Epidemiologic surveys have mapped the terrain of psychiatric disorders. Personality disorders have bedeviled the clinician's practice. Rarely have these two been rearranged in a meaningful clinical dialogue. Using the largest psychiatric epidemiologic survey ever, the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcoholism and Related Conditions, and among the few to venture into axis II disorders, Skodol et al. (1), in this issue of the Journal, give a community-based national view of a common clinical question: What is the effect of specific personality disorder comorbidity on the course of major depression?

The original sample included over 40,000 adults, and 2,422 met criteria for DSM-IV current major depressive disorder. Three years later, 1,996 of the original currently depressed subjects were available for reinterviewing, which makes both a respectable sample size and response rate for generalizability. However, some caution is needed, since the sample was over-represented with Caucasian, college-educated, and married respondents. Fifteen percent of participants had persistent major depressive disorder, and 7.3% of those who remitted had a recurrence over the follow-up period. These figures are within the range of longitudinal studies of patients with major depressive disorder (2). While the presence of any personality disorder elevated the risk for persistence of major depressive disorder, when all axis I and II disorders, age of onset of major depressive disorder, number of previous episodes, family history, treatment, and duration of illness were controlled, borderline personality disorder remained the most robust predictor of major depressive disorder persistence. Neither personality disorders nor other clinical variables predicted recurrence of major depressive disorder. Thus, an epidemiologic survey yielded a practical jewel. The finding, undoubtedly, does not surprise the clinician but is now confirmed nationally. As the authors conclude, borderline personality disorder should be assessed in all depressed patients and considered in prognosis and addressed in treatment.

One can raise a number of methodologic issues about this study, including the use of lay interviewers or the instrument for assessing axis II disorders. The diagnostic interview, the Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule, DSM-IV version (3), was developed for this survey. The personality disorders included were adapted from items in the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Personality Disorders. The test-retest and internal consistency results reported for all personality disorders are fair to good, not great. However, the agreement with clinician interviews for borderline personality disorder (kappa=0.71) is about as good as it gets (4). The only other national survey to venture into assessing all axis II disorders was the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (5), which used the International Personality Disorder Examination. The investigators carried out a clinical reappraisal in a sample of 214 subjects using clinically trained interviewers to follow up screened, positive subjects and reported excellent predictions of classification. They also noted that the International Personality Disorder Examination is commonly regarded as a conservative diagnostic assessment of axis II disorders. The community rate they generated for any personality disorder in the United States was 11%, and in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys (6), involving 13 countries, the rate was 6.1%. These rates seem to be lower than those reported in the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcoholism and Related Conditions, but different presentations make it difficult to directly compare rates between studies. No articles from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcoholism and Related Conditions reporting overall rates of axis II disorders could be found. Unfortunately, given the findings in the Skodol et al. article, not all personality disorders were included in the first wave of the survey, and borderline personality disorder was added in the second wave. Both of these landmark studies used state-of-the-art measures. While they are imperfect, these are the best available. It is too bad they could not share the same methods.

The major issue now is not a debate about the methods of personality disorder assessment but about the future of personality disorders. The DSM-5 committee is working on the next version of psychiatric classification (7). In parallel, the National Institute of Mental Health is working on moving diagnosis away from clinical presentations to understanding of syndromes based on pathophysiology in a new project called Research Domain Criteria (8). These efforts will certainly effect how personality disorders are described, classified, or reimbursed in the future.

DSM-5 raises issues about the categorical conceptualization of personality disorders because of the high concurrence among disorders, both within and across axes, and the difficulty in differentiating normal from pathological. How dimensions will solve the problem of a lack of understanding of the pathophysiology underlying the disorders is unclear. Some cutoff along the dimension will need to be established for clinical practice.

The Skodol et al. study, based on an epidemiologic survey, may add light to the issue or, at least, generate a hypothesis about diagnosis that can be translated into a more experimental approach. Borderline personality disorder, defined categorically, and not the other axis II disorders explained the persistence of major depressive disorder over 3 years. Other axis I disorders may map out to different axis II disorders. The National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcoholism and Related Conditions, because of its large sample, could be mined for these clues about the relationship between specific axis I and II disorders.

The Research Domain Criteria project, in the long run, may offer more enlightenment for personality disorders if its goals can be achieved. The primary focus is on neural circuitry, with levels of analysis progressing from measures of circuitry function to clinically relevant variation or downward to the genetic and molecular cellular function (8). In the final analysis, the new molecular and neurobiological parameters will need to predict prognosis or treatment response. They will need to do as well as borderline personality disorder in predicting major depressive disorder persistence. If the Research Domain Criteria approach is successful, more than prediction of prognosis might be achieved, including a deeper understanding of the biological mechanism underlying the joined symptoms.

The epidemiologic finding that borderline personality disorder contributes to poor prognosis of major depressive disorder might be viewed as a hypothesis that can be translated into methods in the neurosciences to understand the mechanism behind this association. The features of borderline personality disorder, particularly the pervasive instability of the regulation of emotions and impulse control, would seem ripe for the Research Domain Criteria approach. When these symptoms occur in conjunction with major depressive disorder, a different syndrome may be present. Further experimental work may test how the symptoms of borderline personality disorder contribute to the prognosis of major depressive disorder. But what about the persistence of borderline personality disorder without major depressive disorder? Can the epidemiologic data provide any clues? In the meantime, the clinician treating major depressive disorder would be wise to assess for borderline personality disorder, even as currently defined.


Egocentric action recognition has been intensively studied in the fields of computer vision and clinical science with applications in pervasive health-care. The majority of the existing egocentric action recognition techniques utilize the features extracted from either the entire contents or the regions of interest (ROI) in video frames as the inputs of action classifiers. The former might suffer from moving backgrounds or irrelevant foregrounds usually associated with egocentric action videos, while the latter may be impaired by the mismatch between the calculated and the ground truth ROI. This paper proposes a new gaze-informed feature extraction approach, by which the features are extracted from the regions around the gaze points and thus representing the genuine ROI from a first person of view. The activity of daily life can then be classified based only on the identified regions using the extracted gaze-informed features. The proposed approach has been further applied to a memory support system for people with poor memory, such as those with amnesia or dementia, and their carers. The experimental results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed approach in egocentric action recognition, and thus the potential of the memory support tool in health care.


Regardless of how society has evolved, travel and tourism have had a positive development since the end of Second World War. But now it seems that the perception of risk and danger is accentuated and the tourists choose destinations based on more safety and security for tourists. Risks often seem to be based on different global activities and actions from different groups, which the individual can not affect or influence over. These perceived risks thus affect the development of tourism and travel in a global perspective. This article would discuss the new threats to the global tourism due to the terrorist attacks that target different countries and in many cases the popular tourist destinations. With the result that travel has become more intra-regional again. The article makes a review of the slightly incomplete statistics available in the area and discuss possible strategies for overcoming the existing terrorist attacks. The conclusions of the article points to a more concrete cooperation between international and national organizations, governments, as well as NGOs, tour operators and civil society in general.


Vertically-stacked Silicon NanoWire FETs (SiNWFETs) with gate-all-around control are the natural and most advanced extension of FinFETs. At advanced technology nodes, due to Schottky contacts at channel interfaces, devices show an ambipolar behavior, i.e., the device exhibits n- and p-type characteristics simultaneously. This property, when controlled by an independent Double-Gate (DG) structure, can be exploited for logic computation, as it provides intrinsic XOR operation. Electrostatic doping of the transistor suppresses the need for dopant implantation at the source and drain regions, which potentially leads to a larger process variations immunity of the devices. In this paper, we propose a novel method based on Technology Computer-Aided Design (TCAD) simulations, enabling the prediction of emerging devices variability. This method is used within our DG-SiNWFET framework and shows that devices, whose polarity is controlled electrostatically, present better immunity to variations for some of their parameters, such as the off-current with 16× less standard deviation.


As an important bridge between different countries and regions, to a great extent, international logistics, in the economic globalization, can not only promote the development of international trade, can but also promote it. Chinese and Japan, as the two most important economies in East Asia, is also two of the most important economies in the world. In this paper, based on the methods of the Comparative Analysis, deeply and detailed research and analysis the influences of China-Japan International Logistics for the Bilateral Trade. And conclude that in this paper, it is a supplement and expansion of AHPGP model and the location theory of logistics center based on the model proposed. Mainly it applied to constraint in the limited resources, optimize the combination of a plurality of logistics center location scheme at the same time.


In order to reduce reliance on fossil oil, and it's associated problems, there is a need to develop new platform chemicals, fuels and products, in a sustainable way, from biomass. In this thesis the catalytic upgrading of fatty acids, derived from the lipid fraction of biomass, through deoxygenation reactions is studied.

Chapter 1 reviews the general area of catalytic upgrading of biomass into biofuels and bioproducts. The history and motivation for alternative sources of fuels and materials are introduced, followed by a summary of the reaction processes currently utilised for biofuels and bioproducts production. It is shown that the demand for alternative fuel sources initially led to the mass commercial production of ethanol, via fermentation of sugars, and biodiesel, through trans-esterification of lipids present in vegetable and algal oils. A selection of the catalysts and mechanisms for trans-esterification reactions is reviewed and, following an outline of the fuel properties and processes, an evaluation of "green diesel" production is given, whereby fatty acids are converted directly into hydrocarbons through decarboxylation reactions. This review culminates in an analysis of alternative conversion of fatty acids into long chain ketone bioproducts, namely ketonic decarboxylation, which details the catalysts and processes involved to date.

Chapter 2 describes the analytical methods utilised in this thesis to investigate heterogeneous catalysis of biomass conversion, along with the relevant background theory and describes the type of data that can be obtained using the techniques. The techniques include powder X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, surface area analysis, Hammett basicity, elemental analysis, Fourier-transform infra-red spectroscopy and gas chromatography.

Chapter 3 introduces a class of materials known as layered double hydroxides (LDHs) of general formula Mz+1–xM3+x (OH)2]q+(Xn–)q/n•yH2O. The ease with which these mixed oxide materials may be prepared offers significant scope for the variation of the metal cations; the M2+:M3+ ratio (denoted R-value); the counter anion(s); and crystal morphology. These LDHs consist of positively charged layers, with negatively charged counter-anions and water residing in the interlayer. A review of the commonly used synthesis methods for LDHs is given, along with the advantages and disadvantages associated with each method. Following this, the synthesis of the Mg-Al LDHs and their calcined counterparts, mixed metal oxides (MMOs) (for R-values 1-6) via a readily scalable co-precipitation (CoP) and a more environmentally-friendly co-hydration (CoH) route is described. A range of techniques, outlined in chapter 2, are utilised to study the LDH and MMO crystal and chemical structures, surface topography, surface area, pore volume and relative basicities. The crystal structures of two of the CoP-LDHs were refined to the 3R-polytype using DICVOL, however the other LDHs were not significantly ordered and could not be refined. Upon calcination from LDHs to MMOs, the interlayer counter-anions and water are lost, along with the layered structure, leading to a commensurate increase in surface area and pore volume.

In chapter 4, investigations undertaken to deoxygenate stearic acid, a free fatty acid model biomass compound, are described. As a catalyst, 5 % Pd/C was used, adapting a method found in the literature. These reactions were undertaken at 230 °C, with decarboxylation of stearic acid producing straight-chain n-heptadecane at up to 58 % conversion by gas chromatography analysis. However, in this study, issues arose due to catalyst instability and an ensuing loss of catalyst activity was observed.

In chapters 5 and 6, to increase catalyst stability and recyclability, while also reducing costs relative to the Pd/C catalyst used in chapter 4, (due to the use of precious metals), LDHs and their calcined derivatives, MMOs, were utilised for deoxygenation of the model stearic acid biomass. Thermal reactions of stearic acid controls, without catalyst, were not observed to occur, however, stearic acid conversions between 83-97 % at 250 °C were observed to occur with both LDH and MMO catalysts. However, unlike the Pd/C reaction, no decarboxylated product was evidenced and, instead, a waxy solid formed, which was subsequently analysed and found to be the ketonic decarboxylation product, stearone. A protocol was developed to separate the stearone from the catalyst. Gas chromatography analysis showed the LDH and MMO materials catalysed the conversion of stearic acid to a similar degree, allowing for the error within the extraction and analysis processes employed. The reasons for similarity in reactivity are discussed, and it is suggested that an intermediate state of catalyst is present in the reactor.
Comparing synthesis methods, the CoH materials were as effective as their CoP counterparts, despite the presence of Mg(OH)2 secondary-phases. Within the LDH phases, an indication of catalytic dependence on pore size was also recorded, with the smaller pore-sized materials leading to lower conversions of stearic acid, resulting from the bulky size and required head alignment of the long-chain fatty acid molecules. In terms of control reactions, calcined MgO led to 90 % conversion of stearic acid to stearone, however very little reaction occurred with uncalcined MgO (0.5 %) and zero reaction with the acidic Al2O3 (both uncalcined and calcined). Hence activated MgO is also an effective catalyst for ketonic decarboxylation.
Chapter 7 summarises the results and discussion given within this thesis, highlighting the milestones achieved such as the first ketonic decarboxylation reactions involving MMO catalysts and concluding that LDHs and MMOs catalyse the conversion of stearic acid via ketonic decarboxylation of free fatty acids to high value ketones, to a similar degree, within the associated errors. In addition the LDH synthesis method employed does not play a significant role in the degree of catalysis, resulting in the recommendation that the more environmentally-friendly co-hydration synthesis method should be employed for the catalyst involved in the conversion of stearic acid derived from biomass. The MMO catalysts were found to behave akin to the calcined MgO material during the ketonic decarboxylation of stearic acid, while the catalytic reactions involving LDH catalysts were potentially involving the interaction of their interlayer anions and cations. Finally, a summary of additional work for further developing this process is discussed.


Abstract Under the human flourishing theory of property, owners have obligations, positive as well as negative, that they owe to members of the various communities to which they belong. But are the members of those communities limited to living persons, or do they include non-living persons as well, i.e., future persons and the dead? This Article argues that owners owe two sorts of obligation to non-living members of our generational communities, one general, the other specific. The general obligation is to provide future generations with the basic material background conditions that are necessary for them to be able to carry out what I call life-transcending projects that their forebears have transmitted to them. The specific obligation is project-specific; that is, its purpose is to enable successive generational community members to whom particular life-transcending projects have been forwarded to be carried out in their way. The future generational members to whom the project is transferred must also be given whatever resources or goods are necessary to carry the project forward in its intended way. I argue further that each generational community owes its predecessors the obligation to accept life-transcending projects transmitted to them by their forebears and make reasonable efforts to carry those projects forward into the future. The obligation is based on the past generational community members' dependency on their successors for the projects to continue into the future, a matter that is constitutive of the project creators' flourishing. This obligation is defeasible, rather than absolute, however.


Autonomous robots combine a variety of skills to form increasingly complex behaviors called missions. While the skills are often programmed at a relatively low level of abstraction, their coordination is architecturally separated and often expressed in higher-level languages or frameworks. Recently, the language of Behavior Trees gained attention among roboticists for this reason. Originally designed for computer games to model autonomous actors, Behavior Trees offer an extensible tree-based representation of missions. However, even though, several implementations of the language are in use, little is known about its usage and scope in the real world. How do behavior trees relate to traditional languages for describing behavior? How are behavior tree concepts used in applications? What are the benefits of using them? We present a study of the key language concepts in Behavior Trees and their use in real-world robotic applications. We identify behavior tree languages and compare their semantics to the most well-known behavior modeling languages: state and activity diagrams. We mine open source repositories for robotics applications that use the language and analyze this usage. We find that Behavior Trees are a pragmatic language, not fully specified, allowing projects to extend it even for just one model. Behavior trees clearly resemble the models-at-runtime paradigm. We contribute a dataset of real-world behavior models, hoping to inspire the community to use and further develop this language, associated tools, and analysis techniques.


The Philippines is now adopting information and communication technology (ICT) to promote agricultural sustainability and rural development. Among the development programs that apply ICT is the Open Academy for Philippine Agriculture (OPAPA) E-Learning Project by the Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice), the agency mandated to spearhead research and development programs on rice. Following the most significant change (MSC) technique, this study was conducted to identify the most significant changes experienced by OPAPA E-Learning graduates composed of farmers, extension workers and agricultural science students. Results showed that respondents enrolled in the program to acquire knowledge of rice technologies, gain skills in operating a computer, update themselves about new farm technologies, and comply with academic and work requirements. Based on 20 MSC stories collected, the OPAPA E-Learning Project has led to the increase in knowledge of rice technologies and awareness of the program, improvement in school, farm and extension practices, and enhancement of computer skills. The Bennett Hierarchy of Program Outcomes revealed that the most significant change stories reported by the respondents correspond to higher levels of outcomes, indicating that the OPAPA E-learning Project has already made an impact in terms of improving its clientele's knowledge and capability.


This study contributes to the growing field of CALL. The Authorware programme focus on postbeginner students' listening skills in an attempt to increase the number of students that complete their studies at Stellenbosch University. The study investigates different types of listening, which forms the backbone for the accompanying programme.


OBJECTIVES
In 2022, England embarked on an ambitious reorganisation to produce an integrated health and care system, intended also to maximise population health. The newly created integrated care systems (ICSs) aim to improve quality of care, by achieving the best outcomes for individuals and populations through the provision of evidence-based services. An emerging approach for managing quality in organisations is the Quality Management System (QMS) framework. Using the framework, this study assessed how ICSs are managing and improving quality.

METHODS
Four ICSs were purposively sampled, with the data collected between November 2021 and May 2022. Semi-structured interviews with system leaders (n=60) from health and social care, public health and local representatives were held. We also observed key ICS meetings and reviewed relevant documents. A thematic framework approach based on the QMS framework was used to analyse the data.

RESULTS
The ICSs placed an emphasis on population health, reducing inequity and improving access. This represents a shift in focus from the traditional clinical approach to quality. There were tensions between quality assurance and improvement, with concerns that a narrow focus on assurance would impede ICSs from addressing broader quality issues, such as tackling inequalities and unwarranted variation in care and outcomes. Partnerships, a key enabler for integration, was seen as integral to achieving improvements in quality. Overall, the ICSs expressed concerns that any progress made in quality development and in improving population health would be tempered by unprecedented system pressures.

CONCLUSION
It is unclear whether ICSs can achieve their ambition. As they move away from an assurance-dominated model of quality to one that emphasises openness, learning and improvement, they must simultaneously build the digital infrastructure, staff expertise and culture to support such a shift.


We solve principal component regression (PCR), up to a multiplicative accuracy $1+\gamma$, by reducing the problem to $\tilde{O}(\gamma^{-1})$ black-box calls of ridge regression. Therefore, our algorithm does not require any explicit construction of the top principal components, and is suitable for large-scale PCR instances. In contrast, previous result requires $\tilde{O}(\gamma^{-2})$ such black-box calls.
We obtain this result by developing a general stable recurrence formula for matrix Chebyshev polynomials, and a degree-optimal polynomial approximation to the matrix sign function. Our techniques may be of independent interests, especially when designing iterative methods.


Theory building from case studies is a research strategy that combines grounded theory building with case studies. Its purpose is to develop novel, accurate, parsimonious, and robust theory that emerges from and is grounded in data. Case research is well-suited to address "big picture" theoretical gaps and dilemmas, particularly when existing theory is inadequate. Further, this research strategy is particularly useful for answering questions of "how" through its deep and longitudinal immersion in a focal phenomenon. The process of conducting case study research includes a thorough literature review to identify an appropriate and compelling research question, a rigorous study design that involves artful theoretical sampling, rich and complete data collection from multiple sources, and a creative yet systematic grounded theory building process to analyze the cases and build emergent theory about significant phenomena. Rigorous theory building case research is fundamentally centered on strong emergent theory with precise theoretical logic and robust grounding in empirical data. Not surprisingly then, theory building case research is disproportionately represented among the most highly cited and award-winning research.


The relative abilities of 2, dimensioned statistics — the root-mean-square error (RMSE) and the mean absolute error (MAE) — to describe average model-performance error are examined. The RMSE is of special interest because it is widely reported in the climatic and environmental liter- ature; nevertheless, it is an inappropriate and misinterpreted measure of average error. RMSE is inappropriate because it is a function of 3 characteristics of a set of errors, rather than of one (the average error). RMSE varies with the variability within the distribution of error magnitudes and with the square root of the number of errors (n 1/2 ), as well as with the average-error magnitude (MAE). Our findings indicate that MAE is a more natural measure of average error, and (unlike RMSE) is unambiguous. Dimensioned evaluations and inter-comparisons of average model-performance error, therefore, should be based on MAE.


We introduce a new convex optimization problem, termed quadratic decomposable submodular function minimization. The problem is closely related to decomposable submodular function minimization and arises in many learning on graphs and hypergraphs settings, such as graph-based semi-supervised learning and PageRank. We approach the problem via a new dual strategy and describe an objective that may be optimized via random coordinate descent (RCD) methods and projections onto cones. We also establish the linear convergence rate of the RCD algorithm and develop efficient projection algorithms with provable performance guarantees. Numerical experiments in semi-supervised learning on hypergraphs confirm the efficiency of the proposed algorithm and demonstrate the significant improvements in prediction accuracy with respect to state-of-the-art methods.


Background: Menstruation is a physiological process in female adolescents which usually started at age of 9–12 years. Menstrual hygiene is a hygienic practice during menstruation which can prevent women from the infection in reproductive and urinary tract. Lack of knowledge regarding menstruation and menstrual hygiene lead to poor attitude and practice. This study was conducted to assess the level of knowledge, attitude and practice of menstrual hygiene among high schools students in Jatinangor. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from May until June 2013 in high schools around Jatinangor. This study population was taken from four schools selected through cluster random sampling from 17 junior and senior high schools available in Jatinangor. Total sampling from four schools was undertaken and a total of 238 female high school students' data were established. The respondents aged between 13–19 years old. Results: The level of knowledge, attitude and practice among participants were 180 (75.63%), 186 (78.15%) and 210 (88.24%) respectively which were mostly good. Conclusions: Overall, most of the participants in this study have good knowledge, attitude and practice about menstrual hygiene, but a few of them still have poor and moderate knowledge and attitude, although there is no poor practice among them. [ AMJ .2016;3(2):230–8]  DOI:  10.15850/amj.v3n2.783


The feeding mechanisms of elasmobranchs and their functioning have been receiving growing scientific attention, although less emphasis has yet to be directed towards batoid species. The present study investigated the use of orobranchial musculature during prey capture and processing behavior in Potamotrygon motoro. Ten orobranchial muscle groups were removed to determine their relative biomasses. The kinematics of the musculature was described based on videos of prey capture and manipulation under captive conditions recorded at 250 and 500 field/s. Analyses of the orobranchial musculature indicated that adductor muscles responsible for closing the mouth had high biomasses, which is consistent with their functions related to apprehend and manipulate the prey. The feeding behavior adopted by this ray species showed a sequence of manipulation to crush hard prey as crustaceans (dominant prey category for P. motoro) to facilitate final oral transport. The morphological and behavioral characteristics of P. motoro are essential to fully understanding the mechanisms used in prey capture and processing in environments in which these stingrays occur.


The origins of the 55,000 member Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina are unclear. Many think the Lumbee are descendants of Sir Walter Raleigh's Roanoke Island "Lost Colonists" of 1587, the first permanent English settlers in North America. A new group of settlers arrived on Roanoke Island in 1590 to replenish supplies and grow the colony. However, when they arrived, the fort was deserted and all they found was the word "Croatoan" carved into a tree. According to this theory, sometime between 1587 and 1590, the settlers moved to another island or mainland location called "Croatoan." The idea continues that the English colonists settled among and intermarried with the friendly Croatan Indians, and by 1650 the tribe migrated to the area in and near present-day Robeson County, North Carolina. The ancestors of the Lumbee were mainly Cheraw and related Siouan-speaking Indians who have lived in the vicinity of Robeson County since the 1700s. The Lumbee have been recognized as a Native American tribe since 1885 by the state of North Carolina, although they have yet to receive federal recognition. They take their name from the Lumbee River, which winds its way through their ancestral lands.For the first half of the twentieth century, North Carolina laws called for triple segregation—separate schools for African American, Lumbee, and white students, with African American and Lumbee schools far inferior in funding, equipment, and general support to white schools. Lumbee were also frequently discriminated against in employment, housing, recreation, and health until the 1960s. Despite these hardships, a few young Lumbee women were determined to become nurses. All of the early Lumbee nurses went out of state to receive their nursing education; a few returned to help their neighbors and families. Here are their stories.


Recent advances in vision-based tactile sensation have given rise to a novel class of high-performance sensing devices that measure traction fields (i.e. distributions of 3-D force vectors) with density comparable to the biological sense of touch. While this has been an emerging trend in robotics, it introduces diverse new possibilities for human-computer interaction as well. We describe how to apply computer vision techniques to measure the traction field applied to the surface of a silicone body, and discuss the potential of using the computed vector distribution as a rich and versatile interface for interactive desktop applications.


Purpose of review Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a rare developmental defect resulting in variable degrees of lung and pulmonary vasculature hypoplasia. Whereas many high-volume centers have recently reported increased survival rates, this has not been the collective trend. One potential explanation for this is inconsistent perinatal care among centers. Recent findings Significant efforts have been made to identify prenatally those fetuses that will be most severely affected. A number of radiologic features have shown promise for achieving this goal as well as identifying fetuses that may benefit from prenatal intervention. When CDH is antenatally diagnosed, early referral to a tertiary center is recommended. Centers that routinely use postnatal management protocols have demonstrated improved overall survival rates including increased survival in high-risk CDH patients. Summary As a result of advancements in perinatal care, more severely affected newborns with CDH are now surviving. These patients may experience a number of associated morbidities which affect not only their health but overall quality of life. A multidisciplinary approach to the long-term care of these patients will allow early identification and management of these morbidities.


In Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.


This case has been designed to explore strategic interactions among organizations with different business models. The case considers how a competitor successfully challenged the incumbent in a platform market defined by strong network effects and high switching costs. The case allows students to assess the advantages and disadvantages of eBay's platform business model in comparison to Amazon's retail business model; to evaluate business model performance when value loops of two industry players interact; to analyze how Amazon expanded its business model and overcame barriers to entry in a platform market that generates winner-take-all effects for first movers; discuss how eBay can respond to the new competitive dynamic, exploring both tactical and strategic interactions; and assess the strategic implications of eBay's 2011 acquisition of GSI Commerce.


Foreign investment is often constrained by two forms of political risk: expropriation and corruption. We examine the role of government corruption in foreign direct investment (FDI) when contracts are not fully transparent and investors face the threat of expropriation. Using a novel dataset on worldwide expropriations of FDI over the 1990–2014 period, we find a positive relationship between the extent of foreign investor protections and the likelihood of expropriation when a country's government is perceived to be highly corrupt, but not otherwise. We then develop a theory of dynamic FDI contracts under imperfect enforcement and contract opacity in which expropriation is a result of illicit deals made with previous governments. In the model, a host-country government manages the FDI contract on behalf of the public, which does not directly observe government type (honest or corrupt). A corrupt type is able to extract rents by encouraging hidden investments in return for bribes. Opportunities for corrupt deals arise from the distortions in the optimal contract when the threat of expropriation is binding. Moreover, a higher likelihood of the government being corrupt increases the public's temptation to expropriate FDI, magnifying investor risk. The model predicts that expropriation is more likely to occur when the share of government take is low and following allegations of bribes to public officials, and it suggests an alternative channel through which corruption reduces optimal foreign capital flows.


Smart home connects tens of home devices into the Internet, running a smart algorithm in the cloud that sends remote commands to the devices. While bringing unprecedented convenience, accessibility, and efficiency, it also introduces safety hazards to users. Prior research studied smart home security from various aspects. However, we found that the complexity of the interactions among the participating entities (device, IoT cloud, and mobile app) has not yet been systematically investigated. In this work, we conducted an in-depth analysis to four widely used smart home solutions. Combining firmware reverse-engineering, network traffic interception, and black-box testing, we distill the general state transitions representing the complex interactions among the three entities. Based on the state machine, we reveal several vulnerabilities that lead to unexpected state transitions. While these minor security flaws appear to be irrelevant, we show that combining them in a surprising way poses serious security or privacy hazards to smart home users. To this end, five concrete attacks are constructed and illustrated. We also discuss the implications of the disclosed attacks in the context of business competition. Finally, we propose some general design suggestions for building a more secure smart home solution.


Objective Small increases in smoking restrictions in cars and homes were reported after legislation prohibiting smoking in public places. Few studies examine whether these changes continued in the longer term. This study examines changes in restrictions on smoking in cars and homes, and child exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) in these locations, since 2008 postlegislation surveys in Wales. Setting State-maintained primary schools in Wales (n=75). Participants Children aged 10–11 years (year 6) completed CHETS (CHild exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke) Wales surveys in 2007 (n=1612) and 2008 (n=1605). A replication survey (CHETS Wales 2) was conducted in 2014, including 1601 children. Primary outcome variable Children's reports of whether smoking was allowed in their car or home and exposure to SHS in a car or home the previous day. Results The percentage of children who reported that smoking was allowed in their family vehicle fell from 18% to 9% in 2014 (OR=0.42; 95% CI 0.33 to 0.54). The percentage living in homes where smoking was allowed decreased from 37% to 26% (OR=0.30; 95% CI 0.20 to 0.43). Among children with a parent who smoked, one in five and one in two continued to report that smoking was allowed in their car and home. The percentage reporting SHS exposure in a car (OR=0.52; 95% CI 0.38 to 0.72) or home (OR=0.44; 95% CI 0.36 to 0.53) the previous day also fell. Children from poorer families remained less likely to report smoking restrictions. Conclusions Smoking in cars and homes has continued to decline. Substantial numbers of children continue to report that smoking is allowed in cars and homes, particularly children from poorer families. A growing number of countries have legislated, or plan to legislate, banning smoking in cars carrying children. Attention is needed to the impact of legislation on child health and health inequalities, and reducing smoking in homes.


In some experiments, intense electron fluxes were made to encounter high proton concentrations to achieve p + e fusions. Anomalies were observed: The electron energies were often below the threshold energy, and the cross-section results were unexpectedly high. A twofold mechanism consisting of hydrogen squeezed atom formation and of virtual neutron absorption is suggested to justify the observed anomalous nuclear events. The hypothesis is extended to the d + e reaction.


Abstract Value streams for collected post-consumer textiles continue to be analyzed within the global challenge to develop and employ commercially viable, yet ethical and sustainable strategies within the fashion industry. Upcycling is an existing strategy applicable to fashion production, with discarded materials used to design and create higher value products, keeping them in productive use for longer. A number of very small, niche upcycling enterprises have emerged in the UK. These brands have succeeded in creating stylistically relevant and commercially successful fashion styles utilizing waste textile materials. The advantages of scaling these enterprises up are not only environmental, but also economic and social, thereby creating a sustainable and innovative business model for UK-led fashion production. Due to high levels of three key metrics of carbon, water and waste, UK government agency WRAP (Waste & Resources Action Programme) has identified textile products as priority materials for reuse and recycling. Upcycling enables a sustainable design option for reuse techniques to be employed for greatest economic and environmental benefit, in which used clothing and textiles are sourced for the production of newly designed fashion products. This paper identifies the key differences between standard fashion design and production processes and upcycled fashion design and production processes, in order to aid the development of large-scale fashion upcycling in the UK, and contribute to a circular economy.


Odorous drinking water problem occurred repeatedly in one city in northern China in recent years. The uniqueness of this odor episode lay in two aspects: (1) the odorous chemicals were quite different from common odorants, such as geosmin and 2-MIB; and (2) it occurred repeatedly in different seasons during a time span of more than 2 years. The screening of odorants was the first and one of the most important steps to address this problem. The field study eliminated the possibility of external pollution and targeted on odorous algal excretion. Odorous water samples were taken at different locations. Headspace solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was employed to identify possible odorants. Algal species were observed under a microscope. The GC/MS results indicated that pyrazines and aldehydes, rather than geosmin and 2-MIB, were the most possible peace breakers. Other odorants, such as ketones and thiols, were also detected at trace level. The planktonic algae were detected in high populations in the reservoir. Diatom was regarded as the most possible source of the odor. Guidelines for odorants removal in water treatment process were made to help the local water company address future odor problem.


Abstract Hydrolytic exchange was performed experimentally on four smectitic clays to evaluate the extent of clay alteration induced by this process and the associated 'auto-transformation' of H+ clays. Clay samples were Na-saturated and submitted to 10, 50 and 100 wetting-drying (WD) cycles and characterized after treatment using X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and cation exchange capacity analysis. Evidence for hydrolytic exchange was given by increasing amounts of exchangeable Mg2+ and precipitation of Na soluble salts for samples subjected to 100 WD cycles. Results indicated a decrease in the interlayer charge after 10 WD cycles but no further decrease was observed after 50 and 100 WD cycles. For one sample, XRD data indicated a decrease in the proportion of the smectite phase and a relative increase in the concentration of illite-smectite mixed layers also present in the sample. The results suggested that the reaction induces first a decrease in the layer charge and then a partial dissolution of some smectite layers.


Seasonally saturated wetlands are hydrologically dynamic ecosystems that provide various ecosystem services; however, their variable hydrologic conditions may promote greenhouse gas emissions. The extent to which wetlands produce and emit greenhouse gases is intimately tied to the underlying microbial community. We established a linear transect spanning a hydrologic gradient on the margins adjacent to five seasonally saturated wetlands to characterize how water level, saturation duration, and frequency of wet-dry cycles influenced the soil and methane-cycling microbial community composition. We found that the soil and methane-cycling microbial community diversity and structure were strongly related to water level changes and saturation duration but not saturation frequency. Soils that experienced inundation or saturation for more than 50% of the year harbored a soil microbial composition distinct from soils that were rarely saturated or inundated. While soils closer to the wetland basin supported a higher relative abundance of methanogens, methane-oxidizing microbes were present across the entire topographic gradient; however, the composition shifted from a primarily anaerobic to aerobic methanotroph community. Findings suggest that soil and methane cycling microorganisms are influenced by the soil's hydrologic conditions, with methane producers being restricted to specific ranges and methane oxidizers able to occur under a variety of hydrologic conditions. The mechanisms driving methane oxidation by the latter, however, may depend on the hydrologic conditions.


The legend of King Arthur has spread throughout Western Culture to such an extent that he is a world-wide symbol of courtly chivalry, justice, and rightful kingship. The question of Arthur's existence has captured public fascination and ignited scholarly debate. To understand this fascination, we need to look at the development of Arthurian legend by examining the historical context in which the nation of Great Britain was created through the overpowering of indigenous cultures and a consolidation of medieval kingdoms by outside groups. Drawing from archaeological evidence, historic, and current sources, we can understand King Arthur's role as a symbol of Britain, which has affected the narrative of Tintagel Castle as the birthplace of King Arthur. Tintagel Castle is a major tourist destination and is currently undergoing excavations. These have been widely publicized, following a tradition of linking archaeological evidence and artifacts to Arthurian legend. This research delves into the rhetoric used to justify support for Arthurian archaeology. The legend of King Arthur is not a static story, yet most people know only one version of it. The proto-nationalist forces that shaped the legend of King Arthur, combined with the commercialization that surrounds the archaeology of Arthurian sites, promote an idealized version of British history, which continues to affect current events and the national identity of British peoples. There needs to be a more nuanced, responsible approach Arthur to reflect archaeological evidence and real history. To conclude this thesis, I will suggest possible alternatives to the current presentation of Tintagel.


A model that integrates biophysical simulations in an economic model is used to analyze the impact of climate change on crop production. The biophysical model simulates future plantmanagement-climate relationships and the economic model simulates farmers' adaptation actions to climate change using a nonlinear programming approach. Beyond the development of average yields, special attention is devoted to the impact of climate change on crop yield variability. This study analyzes corn and winter wheat production on the Swiss Plateau with respect to climate change scenarios that cover the period of 2030-2050. In our model, adaptation options such as changes in seeding dates, changes in production intensity and the adoption of irrigation farming are considered. Different scenarios of climate change, output prices and farmers' risk aversion are applied in order to show the sensitivity of adaptation strategies and crop yields, respectively, on these factors. Our results show that adaptation actions, yields and yield variation highly depend on both climate change and output prices. The sensitivity of adaptation options and yields, respectively, to prices and risk aversion for winter wheat is much lower than for corn because of different growing periods. In general, our results show that both corn and winter wheat yields increase in the next decades. In contrast to other studies, we find the coefficient of variation of corn and winter wheat yields to decrease. We therefore conclude that simple adaptation measures are sufficient to take advantage of climate change in Swiss crop farming.


In this article, I focus on a selection of recent French scholars who insist on a fundamental distinction between pornography ( pornographie ) and eroticism ( érotisme ). I delve into these scholars' descriptions of and justifications for the pornography - eroticism distinction, and explore what is at stake in affirming such a difference. I contend that, far from being a question of genre—or even quality—this is a political distinction, which intertwines with important debates about values and social relations that are present in current French politics and academia. This article examines the justifications used and definitions proposed by scholars in France to (re)assert this distinction, and considers the extent to which the new French claims reproduce some of the political assumptions of US anti-porn feminists, as well as an elitist hierarchy based on ideas of artistic quality. Ultimately this article argues that the key concept that distinguishes pornography from eroticism for these scholars is love, and that they conceptualise love in a highly normative and reactionary fashion in order to elevate eroticism and denigrate pornography. In pursuing their analysis in this way, conservative values are permitted to masquerade as apolitical explorations of genre and aesthetics, without open acknowledgement of the political and moral perspectives they reinforce.


Summary 1. Accurate resource selection functions (RSFs) are important for managing animal populations. Developing RSFs using data from GPS telemetry can be problematic due to serial autocorrelation, but modern analytical techniques can help to compensate for this correlation. 2. We used telemetry locations from 18 woodland caribou Rangifer tarandus caribou in Saskatchewan, Canada, to compare marginal (population-specific) generalized estimating equations (GEEs), and conditional (subject-specific) generalized linear mixed-effects models (GLMMs), for developing resource selection functions at two spatial scales. We evaluated the use of empirical standard errors, which are robust to misspecification of the correlation structure. We compared these approaches with destructive sampling. 3. Statistical significance was strongly influenced by the use of empirical vs. model-based standard errors, and marginal (GEE) and conditional (GLMM) results differed. Destructive sampling reduced apparent habitat selection, /c-fold cross-validation results differed for GEE and GLMM, as it must be applied differently for each model. 4. Synthesis and applications. Due to their different interpretations, marginal models (e.g. generalized estimating equations, GEEs) may be better for landscape and population management, while conditional models (e.g. generalized linear mixed-effects models, GLMMs) may be better for management of endangered species and individuals. Destructive sampling may lead to inaccurate resource selection functions (RSFs), but GEEs and GLMMs can be used for developing RSFs when used with empirical standard errors.


Representation of the Higher Educational and Scientific Institutions in the Upper House of the Hungarian Parliament in 1927–1944. The Upper House, what was the second chamber of the Hungarian Parliament, was functioning between 1927 and 1944 and followed the image of the Main House (House of Magnets) before 1918, but operated in a more democratic spirit and structure. Besides the aristocrats and the leaders of the church, the representatives of the higher educational and scientific institutions, and economic organizations deserved a place. The study overviews the Upper House representation of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, universities in the capital and in the country, other scientific organizations, and other institutions of higher education, and there is enclosed a list of the representatives of the above mentioned institutions exactly to the day.


The sequence of the DNA binding site affects the transcriptional regulatory activity of the glucocorticoid receptor. Protein activity can be allosterically regulated by the binding of ligands or cofactors outside the protein's active site. The ability of nuclear hormone receptors to bind DNA and influence the transcription of target genes, for example, is affected by hormone binding. The transcriptional regulatory activity of these receptors is generally thought to be determined by the affinity with which they bind the DNA target. Meijsing et al., however, report that the transcriptional regulatory activity of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) does not correlate with the affinity with which it binds to different GR binding sites (GBSs), but rather with the sequence of the GBS. Structural studies revealed that the conformation of the lever arm (the domain through which GR exerts its transcriptional regulatory activity) was determined by the sequence of the GBS to which GR was bound. The ability of specific DNA sequences to allosterically regulate the transcriptional regulatory activity of GR could thus provide a mechanism through which gene-specific regulatory activity might be achieved. S. H. Meijsing, M. A. Pufall, A. Y. So, D. L. Bates, L. Chen, K. R. Yamamoto, DNA binding site sequence directs glucocorticoid receptor structure and activity. Science 324, 407–410 (2009). [Abstract] [Full Text]


The Jurassic Rooi Rand dolerite dyke swarm was emplaced sub-parallel to the Lebombo Monocline during the initial stages of Gondwana breakup. The dykes extend northwards from the southern Lebombo region in northern KwaZulu-Natal, into central Swaziland, spanning a distance of approximately 200 kilometres with a width between 10 and 22 kilometres. Detailed mapping of a 600m-Iong section on the Pongolo River, established at least eleven phases of intrusion. Each dyke age was systematically sampled and analysed for whole-rock major, trace and rare earth element composition, as well as mineral chemistry. Selected samples were analysed for stable isotopes. In addition to notable intra-dyke chemical variations, there is also a high degree of inter-dyke mineralogical and geochemical variation, each dyke age bearing distinct geochemical characteristics. The apparent geochemical trend is not one of simple fractionation with time. Dyke chemistries are closely linked to magma genesis and magma volumes with time. Evolution of the magmas may be described in terms of varying degrees of partial melting and fractional crystallization, with a small degree of crustal contamination. Major, trace and rare earth element data indicate a lithospheric mantle source for the majority of dyke phases, and an asthenospheric source for only two of the eleven ages. Contrary to this, isotopic data (oxygen and radiogenic) indicate an enriched asthenospheric source for all the dolerites. This suggests that all ages may have originally been derived from the asthenosphere, with the majority of ages being intruded into the lithospheric mantle to later undergo partial melting and fractional crystallization, with some contamination. Previous studies assumed an asthenospheric source with depleted MORB-like rare earth element profiles to be representative for the majority of Rooi Rand dolerites. The Rooi Rand doleritesappear to display a geochemical link with the southern Sabie River Basalt Formation, as well as the Lebombo rhyolites. Magmatic evolution of the dykes was intimately linked to the initial rifting processes of lithospheric stretching and asthenospheric upwelling, which in this case concluded in a classic failed rift situation.


The problem of decentralized multiple Point of Interests (Pols) detection and associated task completion in an unknown environment with multiple resource-constrained and self-interested Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) is studied. The UAVs form several coalitions to efficiently complete the compound tasks which are impossible to be performed individually. The objectives of such coalition formation are to firstly minimize resource consumption in completing the encountered tasks on time, secondly to enhance the reliability of the coalitions, and lastly in segregating the most trusted UAVs amid the self interested of them. As many previous publications have merely focused upon minimizing costs, this study considers a multi-objective optimization coalition formation problem that considers the three aforementioned objectives. In doing so, a leader-follower-inspired coalition formation algorithm amalgamating the three objectives to address the problem of the computational complexity of coalition formation in large-scale UAV networks is proposed. This algorithm attempts to form the coalitions with minimally exceeding the required resources for the encountered tasks while maximizing the number of completed tasks. The proposed algorithm is based on Quantum Evolutionary Algorithms (QEA) which are a combination of quantum computing and evolutionary algorithms. Results from simulations show that the proposed algorithm significantly outperforms the existing coalition formation algorithms such as merge-and-split and a famous multi-objective genetic algorithm called NSGA-II 1.


BISTRO-PRIMER TOOL TO DESIGN AND VALIDATE SPECIFIC PCR PRIMER PAIRS FOR PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS Praful Aggarwal Marquette University, 2011 Polymerase Chain Reaction is a widely used biological technique which helps in amplifying small quantities of DNA. These amplified DNA copies are then used in several other experiments like DNA sequencing, phylogenetic analysis, etc. PCR primers are short subsequences of nucleotides (basic unit of DNA) that help identify larger regions of the DNA sequence. They help in successfully amplifying the target DNA sequence by identifying complementary regions on the DNA template. Therefore, to successfully perform PCR it is imperative to design good quality primers. PCR can be used for identifying the phylogenetic classification of an organism. For example, in an anaerobic digester, there is a diverse microbial community involved that works to digest the waste material into carbon dioxide and methane. The methane produced can be used in the future as a renewable fuel. To identify the microbes involved, researchers use PCR that uses primer pair(s) targeting some specific group of microbes, on the 16S rRNA region of their sequences. This way they are more likely to amplify DNA from specific microbes only which are present in the target group. This could help in the phylogenetic classification of unknown microbes. In this thesis work a PCR primer pair design and validation software tool has been developed. This tool helps in designing primer pairs that amplify a target region in a specific taxonomic rank (e.g. Genus). It uses a novel scoring function to differentiate between the specific and the not-so specific primer pairs. 16S rRNA sequences for four different genera (Syntrophobacter, Syntrophomonas, Methanosarcina and Streptococcus) were used to develop and test the tool. To the best of my knowledge, primer pair(s) specific for amplifying Syntrophobacter or Syntrophomonas have not yet been published and the results from Bistro-Primer after further validation would be the first specific primer pairs for target amplification of these genera.


This historical documentary details the foundation and colonial history of South Carolina through the city of Charles Town, or present-day Charleston. Much emphasis has been placed on the Puritan foundation of New England, but little is taught in history textbooks of the English settlements of the south. Important issues of early racial relations have their beginning in and around the port of Charles Town, the only fully walled English city in North America. The brick curtain wall facing the sea stood for a century overlooking the emergence of free ideas as well as human suffering, only to disappear beneath the streets along with the memories of their forbearers.

The Walled City of Charles Town tells the story through the words of leading experts on the topic of historical Charleston. The story is outlined into five participant groups: the English, the Natives, the Africans, the Pirates, and the Americans. Cutaway footage uses paintings, engravings, and maps, many of which are stored in archives in the city and are photographed by the film crew. Images of modern day Charleston are incorporated, also collected by the crew.

Its companion piece, Diggin' History in South Carolina, contains interviews with leading experts in the field of colonial South Carolina. They explain their archaeological and anthropological work discovering the almost-forgotten foundations of this powerful British colony.


Babon River is one of the important rivers in Central Java through the Semarang Regency, Semarang City and Demak Regency. However, the amount of domestic, agricultural and industrial waste dumped into Babon River leads to increased pollution load and decrease in capacity. This study aimed to calculate the pollution load capacity using the Streeter Phelps method with appllied QUAL2Kw program to describing the quality of river water through the profiles of BOD, COD and TSS. And then it was compared with the standard stream due to Government Regulation No. 82/2001 about Management of Water Quality and Water Pollution Control. The study area includes Babon River from upstream to downstream that divided into 8 segments. The simulation BOD's curve, COD's curve and TSS's curve results that maximum pollution load capacity of the Babon River for BOD and COD parameters contained in the segment 8 and the TSS parameter is in segment 2, while for the minimum pollution load capacity for BOD parameter contained in segment 1, COD in segment 6 and TSS in segment 7. The result of simulation due to pollution load capacity uses minimum flow rate is compared with Government Regulation No. 82/ 2001, it indicate that in segment 8 has no capacity for water quality standard class I, II and III with pollution load capacity of BOD ranged 24, 5 kg / day – 54,2 kg / day, and then the pollution load capacity of COD has exceeded the water quality standard class I of 42,1 kg / day, while pollution load capacity of TSS parameter meet the capacity of all classes. Keywords: Babon River, Pollution Load Capacity, Water Quality, QUAL2Kw


The neurotransmitter serotonin underlies many of the brain's functions. Understanding serotonin neurochemistry is important for improving treatments for neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression. Antidepressants commonly target serotonin clearance via serotonin transporters and have variable clinical effects. Adjunctive therapies, targeting other systems including serotonin autoreceptors, also vary clinically and carry adverse consequences. Fast scan cyclic voltammetry is particularly well suited for studying antidepressant effects on serotonin clearance and autoreceptors by providing real‐time chemical information on serotonin kinetics in vivo. However, the complex nature of in vivo serotonin responses makes it difficult to interpret experimental data with established kinetic models. Here, we electrically stimulated the mouse medial forebrain bundle to provoke and detect terminal serotonin in the substantia nigra reticulata. In response to medial forebrain bundle stimulation we found three dynamically distinct serotonin signals. To interpret these signals we developed a computational model that supports two independent serotonin reuptake mechanisms (high affinity, low efficiency reuptake mechanism, and low affinity, high efficiency reuptake system) and bolsters an important inhibitory role for the serotonin autoreceptors. Our data and analysis, afforded by the powerful combination of voltammetric and theoretical methods, gives new understanding of the chemical heterogeneity of serotonin dynamics in the brain. This diverse serotonergic matrix likely contributes to clinical variability of antidepressants.


There is widespread consensus that the legal profession stands at an important inflection point. Traditional models of professional organization, practice, and education are under increasing pressure to adapt to important changes in the environments in which lawyers work. At the same time, these same forces make the profession's commitment to its traditional ideals of equality and the rule of law more relevant and important than ever.The current status of women in the legal profession mirrors this complex duality. On the one hand, the number of women entering the profession has increased dramatically in recent decades, and women lawyers can now be found in leadership positions in virtually every major legal institution in the country, including three female justices on the United States Supreme Court. And yet, the percentage of women in these top positions remains far below their representation in the profession, even when adjusted for the fact that women did not begin to enter legal practice in significant numbers until the 1970s. To make matters worse, even women who have achieved important career success appear to be leaving their prestigious positions - and the profession as a whole - in alarming numbers.It is against this background that we offer this Preliminary Report on The Women and Men of Harvard Law School. The Preliminary Report presents the results of the Harvard Law School Career Study (HLSCS), conducted by the school's Center on the Legal Profession (CLP). Begun with a generous grant from a visionary group of women alumnae in connection with the 55th celebration of the graduation of the school's first female students in 1953, the study seeks to deepen the understanding of the career choices made by HLS graduates by providing for the first time systematic empirical information about the careers trajectories of graduates from different points in the school's history. In this Preliminary Report, we offer a first look at the Study's findings about the salient similarities and differences between the careers of the school's female and male graduates.


On the modern stage of development the question of search of long-term resources of development was intensified. The objective condition of his decision is adjusting of effective work of capital market on the basis of account of features and progress of roar of capital of foreign countries trends. The article is devoted this questions.


Constructed wetlands (CW) are widely used to treat wastewater (WW) because of its high efficiency for removal of pollutants, and low operational and maintenance costs. Plants play an important role in enhancing the WW treatment process in CW. Therefore, selection of the appropriate plant species to be grown in CW is an important criterion to ensure the success of the CW system. The performances of 5 plant species, namely, Typha (Typha spp), Dwarf Napier (Pennisetum purpureum), Guinea grass (Panicum maximum) and 2 varieties of Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L) i.e. K 465/118 (K465) and Thai Kenaf grown in cattle WW were evaluated over 4 weeks. The different plant species were ranked using Typha (a widely use plant for phytoremediation) as a control based on their percentage of mortality, rate of growth of the root system, crude protein (CP) content, dry matter yield (DMY), and palatability score. The results showed that Typha had the highest score followed by Napier, K465 Kenaf, Thai Kenaf and Guinea. Based on the results of this study three plant species (Typha, Napier and K465 Kenaf) were selected for further evaluations in experiment 2.

In the second experiment, the 3 plant species were grown in 3 different concentrations of cattle WW; low (COD 2,000 mg/L), medium (COD 7,000 mg/L) and high (COD 14, 000 mg/L) in a 3 x 3 factorial experiment arranged in a RCBD design. Almost all of the Napier plants died by the end of the 2 weeks adaptation period. Typha and Kenaf had the highest above-surface fraction (stems and leaves) fresh yield (FY) and DMY in the medium WW concentration. The nutrient content of the 2 plants increased with increased WW concentration. The under-surface fraction (roots) FY and DMY of Typha was positively associated with the WW concentration, while negative relationships were obtained for Kenaf. Pollutants removal by Typha from WW was more efficient than Kenaf.

The third experiment was conducted to examine the efficiency of pollutants removal from cattle WW. It consisted of a 3 hydraulic retention times (HRT) (5, 10 and 15 days) x 3 plant types [Typha, Kenaf and no plant (as control)] factorial experiment, arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 3 replications. On average, the removal efficiency ranged from 58 to 65 % for Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) for the various treatments, 77 to 94 % for Total Suspended Solids (TSS), 60 to 79 % for Ammonium Nitrogen (NH+4-N), 51 to 65% for Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN), 50 to 60% for Dissolved phosphate (DP) and 50 to 61% for Total Orthophosphate (OP). Nitrogen and P removal efficiencies of the cells with plants were 11-19 and 7-11%, respectively, higher than unplanted cells; however, plants were not effective in COD and TSS removals. HRT contributed on removal efficiency for TSS and COD but not in nutrients removal. Effluent TSS for the 15 days HRT (46.7 mg/L) is within the permissible limit for effluent discharge from livestock WW in Malaysia. However, the average COD of the effluent discharge (684 mg/L) from different treatments was marginally higher than the permissible limit (500 COD mg/L) for effluent discharge from livestock WW in Malaysia.

Typha and Kenaf plants grew well in the CW and exhibited their potential as phytoremediation agents and possibly as a source of animal feed.


In recent years we have observed a process of change in the concept of urban mobility. Today there is a greater appreciation of the journeys on foot or by bicycle, and a bigger concern of the need for investments to improve public transportation as well. This is one reason why some cities in the world are rethinking the use of public space and trying to give back to the population areas that have been degraded and abandoned by the government, considering demolishing some viaducts. Thus, it can be said that the demolition of the Perimetral Viaduct, in the Port Zone of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), has been a milestone in the history of national urbanism. So it is possible to assume that, depending on the results achieved in the aforementioned area, other parts of the city that have the same characteristics and that have been affected by the construction of a viaduct can also be included in a range of issues and, therefore, call for studies and urban interventions. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate what makes a good or a poor neighborhood to its residents, ie, check whether the presence or absence of a viaduct is key to measure the quality of the urban space by its immediate vicinity. As a case study we opted for the Paulo de Frontin Viaduct, located in the neighborhood of Rio Comprido, in the city of Rio de Janeiro. Methodologically, this research has parts of theoretical nature, where it sought to analyze the origin of the urban chaos and the history of the neighborhood concerned, and a part that focuses primarily on the results of interviews with residents and former residents of Rio Comprido. The conclusion is that the presence or absence of a viaduct is less relevant for the quality of the space than it is supposed, and a viaduct is not decisive in itself to determine either depreciation or degradation of an existing neighborhood, but it may be deemed an aggravating factor. This observation further reinforces the importance of popular participation in city decisions, since they are the real users.


In this paper we present the Peer Database Management System (PDBMS). This system runs on top of the standard database management system, and it allows it to connect its database with other (peer) databases on the network. A particularity of our solution is that PDBMS allows for conventional database technology to be effectively operational in mobile settings. We think of database mobility as a database network, where databases appear and disappear spontaneously and their network access points may change, and are not known a priori. There is a further request (and proposed PDBMS satisfies it) that databases must know, independently of their network access points, how to locate other databases, and how to interoperate with them on servicing user requests (i.e., queries and updates). PDBMS is implemented on top of the Peer-to-Peer platform JXTA [1]. Peer-to-Peer (P2P) is a decentralized networking model where each party (called a node or a peer) has equivalent abilities in providing other parties with data and/or services. Peers are largely autonomous from other peers, and they interoperate in a local, point-to-point manner. All these notions are crucial from the point of view of mobility databases may come and go, interact with different databases at different times or for answering different queries, the size of the network can dynamically shrink and expand depending on how many nodes are online, and databases can benefit from collaboration with one other by coordinating their data at runtime. JXTA helps us to implement mobility by providing an IPindependent naming space to address nodes; it is system, and networking platform independent. This allows PDBMS to be completely portable and, therefore, "pluggable" on top of multiple host platforms. Moreover, the proposed software solution is a self-contained application that can be fit on a small capacity storage device as a flash drive, which can be easily handled around. Each peer on the network provides a source database described by a (source) schema, or supplies only the schema. In this latter case a node acts as a kind of mediator in transitive propagation of data. Peers define semantic data dependency links between their schemas and use these links to coordinate data, i.e., answer input queries, propagate query results and updates. Input queries in the system are formulated w.r.t. the source schemas of single nodes. Peers are largely autonomous, in particular in what data they store, in which nodes they establish semantic data dependency links with and coordinate their data, etc. PDBMS implements a fully decentralized data coordination model [2]. The four notions at the core of our model are Interest Groups, Acquaintances, Correspondence Rules, and Coordination Rules. The first notion allows for a global aggregation of nodes carrying similar information, while the second allows for a local logical point-to-point data exchange between databases. The acquaintance is not a symmetric notion, i.e. the fact that a node is acquainted with another node does not necessarily mean that the vice versa also holds. A node is an acquainted node for some other node if the latter is an acquaintance of the former. Acquaintances are associated with a set of acquaintance queries, which are used to import data from acquaintances' databases. An acquaintance query is the minimal block for building semantic data dependency links between peer databases. An acquaintance query is a conjunctive query [3], which head refers to some relation at a node, and its body is a query over the relations of a node's acquaintance. Correspondence Rules solve the heterogeneity problem at the instance level, namely they specify mappings between objects of the domains of the two nodes' databases. Finally, Coordination Rules are responsible for data coordination with acquaintances and acquainted nodes. The data coordination model is implemented inside a concrete logical architecture, see Figure 1 (first level) and Figure 2 (second level). A node consists of PDBMS, a Source Database (SDB) and a Source Schema (SS). SS describes a shared part of SDB. PDBMS consists of User Interface (UI), Database Manager (DBM), JXTA Layer and Wrapper. DBM implements the four basic notions described above. JXTA Layer is responsible for all node's activities on the network, such as discovering of new nodes and interest groups, joining and leaving groups, sending and receiving queries and query results, and so on. Wrapper manages connections to SDB, it is responsible for extraction and maintenance of the source schema. Since different databases may require different database drivers, this module is adjustable depending on the underlying database. On the second level architecture we "open" the DBM and JXTA Layer. Rectangles with rounded corners stand for data repositories which store various information. Normal rectangles represent executive modules. The meaning of arrows between UI, DBM, JXTA Layer and Wrapper is the same as in Figure 1, namely, they represent procedure calls. Consider the JXTA Layer. The advertisements repository stores all discovered and locally created JXTA advertisements (see [2] for details on JXTA advertisements). Inside the rectangle, three advertisement types are represented, although in practice there are also others. The peer advertisement includes the source schema information. The Services module implements the core JXTA services (see [2] for details on JXTA core services) and DB-related services (i.e., the services required to run peers without databases). Consider now DBM. The P2P Management module allows users to control other modules and repositories from both the DBM and JXTA Layer. For instance, it makes it possible to create a new communication link (called pipe), to make a new acquaintance or to modify a coordination rule. The control lines are shown as thick arrows from P2P Management to other components. Query Planner processes all input queries. It uses acquaintance queries, acquaintances and interest groups information in order to detect groups and nodes for propagation. The Query Propagation (QP) module takes this information as input and uses correspondence rules for query rewriting. Finally, it uses pipes to send translated queries to acquaintances. When necessary, QP submits queries to the source database. Results Handler receives results coming from acquaintances and translates them using Correspondence Rules. If these results are for a user query, then it reports them to UI. Otherwise, it sends them backward to the node which sent respective network query. Apart from this, Results Handler gets results coming from Wrapper, and sends them either to UI or to the network. Finally, Update Handler provides all functionality necessary for updates processing. In order to facilitate performance study experiments, we provide some peer (called super-peer) with some additional functionalities. In particular, that peer can read acquaintance queries for all peers from a file and broadcast this file to all peers on the network. Once received this file, each peer looks for relevant for that peer acquaintance queries, reads them, and creates necessary pipe connections. If an acquaintance queries file is received when a peer has already set up acquaintance queries and pipes, then it drops "old" queries and pipes, and creates new ones, where necessary. Thus, a super-peer can change the network topology at runtime. This is extremely convenient for running multiple experiments on different topologies. For the purposes of collecting experimental data, each node has an additional statistical module (not shown on Figure 1). This module accumulates various information about queries (and updates) such as: total execution time of a query, number of query result messages received per acquaintance query and the volume of the data in each message, and so on. During the lifetime of a network, each node accumulates this information. A super-peer has the possibility to collect, at any given time, statistical information from all nodes on the network. Then, the super-peer processes all incoming statistical messages, aggregates them, and creates a final statistical report. The current version of the PDBMS implements Acquaintances and Coordination Rules, and partially implements Interest Groups (only one base interest group is supported) and Correspondence Rules. Amongst other things, the prototype is capable in: discovering nodes and publishing node's resources on the network; remotely monitor other nodes (e.g. check whether their pipe connections are ready); send queries to acquaintances, receive and reconcile incoming query results; discover network topology defined by paths of interdependent acquaintance queries; execute global update procedure on the network [4]. The prototype is implemented in Java and is about 6 Mbytes in size including the JXTA libraries and excluding all metadata files (e.g. source schemas, JXTA advertisements, etc). The Java Virtual Machine environment (about 40 Mbytes) is required to run the application. Thus a self-contained application package can fit in space of about 46 Mbytes, which can be placed on a flash drive. The results of the first experiments show reasonable query answering and update propagation times in small size networks (up to 20 nodes). For the experiments we created various source databases with several thousand of tuples at each node, with different degrees of the overlapping of data at different nodes. The combination of database and P2P technologies has already received a lot of attention, see for instance [5], [6], [7], [8]. Among many other things (see [9], [2] for a detailed discussion of the related work) our solution considers a new dimension for P2P databases – mobility, where PDBMS, database, or both, can be mobile ([9], in particular, provides the vision of our approach).


The orthogonal test method has been used to study the effects of the concentration of SiC, the speed of mixing, the temperature and the surfactants on depositing rate, and obtained the optimized technological scheme and fine Ni-P-SiC composite coating. The results showed that using citric acid-acetic acid as complexing agents can obtain high speed of depositing and homogeneous coating with SiC well-distributed. Among the technological parameters, the effects of temperature on depositing rate is biggest, and the surfactants is next. Give consideration to depositing rate and stability of the liquid, the temperature should be controlled at 82±2°C, the concentration of SiC particles and surfactants should be controlled in 4g/L and 60mg/L.


This paper provides a comprehensive firm level analysis of the relation between a firm's capital investment and its equity return. We find that firm capital investment is negatively associated with future equity returns in the time-series. In the cross-section, portfolios of firms with low investment growth rates or low investment capital ratios have significantly higher expected returns than portfolios of firms with high investment growth rates or investment capital ratios. With a stochastic discount factor, a standard investment model can generate the same predictive patterns of investments as in the data. Furthermore, an investment growth factor, which is the return difference between low investment stocks and high investment stocks, contains similar information as HML and can explain the value effect as well as HML.


Daniel Branch. Defeating Mau Mau, Creating Kenya: Counterinsurgency, Civil War and Decolonization. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009. African Studies Series, xxii + 250 pp. Map. Photographs. Bibliography. Index. $80.00. Cloth. $24.99 Paper. Like other revolutionary movements, the Mau Mau peasant revolt continues to fascinate and even frustrate scholars. There has always been the drive to arrive at the "ultimate explanation" for the revolt. Its enduring appeal, which has in recent years extended beyond scholarly scrutiny to politics, rests on its unwieldy character; its decentralized organization before, during, and after the revolt; the agonizing impossibility of accurately determining its membership, ideological underpinnings, and the extent of British brutality in the execution of the war and the role of Home Guards in this repression; the existence of several centers vying for leadership of its memory in the postcolonial period; the residual tension between the former Home Guards and the Mau Mau guerillas or their supporters and descendants in the rural areas of Central Province; the political value of Mau Mau to the Kikuyu elite in postcolonial Kenya; the complicated role of Mau Mau in the attainment of political independence ( Uhuru) in Kenya; and finally the political and scholarly contest over the memory and position of Mau Mau in Kenya's national history. Daniel Branch's book is a major contribution to the expanding Mau Mau historiography. The book is corrective in intent and tone. Branch seeks to draw attention to the loyalists (Home Guards), whose stories and value have hitherto been either neglected or misrepresented by the dominant nationalist thrust in the study of Mau Mau. According to Branch, many of the published books on Mau Mau have failed to account for local violence 'Svi thin the communities of the Central Highlands" by inadequately considering "political economy, household relations, the cosmologies of the actors, and the demands placed on them by their living in a time of intense conflict" (3-4). Also, these books have failed to note that there were very many loyalists, not just "a few wealthy Christian individuals," and that they were motivated by very complex needs and aspirations that cannot solely, or even principally, be explained with reference to preconflict "cleavages within Kikuyu society" (4) . Branch argues throughout his well-researched book that the revolt ended up as a civil war among the Kikuyu. The loyalists were not peripheral to the armed conflict, and their story is crucial to understanding Kenya's decolonization and postcolonial society and political economy. …


Rich, diverse assemblages comprising a total (live + dead) of twenty-one ostracod species belonging to fifteen genera were recovered from phreatic waters of the hypogenic Frasassi Cave system and the adjacent Frasassi sulfidic spring and Sentino River in the Marche region of the northeastern Apennines of Italy. Specimens were recovered from ten sites, eight of which were in the phreatic waters of the cave system and sampled at different times of the year over a period of five years. Approximately 6900 specimens were recovered, the vast majority of which were disarticulated valves; live ostracods were also collected. The most abundant species in the sulfidic spring and Sentino River were Prionocypris zenkeri, Herpetocypris chevreuxi, and Cypridopsis vidua, while the phreatic waters of the cave system were dominated by two putatively new stygobitic species of Mixtacandona and Pseudolimnocythere and a species that was also abundant in the sulfidic spring, Fabaeformiscandona ex gr. F. fabaeformis. Pseudocandona ex gr. P. eremita, likely another new stygobitic species, is recorded for the first time in Italy. The relatively high diversity of the ostracod assemblages at Frasassi could be attributed to the heterogeneity of groundwater and associated habitats or to niche partitioning promoted by the creation of a chemoautotrophic ecosystem based on sulfur-oxidizing bacteria. Other possible factors are the geologic age and hydrologic conditions of the cave and karst aquifer system that possibly originated in the early– middle Pleistocene when topographic uplift and incision enabled deep sulfidic waters to reach the local carbonate aquifer. Flooding or active migration would have introduced the invertebrates that now inhabit the Frasassi Cave system.


The recently adopted Strategy for the economic and social development of the EU - Europe Strategy 2020, recognizes the concept of the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) as one of the tools for the achievement of a smart, sustainable and inclusive growth. Although the integration of CSR concept into business strategies is made on voluntary bases, governments, civil sector, media and academia have an important role in its promotion. The aim of this paper is to analyse the role that CSR plays in the socio-economic development focusing on Serbia. While the Government perceives the importance of CSR for Serbian socio-economic development, it is noticeable that pressure on companies to undertake socially responsible activities made by media, NGOs, consumers and business partners is not remarkable. In addition, the business community still does not have enough CSR initiatives that would be both beneficial to the community and profitable for companies. The paper argues that education on CSR of the managers and the broader public is essential in raising the awareness of the benefits that CSR offer. Consequently, it would lead towards the wider implementation of CSR in Serbia.


Pad thai, pho soup, bao: the cuisines of South East Asia have ardent enthusiasts far beyond their native lands, and are now among the most consumed dishes in the world. But the familiar take-away menus and thriving specialist shops rest atop a compelling history of food, culture and modernity, which award-winning photographer and writer Michael Freeman explores in this comprehensive and beautifully illustrated guide to South-east Asian cuisine. "Ricelands" takes the reader on a colourful and engaging tour through the richly layered food cultures of the region. Travelling across the landscapes of Thailand, Vietnam, Burma, Cambodia, Malaysia, Laos, Indonesia and the Philippines, Freeman explores the origins and defining characteristics of their respective cuisines, and their evolution as they entered foreign cultures. From birds' nests gathered in Thailand's coastal caves to the less familiar dishes of Burma and Cambodia, to the pungent durian fruit (and Westerners' often aghast reactions), the author unearths unexpected treasures and tantalizing facts about Southeast Asia and its social history. The book also examines the cooking techniques, complex spices, and agricultural economies that underpin the countries' food cultures, and considers how the informal nature of southeast Asian eating fits into the rhythms of modern-day living. A vibrantly illustrated and wide-ranging study, "Ricelands" takes us into the heart of tropical Asia and the delicious foods that define it the world over.


The use of a Ti:LiNbO3 symmetric Mach-Zehnder interferometric intensity modulator with a push-pull lumped electrode and a plate-type probe antenna to measure an electric field strength is described. The modulator has a small device size of 46×7×1 and operates at a wavelength of 1.3 μm. The output characteristic of the interferometer shows the modulation depth of 100% and 75%, and Vπ voltage of 6.6 V, and 6.6 V at the 200 Hz and 1 KHz, respectively. The minimum detectable electric field is ~1.84 V/m, ~3.28 V/m, and ~11.6 V/m, corresponding to a dynamic range of about ~22 dB, ~17 dB, and ~6 dB at frequencies of 500 KHz, 1 MHz and 5 MHz, respectively.


Applying an electrical field for 10 min to mechanically dewatered biosolids increased dryness to 35 to 45% and reduced Escherichia coli levels to/close to detection limits. Possible reasons for the regrowth of bacterial pathogens impacted by electro-osmotic dewatering are biosolids dryness, low pH and the generation of bacterial oxidants on the anode due to high temperatures. Testing for this with aerobic and anaerobic incubations resulted in more than four logs of E. coli regrowth in 2011, when biosolids harboured higher initial counts; whereas regrowth was not observed in 2012, when biosolids had lower E. coli counts. In 2011 experiments, however, addition of a nitrate salt prior to anaerobic incubations reduced regrowth by 1.4 logs. This indicates that other NO3−-respiring organisms could be competing with E. coli and diverting electrons away from the E. coli population. These results suggest that electro-osmotic dewatering and nitrate can play a role in controlling E. coli regrowth.


Social and Political Philosophy introduces some of the most important topics in contemporary political philosophy and questions whether these can be accommodated within the framework of liberal theory. It consists of specially written essays by prominent figures in social and political philosophy. Each essay carefully considers both the theoretical and practical problems of a major topic. Traditional perspectives are balanced with new challenges. Topics include: * Moral Methodology * Libertarianism * Socialism * Lesbian and Gay Perspectives * Feminism * Racial and Multicultural Perspectives * Rationality * Welfare Liberalism * Environmentalism * Virtue Ethics and Community * Just War Theory and Pacifism * Civil Disobedience.


We review recent developments in the use of optical solitons for communication systems spanning transoceanic distances. The implementation of "soliton control" to alleviate the detrimental impact of effects such as amplifier noise is shown to be critical for obtaining advantages over competing technologies. The potential performance of two control strategies, namely straight line filtering and synchronous phase modulation, is examined in detail. Design diagrams are used to determine the maximum permissible amplifier spacing, which is a key determinant of system economics. To focus the enquiry, two example system spans are taken, representing transatlantic and transpacific distances. It is concluded that straight line filtering provides very little improvement over a basic design without control. However synchronous phase modulation, which may be implemented using a handful of actively driven components, provides very substantial benefits. These may be used either to extend the overall bit-rate-distance product of the system or to increase the amplifier spacing at more moderate capacities. © 1995 Academic Press. All rights reserved.


a The search for high voltage cathodes for lithium-ion batteries has led to recent interest in the monoclinic Li 2 Fe(SO 4 ) 2 material which has a voltage of 3.83 V vs. lithium, the highest recorded for a fl uorine-free iron-based compound. Here we investigate the defect, surface and lithium migration properties of the Li 2 M(SO 4 ) 2 (M ¼ Fe, Mn, Co) materials using combined atomistic modelling and density functional theory (DFT) techniques. All intrinsic defect types including Li/M antisite disorder are found to be of high energy, suggesting insigni fi cant concentrations. Low activation energies are found for lithium migration along the a -axis channels giving rise to long-range 1D di ff usion, which are supported by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. For the crystal morphology a signi fi cant surface area is exposed to these 1D di ff usion channels, which would allow facile Li insertion and extraction. Using DFT simulations we reproduce the high voltage of the Li 2 Fe(SO 4 ) 2 material in accord with electrochemical data and also examine local structural distortions on lithium extraction.