Pulmonary disease affects and is affected by the nutritional status of the patient. The relationships between nutrition, medications, complications, and the course of pulmonary disease itself are multifaceted and are the focus of concern for the nutritional support team. Nutritional support of patients with pulmonary disease demands the expertise of a multidisciplinary team in monitoring the nutritional status of patients, appropriately selecting feeding solutions and routines, selecting and administering medications, and planning and implementing nursing interventions. Recognition of the importance of the nutritional component of care for patients with pulmonary disease is the focus of this article.


Objective: To investigate the effects of two weeks of intensive mass practice with a constraint-induced movement therapy approach for the lower extremity in five chronic poststroke patients, and the persistence of effects at three and six months. Design: A single-subject experimental design (SSED) was used with an AB design and follow-ups three and six months later. Setting: Outpatient rehabilitation at Torsby Hospital in Sweden. Main measures: Motor function in lower extremity, mobility, dynamic balance, weight-bearing symmetry and walking ability were measured on six occasions during two weeks (A phase), with the Fugl-Meyer assessment for lower extremity, the Timed Up and Go, the Step Test, the Timed Walking Test and the Six-Minute Walk Test. During the intervention's B phase, six measurements were performed with the same time intervals as in the A phase. There were follow-ups three and six months later. Intervention: The intervention (B phase) consisted of bicycling, training in water, strength training, standing weight-bearing, walking up and down stairs, walking indoors and outdoors and flexibility training of the lower extremity, on all weekdays, 6 h a day for two weeks. Results: The results showed improvements in 23/30 variables (77%), 12 of them statistically significant (52%). At follow-up, 22/23 improvements persisted. For example, three of five subjects walked significantly further after the intervention and the follow-ups showed that they still walked further than before the intervention. Conclusion: Intensive mass practice with constraint-induced movement therapy for the lower extremity can improve motor function, mobility, dynamic balance, weight-bearing symmetry and walking ability in chronic poststroke patients.Long-term follow-up showed that the effects persisted for these five subjects.


Introduction. Adult spinal deformity (ASD) surgeries carry significant morbidity, and this has led many surgeons to apply minimally invasive surgery (MIS) techniques to reduce the blood loss, infections, and other peri-operative complications. A spectrum of techniques for MIS correction of ASD has thus evolved, most recently the application of percutaneous iliac screws. Methods. Over an 18 months 10 patients with thoracolumbar scoliosis underwent MIS surgery. The mean age was 73 years (70% females). Patients were treated with multi-level facet osteotomies and interbody fusion using expandable cages followed by percutaneous screw fixation. Percutaneous iliac screws were placed bilaterally using the obturator outlet view to target the ischial body. Results. All patients were successfully instrumented without conversion to an open technique. Mean operative time was 302 minutes and the mean blood loss was 480 cc, with no intraoperative complications. A total of 20 screws were placed successfully as judged by CT scanning to confirm no bony violations. Complications included: two asymptomatic medial breaches at T10 and L5, and one patient requiring delayed epidural hematoma evacuation. Conclusions. Percutaneous iliac screws can be placed safely in patients with ASD. This MIS technique allows for successful caudal anchoring to stress-shield the sacrum and L5-S1 fusion site in long-segment constructs.


Background We aimed to quantify the potential health benefits of increased use of lipid-lowering treatment (LLT), according to current guidelines, for the Dutch diabetes population. Design Simulation study. Methods We compared the long-term health outcomes for a scenario in which all diabetes patients received LLT to those in a 'current practice' scenario, in which 28% received LLT. The model reflected the Dutch diabetes population 40–80 years of age, in 2003. Sensitivity analyses were performed, using more conservative assumptions. Results Over the lifetime, LLT for all diabetes patients reduced the expected cumulative incidences of coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke by, respectively, 6 and 9%. Average life expectancy of Dutch diabetes patients would increase by 0.33 years, ranging from 0.14 years for patients aged 70–79 years, to 0.84 years for patients aged 40–49 years at the start of the simulation. Life-long treatment for patients aged 50–59 contributed most to the life years gained (55 000 out of 146 000). With reduced effectiveness of LLT and fewer patients starting LLT, the cumulative incidences of both CHD and stroke would decrease by approximately 2%. The number needed to treat to prevent one incident case of cardiovascular disease over lifetime was 20 for CHD and 44 for stroke. Conclusion This simulation study shows that increased use of LLT can substantially reduce the expected future burden of CHD and stroke in the Dutch diabetes population.


This study presents a comprehensive review of the literature on implementation of various decentralized water systems along with centralized systems. The review highlights the benefits provided by these systems as well as various challenges posed associated with them. There are complex interactions involved within the water systems in an urban setting that are multidimensional and span over various aspects of water availability, quality, energy use, environmental, legal, economic, and social sectors. Although there are many economic, environmental, and social benefits associated with decentralized systems, there are some hidden challenges that are generally overlooked by planners and managers; these include the spatial integration of such systems, their energy intensity, social, economic, and environmental viability of these systems. Decisions to implement decentralized water systems require decision makers to consider economic, social, and environmental dimensions conjointly through an appropriate multicriteria decision analysis to select the hybrid water supply combination optimal for the given circumstances. The existing studies and tools are unable to address these factors using an integrated approach. So a holistic framework to evaluate and compare various water supply options in terms of energy use, social, economic, and environmental impacts is required to assess such systems in comprehensive manner. WIREs Water 2015, 2:623–634. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1099


The radiant world of Eudora Welty's art is charged by a poignant and familiar beauty, and here in a stunning book of her photographs is a dazzling record of this writer's unique and special vision. It is unusual-remarkable-for a major writer also to be an accomplished photographer. Eudora Welty is one of the very few whose great talent has been expressed in both photographs and fiction. This book brings together in one volume about 250 representative photographs from the few thousand that she took during the 1930s, '40s, and '50s. Although her camera's view finder compresses much, like the frame in which she conceives her fiction, it finds elements that convey her deep compassion and her artist's sensibilities. From the confines of her native Mississippi these photographs unfold the world of Eudora Welty's art, reaching, extending, and exploring. In the Deep South of Depression times, when she began writing, she discovered the place into which she had been born and which would always be her subject. From here, as these photographs show, she approached and risked the outside world. From rural Mississippi to New Orleans, Charleston, New York City, and Yaddo, and then to Ireland, England, and the Continent Welty widened her vision and expanded her art. These photographs reveal that both in her fiction and in the pictures she took it has always been in place, in the special qualities of what is local, that she found her impulse. "I was smitten by the identity of place wherever I was," she said in 1989, "from Mississippi on---I still am." The legions of appreciators of Welty's photographs see in them the feelings and vision that are the hallmarks of her great literary art in such novels as Losing Battles and The Optimist's Daughter, in her memoir One Writer's Beginnings, and in her volumes of short stories. This serves as a definitive book of Welty's photographs, compromising pictures from her personal collection, from the repository of Welty materials at the Mississippi Department of Archives and History, and from One Time, One Place, an album of her Depression-era photographs published in 1972. Included are Mississippi scenes and people, emblems of folklife, carnival signs and performers, photographs taken in CHarleston, New Orleans, Mexico, New York City, Ireland, Paris, Nice, Italy, Wales, and Saratoga Springs, N.Y., and a significant group of Welty's portraits of family members and friends.


I Don't Know, Or The Weave of Textile Language is a unique project by the renowned US artist Richard Tuttle. It will be the largest survey of his work ever held in the UK, which will include a major exhibition of Tuttle's career to date at the Whitechapel Gallery and a newly commissioned sculpture to be presented in Tate Modern's iconic Turbine Hall. Measuring over twelve metres in height, it will be the largest work ever created by the artist. Richard Tuttle came to prominence in the 1960s, combining sculpture, painting, poetry and drawing. He has become revered for his delicate and playful approach, often using such humble, everyday materials as cloth, paper, rope and plywood. For this project, Tuttle has taken as his starting point one of the unsung heroes of everyday life: textile. Textile is commonly associated with craft and fashion, yet woven canvas lies behind many of the world's most acclaimed works of art and textiles are of increasing interest to artists today. The exhibition investigates the importance of this material throughout history, across Tuttle's remarkable body of work and into the latest developments in his practice. A new book will be published as part of this project, drawing on Tuttle's knowledge as a longstanding collector of textiles from around the world. It will include photographs of his collection, texts about the historical, aesthetic, social and material value of textiles, images of works from the Whitechapel Gallery exhibition and documentation of the sculpture at Tate Modern.


Climate change is an unavoidable phenomenon of natural and anthropogenic origin against which mitigation and adaptation are required to reduce the magnitude of impact and vulnerability, to avoid risk in vegetable farming and to ensure sustainable livelihoods of the agricultural community. Genetic improvement of vegetable crops is an appropriate adaptation strategy to cope with climate change adversities. A combination study of genomics and phenomics provides a clear understanding of the environment9s effect on the transformation of a genotype into phenotype. Grafting of a susceptible scion cultivar onto a resistant rootstock is another way of utilising plant biodiversity against climate change. Agronomic practices such as resource conservation technologies, mulching, organic farming, carbon sequestration by cropping systems and agroforestry provide a suite of possible strategies for addressing the impacts of climate change on vegetable production. Protected cultivation and post-harvest technology can be significant practices in facing the challenges of climate change. Weather forecasting models and growth simulation models can be used to predict the possible impact of climate change on vegetable crop production and they also help in framing necessary adaptation measures.


The brain combines information across sensory modalities to construct finely calibrated multisensory models of the body. The parameters of these models are largely dependent upon online sensory feedback, particularly visual. For example, visually magnifying a body part recalibrates somatosensory perception on it. Tool use has also been shown to recalibrate tactile perception on the tool-using limb. Here, we show that vision during tool use is both necessary and sufficient for recalibrating tactile perception. In a series of experiments, we assessed tactile distance judgments on the hand and arm before and after tool use. Responses were fit with psychometric functions using a maximum likelihood estimation technique; a difference between the pre- and post-PSE indexed tool-induced perceptual recalibration. Following the use of a hand-shaped tool, we found significant recalibration in tactile processing on the hand (Experiment 1). No recalibration was found when subjects were blindfolded during tool use, demonstrating a necessary role for visual feedback (Experiment 2). We next investigated whether vision is sufficient for recalibration. We used a mirror visual illusion to decouple visual and somatosensory feedback during tool use. Participants viewed a reflection of their right arm while keeping their left arm stationary behind a mirror. After participants used the tool with their right arm, we found significant perceptual recalibration on the left forearm, even though this limb remained completely stationary (Experiment 3). This effect was abolished when subjects performed the reaching task with their right arm only (Experiment 4), held the tool stationary (Experiment 5), or used the tool without the mirror box (Experiment 6). Taken together, these studies demonstrate that vision during tool use is both necessary and sufficient for recalibrating multisensory models of body size. The importance of overt tool movement in the illusion further suggests an important role for visual biological motion mechanisms in embodiment. Meeting abstract presented at VSS 2015.


The interface management and resource allocation in backhaul (BH)/access networks for the cloud/centralized radio access networks (C-RAN) are two of the largest challenges to enable the C-RAN architecture deployment successfully in cellular wireless systems. From the PHY perspectives, one major advantage of C-RAN is the ease of implementation of multicell coordination mechanisms to manage the interference and improve the system spectral efficiency (SE). Theoretically, a large number of cooperative cells leads to a higher SE; however, it may also cause significant delay due to extra channel state information feedback and joint processing computational needs at the cloud data center, which is likely to result in performance degradation. In order to investigate the delay impact on the throughput gains, we divide the network into multiple clusters of cooperative small cells and formulate a throughput optimization problem. We model various delay factors and the sum-rate of the network as a function of cluster size, treating it as the main optimization variable. For our analysis, we consider both base stations' as well as users' geometric locations as random variables for both linear and planar network deployments. The output signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio and ergodic sum-rate are derived based on the homogenous Poisson-point-processing model. The sum-rate optimization problem in terms of the cluster size is formulated and solved. From the radio resource management (RRM) perspective, we consider the problem of joint BH and access links optimization in dense small-cell networks with special focus on time division duplexing mode of operation in BH and access links transmission. Here, we propose a framework for joint RRM where we systematically decompose the problem in BH and access links. To simplify the analysis, the procedure is tackled in two stages. At the first stage, the joint optimization problem is formulated for a point-to-point scenario where each small cell is simply associated to a single user. In the second stage, the problem is generalized for multiaccess small cells. In addition, the chapter addressed thejoint routing and BH scheduling in a dense small-cell networks using 60 GHz multihop BH, coordinated by a local C-RAN central unit. The problem is formulated as a generalized vehicle routing problem and decoupled into two subproblems, channel-aware path selection and queue-aware link scheduling.


We consider the setting of iterative learning control, or model-based policy learning in the presence of uncertain, time-varying dynamics. In this setting, we propose a new performance metric, planning regret, which replaces the standard stochastic uncertainty assumptions with worst case regret. Based on recent advances in non-stochastic control, we design a new iterative algorithm for minimizing planning regret that is more robust to model mismatch and uncertainty. We provide theoretical and empirical evidence that the proposed algorithm outperforms existing methods on several benchmarks.


In this paper, a nonparametric method based on quadratic programming (QP) for identification of nonlinear autoregressive systems with exogenous inputs (NARX systems) is presented. We consider a mixed parametric/nonparametric model structure. The output is assumed to be the sum of a parametric linear part and a nonparametric Lipschitz continuous part. The consistency of the estimator is shown assuming only that an upper bound on the true Lipschitz constant is given. In addition, different types of prior knowledge about the system can easily be incorporated. Examples show that the method can give accurate estimates also for small data sets and that the estimate of the linear part sometimes can be improved compared to the linear least squares estimate.


On the occasion of the millennium celebration of Strasbourg Cathedral, a transdisciplinary research group composed of archaeologists, surveyors, architects, art historians and a stonemason revised the 1966-1972 excavations under the St. Lawrence's Chapel of the Cathedral having remains of Roman and medieval masonry. The 3D modeling of the Chapel has been realized based on the combination of conventional surveying techniques for the network creation, laser scanning for the model creation and photogrammetric techniques for the texturing of a few parts. According to the requirements and the end-user of the model, the level of detail and level of accuracy have been adapted and assessed for every floor. The basement has been acquired and modeled with more details and a higher accuracy than the other parts. Thanks to this modeling work, archaeologists can confront their assumptions to those of other disciplines by simulating constructions of other worship edifices on the massive stones composing the basement. The virtual reconstructions provided evidence in support of these assumptions and served for communication via virtual visits.


This paper explores the isomorphism between two relationships. The first is that between reasons and requirements. Reasons for action (or for belief - but the focus here is action) differ from requirements, in that reasons are typically merely advisory while requirements are mandatory. We are rationally required to do that which there is most reason for us to do (and of course if we have most reason to do nothing, that is what reason requires). This way of understanding the relationship between reasons for action and what reasons require of an actor has been called the maximizing conception. The second relationship is that between moral reasons (a subset of reasons generally, but not necessarily a proper subset) and moral requirements. It is natural to assume that moral reasons ripen into moral requirements in the same manner that reasons generally ripen into rational requirements: we are morally required to do what we have most reason, morally, to do. This transposition of the maximizing view from the realm of reasons generally to the moral realm can be traced to Moore. The paper defends a version of Moore's view, despite its perhaps drastic consequences. Part of this defense consists of taking into account the putative incomparability between certain types of moral reasons. The paper argues that incomparability, far from undermining the maximizing view, helps it accommodate the possibility of moral options, and to that extent to avoid what has become commonly known as "the strenuousness objection," typically directed against consequentialistic species of the maximizing conception. But the larger part of this defense consists of criticism of alternative accounts of the relationship between moral reasons and moral requirements. Historically, a number of ideas have been invoked to close the gap between reasons and requirements, or (as the gap could also be described) between goodness and obligation. "Sanction" theories, voluntaristic theories, and rationalistic or universalization theories are examined and found wanting. The paper concludes that the maximizing conception can be reconciled with whatever is defensible in each of these alternatives: a unary account of morality and rationality is available once moral reasoning is represented as an operation of maximization performed upon a "filtered" or "supplemented" set of reasons bearing upon the actor.


ABSTRACT This study uses an experimental design to examine the uncertainty-reducing effect of online dating profiles on initial first-date interactions. Zero-history dyads (N = 108) participated in a brief first meeting in the lab, where they were randomly assigned to either a dating profile (experimental) condition or a no-profile control group. Results indicated that profile viewing had an amplification effect on initial interactions. Profiles strengthened the actor effects of eagerness to communicate before the interaction, disclosure during the interaction, and uncertainty and similarity after the interaction on an individual's own communication satisfaction with the first date. Profiles also intensified the partner effect of nonverbal affiliation during the interaction on communication satisfaction. Implications for uncertainty reduction theory and profile design are discussed.


There is little data in India on the use of performance enhancing drugs in sports. But personal and incidental information shows that their use is far more extensive than is believed. This use occurs beyond the arena of high-level competitive sports. Even if the guidelines of the national and world anti-doping agencies were to become effective, they would not impact the larger environment where such drug use appears to be extensive. Which ethical guidelines advise the sports medical practitioner in prescribing medicines and training regimes for the athlete? Of particular concern is the role of paediatricians since training for sports or physical fitness is increasingly a youth phenomenon. The following is a discussion note, prompted by personal and anecdotal experience.


The oxygenator is the main element of a heart-lung machine, which takes over the work of the lungs (adding oxygen to and removing carbon dioxide from the blood) during an operation. Oxygenators function by passing oxygen through a hollow fiber (straw-like fiber), where blood gases are exchanged via tiny pores in the fiber walls. In this study, a fiber-in-fiber technology was used to design a temperature controlled blood oxygenator membrane module. A Celgard® X-10 hollow fiber was put through the lumen of a polypropylene hollow fiber having a solid wall. Both fibers are made of polypropylene and are waterproof due to their hydrophobic properties. A heating fluid (e.g., deionized water) was circulated on the shell side of the outer set of the nonporous hollow fiber having a solid wall. In this way, the temperature level of the oxygenated deionized (DI) water was maintained at the desired temperature. The hollow fiber module carried out the removal of carbon dioxide and absorption of the oxygen under various conditions of temperature and flow rate. The hollow fiber module, which was used for this experimental work, was effective in removing carbon dioxide. High percentage removal of carbon dioxide was achieved at lower feed water flow rates while oxygen was absorbed into the water stream. The flow rate of the feed water and the temperature of the circulated water were important factors controlling the concentration of dissolved oxygen in water.


Sumoylation has been linked to nucleocytoplasmic transport since the discovery of SUMO as a modifier of vertebrate RanGAP1, which is targeted to the nuclear pore complex (NPC) after sumoylation. The link between sumoylation and nucleocytoplasmic transport has been strengthened even more with the discovery that the major component of NPC cytoplasmic filaments, RanBP2, acts as a SUMO E3 ligase. RanBP2 is in stable complex with Ubc9 and sumoylated RanGAP1, and it was recently discovered that it is the RanBP2 complex which acts as a multisubunit E3 ligase in cells. One fascinating feature of the RanBP2 complex is the very close proximity of the E3 ligase region and the binding site for sumoylated RanGAP1, both of which are embedded between binding sites for nuclear transport receptors and RanGTP. Consequently, nuclear transport receptors and the small GTPase Ran are candidates for RanBP2 dependent sumoylation. In line with this idea, in recent mass spectrometry based screens several nuclear transport receptors and Ran were found to be potential candidates for sumoylation. In this work, I aimed to test whether nuclear transport receptors and/or Ran are subjected to RanBP2-dependent sumoylation and to further investigate the mechanistics and the functional consequences of this modification. Indeed, upon enrichment of endogenously sumoylated proteins from HeLa cells by IP/peptide elution, in vivo sumoylation of Crm1, Impβ, and Imp5 could be confirmed. Although Ran sumoylation could not be detected by IPs, I could demonstrate that it is sumoylated in the context of semi-permeabilized cells. Subsequent in vitro sumoylation experiments revealed that an 80kDa RanBP2 fragment as well as the reconstituted RanBP2/Ubc9/RanGAP1-SUMO1 complex could stimulate the sumoylation of Ran, whereas PIAS E3 ligases could not. Large scale in vitro sumoylation of Ran by RanBP2 fragment followed by mass spectrometric analysis identified K130, 132, and 134 as SUMO acceptor sites. Mutation of these three lysines into arginines allowed to investigate functional consequences. While Ran triple mutant was predominantly nuclear and behaved identical to wild type in the canonical Imp α/β-dependent import, it showed a striking stimulation in Imp13-dependent import. Intriguingly, the sumoylation deficient Ran mutant lost dependency on its import receptor NTF2, suggesting that it may enrich in the nucleus by other means. In a side project, I could show that the import of the SUMO E1 enzyme subunit, Aos1, is not supported by transportin or Imp13 and demonstrate that Imp α/β interacts with the E1 heterodimer mainly via the Uba2 NLS. These findings complemented the study published as "Imp α/β mediates nuclear import of individual SUMO E1 subunits and of the holo-enzyme" (Moutty M.C., Sakin V., Melchior F., 2011 MBoC).


Baclofen is a GABAB receptor agonist commonly used to relief spasticity related to motor disorders. The effects of baclofen on voluntary motor output are limited and not yet understood. Using noninvasive transcranial magnetic and electrical stimulation techniques, we examined electrophysiological measures probably involving GABAB (long-interval intracortical inhibition and the cortical silent period) and GABAA (short-interval intracortical inhibition) receptors, which are inhibitory effects mediated by subcortical and cortical mechanisms. We demonstrate increased active long-interval intracortical inhibition and prolonged cortical silent period during voluntary activity of an intrinsic finger muscle in humans with chronic incomplete cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) compared with age-matched controls, whereas resting long-interval intracortical inhibition was unchanged. However, long-term (∼6 years) use of baclofen decreased active long-interval intracortical inhibition to similar levels as controls but did not affect the duration of the cortical silent period. We found a correlation between signs of spasticity and long-interval intracortical inhibition in patients with SCI. Short-interval intracortical inhibition was decreased during voluntary contraction compared with rest but there was no effect of SCI or baclofen use. Together, these results demonstrate that baclofen selectively maintains use-dependent modulation of largely subcortical but not cortical GABAB neuronal pathways after human SCI. Thus, cortical GABAB circuits may be less sensitive to baclofen than spinal GABAB circuits. This may contribute to the limited effects of baclofen on voluntary motor output in subjects with motor disorders affected by spasticity.


Billions of connected devices with new application requirements, deployment scenarios and business models will emerge in the future. 5G will follow both evolutionary path, that is, enhanced mobile broadband and coverage, and revolutionary path, that is, massive and critical Machine Type Communications (MTC). These MTC, also known as Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communications in the local area factory automation context are the focus of this paper. Uncertainty exists in how the market will shape up, which communication technologies will be utilized and who takes up different roles that exist in the ecosystem. This paper performs a techno-economic analysis of 5G local area industrial M2M communications for 2020 and beyond. The paper applies Schoemaker's scenario planning method to identify and analyze key trends and uncertainties to construct a scenario matrix with four alternate future scenarios that help stakeholders understand, plan and strategize. This paper also builds alternative value network configurations to analyze the distribution of roles and value creation among different business actors for 5G. A comparison table of the value networks and their mapping on the scenario matrix is also provided to compare and help understand the possible co-existence of different value networks in the future.


Languages education, or what has been called the study of languages other than English (LOTE), seems to involve a paradox in Australia. It is supposed to promote cultural enrichment and intercultural understanding, and yet the process of becoming a qualified language teacher tends to be intolerant of the cultural differences of overseas born and educated speakers of these languages. This is clear from an increasing body of literature on the difficulties experienced by overseas educated language teachers, which we review in the first half of this paper. Since this raises questions on how such teachers survive in Australia, we then present an introspective study of the experiences of the first author, including the circumstances that brought her to Australia, the difficulties she faced in teacher training and as a newly employed teacher, and the factors that enabled her to cope and eventually succeed. Her experiences highlight the particular importance of supportive supervisors and colleagues, thus suggesting a valuable role for mentoring.


This study is a continuation of the results published previously (Sevag & Ishii 1958). It surveys quantitatively the extracellular and intracellular accumulation of p-aminobenzoic acid (PAB), pteridine, folic acid (FA) and citrovorum factor (CF) of the various sulphathiazole (ST)-sensitive and ST-resistant strains of Escherichia coli grown with and without ST. The altered enzymic activities of the resistant strain with respect to growth factor requirement is also determined. The following observations are made. The utilization of the exogenous PAB by the PAB-dependent strain is followed by the multiplication of cells. These events are followed by the extracellular accumulation of FA first and then CF. This pattern applies to other strains of E. coli and is in accordance with the well-known sequence of steps involved in the synthesis of PAB, pteridine, FA, CF and growth. It is shown that PAB accumulates principally extracellularly, and pteridine principally intracellularly. The synthesis of FA by the resistant strain is at least tenfold more resistant to ST than in the sensitive strain. In the resistant strain there is a greater intracellular than extracellular accumulation of FA and CF. In the sensitive strain this relationship is reversed. The resistant strains are inheritably capable of synthesizing greater amounts of pteridine, FA and CF. The PAB-dependent ST-sensitive strain can utilize a combination of 1-methionine and any of the purines, of 1-methionine alone, or vitamin B12 alone in place of PAB for a partial or full growth. The related resistant strain, on the other hand, is unable to multiply in the salts-glucose medium with and without PAB. It requires a combination of 1-methionine and glycine for growth which cannot be replaced by any of the factors mentioned above. This requirement of the resistant strain for growth is analyzed as a deficiency of the enzymic transmethylations and transhydroxymethylation involving the function of CF in the resistant strain.


textabstractThe communication of inspiring visions is arguably the sine qua non of change-oriented leadership. Visions are images of the future. Vision communication refers to the expression of a vision with the aim of convincing others (usually followers) that the vision is valid. Despite the fact that the merits of vision communication are widely acknowledged, research in vision communication is scarce and unable to explain comprehensively how and when leaders are able to inspire followers through the communication of visions. In this dissertation I set out to answer the question 'How can vision communication affect follower (intrinsic) motivation and subsequent behavior?'
The key insight of this dissertation is that, if vision communication stimulates followers to create future images of themselves based on a vision (so called possible selves), it may subsequently cause them to be more intrinsically motivated to make this vision reality. In this dissertation I develop a theoretical framework for the role of possible selves of followers in visionary leadership. Furthermore, I present the results of several experimental studies that investigate hypotheses derived from this framework. Ultimately, I identify various ways in which leader vision communication might positively influence follower motivation.


Nuclear receptor corepressor (NCoR) mediates transcriptional repression by unliganded nuclear receptors and certain steroid hormone receptors (SHRs) bound to nonphysiological antagonists, but has not been found to regulate SHRs bound to their natural ligands. This report demonstrates that NCoR interacts directly with the androgen receptor (AR) and represses dihydrotestosterone-stimulated AR transcriptional activity. The NCoR C terminus, containing the receptor interacting domains, was necessary for repression, which was ablated by mutations in the corepressor nuclear receptor (CoRNR) boxes. In contrast, the NCoR N terminus, containing domains that can recruit histone deacetylases, was not necessary for repression. Binding studies in vitro with a series of glutathione-S-transferase-NCoR and -AR fusion proteins demonstrated a direct interaction that was similarly dependent upon the NCoR corepressor nuclear receptor boxes and AR ligand binding domain and was independent of ligand and helix 12 in the AR ligand binding domain. This NCoR-AR interaction was further demonstrated in mammalian two-hybrid assays and by coimmunoprecipitation of the endogenous proteins from a prostate cancer cell line. Finally, AR transcriptional activity could be enhanced in vivo by sequestration of endogenous NCoR with unliganded thyroid hormone receptor. These results demonstrate that AR, in contrast to other SHRs, is regulated by NCoR and suggest the possibility of developing selective AR modulators that enhance this interaction.


A method for identifying the material constants of an elastic/visco-plastic meterial under tensile impact loading is proposed. In this method, the Kalman filter and the finite element method are used together with a few test data. To obtain data for high strain rates, notched specimens are employed, because arbitrarily shaped specimens are available in this method. To increase the accuracy of identification, a test under a relatively low strain rate is needed in addition to a test under a high strain rate. The optimum strain rate is determined in such a way that the largest eigen value of the covariance matrix of the estimated parameters becomes minimum. A numerical simulation in performed to demonstrate the validity and usefulness of this method. (Less)


Policy makers agree that vacant houses are undesirable. Moreover the existence of empty houses is used as an argument for allocating less land for new construction. So higher vacancy rates tend to trigger tighter restrictions on the supply of land. Such tighter restrictions lead to higher prices and, because of the incentives this creates for occupying housing, to lower housing vacancies ('opportunity cost effect'). There is, however, a second effect ignored by planners: more restrictive planning policies impede the matching process in housing markets so leading to higher vacancies ('mismatch effect'). Which of these two forces dominates is an empirical question. This is our focus here. Addressing potential reverse causation and other endogeneity concerns, we use a unique panel data set on land use regulation for 350 Local Authorities in England from 1981 to 2011. Our results show that tighter local planning constraints increase local housing vacancy rates, suggesting that the mismatch effect dominates. A one standard deviation increase in local regulatory restrictiveness causes the average local vacancy rate to increase by about 0.9 percentage points (23 percent). The results are economically meaningful and show that pointing to the existence of vacant houses as a reason for being more restrictive in allocating land for housing is counterproductive.


It has become increasingly recognized that multiple processes can generate similar shapes of species abundance distributions (SADs), with the result that the fit of a given SAD model cannot unambiguously provide evidence in support of a given theory or model. An alternative approach to comparing the fit of different SAD models to data from a single site is to collect abundance data from a variety of sites, and then build models to analyse how different SAD properties (e.g. form, skewness) vary with different predictor variables. Such a biogeographical approach to SAD research is potentially very revealing, yet there has been a general lack of interest in SADs in the biogeographical literature. In this Perspective, we address this issue by highlighting findings of recent analyses of SADs that we consider to be of intrinsic biogeographical interest. We use arthropod data drawn from the Azorean archipelago to further highlight how analyses of SAD form and function may be biogeographically informative. We hope that, by reviewing a number of novel approaches, our article may prove to be a catalyst for a greater interest in analysing SADs in biogeography.


Power evolves. At the beginning of the twenty-first century, unsurpassed in military strength and ownership of world resources, the United States was indisputably the most powerful nation in the world. But the global information age is rendering these traditional markers of power obsolete. To remain at the pinnacle of world power, the United States must adopt a strategy that considers the impact of the internet on global power resources. The Future of Power examines what it means to be powerful in the twenty-first century and illuminates the road ahead.


BACKGROUND
The mechanism of action of the novel antidepressant bupropion remains unclear after many years of study. A review of the relevant biochemical, in vivo brain microdialysis, electrophysiologic, behavioral, and clinical data clarifies what is known about this unique compound and suggests possible modes of action.

METHOD
A panel of 11 experts was convened for a conference to discuss bupropion's mechanism of antidepressant activity. Four of the panelists presented current research findings, followed by a discussion.

RESULTS
(1) Biochemical studies suggest down-regulation of postsynaptic beta-adrenoceptors and desensitization of the norepinephrine-stimulated adenylate cyclase in the rat cortex occur only after chronic administration of very high doses of bupropion. (2) In vivo brain microdialysis studies demonstrate that, after chronic administration, there is an enhancement of bupropion-induced increases in extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens. (3) Electrophysiologic data show that with acute dosing, bupropion reduces the firing rates of noradrenergic neurons in the locus ceruleus. The firing rates of dopaminergic neurons are reduced by bupropion in the A9 and A10 areas of the brain, but only at very high doses, and bupropion does not alter the firing rates of serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe. (4) Behavioral studies show that the most active metabolite of bupropion, hydroxybupropion (306U73), appears to be responsible for a large part of the compound's effects in animal models of antidepressant activity. (5) Clinical studies indicate that bupropion enhances noradrenergic functional activity as reflected by an increased excretion of the hydroxy metabolite of melatonin, while at the same time producing a presumably compensatory decrease in norepinephrine turnover. In one study, bupropion elevated plasma levels of the dopamine metabolite homovanillic acid in nonresponders, but not in responders.

CONCLUSION
The mechanism of action of bupropion appears to have an unusual, not fully understood, noradrenergic link. The bupropion metabolite hydroxybupropion probably plays a critical role in bupropion's antidepressant activity, which appears to be predominantly associated with long-term noradrenergic effects. The mild central nervous system activating effects of bupropion appear to be due to weak dopaminergic mechanisms. There is some evidence that dopamine may contribute to bupropion's antidepressant properties. Antidepressant effects of bupropion are not serotonergically mediated.


The contribution from the irreversible displacement of non- domain walls to the direct longitudinal piezoelectric coefficient of and ceramics was determined quantitatively by using the Rayleigh law. Effects of the crystal structure and microstructure of the ceramics as well as the external d.c. pressure on the domain wall contribution to were examined. In barium titanate, this domain wall contribution is large (up to 35% of the total , under the experimental conditions used) and dependent on the external d.c. pressure in coarse grained ceramics, and much smaller and independent of the external d.c. pressure in fine-grained samples. The presence of internal stresses in fine-grained ceramics could account for the observed behaviour. The analysis shows that the domain-wall contribution to the in lead zirconate titanate ceramics is large in compositions close to the morphotropic phase boundary that contain a mixture of tetragonal and rhombohedral phases, and in rhombohedral compositions (up to 40% of the total ). The domain-wall contribution to the piezoelectric response from the irreversible displacement of domain walls is significantly smaller in tetragonal samples where it decreases with increasing spontaneous strain.


Electrical bioimpedance has been used over the years to measure various physiological parameters. Due to lack of high-speed instruments, there have been few options for making multi-frequency measurement series with high temporal resolution. This situation has changed lately, and with access to a commercially available impedance spectrometer, we have used this as part of an enhanced measurement set-up capable of measuring both bioimpedance and biopotentials with a temporal resolution in the millisecond-range. The set-up is controlled by a computer which also displays and processes the measurement data. Results from measurements in a human heart are shown. In these measurements, we can clearly see differences in the signal trajectory at current frequencies. The different trajectories indicate that with change in frequencies different physiological properties are reflected. We have shown that it is possible to detect changes in waveform morphology caused by a change in pacing modality. The ECG and EGM give additional information on global heart activity and electrical activity surrounding the electrodes. This measurement set-up allows us to further investigate bio-impedance as a measurement tool for rapid changes in impedance, such as in the cardiac field. The study was approved by the local institutional review boards (2014/1223/REK sør-øst A).


This paper analyzes the requirements on the radiation detector of the optical field camera of the T-170M space telescope of Project Spectrum-UV. A brief review is given of the characteristics of modern CCD detectors, regarded as the radiation detectors in an optical camera. Recommendations are given for the operating regimes of the camera, and the sensitivity in various regimes is estimated.


Context. IC 10 X-1 has recently been confirmed as a black hole (BH) + Wolf-Rayet (WR) X-ray binary, and NGC 300 X-1 is thought to be. The only other known BH+WR candidate is Cygnus X-3. IC 10 X-1 and NGC 300 X-1 have similar X-ray properties, with 0.3–10 keV luminosities ∼10 38 erg s −1 , and their X-ray lightcurves exhibit orbital periods ∼30 h. Aims. We investigate similarities between IC 10 X-1 and NGC 300 X-1, as well as differences between these systems and the known Galactic BH binary systems. Methods. We have examined all four XMM-Newton observations of NGC 300 X-1, as well as the single XMM-Newton observation of IC 10 X-1. For each observation, we extracted lightcurves and spectra from the pn, MOS1 and MOS2 cameras; power density spectra were constructed from the lightcurves, and the X-ray emission spectra were modeled. Results. Each source exhibits power density spectra that are well described by a power law with index, γ, ∼1. Such variability is characteristic of turbulence in wind accretion or disc-accreting X-ray binaries (XBs) in the high state. In this state, Galactic XBs with known BH primaries have soft, thermal emission; however the emission spectra of NGC 300 X-1 and IC 10 X-1 in the XMM-Newton observations are predominantly non-thermal. Furthermore, the Observation 1 spectrum of NGC 300 X-1 is strikingly similar to that of IC 10 X-1. Conclusions. The remarkable similarity between the behaviour of NGC 300 X-1 in Observation 1 and that of IC 10 X-1 lends strong evidence for NGC 300 X-1 being a BH+WR binary. Our spectral modeling rules out Bondi-Hoyle accretion onto a neutron star (NS) for NGC 300 X-1, but not a disc-accreting NS+WR system, nor a NS low mass X-ray binary (LMXB) that is merely coincident with the WR. We favour disc accretion for both systems, but cannot exclude Bondi-Hoyle accretion onto a BH. The unusual spectra of NGC 300 X-1 and IC 10 X-1 may be due to these systems existing in a persistently high state, whereas all known BH LMXBs are transient. The violent transition from low state to high state may temporarily eject the disc corona from the BH LMXBs, drastically reducing the non-thermal component. However, BH XBs in a persistent high state could retain their corona, and hence exhibit a large non-thermal component. LMC X-1 is a BH XB that has only been observed in the high state, and its spectrum is remarkably similar to those of NGC 300 X-1 in Observation 1 and IC 10 X-1. We therefore classify NGC 300 X-1, IC 10 X-1 and perhaps LMC X-1 as a new breed of BH XB, defined by their persistently high accretion rates and consequent stable disc configuration and corona. This scenario may also explain the lack of ultraluminous X-ray sources in the canonical soft state.


Natural killer cells (NK cells) are effector lymphocytes of the innate immune system, which are able to recognize and eliminate virus-infected and malignantly transformed cells. Therefore, they play an important role for the containment of pathophysiological processes. An understanding of the molecular mechanisms that lead to NK cell activation is crucial to enhance the effectivity of NK cell-based anti-cancer therapies. Effector functions are regulated by a variety of germline-encoded activating and inhibitory receptors on the surface of the NK cell. One of the major activating NK cell receptors is NKp30, belonging to the natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs). NKp30 is a functional receptor in humans and primates (macaques and chimpanzees) as well as on rat NK cell subsets. In contrast, it is only present as a pseudogene with two premature stop-codons in mouse. The only exception is the mouse strain Mus caroli, where two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) eliminate the premature stop-codons. The evolutionary reasons for the development of the murine NKp30 pseudogene are currently unknown.
For signaling, NKp30 associates with immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)-containing adaptor proteins like CD3ζ or FceRIγ. Until now, the mechanism how ligand binding at the ectodomain of NKp30 is communicated to the adaptor protein CD3ζ is still unknown. Therefore, the molecular details of receptor activation as well as the role of the murine NKp30 pseudogene were analyzed in this thesis.
Formerly, it was shown that the stalk domain of NKp30, a 15 amino acid sequence stretch between the immunoglobulin (Ig) domain and the transmembrane domain, is important for ligand binding and signaling. Therefore, in this thesis, mutated NKp30 variants were produced as full length receptors in A5-GFP reporter cells or NKp30::hIgG1-Fc (NKp30-Fc) fusion proteins in HEK 293T/17 cells and subsequently analyzed in binding studies (surface plasmon resonance, SPR) and signaling reporter assays. Surprisingly, analysis of NKp30/NKp46 tandem mutants showed that despite the existence of a conserved sequence motif in the membrane-proximal region, the stalk domains of NKp30 and NKp46 are not exchangeable without drastic deficiencies in folding, plasma membrane targeting and/or ligand-induced receptor signaling. Additionally, it was shown that the stalk domain of NKp30 is very sensitive to sequence alterations, as alanine substitution of any of the stalk amino acids led to impaired ligand binding and/or signaling capacity. Mutation of the arginine on amino acid position 143 to alanine (R143A) had the most drastic effect. Based on further mutational studies, N-glycosylation mapping and plasma membrane targeting studies, the existence of two interconvertible types of NKp30/CD3ζ complexes can be hypothesized: (1) a signaling incompetent structural NKp30/CD3ζ complex and (2) a ligand-induced signaling competent NKp30/CD3ζ complex. Furthermore, it can be proposed, that ligand binding at the Ig-fold of NKp30 triggers translocation of amino acid R143 of the stalk domain from the interface between membrane and extracellular region more deeply into the lipid bilayer to enable alignment with oppositely charged aspartate residues within CD3ζ and activation of CD3ζ signaling.
Although several cellular and pathogen-derived NKp30 ligands have been identified in the last years, there is evidence for the existence of further, yet unknown cellular ligands. This assumption is based on former studies that showed binding of NKp30-Fc fusion proteins to tumor cell lines that do not express the cellular NKp30 ligands B7-H6 and BAG-6 on their surface. Therefore, in the present thesis, a screening method was established, based on transduction of ligand-bearing cell lines with a genome-wide shRNA library. After shRNA knockdown of putative ligands, cells were decorated with NKp30-Fc fusion proteins and sorted for reduced NKp30 ligand expression (fluorescence activated cell sorting, FACS). shRNA sequences were amplified from genomic DNA of the cells by PCR and subsequently analyzed via deep sequencing. The same screening method was additionally implemented for the identification of ligands of the other two NCRs, NKp44 and NKp46. Interestingly, inspite of the high number of advantages in contrast to conventional screening strategies, the existence of further cellular proteinaceous NCR ligands could not be confirmed with this screening.
There are different suggestions about the evolutionary appearance of the NCRs. Divergence from a common ancestor (at least in case of NKp30 and NKp44) might have led to an increase in complexity and fine-tuning of the immune system. Different studies suggest development of the NKp46 gene from a common NCR ancestor or from a common ancestor with the KIR genes. Interestingly, murine NKp46 is a functional protein, while NKp30 is only present as a pseudogene and NKp44 is completely lost in mouse. To shed light on the evolutionary reasons for the development of the murine NKp30 pseudogene, the two premature stop codons in the extracellular domain of the M. musculus NKp30 gene sequence were repaired and the protein was expressed as full length receptor in A5-GFP reporter cells and as soluble mNKp30-Fc fusion protein in HEK 293T/17 cells. Interestingly, the full length receptor as well as the mNKp30-Fc fusion protein were intracellularly retained. Repair of the three N-linked glycosylation sites in the extracellular region of mNKp30 (mNKp30-glyco) led to the secretion of the Fc fusion protein, while the full length receptor stayed intracellularly retained. As shown previously, association with CD3ζ impacts plasma membrane targeting and retention of human NKp30. Therefore, failure of mNKp30 to assemble with CD3ζ might be the reason for intracellular retention of the full length receptor. Furthermore, the mNKp30-glyco-Fc fusion protein showed specific binding to P815 murine mastocytoma cells. This speaks for the existence of a cancer- or mast cell-related mNKp30-glyco ligand. Altogether, these were the first experiments to show expression and functional analysis of a putative mNKp30 on protein level.
Based on these data, the present thesis provides deeper insight into the function of the major activating NK cell receptor NKp30. This might contribute to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms that lead to NK cell activation, and this knowledge is crucial to enhance the effectivity of related treatments like anti-cancer and anti-viral therapies.


OBJECTIVE
To test the accuracy of measurement of interproximal peri-implant bone defects at titanium (Ti) and zirconium dioxide (ZrO2 ) implants by digital periapical radiography (PR) and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT).

MATERIAL AND METHODS
A total of 18 models, each containing one Ti and one ZrO2 implant, were cast in dental stone. Six models each were allocated to following defect groups: A-no peri-implant defect, B-1 mm width defect, C-1.5 mm width defect. The defect width was measured with a digital sliding caliper. Subsequently, the models were scanned by means of PR and CBCT. Three examiners assessed the defect width on PR and CBCT. Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Wilcoxon rank sum test were applied to detect differences between imaging techniques and implant types.

RESULTS
For PR, the deviation of the defect width measurement (mm) for groups A, B, and C amounted to 0.01 ± 0.03, -0.02 ± 0.06, and -0.00 ± 0.04 at Ti and 0.05 ± 0.02, 0.01 ± 0.03, and 0.09 ± 0.03 at ZrO2 implants. The corresponding values (mm) for CBCT reached 0.10 ± 0.11, 0.26 ± 0.05, and 0.24 ± 0.08 at Ti and 1.07 ± 0.06, 0.64 ± 0.37, and 0.54 ± 0.17 at ZrO2 implants. Except for Ti with defect A, measurements in PR were significantly more accurate in comparison to CBCT (p ≤ 0.05). Both methods generally yielded more accurate measurements for Ti than for ZrO2 .

CONCLUSIONS
The assessment of interproximal peri-implant defect width at Ti and ZrO2 implants was more accurate in PR in comparison to CBCT. Measurements in CBCT always led to an overestimation of the defect width, reaching clinical relevance for ZrO2 implants.


Abstract. The 1755 Lisbon earthquake, which reached a magnitude of 8.5, remains the most powerful and destructive to hit Europe so far. Within minutes, many lives were lost, populations displaced, livelihoods, homes and infrastructures were destroyed. Although frequently associated to the city of Lisbon, one of the most important European cities at the time, this earthquake caused similar damage and casualties, if not greater, in the southwest of the Algarve, where the seismic intensity was estimated at IX-X Mercalli Intensity Scale. Some time later a tsunami increased the number of victims and the amount of damage. In some locations the tsunami caused greater destruction than the earthquake itself. The tsunami hit both coasts of the North Atlantic; however, the more destructive damage occurred in the Portuguese coast, south from Lisbon, in the Gulf of Cadiz and in the Moroccan coast. The downtown of Lisbon was flooded by waves that reached a height of 6 m. The water flooded an area with an extension of around 250 m from the coast. In the Southwest part of Algarve the waves reached a height between 10 and 15 m and the flooded area was much larger. Through the analysis of recent research works on the assessment of the 1755 tsunami parameters and the interpretation of the more reliable historical documents, it is our intention to analyse the destructive power of the tsunami in the Algarve and delimit the flooded area. Using simple techniques of simulation it is our intention to assess the impacts nowadays of the occurrence of a tsunami similar to the one that hit the Algarve in 1755, which would probably affect a greater number of people, buildings and infrastructures. This assessment is an important instrument not only in terms of disaster preparedness but also for the integration of risk mitigation measures in land use planning.


Since its inception in 1975, the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) has grown into the largest, Federally-funded means-tested cash assistance program in the United States. In this chapter, we review the political history of the EITC, its rules and goals and provide a broad set of program statistics on its growth and coverage. We summarize conceptual underpinnings of much of the recent economic research on the EITC, discussing participation in the credit and compliance with its provisions, and its effects on labor force participation and hours of work, marriage and fertility, skill formation and consumption. We note that participation rates of the credit are high, rates of credit noncompliance are also high, and that there are theoretical reasons to prefer the EITC to other anti-poverty programs if one's objective is to encourage work among the poor. We also note that the predicted effects of the EITC are not all pro-work, especially with respect to hours and its labor market incentives for two-earner couples. We then summarize the existing empirical research on the behavioral effects of the EITC, paying particularly emphasis to the effects of the 1986, 1990 and 1993 expansions of the credit on labor force participation and hours of work. The literature provides consistent evidence, generated from a variety of empirical approaches, that the EITC positively affects labor force participation. The literature also finds smaller, negative effects on hours of work for people already in the labor market and for secondary workers. We conclude the chapter with a discussion of the ongoing EITC-related policy debates and highlight what, if any, critical economic issues underlie these debates. V. Joseph Hotz John Karl Scholz Department of Economics Department of Economics University of California, Los Angeles University of Wisconsin – Madison Los Angeles, CA 90095-1477 Madison, WI 53706 and NBER and NBER email@example.com firstname.lastname@example.com


Halszka Osmólska, Professor at the In− stitute of Paleobiology, Polish Acad− emy of Sciences, an eminent scientist and friend of ours, passed away on the 31st of March 2008. Her death wasn't unexpected. Halszka was severely ill, and her state was deteriorating over the last few months. Still we were surprised and saddened when the end came so fast. Today, we realize how important was this modest elderly lady for our sci− entific activity. Halszka was born on the 15th of September 1930 in Poznań. She started her university education in 1949, shortly after the end of the Second World War. In that year, she entered the Faculty of Mathe− matics and Natural Sciences of the Poznań University for first grade three years studies. In 1952 she moved to the Geologic Faculty of the Warsaw University to complete her master studies in 1955. She got her Ms of Science degree in paleontology on the basis of the the− sis on trilobites: "Phacopidae from the Famennian of the Holy Cross Mountains". Some fifteen years of her scientific career were devoted to the studies of the Devonian and Carboniferous trilobites from Poland, and her PhD thesis titled: "Famennian and Lower Car− boniferous Cyrtosymbolinae (Trilobita) from the Holy Cross Mts, Poland" has concerned this subject as well. It was defended at the Warsaw University and published in 1962 in Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. Her next thesis "Revision of non−cyrtosymbolinid trilo− bites from the Tournaisian–Namurian of Eurasia" defended in 1971 belongs to the same field. Halszka began her professional life in 1953. As an undergradu− ate student, she joined as an assistant the first team organized by professor Roman Kozłowski at the Laboratory of Paleozoology res− urrected after the war. In 1965 she got a permanent position in the Department of Paleozoology (now the Institute of Paleobiology Polish Academy of Sciences), first as an assistant, then as an assis− tant professor, and beginning with 1983 as a full professor in pale− ontology. She changed her field only after the Polish−Mongolian Pale− ontological Expeditions have started (in 1963), and brought the dinosaurian material from the Gobi Desert. She was an enthusiastic member of the great−scale paleontological expeditions to the Gobi desert, and of number of smaller field trips. During last forty years of her scientific activity, Halszka was engaged in dinosaur studies, mostly Late Cretaceous in age, and her contributions covered a wide spectrum of taxa and various topics. She started with two col− laborative papers, the first one on an enigmatic ornithomimosaurian Deinocheirus mirificus from the Gobi, represented by isolated huge forelimbs only. This material was a real challenge that introduced the authors into a theropod domain. The second paper was a perfect anatomical account on an ornithomimid Gallimimus bullatus. It enhenced Halszka's experience in theropod studies. She continued them her life long, while concentrating on small and medium−sized representatives of the Maniraptora belonging to Dromaeosauridae (Hulsanpes), Troodontidae (Borogovia, Tochisurus) and Ovirapto− rosauria (Oviraptor). These studies were of direct relevance to an understanding of avialan origin on the maniraptoran stem. Simulta− neously she cooperated in studying different ornitischians, such as Protoceratopsidae (1975), Pachycephalosauria, (erected as a new ornithischian suborder by Maryańska and Osmólska 1974), and Hadrosauria from the Late Cretaceous of the Gobi desert on the large background of paleogeographic and stratigraphic distribu− tions. Apart from a detailed anatomy, supplemented by a careful analysis of phylogenetical significance of particular characters, she has been interested in functional meaning of characters in biomechanics (Maryańska and Osmólska 1983) and physiological terms (Osmólska 1979, 1985, 1986). Seminal discussions on phy− logeny within the theropods (Maryańska, Osmólska, and Wolsan 2000) and ornithischians (Maryańska and Osmólska 1984, 1985) complete the scientific output of Halszka Osmólska. The knowledge and experience Halszka gained in such a large range of dinosaurian problems has been highly appreciated in the in− ternational vertebrate community, and she was invited as a coeditor of the most extensive modern compendium of the dinosaurian pale− ontology "The Dinosauria" University California Press (first edition 1992, the second fully revised edition 2004), and a coauthor of a number of chapters in this volume. Halszka disliked administrative functions but agreed to per− form such duties pro publico bono. In 1974–1981 she was the Vice−Director, then the Director (1983–1989), and the Vice−Di− rector again of the Institute of Paleobiology Polish Academy of Sciences (1992–1995). In 1975–1992, Halszka was the editor of Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. She was also a member of scientific councils of several in− stitutes of the Polish Academy of Sciences. and a member of scien− tific committees of the Academy (Committee of Zoology, Commit− tee of Geology, and Committee of Evolutionary and Theoretical Bi− ology), a member of scientific societies: The Dinosaur Society, Soci− ety for the Study of Evolution, and a honorary member of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology in USA. For her scientific activity, she gained several prestige awards, and was decorated, among others, with Polish Cross of Merit. Apart from all this, she gave lectures in vertebrate paleontology at the Warsaw University, acted as a tutor of undergraduate and graduate students and a supervisor of Ph.D. stu− dents. Halszka was a brilliant woman full of energy and sense of hu− mor. She was a helpful and unselfish adviser to all of us working in vertebrate paleontology, a gentle, serene and wise colleague. It was with deepest regret that we lost her. She will be missed and remembered long.


A conceptual space telescope having an aperture tens of meters wide and a focal length of hundreds of meters would be implemented as a group of six separate optical modules flying in formation: a primary-membrane-mirror module, a relay-mirror module, a focal-plane-assembly module containing a fast steering mirror and secondary and tertiary optics, a primary-mirror-figure-sensing module, a scanning-electron-beam module for controlling the shape of the primary mirror, and a sunshade module. Formation flying would make it unnecessary to maintain the required precise alignments among the modules by means of an impractically massive rigid structure. Instead, a control system operating in conjunction with a metrology system comprising optical and radio subsystems would control the firing of small thrusters on the separate modules to maintain the formation, thereby acting as a virtual rigid structure. The control system would utilize a combination of centralized- and decentralized-control methods according to a leader-follower approach. The feasibility of the concept was demonstrated in computational simulations that showed that relative positions could be maintained to within a fraction of a millimeter and orientations to within several microradians.


In this paper, we investigate how observable cognitive skills influence the development of strategic sophistication. To answer this question, we study experimentally how psychometric measures of theory-of-mind and cognitive ability (or'fluid intelligence')work together with age to determine the strategic ability and level-k behavior of children in a variety of incentivized strategic interactions. We find that better theory-of-mind and cognitive ability predict strategic sophistication in competitive games. Furthermore, age and cognitive ability act in tandem as complements, while age and theory-of-mind operate independently. Older children respond to information about the cognitive ability of their opponent, which provides support for the emergence of a sophisticated strategic theory-of-mind. Finally, theory-of-mind and age strongly predict whether children respond to intentions in a gift-exchange game, while cognitive ability has no influence, suggesting that different psychometric measures of cognitive skill correspond to different cognitive processes in strategic situations that involve the understanding of intentions.


This project took place on a Renal/Endocrine unit of a northern California Hospital. As observed on this unit, pain was not well controlled and this caused the HCAHPS (Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems) score for 'pain well controlled' to be low. Hence, this project sought to address the underlying reasons why pain was not well controlled and to proffer solutions to raise the HCAHPS score to at least 65% from an average of 55%. In order to find the root causes, the nurses were surveyed, the patients and certified nursing assistants (CNAs) were interviewed, and a 24-hour chart review was conducted on three different days. The results revealed that about 30% of the nurses had little or no knowledge of HCAHPS; 73% of the CNAs did not know when to report patients' pain score to the nurses and 80% of the patients had to wait until their pain level was severe before asking for pain medication. Following the unit's policy and procedure for pain management, the goal for effective pain management was to maintain patients' pain intensity at ≤3 or the patients' stated goal. To achieve this goal and also address the above issues, it was recommended that the nurses maintain an open communication with the patient, perform an initial assessment, and reassess the patient within one hour of medication administration, offer non-pharmacological therapies such as heat/cold therapy, repositioning, and music therapy. Keyword: HCAHPS score, pain control, pain management, pain medication IMPROVING PAIN WELL CONTROLLED 3


What is more important in text: the topical content, or the manner in which topical content is presented? While statistically-generated key words tell us about a text's content, the inter-relation between these words and the message of the text can be difficult to ascertain. One method of doing so is to observe the inter-relation of key words with evaluative language: in this case, metaphor. Metaphors are notoriously difficult to locate in corpora, but this paper sets out a method for their semi-automatic identification, and demonstrates how their interaction with keywords is both systematic and pervasive. Studying the interaction of key words and metaphors brings to light attitudes which lurk beneath the surface of text.


In this investigation, we determined the concentrations of arsenic (As), fluoride (F), and selenium (Se) in the environment (coal, drinking water, soil, corn, and chili) and in biological samples from local residents (urine, hair, and serum) from the endemic disease village of Dazhuyuan and the non-endemic disease control village of Liu in Shaanxi Province, China. Except for drinking water, the As and F levels of all samples from Dazhuyuan were significantly higher than those of the control. In contrast, although the Se contents in the environment of Dazhuyuan village were remarkably greater than those of the control, the Se levels in tissue samples from the exposed and control populations were similar. This study found for the first time that naturally occurring, high levels of As, F, and Se in the Dazhuyuan environment could contribute to local residents suffering from arsenicosis and fluorosis but not selenosis.


The present invention relates to the use of a compound that binds to a C-type lectin on the surface of a dendritic cell, in the preparation of a composition for modulating, in particular reducing, the immune response in an animal, in particular a human or another mammal. The composition in particular modulates the interactions between a dendritic cell and a T-cell, more specifically between a C-type lectin on the surface of a dendritic cell and an ICAM receptor on the surface of a T-cell. The compositions can be used for preventing/inhibiting immune responses to specific antigens, for inducing tolerance, for immunotherapy, for immunosuppression, for the treatment of auto-immune diseases, the treatment of allergy, and/or for inhibiting HIV infection. The compound that binds to a C-type lectin is preferably chosen from mannose, fucose, plant lectins, antibiotics, sugars, proteins or antibodies against C-type lectins. The invention also relates to such antibodies, and to a method for isolating dendritic cells using such antibodies.


Insect wings can undergo significant chordwise (camber) as well as spanwise (twist) deformation during flapping flight but the effect of these deformations is not well understood. The shape and size of butterfly wings leads to particularly large wing deformations, making them an ideal test case for investigation of these effects. Here we use computational models derived from experiments on free-flying butterflies to understand the effect of time-varying twist and camber on the aerodynamic performance of these insects. High-speed videogrammetry is used to capture the wing kinematics, including deformation, of a Painted Lady butterfly (Vanessa cardui) in untethered, forward flight. These experimental results are then analyzed computationally using a high-fidelity, three-dimensional, unsteady Navier-Stokes flow solver. For comparison to this case, a set of non-deforming, flat-plate wing (FPW) models of wing motion are synthesized and subjected to the same analysis along with a wing model that matches the time-varying wing-twist observed for the butterfly, but has no deformation in camber. The simulations show that the observed butterfly wing (OBW) outperforms all the flat-plate wings in terms of usable force production as well as the ratio of lift to power by at least 29% and 46%, respectively. This increase in efficiency of lift production is at least three-fold greater than reported for other insects. Interestingly, we also find that the twist-only-wing (TOW) model recovers much of the performance of the OBW, demonstrating that wing-twist, and not camber is key to forward flight in these insects. The implications of this on the design of flapping wing micro-aerial vehicles are discussed.


This article focuses on defining the proficiencies new teachers need in order to be able to lead in―educating for sustainability‖ (EfS). Educating for sustainability involves teaching and learning collective problem solving skills to address critical environmental, economic, and social issues. This article addresses the essential elements of EfS (content knowledge, skills, behaviors, and dispositions) that need to be taught in teacher education programs so that new teachers can lead implementation of EfS with K-12 students. A set of five EfS proficiency areas are identified. For each proficiency area a brief rationale and literature review are provided, followed by traits of teacher education courses that develop the proficiency area. Evidence of these traits tells us when EfS is happening in pre-service teacher education programs. Alignment of each EfS proficiency area to national teacher InTASC Standards concludes each section.


Bacterial pathogens such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) represent a well-known public health problem affecting both healthcare-associated and community populations. Past studies have clearly shown the value of characterizing problem organisms including MRSA through the use of molecular techniques (i.e. strain typing), with the aim of informing local, regional and national efforts in epidemiological analysis and infection control. The country of Libya represents a challenge for such analysis due to limited historical infectious disease information and major political unrest culminating in the Libyan Civil War (Libyan Revolution) in 2011. A MRSA study population of 202 isolates, cultured from patients in Tripoli Medical Center through this historical period (2008-2014), was characterized by both phenotypic and molecular methods. The results revealed a diversification of epidemic MRSA strains over time with generally increasing resistance to fluoroquinolone antibiotics. The study identified prevalent MRSA in comparison to known global epidemic types, providing unique insight into the change of strains and/or characteristics over time especially with reference to the potential influence of the political revolution (i.e. pre- and post-2011).


An argument is proposed to explain the origin of large metazoans, based on the regulatory processes that underlie the morphogenetic organization of pattern in modern animals. Genetic regulatory systems similar to those used in modern, indirectly developing marine invertebrates are considered to indicate the Precambrian regulatory platform on which were erected innovations that underlie the development of macroscopic body plans. Those systems are genetic regulatory programs that produce groups of unspecified "set-aside cells" and hierarchical regulatory programs that initially define regions of morphogenetic space in terms of domains of transcription factor expression. These ideas affect interpretation of the development of arthropods and chordates as well as interpretation of the role of the genes of the homeotic complex in embryogenesis.


PURPOSE
Given the differences in tumor size and location, encountered in lung SBRT, we hypothesize that 'one dose fractionation regimen does not fit all', i.e. that there is a role for patient-specific dose prescription based on optimization of biological models.

METHODS
Sixty one NSCLC patients (tumor volume 46.5+/-47.3 cc) treated with stereotactic body radiotherapy (48 Gy in 4fx) were retrospectively studied. Clinically treated plans were generated using Brainlab's Pencil Beam (PB-BL), and then recalculated with fixed MUs using Anisotropic Analytic Algorithm (AAA), Pencil Beam (PB-EC), Monte Carlo (MC) and Collapsed-Cone-Convolution (CCC). DVHs were exported to calculate TCP (Poisson) and NTCP (Lyman-Kutcher-Burman). TCP/NTCP model parameters were utilized from published data. For each dose distribution two dose response curves were generated by scaling the prescription dose and assuming a linear relationship between the prescription dose and entire 3D dose distribution. In addition, associations were assessed between changes in each algorithm's TCP relative to PB-BL, target diameter, and local density (density of the 70% isodose covering the PTV).

RESULTS
For PB-BL, mean TCP was 99.6%±0.9%, whereas for same MUs, mean TCP for PB-EC, AAA, CC and MC plans were 96.5±14.3%, 74.6±31.6%, 74.4±32.4% and 76.8±32.0%, respectively. With the same prescription dose for all plans, TCP values changed to 98.1±8.7%, 96.5±15.3%, 77.5±28.6%, 85.4±25.8% and 92.9±20.1% for PB-BL, PB-EC, AAA, and CCC, MC, respectively, indicating that AAA and CCC dose distributions are likely less homogeneous relative to MC. The TCP improvement was 12.3%, 8.9% and 4.4% for AAA, CCC and MC-based plans when the average NTCP before optimization was set as the upper limit for lung toxicity.

CONCLUSIONS
This work supports patient-specific dose prescription strategies, based on biological optimization, for lung SBRT. However, further investigation is warranted. Acknowledgement: supported in part by a grant from Varian Medical Systems.


I present a qualitative study using the narratives, elicited through interviews, of seven second-generation South Asian Britons; five men and two women, aged at the time of the interviews between 35 to 50 years. My participants are higher professionals who have married out of their ethnic and linguistic communities, and who are parents of dual-heritage children a target group that is under-represented in linguistics research. I investigate the participants' relationship with their South Asian Heritage Language the languages being Punjabi, Gujarati, Bengali, Tamil and Konkani and the dynamics of languages in their families (their birth families and their own families), showing that the factors which influence language maintenance and transmission are varied and unpredictable, and not always related to proficiency in or affinity to the Heritage Language and culture. I also investigate how the participants exploit the interview platform I give them, arguing that the participants perform the habitus (Bourdieu, 1991) of a member of the South Asian diaspora, with acute awareness of how their lives share similarities with and differ from the Discourses (Gee, 1999) surrounding South Asians in Britain. I analyse the narratives using an emic perspective of the functional use of discourse, using aspects of conversation analysis and using a Bakhtinian perspective of language. I show how the participants use the discourse to point to Discourses as well as different linguistic and cultural capitals (Bourdieu, 1990) available to them. My thesis regards the narratives firstly as a body of text for discourse analysis, offering three themes: how the participants use temporal and spatial references, how they use 'voices', and how they 'recreate' their pasts using chronotopes (Bakhtin, 1981). Secondly, by regarding the narratives individually, I show that within the interview-time the participants present a macro-narrative of themselves, explaining and/or justifying how they have become the person they are now. By treating the narratives in these two ways I contribute to the exploration of methodologies that can be used in narrative enquiry while providing new insights into practices surrounding language maintenance and loss in dual-heritage families.


Genetic analysis of respiratory disorders in Holstein calves have been developed using producer-recorded data and the single-step GBLUP (ssGBLUP) methodology. Phenotypic data on respiratory events up to one year of age have been obtained from herd management software backup files provided directly from about 300 dairies upon obtaining owners' permission. The following traits were included in the analysis: respiratory diseases from 0-3 (RESP1), 4-14 (RESP2), 15-50 (RESP3), 51-365 (RESP4) and 0-365 days of age (RESPA). Each trait was defined as a binary event, having a value of one if an animal has been recorded with a disorder, and zero otherwise. The number of phenotypic records ranged from about 224,000 for RESP1 to approximately 874,000 for RESPA, with the prevalence ranging from 4.6% (RESP1) to 20.2% (RESPA). All traits were analyzed using a univariate threshold animal model, including fixed effect of year of birth x calving season x region and random effects of herd x year of birth and animal. Heritabilities, estimated on the liability scale, ranged from 0.039 (RESP4) to 0.097 (RESP1). A total of 45,425 SNPs were used in genomic analyses. Over 292K genotyped animals were included in the evaluation. Animals genotyped with low density chips were imputed to the required number of SNPs using Fimpute software. All analyses were performed using the ssGBLUP implementing the 'algorithm for proven and young animals' (APY) designed to accommodate very large number of genotypes. Predicted transmitting abilities (PTA) were expressed in percentage points as deviations from the average estimated probability of a disorder in the base population. Reliabilities of breeding values were obtained by approximation in which the genotype contribution was approximated using the diagonal values of the genomic relationship matrix. Estimated genomic PTAs and reliabilities were approximately normally distributed for all traits, with reliabilities for genotyped animals without own phenotypes reaching average values between 38% (RESP4) and 50% (RESP1). Genome-wide association analyses were conducted with a subset of genotyped animals using single-step GWAS (ssGWAS) approach with a 10 SNP sliding window. Regions explaining most genetic variance were found on chromosomes 1, 2, 9, 14, 27, and X. Some of those regions contained genes that may be involved in physiological pathways affecting respiratory health of dairy calves.


The widespread adoption of Ethernet L2VPN services and the advent of
new applications for the technology (e.g., data center interconnect)
have culminated in a new set of requirements that are not readily
addressable by the current Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS)
solution. In particular, multihoming with all-active forwarding is not
supported, and there's no existing solution to leverage Multipoint-
to-Multipoint (MP2MP) Label Switched Paths (LSPs) for optimizing the
delivery of multi-destination frames. Furthermore, the provisioning of
VPLS, even in the context of BGP-based auto-discovery, requires
network operators to specify various network parameters on top of the
access configuration. This document specifies the requirements for an
Ethernet VPN (EVPN) solution, which addresses the above issues.


Extracted from text ... february 2005
9
Photographing the Moon's parallax
Barbara Cunow
Dept Mathematical Sciences, UNISA, PO Box 392, Pretoria 0003, South Africa
email@example.com
We all know that the Moon shows a parallax, and that the position of the Moon relative to
the star background depends on the observer's location on the Earth's surface. But it is dif-
fi cult to photograph the lunar parallax, because the Moon is so bright. During a total lunar
eclipse, however, the period of totality can be used to document the lunar parallax, because
the totally eclipsed Moon is faint enough to allow taking pictures which ..


Background and objective: Acute coronary syndrome is defined as one of the cause of death in our country, with an annual mortality of 110,000. Physical activity, dietary changes and medication regimen of self care behaviors are recommended for the treatment of coronary artery disease . These patients awareness and understanding of disease risk factors along with promotion of healthy behaviors and self-care can reduce coronary artery disease severity. To cope with disease problems, hearth patients need self-care behaviors. Identification of these behaviors in parallel with encouraging of patients to participate in these behaviors and to control the disease complications.   Material and methods: This descriptive study was undertaken non-randomized on 352 patients admitted to coronary heart disease ward in the center of AliebnAbitalib Rafsanjan In 1388 . Information were obtained by questionnaires and personal data questionnaire (consists of three areas of self care regimen, diet and physical activity) were collected via interviews. Data were analyzed, using descriptive statistical tests and spss version 15.   Results: 53.4 %( 188 cases ) Of samples 53.4%(188cases) were male and 46.6% (164 cases) women. The of average age of patients was 60.86 ± 11.In 45. 81%t patients had an average of consciousness. So that the study samples within the Medicinal awareness 36.9 % , 59.7 % and 3.4 %, respectively, of low, medium and fine, knowledge regarding diet, while 16.2 %, 71.3 5% and 12.5% and poor, average and good. Regarding physical activities 11.6 %, 64.8 %, 32.6%, respectively, had weak, medium and well enjoyed results.   Conclusion : He knowledge of self care in cardiac patients is relatively low. Hence one of the main tasks of nursing is training of the patients regarding self care programs patients suffering from heart disease require continuous training. The training of nursing care to the heart patients is amounts the main duties of during staff.


This thesis explores how to effectively model trust in the environment of mobile vehicular ad-hoc networks. We consider each vehicle's travel path planning to be guided by an intelligent agent that receives traffic reports from other agents in the environment. Determining the trustworthiness of these reports is thus a critical task. We take as a starting point the multi-dimensional trust model of Minhas et al. That work had a two-phased approach: i) model trust and ii) execute an algorithm for using that trust modeling, when deciding what route to take. The framework presented in this thesis aims to clarify i) the messaging that should be supported, ii) the internal representation of the messaging and the trust information and iii) the algorithms for sending and receiving information (thus updating knowledge) in order to perform decision making during route planning. A significant contribution is therefore offered through clarification and extension of the original trust modeling approach. In addition we design a comprehensive, extensive simulation testbed that is used to validate the effectiveness and robustness of the model. This testbed supports a variety of metrics and is able to perform testing in environments with a large number of cars. This constitutes the second significant contribution of the thesis. Overall, we present a valuable model for knowledge management in mobile vehicular ad-hoc networks through a combination of trust modeling, ontological representation of concepts and facts, and a methodology for discovering and updating user models. Included is a representation and implementation of both a push-based and pull-based messaging protocol. We also demonstrate the effectiveness of this model through validation conducted using our simulation testbed, focusing first on a subset of the multi-faceted trust model in order to highlight the value of the underlying representation, decision making algorithm and simulation metrics. One very valuable result is a demonstration of the importance of the combined use of the different dimensions employed in the trust modeling.


The purpose of this paper is to build the disaggregated and integrated model of Residential Location, Activity Space and Travel Mode Choice, to analyze the intrinsic relationships and inherent rules between these three elements, further to provide a basic reference for the resolution of traffic congestion problem which is caused by the unbalance transportation supply and demand. The utility maximization theory, nested logit model and 2013 Beijing travel survey data were used for building the model. The model have two levels, the first one is space choice level, which was used the land use variables, such as residential location and mixed land use; the other is mode choice level, taken the transportation variables, like travel time, travel cost etc. Parameter estimation results shown: (1) the absolute value of t test for each parameter are greater than 1.96. That means each parameters have influence on selection results in 95% confidence level. Model first and second level hit rate are all greater than 81%. Thus it is indicated the model precision is high. (2) The central part of Beijing has a higher degree of mixed land use characteristics. The travel mode choice is closely related with travel space size. It is all concluded that two level nested logit model can reflect the relationship between mode choice and land use very well.


Abstract
Introduction: Physical activity is known to improve physical fitness and reduce morbidity and mortality from numerous chronic conditions and lung function is not an exception to this. Also, the sports activities have put the athletes at risk of exercise induced bronchoconstriction. Aims and objectives: to see the changes in pulmonary function over the duration of 12 weeks. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This study was a longitudinal study which was done on the students of Physical Education College. Hundred subjects (51 male, 20.18 yrs 1.147, 49 female, 19.91 yrs  1.89) were assessed using MIR Spirolab within 7 days of admission to their college and reexamined after 12 weeks. RESULTS: significant change was seen in PEFR in male however no significant change was found other lung function parameters studied in male as well as females. There was very significant improvement in aerobic fitness as assessed by VO2max in both male and female. Conclusion: physical activity does improve some of lung function and also there is no deterioration in lung function with 12 weeks of exercise but we recommend multiple longitudinal study.


In the fifty years that separated the publication of Han d'Islande (1823) from that of Quatrevingt-treize (1874), Victor Hugo's use of the novelistic form in many ways punctuated rather than propelled his writing career, as his fictional undertakings were far less frequent, in terms of total output, than his poetic or dramatic efforts. (1) In reference to Hugo's early novels, and in spite of his enthusiastic endorsement of the genre in an 1823 review of Walter Scott's Quentin Durward that appeared in the first edition of La Muse francaise, (2) this hesitancy can at least in part be explained by the lingering reluctance of an ambitious young writer to practice his craft in a form that had yet to be fully legitimized. Sparked by personal reasons or motivated by the promise of financial gain, Hugo's first fictional endeavors tested the waters of the novel: Han d'Islande (Hugo's nod to Scott and the gothic novel) was published anonymously and played out his own love story with Adele Foucher; Bug-Jargal had its origins in a school bet; and Notre-Dame de Paris, for which Hugo had received a sizable advance, was only completed under the threat of sanction. (3) The period of silence that followed is, however, more difficult to elucidate, as thirty-one years separate the publication of the wildly-successful Notre-Dame de Paris from that of the much-anticipated Les Miserables in 1862. Indeed, as the novel as a genre gained momentum and legitimacy in France in the 1830s, 40s, and 50s, as the roman-feuilleton emerged in newspapers like Le Siecle and La Presse and steadily grew in popularity, bringing a more accessible mass-produced kind of literature to a changed and changing nineteenth-century reading public, Hugo made and sustained his sizable fortune writing plays and poetry, keeping ideas for novels tucked away in his carnets personnels, aware of and concerned perhaps as early as the 1830s about the new kinds of constraints being imposed on novelists dependent on their pens and--more and more--on the reading public. (4) Hugo's veering away from the novel just as it became fashionable speaks in fact to a certain wariness on his part, at once of the vogue of the roman historique that took off on the heels of Notre-Dame de Paris (he later claimed to have never written one), (5) of the advent of the realist novel, and of the production and mass consumption of literature through serial novels, which targeted a different, less sophisticated kind of reader. (6) That Hugo had little interest in pursuing the writing of historical or serial novels, or both, as they in many cases intersected, is not, however, surprising. His commentary in La Muse francaise about the "other novel that had yet to be created" had already set him apart from the direction or directions that would be pursued by his contemporaries. What also needs to be taken into account is that there was something else that set Hugo apart from his contemporaries by the end of the 1830s: the success he had already attained as a writer and the financial independence that this success allowed him. Indeed, after an unstable childhood in which his family's money concerns were real and constant, and the lean years of the 1820s (which themselves were nonetheless subsidized by one of the last pensions royales awarded), Hugo's desire for financial security and the stability that it ensured was realized in the 1830s through the careful management both of his theatrical productions and the publication and re-publication of earlier works. (7) The effects of Hugo's careful serf-management and of his understanding of the new business of literature--and especially strategies for publication that continued to assure his financial independence throughout his long career--have, in fact, in many ways been under-explored in terms of their relevance to his body of work. For unlike the great majority of his contemporaries whose financial status had shifted and who became dependent on commercial concerns, Hugo's rare success story put him in a position not only to write what he wanted when he wanted, but increasingly to cultivate, inscribe, and write for a desired, ideal and idealized reader(ship). …


The article suggests that the rise of transnational threats and challenges in a post uni-polar has found institutions of global governance to be sorely wanting. Growing environmental threats to planetary survival and growing prosperity in emerging economies together are putting a strain on world leaders' ability to deal with such issues, as food riots and the worldwide scramble for raw materials. In the face of lack-luster attempts at revamping multilateral decision-making procedures, Brazil has taken the lead in joining other countries to forge specifi c agenda-driven coalitions to achieve urgently needed change on critical issues such as fair trade, Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (Trips), fi nancing for development and enhanced South-South trade and investments. The arrival on the scene of the G-20, the India, Brazil and SouthAfrica group (Ibsa), regional summits, enhanced South American integration are described as examples of such ad hoc coalitions of the willing. Special attention is given to exploring the prospects for the G-8 Outreach, providing a widely spread networking platform that helps bring together around a reformed multilateral system the different actors and forces driving globalization.


The theory of spectral filtering is a remarkable tool to understand the statistical properties of learning with kernels. For least squares, it allows to derive various regularization schemes that yield faster convergence rates of the excess risk than with Tikhonov regularization. This is typically achieved by leveraging classical assumptions called source and capacity conditions, which characterize the difficulty of the learning task. In order to understand estimators derived from other loss functions, Marteau-Ferey et al. have extended the theory of Tikhonov regularization to generalized self concordant loss functions (GSC), which contain, e.g., the logistic loss. In this paper, we go a step further and show that fast and optimal rates can be achieved for GSC by using the iterated Tikhonov regularization scheme, which is intrinsically related to the proximal point method in optimization, and overcomes the limitation of the classical Tikhonov regularization.