Summary form only given. Wideband spread spectrum-coded signals are routinely used for satellite tracking and positioning purposes. These signals are transmitted using very low power levels simultaneously to the main digital or analogue direct-TV signal without any interference. The round-trip time-delay is measured, which provides the range at precisions of better than 5 cm. The line-of-sight velocity is determined at the same time with accuracies of better than 0.1 mm/sec. These ranging-signals have been received with independent time-receivers located in the footprint area of the satellite. The locally re-generated spread-spectrum symbol-rate stabilizes a low-phase-noise crystal oscillator, whose frequency is corrected for the Doppler shift induced by the satellite's relative movement. Orbital information and measured velocity is continuously broadcast from the ranging site to the user with minimum time delay in the form of user data modulating the spread-spectrum signal. Frequency and time-transfer accuracies achieved so far are presented. The system shows a potential frequency transfer accuracy compatible with good H-maser clocks for integration times of about one day and more. Further enhancements to the system are investigated to provide a reliable, highly accurate frequency and time reference.


This study seeks to identify and describe the characteristic elements of European Jewish fiction during the period 1890-1945. Writings that deal with overtly religious themes or which have Zionist publicistic tendencies have been excluded and emphasis is placed on works with settings that are sim- ilar to those to be found in contemporary European fiction by non-Jewish writers. In order to provide a broad comparison, the study incorporates representative literary material by Jews from both Western and Eastern intellectual traditions, and includes texts in the three major languages of artistic expression in these communities: German, Yiddish, and Hebrew. On the basis of this material, it is argued that, in three respects at least, there is an identifiable unity in secular Jewish writing. Firstly, there is a thematic preoccupation with thwarted idealism, which is elaborated in a complex interaction among such themes as social alienation, ambivalence in interpersonal relationships, political altruism and impotence. Secondly, there is a consistent treatment of the characterisation of women, the devel- opment of their relationships to men, and the role of the family. Finally, there is a special reliance on the literary device of irony, in both its verbal and situational forms. The introductory chapter provides historical background and gives a general outline of the thesis. Subsequent chapters are organised as a sequence of thematic and stylistic comparisons; firstly between represen- tative texts from Eastern and Western Jewish communities and finally between the writings of a Jewish and a non-Jewish author, in an analysis of the use of irony in the works of Siegfried Kracauer and Thomas Mann. The German texts studied are Der Weg ins Freie by Arthur Schnitzler, Junge Frau von 1914 by Arnold Zweig, Kafka's Das Schlofl, Georg and Ginster by Siegfried Kracauer and Die Flucht ohne Ende by Joseph Roth. The Yid- dish writings are Di mishpokhe Karnovski and Khaver Nakhmen by I.J. Singer, Tsvishn emigrantn, Nokh Alemen and Mides-hadin by Dovid Bergelson and Di gas by Yisroel Rabon and the Hebrew texts are Nokhah hayam and Hayey nisu'im by David Vogel.


This book gives an overview of altmetrics, its tools and how to implement them successfully to boost and measure research outputs. New methods of scholarly communication and dissemination of information are having a huge impact on how academics and researchers build profiles and share research. This groundbreaking and highly practical guide looks at the role that library and information professionals can play in facilitating these new ways of working and demonstrating impact and influence. Altmetrics focuses on research artefact level metrics that are not exclusive to traditional journal papers but also extend to book chapters, posters and data sets, among other items. This book explains the theory behind altmetrics, including how it came about, why it can help academics and where it sits amongst current measurements of impact. Editor Andy Tattersall draws on the expertise of leading altmetric innovators and practitioners, with chapters from Euan Adie, the founder of Altmetric.com; William Gunn, the Head of Academic Outreach at Mendeley and Ben Showers, author of the bestselling Facet title Library Analytics and Metrics. Readership: Altmetrics will empower library and information professionals working in higher education, researchers, academics and higher education leaders and strategists to develop the skills and knowledge needed to introduce and support altmetrics within their own institutions


On these decisions hangs the future of the business: how successful it is, even whether it is successful. Yet business history is full of strategic decisions, both big and small, that were weak, poorly conceived and consequently disastrous. This book looks at the whole process of strategic decision-making: the forces that influence decision-makers, the traps they fall into, the times when a rational approach to decision-making is required and those when intuition is needed, the techniques that can help managers reach a strategically sound decision, and the questions they should ask themselves before coming to a decision. By looking at the range of strategic decisions that companies face and the techniques - old and new - that can help, this book provides insights into how to make effective strategic decisions.


These days by increasingly use of BIM as a tools for AEC industry to make projects more workable before hitting the job-site, many companies have gain huge benefits from this usage. In AEC industry, mostly big companies with gigantic projects are more interested in using BIM as a tool to solve the complexity of their projects. The 3D model of these kinds of projects will help the project managers as well as the other project crews to have better understanding of the projects before doing anything. In addition to the visualization of the project, BIM tools can provide clash detection reports by which the project could encounter less reworks and change orders, meaning increase in workability. Although the use of BIM tools are very beneficial in large projects and could save a lot of money solving above mentioned problems, smaller projects could gain benefits from using these tools. The projects with budget below $5M are considered as smaller project in size in the research. To show this stated benefit, a project with the defined budget limit (<$5M) has been selected and investigated. In the investigation process, which is about to finish, several job-site visits have been conducted and the major clashes happened in the project have been capture on photos. These clashes were mainly between MEP system and the steel structure. By creating the 3D model of MEP and combine it with Structural and Architectural 3D models the real world clashes were detected. In the next step, by conducting several interviews with construction professionals, the amount of money that could be saved using BIM tools before starting the project could be determined. This finding could show the real cost benefit of using BIM as a helping tools for project smaller than $5M.


This paper presents a theoretical framework based on Bayesian decision theory for analyzing recently reported results on implicit coscheduling of parallel applications on clusters of workstations. Using probabilistic modeling, We show that the approach presented can be applied for processes with arbitrary communication mixes. We also note that our approach can be used for deciding the additional spin times in the case of spin-yield. Finally, we present arguments for the use of a different notion of fairness than assumed by prior work.


Battery aging in electric and hybrid vehicles is a major issue, and one which has to be taken into consideration during all stages of the vehicle lifecycle. It depends on many factors, such as the cell chemistry, the cell design and stress factors as well as the current rate, ΔDOD and temperature. The stress factors have been identified as being crucial due to their influence on two important battery parameters: capacity and inner resistance. Battery aging models are essential to describing the interacting influences that stress factors have on battery parameters. They provide insights about battery aging without the need for extensive measurements. Various battery aging models with widely varying capabilities are described in the literature.
The aim of this paper is to provide a decision guide for utilizing the most appropriate aging model for the major stages of the vehicle lifecycle: vehicle development, operation (onboard and offboard) and post-operation.
First, this paper summarizes the correlation of many known stress factors on battery parameters, considering all factors separately. Second, evaluation criteria for aging models and vehicle lifecycle stages are established. Third, the importance of the obtained evaluation with regard to the vehicle lifecycle stages is analyzed. Using the same criteria, the different kinds of battery aging models are evaluated in the fourth step. In the final section, a guide for the focused utilization is established.
In conclusion, the information obtained about requirements for aging models in major stages of the vehicle lifecycle and the evaluated aging models reduce the need for further research and development work for selecting the most beneficial cluster of aging models.


The weld heat affected zone (HAZ) in steels differs appreciably in both microstructure and properties from the parent steel as a consequence of the thermal cycles involved in either pipe manufacture or during the laying of transmission pipelines. In the former case, two pass welding is often used in producing the individual lengths of pipe which constitute the pipeline; firstly a pass is made filling the inside joint, then a final pass sealing the outer pipe surface. The thermal cycles surrounding such welds are determined by the welding heat input used and will vary with plate thickness. Examples of the range of microstructures encountered for typical pipe plate compositions are reviewed and their influence on the mechanical properties of the seam weld assessed. There are several regions of the HAZ where significant changes in properties may be encountered. The first of these is the coarse grained HAZ (CGHAZ), the focus of this paper, secondly in the intercritical (IC) or grain refined (GR) regions of the HAZ and, thirdly, those regions where the CGHAZ microstructure of the first welding pass is modified by the subsequent weld run on the outside surface. The latter causes tempering of the original CGHAZ structure, whilst there may be additional embrittlement from precipitation or other microstructural changes. The factors leading to the evolution of the CGHAZ microstructure during cooling after welding are, primarily, the austenite grain size resulting from the weld heating cycle and the steel composition. The major microstructural changes are the formation of martensite or mixtures of martensite/bainite and these depend, critically, on the transformation behaviour of the steel. As carbon contents have been reduced over the past 3 decades, increasingly, 'carbide free' bainitic microstructures have become a feature of the CGHAZ and some consideration is given to the prospects for developing acicular ferrite HAZ microstructures. The poorer properties associated with the IC and GRHAZ remain and may be exaggerated by higher alloy content used to depress transformation temperature in more recent pipe steel compositions. The role of microalloying in controlling the grain coarsening response is assessed in the light of the size and distribution of the microalloy precipitates in the parent plate. These considerations lead to the conclusion that a significant part of the microstructural changes, including changes in precipitate response to the thermal cycle, in various regions of the HAZ are indirectly linked to the process history of the parent steel. Examples are described for some simple steels.


Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) have limited budgets, resources, and great sensitivity to costs. When SMEs take the first step into implementing an enterprise resource planning (ERP) system, they need to think about many things, foremost the cost of adoption. Most ERP implementations fail due to inaccurate and optimistic budget and schedule estimations, as well as, anticipating indirect costs beforehand is problematic. With the deficiency of a clear model of cost factors for ERP adoptions, ERP adoptions face a high risk of failure Failures could be caused by several factors, but the scope of this research is focused on studying the factors that escalate costs. This could aid SMEs in visualizing the different expected costs, and would consequently assist in better future cost management and estimations. There has been plenty of research in ERP; however, a clear gap in ERP cost management and estimation exists. This paper focuses on identifying direct and indirect cost factors that influence total costs in the ERP adoption process. The paper presents a cost list that has been developed through literature and an ERP expert panel. Furthermore, this study validated the costs list through interviews with different stakeholders within ERP adoption projects in Egypt. Keywords: ERP; cost estimation; cost factors; SMEs.


Side-hustling – the engagement in diverse income-earning activities – has become a common phenomenon among Kenyan educated youth who are increasingly faced with formal employment uncertainties. In this article, I examine how aspirations and expectations of educated youth are formed within their opportunity space, involving their assessment of what is possible within their geographical, socioeconomic and political contexts, and given their own qualities and characteristics. Through the life stories of six educated young farmers interviewed in 2014, I show how side-hustling offered them an alternative livelihood strategy; a means for self-improvement; and a reconfiguration of their imagined futures. The article suggests moving beyond our deductive statistical analyses of who is employed and who is not; and instead utilising a youth livelihood framework which helps to understand how young people make meaning of themselves and opportunities around them in extreme socioeconomic conditions.


Secretion of proteins is initiated by their uptake into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which possesses a proteolytic system able to degrade misfolded and nonassembled proteins. The ER degradation system was studied with yeast mutants defective in the breakdown of a mutated soluble vacuolar protein, carboxypeptidase yscY (CPY*). The ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme Ubc7p participated in the degradation process, which was mediated by the cytosolic 26S proteasome. It is likely that CPY* entered the ER, was glycosylated, and was then transported back out of the ER lumen to the cytoplasmic side of the organelle, where it was conjugated with ubiquitin and degraded.


Indisputably the largest and most comprehensive book available on Noritake, more than 1,000 pieces in classical, Art Nouveau, and Art Deco styles with both luster and non-luster finishes are presented, as well as a wide variety of post-war bone china figurines and recent collector-series items such as Valentine's Day hearts and Easter eggs. The time span covered is greater than any other book in this field, including non-dinnerware "Noritake"-marked porcelains made between 1908-1995. Most of the items presented in this comprehensive volume have never before been seen in books on this subject. Chapters reviewing the history of the Noritake Company and trends in Noritake collecting, as well as photos of extremely rare pages from Noritake sales books are included. A comprehensive essay regarding the identification of Noritake backstamps with exclusive full-color photos of each stamp round out the book. The high-quality photographic materials are very clearly and carefully organized, making the book extremely easy to use as a reference tool for both novices and experts.


Mozambique is one of the poorest countries in the world. It also has one of the world's highest birth rates. Until recently there has been virtually no way to study Mozambique's high fertility because of the civil war. This paper uses a very recent survey of Mozambican women from 1997. The objective of this paper is to assess the impact of modernization on fertility in Mozambique, using as a background the "supply-demand theory" presented by Easterlin and Crimmins (1985). The first part of this paper describes the indicators of modernization for Mozambique by using maps, and indicates eventual correlations. The second part deals with the estimation of equations for demand for children, the supply of children and the use of contraception. The third part shows how the modernization variables visualized in the first part of the paper influence all these equations. The results show that the country has one of the highest demands for children in the world, but also one of the largest supply of children, followed by high infant and child mortality. In many provinces, the regulation costs are still high. Those who deliberately use contraceptives already have many children. Among the modernization variables, education is the factor that most affects supply, demand and also regulation costs in Mozambique.


This study is the result of nearly four decades of professional practice in the maritime industry and, in particular, dealing with shipping emergencies, including many high profile accidents and several hundred lesser, but potentially life-threatening, emergencies. The study uses this knowledge and experience as a basis for undertaking a critical evaluation of the Command, Control, Communication and Coordination (C4) framework that is typically used in dealing with such emergencies. It begins with a brief history and background to the C4 framework in the context of a major maritime emergency (MME). The components of the framework are defined and an exemplar activity map used to describe the framework in detail and the relationship between its components and external influences.

A preliminary evaluation of the C4 framework suggested that while it is largely robust in principle, there is considerable evidence to suggest that its utility in the handling of live emergencies is frequently undermined in practice. This finding led to a second phase of evaluation, which attempted to identify optimal operational principles that can contribute to a more effective implementation of the C4 framework in major maritime emergencies.
Six command principles (P1-P6) plus one sub-principle (P1a) developed from the author's career are described and used as a basis upon which to build additional principles. To determine these additional principles, seven case studies based on experience and professional practice, are examined to identify key statements and observations of Favourable (F) and Unfavourable (U) practice.

Evaluation and analysis of the key statements and observations led to thirty additional C4 framework principles. A short cross-sectional (latitudinal) survey was also conducted of emergency service professionals to support the professional practice and the principles derived from the case studies. Given the time constraints of this study and the difficulty in maintaining responses over time from all 395 respondents, a longitudinal survey was ruled out. Analysis of the survey led to a further three principles that included qualities required of a commander, and the selection of potential recruits to emergency response organisations, in particular command positions.

The six original principles of command (plus one sub-principle) are matched with extant cognitive decision making studies, together with a limited review of the psychology of decision making outside of the maritime context using real life examples, and evaluated for commonality or otherwise of biases and thinking approach. From these appraisals a further 5 principles were identified. In all, a comprehensive list of 46 C4 framework principles is produced that covers command in terms of people (command, skills and knowledge), Process (Design), Resources (Design), Organisation (Design). The 46 principles are classified under 3 headings: Capability, Readiness, Response, producing 26 consolidated principles under 10 sub-headings. The list is further refined to produce three distinct tables of principles in an operational format that can be used by any emergency response organisation.

The study, which is based on practical experience and professional practice supported by academic research, concludes that the implementation of the C4 framework for the management of an MME can be significantly flawed, and would benefit from the adoption of many of the principles derived from the author's own experiences and also from complementary sources. The study also supports the contention that it is the human element in the implementation of the C4 framework that could be improved and that the framework itself is largely fit for purpose.

The refined principles derived require actions to be undertaken, some more extensive than others, by commanders, trainers, recruiters and managers before they can be effective. To aid this approach, the principles are marshalled into three key groups, as commonly used by emergency services, as described above. The key groups can be used to aid the formation of simulated exercises for training purposes and for organisational design. In summary, the principles identified provide a foundation for improving the implementation of the C4 framework for the management of MMEs, and for emergencies across all other fields and in many other contexts.


We developed a direct memory access (DMA) engine compatible with the Xilinx PCI Express (PCIe) core to provide a high-performance and low-occupancy alternative to commercial solutions. In order to maximize the PCIe throughput while minimizing the FPGA resources utilization, the DMA engine adopts a novel strategy where the DMA address list is stored inside the FPGA and not in the central memory of the host CPU. The FPGA design package is complemented with simple register access to control the DMA engine by a Linux driver. The design is compatible with Xilinx FPGA Families 6 and 7, and operates with the Xilinx PCIe endpoint Generation 1 and 2 with all lane configurations (x1, x2, x4, x8). A multi-engine architecture is also presented, where two x8 lanes cores are used in parallel together with a PCIe bridge, to exploit fully the capabilities of a PCIe Gen2 x16 lanes link. A data throughput of 3461 MBytes/s has been achieved with a single PCIe Gen2 x8 lanes endpoint. If the dual-engine architecture is used, the throughput is increased up to 6920 MBytes/s. The presented DMA is currently used in several experiments at the ANKA synchrotron light source.


The morphological alterations of cortical lamination observed in mouse models of developmental hypothyroidism prompted the recognition that these experimental changes resembled the brain lesions of children with autism; this led to recent studies showing that maternal thyroid hormone deficiency increases fourfold the risk of autism spectrum disorders (ASD), offering for the first time the possibility of prevention of some forms of ASD. For ethical reasons, the role of thyroid hormones on brain development is currently studied using animal models, usually mice and rats. Although mammals have in common many basic developmental principles regulating brain development, as well as fundamental basic mechanisms that are controlled by similar metabolic pathway activated genes, there are also important differences. For instance, the rodent cerebral cortex is basically a primary cortex, whereas the primary sensory areas in humans account for a very small surface in the cerebral cortex when compared to the associative and frontal areas that are more extensive. Associative and frontal areas in humans are involved in many neurological disorders, including ASD, attention deficit-hyperactive disorder, and dyslexia, among others. Therefore, an evo-devo approach to neocortical evolution among species is fundamental to understand not only the role of thyroid hormones and environmental thyroid disruptors on evolution, development, and organization of the cerebral cortex in mammals but also their role in neurological diseases associated to thyroid dysfunction.


For the past decade, considerable research has been conducted at a series of small lakes receiving treated liquid effluent containing elevated selenium (Se) from the Key Lake uranium (U) milling operation in northern Saskatchewan, Canada. Several studies related to this site, including field collections of water, sediment, and biota (biofilm and/or periphyton, invertebrates, fish, and birds), semicontrolled mesocosm and in situ caging studies, and controlled laboratory experiments have recently been published. The aim of the present investigation was to compile the site‐specific information obtained from this multidisciplinary research into an integrative perspective regarding the influence of Se speciation on biogeochemical cycling and food web transfer of Se in coldwater ecosystems. Within lakes, approximately 50% of sediment Se was in the form of elemental Se, although this ranged from 0% to 81% among samples. This spatial variation in elemental Se was positively correlated with finer particles (less sand) and percent total organic C content in sediments. Other Se species detected in sediments included selenosulfides, selenite, and inorganic metal selenides. In contrast, the major Se form in sediment‐associated biofilm and/or periphyton was an organoselenium species modeled as selenomethionine (SeMet), illustrating the critical importance of this matrix in biotransformation of inorganic Se to organoselenium compounds and subsequent trophic transfer to benthic invertebrates at the base of the food web. Detritus displayed a Se speciation profile intermediate between sediment and biofilm, with both elemental Se and SeMet present. In benthic detritivore (chironomid) larvae and emergent adults, and in foraging and predatory fishes, SeMet was the dominant Se species. The proportion of total Se present as a SeMet‐like species displayed a direct nonlinear relationship with increasing whole‐body Se in invertebrates and fishes, plateauing at approximately 70% to 80% of total Se as a SeMet‐like species. In fish collected from reference lakes, a selenocystine‐like species was the major Se species detected. Similar Se speciation profiles were observed using 21‐day mesocosm and in situ caging studies with native small‐bodied fishes, illustrating the efficient bioaccumulation of Se and use of these semicontrolled approaches for future research. A simplified conceptual model illustrating changes in Se speciation through abiotic and biotic components of lakes was developed, which is likely applicable to a wide range of northern industrial sites receiving elevated Se loading into aquatic ecosystems. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2014;10:543–554. © 2014 SETAC


W is a systematic approach toward the construction of event-driven, interac- tive, real-time software. W is driven by practical concerns, including the desire to reuse existing code wherever possible, the limited real-time software support in popular operating systems, and system cost. W provides a simple, efficient, software interconnection system, giving objects a uniform external interface based on setting attributes to values via asynchro- nous messages. An example shows how W is used to implement real-time computer music programs combining graphics and MIDI.


We all start life needy, dependent on adults for our survival. Many of us will rely on the
care of others during the final stages of our lives. Between these two periods we may draw
on intensive support to help us cope with illness, disability or tragedy. Our dependence is a
core characteristic of our humanity, yet it is ignored or denied by dominant political and
economic theories. In Australia, as in every other country, it is mostly women who provide
the care of children as well as people who are sick, disabled or aged. Although there are
often intrinsic rewards, unpaid care work is time consuming and limits the carer's ability to
engage in other types of activities, including paid employment. The majority of employed
carers are women, with their work attracting low levels of pay. Characterised by an
uneven distribution of both care work and resources, the dynamics of work and family life
in Australia raise important questions of justice.
While the Australian work and family literature is rich in detail, it tends to be under
theorised. My research helps fill this gap, providing theoretical depth and greater
conceptual clarity to an ongoing and often heated public debate. Using philosophical
inquiry I examine the nature of the problem of care, the way it is framed and the
implications for social policy. Rejecting dominant choice and preference theories and
aspects of care ethics, I find that Martha Nussbaum's capabilities approach provides a
more promising theory for thinking about care and gender equality. However, I raise a
number of questions concerning care, responsibilities, the appropriate political goal and
the ontology of capabilities. To address these issues I propose an extended and
restructured capabilities list, which I test by evaluating three contentious policy issues:
extended parental leave, carer's payment and shared care. I find that my revised
capabilities approach provides a stronger support for justice in the way care is provided.


This dissertation will look at the adaptive reuse of heritage assets as an effective strategy for improving the operational and financial performance of heritage buildings as well as their impact on the surrounding urban enviroment. The report will delve into a range of sources, from government legislation including planning controls, listed building consent and conservation area controls to help gain a wider picture of this specific area of the property industry. A range of experts specialising in listed buildings and heritage property will be consulted in order to gain a different perspective of the problem. Estate agents and developers will also be consulted in order to gain a better understanding of why these buildings are, in some cases, avoided, given that there are numerous limitations surrounding listed buildings. In many cases the listed buildings have become the focal point for the development due to their character and history for example the Weavers Triangle, Burnley Lancashire. Our society tends to have a disposable view upon these historic buildings, however, adaptive reuse intends to offer a sustainable building template with existing infrastructure and embedded materials/energy. Industrial buildings will always have added costs associated with their reuse, but if anticipated early on, can be successfully dealt with through some careful planning and creativity, fortunately, there are several planning tools and financial incentives available to make the adaptive reuse of industrial buildings more economically feasible. Today, historic towns and cities around the country are experiencing unprecedented revitalization as cities use their cultural monuments as anchors for redevelopment.


Purpose: North-North Cooperation encompasses three regencies, North Gorontalo, Buol and North Bolaang Mongondow. This research will analyze the eminent products and also identify the shifting of economic structure. Desigh/Methodology/Approach: The analysis methods used are Location Quotient and Shift Share analysis. Findings: The result of Location Quotient analysis shows that the eminent economic sectors which are becoming the basis sector of those North-North Cooperation area are agriculture, forestry, and mining. Their eminent commodities are corn, cattle, and Vannamie cultivation. The shift share analysis shows a positive result which means the potential of those sectors is highly competitive and there is a big opportunity to develop them. Practical Implications: The study can be used to find out the region economy performance that is reflected by its growth, its rapid growth relative to sectors and its competitiveness. Originality/Value: The results are original for the region and they can be used by the local government to organize the regional cooperation in a more effective way.


This paper sets out a vision for international relations and development cooperation for the year 2030. It argues that the major transformation of the international political economy between 2007 and 2030 is likely to be the rise of large developing countries to great power status. Current trends in the growth of the economic and political power of such countries are examined, as are risks to their continued growth. These trends suggest that by 2030, it
is highly likely that China, and potentially other developing countries will have become major powers, and that the international distribution of power will be multipolar. Thismultipolarity is less likely to be conflictual than in previous periods of historical multipolarity because of the growth of international institutions and because of the economic interdependence
of major powers. The implications of this rise of large developing countries
on poorer, smaller countries are not clear cut: while smaller developing countries may benefit from an increased diversity of development paradigms and reformed international institutions, conflict amongst great powers for power and influence could be played out on their territory. However, conflict between North and South over development goals and objectives is not thought to be a major risk. The overall vision for 2030 is an optimistic one, but this optimism depends both on the actions of existing and new powers in the coming
25 years.


Background: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is an established form of treatment for patients with symptomatic gallstone disease. The present study was conducted to assess the usefulness of bupivacaine in controlling pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Materials & Methods: The present study was conducted on patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy of both genders. Patients were divided into 2 groups. Group I patients were given 20 ml of saline injected under vision into the region of the gallbladder bed and group II patients were given 20 ml of 0.25% bupivacaine. In both groups, postoperative pain was assessed with a visual analogue scale (VAS) at 1 hour, 3 hours 6 hours and 8 hours. Results: Group I had 12 males and 13 females while group II had 10 males and 15 females. The mean VAS score in group I was 4.2 and in group II was 2.3 at 1 hour, at 3 hours was 3.6 and 2.0 at 3 hours in both groups, at 6 hours was 2.4 and 1.8 in group I and group II respectively. At 8 hours was 1.6 and 1 in group I and group II respectively. At 1 hour and 3 hours, difference was significant (P< 0.05). Conclusion: It was seen that administration of intraperitoneal bupivacaine is a simple and effective method for postoperative pain relief after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.


The gel-based electrophoretic assay described in this study measures the levels of DNA damage caused by ultraviolet (UV) light, particularly UVB radiation, directly, in the absence of any possibility for DNA repair. The correlation between exposure to UV light, particularly UVB radiation, and increased skin cancer risk has necessitated the ability to easily assess DNA damage and the protective effects of certain UV absorbing chemicals. UV exposure followed by alkali treatment and gel electrophoresis reveals the extent of DNA Damage to be directly correlated with gel mobility. To enhance the sensitivity of the assay, T4 Endonuclease V was used to induce strand breaks at positions of cyclobutane dimmer formation. The potential utility of this assay in assessing the ability of sunscreen reagents to protect against DNA damage was demonstrated by examining the impact of UV-absorbing chemicals PABA and HMBS at different doses of UVB light. When these chemicals were included during irradiation of DNA protection was demonstrated in a dose-dependent manner. The assay described in this study provides a simple and rapid measure of DNA damage with the potential application to quantify the level of protection afforded by various chemicals.


The Java package jLDADMM is released to provide alternatives for topic modeling on normal or short texts. It provides implementations of the Latent Dirichlet Allocation topic model and the one-topic-per-document Dirichlet Multinomial Mixture model (i.e. mixture of unigrams), using collapsed Gibbs sampling. In addition, jLDADMM supplies a document clustering evaluation to compare topic models.


Property law has proven difficult to restate, with none of the American Law Institute's previous Restatements coming close to covering the full breadth of this area. In addition to trying to fill this gap, those working on the current Fourth Restatement aim to capture the architecture of property. In the terms of complex systems theory, a Restatement should reflect the arrangement and interactions, the groupings, and the coherence (sometimes) of property law, rather than treating it as a heap of full detachable rules and components. Conventional strong versions of the bundle of rights picture of property, reinforced by the nature of the Restatement process, make it difficult to address property as a complex system. Using examples of possession and the property torts, the paper shows how a Restatement can begin to incorporate property's architecture and why it matters to the operation and the development of the law.


In democratic societies, international integration requires popular approval. What determines the level of public support for international integration? We argue that national economic performance and the stringency of the proposed integration treaty modify the effects of two individual characteristics on public support: knowledge about the treaty and trust in the incumbent government. Poor economic performance amplifies the positive effect of treaty knowledge because informed citizens value international integration as collective insurance. However, reducing the stringency of the integration treaty through concessions undermines the positive effects of both treaty knowledge and trust in government because concessions mitigate concern even among uninformed and suspicious citizens. To test the theory, we estimate a random utility model on survey data on two repeated referenda on European integration: Maastricht I and II (Denmark, 1992/1993) and Lisbon I and II (Ireland, 2008/2009).


Sedentary behaviors are linked to adverse health outcomes, but the total amount of time spent in these behaviors in the United States has not been objectively quantified. The authors evaluated participants from the 2003-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey aged >/=6 years who wore an activity monitor for up to 7 days. Among 6,329 participants with at least one 10-hour day of monitor wear, the average monitor-wearing time was 13.9 hours/day (standard deviation, 1.9). Overall, participants spent 54.9% of their monitored time, or 7.7 hours/day, in sedentary behaviors. The most sedentary groups in the United States were older adolescents and adults aged >/=60 years, and they spent about 60% of their waking time in sedentary pursuits. Females were more sedentary than males before age 30 years, but this pattern was reversed after age 60 years. Mexican-American adults were significantly less sedentary than other US adults, and White and Black females were similarly sedentary after age 12 years. These data provide the first objective measure of the amount of time spent in sedentary behavior in the US population and indicate that Americans spend the majority of their time in behaviors that expend very little energy.


It's Not a Small World After All: Regulating Obesity Globally explores the prevalent problems of overweight and obesity among adults in various countries and the creative measures local and national governments are implementing to curtail this costly and life-threatening epidemic. Extreme measures include the Chinese government denying the obese adoption rights and Japan mandating that employers measure employees' waist lines. Less drastic measures can be found in the City of Jerusalem, which placed solar-powered scales in select locations and is considering making walking paths with exercise machines. New York City's calorie counting legislation is on the front line of the battle against obesity, requiring restaurants to display calorie information on menus. Following New York City's lead, over half of the states have considered or implemented laws with various applicability limiting trans-fat in restaurant food. The European nations, through voluntary programs, have attempted to attack advertising techniques aimed at over-eating. South Los Angeles has even tried temporarily banning new fast-food establishments. However, some measures seem to tip the scales, such as Mississippi's proposed legislation to prohibit restaurants from serving the obese, a bill that was quickly denied. Critics are in abundance, arguing that the government should not intrude on such a private choice as overeating. They question whether these governmental measures actually lower the obesity and overweight rates. Preemption-based lawsuits have depicted the issue of which level of government should be allowed to regulate. Yet another source of disagreement is exactly how a government should combat obesity, considering this problem hinges on such a personal choice; this article explores zoning restrictions, education-enhancing legislation, penalizing individuals and entities, voluntary programs, and financial incentives. The author explains that legislation aimed at educating the public, through information or wellness programs, seems to be the least costly and seemingly most effective way to curb obesity.


A COMP ARA TIVE ANALYSIS OF SELECTED PASTORS' PERSONALITY PROFILES AND THEIR CONFLICT MANAGEMENT STYLES William Mike Smith, The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary 2003 Chairperson: Dr. Dennis Williams This dissertation is a comparative analysis of selected pastors' personality profiles and their conflict management styles. As pastors understand their personalities, this will decrease conflict within themselves and with church members. This research presents three theological presuppositions. They are shared and examined by detailed biblical word studies and biblical examples. It was determined that this research presents the unique study of relationship using the DISC personality profile and Speed Leas' "Discover Your Conflict Management Style." Similar studies were examined and critiqued. The study involved 1,532 pastors in East Texas. The correlation coefficient Pearson (r) was utilized to examine relationships of pastors in their relationship of personality profile and conflict management style, along with scatter plots, and the Chi-square. The significance of the study is that there is a relationship between pastors' personalities and their conflict management styles. Pastors who are (D)ominance in personality tend to have a Persuade conflict management style. Pastors who are (I)fluencing in personality tend to exhibit a Collaborate conflict management style. Pastors who are (S)teadiness in their personality tend toward a Collaborate style of conflict management. Lastly, those pastors who are (C)ompliance in personality tend to have a Persuade conflict management style. The research found that years in the ministry have little or no effect upon pastors' personalities. Those with less than six years experience and those with twentyone or more years experience tend to be Collaborate in their conflict management style. All other pastors are inclined to be Persuade. Another significant finding of the research is that the more conflict a pastor faces, the more likely he is to be Persuade in his conflict management style. The education of a pastor affected his conflict management styJe ifhe obtained a doctoral degree, making him more likely than any other group to be Persuade . . The research will be helpful to pastors to better understand v,rho they are and how they respond to conflict. The research can serve as a resource for churches in leadership development. The research can provide valuable information for church pastor search committees. The committee could administer the survey to a prospective pastor, and together they could discuss his personality and conflict management style as it pertains to the needs of that church. The research can serve as a foundation for future research in this area.


In Portugal it has been estimated that unreported catches represent one third of total catches. Herein, information on landings and total unreported catches (discards) by commercial métier were disaggregated into high taxonomic detail using published scientific studies. Fish accounted for 93.5% (115493 t) of overall unreported catches per year, followed by cephalopods (2345 t, 1.9%) and crustaceans (1754 t, 1.4%). Sharks accounted for 1.3% of total unreported catches in weight (1638 t/y). Unreported taxa consisted mostly of the commercial landed fish species: Scomber colias, Boops boops, Trachurus picturatus, T. trachurus, Merluccius merluccius, Sardina pilchardus, Liza aurata and Micromesistius poutassou, which together accounted for 70% of the unreported discarded catches. The number of unreported/discarded species was highest in artisanal fisheries, followed by trawl and purse seine. In artisanal fisheries, L. aurata, S. colias, S. pilchardus, Trachinus draco and B. boops accounted for 76.4% of the unreported discards. B. boops, S. colias and S. pilchardus were also among the most discarded purse seine species, together with Belone belone accounting for 79% of the unreported catches. In trawl fisheries, T. picturatus (16%), M. merluccius (13%), S. colias (13%) and M. poutassou (13%) accounted for 55% of the trawl discarded unreported catches. The discarded species that most contribute to overall unreported catches are those that are most frequently landed and that most contribute to overall landings in weight.


The riparian zone is a narrow corridor where hillslopes (and their associated hydrobiogeochemical processes) interface with the river system. As such, the riparian zone serves as the last piece of landscape with which water interacts as it transitions from being water flowing primarily through the landscape (i.e., shallow groundwater) to water flowing primarily on the landscape (i.e., stream water). This study investigates the spatiotemporal variability in riparian-zone soil water total organic carbon (TOC) and its relation to the shallow groundwater table using observations from the recently instrumented riparian observatory in the Krycklan catchment study area located in boreal northern Sweden. In general, there is a decrease in TOC concentration with depth down through the soil profile. The rate of this decrease was variable among the six monthly samplings used in this study. The spatial variability of soil water TOC in the riparian zone was connected to the spatial variability of the shallow groundwater levels. This demonstrated the importance of the temporal variation of flow pathways and the mixing of waters from different sources of TOC moving into and through the riparian zone. The coupled variation of the hydrologic and biogeochemical systems raised questions about the ability of simple lumped approaches to accurately predict how in-stream TOC concentrations will change with climate and/or land use. The integrated sampling approach in the riparian observatory covers both hydrologic and biogeochemical aspects of soil water TOC and provides a basis for development and testing of distributed, physically based transport models.


This article examines the antitrust treatment of mergers that harm sellers. We separately consider two mechanisms of harm, increased classical monopsony power and increased bargaining leverage. We show that lost upstream competition is an actionable harm to the competitive process. Our central claim is that harm to sellers in an input market is sufficient to support antitrust liability. We defend this conclusion against the contrary view that demonstrated harm to the merging firms' downstream purchasers or final consumers is an essential element of any antitrust claim. Nor is it necessary for plaintiffs to demonstrate a reduction in the input quantity transacted. We further argue that claimed "efficiencies" premised on a reduction in buy-side competition are not efficiencies at all.


Phonetic perception and lexical access is sensitive to acoustic traces of co-articulatory processes in overlapping neighbouring segments. Longer distance coarticulatory effects, though well documented in production studies, have not been examined with regard to their contribution to lexical access. Using an eye-tracking paradigm, we examines whether the acoustic reflex of anticipatory lip-rounding and lip-spreading in initial // in German CC and CCC word onset clusters is used to decide between lexical candidates with phonemically identical onsets prior to the contrasting vowel. The results show a clear effect of the pre-vocalic consonant information, but the effect is not symmetrical for rounded and unrounded //. Results are discussed in relation to a phonemic vs. a (demi-)syllabic basis of lexical decisions and markedness theory.


The impulse toward play is very ancient, not only pre-cultural but pre-human; zoologists have identified play behaviors in turtles and in chimpanzees. Games have existed since antiquity; 5,000-year-old board games have been recovered from Egyptian tombs. And yet we still lack a critical language for thinking about play. Game designers are better at answering small questions ("Why is this battle boring?") than big ones ("What does this game mean?"). In this book, the game designer Brian Upton analyzes the experience of play -- how playful activities unfold from moment to moment and how the rules we adopt constrain that unfolding. Drawing on games that range from Monopoly to Dungeons & Dragons to Guitar Hero, Upton develops a framework for understanding play, introducing a set of critical tools that can help us analyze games and game designs and identify ways in which they succeed or fail. Upton also examines the broader epistemological implications of such a framework, exploring the role of play in the construction of meaning and what the existence of play says about the relationship between our thoughts and external reality. He considers the making of meaning in play and in every aspect of human culture, and he draws on findings in pragmatic epistemology, neuroscience, and semiotics to describe how meaning emerges from playful engagement. Upton argues that play can also explain particular aspects of narrative; a play-based interpretive stance, he proposes, can help us understand the structure of books, of music, of theater, of art, and even of the process of critical engagement itself.


A new method for design of multilayer antireflection coatings (ARCs) which makes use of a specified reflectance value R0, either zero or nonzero at a particular wavelength λ0, is developed. It offers an explicit scheme for evaluation of the optical/geometrical thickness of each layer, and the design variables are optimized with respect to integrated reflection loss R* over a specified bandwidth. It has been found that the method can be applied for design of wideband ARCs useful in the visible and IR regions, and the resulting bandwidth and residual reflection losses can be controlled as a function of R0. The method is found to be comprehensive so that more useful designs can be worked out, and it can be directly adopted to the design of single- and double-layer ARCs.


Only a minority of American households feels "confident" about retirement saving adequacy, and little is known about why people fail to plan for retirement, and whether planning and information costs might affect retirement saving patterns. To better understand these issues, we devised and fielded a purpose-built module on planning and financial literacy for the 2004 Health and Retirement Study (HRS). This module measures how workers make their saving decisions, how they collect the information for making these decisions, and whether they possess the financial literacy needed to make these decisions. Our analysis shows that financial illiteracy is widespread among older Americans: only half of the age 50 respondents could correctly answer two simple questions regarding interest compounding and inflation, and only one-third correctly answered these two questions and a question about risk diversification. Women, minorities, and those without a college degree were particularly at risk of displaying low financial knowledge. We also evaluate whether people tried to figure out how much they need to save for retirement, whether they devised a plan, and whether they succeeded at the plan. In fact, these calculations prove to be difficult: fewer than one-third of our age 50 respondents ever tried to devise a retirement plan, and only two-thirds of those who tried actually claim to have succeeded. Overall, fewer than one-fifth of the respondents believed they engaged in successful retirement planning. We also find that financial knowledge and planning are clearly interrelated: those who displayed financial knowledge were more likely to plan and to succeed in their planning. Moreover, those who did plan were more likely to rely on formal methods such as retirement calculators, retirement seminars, and financial experts, and less likely to rely on family/relatives or co-workers.


Fund more educators rather than just engineers Over the coming years, enormous amounts of money will likely be spent on adaptation to climate change. The international community recently made pledges of up to $100 billion per year by 2020 for the Green Climate Fund. Judging from such climate finance to date, funding for large projects overwhelmingly goes to engineers to build seawalls, dams, or irrigation systems (1). But with specific projections of future changes in climate in specific locations still highly uncertain, such heavy concrete (in both meanings) and immobile investments that can lock countries into certain paths may not be the best way to go (2). Our new study suggests that it may be efficient and effective to give part of this fund to educators rather than engineers. Public investment in universal education in poor countries in the near future should be seen as a top priority for enhancing societies' adaptive capacity vis-à-vis future climate change.


The NOD mouse is an animal model of IDDM that shows many of the characteristics of human IDDM. It has been proposed that β-cell destruction in IDDM progresses over time in a linear manner. Recently, we and others have demonstrated that T helper type 1 (Thl) cells have pathogenic roles in the NOD model and proposed that cytokine balances change as the disease progresses. However, it has not been demonstrated how or when the cytokine balances change or how the β-cell destruction progresses. We have recently demonstrated that the cytokine profiles of CD45RBlow CD4+ cells correlate either with their pathogenic or with their protective roles in the NOD mouse. To further analyze this apparent correlation between the shift in cytokine level and IDDM, we examined the anti-CD3-induced cytokine profiles of this subset from NOD mice of various ages compared with that from age-matched I-Ak transgenic NOD and BALB/c mice as controls. A significantly higher ratio of anti-CD3–induced interferon-γ/interleukin-4 was found in diabetic NOD mice (P < 0.0001) but not in age-matched nondiabetic NOD mice. This cytokine ratio did not change significantly until the onset of diabetes in NOD mice. Based upon these results, we propose that IDDM in the NOD mouse progresses as a predominant inflammatory β-cell dysfunction without actual β-cell destruction until late in the disease process. This supports the possibility that late-stage immunotherapy may preserve islet β-cell mass.


A noise abnormal rotary compressor is analyzed with sound quality evaluation method. Sound power level (A), loudness, roughness and sharpness are calculated as objective evaluation parameters, and the results indicate that the abnormal compressor has a poor sound quality compared with a normal one. Acoustic array technique can identify target sound source of complicated shape accurately, and get rich sound field information compared to traditional near-field measurement with a sound level meter. In order to diagnose the abnormal noise, the compressor sound sources are identified and located in full frequency range through acoustic array method. As a result, the key frequencies are diagnosed and the corresponding sources are also located, which provide the effective evidence for the future improvement.


Due to climate change and ongoing drought, California and much of the American West face critical water supply challenges. California's water supply infrastructure sprawls for thousands of miles, from the Colorado River to the Sacramento Delta. Bringing water to growing urban centers in Southern California is especially energy intensive, pushing local utilities to balance water security with factors such as the cost and carbon footprint of the various supply sources. To enhance water security, cities are expanding efforts to increase local water supply. But do these local sources have a smaller carbon footprint than imported sources? To answer this question and others related to the urban water–energy nexus, this study uses spatially explicit life cycle assessment to estimate the energy and emissions intensity of water supply for two utilities in Southern California: Los Angeles Department of Water and Power, which serves Los Angeles, and the Inland Empire Utility Agency, which serves the San Bernardino region. This study differs from previous research in two significant ways: (1) emissions factors are based not on regional averages but on the specific electric utility and generation sources supplying energy throughout transport, treatment, and distribution phases of the water supply chain; (2) upstream (non-combustion) emissions associated with the energy sources are included. This approach reveals that in case of water supply to Los Angeles, local recycled water has a higher carbon footprint than water imported from the Colorado River. In addition, by excluding upstream emissions, the carbon footprint of water supply is potentially underestimated by up to 30%. These results have wide-ranging implications for how carbon footprints are traditionally calculated at local and regional levels. Reducing the emissions intensity of local water supply hinges on transitioning the energy used to treat and distribute water away from fossil fuel, sources such as coal.


Recent research has suggested that relatively cold UK winters are more common when solar activity is low (Lockwood et al 2010 Environ. Res. Lett. 5 024001). Solar activity during the current sunspot minimum has fallen to levels unknown since the start of the 20th century (Lockwood 2010 Proc. R. Soc. A 466 303–29) and records of past solar variations inferred from cosmogenic isotopes (Abreu et al 2008 Geophys. Res. Lett. 35 L20109) and geomagnetic activity data (Lockwood et al 2009 Astrophys. J. 700 937–44) suggest that the current grand solar maximum is coming to an end and hence that solar activity can be expected to continue to decline. Combining cosmogenic isotope data with the long record of temperatures measured in central England, we estimate how solar change could influence the probability in the future of further UK winters that are cold, relative to the hemispheric mean temperature, if all other factors remain constant. Global warming is taken into account only through the detrending using mean hemispheric temperatures. We show that some predictive skill may be obtained by including the solar effect.


This book gives a comprehensive and thorough introduction to ideas and major results of the theory of functions of several variables and of modern vector calculus in two and three dimensions. Clear and easy-to-follow writing style, carefully crafted examples, wide spectrum of applications and numerous illustrations, diagrams, and graphs invite students to use the textbook actively, helping them to both enforce their understanding of the material and to brush up on necessary technical and computational skills. Particular attention has been given to the material that some students find challenging, such as the chain rule, Implicit Function Theorem, parametrizations, or the Change of Variables Theorem.


I refuse to answer that question as I don't know the answer. ABSTRACT Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, ALS, is a progressive fatal neurodegenerative disorder affecting motor neurones in motor cortex, brain stem and spinal cord. This inevitably leads to paralysis, respiratory failure and death. In about 5% of patients with ALS there is an association with mutations in gene for the abundant intracellular scavenging enzyme superoxide dismutase1, SOD1. The noxious property of SOD1 is proposed to be due to gain of function. In familial cases the inheritance is most commonly dominant. This study focus on two disparate SOD1 mutations occurring in Scandinavia. The recessive D90A mutation which has properties similar to that of the normal wild-type human SOD1. The dominantly inherited G127insTGGG mutation, G127X, causes a C-terminal truncation of the last 21 amino acids and is a highly unstable protein. Transgenic mice were created expressing D90A and G127X mutated human SOD1. Results from studies of tissue from the central nervous system of patients carrying either of these mutations were compared with similar tissue collected from transgenic mice generated with the same mutations. Tissue from the mice were also compared to central nervous tissue from several other transgenic mouse strains expressing human wild type SOD1 as well as other ALS associated human SOD1 mutations. The transgenic mice expressing D90A respectively G127X mutated human SOD1 develop motor neurone disease. Microscopic studies of central nervous tissues from G127X transgenic mice reveals inclusions of aggregated misfolded SOD1 in motor neurones and adjacent supporting cells. These inclusions are composed of detergent resistant aggregates and preceded by accumulations of minute quantities of detergent-soluble aggregates. The inclusions mimic those found in G127X patients. In D90A transgenic mice the progression, as in the humans, was slower and the mice, as the patients, showed bladder disturbance. In the D90A patients, the SOD1 inclusions mimic those found in sporadic ALS patients. Aggregation of SOD1 in central nervous tissue appears to be related to severity of disease. Degenerative features as vacuolization and gliosis precedes phenotypic alterations. Changes are seen not only in motor areas but also in higher centres of the telencephalon.


Evolutionary relationships between species can be modeled as a tree (called a phylogeny) whose nodes represent the species, internal vertices represent their ancestors and edges represent genetic relationships. If there are borrowings between species, then a small number of edges that denote such borrowings can be added to phylogenies turning them into (phylogenetic) networks. However, there are too many such trees/networks for a given family of species but no phylogenetic system to automatically analyze them. This thesis fulfills this need in phylogenetics, by introducing novel computational methods and tools for computing weighted phylogenies/networks, using Answer Set Programming (ASP). The main idea is to define a weight function for phylogenies/networks that characterizes their plausibility, and to reconstruct phylogenies/networks whose weights are over a given threshold using ASP solvers. We have studied computational problems related to reconstructing weighted phylogenies/networks based on the compatibility criterion, analyzed their computational complexity, and introduced two sorts of ASP-based methods (representation-based and search-based) for computing weighted phylogenies/networks. Utilizing these methods, we have introduced a novel divide-and-conquer algorithm for computing large weighted phylogenies, and implemented a phylogenetic system (Phylo-ASP) based on it. We have also implemented a phylogenetic system (PhyloNet-ASP) for reconstructing weighted networks. We have shown the applicability and the effectiveness of our methods by performing experiments on two real datasets: Indo European languages, and Quercus species in Turkey. Moreover, we have extended our methods to computing weighted solutions in ASP and modified an ASP solver accordingly, providing a useful tool (CLASP-W) for various ASP applications.


A series of compounds associated with naturally occurring and biologically relevant glycans consisting of α-mannosides were prepared and analyzed using collision-induced dissociation (CID), energy-resolved mass spectrometry (ERMS), and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The CID experiments of sodiated species of disaccharides and ERMS experiments revealed that the order of stability of mannosyl linkages was as follows: 6-linked > 4-linked ≧ 2-linked > 3-linked mannosyl residues. Analysis of linear trisaccharides revealed that the order observed in disaccharides could be applied to higher glycans. A branched trisaccharide showed a distinct dissociation pattern with two constituting disaccharide ions. The estimation of the content of this ion mixture was possible using the disaccharide spectra. The hydrolysis of mannose linkages at 3- and 6-positions in the branched trisaccharide revealed that the 3-linkage was cleaved twice as fast as the 6-linkage. It was observed that the solution-phase hydrolysis and gas-phase dissociation have similar energetics.


In this study, the researcher explored high school English language learners' perceptions of risk factors and protective factors present in their academic and social lives. The researcher also explored how these students negotiated risk factors and used protective factors to be academically resilient. Therefore, the study was designed to examine academic resilience from the students' perspectives, allowing them to share their story about their success in high school. The following research questions guided this study: (1) What risk factors are present in high school English language learners' academic and social lives? and (2) Which protective factors do high school English language learners use to be academically resilient? The researcher collected and analyzed qualitative data using key characteristics of focus group analysis. Nine students voluntarily participated in three different semi-structured focus group meetings. The findings revealed that risk factors such as lack of English language ability, low expectations of teachers, inability to form new relationships, stress, and inattentiveness prevented students from being successful. In addition, the students discussed how several protective factors like learning English, establishing and maintaining positive relationships, establishing and implementing good study habits, and possessing certain inner qualities helped them be academically resilient. Two themes that emerged were students (1) choosing to be academically resilient and (2) actively seeking sources of help. Based on this study, suggestions for educators are as follows: (1) consider providing more language support for newcomers; (2) include and build upon parent-school and teacher-student relationships; (3) encourage and provide ways for students to form relationships with others through school-based programs; (4) foster and continue to support the growth of the students' academic skills; (5) find ways for students to become more involved with community-based services and programs; and (6) stress the importance of holding all students to high standards, regardless of students' English language proficiency levels.


Particulate photocatalytic water splitting is the most disruptive and competitive solution for the direct production of solar fuels. Despite more than four decades of work in the field of photocatalysis using powdered semiconductors decorated with catalyst particles, there is no clear consensus on the factors limiting the solar-to-hydrogen efficiency (STH). To understand the intrinsic limitations of the system, we numerically simulated simplified two-dimensional photocatalytic models using classical semiconductor device equations. This work presents the sensitivity of quantum efficiency (QE) to the various semiconductor properties, such as absorption properties and carrier mobilities, and to the dispersion of catalyst particles, which create heterojunctions, the driving force for charge separation. As a result, a pinch-off effect was prevalent underneath the hydrogen evolution site, suggesting an undesired energetic barrier for electron diffusion to the catalyst. The simulation using the values reported in the literature revealed that the QE was exclusively governed by recombination in the bulk of the photocatalyst particles, hindering the charge separation efficiency before reaching the catalysts on the surface. Using some of the reported parameters, our simulation shows that a typical defective n-type semiconductor particle (∼100 nm) ideally exhibits a QE of <5% in the visible light range per particle, which reaches only approximately 10% in a slurry after 4 consecutive absorbing units (1.4% STH, from simulated solar irradiation). Although the present model contains rigid limitations, we use these trends as an initial guideline to pursue photocatalysis by a design strategy, which may result in possible alternatives to achieve higher efficiencies.


We report first results of measurements by low-coherence Doppler interferometry of the path-length distribution of photons undergoing multiple scattering in a highly turbid medium. We use a Mach-Zehnder interferometer with multimode graded-index fibers and a superluminescent diode as the light source. The path-length distribution is obtained by recording of the heterodyne fluctuations that arise from the Brownian motion of particles in an Intralipid suspension as a function of the optical path length. The experimental path-length distribution is in good agreement with predictions of Monte Carlo simulations. In the heterodyne spectrum, an increase of the mean Doppler frequency with path length is observed.


In the search for new synthesis routes of zeolites, the topotactic condensation of hydrous layer silicates shows promising results in generating novel zeolite materials with distinct framework types which might have new, interesting properties as, e.g ., molecular sieves or form-selective catalysts. In order to manipulate and optimise the condensation process detailed knowledge of the crystal structures is essential. The layer silicates considered here are of a special type and can be designated as high-silica hydrous layer silicates , HLSs. The structures consist of a tetrahedral layer of interconnected [SiO4]-units containing equal numbers of terminal silanol/siloxy groups on either side of the layer and of an inter-layer region where cations of low charge density (predominantly organic cations) and water molecules are located. A topotactic condensation of the layers performed at temperatures of around 500°C with simultaneous expulsion of the inter-layer constituents is able to form fully condensed, uninterrupted framework silicates. The topotactic conversion has so far been described rarely in comparison to the classical hydrothermal synthesis of zeolites. Nevertheless, several hydrous layer silicates with different layer topologies were successfully converted into zeolites of different framework types using this synthesis route: CAS (type material: EU-20, EU-20b), CDO (type material: CDS-1), FER (type material: siliceous ferrierite), MWW (type material: MCM-22), NSI (type material: NU-6(2)), RRO (type material: RUB-41), RWR (type material: RUB-24), SOD (type material: guest-free silica sodalite). Thereby, four new zeolite framework types were obtained which have not been synthesized, so far, by direct hydrothermal synthesis (CDO, NSI, RRO, RWR). This review gives an overview on the hydrous layer silicates being structurally characterized in detail, on the condensation process and on some properties of the resulting zeolite materials.


Motivated by the estimation capability of Kalman filter, a new meta-heuristic optimization algorithm known as Simulated Kalman Filter (SKF) has been introduced recently. According to the components of Kalman filtering, which includes prediction, measurement, and estimation, the global minimum/maximum can be estimated. Measurement process, which is needed in Kalman filtering, is mathematically modeled and simulated. Agents interact among them to modify and enhance the solution throughout the search process. Simultaneous Model Order and Parameter Estimation (SMOPE) and Simultaneous Model Order and Parameter Estimation based on Multi Swarm (SMOPE-MS) are two techniques of implementing meta-heuristic algorithm to iteratively establish an optimal model order and parameters simultaneously for an unknown system. The performance of SMOPE and SMOPE-MS has been examined through the utilization of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA). The objective of this paper is to test the effectiveness of SKF in solving system identification problem throughout SMOPE and SMOPE-MS. Experiments are conducted on six system identification problems. The obtained outcomes showed that the performance of SMOPE-MS(SKF) is better than SMOPE (SKF).


Background and Aim: Infants with intestinal failure often require long-term central access for delivery of parenteral nutrition (PN). Traditionally, surgically placed central venous catheters (CVCs) have been used; however, the complications associated with these catheters can lead to significant morbidity. Peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) are potentially superior to CVCs because they tend to be smaller, and can be placed without general anesthesia. The purpose of the study is to report the use of PICCs for long-term administration of PN in infants with intestinal failure and compare with previously published catheter infection and venous thrombosis rates. Methods: A 4-year review of infants younger than 12 months with intestinal failure and a PICC for PN delivery was performed to determine the incidence of catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSIs) and PICC-associated venous thrombosis. The complication rates were compared with those reported for CVCs and PICCs in the pediatric literature. Results: A total of 45 infants with intestinal failure, receiving PN through a PICC were included in the study. Data from 95 PICCs accounting for 10,189 catheter days were collected. The overall incidence of CRBSI was 5.3/1000 catheter days and the incidence of venous thrombosis was 2.0/1000 catheter days. Conclusions: PICCs offer an advantage over CVCs in that they can often be inserted without a general anesthesia and do not require manipulation of the vein. Given the low rate of CRBSI and venous thrombosis, we recommend PICCs for infants with intestinal failure requiring PN.


In a time where data on the genetic make-up of organisms is available in abundance, the theory of evolution is of immediate importance to answer key questions of biology: How can one explain the variation seen in the DNA of different organisms and species? What are the effects of changes in the DNA on the function of cells? What are the driving mechanisms of diseases with a genetic component such as cancer? Minimal mathematical models of evolution provide a basis for the interpretation of DNA data. The explanations they offer are concrete and testable, their assumptions and limitations explicit. The application and further development of minimal evolution models is the main theme of this work. In the first part, the functional effects of mutations found in cancer cells are analyzed from
the perspective of germline evolution. This is the process that produced the DNA of organisms as we see it today. Mutations have an effect on the fitness of healthy cells. This impact can be estimated from the variation seen in the sequences of protein domains. It is found that this evolutionarily informed conservation score has utility to identify cancer driver genes, especially if they are tumor suppressor genes. The relevance of this fitness scale for cancer mutations is demonstrated on a data set of mutations in protein kinase genes. This analysis is followed by
an application of Hidden Markov Models (HMM) to the detection of signals of positive selection in cancer mutation data. Cancer as an evolutionary process of
cells is markedly different from the process of germline evolution. Cancer-specific selection can be seen in genes, whose activity or lack thereof is essential for the
progress of cancer. These cancer genes exhibit an increased rate of amino acid changing mutations, beyond the level expected by chance. The identification of these genes is a statistical task for which HMM are shown to be most suitable. Finally, an extended mathematical model of evolution is analyzed which describes the adaptation of a sexually reproducing population to a global fitness maximum
via compensatory mutations. In a two-locus/two-allele model, the compound effects of mutation, selection, genetic drift, recombination and sign epistasis lead to the interesting situation of adaption via the crossing of a fitness valley in genotype space. This bottleneck can be overcome by rare large fluctuations in the allele frequencies overcoming the effect of recombinatorial reshuffling. The relevant time scales are derived for a parameter regime that includes large recombination.


Polymeric materials have been accumulating in the environment for decades as a result of the linear way of consuming plastics. Unfortunately, the current approaches followed to treat such a large amount of plastic waste, mainly involving physical recycling or pyrolysis, are not e ffi cient enough. Recently, chemical degradation has emerged as a long-term strategy towards reaching completely sustainable cycles where plastics are polymerised, depolymerised, and then re-polymerised with minimal changes in their quantity or fi nal properties. Organocatalysts, which are promising " green " substitutes for traditional organometallic complexes, are able to catalyse depolymerisation reactions yielding highly pure small molecules that are adequate for subsequent polymerisations or other uses. Moreover, by varying several reaction parameters ( e.g. solvent, temperature, concentration, co-catalyst, etc. ), the depolymerisation products can be tuned in innumerable possibilities, which further evidences the versatility of depolymeri-sation. In this review, we highlight the recent advances made by applying organocatalysts, such as organic bases, organic acids, and ionic compounds, to chemically degrade the most commonly used commercial polymers. Indeed, organocatalysis is envisaged as a promising tool to reach a circular and environmentally friendly plastic economy.


The article presents a challenge to the History high schools' curriculum by depicting that among the secondary concepts currently used in the understanding of History in high schools in South Africa the socio-environmental concept has been ignored which poses a question of whether or not the high school History curriculum is complete. According to Jared Diamond, societies collapse due to diverse reasons but environment is key.2 Hence D Woster,3 W Cronon4 and N Jacobs argue that the environment does not just represent a historical backdrop, but is an agent in its own right, providing a "material base for the power to dominate others" as well as the "power to endure domination".5 The case study of forced removals from Lady Selborne in 1961 and resettlement in Ga-Rankuwa in Pretoria demonstrates that forced removals from Lady Selborne did not only result in people losing their historical lands, material possessions, homes, history and their sense of being and connectedness but they also lost their attachment to their inheritance – the environment which resulted in their being apathetic towards environmental issues. Thus, the article proposes the inclusion of socio-environmental concepts in history which will provide a crucial step in terms of inculcating environmental activism and ethics among the youth of South Africa.


PURPOSE
The primary purpose of this study was to compare the health-related physical fitness and physical activity behaviors of Old Order Mennonite children to both rural and urban-dwelling children living a contemporary Canadian lifestyle.

METHODS
A cross-sectional study design was used to compare the physical fitness and physical activity characteristics of three groups of children between the ages of 8-13 yr. A total of 124 Old Order Mennonite children (OOM) from Ontario, Canada, were compared with contemporary living children from urban (USK, N = 110) and rural (RSK, N = 165) Saskatchewan, Canada. Fitness was assessed using measures of height, weight, triceps skinfold, grip strength, push-ups, partial curl-ups, and aerobic fitness. Physical activity levels were directly measured for seven consecutive days using a MTI Actigraph accelerometer model 7164.

RESULTS
After controlling for maturational age, analyses revealed that OOM children had a smaller triceps skinfold than USK children (P < 0.01), a greater aerobic fitness score than RSK children (P < 0.05), and greater grip strength than both RSK and USK children (P < 0.001). The OOM children also accumulated more minutes of MVPA per day than RSK or USK groups (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSION
This research demonstrates that OOM children tend to be leaner, stronger and more active than urban and rural dwelling children living a contemporary Canadian lifestyle despite having no physical education, no institutionalized sport, and low socioeconomic status. These findings support the notion that that contemporary living may facilitate a decline in fitness and physical activity among some Canadian children.


Paediatric neuropathic bladder dysfunction can cause irreversible renal damage and urinary incontinence. Aetiologically, this condition is usually caused by a congenital neural tube defect. The majority of affected children can be successfully managed with the standard medical treatment of clean intermittent catheterisation and anticholinergic medication (typically oxybutynin). A small subset of patients who receive oral oxybutynin experience severe side-effects or insufficient suppression of detrusor overactivity. This group may require alternative medical or surgical management.


This article explores the use of appreciative inquiry [Al] in a number of prisons, with different outcomes. It considers the nature of the Al process, both as a mode of inquiry and a mode of transformation. There are some links, in terms of the underlying principles, between Al and restorative justice and these are explored by the authors. They conclude that Al constitutes a fair and inclusive research approach that generates a rich and faithful account of a prison to emerge. It generates energy among prison staff that can be harnessed in the direction of better practice. But there are dangers when highly motivated prison officers are frustrated by a lack of responsiveness by senior managers in their `wishes for the prison', however understandable the reasons for this. The mechanism at work is a normative process, which seems to engage the research participants in meaningful, constructive and ethically relevant dialogue about their practices and experiences. The special and complex moral environment of the prison makes Al especially relevant.


On page 710 of this week9s issue of Science, an international team of researchers presents their first detailed analysis of the draft sequence of the Neandertal genome, which now includes more than 3 billion nucleotides collected from the bones of three female Neandertals who lived in Croatia more than 38,000 years ago. By comparing this composite Neandertal genome with the complete genomes of five living humans from different parts of the world, the researchers found that both Europeans and Asians share 1% to 4% of their nuclear DNA with Neandertals. But Africans do not. This suggests that early modern humans interbred with Neandertals after moderns left Africa, but before they spread into Asia and Europe. In a separate paper (p. 723), the team describes and successfully tests a new method for filling in gaps in the rough draft of the genome.


100 years have passed since the independent discovery of the humble bacteriophage (phage) by Frederick Twort and Felix d'Herelle in 1915 and 1917 respectively, and since then, it has become commonly accepted that phages represent the most abundant biological entities on Earth. Despite this fact, viral taxonomy lies in extremely treacherous waters, ever changing to accommodate the next series of phylogenetic mysteries. The utilisation of genes such as the terminase large sub-unit can in some cases provide a robust taxonomic marker, but this is often found to fail at higher taxonomic levels. In addition, the rapid evolutionary dynamics and highly modular nature of phages provide yet more phylogenetic roadblocks, necessitating additional and multifaceted approaches as a means of resolution. Here, we describe a novel approach towards the taxonomic classification of phage systems. Tools for accurately predicting the three dimensional structure of proteins are improving at an unprecedented rate due to the fact that the number of protein sequences far exceeds the number of experimentally determined structures. Our approach leverages these methods through a pipeline which compares models of phage marker genes in order to permit the inference of phylogenetic relationships based on cross model superimposition. We hope this method will supplement other approaches in providing a more holistic approach to viral classification.


Ovarian pregnancy is a rare form of ectopic pregnancy in which the gestational sac is implanted within the ovary. The incidence is 0.5 to 3% of all ectopic gestations. Mostly diagnoses are made by the first trimester routine ultrasonography or during the operation for acute abdominal pain. In this case report, we present a 13 weeks spontaneous ovarian gestation who had no risks of ectopic pregnancy. On the transvaginal sonographic scan, an alive fetus with a crown-rump length measured 67 mm (13 weeks) was detected in the left ovarian region. A ruptured ovary which contained a fetus of 13 weeks gestation was observed during laparotomy. A left oophorectomy was performed with the transfusion of two units of fresh blood peroperatively. The possibility of ovarian pregnancy should always be kept in mind that emergent laparotomy with concurrent oophorectomy can be necessary surgical interventions for this rare clinical condition. Key words: Ectopic Pregnancy; Ovarian Pregnancy; Abdominal Pain.


Shetland occupies a unique central location within the North Atlantic Caledonides. Thirty-three new high-precision Rb–Sr mineral ages indicate a polyorogenic history. Ages of 723–702 Ma obtained from the vicinity of the Wester Keolka Shear Zone indicate a Neoproterozoic (Knoydartian) age and preclude its correlation with the Silurian Moine Thrust. Ordovician ages of c. 480–443 Ma obtained from the Yell Sound Group and the East Mainland Succession constrain deformation fabrics and metamorphic assemblages to have formed during Grampian accretionary orogenic events, broadly contemporaneously with orogenesis of the Dalradian Supergroup in Ireland and mainland Scotland. The relative paucity of Silurian ages is attributed to a likely location at a high structural level in the Scandian nappe pile relative to mainland Scotland. Ages of c. 416 and c. 411 Ma for the Uyea Shear Zone suggest a late orogenic evolution that has more in common with East Greenland and Norway than with northern mainland Scotland. Supplementary material: Detailed appraisal of biotite petrography is available at http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18887.


Climate change is one of the greatest environmental challenges facing our planet in the foreseeable future, yet, despite international environmental agreements, global GHG emissions are still increasing. In this context, adaptation measures are an alternative to mitigation efforts. These measures involve adjustments to economic or social structures to limit the impact of climate change without limiting climate change itself. To assess the interplay of adaptation and mitigation, we propose AD-MERGE, an integrated assessment model that includes both reactive ("flow") and proactive ("stock") adaptation strategies as well as several mitigation (energy) technologies. We find that adaptation delays but does not prevent the transition to clean energy systems (carbon capture and sequestration systems, nuclear, and renewables). Moreover, applying both strategies is more e ffective than using just one.


This paper contributes to the ongoing debate on participation in Participatory Design (PD) by drawing on the notion of genuine participation [8]. It clarifies nurses' empirical journey as one of becoming and learning [1, 6], where they move from being reluctant participants, attending only because management has instructed them to do so, to taking an interest and finding their voices in the design process. In this way, they are ultimately able to engage in genuine and willing participation. The main discussion points in the paper are the transitions in the nurses' journey toward embracing qualities of genuine participation, the nurse-researcher's reflections on her facilitation of the process, and collective learning as an integral part of the process.


The purpose of this study was to examine principal behaviors that influenced working conditions. Further, the relationship between those behaviors and student success indicators was explored.
 Qualitative research methods were used to explore the research questions related to the study. First, detailed profiles of the schools were developed using historical student success indicators. Second, detailed individual interviews with case study school principals were conducted. Third, focus group interviews were conducted to collect data from school certified staff.
 According to principals and teachers at the case study schools, the school culture influenced student success outcomes positively when a vision of high expectations was realized in the schools, when the school subscribed to a learning-centered focus, and when the school genuinely believed in parental involvement as a cornerstone of success.
 Study participants revealed that specific behaviors of the principal influenced teacher satisfaction levels. When the principals valued staff, including their planning and instructional time, and when the principals listened to staff, their behaviors influenced teacher satisfaction. Principals influenced teacher satisfaction in a positive manner when they empowered staff, were visible within the school, and valued staff development, including the use of Professional Learning Communities.
 Study participants also revealed that the work environment influenced student success indicators positively or negatively. The work environment influenced outcomes positively when the principal placed a high value on teacher satisfaction, when the principal valued and built positive relationships, and when the principal communicated positively within the educational environment.
 A comprehensive analysis of student success indicators and qualitative data from principal and staff interviews revealed that principal behaviors influenced school culture and student success. Further, implications for practice and suggestions for further research are presented.


For most of West Germany's history, the FDP has been the smallest party in the German system. However, in relation to their numerical weakness, the Liberals have exerted a disproportionally large influence on German foreign policy, especially in the field of Ostpolitik/German policy. With a special emphasis on the years 1974-1990 and on Hans-Dietrich Genscher's role as Foreign Minister, this dissertation examines the question how the FDP, at times barely making it into the Bundestag, could come to have such a strong impact on German Ostpolitik. Equally, this study is concerned with the constraints on the Free Democrats' freedom of manoeuvre in foreign policy. The following parameters are investigated to explain and define the FDP's capacities for action in foreign policy: (1) the impact of international relations, (2) the domestic context, and (3) the historical-ideological aspects of liberal foreign policy. Since the Free Democrats were in government with two different partners during the time period in question, the impact of these three parameters is examined during the Social-Liberal coalition (1974-82) and the Christian-Liberal coalition (1982-1990) respectively. Three main and related conclusions emerge from this study. First, that the international climate, while setting a tight framework for the Free Democrats' foreign policy, simultaneously allowed a number of specific FDP (Genscher) initiatives to have some impact on East-West relations, much more so during the 1980s than during the 1970s. Second, that the domestic context had nearly opposite effects on the FDP's foreign policy before and after 1982: during their coalition with the SPD, the domestic factors constrained the Free Democrats' capacities for action, while during the Christian-Liberal coalition, the FDP was able to exploit the domestic-political constellations to its advantage. And third, that contrary to what the literature on the Free Democrats posits, liberal ideology and personalities not only substantially influenced the FDP's Ostpolitik between 1974 and 1990, but provided a crucial element of continuity, consistency and indeed identity for the party.


In terms of scope and granularity of data, two kinds of connectivity models are broadly in vogue for representing power network data, namely, node-breaker model and bus-branch model. This paper examines both the connectivity models from the perspective of common information model (CIM). Although CIM is primarily designed for most detailed node-breaker representation, with certain extensions CIM can be leveraged to achieve a standard, interoperable bus-branch model representation and exchange format. To facilitate this, it is proposed to introduce new class called TopologyBranch. By decoupling the connectivity information and the equipment parameter information, a mechanism for efficient exchange of time varying system models with minimum information transfer between the power control centers is described in this paper. The proposed CIM bus-branch connectivity model has wide applications in an interoperable, decentralized, hierarchical structure of control centers. Three illustrative examples including one on a practical 20-substation model of the 400 kV transmission network of Maharasthra state, India, are then presented for demonstrating the benefits.


Building a summary for library code is a common approach to speeding up the analysis of client code. In presence of callbacks, some reachability relationships between library nodes cannot be obtained during library-code summarization. Thus, the library code may have to be analyzed again during the analysis of the client code with the library summary. In this paper, we propose to summarize library code with tree-adjoining-language (TAL) reachability. Compared with the summary built with context-free-language (CFL) reachability, the summary built with TAL reachability further contains conditional reachability relationships. The conditional reachability relationships can lead to much lighter analysis of the library code during the client code analysis with the TAL-reachability-based library summary. We also performed an experimental comparison of context-sensitive data-dependence analysis with the TAL-reachability-based library summary and context-sensitive data-dependence analysis with the CFL-reachability-based library summary using 15 benchmark subjects. Our experimental results demonstrate that the former has an 8X speed-up over the latter on average.


In an increasingly mobile world, the taxation of citizens living abroad has taken on increased importance. Recent international administrative developments—most notably, the weakening of foreign bank secrecy and expansion of global information sharing norms—have further raised the profile of this issue. While U.S. law traditionally has taxed U.S. citizens living abroad in the same general manner as citizens living in the United States, a number of scholars have proposed abandoning the use of citizenship as a jurisdictional basis to tax. In its place, they would apply residence-based principles (i.e., exercising full taxing rights over U.S. citizens only if the citizens reside in the United States). Citizens residing outside the United States would be taxed in the same limited manner as noncitizens residing outside the United States.This Article examines the impact of the recent international administrative developments on proposals to eliminate citizenship-based taxation and replace it with residence-based taxation. It also discusses a number of substantive concerns with the residence-based taxation proposals. While the Article concludes that the United States should retain its citizenship-based taxation regime, it acknowledges that a number of practical steps could be taken to ameliorate unnecessary burdens faced by overseas citizens.