Most of the critical challenges seen in the past decades have impacted citizens in a global way. Given shrinking resources, educationists find preparing students for the global market place a formidable challenge. Hence exposing students to multi-lateral educational initiatives are critical to their growth, understanding and future contributions. This paper focuses on European Union's Erasmus Mundus programs, involving academic cooperation amongst international universities in engineering programs. A phased undergraduate engineering program with multiple specializations is analyzed within this context. Based on their performance at the end of first phase, selected students were provided opportunities using scholarship to pursue completion of their degree requirements at various European universities. This paper will elaborate the impact of differing pedagogical interventions, language and cultural differences amongst these countries on students in diverse engineering disciplines. The data presented is based on on the feedback analysis from Eramus Mundus students (N=121) that underwent the mobility programs. The findings have given important insights into the structure of the initiative and implications for academia and education policy makers for internationalizing engineering education. These included considering digital interventions such as MOOCs (Massive Open Online Courses) and Virtual Laboratory (VL) initiatives for systemic reorganization of engineering education.


The scenic highway along the crest of the Santa Monica Mountains that became Mulholland Drive was the brainchild of a group of large property owners, speculators, developers, financiers, and business leaders. This group, organized as the Hollywood Foothills Improvement Association, donated the land for the right-of-way, directed the survey and engineering studies for the roadway, lobbied city officials, convinced small property-holders to approve a municipal improvement district to fund it, and won public support for the project. The scenic drive fostered its members' real estate goals and the value of their investments. It also promoted tourism in the region and reduced the mountain barrier that had divided the City of Los Angeles from its San Fernando Valley extension.


There are many intracellular signalling pathways where the spatial distribution of the molecular species cannot be neglected. These pathways often contain negative feedback loops and can exhibit oscillatory dynamics in space and time. One such class of pathways is those involving transcription factors (e.g. Hes1, p53-Mdm2, NF-kB, Heat-shock proteins). In this talk, results from recent mathematical models which have been used to study the spatio-temporal dynamics of intracellular systems will be presented. Using the Hes1 gene regulatory network as an exemplar, both phenomenological partial differential equation models and mass action based spatial stochastic models will be considered. The benefits and drawbacks of the two different approaches will be discussed. For the partial differential equation approach, I will show how the diffusion coefficient can act as a bifurcation parameter, which, if in a certain range, can drive oscillatory dynamics.


Within the government contracts litigation framework, the bid protest, which can be brought both before the General Accountability Office ("GAO") and the United States Court of Federal Claims ("Court of Federal Claims"), presents unique procedural, substantive, and evidentiary issues. This article focuses upon a particular facet of bid protest litigation that has become increasingly contentious over the past several years: balancing the necessity of supplementing an agency-assembled administrative record with preserving the arbitrary and capricious standard of review of bid protests in accordance with the Administrative Procedure Act ("APA"). Prior to 2009, numerous decisions from the Court of Federal Claims adopted a flexible approach toward supplementation, typically invoking Esch v. Yeutter, 876 F.2d 976 (D.C. Cir. 1989), as persuasive authority and justification. This practice, while criticized in a few Court of Federal Claims decisions, nevertheless remained consistent and helped formulate a body of law in the area of supplementation. Last year, the Federal Circuit, in Axiom Resource Management, Inc. v. United States, 564 F.3d 1374 (Fed. Cir. 2009), addressed the issue of supplementation of the agency-assembled administrative record and reliance by the Court of Federal Claims on Esch. It ultimately determined that the trial court, which adopted a broad view of supplementation, abused its discretion and indicated in strong language its disapproval of Esch. This article dissects Axiom and analyzes the extent to which it has affected the practice of supplementation in bid protests before the Court of Federal Claims. The article asserts that Axiom is both unique and problematic, and contends that the decision has had very little effect upon the court's approach toward supplementation. Indeed, it is apparent that Axiom has divided the Court of Federal Claims on the issue of Esch's continued vitality. It theorizes that Axiom, which intended to limit the extent to which courts can supplement the administrative record in order to preserve the appropriate APA standard of review, actually opens the door to supplementation with greater frequency and provides courts with tools that can effectively shield their decisions from reversal on appeal.


OBJECTIVE
We conducted a nationwide questionnaire survey to elucidate the present status of public health nurses (PHNs) after initiation of the Long-Term Care Insurance (LTCI) system, in order to study the influence of the allocation of PHNs upon the performance of the system.

METHODS
In March 2001, a questionnaire was mailed to 1,344 municipalities throughout Japan (all cities and 23 wards in Tokyo; one quarter of towns/villages).

RESULTS
Responses to the questionnaire were received from 569 (42.3%). The largest percentage (36.4%) of PHNs was assigned to Elderly Health, 29.8% was assigned to Maternal and Child Health, and 10.2% assigned to the LTCI. Among LTCI operations, follow-up of individuals not certified as requiring care, guidance for the family caregiver, and counseling/grievance procedures were performed with participation of PHNs in more than 80% of municipalities. In urban areas, PHNs participated in training/guidance/advice for care certification investigators/care managers, guidance for service providers, and preparation/coordination for the Certification Committee for Long-Term Care Need in 60-80% municipalities, while those who participated in these activities were only 30-60% in towns/villages. The participation ratios were highest in municipalities where PHNs were allocated to the LTCI department for almost all of the activities except individual counseling. More PHNs from LTCI departments participated in certificating of care need and improving quality of care plans/services than from other departments in offices of municipalities. On the other hand, more PHNs in Welfare or Public Health-Welfare sections than in the LTCI were involved in individual counseling, guidance for both clients and caregivers, or in case management. Training or guidance for service providers was conducted in nearly 50% of municipalities and the performance rates were lower in towns/villages. In open-ended items of the questionnaire, the following problems were mentioned: difficulties in collaboration between sections; large workloads for certification of care need/care management, and difficulties in capturing information about clients.

CONCLUSION
The allocation of PHN influences the activities of the LTCI system, especially in relation to quality assurance. Recently, the sections to which PHNs are posted have expanded to include LTCI and Welfare. While improvement in the quality of LTCI services is anticipated, efforts are needed to strengthen collaboration among different departments. In towns/villages, performance rates of activities such as guidance for service providers of LTCI are low, suggesting the support from prefectural health centers in necessary.


On one level, history is used by all parts of the International Relations (IR) discipline. But lurking beneath the surface of IR's approach to history lies a well-entrenched binary. Whereas mainstream positions use history as a means to fill in their theoretical frames (seeing history as a kind of 'scripture' of abstract lessons), many post-positivists reduce history to a pick-and-mix of contingent hiccups (a 'butterfly' of what-ifs and maybes). Interestingly enough, this binary is one reproduced throughout the social sciences. As such, there is a bigger story to the apparently 'eternal divide' between history and social science than first meets the eye. This article uses the various ways in which history is used — and abused — in IR to probe more deeply into the relationship between history and social science as a whole. This exploration reveals four frameworks, two drawn from history (context and narrative) and two drawn from social science (eventfulness and ideal-typification) which illustrate the necessary co-implication of the two enterprises. The article employs these tools as a means of re-imagining the relationship between history and social science (including IR), conceiving this as a single intellectual journey in which both are permanently in view.


We present a detailed description of techniques developed to combine 3D numerical simulations and, subsequently, a single black hole close-limit approximation. This method has made it possible to compute the first complete waveforms covering the post-orbital dynamics of a binary‐black-hole system with the numerical simulation covering the essential nonlinear interaction before the close limit becomes applicable for the late time dynamics. In order to couple full numerical and perturbative methods we must address several questions. To determine when close-limit perturbation theory is applicable we apply a combination of invariant a priori estimates and a posteriori consistency checks of the robustness of our results against exchange of linear and nonlinear treatments near the interface. Our method begins with a specialized application of standard numerical techniques adapted to the presently realistic goal of brief, but accurate simulations. Once the numerically modeled binary system reaches a regime that can be treated as perturbations of the Kerr spacetime, we must approximately relate the numerical coordinates to the perturbative background coordinates. We also perform a rotation of a numerically defined tetrad to asymptotically reproduce the tetrad required in the perturbative treatment. We can then produce numerical Cauchy data for the close-limit evolution in the form of the Weyl scalar c 4 and its time derivative ] tc 4 with both objects being first order coordinate and tetrad invariant. The Teukolsky equation in Boyer-Lindquist coordinates is adopted to further continue the evolution. To illustrate the application of these techniques we evolve a single Kerr hole and compute the spurious radiation as a measure of the error of the whole procedure. We also briefly discuss the extension of the project to make use of improved full numerical evolutions and outline the approach to a full understanding of astrophysical black-hole‐binary systems which we can now pursue.


Hepatitis diseases are remaining in the list of significant threats to human health. Human hepatitis viruses are basically classified into six major hepatotropic pathogens—hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis D virus (HDV), hepatitis E virus (HEV), and hepatitis G virus (HGV). Among these different forms of hepatotropic viruses, HAV as the leading cause of acute viral hepatitis is characterized as a kind of tiny ribonucleic acid virus that is linked to atopic disease. As we know, animal models have been instrumental in promoting understanding of complex host-virus interactions and boosting the advancement of immune therapies. So far, animal models such as nonhuman primates (NHPs) have enabled scientists to mimic and study the pathogenicities and host immune responses for hepatitis A infection. With the exception of chimpanzees and marmosets, animals like mice, pigs, guinea pigs, and tree shrews can also be selected as alternative animal models infected with HAV under laboratory conditions. In order to gain a better insight into hepatitis A pathogenesis and relevant contents, this chapter is mainly focused on the research progress in animal models of hepatitis A, and discusses the merits and demerits of these alternative models.


In this controversial volume, Wilson Jeremiah Moses argues that by adopting European and American nationalist and separatist doctrines, black nationalism became, ironically, a vehicle for the assimilationist values among black American intellectuals. The book covers the period from the Compromise of 1850, with its Fugitive Slave Act, to the imprisonment of Marcus Garvey in 1925, and inc ludes a section on black nationalism in literature. 'This impressive study will stir controversy among black scholars and proponents of separatism. That Professor Moses, himself a black, regards the period a golden age is itself heretical in some eyes.' Publishers Weekly


The given beam of elliptically polarized light traverses a phase compensator plate and rotating analyzer and enters a photoelectric cell suitably connected to an amplifier circuit and detecting device. The azimuth γ, of the polarizer producing the elliptically polarized light, and ϕ, that of the planes of polarization of the compensator (or the azimuth ϕ, and α, the phase difference introduced by the compensator) are adjusted until the detector (headphones) shows no modulation of the cell current. Tan γ, the ratio of the components of the elliptically polarized light, and Δ, the phase difference between them, can be calculated from the formulae; cos 2γ=±sin α sin 2ϕ and cot Δ=tan α cos 2ϕ. The method has been tested in the visible spectrum through a wide range of intensities. The sensitivity increases with the light flux in the cell and is practically independent of stray light. An accuracy of 1 part in 4000 or 5000 or less than 1 minute of arc in azimuthal readings is easily obtained. Polaroid plates can be used instead of Nicol prisms with no serious loss in sensitivity.


This study explores the importance of field experience, in particular, the mentor-novice relationships of educators and student teachers in elementary mathematics classrooms. The author investigated the critical roles of mentors in terms of student teachers' continuous learning about teaching standards-based pedagogy. To explore this mentor-student teacher relationship, the researcher investigated three pairs of mentor-student teacher cases and explored the patterns of successful mentoring and how these patterns served to create a context in which mentoring supported a teacher's efforts to teach mathematics in alignment with standards-based pedagogy. The study broadens teacher education literature by raising compelling issues about the importance of mentor-student relationships and the need for mentor education.


Background: Vascular access (VA) is essential for hemodialysis (HD) patients, and its dysfunction is a major complication. However, little is known about outcomes in patients with recurrent VA dysfunction. We explored the influence of recurrent VA dysfunction on cardiovascular (CV) events, death and VA abandonment. Methods: This is a single-center, retrospective study conducted in patients who underwent VA surgery between 2009 and 2014. VA dysfunction was defined as VA stenosis or thrombosis requiring intervention after the first successful cannulation. Patients with ≥2 interventions within 180 days were categorized as having recurrent VA dysfunction. Outcomes were analyzed using Cox proportional hazards model before and after propensity score matching. Results: Of 766 patients (ages 59.6 ± 14.3 years, 59.7% male), 10.1% were in the recurrent VA dysfunction group. Most baseline parameters after matching were similar between the recurrent and non-recurrent groups. A total of 213 propensity score-matched patients were followed for 28.7 ± 15.8 months, during which 46 (21.6%), 30 (14.1%) and 14 (6.6%) patients had de novo CV outcomes, died and abandoned VA, respectively. Recurrent VA dysfunction after adjustment remained an independent risk factor for CV events (adjusted hazards ratio (aHR), 2.71; 95% CI 1.48-4.98; p = 0.001). Moreover, recurrent VA dysfunction predicted composite all-cause mortality (ACM)/CV events (aHR 1.99; 95% CI 1.21-3.28; p = 0.007). Conclusions: Recurrent VA dysfunction was a novel independent risk factor for CV and composite ACM/CV events in HD patients, but not for VA abandonment. Patients with recurrent vascular dysfunction should be carefully monitored not only for VA patency but also for CV events.


In this study, we present an experimental/numerical methodology which aims to improve 3D thin sheet hydroforming. The experimental study is dedicated to the identification of stress-strain flow by using the Nelder-Mead simplex algorithm optimization from the global measure of displacement and force. Applications are made to the simulation of thin sheet hydroforming using different die geometry to show the efficiency of the proposed methodology to localize plastic instability, thinning of the blanks and damage initiation under different forming condition.


BACKGROUND Childhood cancer survivors who received abdominal radiotherapy (RT) or total body irradiation (TBI) are at increased risk for cardiometabolic disease, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. We hypothesize that RT-induced adipose tissue dysfunction contributes to the development of cardiometabolic disease in the expanding population of childhood cancer survivors. METHODS We performed clinical metabolic profiling of adult childhood cancer survivors previously exposed to TBI, abdominal RT, or chemotherapy alone, alongside a group of healthy controls. Study participants underwent abdominal s.c. adipose biopsies to obtain tissue for bulk RNA sequencing. Transcriptional signatures were analyzed using pathway and network analyses and cellular deconvolution. RESULTS Irradiated adipose tissue is characterized by a gene expression signature indicative of a complex macrophage expansion. This signature includes activation of the TREM2-TYROBP network, a pathway described in diseases of chronic tissue injury. Radiation exposure of adipose is further associated with dysregulated adipokine secretion, specifically a decrease in insulin-sensitizing adiponectin and an increase in insulin resistance–promoting plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Accordingly, survivors exhibiting these changes have early signs of clinical metabolic derangement, such as increased fasting glucose and hemoglobin A1c. CONCLUSION Childhood cancer survivors exposed to abdominal RT or TBI during treatment exhibit signs of chronic s.c. adipose tissue dysfunction, manifested as dysregulated adipokine secretion that may negatively impact their systemic metabolic health. FUNDING This study was supported by Rockefeller University Hospital; National Institute of General Medical Sciences (T32GM007739); National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (UL1 TR001866); National Cancer Institute (P30CA008748); American Cancer Society (133831-CSDG-19-117-01-CPHPS); American Diabetes Association (1-17-ACE-17); and an anonymous donor (MSKCC).


This paper examines the optimal design of insurance and reinsurance policies. We first consider reinsurance for catastrophes: risks which are large for any one insurer but not for the reinsurance market as a whole. Reinsurance for catastrophes is complicated by adverse selection. Optimal reinsurnace in the presence of adverse selection depends critically on the source of information asymmetry. When information on the probability of a loss is private but the magnitude of the loss is public optimal reinsurance employs a deductible-style deductible-style excess-of-loss policy, and when is is private but the proba- bility of a loss is common, optimal reinsurance covers small and large risks, but makes the primary insurer responsible for moderate risks. There is a dramatic divergence between these designs, which suggests that traditional approaches to design may be misguided. We then consider reinsurance for cata- clysms: risks that are so large that a loss can threaten the solvency of re- insurance such as a major earthquake, while others derive from common risks-changes in conditions that affect many individuals-such as the liability revolution or or escalating medical care costs. We argue that cataclysms must be reinsured in either broad securities markets or by the government. Beyond their one- period loss potential, cataclysms pose another risk: risk levels change over time. A simulation model traces the implications of evolving risk levels for long-term patterns of losses and premiums, where the latter reflect learning learning about loss distributions. Premium risk emerges as an important part of risk, which reinsurance and primary insurance markets do not adequately diversify."


In October 2010, parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity adopted the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization. One impetus behind the Nagoya Protocol was the mandate to address the unjust impacts—such as the loss of access to resources, exploitation of traditional knowledge, and expropriation of rights to resources—of the global demand for genetic resources on indigenous peoples and local communities (ILCs). Using collaborative event ethnography, this article demonstrates the limited nature, scope, and engagement of the ILC justice discourse in the negotiations, despite the supposedly inclusive nature of the CBD. I attribute the constrained discourse in part to the existence of a justice metanorm as evidenced through the emergence of shared meanings and prescriptive status of justice instruments.


This study investigates the experiences of current and former Youthreach students as they progress from the Youthreach programme to further/higher education. Though the study attempts to focus primarily on the pathways for progression to education rather than employment this study also involves an exploration of other progression pathways.

The research design is informed by a post-positivist paradigm within the Qualitative domain. A Case Study approach was chosen as the most appropriate method for this investigation. Data tools included questionnaires and semi-structured interviews and extant data. These data collections endeavour to capture the real-life story through the voices of current and former students.

The literature review focusses on but is not limited to early school leaving, alternative education routes and programmes and urban educational disadvantage. A significant discussion in the thesis looks at the innovative and holistic approaches adopted by teachers in the Youthreach programme.

The findings highlight the positive aspects of the Youthreach programme for the students, and the challenges and barriers they encountered after completing the programme in choosing and pursuing their chosen pathway in education or employment. The thesis concludes with recommendations for Youthreach and policy makers in regards to improvements that Youthreach centres can implement which may support students progressing to further/higher education.


What is the impact of the possibility of political participation on the Internet on long-standing patterns of participatory inequality in American politics? An August 2008 representative survey of Americans conducted by the Pew Internet and American Life Project provides little evidence that there has been any change in the extent to which political participation is stratified by socio-economic status, but it suggests that the web has ameliorated the well-known participatory deficit among those who have just joined the electorate. Even when only that subset of the population with Internet access is considered, participatory acts such as contributing to candidates, contacting officials, signing a political petition, or communicating with political groups are as stratified socio-economically when done on the web as when done offline. The story is different for stratification by age where historically younger people have been less engaged than older people in most forms of political participation. Young adults are much more likely than their elders to be comfortable with electronic technologies and to use the Internet, but among Internet users, the young are not especially politically active. How these trends play out in the future depends on what happens to the current Web-savvy younger generation and the cohorts that follow and on the rapidly developing political capacities of the Web. Stay logged on …


Point‐Based Global Illumination (PBGI) is a popular rendering method in special effects and motion picture productions. This algorithm provides a diffuse global illumination solution by caching radiance in a mesh‐less hierarchical data structure during a preprocess, while solving for visibility over this cache, at rendering time and for each receiver, using microbuffers, which are localized depth and color buffers inspired from real time rendering environments. As a result, noise free ambient occlusion, indirect soft shadows and color bleeding effects are computed efficiently for high resolution image output and in a temporally coherent fashion. We propose an evolution of this method to address the case of non‐diffuse inter‐reflections and refractions. While the original PBGI algorithm models radiance using spherical harmonics, we propose to use wavelets parameterized on the direction space to better localize the radiance representation in the presence of highly directional reflectance. We also propose a new importance‐driven adaptive microbuffer model to capture accurately incoming radiance at a point. Furthermore, we evaluate outgoing radiance using a fast wavelet radiance product and contain the induced larger memory footprint by encoding hierarchically the wavelets in the PBGI tree. As a result, our algorithm can handle non‐lambertian BSDF in the light transport simulation, reproducing caustics and multiple reflections/refractions bounces with a similar quality to bidirectional path tracing in a large number of cases and for only a fraction of its computation time. Our approach is simple to implement and easy to integrate into any existing PBGI framework, with an intuitive control on the approximation error. We evaluate it on a collection of example scenes.


There comes a time for most of us when we knowingly face a decision of such consequence that it will drastically affect the shape of our lives. Some people are prepared to carry the weight of that decision. David Lyons, the protagonist of Gallery Bundu, was not. In Paul Stoller's work of fiction framed by African storytelling, David is the 52-year-old co-owner of Gallery Bundu, an African art shop in New York City. As a young man in the late 1960s, he joined the Peace Corps to avoid the draft. Assigned to teach English in Niger, he was eager to seek out adventure, and he found it - from drugged-out American expatriates and mamba-filled forests to seductive African women. In the course of his stay in Niger, David meets and falls in love with Zeinabou, a strikingly beautiful woman who professes her love to him, though David believes that he is not the only man she dates. Two weeks before his anticipated return to the United States, Zeinabou informs David that she is pregnant with what she believes is his child. Not knowing how to react, David flees Niger and returns to America ridden with guilt. The hastiness of David's decision will shadow his every move for the rest of his life and will lead him to eventually return to Niger and try to make amends. Beautifully written and deeply felt, Gallery Bundu is a cautionary tale about the impulses of youth and the unyielding grip of regret. Stoller's vivid language and style allow readers, through David's recollections, to touch, taste, and smell the sensations of West Africa - the tasty aroma of a traditional African fish stew, the spectacle of witches, and the humorous and often frightening experiences of traveling in the bush. A lyrical novel of decisions and destiny, Gallery Bundu is rich in character and detail, bringing anthropology to a new literary height.


The report is the fourth of a series that examines the distribution, lithostratigraphy, lithology,
engineering properties and regional variation of the geological units that are significant to
engineering geology, civil engineering construction and land-use in Britain. In this volume the
Lambeth Group is described by its lithological variation, mineral composition, geophysical
characterisation methods, geotechnical properties and engineering behaviour.
The first section describes the geology including the deposits below and above, the named
units, sequence stratigraphy and the lithological variation. The next chapter discusses the
mineralogy, in particular the clay mineralogy and changes due to pedogenesis, which are
illustrated with electron micrographs. Geophysical methods applicable to the Lambeth Group
are described and discussed in the next section. This is followed by two sections on the
geotechnical characteristics, the former describing the data acquisition, storage in the database,
access and analysis and the latter the interpretation and presentation of the geotechnical data.
The final chapter, on the engineering geology of the Lambeth Group, draws on the preceding
chapters. A comprehensive cited reference list and bibliography are provided. The first three
appendices provide extra information on the variability and distribution of the Lambeth Group
and includes the type borehole, various cross-sections and an analysis of the described
lithology type from borehole descriptions. The final appendix provided statistical summaries of
the more commonly carried out geotechnical tests.
The lithology of different boreholes are presented as in cross-sections and as with all nonconfidential
boreholes held by the BGS are available, free to download
(http://www.bgs.ac.uk/data/boreholescans/home.html). The individual items of data in the
database are not attributed. The authors would like to thank all those who have contributed data
to the BGS including clients, consultancies, contractors, authorities and individuals. It is hoped
that this report will provide a useful sources of information to a wide range of engineers,
planners, scientists and other interested parties concerned with the Lambeth Group.
It is stressed that whilst data are included in this report, these indicate the variability of the
particular parameter of each unit and might be used to identify hazards or risk; they are not a
substitute for an appropriate ground investigation for the project, including desk study and site
investigation. This is the case for all the 'Engineering geology of UK rocks and soils' reports
but is more important for the Lambeth Group, which is often lithologically variable.


Online platforms for collecting local memories are often claimed to be a driving force of empowerment for individuals, groups and the community as a whole. Long term online participation especially plays a key role in the claims for empowerment on group and community level. However, the present research on local memory websites lacks empirical data to substantiate these claims and leaves aside questions about their wider presence, the way they are organized and how their particular structure and affordances enable online participation. To address these issues, we develop six analytical dimensions in order to analyse a comprehensive number of such sites, examining in particular their organizational and online participatory features. On the basis of a cross-sectional design including 80 cases from the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and various other countries, we show three types of websites can be distinguished, namely residential, institutional and associational. In addition, we find that the expectancy of online participation is maximized not only by organizational aspects that foster autonomy, but also by characteristics that enlarge the sense of authenticity. Our findings also show a limited number of cases with a considerable level of online participation, which offers the empirical data for analysis in terms of empowerment on group and community level. Nevertheless, we conclude that in most cases the organizational characteristics and participatory affordances of the websites are not sufficient to produce empowerment on all levels.


We present time-resolved measurements of the electronic and the nuclear contributions to the third-order nonlinearities of Ti:sapphire and Cr:LiSGaF. The results suggest that nonlinear refraction in Ti:sapphire is resonantly enhanced relative to that of undoped sapphire. The implications of the nonlinear responses for short-pulse formation are discussed.


Pb(Zr,Ti)03 thin films with compositions close to the morphotropic phase boundary deposited onto electroded Si substrates have potential for use in ferroelectric memories, sensors and micromechanical devices. The microstructures of such films prepared by in-situ reactive sputtering have been characterised using transmission electron microscopy. (001) oriented films, which were essentially free from second phases, could be prepared by using Ti-rich seed layers. The interfaces between the seed layers and the bulk of the film were sharp with little interdiffusion. The compositional changes across the interfaces often resulted in the formation of subgrain boundaries in the upper layer. In contrast to sputtered films, sol-gel, deposited thin films contained traces of residual pyrochlore at the film/top electrode interface which was considered to impair their switching characteristics. The domain structures of the films were complex with an average domain width of about 20 nm, an order of magnitude smaller than that observed in bulk PZT.


A fundamental problem facing the rational design of materials is the independent control of electrical and thermal properties, with implications for a wide range of applications including thermoelectrics, solar thermal power generation, and thermal logic. One strategy for controlling transport involves manipulating the length scales which affect it. For instance, Si thermal conductivity may be reduced with relatively little change in electrical properties when the confining dimension (e.g., nanowire diameter) is small enough that heat carriers are preferentially scattered at free surfaces. However, tailoring properties by geometry or chemistry alone does not allow for on-demand modification, precluding applications which require responsive behavior such as thermal transistors, thermoelectric modules which adapt to their environmental temperature, or switchable thermal barriers. One means of tuning transport is elastic strain, which has long been exploited to improve carrier mobility in electronic devices. Uniform strain is predicted to affect thermal conductivity primarily via changes in heat capacity and phonon velocity, and crystalline defects such as vacancies or dislocations—which induce large strain gradients—should lower thermal conductivity by decreasing the phonon mean free path. Nanowires are ideal for the study of strain and defect effects due to the availability of a range of elastic strain an order of magnitude larger than in bulk and due to their small volumes. However, experimental measurements of strainmediated thermal conductivity in nanowires have been limited due to the complexity of simultaneously applying and measuring stress or strain, heating, and measuring temperature. In this dissertation, we measure strain effects on thermal conductivity using a novel non-contact approach which we name Raman piezothermography. We apply a uniaxial load to individual Si nanowires, Si thin films, and Si micromeshes under a confocal μ-Raman microscope and, using the Raman laser as a heat source and the Raman spectrum as a measure of temperature, determine thermal transport properties. We show that uniaxial strain up to ∼1% has a weak effect on Si nanowire or thin film thermal conductivity, but irradiationinduced defects in nanowires yield dramatic reductions due to increased phonon scattering. Such defects are accompanied by large strain gradients, but decoupling the effect of these gradients from local changes in mass and interatomic potential is experimentally untenable. To isolate the effect of strain gradients, we extend our method to Si micromeshes, which exhibit nonuniform strains upon loading. The complex strain states achieved cause more drastic reductions of thermal conductivity due to enhanced phonon-phonon scattering in the presence of a strain gradient. The directions suggested by our experiments, as well as the development of the method, will allow for more robust understanding and control of thermal transport in nanostructures. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Materials Science & Engineering This dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/1381 First Advisor Daniel S. Gianola


OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the effectiveness of hypnosis to convert a breech presentation to a vertex presentation.

DESIGN
Prospective case series compared with historical, matched comparison group.

SUBJECTS
One hundred pregnant women whose fetuses were in breech position at 37 to 40 weeks' gestation and a matched comparison group of women with similar obstetrical and sociodemographic parameters derived from databases for other studies from the same time period and geographical areas.

INTERVENTION
The intervention group received hypnosis with suggestions for general relaxation with release of fear and anxiety. While in the hypnotic state women were asked for the reasons why their baby was in the breech presentation. As much hypnosis was provided as was convenient and possible for the women until they were delivered of the baby or the baby converted to the vertex position.

MAIN OUTCOME VARIABLES
A successful conversion for the intervention group was scored when the baby spontaneously converted to the vertex position before delivery or successful external cephalic version. The conversion rate of the intervention group was compared with the comparison group who received standard obstetrical care without the opportunity for hypnosis.

DATA ANALYSIS
Parametric testing of statistically significant differences in the rate of conversion between the two groups.

RESULTS
Eighty-one percent of the fetuses in the intervention group converted to vertex presentation compared with 48% of those in the comparison group. This difference was statistically significant.

CONCLUSIONS
Motivated subjects can be influenced by a skilled hypnotherapist in such a manner that their fetuses have a higher incidence of conversion from breech to vertex presentation. Psychophysiological factors may influence the breech presentation and may explain this increased frequency of conversion to vertex presentation.


EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin was established in 1947 to carry
out multidisciplinary research in marine capture and culture fisheries and to conduct education
and training programmes in support of marine fisheries and mariculture development. Over
the period of the last half a centruy, the Institute has grown in stature and size with 12
constituent research centres and 28 field centres along the coastline of the mainland and
in the Lakshadweep. The present sanctioned staff" strength is: Scientists 189(+1), Technical
396, Administrative 173, Auxiliary 53 and Supporting 303. The Eighth Plan budget of the
Institute under Plan is Rs. 900 lakhs and Rs. 3466.68 lakhs under non-Plan. Very important
infrastructure has been developed for both shorebased and onboard research in marine capture
fisheries and seafarming.
The important achievements of the CMFRI include: development and implementation
of a time-tested sampling scheme for the systematic collection of marine fisheries production
statistics, development of a strong information base on the biological and fishery
characteristics of all major exploited finfish and shellfish stocks, stock assessment and
monitoring to furnish realistic estimates of stock size, fishing pressure, optimum yields and
optimum fleet size for all the major exploited stocks, survey of the fisheries resources of the
Andaman group of islands and the Lakshadweep islands and suggestions for marine fisheries
development, database on fishery environmental characteristics, development of hatchery and
growout technologies for shrimps, crabs, lobsters, pearl oyster, mussel, clam, edible oyster
and seacucumber, development of pearl culture technology in the sea and onshore facilities,
development of seaweed culture technology, searanching of shrimp and bivalves, education
programmes for masters and doctoral degrees in mariculture, socioeconomics of fisherfolk and
economics of fishing operations.
With a view to developing a comprehensive strategy to address the future challenges
in the countrjr's marine fisheries and mariculture sector, the CMFRI has prepared this
Perspective Plan for the coming 25 years. In the process, we have critically looked at the
mandate of the Institute, the nation's growth in marine fisheries, research capabilities,
manpower needs, funding and achievements, and analysed the strengths, weaknesses,
opportunities and threats of the sector. We have examined the national and international
scenario in respect of marine fisheries and mariculture and the possible issues that may
emerge in the ensuing years and the strategies to address them. Taking into account all the
major areas of concerns, this Perspective Plan lays down the policy within which the various
activities have to be carried out. Sixty research programmes in the following major areas
are proposed and the needs of infrastructure, manpower and funds to implement the
programmes are furnished.
1. Fisheries database and modelling 3 projects
2. Assessment and monitoring of the exploited stocks 10 projects
3. Finfish mariculture 3 projects
4. Crustacean mariculture 2 projects
5. MoUuscan mariculture 9 projects
6. Seacucumber mariculture 1 project
7. Mariculture systems 2 projects
8. Seaweed mariculture 2 projects
9. Mariculture biotechnology 16 projects
10. Socioeconomics 5 projects
11. Extension 4 projects
12. Education 2 projects
13. Deepsea and Antarctic resources 1 project


Rising international trade flows are a primary component of globalization. The liberalization of trade policy in many developing countries has helped foster the growth of these flows. Preceding and concurrent with this move to free trade, there has been a global movement toward democracy. We argue that these two trends are related: democratization of the political system reduces the ability of governments to use trade barriers as a strategy for building political support. Political leaders in labor-rich countries may prefer lower trade barriers as democracy increases. Empirical evidence supports our claim about the developing countries from 1970–99. Regime change toward democracy is associated with trade liberalization, controlling for many factors. Conventional explanations of economic reform, such as economic crises and external pressures, seem less salient. Democratization may have fostered globalization in this period.We wish to thank the editors at International Organization, David Baldwin, Jim Fearon, Geoffrey Garrett, Barbara Geddes, Tim Groseclose, Robert Kaufmann, Robert Keohane, David Laitin, Jean Leca, Edward Mansfield, Jim Morrow, Ronald Rogowski, B. Peter Rosendorff, Alex Segura, Mike Tomz, Robert Trager, Romain Wacziarg, and Greg Wawro, for their very helpful comments on versions of this article. We also received helpful comments from seminar participants at the University of Michigan, Stanford University, the University of Pennsylvania, Syracuse University, Princeton University, Rutgers University, Yale University, and the University of California at Berkeley. Ben Judkins, Robert Trager, Megumi Naoi, and Tom Kenyon provided invaluable research assistance. An earlier version was presented at the 2001 APSA meeting in San Francisco.


Two sociolinguistic characteristics of Sri Lanka Malay (SLM) are atypical for a creole: a non-European, non-colonial lexifier (Vehicular Malay), and a single substrate (Sri Lanka Muslim Tamil) with which it remained in contact. The Tamil-like characteristics of present-day SLMdiffer from those often claimed to typify creoles. In particular, the SLMtense-mood-aspect system expresses Tamil categories rather than the traditional creole categories of anterior, nonpunctual and irrealis. Bakker (2000) claims 19th century SLM more closely resembled a 'typical' creole, and the Tamilization of SLM represents a recent process of 'conversion'. However, present-day SLMdescends from (unrecorded) 19th century colloquial SLM, not from the written diglossic high. The Tamilized structure of SLM results more plausibly from its atypical developmental context than from recent influence.


Domestic criminal law informs the register of international criminal law, whether formally through the development of general principles of law or informally through experience and analogy. Reciprocally, international criminal law also informs the register of domestic criminal law, whether formally through incorporation of treaty and custom or, once again, informally through experience and analogy. Circulation thereby arises within the curricular sphere of penal responsibility. Might international criminal law nonetheless, and perhaps unexpectedly, stray elsewhere in domestic law? When it comes to municipal legal practice, might international criminal law cast a somewhat longer shadow, travel a bit farther, or leave a somewhat haler legacy? This paper considers such extracurricular effects, and related trans-judicial dialogue, by unpacking the jurisprudential footprints of international criminal courts and tribunals in domestic civil litigation in the United States conducted under the Alien Tort Statute (ATS). The ATS allows victims of human rights abuses to file tort-based lawsuits for violations of the laws of nations (a phrase taken to mean customary international law). This project organizes itself around a survey of US federal court citations to the case-law and materials of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR). This survey quickly demonstrates that US judges who cite to ICTR work product to determine the rule of application in an ATS dispute also frequently cite to the case-law and materials of other institutions, notably the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), International Criminal Court (ICC), the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg (IMT), and the American Military Tribunal at Nuremberg (AMT). Hence, this Article references these cases and materials as well. While diverse, citations to international cases and materials in ATS adjudication tend to cluster around three substantive areas: (1) aiding and abetting as a mode of liability; (2) the definition and substantive legal elements of genocide and crimes against humanity; and (3) the availability of corporate liability. In light of the sharply limited capacity of international criminal courts and tribunals, domestic tort claims as avenues for redress of systematic human rights abuses will likely grow in number. The experiences of US courts of general jurisdiction as 'receivers' of international criminal law reveal broader patterns of transnational legal migration and a largely unanticipated legacy of international criminal courts and tribunals. Distortions may nonetheless arise when international norms migrate into legal practices at the national level, in particular, when they do so in cognate legal regimes. These migrations constitute national practices indicative of "comparative international law," namely, that international legal norms may take shape differently among, and within, various national jurisdictions. While international criminal lawyers may welcome the broad diffusion of international norms, including extracurricularly from the criminal to civil context in a rich array of venues, concerns emerge should the content of the norms fragment and, thereby, weaken international law's purported universality. The US experience is thereby instructive in terms of striking the appropriate relationship between national courts and international law. Should national courts serve as dispassionate law enforcers, as translators of law, or engaged law creators? Should international judges be mindful of the at times unforeseen afterlife of the jurisprudence they create? Obversely, the US experience also raises questions as to whether the specialized, and at times inconsistent, work-product of the international criminal courts and tribunals is even suitable for broader dissemination and incorporation at the national level.


Changes in marine net primary productivity (PP) and export of particulate organic carbon (EP) are projected over the 21st century with four global coupled carbon cycle-climate models. These include representations of marine ecosystems and the carbon cycle of different structure and complexity. All four models show a decrease in global mean PP and EP between 2 and 20% by 2100 relative to preindustrial conditions, for the SRES A2 emission scenario. Two different regimes for productivity changes are consistently identified in all models. The first chain of mechanisms is dominant in the low- and mid-latitude ocean and in the North Atlantic: reduced input of macro-nutrients into the euphotic zone related to enhanced stratification, reduced mixed layer depth, and slowed circulation causes a decrease in macro-nutrient concentrations and in PP and EP. The second regime is projected for parts of the Southern Ocean: an alleviation of light and/or temperature limitation leads to an increase in PP and EP as productivity is fueled by a sustained nutrient input. A region of disagreement among the models is the Arctic, where three models project an increase in PP while one model projects a decrease. Projected changes in seasonal and interannual variability are modest in most regions. Regional model skill metrics are proposed to generate multi-model mean fields that show an improved skill in representing observation-based estimates compared to a simple multi-model average. Model results are compared to recent productivity projections with three different algorithms, usually applied to infer net primary production from satellite observations.


Abstract. Radiocarbon production, solar activity, total solar irradiance (TSI) and solar-induced climate change are reconstructed for the Holocene (10 to 0 kyr BP), and TSI is predicted for the next centuries. The IntCal09/SHCal04 radiocarbon and ice core CO2 records, reconstructions of the geomagnetic dipole, and instrumental data of solar activity are applied in the Bern3D-LPJ, a fully featured Earth system model of intermediate complexity including a 3-D dynamic ocean, ocean sediments, and a dynamic vegetation model, and in formulations linking radiocarbon production, the solar modulation potential, and TSI. Uncertainties are assessed using Monte Carlo simulations and bounding scenarios. Transient climate simulations span the past 21 thousand years, thereby considering the time lags and uncertainties associated with the last glacial termination. Our carbon-cycle-based modern estimate of radiocarbon production of 1.7 atoms cm−2 s−1 is lower than previously reported for the cosmogenic nuclide production model by Masarik and Beer (2009) and is more in-line with Kovaltsov et al. (2012). In contrast to earlier studies, periods of high solar activity were quite common not only in recent millennia, but throughout the Holocene. Notable deviations compared to earlier reconstructions are also found on decadal to centennial timescales. We show that earlier Holocene reconstructions, not accounting for the interhemispheric gradients in radiocarbon, are biased low. Solar activity is during 28% of the time higher than the modern average (650 MeV), but the absolute values remain weakly constrained due to uncertainties in the normalisation of the solar modulation to instrumental data. A recently published solar activity–TSI relationship yields small changes in Holocene TSI of the order of 1 W m−2 with a Maunder Minimum irradiance reduction of 0.85 ± 0.16 W m−2. Related solar-induced variations in global mean surface air temperature are simulated to be within 0.1 K. Autoregressive modelling suggests a declining trend of solar activity in the 21st century towards average Holocene conditions.


Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL) innovations are being introduced at such a rapid pace that researchers are hard-pressed to analyze and study them. The complicated procedures for evaluating innovations, along with the lack of standard and efficient ways of specifying and provisioning ML/DL evaluation, is a major "pain point" for the community. This paper proposes MLModelScope, an open-source, framework/hardware agnostic, extensible and customizable design that enables repeatable, fair, and scalable model evaluation and benchmarking. We implement the distributed design with support for all major frameworks and hardware, and equip it with web, command-line, and library interfaces. To demonstrate MLModelScope's capabilities we perform parallel evaluation and show how subtle changes to model evaluation pipeline affects the accuracy and HW/SW stack choices affect performance.


Abstract. Stoichiometric approaches have been applied to understand the relationship between soil organic matter dynamics and biological nutrient transformations. However, very few studies have explicitly considered the effects of agricultural management practices on the soil C : N : P ratio. The aim of this study was to assess how different input types and rates would affect the C : N : P molar ratios of bulk soil, organic matter and microbial biomass in cropped soils in the long term. Thus, we analysed the C, N, and P inputs and budgets as well as soil properties in three long-term experiments established on different soil types: the Saria soil fertility trial (Burkina Faso), the Wagga Wagga rotation/stubble management/soil preparation trial (Australia), and the DOK (bio-Dynamic, bio-Organic, and "Konventionell") cropping system trial (Switzerland). In each of these trials, there was a large range of C, N, and P inputs which had a strong impact on element concentrations in soils. However, although C : N : P ratios of the inputs were highly variable, they had only weak effects on soil C : N : P ratios. At Saria, a positive correlation was found between the N : P ratio of inputs and microbial biomass, while no relation was observed between the nutrient ratios of inputs and soil organic matter. At Wagga Wagga, the C : P ratio of inputs was significantly correlated to total soil C : P, N : P, and C : N ratios, but had no impact on the elemental composition of microbial biomass. In the DOK trial, a positive correlation was found between the C budget and the C to organic P ratio in soils, while the nutrient ratios of inputs were not related to those in the microbial biomass. We argue that these responses are due to differences in soil properties among sites. At Saria, the soil is dominated by quartz and some kaolinite, has a coarse texture, a fragile structure, and a low nutrient content. Thus, microorganisms feed on inputs (plant residues, manure). In contrast, the soil at Wagga Wagga contains illite and haematite, is richer in clay and nutrients, and has a stable structure. Thus, organic matter is protected from mineralization and can therefore accumulate, allowing microorganisms to feed on soil nutrients and to keep a constant C : N : P ratio. The DOK soil represents an intermediate situation, with high nutrient concentrations, but a rather fragile soil structure, where organic matter does not accumulate. We conclude that the study of C, N, and P ratios is important to understand the functioning of cropped soils in the long term, but that it must be coupled with a precise assessment of element inputs and budgets in the system and a good understanding of the ability of soils to stabilize C, N, and P compounds.


The study assessed the prevalence of malaria in HIV/AIDS patients attending HIV clinic at Ishaka Adventist Hospital, the study objectives were to determine the proportion of HIV patients with malaria, to identify the clinical manifestations of malaria among HIV positive patients and to review different techniques used in diagnosis of malaria at Ishaka Adventist Hospital in Bushenyi district. A descriptive cross sectional study was used for known HIV positive patients attending Ishaka Adventist Hospital and involved systematic random sampling of participants. The study found out that malaria prevalence was high among HIV patients at 9.8%, nearly all patients who were diagonised with malaria reported having had fever previously 87.1% , the presentation of malaria can better be assesed as uncomplicated malaria and complicated malaria and in this study majority of the signs assessed were of uncomplicated malaria, diagnostic measures of laboratory remain the most perfect way of diagnosing malaria other than clinical assessment especially in HIV patients who are immunocompromised nd can be ill of various oppotunistic infection. Although various methods have been advanced to curb malaria epidemic , the prevalence is still high, so the the following are recommendation; the government should distribute more mosquito nets especially those whoare immunocompromissed like HIV patients, agencies for fighting malaria and those of HIV should work together inorder to reduce the number of HIV patients getting malaria infection, patients should be health educated on the main signs and symptoms of malaria such that they can quickly seek medical attention incase of the need, patients should be encouraged to take their ARVs to maintain their immunity relatively high so that they are not severely affected by malaria. Keywords: Ishaka, Adventist Hospital, Malaria, Immunocompromised, Infection.


This thesis considers the design and development of a weather optimal positioning control system which is implemented on a developed 6 degrees of freedom vessel model of a Viknes 830 augmented with actuator and environmental models. The intuitive pendulum principle provides a geometrical approach which gives a fuelefficient weather optimal dynamic positioning controller. The convergence to the weather optimal heading is found to be related to the virtual pendulum length. Based on this a virtual anchoring function, and a positioning function was developed. Positioning control is achieved through moving the suspension point of the pendulum. Both functions subject to environmental disturbances were functionality tested using computer simulations and full scale experiments. The Viknes 830, initially developed for combined pleasure and light fishing purposes was used in the tests. This vessel had lots of lacks, and was far from what can be characterized as an ideal design, both regarding heading stability and propulsion configuration. Despite this, the full scale test system implementation has proven that weather optimal and course independent positioning has the necessary versatility to sufficiently fit a wide range of crafts and purposes.


Many recent caching systems aim to improve miss ratios, but there is no good sense among practitioners of how much further miss ratios can be improved. In other words, should the systems community continue working on this problem? Currently, there is no principled answer to this question. In practice, object sizes often vary by several orders of magnitude, where computing the optimal miss ratio (OPT) is known to be NP-hard. The few known results on caching with variable object sizes provide very weak bounds and are impractical to compute on traces of realistic length. We propose a new method to compute upper and lower bounds on OPT. Our key insight is to represent caching as a min-cost flow problem, hence we call our method the flow-based offline optimal (FOO). We prove that, under simple independence assumptions, FOO's bounds become tight as the number of objects goes to infinity. Indeed, FOO's error over 10M requests of production CDN and storage traces is negligible: at most 0.3%. FOO thus reveals, for the first time, the limits of caching with variable object sizes. While FOO is very accurate, it is computationally impractical on traces with hundreds of millions of requests. We therefore extend FOO to obtain more efficient bounds on OPT, which we call practical flow-based offline optimal (PFOO). We evaluate PFOO on several full production traces and use it to compare OPT to prior online policies. This analysis shows that current caching systems are in fact still far from optimal, suffering 11-43% more cache misses than OPT, whereas the best prior offline bounds suggest that there is essentially no room for improvement.


A well-known cliche came to life in 2012 when "[t]he pope's butler was convicted… of stealing the pontiff's private documents and leaking them to a journalist…." This paper was prompted by his lawyer's unsuccessfully arguing that taking "only photocopies, not original documents" should not be criminal.The paper therefore considers bases for prosecuting the theft of purely intangible interests under U.S. federal and state law.Because the text in question had been fixed, states would have no authority to prosecute for unauthorized copying in the nature of copyright infringement. Moreover, the seminal Dowling case finds that penal jurisdiction under the Copyright Act displaces federal liability for theft of tangible property — at least in the absence of other subject-specific statutes. Yet, successful prosecution would require an examination of the retail value of works not produced for sale.Because the text in question had not been published, unauthorized taking might also qualify as theft of trade secrets. The paper therefore considers the 1996 Economic Espionage as a basis for federal jurisdiction and turns to the recent Aleynikov opinion. Barring simultaneous theft of tangible property, the Second Circuit likewise finds only subject-specific prosecution possible for theft of compute code. Although the code qualified as a trade secret, and the federal EEA facially applied, a key requirement could not be satisfied. Roughly half of the paper considers state penal statutes. Because of preemption, unauthorized duplication of published documents cannot be prosecuted, but theft of the contents of unpublished documents would be possible. Some state statutes name trade secrets as subject property; others name intangibles generally; and others name neither. Were a case such as the one involving the Vatican papers to be tried in a state court, a variety of problems would be encountered under each type of statute. The paper uses three cases to illustrate some of those problems.Looking well beyond the papal papers, the paper ultimately suggests that something akin to a penal version of the Uniform Trade Secret Act might bring more resources to bear on increasingly disruptive criminal activities.


The temporal evolution of the strength of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) in the subtropical North Atlantic is affected by both remotely forced, basin-scale meridionally coherent, climate-relevant transport anomalies, such as changes in high-latitude deep water formation rates, and locally forced transport anomalies, such as eddies or Rossby waves, possibly associated with small meridional coherence scales, which can be considered as noise. The focus of this paper is on the extent to which local eddies and Rossby waves when impinging on the western boundary of the Atlantic affect the temporal variability of the AMOC at 26.5 degrees N. Continuous estimates of the AMOC at this latitude have been made since April 2004 by combining the Florida Current, Ekman, and midocean transports with the latter obtained from continuous density measurements between the coasts of the Bahamas and Morocco, representing, respectively, the western and eastern boundaries of the Atlantic at this latitude.Within 100 km of the western boundary there is a threefold decrease in sea surface height variability toward the boundary, observed in both dynamic heights from in situ density measurements and altimetric heights. As a consequence, the basinwide zonally integrated upper midocean transport shallower than 1000 m-as observed continuously between April 2004 and October 2006-varies by only 3.0 Sv (1 Sv = 10(6) m(3) s(-1)) RMS. Instead, upper midocean transports integrated from western boundary stations 16, 40, and 500 km offshore to the eastern boundary vary by 3.6, 6.0, and 10.7 Sv RMS, respectively.
The reduction in eddy energy toward the western boundary is reproduced in a nonlinear reduced-gravity model suggesting that boundary-trapped waves may account for the observed decline in variability in the coastal zone because they provide a mechanism for the fast equatorward export of transport anomalies associated with eddies impinging on the western boundary. An analytical model of linear Rossby waves suggests a simple scaling for the reduction in thermocline thickness variability toward the boundary. Physically, the reduction in amplitude is understood as along-boundary pressure gradients accelerating the fluid and rapidly propagating pressure anomalies along the boundary. The results suggest that the local eddy field does not dominate upper midocean transport or AMOC variability at 26.5 degrees N on interannual to decadal time scales.


This study investigates the effects of the macroeconomic context on attitudes to immigration. Earlier studies do in most cases not provide significant empirical support for the existence of important such effects. In this article it is argued that this lack of consistent evidence is mainly due to the cross-national setup of these studies being vulnerable to estimation bias caused by country-specific factors. The present study instead analyzes attitude variation within countries over time, using parallel time series from 23 European countries that were observed biannually 2002-2012 in the European Social Survey. The results provide firm empirical support in favor of macroeconomic variation importantly affecting attitudes to immigration. As an illustration, the estimates indicate that the number of individuals in the average European country in 2012 who were against all immigration from poorer countries or of foreign ethnicities was 40% higher than it would have been if macroeconomic conditions in that year had been as good as they were in 2006.


The ability of influenza virus to evade immune surveillance by neutralizing antibodies (Abs) directed against its variable surface antigens provides a challenge to the development of effective vaccines. CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) restricted by class I major histocompatibility complex molecules are important in establishing immunity to influenza virus because they recognize internal viral proteins which are conserved between multiple viral strains. In contrast, protective Abs are strain-specific. However, the precise role of effector CD8+ CTLs in protection from influenza virus infection, critical for understanding disease pathogenesis, has not been well defined. In transgenic mice with a very high frequency of antiinfluenza CTL precursors, but without protective Abs, CD8+ CTLs conferred protection against low dose viral challenge, but exacerbated viral pathology and caused mortality at high viral dose. The data suggest a dual role for CD8+ CTLs against influenza, which may present a challenge to the development of effective CTL vaccines. Effector mechanisms used by CD8+ CTLs in orchestrating clearance of virus and recovery from experimental influenza infection, or potentiation of lethal pathology, are discussed.


Stories on the positive and negative effects of globalization on workers in developing countries abound. But a comprehensive picture is missing and many of the stories are ideologically charged. This paper reviews the academic literature on the subject, including several studies currently under way, and derives the implications for public policy. First, it deals with the effects of openness to trade, foreign direct investment, and financial crises on average wages. Second, it discusses the impact of exposure to world markets on the dispersion of wages by occupation, skill, and gender. Third, it describes the pattern of job destruction and job creation associated with globalization. Because these two processes are not synchronized, the fourth issue addressed is the impact on unemployment rates. Fifth, the paper reviews the labor market policies that can be used to offset the adverse effects of globalization on employment and labor earnings. Finally, it discusses how the international community could encourage developing countries to adopt sound labor market policies in the context of globalization.


Middle managers have often been cast as dinosaurs. Has-beens. Mediocre managers and intermediaries who defend the status quo instead of supporting others' attempts to change organizations for the better. An INSEAD professor has examined this interesting breed of manager--in particular, middle managers' roles during periods of radical organizational change. His findings will surprise many. Middle managers, it turns out, make valuable contributions to the realization of radical change at companies--contributions that go largely unrecognized by most senior executives. Quy Nguyen Huy says these contributions occur in four major areas. First, middle managers often have good entrepreneurial ideas that they are able and willing to realize--if only they can get a hearing. Second, they're far better than most senior executives at leveraging the informal networks at companies that make substantive, lasting change. Because they've worked their way up the corporate ladder, middle managers' networks run deep. Third, they stay attuned to employees' emotional needs during organizational change, thereby maintaining the transformation's momentum. And finally, they manage the tension between continuity and change--they keep the organization from falling into extreme inertia or extreme chaos. The author examines each of these strengths, citing real-world examples culled from his research. Of course, not every middle manager in an organization is a paragon of entrepreneurial vigor and energy, Huy acknowledges. But cavalierly dismissing the roles that middle managers play--and carelessly reducing their ranks--will drastically diminish senior managers' chances of realizing radical change at their companies. Indeed, middle managers may be the most effective allies of corner office executives when it's time to make major changes in businesses.


This article examines how Athenian funerary markers functioned within the context of classical Attic peribolos tombs, or family burial plots. An analysis of the relationship between burials and markers in the Corner Terrace tombs of the Kerameikos indicates that commemoration in family tombs did not intend to record all burial activity. Instead, selected circumstances of burial were used to present a constructed image of the family in the tomb. The interplay among funerary markers in family tombs suggests that commemoration likewise did not aim to identify clearly all commemorated individuals or trace the complete details of a family tree; rather, the tomb facade prioritized family connections more generally. The collection of funerary markers in a peribolos tomb, when taken together, paint a picture of a successful family that has escaped the kind of challenges that appear in the rhetoric of the Attic orators, such as the extinction of the family line, generational conflict, and improprieties in the behavior of women. Funerary markers in classical Attic family tombs express a generalized family ideology more than a specific family history in response to an increasing perception in late fifth and fourth century B.C.E. Athens that families were threatened.


" William Louis Poteat (1856-1938), the son of a conservative Baptist slaveholder, became one of the most outspoken southern liberals during his lifetime. He was a rarity in the South for openly teaching evolution beginning in the 1880s, and during his tenure as president of Wake Forest College (1905-1927) his advocacy of social Christianity stood in stark contrast to the zeal for practical training that swept through the New South's state universities. Exceptionally frank in his support of evolution, Poteat believed it represented God at work in nature. Despite repeated attacks in the early 1920s, Poteat stood his ground on this issue while a number of other professors at southern colleges were dismissed for teaching evolution. One of the few Baptists who stressed the social duties of Christians, Poteat led numerous campaigns during the Progressive era for reform on such issues as public education, child labor, race relations, and care of the mentally ill. His convictions were grounded in a respect for high culture and learning, a belief in the need for leadership, and a deep-seated faith in God. Poteat also embodied the struggle with the intellectual compromises that tortured contemporary social critics in the South. Though he took a liberal position on numerous issues, he was a staunch advocate for prohibition and became a strong supporter of eugenics, a position he adopted after following his beliefs in a natural hierarchy and absolute moral order to their ultimate conclusion. Randal Hall's revisionist biography presents a nuanced portrait of Poteat, shedding new light on southern intellectual life, religious development, higher education, and politics in the region during his lifetime.


A drug therapy can alter the pharmacokinetic profiles and biodistribution patterns of radiopharmaceuticals.   Glucocorticoids   are   pharmaceutical   drugs   for   anti-inflammatory   by preventing  phospholipid release  and  decreasing  eosinophil action.  To  achieve  an  optimum diagnostic outcome, this research was focused on pharmacokinetics interaction and biodistribution pattern between two kinds of Glucocorticoids drugs i.e. dexamethasone and prednisone with 99mTc- MDP using animal model Mus musculus stock Swiss. 99mTc-MDP has been developed as radiopharmaceutical for bone imaging in nuclear medicine. Mice were divided into three groups, which were treated with dexamethasone by oral administration for 5 days continously, treatment with prednisone by oral administration for 3 days continously and without treatment (control). Pharmacokinetics interaction was conducted by injecting 200mL 99mTc-MDP intravenously administrated using a dose 1 mCi/mL. Biodistribution pattern was conducted by injecting 200 mL 99mTc-MDP intravenously administrated using a dose 1 mCi/mL. After 3 hours after intravenous injection of 99mTc-MDP each of these groups of animals were killed with chloroform and then dissected. Radioactivity of blood samples and selected organs were weighed and counted by using single channel analyzer. The results of pharmacokinetics study showed that the elimination half-life of animal model that given with dexamethasone and prednisone are 4.61 h and 4.63 h more faster than control animals (20.67 h). The results of biodistribution study showed that uptake of 99mTc- MDP in bone using animal models decreased which were given dexamethasone and prednisone compared to normal animals, which following results 3.53 ± 0.49%, 3.47 ± 0.5% and 11.54 ± 4.36% (control).


This dissertation contributes to the state of the art in the field of pattern recognition and machine learning by advancing a family of nonlinear dimensionality reduction methods. We start with the automatisation of spectral dimensionality reduction approaches in order to facilitate the usage of these techniques by scientists in various domains wherever there is a need to explore large volumes of multivariate data. Then, we focus on the crucial and open problem of modelling the intrinsic structure of multidimensional time series. Solutions to this outstanding scientific challenge would advance various branches of science from meteorology, biology, engineering to computer vision, wherever time is a key asset of high dimensional data. We introduce two different approaches to this complex problem, which are both derived from the proposed concept of introducing spatio-temporal constraints between time series. The first algorithm allows for an efficient deterministic parameterisation of multidimensional time series spaces, even in the presence of data variations, whereas the second one approximates an underlying distribution of such spaces in a generative manner. We evaluate our original contributions in the area of visual human motion analysis, especially in two major computer vision tasks, i.e. human body pose estimation and human action recognition from video. In particular, we propose two variants of temporally constrained human motion descriptors, which become a foundation of view independent action recognition frameworks, and demonstrate excellent robustness against style, view .and speed variability in recognition of different kinds of motions. Performance analysis confirms the strength and potential of our contributions, which may benefit many domains beyond computer vision.


A study was performed to investigate the potential impacts of the cloud-masking capability of the advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) on board the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) polar orbiting satellites because of the addition of the 1.6 µm channel (ch3a) and the removal of the 3.75 µm channel (ch3b) during daylight operation. Both channels are measured by the AVHRR, but only one is available in the data stream. Because the AVHRR presents the longest time series of global imager data, this change could impact a critical source of climate data. Specifically, changes in its cloud-masking capability may introduce a discontinuity in its derived clear-sky data records. To study the relative cloud-detection capabilities of the AVHRR with ch3a or ch3b, data from the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) on the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) TERRA mission was used because it offers ch3a, ch3b, and the other AVHRR channels simultaneously. The MODIS data analysis indicated that ch3b offered more capability in separating cloud from snow. Cloud-masking results with ch3a and ch3b were comparable with respect to the separation of cloud from aerosol and the detection of cloud over a desert scene. Although these results are preliminary and based on a limited analysis, they do indicate that the switch from ch3b to ch3a may have significant impacts on the cloud-detection capability of the AVHRR.


Cyclic loading of a solid material induces a cyclic temperature fluctuation. The thermal cycle is asynchronous with the loading cycle when the strains are elastic. This is commonly known as the thermoelastic effect. In differential thermography, a sensitive infrared camera is used to measure this temperature variation; typically of the order of a few tens of milliKelvin. Since the magnitude of the temperature variation is proportional to the dilational strain, values of the surface elastic stress can be derived. Recent advances in infrared camera technology and data processing algorithms have enabled values of effective stress intensity factor ranges and the location of fatigue cracks to be determined from temperature fluctuations around the crack tip on the specimen surface. Careful observation in the region near a crack tip reveals deviations from the asynchronous behavior of the photon signal relative to the load cycle. Phase shifts up to π/8 are commonly observed. The spatial distribution of these phase shifts exhibits characteristic features which are described and discussed. The features in this distribution appear to be associated with high elastic strain gradients, regions of plasticity and contact between the crack faces. Interpretation of the phase shift and its spatial distribution may lead to a better understanding of the mechanics of fatigue crack growth.


The ecological niche of a parasite exists only at the nexus of certain abiotic and biotic conditions suitable for both the definitive and intermediate hosts. However, the life cycles of most parasites are not known , or are poorly known, and using known ranges of hosts to find endemic parasitic infections has been difficult. However, with ecological niche modeling, we can create potential range maps using known localities of infection. Testing the validity of such maps requires knowledge of the localities of other parasites with common history. Here, we find that the ecological niche of a tapeworm parasite of voles, Paranoplocephala macrocephala (Cestoda: Anoplocephalidae), allows prediction of the presence (in ecological and geographic space) of 19 related parasite species from 3 genera in 23 different hosts throughout the Nearctic. These results give credence to the idea that this group shares similar life cycle requirements despite phylogenetic distance. This work further validates ecological niche modeling as a means by which to predict occurrence of parasites when not all facets of the life cycle are confirmed. Such inductive methods create the opportunity for deducing potential reservoir or intermediate hosts, and complementing studies of parasite biodiversity and community ecology.


The quantum efficiency of silicon photodiodes and factors that might be responsible for the drop in quantum efficiency in the near-infrared spectral range were analyzed. It was shown that poor reflectivity from the rear surface of the die could account for a decrease in Si photodiode quantum efficiency in near-infrared spectral range by more than 20%. The photodiode quantum efficiency was modeled with an appropriate representation for the carrier-collection efficiency dependence on the die penetration depth. A corrected analytical expression for calculating the photodiode quantum efficiency is given. Some methods to improve the quantum efficiency of silicon photodiodes in near-infrared spectral range are discussed.


The pattern of proteins synthesized in Escherichia coli during steady-state growth in media with ample inorganic phosphate (Pi), upon limitation for Pi (without an alternative phosphorous compound), and during steady-state growth in media containing phosphonate (PHN) as the sole P source was examined by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Of 816 proteins monitored in these experiments, all those with differential synthesis rates greater than 2.0 or less than 0.5 upon phosphate limitation (P limitation) or during growth on PHN compared with their rates in the cultures with Pi were classified as belonging to the PL or PHN stimulon, respectively. The PL stimulon included 413 proteins, 208 showing induced synthesis and 205 showing repressed synthesis. The PHN stimulon was smaller: it included 257 proteins; 227 showed induced synthesis and 30 showed repressed synthesis. The overlap of the two stimulons included 137 proteins: most (118) were ones showing induced synthesis. The promoter regions of genes for several of the proteins with induced or repressed synthesis contained sequences which resembled the consensus sequence for PhoB binding. The aggregate mass of proteins responding to P limitation or growth on PHN was 30 to 40% of the cells' total mass. By comparing the proteins responding to P limitation with those responding to growth on PHN, one can speculate which proteins are likely involved in adapting cells to new P sources or in preparing cells to survive stationary phase.


Two novel D–A (donor–acceptor) and one D–A–D small molecules containing mesitylborane as an acceptor and triphenylamine as a donor, linked through a thieno[3,2-b]thiophene π-conjugated spacer, are synthesized and characterized. Their photo- and electrochemical properties were investigated by experimental and computational studies. The emission quantum efficiencies were determined to be between 46% and 68% in THF. Their solid-state quantum yields were recorded up to 42%. The fabricated electroluminescent devices as emitting materials showed sky-blue to yellowish green emissions. Their devices exhibit high performance with a turn-on voltage, maximal brightness, and highest luminescence efficiency of up to 4.0 V, 1200 cd m−2 and 1.13 cd A−1, respectively. These results pave new avenues for the future molecules possessing D and A units connected via fused thiophenes.


The leaders of the American School Counselor Association (ASCA), the professional organization that creates policy and advocates for school counselors, state: "[professional school counselors design and deliver comprehensive school counseling programs that promote student achievement. These programs are comprehensive in scope, preventative in design and developmental in nature (. ..). The ASCA National Model[R] brings professional school counselors together with one vision and one voice, which creates unity and focus toward improving student achievement" (ASCA, 2005 [paragraph] 1). The advantages of developmental, comprehensive school counseling programs (CDSC) have been espoused for decades (Gysbers, 2004), yet these programs were slow to emerge. In 1997, the ASCA Standards were developed to identify and monitor student competencies with a focus on student growth in the academic, career, and personal/social domains (ASCA, 2003). In 2001, the governing council of the American School Counseling Association took these Standards to the next level through the development of a template for professional school counselors to use in designing their own CDSC program. The result is the ASCA National Model[R] (ASCA). Despite the ASCA's active campaign to promote awareness of the benefits of a CDSC program, many professional school counselors have not yet instituted a comprehensive, developmental school counseling program in their schools. In one study (Oberman & Studer, 2008), 51% of the surveyed school counselors reported that they had not instituted a CDSC program in their schools, 26% of the participants reported having a comprehensive, developmental counseling program in place, and 23% reported that they were in the process of implementing this type of program. School counselor training is disjointed when trainees are supervised by professional school counselors who work in a program that reflects a traditional, reactive school counseling program, but receive training in a CDSC perspective from their school counselor education program. As one high school counselor stated to a class of school counseling students who were learning about the benefits of a CDSC program, "you can forget everything you are learning in your classes since you will never use any of it when you enter the schools." It was clear from this statement that there was a disconnect between the philosophy of this practicing school counselor and those of the training program goals. School Counselor Performance Standards and CDSC Programs When the ASCA National Standards were first developed, there was some uncertainty as to whether the Standards were written for school counselor practitioners or for K-12 students. This confusion was clarified in the ASCA National Model: A Framework for School Counseling Programs in which it was stated that these competencies were designed "for students, not programs" (ASCA, 2003, p. 10). However, because school counselors serve as leaders of their program and are responsible for monitoring and assessing the effectiveness of their services, school counselor performance standards are also addressed in this document. Consequently, these standards were formatted into an evaluation document entitled School Counseling Standards: School Counselor Competencies that "... is organized and consistent with the ASCA National Model[R].... [and] will equip the school counselor with the skills to establish, maintain and enhance the developmental school counseling program in all three domains (academic, personal/social, and career" (ASCA, n.d. [paragraph] 6). Although graduates from school counseling programs are expected to fulfill the same roles and effectively perform the same competencies as their more experienced colleagues, the reality is that many competencies are not mastered until years of experience are attained. The Trainee in a CDSC Program Several researchers investigated school counseling programs that relate to the ASCA National Model[R]. …


This article focuses on the manner in which the law of copyright in the UK has made sense of a particular cultural artifact - film - in the process of figuring it as an object in which property rights can subsist. It traces the history of legislative and judicial attempts to circumscribe the boundaries around this object, noting that two approaches have emerged and now co-exist: a 'physicalist' approach which treats a film as co-extensive with its recording on some medium; and a 'formalist' approach which treats a film as an expressive form exceeding this physical manifestation. It explains why each approach is reductive and impoverished when considered in relation to how films are figured as aesthetic objects; and concludes that a modified version of the available Marxist explanations of film copyright reveals the latter's understandings of film to be closely articulated with the purposes and values of the mainstream film industry. More generally, it suggests that a reappraisal of Marxist theory may be timely at this juncture, not least because it draws attention to law's role in exemplifying the entwinement of culture and economy at a number of levels.


I study the role of external auditors in the diffusion of stock-option backdating in the U.S. to explore the role of professional experts in the diffusion of innovative practices that subvert stakeholders' interests. Practices that are eventually accepted as misconduct may emerge as liminal practices—ethically and legally questionable but not clearly illegitimate or outlawed—and not be categorized as misconduct until social control agents notice, scrutinize, and react to them. I examine how the role of external auditors in the diffusion of stock-option backdating changed as the practice shifted from liminality to being illegal and illegitimate. The findings suggest that professional experts' involvement in the diffusion of liminal practices is highly responsive to the institutional environment. Initially, professional experts diffuse these practices via local networks, but when the legal environment becomes more stringent, implying that the practice will become illegitimate, experts reverse their role and extinguish the practice. The larger network remains largely uninvolved in both diffusing and extinguishing the liminal practice until the practice is publicly exposed and labeled as illegal and illegitimate. The findings further show that the diffusion and then extinguishing of backdating before it was outlawed depended on the adopter's geographic proximity to a local office of a complacent expert and on the absence of traceable communication about backdating between these offices. This combination set the stage for each office to develop independent views about backdating, leading some offices to view backdating favorably and diffuse it, and others to view it unfavorably and curtail it—even at the same time and within the same audit firm. This study contributes to research on the diffusion of misconduct by providing insight into the role of professional experts and the mechanisms and boundary conditions governing that role.


The digitalization of the legal domain has been ongoing for a couple of years. In that process, the application of different machine learning (ML) techniques is crucial. Tasks such as the classification of legal documents or contract clauses as well as the translation of those are highly relevant. On the other side, digitized documents are barely accessible in this field, particularly in Germany. Today, deep learning (DL) is one of the hot topics with many publications and various applications. Sometimes it provides results outperforming the human level. Hence this technique may be feasible for the legal domain as well. However, DL requires thousands of samples to provide decent results. A potential solution to this problem is multi-task DL to enable transfer learning. This approach may be able to overcome the data scarcity problem in the legal domain, specifically for the German language. We applied the state of the art multi-task model on three tasks: translation, summarization, and multi-label classification. The experiments were conducted on legal document corpora utilizing several task combinations as well as various model parameters. The goal was to find the optimal configuration for the tasks at hand within the legal domain. The multi-task DL approach outperformed the state of the art results in all three tasks. This opens a new direction to integrate DL technology more efficiently in the legal domain.


This paper addresses an important aspect of mobile core network virtualization: The combined optimization of the virtual mobile core network topology (graph) and its embedding onto a physical substrate network. Basically this comprises the placement of mobile core virtual network functions (VNFs) onto the nodes of the physical substrate network, the determination of the interconnections towards the radio access network (RAN) and the Internet as well as the traffic routing between the VNFs. This problem differs from the traditional virtual network embedding (VNE) problem as the virtual network topology is not known in advance and several additional constraints apply, e.g. not every node of the physical substrate network might be able to host every VNF. We assume that the topology, link capacities and node resources of the physical substrate network are predefined and that a node comprises both packet forwarding and datacenter/server functionality. The node capabilities are defined by the processing, storage and switching (throughput) resources as well as the ability to host specific mobile core VNFs, i.e. the SGW, PGW, MME and HSS virtual functions. For the traffic routing, explicit single path routing is assumed. We propose a novel integer linear programming formulation which combines the optimization of the virtual network topology with VNE optimization. Optimization target is to minimize the cost of occupied link and node resources. Our formulation relies on the joint embedding of individual core network service chains where a core network service chain denotes the sequence of mobile core VNFs a user or control plane traffic flow traverses. We evaluate our model by means of two physical network topology examples taken from SNDlib [1]. It is shown that our approach outperforms traditional VNE optimization approaches in terms of optimality and computation time.


Owing to implantation and the requirement for extraembryonic tissues during mammalian embryogenesis, the development of the foetal axes is a relatively late event. Consequently, the definitive body axes of the organism are established in the founder tissue of the foetus well after polarised asymmetries have arisen in the conceptus. The anterior–posterior polarity of the organism has its origin in an extraembryonic tissue, the visceral endoderm, and there is evidence that the axes of the conceptus directly influence the orientation of the definitive body axes. Directional cell movements in the visceral endoderm help position the primitive streak, a structure that plays a key role in establishing the pattern of the primary body axis. Subsequently, asymmetries along the left–right axis are generated. As these are fundamental events that the remainder of embryonic development is predicated on, defects in these processes generally lead to embryos that fail to develop further.

Key Concepts

The mammalian embryo first generates structures and tissues that contribute to the placenta; therefore, there are various axes of asymmetry in the early conceptus that are not present in the final foetus.
There is a progressive increase in the degree of asymmetry in the pre-implantation conceptus from an approximately spherically symmetrical zygote to radially symmetrical early blastocyst and finally bilaterally symmetrical late blastocyst.
The epiblast, which gives rise to the foetus, does not appear to have intrinsic axial information but receives axial patterning information from an extraembryonic tissue called the anterior visceral endoderm.
The anterior visceral endoderm defines the site of gastrulation by restricting the formation of the primitive streak in the epiblast.
The migratory movement of the anterior visceral endoderm is crucial to the proper orientation of the anterior–posterior axis.
A specialised structure called the node, located at the rostral end of the primitive streak, plays a central role not only in the organisation of the primary body axis but also in generating left–right asymmetries.

Keywords:

mammalian embryo;
mouse axis formation;
blastocyst;
anterior patterning;
left–right asymmetry


Many scientific goals for DES require calibration of broadband grizY photometry that is stable in time and uniform over the sky to better than 1%. It is also necessary to limit systematic uncertainty in the calibrated broadband magnitudes due to the spectrum of the source. I present details on the Forward Global Calibration Method (FGCM), which combines data taken with auxiliary instrumentation with data from the survey imaging itself and models of the instrument and atmosphere to estimate the spatial- and time-dependence of the passbands of individual DES exposures. The passband of individual observations is combined with the source spectral shape to compute chromatic corrections to the standard system which is necessary to achieve sub-percent calibrations.