further to recognize person. The drone can be controlled from server room. The video can be seen live in the server room and simultaneously stored in the server. The main aim of the project is to recognize the face of person using drone camera and load all information about that person sitting in the server room. It is useful for biometric attendance, for military operations at remote areas and for surveillance purpose. Prototype is designed with high-tech specifications where it is made more stable and noise reduction feature is added. Depending upon the criteria more feature can be added.


Neurodegenerative diseases are progressive and incurable and are becoming ever more prevalent. To study whether neural stem cell can reactivate or rescue functions of impaired neurons in the human aging and neurodegenerating brain, we co‐cultured postmortem slices from Alzheimer patients and control participants with rat embryonic day 14 (E14) neural stem cells. Viability staining based on the exclusion of ethidium bromide by intact plasma membranes showed that there were strikingly more viable cells and fewer dead cells in slices co‐cultured with neural stem cells than in untreated slices. The presence of Alzheimer pathology in the brain slices did not influence this effect, although the slices from Alzheimer patients, in general, contained fewer viable cells. Co‐culturing with rat E14 fibroblasts did not improve the viability of neurons in the human brain slices. Since the human slices and neural stem cells were separated by a membrane during co‐culturing our data show for the first time that neural stem cells release diffusible factors that may improve the survival of aged and degenerating neurons in human brains.


Family communication has the potential to affect a variety of youth behavioral outcomes including adolescent sexual risk behavior. Within chapter 1, I present past literature on adolescent sexual risk behaviors, family communication patterns, and the gaps associated with those areas. In chapter 2, I review previous literature on adolescent sexual risk behavior, parent-child communication and family communication patterns. In chapter 3, I present the method which includes a description of the participants, procedures, measures, and data analysis used. In Chapter 4, I present the results of the study. According to the results of the study, father-child communication is not a better predictor of adolescent sexual risk behavior. A higher quantity of parent-child communication does not lead to less adolescent sexual risk behavior. Participants with a pluralistic family type do significantly differ from laissez-faire and protective family types in regards to levels of parent-child communication. Participants with a consensual family type do have significantly higher levels of parent-child communication in comparison to laissez-faire family types, but not protective family types. Finally, in chapter 5, I present the discussion with a review of previous research (consistent or inconsistent with the current findings), limitations and conclusions for the current study.


Energy infrastructure and associated habitat loss can lead to reduced reproductive rates for a variety of species including the greater sage‐grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus). Our goal was to refine our understanding of how the physical footprint of energy development relates to sage‐grouse nest and brood survival. Our survival analyses were conditional upon the amount of surface disturbance female sage‐grouse were exposed to during reproductive stages. We quantified levels of exposure and compared them to the surface disturbance levels of the surrounding area. From 2008–2014, we collected data in 6 study areas in Wyoming, USA, containing 4 primary types of renewable and nonrenewable energy development. Our research focused on press disturbance (i.e., disturbance sustained after initial disturbance and associated with existing energy infrastructure and human activity). Our results suggest exposure to press disturbance during nesting and brood‐rearing was related to lower nest and brood survival, which manifested at different spatial scales. Our analysis of nest survival suggested that the likelihood of a successful nest was negatively associated with the amount of press disturbance within an 8‐km2 area. Broods exposed to any press disturbance within a 1‐km area were less likely to survive compared to broods not exposed to press disturbance. Female sage‐grouse consistently used habitat with lower disturbance levels during reproductive periods. Greater than 90% of nest and brood‐rearing locations were in habitat with <3% press disturbance within a 2.7‐km area. Our research links surface disturbance associated with press disturbance to reproductive costs incurred by sage‐grouse exposed to diverse energy development. Our results demonstrate a pattern of female avoidance of areas where press disturbance was high during nesting and brood‐rearing and survival of nests and broods were highest in areas that had the least amount of disturbance. Our findings underscore the importance of minimizing disturbance to maintain viable sage‐grouse populations. © 2020 The Wildlife Society.


This paper concerns the complex relationships between external facilitators and teachers in action research, as they work in a critical friendship to develop interaction in specific ways that open up rather than shut down communication and learning. The aim is to contribute with knowledge about interpersonal communication between academic facilitators and teachers in a development process where the teachers had a lack of influence in the initial phase of the project. The findings reveal that communication in a context of incompatible positions and professional distance did not lead to further communication, whereas communication in a context of confidence, mutual reliance, and challenge opened up possibilities for further dialogue. We identified three aspects affecting communication: absence of ownership of specific problems, trust without relationship, and courage before trust. Implication for the action research community is the importance of making strategies for critical friendship explicit. This assists for teachers to internalize the role.


An earlier version of this paper was presented by Professor Parness at the Third Annual Wells Conference on Adoption Law under the title, "Safe Haven Laws: Where Are the Daddies?", at Capital University Law School on February 15, 2007. The paper explores the difficulties in American state safe haven, adoption and birth record laws, crystalized in the question: "Where are the daddies?" After briefly reviewing safe haven laws, the paper demonstrates how paternity interests are unreasonably, if not unconstitutionally, foreclosed when children are abandoned by their mothers. Comparable paternity losses due to maternal acts are then shown under adoption and birth record laws. Lost daddies are unwarranted because maternal privacy rights and interests should not easily foreclose chances for responsible fatherhood, especially where births result from consensual sex between unwed partners. There should be differences in law between abortion decisions and maternal decisions about children in safe haven, adoption, and birth record settings. These differences should reflect the differing societal interests, maternal interests, and paternal interests in protecting potential human life and in protecting born alive human life. Neither maternal decisional privacy nor maternal informational privacy foreclose expanded protections for legal paternity opportunities and rights. The paper concludes with suggested paternity law reforms.


Abstract We examined predator-prey relationships of young Bairdiella chrysoura (Silver Perch) collected in Mississippi Sound by comparing the diet to fish standard length (2.5–30.0 mm SL) and mouth width (MW). Silver Perch displayed a diel feeding pattern, with the most active feeding occurring from midnight until noon. As Silver Perch SL increased, prey number, frequency, and volume plus prey width increased. Calanoid copepods and mysid shrimp were the dominant prey, with mysids becoming prominent as Silver Perch SL increased. Cluster analysis supported this pattern as Silver Perch ≤5 mm SL consumed a homogenous material and a few copepods, fish 5–10 mm SL preyed upon calanoid copepods, and then fish in larger size classes shifted their diet to mysid shrimp as MW increased and fish became more robust. Silver Perch SL was linearly related to MW (MW = 0.097 [SL] + 0.245; r2 = 0.891).


OBJECTIVES
This study aimed to assess the uptake and effect in primary care of a computerized decision support system (DSS) for the management of hyperlipidaemia.

METHOD
A prospective controlled trial was conducted in 25 practices covering a population of 150,000 in the city of Birmingham. The Primed system, a specialist developed, rule based DSS for general practice, was introduced prospectively after a 3-month baseline data collection. The main outcome measures were nine months' data on prescribing of lipid lowering agents; use of laboratory tests; and referrals to secondary care for the investigation of hyperlipidaemia.

RESULTS
System use was lower than expected. A shift was observed towards requests for appropriate follow-up of previously abnormal lipid results and a greater emphasis on full lipid profiles, in line with the DSS guidelines. Referrals showed a 55% decrease on those expected (NS). The prescribing evaluation revealed a large variation between practices, but no significant alteration following system use. Views of users favoured decision support as a concept, but criticised technical problems with the system.

CONCLUSIONS
Greater integration of DSS software and practice based data handling systems is needed. The mode of data capture, and hence both the content and form of knowledge representation, in DSS must take greater account of the primary care consultation process if such systems are to be of use to practitioners.


In this thesis, the conducted EMI from switched power converters has been analyzed using various existing models, own-derived models as well as measurements. The ingoing passive components in a switching converter have been modeled with respect to their high frequency behavior and the static and dynamic behavior of the active semiconductors has been analyzed. To understand the origin of EMI, the sources of EMI within a switching converter are investigated and measures how to reduce conducted emissions are analyzed. Once the background theory is known, all models of the ingoing components are verified as standalone units; i.e. the high frequency behavior of resistors, inductors, capacitors, printed circuit boards and relevant semiconductors are presented. The verified components are then put together to complete converters from which the emission levels are analyzed. As a measure to reduce EMI directly at the source, a new method of reducing EMI referred to as active gate control is investigated. The principle aims at reducing the high frequency content in the otherwise sharp voltage and current transitions by controlling the gate voltage during a switching event.

It has been found that many component models are insufficient for the purpose of EMI simulations; e.g. is the diode model in the widespread electric simulator SPICE unsuitable due to snappy reverse recovery behavior. Other simulation languages such as Simplorer and SABER® have solved this by incorporating more advanced diode models with adequate reverse recovery behavior that can be adapted to different diodes by more or less advanced parameter extraction procedures. Regarding MOSFET models, the black-box models provided by manufacturers have shown to exhibit good static and dynamic performance which in general makes them suitable for analysis of switching applications. Most analyzed IGBT models showed incorrect switching times and the most suitable model found in this thesis is the Simplorer model that requires more than 100 hand-tuned elements to show sufficient switching performance.

When a complete converter is to be simulated, it is concluded that it is essential to include parasitic elements (e.g. stray inductances and capacitances in the PCB and in the components) in the simulations to obtain correct switching behavior. By such a consideration by e.g. Ansoft Q3d that determine the parasitic elements within a PCB, the often unwanted oscillations in the circuit can be determined to a large extent. However, the conducted emission levels are not just determined bystray elements and it has been has been shown both experimentally and in
simulations that the levels are strongly determined by the mutual couplings in the input filter. The need for a diode model with correct reverse recovery behavior was shown to be important since the reverse recovery event affects the conducted EMI in the frequency region of 5MHz-30MHz. The connection between reverse recovery current and emission levels has been verified in simulations and measurements for two different types of converter topologies.

The derived strategy of active gate control was verified both theoretically and by measurements that establish the operation principle. The method was shown to give a reduction in the conducted EMI of a MOSFET switching circuit and the most suitable unit to control was found to be the drain current. Finally, a reducedorder MOSFET model was shown to be sufficiently accurate to model static as well as switching applications due to its thorough characterization of the gate-drain capacitance as a function of applied voltages.


In previous work [6], we presented an algorithm for rendering virtual scenes using art-based styles. We demonstrated the ability to render fur, grass, and trees in a stylized manner that evoked the complexity of these textures without representing all their components explicitly. We achieved this with stroke-based procedural textures that generated detail elements, or graftals, just as needed. Our implementation had several drawbacks. First, each new graftal texture required a procedural implementation that included writing code. Also, graftals were regenerated in each frame in a way that led to excessive introduction and elimination of graftals even for small changes in camera parameters. Lastly, our system provided no way to continuously vary the properties of graftals, including color, size, or stroke width. Such an ability could be used to achieve better frame-to-frame coherence, or more generally to animate graftals. In this paper, we present a new framework for graftal textures that addresses these issues. Our new framework allows all major decisions about graftal look and behavior to be specified in a text file that can be edited by a designer. We have achieved greater frameto-frame coherence by using graftals that remain in fixed positions on the model surface. The look and behavior of graftals as they appear or disappear can now be animated to create smooth transitions. Finally, we introduce the concept of tufts which manage the multiresolution behavior of graftals according to the specifications of the scene designer.


For as long as infalling planetesimals contained some hydrous and carbonate minerals, Earth's proto-atmosphere had to be formed during accretion and was composed primarily of CO2. H2O was released and incorporated into the proto-atmosphere to form H2O-CO2 supercritical fluid after accretion when the event of a giant Moon-forming impact took place. When Earth's surface cooled down to about 450 - 300°C, the indigenous ocean began to form and it was a hot ocean of either a dense supercritical H2O-CO2 mixture or a fluid H2O-CO2 mixture. The hot ocean interacted both on the surface with CO2-dominated proto-atmosphere and on the bottom with feldspars in the crust. The latter removed CO2 from the ocean to form carbonates and clay minerals on the crust. The interactions on the surface would quickly dissolve CO2 into the indigenous ocean from the atmosphere and would evaporate H2O into the atmosphere. This would effectively remove all CO2 in the proto-atmosphere via the ocean to the crust. The interactions among atmosphere, ocean and crust would exchange not only materials but heat between different bodies. This in turn might have helped Earth cool down more rapidly than its neighbor Venus.


This paper presents a 10-step procedure, called the solution-tree problemsolving procedure, for solving engineering analysis problems. The core of the procedure is the development of a tree-like solution algorithm for the problem or class of problems, based on the divide-and-conquer and top-down design concepts. Illustrations are provided in the thermofluid engineering area to showcase the procedure's applications. This approach has proved to be a veritable tool for enhancing the problem-solving and computer algorithmic skills of engineering students, eliciting their curiosity, active participation and appreciation of the taught course. It also affirms the procedural nature of many engineering professional activities, and instils in the students good ethical conduct in their engineering problem-solving effort. Keywords: Problem-solving algorithm; engineering analysis problem; solution tree; thermofluid; engineering education


This paper provides an overview of the design, development, and use of the PangaeaMud Database System. Section I gives an introduction to pertinent concepts and discusses previous work in the area. Section I1 is devoted to the non-technical aspects of the system. A brief user's view of the system is provided, along with discussion of the internal environment utilities. Section I11 illustrates the workings of the system from the programmer's viewpoint and contains information on the main entity relationships within the database and their implementation.


Young exoplanets are snapshots of the planetary evolution process. Planets that orbit stars in young associations are particularly important because the age of the planetary system is well constrained. We present the discovery of a transiting planet larger than Neptune but smaller than Saturn in the 45 Myr Tucana–Horologium young moving group. The host star is a visual binary, and our follow-up observations demonstrate that the planet orbits the G6V primary component, DS Tuc A (HD 222259A, TIC 410214986). We first identified transits using photometry from the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS; alerted as TOI 200.01). We validated the planet and improved the stellar parameters using a suite of new and archival data, including spectra from Southern Astrophysical Research/Goodman, South African Extremely Large Telescope/High Resolution Spectrograph and Las Cumbres Observatories/Network of Robotic Echelle Spectrographs; transit photometry from Spitzer; and deep adaptive optics imaging from Gemini/Gemini Planet Imager. No additional stellar or planetary signals are seen in the data. We measured the planetary parameters by simultaneously modeling the photometry with a transit model and a Gaussian process to account for stellar variability. We determined that the planetary radius is 5.70 ± 0.17 R⊕ and that the orbital period is 8.1 days. The inclination angles of the host star's spin axis, the planet's orbital axis, and the visual binary's orbital axis are aligned within 15° to within the uncertainties of the relevant data. DS Tuc Ab is bright enough (V = 8.5) for detailed characterization using radial velocities and transmission spectroscopy.