The Problem. The intentional preparation of future leaders for higher education remains a critical need today in institutions across the globe. Many colleges and universities are now seeking to design programs that develop the leadership skills of faculty, staff, and administrators, and because of the shortage of women in leadership positions, special efforts need to focus on the development of women. Yet guidance and assistance are required to do so effectively and efficiently. The Solution. The purpose of this final article is to highlight a few of the particularly important findings across all articles in this Special Issue, offer some overall implications for leadership development and the HRD field, and provide tables of sample leadership programs for women in higher education at the national, state, and institutional levels. The Stakeholders. This article provides researchers and practitioners in various fields of study with implications toward more effectively developing, evaluating, researching, and implementing leadership programs for women in higher education.


In 1937 William Rose Benet sent a young Yale graduate student, Norman Holmes Pearson, to interview the sophisticated expatriate poet Hilda Doolittle during one of the few trips she made to America after going abroad in 1911. Until her death in 1961, they engaged in a prolonged and wide-ranging relationship vital to H.D.'s development as a writer. Perhaps because she was absent from the American scene, H.D. was eager for more contact with American writing, and Pearson became her literary adviser, agent, executor, confidant, close friend, and self-styled chevalier. This annotated selection of their more than one thousand letters documents the dynamic between H.D. and Pearson, who became an influential literary critic, and anchors it in the broader literary world. In her letters H.D. confided details about her works in progress, commented on her reading, and gossiped about members of her widespread literary circle. Pearson's responses sparked the conception of specific works and contributed to theform of others; he influenced the cycle of romances that reflected H.D.'s war experience and its parallels in history and, most significantly, was the catalyst for her return to poetry. His long-standing commitment to her work as reflected in these learned, witty, sometimes poignant letters ensured that H.D. would take her place as one of the major poets of this century.


Abstract The article analyzes how social capital—social networks and trust—is created, addressing different levels of economic organization. Contrary to much literature on trust and social capital, the article also generates a role for policy efforts in creating social capital. It argues that social capital at the level of a national industry may accumulate when social learning processes centered on a few formalized economic networks change the dominant beliefs of managers. Core groups of successful social capital investors may thus inspire industry-wide imitation, as well as draw local firms into investment processes. The paper supports its theoretical observations with three empirical case studies of economic networking within the Swedish furniture industry. In this industry, which is poor in social capital, political efforts to promote economic networking may be an appropriate way of facilitating bottom-up institutional change.


We present the preparation and characteristics of liquid-phase sensors based on nano-porous silicon multilayer structures for determination of organic content in gasoline. The principle of the sensor is a determination of the cavity-resonant wavelength shift caused by refractive index change of the nano-porous silicon multilayer cavity due to the interaction with liquids. We use the transfer matrix method (TMM) for the design and prediction of characteristics of microcavity sensors based on nano-porous silicon multilayer structures. The preparation process of the nano-porous silicon microcavity is based on electrochemical etching of single-crystal silicon substrates, which can exactly control the porosity and thickness of the porous silicon layers. The basic characteristics of sensors obtained by experimental measurements of the different liquids with known refractive indices are in good agreement with simulation calculations. The reversibility of liquid-phase sensors is confirmed by fast complete evaporation of organic solvents using a low vacuum pump. The nano-porous silicon microcavity sensors can be used to determine different kinds of organic fuel mixtures such as bio-fuel (E5), A92 added ethanol and methanol of different concentrations up to 15%.


An extraordinary opportunity offered by the Du Pont Company gave Professor Hollander free access both to all detailed cost and much investment data related to rayon manufacture at a number of plants, covering a period of thirty years and to a wide range of informed personnel and officers. These data enabled Professor Hollander to make an unprecedented study of a large industrial firm for the purpose of measuring the contribution of various sources of improvement to increased efficiency. From the mass of information available, he has selected sound technical details and concepts, excluded all irrelevant material, and presented a carefully organized case study showing how technical change accounts for a very high proportion of the increases in productivity. Specifically, this information includes descriptions of the contributions of various types of technical change to production cost reductions, quantitative estimates of the contributions of technical change and economies of scale to increased efficiency, and analyses of the relation between technical change and investment and of the sources of new technology. The microeconomic approach is related to certain macrostudies of productivity increase, and several policy implications are drawn. This study should be of great interest to a wide audience including economists, economic historians, and technologists. All those concerned with the problems of economic growth, industrial structure, patent protection, technical invention, research and development, and the general progress of civilian industrial technology will find this book a valuable addition to their libraries.


Recently sales of physical music media have declined along with music industry revenues – the reasons are complex and poorly understood. We present three models exploring claims made in the conversation over piracy and the music industry's future. We model stakeholder perspectives rather than the full industry to identify their assumptions and the implications of their views, including: (1) Music industry labels claim music piracy directly supplants music sales; (2) Artists claim free music distribution can increase artist revenue through concert sales; and (3) Some academics claim reduced music sales revenue is attributable to other market changes (e.g., increased entertainment competition) rather than piracy. Modeled results suggest that, for each claim respectively: (1) Music labels' mental models are simplistic and do not reflect current research findings; (2) Artists can enhance their concert revenues through piracy as free marketing; and (3) competition with other media explains part of declining music industry revenues.


In this thesis, inspired by the holographic theories, we study a variety of interesting problems in gravity, condensed matter and cosmology. First, we explore the entanglement entropy of a general region in a theory of quantum gravity using holographic calculations. In particular, we use holographic entanglement entropy prescription of Ryu-Takayanagi in the context of the Randall-Sundrum 2 model with considering three kind of gravity theory in the bulk: the Einstein gravity, the general f(R) gravity and the Gauss-Bonnet gravity. Showing the leading term is given by the usual Bekenstein-Hawking formula, we confirm the conjecture by Bianchi and Myers for this theory. Further, we calculate the first subleading term to entanglement entropy and show that they agree with the Wald entropy up to the extrinsic curvature terms. Then, we study the holographic dual of what is known as quantum Hall ferromagnetism in condensed matter theory. This phenomenon, which has been observed in graphene samples by applying strong magnetic field, is the emergence of energy gaps and Hall plateaus at integer filling fractions due to occurrence of spontaneous symmetry breaking. This e↵ect is partially understood with certain perturbative calculations at weak coupling. The question is then whether this feature survives in a strongly coupled system as well. To address this question, we apply a well-established string theory dual, namely the D3-D5 system. In this framework, coincident D5 and D7-branes are embedded in the AdS 5 ⇥ S5 background of the D3-branes. Within this holographic set-up and through the numerical calculations, we investigate the possibility of spontaneous symmetry breaking and find interesting phase transitions at finite temperature. Finally, we introduce a holographic description of our four-dimensional universe through a "brane world" scenario known as the Dvali-Gabadadze-Porrati (DGP) construction, where the brane refers to our universe embedded in a bulk space-time with five or more dimensions. In fact, we examine the DGP model as a theory of five-dimensional Einstein gravity coupled to four-dimensional branes while we assume five-dimensional spherical black hole metric in the bulk. Then, we study the phenomenological viability of the brane around this five-dimensional black hole. Further, we relate bulk, brane, and black hole parameters and the observational constraints on them. We find that viable solutions are indeed possible, hence we propose a holographic origin for the big bang. In particular, we suggest that our four-dimensional brane emerges from the gravitational collapse of matter in five dimensions which avoids the big bang singularity.


A review and discussion, with 42 refs. Base pairing in p-RNA (b-D-ribopyranosyl-(4'->2')-oligonucleotides) is not only stronger than in DNA and RNA, but also more selective in the sense that it is strictly confined to the Watson-Crick mode. Homopurine sequences (tested up to decamers) exist as single strands under conditions where they undergo reverse-Hoogsteen self-pairing in homo-DNA or Hoogsteen self-pairing in DNA. This exceptional pairing selectivity is rationalized as hinging on 2 structural features of p-RNA: the large inclination between backbone axis and base-pair axes in p-RNA duplexes, and the higher rigidity of the p-RNA backbone compared with RNA, DNA, and homo-DNA. The most important consequence of the pairing selectivity refers to the potential of p-RNA to replicate. Replicative copying of sequence information by nonenzymic template-controlled ligation is not hampered by self-pairing of guanine-rich templates, as it is known to be the case in the RNA series. Two replicative cycles are demonstrated in which G-rich p-RNA-octamer templates induce sequence-selective ligation of tetramer-2'-phosphate derivs. to complementary C-rich octamer sequences, and in which the latter, with comparable efficiency, induce corresponding ligation reactions back to the original G-rich octamers. Ligation is most satisfactorily achieved after pre-activation of the 2'-phosphate groups as 2',3'-cyclophosphate derivs.; in this version, the process does not proceed as oligocondensation, but as a genuine oligomerization. This is of considerable promise for the search for potentially natural conditions under which homochiral p-RNA strands might self-assemble and self-replicate. [on SciFinder (R)]


We present an architecture for implementing optical buffers, based on the feed-forward-buffer concept, that can truly emulate input queuing and accommodate asynchronous packet and burst operation. The architecture uses wavelength converters and fixed-length delay lines that are combined to form either a multiple-input buffer or a shared buffer. Both architectures are modular, allowing the expansion of the buffer at a cost that grows logarithmically with the buffer depth, where the cost is measured in terms of the number of switching elements, and wavelength converters are employed. The architectural design also provides a tradeoff between the number of wavelength converters and their tunability. The buffer architectures proposed are complemented with scheduling algorithms that can guarantee lossless communication and are evaluated using physical-layer simulations to obtain their performance in terms of bit-error rate and achievable buffer size.


Abstract. Climate change impact analysis relies largely on down-scaling climate projections to develop daily time-step, future climate scenarios for use in agricultural systems models. This process of climate down-scaling is complicated by differences in projections from greenhouse gas emission pathways and, in particular, the wide variation between global climate model outputs. In this study, a sensitivity analysis was used to test the resistance of pasture production to the incremental changes in climate predicted over the next 60 years in southern Australia. Twenty-five future climate scenarios were developed by scaling the historical climate by increments of 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4°C (with corresponding changes to atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and relative humidity) and rainfall by +10, 0, –10, –20 and –30%. The resistance of annual and seasonal pasture production to these climatic changes was simulated at six sites in south-eastern Australia. The sites spanned a range of climates from high rainfall, cool temperate in north-west Tasmania to the lower rainfall, temperate environment of Wagga Wagga in southern New South Wales. Local soil and pasture types were simulated at each site using the Sustainable Grazing Systems Pasture model. Little change or higher annual pasture production was simulated at all sites with 1°C warming, but varying responses were observed with further warming. In a pasture containing a C4 native grass at Wagga Wagga, annual pasture production increased with further warming, while production was stable or declined in pasture types based on C3 species in temperate environments. In a cool temperate region pasture production increased with up to 2°C warming. Compared with the historical baseline climate, warmer and drier climate scenarios led to lower pasture production, with summer and autumn growth being most affected, although there was some variation between sites. At all sites winter production was increased under all warming scenarios. Inter-annual variation in pasture production, expressed as the coefficient of variation, increased in the lower rainfall scenarios where production was simulated to decline, suggesting that changing rainfall patterns are likely to affect the variability in pasture production more than increasing temperatures. Together the results indicate that annual pasture production is resistant to climatic changes of up to 2°C warming. The approach used in this study can be used to test the sensitivity of agricultural production to climatic changes; however, it does not incorporate changes in seasonal and extreme climatic events that may also have significant impacts on these systems. Nonetheless, the approach can be used to identify strategies that may increase resilience of agricultural systems to climate change such as the incorporation of C4 species into the pasture base.


Infantile hepatic hemangioendothelioma (IHH) is a rare benign mesenchymal tumor. As the name implies, it is commonly seen in infancy and has variable clinical presentation and outcome. This tumor can spontaneously regress or can have expansile growth replacing whole of the liver. In very large tumors, there may be extensive arteriovenous shunting within the lesion, resulting congestive heart failure (CHF) in a significant number of patients with poor outcome. Since there is no tumor marker for this tumor, the diagnosis can only be suspected on the basis of clinical features and radiological investigations from among the various mass occupying lesions of the liver in this age group, which includes hepatoblastoma, mesenchymal hamartoma or hepatocellular carcinoma. As a result, the management strategy cannot be defined and in the literature also there are isolated reports with diverse treatment protocols. The medical management includes corticosteroid, interferon, cytotoxic agents and irradiation or even the radical interventions such as hepatic artery ligation, transcatheter hepatic artery embolization. The surgical options are biopsy, complete resection of the lesion or even liver transplantation. We are reporting a case of IHH who was managed with surgical resection and postoperative corticosteroid. However, the patient had recurrence of the tumor and developed CHF, which led to the demise of the patient. The idea of reporting this case is that this patient was 11-year-old child who very unusual for this tumor at this age, and the surgical resection of this lesion should be radical rather than just excision biopsy as was done in the present case.


Many manufacturing industries are undergoing a transition from manufacturing of products towards integrating more services into the traditional product concepts and
provide product-service systems (PSS). Development of PSS changes the focus from the product to the functionality of the product; hence it can be referred to as functional
product development. PSS also puts focus on the value of the knowledge-intensive solution. This change in focus challenges the way companies innovate. When developing PSS, the solutions are not limited to the product parameters; hence PSS broadens the solution space for innovations.
Innovation capability can broadly be defined as the ability to routinely achieve innovative outcomes, which is crucial for industrial companies in order to grow and be
competitive on the market over time. Therefore, there is an apparent need to increase the innovation capability in order to find strengths and weaknesses, especially in the
change towards PSS. However there are many factors that affect a company's capability to create innovative products and services.
The research question that has guided the work presented in the thesis is: How can the innovation capability for product-service systems be increased in a systematic way? The research study has mainly been conducted at Volvo Aero, a company in the aerospace industry, which is characterized by high technical complexity, high development cost and long product lifecycles. The industrial position has allowed close studies in the organization; hence the research approach has been participatory action research. Mainly qualitative
methods have been used for data collection, such as observations and interviews.
Measuring the innovation capability is one way to find ways to systematically increase the innovation capability of a company or organization. Results from this research
points to areas of importance when measuring a company's innovation capability.
These regards what kinds of projects the company selects, how the customer is involved with the development of innovations, how the different functions within the company
interact, what kind of climate there is within the development projects, what methodology is used in the innovation process and how the innovative work is
rewarded.
The results also indicate that developing product-service systems involve close internal collaboration between individuals with different skills and competences and may also require external skills and competencies that may not reside within the product focused organization. Therefore, to increase the innovation capability of product service systems companies need to reassess how they collaborate both internally and externally, throughout the value-chain and throughout the product lifecycle. Finally, this thesis
presents a model of networked competence innovation that combines the designerly approach with strategic, tactic and operational dimensions. The model builds on techniques to visualize strategic planning, facilitate shared understanding in focused workshops, and visualize innovations using prototyping in networked projects.


This chapter addresses syntactic priming (of the dative alternation) using corpus data from the ICE-GB corpus. Nearly 3,000 consecutive prime-target pairs were coded for their constructional choices as well as several other variables. The data are then analyzed on different levels of granularity: (i) cross-tabulation, (ii) with a binary logistic regression (including only fixed effects), and (iii) a generalized linear mixed-effects model (GLMEM) (including fixed and random effects). The GLMEM reduces the number of significant predictors most, but nevertheless yields the highest classification accuracy. Since contemporary cognitive linguistics assumes an item-based perspective on language acquisition, processing, and change, I argue that the GLMEM approach should be the method of choice for empirical cognitive linguistics.


Abstract Recent research has highlighted combat's positive effects for political behavior, but it is unclear whether they extend to attitudes toward the conflict itself. We exploit the assignment of health rankings determining combat eligibility in the Israel Defense Forces to examine the effect of combat exposure on support for peaceful conflict resolution. Given the centrality of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict to global affairs, and its apparent intractability, the political consequences of combat become all the more pressing. We find that exposure to combat hardens attitudes toward the rival and reduces support for negotiation and compromise. Importantly, these attitudes translate into voting behavior: combatants are likely to vote for more hawkish parties. These findings call for caution in emphasizing the benign effects of combat and underscore the importance of reintegrating combatants during the transition from conflict to peace.


Question and Answer (Q&A) systems play a vital role in our daily life for information and knowledge sharing. Users post questions and pick questions to answer in the system. Due to the rapidly growing user population and the number of questions, it is unlikely for a user to stumble upon a question by chance that (s)he can answer. Also, altruism does not encourage all users to provide answers, not to mention high quality answers with a short answer wait time. The primary objective of this paper is to improve the performance of Q&A systems by actively forwarding questions to users who are capable and willing to answer the questions. To this end, we have designed and implemented SocialQ&A, an online social network based Q&A system. SocialQ&A leverages the social network properties of common-interest and mutual-trust friend relationship to identify an asker through friendship who are most likely to answer the question, and enhance the user security. We also improve SocialQ&A with security and efficiency enhancements by protecting user privacy and identifies, and retrieving answers automatically for recurrent questions. We describe the architecture and algorithms, and conducted comprehensive large-scale simulation to evaluate SocialQ&A in comparison with other methods. Our results suggest that social networks can be leveraged to improve the answer quality and asker's waiting time. We also implemented a real prototype of SocialQ&A, and analyze the Q&A behavior of real users and questions from a small-scale real-world SocialQ&A system.


Abstract As the COVID-19 pandemic sprawled across every continent, 'hand-washing' became the official guideline to prevent contagion. In this scenario, governmental and non-governmental actors mobilised to promote the provision of water supply and customer services to the largest number of people. With the imposed isolation, virtual events became the centre of the political debate, bringing to light strategies and challenges to guarantee basic needs, debated within the scope of the federal legislative and executive branches and civil society. The purpose of this article is to explore the discourses produced and the interventions proposed between April and May 2020. In the light of social studies of science and technology and discussions regarding the enactment and production of the state, mapped through the actions of key actors, this ethnography enables us to outline the conflicts of sanitation governance in Brazil.


In the adult hippocampus, neurogenesis proceeds in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus (DG), but not in the cornu Ammonis (CA). Recently, we demonstrated in monkeys that transient brain ischemia induces an increase of the neuronal progenitor cells in the SGZ, but not in CA1, in the second week after the insult. To identify the origin of primary neuronal progenitors in vivo, we compared the postischemic monkey DG and CA1, using light and electron microscopy, focusing on specific phenotype markers, as well as the expression of neurotrophic factors. Laser confocal microscopy showed that 1–3% of 5‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine (BrdU)‐positive cells in the SGZ after 2–96 h labeling were also positive for neuronal markers such as TUC4, βIII tubulin, and NeuN on days 9 and 15. In contrast, despite the presence of numerous BrdU‐positive cells, CA1 showed no neurogenesis at any time points, and all the progenitors were positive for glial markers: Iba1 or S‐100β on days 4, 9, and 15. Highly polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA‐NCAM)‐positive cells were abundant in the SGZ, but were absent in CA1. On day 9, most of the immature neurons positive for βIII‐tubulin in SGZ showed an increase in PSA‐NCAM immunoreactivity. The immunoreactivity of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was abundant at the vascular adventitia of the SGZ, but was absent at the adventitia of CA1. BrdU‐positive progenitor cells were frequently seen in the vicinity of proliferating blood vessels. Ultrastructural analysis indicated that most of the neuronal progenitor cells and microglia originated from the pericytes of capillaries and/or adventitial cells of arterioles (called vascular adventitia). The detaching adventitial cells showed mitotic figures in the perivascular space, and the resultant neuronal progenitor cells made contact with dendritic spines associated with synaptic vesicles or boutons. These data implicate the vascular adventitia as a novel potential source of neuronal progenitor cells in the postischemic primate SGZ. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


"This book is valuable as expounding in full a theory of meaning that has its roots in the work of Frege and has been of the widest influence. . . . The chief virtue of the book is its systematic character. From Frege to Quine most philosophical logicians have restricted themselves by piecemeal and local assaults on the problems involved. The book is marked by a genial tolerance. Carnap sees himself as proposing conventions rather than asserting truths. However he provides plenty of matter for argument."-Anthony Quinton, "Hibbert Journal"


Localised patterns of resource use can be constrained by multiple factors. Comparison of resource use at multiple locations with differing resource availability can allow fundamental specialists to be distinguished from species that simply feed predominantly on prey types that are locally abundant. This study investigates geographic variation in the feeding ecology of coral-feeding butterflyfishes to examine whether patterns of resource use and levels of dietary specialisation vary among distinct locations, corresponding with changes in resource availability. Our specific aims were to investigate whether the dietary niche breadth of four butterflyfishes varies among five geographically separated locations and assess whether each species utilises similar resources in each location. Resource availability and dietary composition of four butterflyfishes were quantified at three sites across each of five geographic locations throughout the Pacific. Niche breadth, niche overlap, and resource selection functions were calculated for each species at each site and compared among locations. Availability of dietary resources varied significantly among locations and sites. Chaetodon vagabundus, C. citrinellus and C. lunulatus had low levels of dietary specialisation and used different resources in each location. Chaetodon trifascialis had high levels of dietary specialisation and used the same few resources in each location. Our results indicate that relative levels of dietary specialisation among different butterflyfishes do hold at larger spatial scales, however, geographical variation in the dietary composition of all butterflyfishes indicates that prey availability has a fundamental influence on dietary composition. Highly specialised species such as C. trifascialis will be highly vulnerable to coral loss as they appear to be largely inflexible in their dietary composition. However, the increased feeding plasticity observed here for C. trifascialis suggests this species may have a greater capacity to respond to coral loss than previously assumed.


Introduction: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of active recovery (AR) vs passive recovery (PR) on serum levels of interleukin 6 (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-10 and Creatine Kinase (CK) after eccentric strenuous exercise. Materials and Methods: Twenty-eight female students of physical education participated in this study, age (23.8±1.99) years, height 164.03±5.61 cm, weight 58.21 (8.23) kg and fat percent 27.18 (4.86)]. The subjects were randomly divided into two groups and completed a set of strenuous workouts, including a 30 min of treadmill downhill running (-5% grade) at 80-85% of Maximal Heart Rate (MHR), followed by AR for 15 min at 50-60% of MHR, or complete rest in the seated position (PR). Blood samples were collected pre- and post exercise, and after recovery in order to measure the levels of IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and CK. Results: Both the AR & PR groups showed increase in the levels of serum cytokines after exercise and recovery, except IL-10 that decreased after exercise. IL-6 levels after recovery were higher in AR. Also, there were significant differences between the two groups after recovery in IL-8 and IL-10. Conclusion: The results show no significant differences in the levels of IL-6 in either group. It also seems that the post exercise increase in the levels of circulating cytokines is not due to the muscle damage, in spite of the increase in CK indicating that the increase of cytokines after AR is probably because of their anti-inflammatory effects.


Hydraulic machines subject to off-design operation involve the presence of cavitating flow regimes in the draft tube. The cavitation vortex rope at part load conditions is described as an excitation source for the hydraulic system, and interactions between this excitation source and system eigenfrequency may result in resonance phenomena and induce a draft tube surge and electrical power swings. To accurately predict and simulate a part load resonance, proper modeling of the draft tube is critical. The presence of this cavitation vortex rope requires a numerical pipe element taking into account the complexity of the two-phase flow. Among the parameters describing the numerical model of the cavitating draft tube flow, three hydroacoustic parameters require a special attention. The first hydroacoustic parameter is called cavitation compliance. This dynamic parameter represents the variation of the cavitation volume with respect to a variation of pressure and implicitly defines the local wave speed in the draft tube. The second parameter corresponds to the bulk viscosity and is related to internal processes breaking a thermodynamic equilibrium between the cavitation volume and the surrounding liquid. The third parameter is the excitation source induced by the precessing vortex rope. The methodology to identify these hydroacoustic parameters is based on the direct link that exists between the natural frequency of the hydraulic system and the wave speed in the draft tube. First, the natural frequency is identified with the help of an external excitation system. Then, the wave speed is determined thanks to an accurate numerical model of the experimental hydraulic system. By applying this identification procedure for different values of Thoma number, it is possible to quantify the cavitation compliance and the void fraction of the cavitation vortex rope. In order to determine the energy dissipation induced by the cavitation volume, the experimental hydraulic system is excited at the natural frequency. With a Pressure-Time method, the amount of excitation energy is quantified and is injected into the numerical model. A spectral analysis of the forced harmonic response is used to identify the bulk viscosity and the pressure source induced by vortex rope precession. Thus, the identification of the hydroacoustic parameters requires the development of a new numerical draft tube model taking into account the divergent geometry and the convective terms of the momentum equation. Different numerical draft tube models are compared to determine the impact of convective and divergent geometry terms on identification of the hydroacoustic parameters. Furthermore, to predict the hydroacoustic parameters for non-studied operating conditions and to break free from the dependence upon the level setting of the Francis turbine, dimensionless numbers are proposed. They have the advantage of being independent from the selected numerical model and they define a behavior law of hydroacoustic parameters when the cavitation volume oscillates at resonance operating conditions. Finally, to investigate the stability operation of the prototype, the hydroacoustic parameters need to be transposed to the prototype conditions according to transposition laws. By assuming both Thoma similitude and Froude similitude conditions, transposition laws are developed and the hydroacoustic parameters are predicted for the prototype.


In Old and Middle French (12th–16th centuries), va ["goes"] + inf was used in narrations in the past. A similar usage seems to have reappeared and be spreading today. However, the old construction combined with past tenses whereas the new one is found only with forms anchored in present and future. We argue that the contemporary construction derives not from the old one, but from a metanarrative construction. On the basis of its future interpretation, va + inf aids the organization of the narration, announcing subsequent events through a hypernymic process. The periphrasis thus approaches a narrative value by projecting the time of events onto that of narration. With the disappearance of all deictic markers, the go-periphrases are no longer hypernyms: they appear on the same temporal line of events as the neighboring situations and are understood as fully completed.


Major international sporting events are much more than that. "Mega" sports events as they are sometimes known regularly celebrate the very best in elite sporting competition but they also provide opportunities for host countries way beyond simply the enjoyment of the sporting spectacle. Bidding for and then hosting such events is a risky business. The risks are many and varied and start as soon as a country decides to bid to host. As such mitigating identified risks is a major part of the planning, preparation and management of the Games. Security is an obvious risk at Games-time. This paper will analyse the requirements for, and provision of, security and the issues around the procurement of security contracts at some of the more recent Commonwealth Games and the Olympic Games (and Paralympic Games) held in the UK. The paper will also consider how these UK-hosted mega-sporting events have taken heed (or not) of the lessons learned from previous events when contracting-out for such services. Security and crowd management is fast becoming one of the single biggest costs attributable to such events so the key message should be: start early, pay attention to detail, contract shrewdly and build in significant contingency. Keywords: Mega events, Event Management, Risk Management, Security, Olympic Games, Commonwealth Games, Planning


This study aimed at enriching kindergarten students' English vocabulary was conducted in Singa School, Jakarta. The 21 students of the K-2 grade who participated in a two-cycled action research were taught vocabularies by using pop-songs. The quantitative data, collected using tests, and the qualitative data, collected using observation and document study techniques indicated that the use of pop-songs enriched the participants' vocabulary, as shown by the increase of the mean scores of the tests conducted, i.e. 33.57 (in the pre-test) to 50 ( post-test of cycle I) to and 80 (post-test of cycle II), and the use of stories in each cycle significantly enriched the students' vocabulary mastery. The t-tests in the two cycles resulted tcount (7.087)>ttable (1.725) and tcount (9.216) >ttable (1.725, respectively. Based on the findings, it could be concluded that the use of pop-songs was effective to enrich kindergarten students' vocabulary.


Despite US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requirements for reporting medical device adverse events (AEs), only an estimated 10% of events are actually reported, and many of those lack important data. As part of its plan to strengthen postmarket surveillance of medical devices, the FDA sponsored a pilot project of the Adverse Event Triggered Event Reporting for Devices (ASTER-D) system developed by Outcome Sciences for automated AE reporting. The objective of this study is to test the feasibility of using ASTER-D to report medical device AEs. This was a cooperative effort of Outcome Sciences, FDA, and Mercy Health. The ASTER-D system enables a new functionality within the electronic health record for initiating AE reports from triggering events with prepopulated patient- and incident-specific data and minimal disruption to clinician workflow. The ASTER-D system employs health information exchange principles to automate medical device safety reporting and create a "safety information exchange" that allows safety information collected by various organizations to be available to others to facilitate postmarket surveillance. Mercy implemented ASTER-D for AEs related to coronary stents occurring in its cardiac catheterization laboratories in the context of Mercy's automated incident reporting software system and incorporated prototype unique device identifiers to link reports to key device attributes. Mercy succeeded in submitting an AE using ASTER-D to the FDA's Medical Product Safety Network database. This pilot provides proof of concept of ASTER-D's functionality. Further testing with greater numbers of AEs, with different devices, and in other healthcare settings, is required.


Multiuser virtual environments (VEs) raise challenging research questions concerning how users interact with objects, applications, and other users, and how distributed VEs behave when the number of users increases. The Distributed Interactive Virtual Environment (DIVE) is a software platform for multiuser VEs that has served as a toolkit for many distributed VE applications. It emphasizes networking and human-computer interaction and supports autonomous behavior-driven objects, collision detection, and audio and 3D navigation.


The trace metals of Group 5, vanadium (V), niobium (Nb), and tantalum (Ta) and Group 6, chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), and tungsten (W), of the periodic table are of economic importance especially in metal industries. They have strong lithophilic tendencies, variable oxidation states and important geochemical characteristics. The two pairs of elements Nb and Ta, and those of Mo and W, have very similar atomic radii and resemble each other in geochemical properties but have different bioavailability and toxicological properties. This review attempts to summarize the existing literature on the occurrence, industrial and technological applications, environmental geochemistry and toxicology of vanadium and chromium group elements. It also reviews the existing international, EU and US regulatory frameworks and guidelines of these elements in the environment.


OBJECTIVE. This review is an update for the US Preventive Services Task Force on universal newborn hearing screening to detect moderate-to-severe permanent, bilateral congenital hearing loss. We focus on 3 key questions: (1) Among infants identified by universal screening who would not be identified by targeted screening, does initiating treatment before 6 months of age improve language and communication outcomes? (2) Compared with targeted screening, does universal screening increase the chance that treatment will be initiated by 6 months of age for infants at average risk or for those at high risk? (3) What are the adverse effects of screening and early treatment? METHODS. Medline and Cochrane databases were searched to identify articles published since the 2002 recommendation. Data from studies that met inclusion criteria were abstracted, and studies were rated for quality with predetermined criteria. RESULTS. A good-quality retrospective study of children with hearing loss indicates that those who had early versus late confirmation and those who had undergone universal newborn screening versus none had better receptive language at 8 years of age but not better expressive language or speech. A good-quality nonrandomized trial of a large birth cohort indicates that infants identified with hearing loss through universal newborn screening have earlier referral, diagnosis, and treatment than those not screened. These findings are corroborated by multiple descriptive studies of ages of referral, diagnosis, and treatment. Usual parental reactions to an initial nonpass on a hearing screen include worry, questioning, and distress that resolve for most parents. Cochlear implants have been associated with higher risks for bacterial meningitis in young children. CONCLUSIONS. Children with hearing loss who had universal newborn hearing screening have better language outcomes at school age than those not screened. Infants identified with hearing loss through universal screening have significantly earlier referral, diagnosis, and treatment than those identified in other ways.


The following piece is a bricolage of both absence and presence, borne of the observation of such phenomena within a 1953 exhibition, held at the ICA, London, called Parallel of Life and Art. There were no captions. Only an accompanying catalogue detailing the titles and sources of each image. It is through both this catalogue and the photographs taken of the exhibition that it was discovered that one of the images was not always present. What seems significant is that this absent-present image was an aerial view of a crater. This paper, thus, deconstructs and re-textualises the spatial phenomena associated with the word crater, tracing the understandings and associations of these at once both forcibly evident and evasive marks, joining the dots and navigating between spatial and textual fields. This piece is an opening; an opening outward toward the peripheral, the marginal, and from the crater image to the craterous landscape of post-World War II London, in which the Parallel of Life and Art exhibition took place. It is a series of productive readings about the site of the exhibition, yet, it is also a tracing through etymological origins and mythological tales whose beginnings, like the exhibition itself, exist only as allusive references. It is a tracing that enables a glimpse into the space between: between cleared and constructed, and between absent and present.


The extent of snow cover at the end of the ablation season on glaciers in the Tyrolean Alps in 1972 and 1973 was determined from Landsat-1 Multispectral Scanner (MSS) images. For snow mapping the MSS-images with a ground resolution of 80 meters were enlarged to a scale of 1:100.000 by photographic methods. Different appearance of snow cover in the 4 MSS-channels is discussed in connection with ground truth control. The accuracy of snow and ice mapping from Landsat images was checked on 15 glaciers with an area from 1 to 10 km**2 by aerial photography and/or ground truth control. These comparisons imply the usefulness of Landsat images for snow mapping on glaciers of a few square kilometers.
The altitude of the equilibrium line was determined from Landsat images for 53 glaciers in the Tyrolean Alps. The regional differences in the equilibrium line altitude correspond to the regional precipitation patterns. The equilibrium line was identical with the snow line at the end of the budget year 1971/1972; therefore it was possible to determine the equilibrium line from satellite images. For 1968/69 the equilibrium line was mapped from aerial photographs for several glaciers. In 1972/73 mass balance was strongly negative and the equilibrium line was within the firn area of the glaciers. Therefore it was not possible to distinguish between accumulation and ablation areas from the Landsat images of September 1973; however, snow and ice areas could be clearly differentiated. The ratios of accumulation area or snow area to the total area of the glaciers were determined from satellite images and aerial photography separately for advancing and for
retreating glaciers and were related to the mass balance. In the budget years 1968/69 and 1972/73 with negative mass balance the accumulation area ratios of the advancing glaciers were clearly different from the ratios of the retreating glaciers, in 1971/72 with positive or balanced mass budget the differences between advancing and retreating glaciers were not significant.


Despite intensive efforts to eradicate the disease, tuberculosis continues to be a major threat to Indian society, with an estimated prevalence of 3.45 million cases in 2006. Emergence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis has complicated eradication attempts in recent years. Incomplete and/inadequate treatment are the main causes for development of drug resistance. Directly observed therapy, short-course (DOTS) is the World Health Organization (WHO) strategy for worldwide eradication of tuberculosis, and our country achieved 100% coverage for DOTS through the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program in 2006. For patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, the WHO recommends a DOTS-Plus treatment strategy. Early detection and prompt treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis is crucial to avoid spread of the disease and also because of the chances of development of potentially incurable extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in these cases. This review discusses the epidemiologic, diagnostic, and therapeutic aspects of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, and also outlines the role of primary care doctors in the management of this dangerous disease.


In resting euthermic mammals, hypoxia elicits a hyperventilation that results from a combination of hyperpnea and hypometabolism. Often accompanying the hypoxia-induced hypometabolism is a drop in body temperature. To separate the synergic effects of hypothermia per se from the direct effects of hypoxia on metabolic rate, ventilation (VE), and O2 consumption (VO2) were measured in anesthetized rats fitted with abdominal heat exchangers and maintained at either normothermic (37.5 degrees C) or hypothermic (35 degrees C) body temperatures while exposed to either normoxia or hypoxia (7% O2). Hypothermia induced parallel decreases in VE and VO2, thereby maintaining VE/VO2. Hypoxia resulted in a hyperventilation achieved with the same relative decrease in VO2 and increase in VE in both normothermic and hypothermic rats. The results suggest that 1) the changes in metabolic rate and VE during hypothermia reflect a direct effect of cold and, 2) because of similar levels of hypoxic hyperventilation in the hypothermic and normothermic rats, relative to metabolic rate, respiratory gain has not been depressed in hypothermic rats.


ABSTRACT Many scholars have offered theories that purport to explain the whole of the law of torts. At least some of these theories do not seem to be specific to a single jurisdiction. Several appear to endeavor to account for tort law in at least the major common law jurisdictions or even throughout the common law world. These include Ernest Weinrib's corrective justice theory, Robert Stevens's rights theory, and Richard Posner's economic theory. This article begins by explaining why it is appropriate to understand these three theories as universal theories of tort law and why it is important that they be so understood. This explanation draws upon various overt claims (or other strong intimations) made by the theorists themselves to the effect that this is how their respective accounts should be understood. The article then proceeds to test these theories, all of which are leading accounts of tort law, against the evidence in Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The parts of tort law on which we focus are (1) the breach element of the action in negligence, (2) the law that determines when a duty of care will be owed in respect of pure economic loss, (3) the law that governs the availability of punitive damages, (4) the defense of illegality, and (5) the rule in Rylands v. Fletcher and its descendants. The article concludes that none of the theories is a satisfactory universal account of tort law. All of them suffer from significant problems of fit in that they cannot accommodate (often even approximately) the areas of law that we discuss. Although each of the theories contains a great many valuable insights, they all nonetheless fall well short of accomplishing that which they are held out as providing. In the course of this analysis, the article explains why this is an appropriate line of criticism and identifies the degree of lack of fit that we regard as being "significant."


BACKGROUND
Preterm birth is the major complication of pregnancy associated with perinatal mortality and morbidity and occurs in up to 6% to 10% of all births. Administration of progesterone for the prevention of preterm labour has been advocated.

OBJECTIVES
To assess the benefits and harms of progesterone administration during pregnancy in the prevention of preterm birth.

SEARCH STRATEGY
We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Specialised Register of Controlled Trials (March 2005), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library, Issue 3, 2004), MEDLINE (1965 to January 2005), EMBASE (1988 to August 2004), and Current Contents (1997 to August 2004).

SELECTION CRITERIA
All published and unpublished randomised controlled trials, in which progesterone was given by any route for preventing preterm birth.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Standard methods of the Cochrane Collaboration and the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group were used. Evaluation of methodological quality and trial data extraction were undertaken independently by two authors. Results are presented using relative risk with 95% confidence intervals.

MAIN RESULTS
For all women administered progesterone, there was a reduction in the risk of preterm birth less than 37 weeks (six studies, 988 participants, relative risk (RR) 0.65, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.54 to 0.79) and preterm birth less than 34 weeks (one study, 142 participants, RR 0.15, 95% CI 0.04 to 0.64). Infants born to mothers administered progesterone were less likely to have birthweight less than 2500 grams (four studies, 763 infants, RR 0.63, 95% CI 0.49 to 0.81) or intraventricular haemorrhage (one study, 458 infants, RR 0.25, 95% CI 0.08 to 0.82). There was no difference in perinatal death between women administered progesterone and those administered placebo (five studies, 921 participants, RR 0.66, 95% CI 0.37 to 1.19). There were no other differences reported for maternal or neonatal outcomes.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
Intramuscular progesterone is associated with a reduction in the risk of preterm birth less than 37 weeks' gestation, and infant birthweight less than 2500 grams. However, other important maternal and infant outcomes have been poorly reported to date, with most outcomes reported from a single trial only (Meis 2003). It is unclear if the prolongation of gestation translates into improved maternal and longer-term infant health outcomes. Similarly, information regarding the potential harms of progesterone therapy to prevent preterm birth is limited. Further information is required about the use of vaginal progesterone in the prevention of preterm birth.


We develop a real option model of the irreversible native grassland conversion decision. Upon plowing, native grassland can be followed by either a permanent cropping system or a system in which land is put under cropping (respectively, grazing) whenever crop prices are high (respectively, low). Switching costs are incurred upon alternating between cropping and grazing. The effects of risk intervention in the form of crop insurance subsidies are studied, as are the effects of cropping innovations that reduce switching costs. We calibrate the model by using cropping return data for South Central North Dakota over 1989-2012. Simulations show that a risk intervention that offsets 20% of a cropping return shortfall increases the sod-busting cost threshold, below which native sod will be busted, by 41% (or $43.7/acre). Omitting cropping return risk across time underestimates this sod-busting cost threshold by 23% (or $24.35/acre) and hence underestimates the native sod conversion caused by crop production.


Abstract Chagall's crucifixion paintings, long a delicate subject among art historians, are best contextualized in the light of his life-long repatriation of Christian iconography to its Jewish foundation. Chagall reverses typological sequences familiar to Christians, so that instead of the Old Testament being seen as prefiguring the events of the Gospels, in his work the New Testament refers back to the Hebrew Scriptures in such a way as to illuminate the universal in Jewish experience. In Solitude (1933) and The Yellow Crucifixion (1943) we see how Chagall achieves a remarkable fusion of Jewish and Christian understandings of meditation and visual commentary on the Scriptures, prophetically calling both traditions to repentance and reconciliation.


There is great pressure on the phenomenon of fashion as we know it today, and the way in which the current clothing and textile industries function. Under the influence of the ever-increasing need for more sustainable fashion on the one hand, and technological development on the other, fashion is changing irrevocably. This process of change is still in the early stages, but it is certain that the technological manufacturing processes – working from a drawing to a pattern and stitching clothes together on a sewing machine – are going to change radically in the collaboration between sustainability and technology. Who knows, as consumers, we may soon be able to make a knitted or woven item of clothing roll out of a 3D printer. And the question is how long we will keep working with cotton and wool now that we can make new fabrics and materials,which are not damaging to the environment, out of grasses and organic waste.

This book focuses on various themes that play a role in the sustainability debate that is currently taking place. Can slow fashion really give new value to the concept of fashion? What possibilities do new technologies offer? What is the influence of activist citizen's initiatives such as repairing and recycling? And finally, how do new values and new methods of production in fashion lead to new (more sustainable) business models?


Abstract. Multi-scale tracer and full-chemistry simulations with the STEM atmospheric chemistry model are used to analyze the effects of transported background ozone (O3) from the eastern Pacific on California air quality during the ARCTAS-CARB experiment conducted in June, 2008. Previous work has focused on the importance of long-range transport of O3 to North America air quality in springtime. However during this summer experiment the long-range transport of O3 is also shown to be important. Simulated and observed O3 transport patterns from the coast to inland northern California are shown to vary based on meteorological conditions and the O3 profiles over the oceans, which are strongly episodically affected by Asian inflows. Analysis of the correlations of O3 at various altitudes above the coastal site at Trinidad Head and at a downwind surface site in northern California, show that under long-range transport events, high O3 air-masses (O3>60 ppb) at altitudes between about 2 and 4 km can be transported inland and can significantly influence surface O3 20–30 h later. These results show the importance of characterizing the vertical structure of the lateral boundary conditions (LBC) needed in air quality simulations. The importance of the LBC on O3 prediction during this period is further studied through a series of sensitivity studies using different forms of LBC. It is shown that the use of the LBC downscaled from RAQMS global model that assimilated MLS and OMI data improves the model performance. We also show that the predictions can be further improved through the use of LBC based on NASA DC-8 airborne observations during the ARCTAS-CARB experiment. These results indicate the need to develop observational strategies to provide information on the three-dimensional nature of pollutant distributions, in order to improve our capability to predict pollution levels and to better quantify the influence of these Asian inflows on the US west coast air quality.


This article follows up on research published in the Bulletin of Historical Research in Music Education in September 1997, on the subject of music education in Argentina from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century. (1) The purpose of this second study is to provide a general panorama of music teaching in the rest of Latin America during the same period, applying the same methodology and categorization of data. Because the colonizing movement began in the Caribbean Islands and extended across Latin America, examples have been selected to give punctual data from different countries that may serve as a basis to introduce the tendencies in music education in Latin America. Some similarities and differences between music education in Argentina and in other Latin American countries will be discussed. Institutionalized Music Education The previous article on Argentina and a diachronic study on music training Institutions (2) both noted that the Catholic Church exercised an outstanding role in music education during the colonial period. Almost every important ecclesiastical see sustained music training, through chapel masters' action. Different sources provide data refering to the insular region, especially in the present Dominican Republic: "Since 1512 there were two bishoprics, one of la Vega and the other of Saint Domingo de Guzman, that had chapel masters, organists and choruses." (3) "The archdiocese of Santo Domingo was created in 1504 by Julio II's papal bull. The Cathedral was finished in 1540. When its construction was authorized in 1512, a chapel master and an organist were included." (4) Similar information has been obtained regarding Cuba. In the decree establishing the music chapel of the Santiago de Cuba Cathedral dated February 10, 1682, Bishop Juan Garcia de Palacios was appointed, "to entrust Domingo de Flores, city neighbor, the music in organ chant for the Saint Cathedral." (5) This musician was asked to conduct the music activity and to teach children and priests, or anyone else who expressed interest, the organ chant in order to celebrate Mass in a decent way especially on solemn or festival days. In his contract he was granted seventy-five pesos per year and, ... was obliged by himself and by all the chapel members to attend Church and to sing vespers and masses on the most solemn days as those of first class, Palm Sundays, Holy Maundy, Good Friday, Easter Saturday, November twenty-nine, Saint Sacrament Fetes and any other celebrations held in such Church as well as those of brotherhoods but at private ones performed by devoted people at which he will have no obligation to assist unless he receives a payment according to his work. The same is understood for fetes performed at convents and hermits. The named Domingo Flores will have the duty to compose at least one complete mass per year, plus Christmas carols and songs to be sung at Church in vespers and in Christmas celebrations. He also has to compose for less solemn occasions. (6) In South American territories there were similar situations. It is known that Juan Perez Materano was chapel master in Cartagena de Indias, Colombia, from 1534 to 1552. (7) In the Brazilian colony, governed by the Portuguese Crown, the positions of chapel master and two chorus singers were created on December 4, 1551 at the Salvador see by royal letter. On August 17, 1552 the bishop of Salvador had already appointed musicians for the charge. (8) In the Captaincy General of Chile, in the city of Santiago de Chile: In 1725 the Ecclesiastical Cabildo [cathedral chapter] determined the budget to create several musician positions for the metropolitan chanting house, including one of chapel master, that will receive a payment of 350 pesos per year, that were increased to 408 two months later by Bishop Don Francisco Salcedo, 'with the duty to teach music to the chorus children and to provide lessons to all singers, because it was necessary that all clergymen could skillfully sing the plain chant and the organ or polyphonic one, as we have the experience that natives became pious by hearing music and chant. …


Abstract Local authorities in England are required to make directories of services available to practitioners working with children and young people. This is against a background of continuing reforms intended to ensure that services are joined-up around the needs and choices of children, young people and their families. There are high expectations that more of these services will be delivered by organisations from theVoluntary and Community Sector (VCS), especially services for groups or communities that public sector agencies find hard to engage. This article reports and comments upon a regional study focusing on the production of children's service directories involving service providers and commissioners, as well as the producers of directories, in a series of facilitated workshop activities. The study highlights tensions between local authorities and service providers around how information about services is controlled, edited and accessed. We argue that current approaches to the provision ofdirectories are unlikely to have the transformational effects predicted by policy makers. This is partly because local authorities' traditional position (supported by the prevailing technologies) has meant that they have tended to monopolise the roles and responsibilities which in turn maintains their control of directory content. They do so in the face of increasing dissent from new and established providers. Moreover, current models of service directories fail to meet the emerging information needs of a range ofstakeholders including service providers, service commissioners and service users. Inconclusion we propose some questions to improve visibility and governance in the creation and maintenance of service directories.


A new core-shell nanostructure consisting of inorganic hydroxyapatite (HAP) nanoparticles as the core and organic alginate as the shell (denoted as HAP@Alg) was successfully synthesized by a pre-gel method and applied to pH-responsive drug delivery systems (DDS). HAP@Alg nanoparticles have the advantages of hydroxyapatite and alginate, where hydroxyapatite provides pH-responsive degradability, and alginate provides excellent biocompatibility and COOH functionality. Through the subsequent addition of CaCl(2) and phosphate solutions to the alginate solution, HAP@Alg nanoparticles with controllable particle sizes (ranging from 160 to 650 nm) were obtained, and their core-shell structure was confirmed through transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation. Rhodamine 6G (R6G), a positively charged dye, was selected as a model drug for pH-sensitive DDS. R6G was encapsulated in the HAP/Alg nanoparticles upon synthesis, and its loading efficiency could reach up to approximately 63.0%. The in vitro release behavior of the loaded R6G at different pH values was systematically studied, and the results indicated that more R6G molecules were released at lower pH conditions. For example, after releasing for 8 h, the release amount of R6G at pH 2.0 was 2.53-fold the amount at pH 7.4. We attributed this pH-sensitive release behavior to the dissolution of the HAP core in acidic conditions. The results of the MTT assay and confocal laser scanning microscopy indicated that the HAP@Alg were successfully uptaken by liver cancer cells (HepG2) without apparent cytotoxicity. The synthesized HAP@Alg nanoparticles show great potential as drug nanovehicles with high biocompatibility, enhanced drug loading, and pH-responsive features for future intracellular DDS.


The objective of this paper is to investigate the virtual reality and web technologies for developing an Internet virtual zoo, which provides a web-learning environment for obtaining knowledge about animals. We created 3D scenes of several exhibition areas based on their climates and geographical features, and designed user interface, tour map, and online games such as ones involving treasure hunting and breeding of animals. The dynamic models of animals were developed according to their appearances and habitual behaviour, and the completed models were placed in the exhibition areas and controlled by programs to simulate the dynamic motions of animals. The virtual zoo is highly interactive, with stereo visual effects, and we can visit the website through a network at any time and from any place. It is designed to simulate animals and their ecological environments for educational and recreational purposes. Therefore, the virtual zoo can be used to enhance knowledge about animals and to promote ecological protection.


Summary Parallel programming models exist as an abstraction of hardware and memory architectures. There are several parallel programming models in commonly use; they are shared memory model, thread model, message passing model, data parallel model, hybrid model, Flynn's models, embarrassingly parallel computations model, pipelined computations model. These models are not specific to a particular type of machine or memory architecture. This paper focuses the concurrent approach to Flynn's MPMD classification in single processing environment through java program.


Objective To examine mortality in a representative nationwide sample of homeless and marginally housed people living in shelters, rooming houses, and hotels. Design Follow-up study. Setting Canada 1991-2001. Participants 15 100 homeless and marginally housed people enumerated in 1991 census. Main outcome measures Age specific and age standardised mortality rates, remaining life expectancies at age 25, and probabilities of survival from age 25 to 75. Data were compared with data from the poorest and richest income fifths as well as with data for the entire cohort Results Of the homeless and marginally housed people, 3280 died. Mortality rates among these people were substantially higher than rates in the poorest income fifth, with the highest rate ratios seen at younger ages. Among those who were homeless or marginally housed, the probability of survival to age 75 was 32% (95% confidence interval 30% to 34%) in men and 60% (56% to 63%) in women. Remaining life expectancy at age 25 was 42 years (42 to 43) and 52 years (50 to 53), respectively. Compared with the entire cohort, mortality rate ratios for men and women, respectively, were 11.5 (8.8 to 15.0) and 9.2 (5.5 to 15.2) for drug related deaths, 6.4 (5.3 to 7.7) and 8.2 (5.0 to 13.4) for alcohol related deaths, 4.8 (3.9 to 5.9) and 3.8 (2.7 to 5.4) for mental disorders, and 2.3 (1.8 to 3.1) and 5.6 (3.2 to 9.6) for suicide. For both sexes, the largest differences in mortality rates were for smoking related diseases, ischaemic heart disease, and respiratory diseases. Conclusions Living in shelters, rooming houses, and hotels is associated with much higher mortality than expected on the basis of low income alone. Reducing the excessively high rates of premature mortality in this population would require interventions to address deaths related to smoking, alcohol, and drugs, and mental disorders and suicide, among other causes.


During the period between the IVth and IIIrd millennia BC, profound changes for the ancient populations inhabiting the northern region of Italy occurred. The first Indo-European migrations were altering the ethnographic characteristics and, with the production of the first copper artifacts, the Neolithic Age was drawing to an end. The most significant testimony of that dramatic period is unquestionably the Ötztal iceman. In addition, many other valuable archaeological sites, such as Alba (Cuneo, Italy), have been discovered. Although Alba produced the oldest evidence of copper objects in a Neolithic context (5380 ± 40 BP; GX-25859-AMS), more recent discoveries have underlined the importance of this archaeological site. In this paper we will report on a series of radiocarbon measurements of bone remnants which, combined with morphologic, stratigraphic, paleoanthropologic, and paleopathologic studies, have allowed us to gain new insights into the culture and chronology of the European Copper Age.


Southeast Asia has witnessed a decade of transformational change such that children entering primary school today "cannot even imagine the world in which their grandparents lived and into which their own parents were born" (Drucker, 1995, p. 75). Yet, even with the massive political and economic changes observed in Southeast Asia, fundamental cultural norms have proven more resistant to global forces. As Ohmae (1995) has observed: "The contents of kitchens and closets may change, but the core mechanisms by which cultures maintain their identity and socialize their young remain untouched" (p. 30). This frames the challenge of educational reform in Asia and throughout the world where educational systems are struggling to keep pace with rapidly changing environmental demands (Fullan, 1993; Hallinger, 1998a, 1998b). Nowhere is this observation more salient than in Thailand. Thailand's schools were never designed to produce the highly motivated, independent thinkers and learners demanded by an information-based economy (MoE, 1996; ONEC, 1997a, 1997b). Professor Kriengsak Charoenwongsak of Thailand's Institute of Future Studies for Development has noted: "increasing the quality of Thai products also involves improving the quality of education. The current emphasis on rote learning does not help students assume positions in the workplace, which stresses problem-solving and other analytical skills" ("Higher-value," 1998, p. 2). There is a national consensus that traditional Thai ways of managing schools and teaching children are unlikely to produce students who have the capacity to live productive and satisfying lives (Hallinger, 2000). Thai parents, school practitioners, and policymakers agree that one of the nation's greatest challenges is developing the capacity of school graduates to meet the demands of the information age. This recognition led to the passage of a comprehensive national educational reform law in 1999. The major components of this act include: a) ensuring basic education for all children, b) reforming the education system, c) reforming the learning process, d) reorganizing the administrative system, e) introducing a system of educational quality assurance, f) enhancing professionalism and the quality of the teaching profession, g) mobilizing resources and investment for education, and h) adopting information and communication technology (ICT) for educational reform. This act outlined new educational goals for the nation that included literacy, numeracy, improved language capacity, and IT capabilities as well as an emphasis on the development of skills in critical thinking and independent, lifelong learning. The same law initiated structural changes (e.g., decentralization of administration to local districts) as well as cultural changes (e.g., shift toward student-centered learning) in the educational system. While these changes parallel those found in many Western nations, their implementation is an even greater challenge, given the educational traditions of Thailand. Five years following the passage of the educational reform act, observers agree that reform in educational practice has lagged well behind political rhetoric. There is a widespread perception among the Thai public that the impact of these reforms has yet to reach schools and classrooms in significant ways or on a substantial scale (Fredrickson, 2003, 2005; Fry, 2002). Parents and educators are wondering what it will take to translate policymakers' intentions into observable changes in teaching and learning in classrooms and schools. Moreover, administrators and policymakers are seeking means by which they can both stimulate local change initiatives and transform isolated cases of successful innovation into systemic changes. This article presents a case study of successful curricular and instructional innovation in Thailand. The innovation involved a curricular program, Integrated Pest Management (IPM). This student-centered curriculum models many of the features highlighted in Thailand's educational reform such as the student-centered learning approach, curriculum integration, and involvement of the local community. …


Treatment with a chimeric mAb to TNF-alpha has been shown to suppress inflammation and improve patient well-being in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but the mechanisms of action of such treatment have not been fully explored. Here we show that in vivo administration of anti-TNF-alpha Ab, using a longitudinal analysis, results in the rapid down-regulation of a spectrum of cytokines, cytokine inhibitors, and acute-phase proteins. Marked diurnal variation in the serum levels of some of these were detected. These results were consistent with the concept of a cytokine-dependent cytokine cascade, and the degree of clinical benefit noted after anti-TNF-alpha therapy is probably due to the reduction in many proinflammatory mediators apart from TNF-alpha, such as IL-6, which reached normal levels within 24 h. Serum levels of cytokine inhibitors such as soluble p75 and p55 TNFR were reduced as was IL-1 receptor antagonist. Reductions in acute-phase proteins occurred after serum IL-6 fell and included serum amyloid A, haptoglobin, and fibrinogen. The latter reduction could be of importance, as it is a risk factor for atherosclerosis, which is augmented in RA patients.


The IMF, the World Bank and GATT/WTO have had to adapt to changing circumstances in the past 60 years as they guided the world economy to growing interdependence and prosperity. Now they face several simultaneous challenges. In this book, David Robertson discusses the rise of new economic players, including proliferating NGOs, self-promoting UN agencies and 'emerging' economies (such as Brazil, China and India), which call into question the management of G7 governments.


As a source of law, judicial decisions stand central in any legal system that applies the doctrine of precedents. South African law is such a system. This article traces the publication of the pre-Union decisions of the various courts functioning in the region. The published reports were unofficial and the result of private initiatives. Some biographical information is also provided of those who compiled these reports, South Africa's early law reporters.


The increased number of cores integrated on a chip has brought about a number of challenges. Concerns about the scalability of cache coherence protocols have urged both researchers and practitioners to explore alternative programming models, where cache coherence is not a given. Message passing, traditionally used in distributed systems, has surfaced as an appealing alternative to shared memory, commonly used in multiprocessor systems. In this thesis, we study how basic communication and synchronization primitives on manycore processors can be improved, with an accent on taking advantage of message passing. We do this in two different contexts: (i) message passing is the only means of communication and (ii) it coexists with traditional cache-coherent shared memory. In the first part of the thesis, we analytically and experimentally study collective communication on a message-passing manycore processor. First, we devise broadcast algorithms for the Intel SCC, an experimental manycore platform without coherent caches. Our ideas are captured by OC-Bcast (on-chip broadcast), a tree-based broadcast algorithm. Two versions of OC-Bcast are presented: One for synchronous communication, suitable for use in high-performance libraries implementing the Message Passing Interface (MPI), and another for asynchronous communication, for use in distributed algorithms and general-purpose software. Both OC-Bcast flavors are based on one-sided communication and significantly outperform (by up to 3x) state-of-the-art two-sided algorithms. Next, we conceive an analytical communication model for the SCC. By expressing the latency and throughput of different broadcast algorithms through this model, we reveal that the advantage of OC-Bcast comes from greatly reducing the number of off-chip memory accesses on the critical path. The second part of the thesis focuses on lock-based synchronization. We start by introducing the concept of hybrid mutual exclusion algorithms, which rely both on cache-coherent shared memory and message passing. The hybrid algorithms we present, HybLock and HybComb, are shown to significantly outperform (by even 4x) their shared-memory-only counterparts, when used to implement concurrent counters, stacks and queues on a hybrid Tilera TILE-Gx processor. The advantage of our hybrid algorithms comes from the fact that their most critical parts rely on message passing, thereby avoiding the overhead of the cache coherence protocol. Still, we take advantage of shared memory, as shared state makes the implementation of certain mechanisms much more straightforward. Next, we try to profit from these insights even on processors without hardware support for message passing. Taking two classic x86 processors from Intel and AMD, we come up with cache-aware optimizations that improve the performance of executing contended critical sections by as much as 6x.


What is this book about? The Apache Software Foundation's Jakarta Struts remains the most popular Java framework for building enterprise-level Web applications. In the first book to cover the extensive new features of the final release of Struts 1.1, the authors present the technical and conceptual information you need to design, build, and deploy sophisticated Struts 1.1 applications. What does this book cover? This book covers everything you need to know about Struts and its supporting technologies, including JSPs, servlets, Web applications, the Jakarta-Tomcat JSP/servlet container, and much more.Here are just a few of the things you'll find in this book: the Jakarta Struts Model 2 architecture and its supporting components; how to get started with Struts and build your own components; how to work with the Commons Validator, ActionForms, and DynaActionForms; techniques for customizing the Controlle; ways to maximize your presentation pages with Tiles; how to internationalize your Struts applications; and, tips for managing errors and debugging Struts applications. Who is this book for? This book is for Java developers who want to build sophisticated, enterprise-level Web applications using the final production release of Struts 1.1.


Secure communications is one of the key challenges faced in the field of information security as the transmission of information between legitimate users is vulnerable to interception by illegitimate listeners. The state-of-the -art secure communication schemes employ cryptographic encryption methods. However, the use of cryptographic encryption methods requires generation, distribution and management of keys to encrypt the confidential message. Recently, physical layer security schemes that exploit the difference between the channel conditions of the legitimate users and the illegitimate listeners have been proposed for enhanced communication security. We propose novel coding schemes for secure transmission of messages over compound channels that provides another level of security in the physical layer on top of the existing cryptographic security mechanisms in the application layer. Our aim is to provide secrecy against illegitimate listeners while still offering good communication performance for legitimate users. We consider the transmission of messages over compound channels, where there are multiple parallel communication links between the legitimate users and an illegitimate listener intercepts one of the communication links that is unknown to the legitimate users. We propose a special source splitter structure and a new family of low density parity check code ensembles to achieve secure communications against an illegitimate listener and provide error correction capability for the legitimate listener. First, the source bit sequence is split into multiple bit sequences by using a source splitter. The source splitter is required to make sure that the illegitimate listener does not have access to the secret message bits directly. Then, a special error correction code is applied to the bit sequences, which are the outputs of the source splitter. The error correction code is based on a special parity check matrix which is composed of some subblocks with specific degree distributions. We show that the proposed communication schemes can provide algebraic and information theoretic security. Algebraic security means that the illegitimate listener is unable to solve any of the individual binary bits of the secret message. Furthermore, information theoretic security guarantees the highest level of secrecy by revealing no information to the illegitimate listener about the secret message. The error correction encoder produces multiple codewords to be sent on parallel links. Having access to the noisy outputs of the parallel links, the legitimate receiver recovers the secret message. The finite length performance analysis of the proposed secure communications scheme for the legitimate listener shows good results in terms of the bit error rate and the frame error over binary input additive white Gaussian noise channel. The asymptotic performance analysis of our scheme for a sufficiently large block length is found via the density evolution equations. Since the proposed low density parity check code is a multi-edge type code on graphs, there are two densities that characterize the system performance. The thresholds obtained by the density evolution equations of our scheme show comparable or improved results when compared to the fully random low density parity check codes.


Certain ascertainment schemes are often used to recruit the study subjects in genetic studies in order to enhance the study feasibility. It could raise potential problems such as biased inference. Efforts have been made to correct the ascertainment bias by integrating ascertainment information into models. Recently, it has been noted that the past efforts may not be enough due to parameter heterogeneity, which probably exists in a complex genetic trait. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the ascertainment problems and correction procedures and remaining challenges.

Keywords:

ascertainment scheme;
ascertainment bias;
parameter heterogeneity;
proband


OBJECTIVES: To estimate the proportion of psychiatric inpatients receiving primary interventions based on randomised controlled trials or systematic reviews of randomised controlled trials. DESIGN: Retrospective survey. SETTING: Acute adult general psychiatric ward. SUBJECTS: All patients admitted to the ward during a 28 day period. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Primary interventions were classified according to whether or not they were supported by evidence from randomised controlled trials or systematic reviews. RESULTS: The primary interventions received by 26/40 (65%; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 51% to 79%) of patients admitted during the period were based on randomised trials or systematic reviews. CONCLUSIONS: When patients were used as the denominator, most primary interventions given in acute general psychiatry were based on experimental evidence. The evidence was difficult to locate; there is an urgent need for systematic reviews of randomised controlled trials in this area.


The process of ecosystem fragmentation causes three types of changes in the ecosystem: changes of abiotic, direct biotic and indirect biotic nature. Among these changes, some of them are the microclimatic alterations, edge effect, decrease of the gene flow and losses of biodiversity, among others. In this way, the present study aimed to evaluate the environmental quality of forest remnants in a highly urbanized area through environmental indicators and landscape metrics, such as total area, circularity index, shape of forest fragments, nuclear area, connectivity between them, use and occupation around and distance from the nearest neighbor. The indicators were evaluated according to the methodologies established in the literature and grouped into an index to determine the environmental quality of each forest remnant. The index consisted of the sum of the weighted values for each indicator, according to its classification. The results indicate that most forest remnants evaluated in the study area present medium environmental quality, which demonstrates the degree of edge effect to which they are submitted, and this emphasizes the need for appropriate management actions in these areas, in order to soften such external pressures and ensure long-term sustainability. In addition, it was also identified that the metrics related to the area are essentially important for the determination of the environmental quality of forest remnants.


1.1 Something mysterious is formed, born in the silent void. Waiting alone and unmoving, it is at once still and yet in constant motion. It is the source of all programs. I do not know its name, so I will call it the Tao of Programming. If the Tao is great, then the operating system is great. If the operating system is great, then the compiler is great. If the compiler is great, then the application is great. The user is pleased and there is harmony in the world. The Tao of Programming flows far away and returns on the wind of morning.


A kinetic model framework with consistent and unambiguous terminology and universally applicable rate equations and parameters for aerosol and cloud surface chemistry and gas-particle interactions has been presented in the preceding companion paper by Poschl, Rudich and Ammann (Poschl et al., 2007), abbreviated PRA. It allows to describe mass transport and chemical reaction at the gas-particle interface and to link aerosol and cloud surface processes with gas phase and particle bulk processes. Here we present multiple exemplary model systems and calculations illustrating how the general mass balance and rate equations of the PRA framework can be easily reduced to compact sets of equations which enable a mechanistic description of time and concentration dependencies of trace gas uptake and particle composition in systems with one or more chemical components and physicochemical processes. Time-dependent model scenarios show the effects of reversible adsorption, surface-bulk transport, and chemical aging on the temporal evolution of trace gas uptake by solid particles and solubility saturation of liquid particles. They demonstrate how the transformation of particles and the variation of trace gas accommodation and uptake coefficients by orders of magnitude over time scales of microseconds to days can be explained and predicted from the initial composition and basic kinetic parameters of model systems by iterative calculations using standard spreadsheet programs. Moreover, they show how apparently inconsistent experimental data sets obtained with different techniques and on different time scales can be efficiently linked and mechanistically explained by application of consistent model formalisms and terminologies within the PRA framework. Steady-state model scenarios illustrate characteristic effects of gas phase composition and basic kinetic parameters on the rates of mass transport and chemical reactions. They demonstrate how adsorption and surface saturation effects can explain non-linear gas phase concentration dependencies of surface and bulk accommodation coefficients, uptake coefficients, and bulk solubilities (deviations from Henry's law). Such effects are expected to play an important role in many real atmospheric aerosol and cloud systems involving a wide range of organic and inorganic components of concentrated aqueous and organic solution droplets, ice crystals, and other crystalline or amorphous solid particles.


The understanding of measured jitter is improved in three ways. First, it is shown that the measured jitter is not only governed by written-in jitter and the reader resolution along the cross-track direction but by remanence noise in the vicinity of transitions and the down-track reader resolution as well. Second, a novel data analysis scheme is introduced that allows for an unambiguous separation of these two contributions. Third, based on data analyses involving the first two learnings and micro-magnetic simulations, we identify and explain the root causes for variations of jitter with write current (WC) (write field), WC overshoot amplitude (write-field rise time), and linear disk velocity measured for heat-assisted magnetic recording.


We propose a localized address autoconfiguration (LaConf) scheme for wireless ad hoc networks.Address allocation information is maintained on the network border nodes,called addressing agents (AAs),which are locally identified by a geographic routing protocol GFG (Greedy-FACE-Greedy).When a node joins the network,it acquires an address from a neighboring AA (if any exists) by local communication or from the head AA (a geographic extreme AA) by GFG-based multi-hop communication.A Geographic Hash Table (GHT) is adopted for duplicate address detection.Each address is hashed to a unique location in the network field,and the associated assignment information is stored along the face perimeter enclosing that location (in the planar graph).When a node receives an address assignment,it consults with the perimeter nodes around the hash location of the assigned address about any conflicts.AAs detect network partitions and merger locally according to neighborhood change and trigger AA re-selection and network re-configuration (if necessary).We propose to apply a Connected Dominating Set (CDS) to improve the performance.We also evaluate LaConf through simulation using different planar graphs.


GNF-7, a multitargeted kinase inhibitor, served as a dual kinase inhibitor of ACK1 and GCK, which provided a novel therapeutic strategy for overriding AML expressing NRAS mutation. This SAR study with GNF-7 derivatives, designed to target NRAS mutant-driven AML, led to identification of the extremely potent inhibitors, 10d, 10g, and 11i, which possess single-digit nanomolar inhibitory activity against both ACK1 and GCK. These substances strongly suppress proliferation of mutant NRAS expressing AML cells via apoptosis and AKT/mTOR signaling blockade. Compound 11i is superior to GNF-7 in terms of kinase inhibitory activity, cellular activity, and differential cytotoxicity. Moreover, 10k possessing a favorable mouse pharmacokinetic profile prolonged life-span of Ba/F3-NRAS-G12D injected mice and significantly delayed tumor growth of OCI-AML3 xenograft model without causing the prominent level of toxicity found with GNF-7. Taken together, this study provides insight into the design of novel ACK1 and GCK dual inhibitors for overriding NRAS mutant-driven AML.


Colors have senses specific to particular fields such as physics and printing, in addition to senses used in everyday life. This article examines the specialized information found in color definitions in French, American and British dictionaries. We explore whether specialized and non-specialized definitions are lumped or split, how much scientific information is included, if the information included varies diachronically and/or geographically and if dictionaries are consistent in their labeling of colors as members of a group (primary, spectral, etc.). We found that specialized and non-specialized senses of colors are typically lumped, rather than split. This is contrary to the treatment of other words with both specialized and non-specialized senses in the same dictionaries, suggesting that the line between these senses is not clear for colors. We also found that more specialized information has been included over time in French, American and British dictionaries, but that American dictionaries still include the most. Additionally, American dictionaries are more consistent than dictionaries of the other two nationalities in their labeling of colors as members of a group, both in the labels themselves and in labeling all members of a group. Based on our findings, we make suggestions for defining colors in general use dictionaries.


ABSTRACT Rifapentine is under active investigation as a potent drug that may help shorten the tuberculosis (TB) treatment duration. A previous rifapentine dose escalation study with daily dosing indicated a possible decrease in bioavailability as the dose increased and an increase in clearance over time for rifapentine and its active metabolite, desacetyl rifapentine. This study aimed to assess the effects of increasing doses on rifapentine absorption and bioavailability and to evaluate the clearance changes over 14 days. A population analysis was performed with nonlinear mixed-effects modeling. Absorption, time-varying clearance, bioavailability, and empirical and semimechanistic autoinduction models were investigated. A one-compartment model linked to a transit compartment absorption model best described the data. The bioavailability of rifapentine decreased linearly by 2.5% for each 100-mg increase in dose. The autoinduction model suggested a dose-independent linear increase in clearance of the parent drug and metabolite over time from 1.2 and 3.1 liters · h−1, respectively, after a single dose to 2.2 and 5.0 liters · h−1, respectively, after 14 once-daily doses, with no plateau being reached by day 14. In clinical trial simulations using the final model, rifapentine demonstrated less-than-dose-proportional pharmacokinetics, but there was no plateau in exposures over the dose range tested (450 to 1,800 mg), and divided dosing increased exposures significantly. Thus, the proposed compartmental model incorporating daily dosing of rifapentine over a wide range of doses and time-related changes in bioavailability and clearance provides a useful tool for estimation of drug exposure that can be used to optimize rifapentine dosing for TB treatment. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under registration no. NCT01162486.)


The mean function is a central object of inquiry in the analysis of functional data. Typical questions related to the mean function include quantifying estimation uncertainty, testing parametric models, and making comparisons between populations. To make probabilistic statements about the mean function over its entire domain, rather than at a single location, it is necessary to infer all of its values simultaneously. Pointwise inference is not appropriate for this task and indeed produces anticonservative results, i.e., the coverage level of confidence regions is too low and the significance level of hypothesis tests too high. In contrast, simultaneous confidence bands (SCB) provide a flexible framework for conducting simultaneous inference on the mean function and other functional parameters. They also offer powerful visualization tools for communicating analytic results to interdisciplinary audiences. The construction of SCB in the context of functional data requires specific theory and methods. In particular, it is not addressed by the nonparametric regression literature. Although software is available to perform individual steps of an SCB procedure, resources that provide end‐to‐end computations are scarce. Applications of SCB to one‐ and two‐sample inferences are illustrated here with the R package SCBmeanfd. WIREs Comput Stat 2017, 9:e1397. doi: 10.1002/wics.1397


Hydrophone arrays may be used to observe continental and oceanic seismic events. Observed signals are of two types: acoustic waves which travel from source to receiver entirely in the SOFAR channel (T‐phases), and converted seismic waves, which propagate primarily as elastic waves through the solid earth, but convert immediately beneath the array into vertically traveling acoustic waves. Long‐range observations of T phases might be used to identify acoustic blockage. Patterns of T‐phase observations at the Nicolas Is. SOSUS arrays for ridge events along the East Pacific Rise and the Pacific‐Antarctic ridge are consistent with known areas of blockage in the Tasman Sea and the Chatham Rise. Uncertainty in coupling mechanisms complicate the interpretation of blockage. Hydrophone arrays in the vicinity of continents observe converted seismic waves from on‐shore events. An estimate of detection range for events at regional distance is made for selected western U.S. events using several hydrophone arrays in the eastern Pacific. Vertical line arrays improve converted‐wave signal‐to‐noise ratios by enabling vertical beamforming with nulls steered horizontally to suppress ambient noise. [Work performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract No. W‐7405‐Eng‐48.]