The protozoan populations of slow sand filter beds, used by the Metropolitan Water Division of the Thames Water Authority for the purification of stored water, were studied over the period of a year. Most of the work was conducted on beds where the water approached the sand at a flow rate of 0.4 mh"l, while a bed run at 0.2 mh"^ was used for comparative studies. Physical and chemical parameters of the water were monitored by the Thames Water Authority. A method for the qualitative and quantitative examination of live protozoa was developed using a sedimentation technique. The time required for sedimentation limited the number of samples which could be identified, measured and counted. These were concentrated on defining the depth, rather than horizontal, distribution of protozoa as the bed functions vertically, and samples were taken as frequently as possible in order to adequately estimate the population growth rates of the protozoa. Depth distrib utions of particulate organic carbon content of the sand were determined, as an indication of food availability for the microorganisms, in parallel with the protozoan samples. The depth distribution of bacteria associated with the sand grains was also studied, but only over the initial period of a filter bed run. Scanning electron microscopy was employed to examine the localised distributions of bacteria on the sand grain surfaces. The availability of a pilot— scale sand column enabled interstitial water to be sampled and analysed for bacteria. Maximum population densities of ciliates and flagellates, and variations in mean body size of the ciliates were found to be related to temperature. Maximum ciliate densities were also associated with surface accumulation of carbon, rates of head loss change and, on two occasions, with the onset of a dissolved oxygen deficit in the filtrate water. The pattern of density-depth distributions of ciliates and flagellates varied with time during the filtration runs, and deeper penetration into the sand occurred in the filter bed with the faster rate of approach water flow. Rates of growth of the ciliate and flagellate populations increased with temperature; the ciliate population Qio equalled 1.6 between 4^ and 20^C. Rates of growth also increased with flow rate and accummulation of particulate organic carbon in the filter beds. After maximum densities had been achieved and the ciliate population was in numerical decline, the total ciliate biovolume continued to increase, but at a more gradual rate; this was due to a succession to larger species during this part of the run. A high initial growth rate of bacteria, doubling time equal to 10 hours, was recorded over the first few days of a filter bed run. Bacterial enumeration in the interstitial water of the pilot-scale sand column was less informative, as very little change in density distribution occurred during the initial part of a run. Oxidationreduction profiles of the interstitial water were also found to change little with time, maintaining a character istic increase in potential with depth.


Using generating functions and limit theorems, we obtain a stochastic description of Carlitz compositions of large integer n (i.e. compositions two successive parts of which are different). We analyze: the number M of parts, the number of compositions T(m,n) with m parts, the distribution of the last part size, the correlation between two successive parts, leading to a Markov chain. We describe also the associated processes and the limiting trajectories, the width and thickness of a composition. We finally present a typical simulation. The limiting processes are characterized by Brownian Motion and some discrete distributions.


A comparison of published estimates of mycorrhizal and dark septate endophyte (DSE) colonisation from various ecosystems suggests that DSE may be as abundant as mycorrhizal fungi as judged by the proportion of host plants colonised in mixed plant communities, or by the extent of colonisation in sampled root systems. While many strides have been made in understanding the ecological significance of the mycorrhizal fungi, our knowledge about the role of DSE fungi is in its infancy. In order to provide a framework of testable hypotheses, we review and discuss the most likely functions of this poorly understood group of root-associated fungi. We propose that, like mycorrhizal symbioses, DSE-plant symbioses should be considered multifunctional and not limited to nutrient acquisition and resultant positive host growth responses. Admittedly, many mycorrhizal and endophyte functions, (e.g. stress tolerance, pathogen or herbivore deterrence) are likely to be mediated by improved nutritional status and increased fitness of the host. Accordingly, it is pivotal to establish whether or not the DSE fungi are involved in host nutrient acquisition, either from inorganic and readily soluble sources, or from organic and recalcitrant sources. Facilitation by DSE of the use of organic nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur sources by plants is a topic that warrants further attention and research. Even in the absence of a clear nutrient uptake function, the extensive DSE colonisation that occurs is likely to pre-emptively or competitively deter pathogens by minimising the carbon available in host rhizosphere environment. The DSEs' high melanin levels and their potential production of secondary metabolites toxic or inhibitory to herbivores are also likely to be factors influencing host performance. Finally, the broad host ranges speculated for most DSE fungi thus far suggest that they are candidates for controlling plant community dynamics via differential host responses to colonisation. We emphasise the need for simple experiments that allow unravelling of the basic biological functions of DSE fungi when they colonise their hosts.


Background Antibiotic treatment early in life is often not needed and has been associated with increased rates of subsequent diarrhoea. We estimated the impact of realistic interventions, which would prevent unnecessary antibiotic exposures before 6 months of age, on reducing childhood diarrhoeal rates. Methods In data from a prospective observational cohort study conducted in Vellore, India, we used the parametric g-formula to model diarrhoeal incidence rate differences contrasting the observed incidence of diarrhoea to the incidence expected under hypothetical interventions. The interventions prevented unnecessary antibiotic treatments for non-bloody diarrhoea, vomiting and upper respiratory infections before 6 months of age. We also modelled targeted interventions, in which unnecessary antibiotic use was prevented only among children who had already stopped exclusive breast feeding. Results More than half of all antibiotic exposures before 6 months (58.9%) were likely unnecessary. The incidence rate difference associated with removing unnecessary antibiotic use before 6 months of age was −0.28 (95% CI −0.46 to −0.08) episodes per 30 child-months. This implies that preventing unnecessary antibiotic exposures in just 4 children would reduce the incidence of diarrhoea by 1 from 6 months to 3 years of age. Conclusions Interventions to reduce unnecessary antibiotic use among young children could result in an important reduction in diarrhoeal rates. This work provides an example application of statistical methods which can further the aim of presenting epidemiological findings that are relevant to public health practice.


As the extent of the pressure sore problem within hospitalized populations has been realized, their costs estimated and changes in the management of the NHS occurred, interest in pressure sores has increased and focused toward prevention. Research has served to underline the complexities of the issues involved and it is now acknowledged that the development of a pressure sore is dependent upon a complicated interplay of many variables, including the intensity and duration of pressure and the tolerance of the skin. The focus of this study was to generate data relating to the research question 'what is the extent of intra-operative pressure damage to the skin within a UK hospital setting?'. However, also pertinent was literature relating to the use of risk assessment tools - their predictive validity and value as descriptors of research patient populations. A quantitative descriptive study design was developed to determine post-operative incidence of pressure sore development and the reliability and predictive validity of the Braden Scale. Patients were recruited to the study according to age (=>55 years), surgery type (elective major general and vascular) and intra-operative position (supine and lithotomy). Descriptive data relating to risk, skin and peri-operative time intervals were recorded. Skin assessments amongst a sample of 26 patients identified a pre-operative prevalence of 36% - an unexpected finding, a post-operative incidence of 12.5% consistent with results from North American research and a period prevalence of 56%. The Braden Scale demonstrated good reliability and the most sensitive and specific Braden Score was determined as 19 not at risk/<19 at risk. A discussion of results identified limitations relating to the methodology adopted and issues, such as, inclusion and exclusion criteria of blanching and non blanching reactive hyperaemia and the application of the definition of incidence which lacked clarity within the literature.


Software inspections have proved to be an effective means to find faults in different software artifacts, and the application of software inspections on requirements specifications is believed to give a high return on investment as problems are caught early. However, despite the existing evidence of positive effects requirements inspections are not a common practice in industry. The reason is believed to be the cost associated with inspections as a technology. This paper presents an evaluation of test-case driven inspections (TCD) - an emerging inspection technique that aims to cut costs associated with traditional requirements inspections. To formally test the efficiency and effectiveness of TCD inspections an experiment was conducted, in a controlled environment, where checklist based inspections was used as a point of reference. The experiment results indicate that TCD inspections perform better when it comes to effectiveness in finding major faults in a requirements specification.


The main purpose of this study was to examine the effect of chalk on the friction coefficient between climber's fingers and two different rock types (sandstone and limestone). The secondary purpose was to investigate the effects of humidity and temperature on the friction coefficient and on the influence of chalk. Eleven experienced climbers took part in this study and 42 test sessions were performed. Participants hung from holds which were fixed on a specially designed hang board. The inclination of the hang board was progressively increased until the climber's hand slipped from the holds. The angle of the hang board was simultaneously recorded by using a gyroscopic sensor and the friction coefficient was calculated at the moment of slip. The results showed that there was a significant positive effect of chalk on the coefficient of friction (+18.7% on limestone and +21.6% on sandstone). Moreover sandstone had a higher coefficient of friction than limestone (+15.6% without chalk, +18.4% with chalk). These results confirmed climbers' belief that chalk enhances friction. However, no correlation with humidity/temperature and friction coefficient was noted which suggested that additional parameters should be considered in order to understand the effects of climate on finger friction in rock climbing.


With the deadline drawing closer, many question whether the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) can be met. Some even question their relevance, especially given the financial crisis. The global scorecard shows that half of the road has been covered so far but it has taken three quarters of the time. Thus, are the MDGs a noble but unrealistic aspiration? Not quite. After some false dawns and missed opportunities, it is natural for some to dismiss the MDGs as targets that are 'easily set but never met'. However, it would be too early and too pessimistic to consider the MDGs as 'mission impossible'. After exposing the two most pervasive misconceptions about the MDGs, the paper shows that addressing the growing disparities within countries offers the best hope for achieving the MDGs. It shows that only one out of eight countries with recent data in Asia – Indonesia – managed to achieve pro-poor progress in reducing infant and child mortality. Six others witnessed an increase in disparity – especially the Philippines, Vietnam and Cambodia. A little equity and a touch of imagination can yield spectacular outcomes for human well-being. A revisit of the conventional wisdom regarding the MDGs is overdue. Diminishing its intellectual capture on development thinking will serve the MDGs well.


The six domains of athletic training are injury prevention, clinical evaluation and diagnosis, immediate care, treatment, rehabilitation and reconditioning, organization and administration, and professional responsibility. To educate the public about the profession, explaining these six domains can help identify the areas athletic trainers are proficient in. Each domain is different and describes a specific aspect of the profession of athletic training. Together they help to shape and define the profession of athletic training. Not only do the six domains guide athletic training on a big scale, but they can also be found everyday in the athletic training rooms and clinics of certified athletic trainers across the nation. From giving an athlete a Band-Aid to writing an injury report to spine boarding an athlete, every action an athletic trainer performs fits into one of the six domains. Degree Type Open Access Senior Honors Thesis Department Health Promotion and Human Performance First Advisor Jim Sweet Second Advisor Jodi Schumacher Third Advisor Chris Herman


Introduction: ART scale up in Mozambique was followed by an under evaluated treatment abandon rate, supposedly due to food unmet needs and low access to health centres. This research will evaluate food security contribution to ART abandon in Nampula Province.
Methods: quantitative research, transversal cohort study in 5 health centres of 5 Nampula Province Districts with high HIV incidence and ART abandon rates, using surveys (patients on ART, patients who have abandoned treatment) and statistic documents consultation to evaluate ART non adherence.
Results: we surveyed 208 patients on ART and 86 abandons in Lalaua, Mossuril, Murrupula, Nacaroa and Nampula districts and 58% consider they do not have enough food. ART adherence for patients on treatment over the last 3 months was estimated at 69%. Last 24 hours food intake survey shows that 21% had only one meal, 22% did not eat any vegetables, 24% did not eat any proteins, 56% any fruits. About who is responsible for food supplies, 58% are themselves. About economic income, 63% work in subsistence agriculture, 29% have informal activity and 18% are employed.
Discussion: the ART adherence for the last 3 months at 69% is far under desirable. Our results show that food insecurity affects deeply this population and allow as confirming it as a determinant abandon factor. We may suggest a diet with beans, peanuts, eggs, cabbage and fruits, locally available, as an ART adherence facilitator.
Conclusion: diet seems to have a direct influence over ART abandon rate in Nampula Province and patient nutritional inhabits show high food insecurity. We recommend implementing a nutritional education programme and rural extension intervention with this group, to


The Eastern Spadefoot, Scaphiopus holbrookii, an anuran that ranges widely across
 eastern North America, exhibits latitudinal variation in breeding activity. In the
 southern United States, Eastern Spadefoots breed any time of year, whereas further north
 breeding activity is restricted to the warmer months. In the Midwest, Eastern Spadefoots
 are described as breeding any time meteorological conditions are favorable between March
 and September. I examined this commonly held belief at a southern Illinois sinkhole from
 1996 to 2012. Eastern Spadefoots bred (oviposited) 26 times, up to three times per year,
 during 12 of 17 years (70.5%). Breeding occurred from March through July, but most
 frequently (69.2%) during April and May. Most (92.3%) breeding events occurred during
 months of above-average precipitation. Recruitment of juveniles followed seven breeding
 events (in April and May only) in 5 of 17 years and was dependent upon rainfall subsequent
 to breeding activity. Observations of breeding activity suggest that Eastern Spadefoots in
 the Midwest breed most often in spring, coincident with favorable meteorological
 conditions, and that breeding success may be reliant on rainfall subsequent to
 breeding.


Sub-Saharan Africa has experienced great oscillations in democratic progress and retreat. Authoritarian modernization has taken root, notably in Ethiopia and Rwanda. No paradigm captures the complexity and volatility. Some argue that autocratic governance produces development outcomes while competitive clientelism encourages corruption and social distress. Nigeria presents a paradox of reform and dysfunction, of growth and discordant development, of minority affluence and mass poverty. The northern region has undergone economic and political decline. The failure to defeat Boko Haram reflects the prebendalist corrosion of state institutions. The February 2015 election is a dismaying hurdle for the Nigerian system of conglomerate governance.


Active Traffic Management (ATM) applications, such as variable speed limits, queue warning systems, and dynamic ramp metering, have been shown to offer mobility and safety benefits. Yet because they differ from conventional capacity investments in terms of cost, service life, and operating requirements, how to incorporate them into the planning process is not clear. To facilitate such incorporation, this study developed guidelines for considering ATM deployments. The guidelines consist of four sets. The first set identifies required infrastructure and operational conditions, such as sensor placement and queuing behavior, to apply a particular ATM technique at a given site. The second set presents sketch planning analysis methods to estimate the operational and safety benefits of applying the particular technique at the site; these may be refined with the third set concerning a more detailed (and accurate) simulation analysis. The fourth set concerns continued monitoring of an ATM deployment at a given site. Also provided is a framework for incorporating ATM concepts into the regional planning process. The framework is illustrated with a hypothetical case study of variable speed limits implemented on I-66 in Virginia. Although Virginia metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs) and the Virginia Department of Transportation already consider operational initiatives to some degree within the planning process, a key finding of this study is that there are several ways to strengthen the inclusion of operational initiatives. These include (1) using the guidelines developed in this study; (2) linking ATM initiatives to the MPO's Congestion Management Process; (3) facilitating the computation of operational-related performance measures such as total vehicle- hours of delay; and (4) emphasizing, when applicable, the safety and environmental aspects of ATM. The rationale for such aspects is not to promote ATM as being more effective than other types of investments but rather to compare ATM objectively with these other types of investments. For example, Appendix A illustrates how to compute a benefit-cost ratio where costs include capital and operations expenditures for the ATM and where benefits include monetized values of vehicle-hours of delay plus crash costs. In this manner, the benefit-cost ratio for an ATM project may be compared to the benefit-cost ratio for other operational or capacity projects.


Abstract. Remote sensing system mounted on unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) could provide a complementary means to the conventional satellite and aerial remote sensing solutions especially for the applications of precision agriculture. UAV remote sensing offers a great flexibility to quickly acquire field data in sufficient spatial and spectral resolution at low cost. However a major problem of UAV is the high instability due to the low-end equipments and difficult environment situation, and this leads to image sensor being mostly operated under a highly uncertain configuration. Thus UAV images exhibit considerable derivation in spatial orientation, large geometric and spectral distortion, and low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). To achieve the objectives of agricultural mapping from UAV, we apply a micro-helicopter UAV with a multiple spectral camera mounted and develop a framework to process UAV images. A very important processing is to generate mosaic image which can be aligned with maps for later GIS integration. With appropriate geometric calibration applied, we first decompose a homography of consecutive image pairs into a rotational component and a simple perspective component, and apply a linear interpolation to the angle of the rotational component, followed by a linear matrix interpolation operator to the perspective component, and this results in an equivalent transformation but ensures a smooth evolution between two images. Lastly to demonstrate the potential of UAV images to precision agriculture application, we perform spectral processing to derive vegetation indices (VIs) maps of crop, and also show the comparison with satellite imagery. Through this paper, we demonstrate that it is highly feasible to generate quantitative mapping products such as crop stress maps from UAV images, and suggest that UAV remote sensing is very valuable for the applications of precision agriculture.


The evolution of vertebrates has included a number of important events: the development of cartilage, the immune system, and complicated craniofacial structures. Here, we examine domain shuffling as one of the mechanisms that contributes novel genetic material required for vertebrate evolution. We mapped domain-shuffling events during the evolution of deuterostomes with a focus on how domain shuffling contributed to the evolution of vertebrate- and chordate-specific characteristics. We identified approximately 1000 new domain pairs in the vertebrate lineage, including approximately 100 that were shared by all seven of the vertebrate species examined. Some of these pairs occur in the protein components of vertebrate-specific structures, such as cartilage and the inner ear, suggesting that domain shuffling made a marked contribution to the evolution of vertebrate-specific characteristics. The evolutionary history of the domain pairs is traceable; for example, the Xlink domain of aggrecan, one of the major components of cartilage, was originally utilized as a functional domain of a surface molecule of blood cells in protochordate ancestors, and it was recruited by the protein of the matrix component of cartilage in the vertebrate ancestor. We also identified genes that were created as a result of domain shuffling in ancestral chordates. Some of these are involved in the functions of chordate structures, such as the endostyle, Reissner's fiber of the neural tube, and the notochord. Our analyses shed new light on the role of domain shuffling, especially in the evolution of vertebrates and chordates.


Nowadays, Estonian society encourages responsible parenting and the need for family planning is generally considered self-evident. Parents expect to eliminate the risks to the health of the child to be born, with the health-care provider's assistance. The unexpected birth of a disabled child causes pain and suffering to the parents and the child, along with economic hardship due to additional costs arising from the disability. However, it should be clear that not every birth of a disabled child can or should be followed by the health-care provider's obligation to compensate for the damage. While case law addressing issues of wrongful life is absent in Estonia, t he article is aimed at providing possible solutions under Estonian law to some of the legally complex problems of the associated cases through analysis of Estonian, German, and US legal literature and case law. The article is focused mainly on the prerequisites for contractual liability under the Estonian Law of Obligations Act. Among other factors, the existence of legally cognisable harm, the non-existence paradox, and the protective effect of the contract for provision of health-care services are analysed.


The cohesin network has an essential role in chromosome segregation, but also plays a role in DNA damage repair. Eco1 is an acetyltransferase that targets subunits of the cohesin complex and is involved in both the chromosome segregation and DNA damage repair roles of the network. Using budding yeast as a model system, we find that mutations in Eco1, including a genocopy of a human Roberts syndrome allele, do not cause gross defects in chromosome cohesion. We examined how mitotic and meiotic DNA damage repair is affected by mutations in Eco1. Strains containing mutations in Eco1 are sensitive to DNA damaging agents that cause double-strand breaks, such as Xrays and bleomycin. While meiotic crossing over is relatively unaffected in strains containing the Roberts mutation, reciprocal mitotic crossovers occur with extremely low frequency in this mutant background. Our results suggest that Eco1 promotes the reciprocal exchange of chromosome arms and maintenance of heterozygosity during mitosis.


Containing the largest bank of test questions on the market, How to Pass Advanced Verbal Reasoning Tests provides advice, practice and exercises to help you prepare for the rigorous tests used by employers, helping you to build up speed, accuracy and confidence. Testing expert Mike Bryon offers practice on a range of areas, including:- English usage- Written assessments- Presentations- Group exercises- Assessment centresIncluding four timed realistic tests with interpretations of your score, How to Pass Advanced Verbal Reasoning Tests covers word links, word swaps, sentence sequence, decision analysis, reading comprehension as well as critical reasoning, giving you everything you need to boost your ability and face the challenge head on.


[1] Shadowing by vegetation, landforms, or clouds can reduce the surface temperature relative to unshadowed portions of the same land area. This shading effect can cause azimuthal variation of the outgoing infrared radiance that is currently not taken into account in remote sensing and Earth radiation budget analyses. In this paper, multiangle longwave (LW) (5–200 μm) and window (WN) (8–12 μm) radiances taken by the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) rotating azimuth plane scanner on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and Terra satellites are used to determine the azimuthal anisotropy of LW and WN fields over all solar zenith angles and surface types in clear and cloudy conditions. The azimuthal component of the anisotropy is isolated by constructing limb-darkening models for each category of surface type and topography in each solar zenith angle (SZA) bin. The viewing zenith angle dependence of WN and LW radiances in clear scenes depends on the SZA, possibly because of changes in the boundary layer temperature structure during the day. The observed mean radiances, in general, are greater when viewing the sunlit hemisphere (backscattering) than when viewing the shaded (forward scattering) hemisphere. This forward-back contrast increases with increasing terrain roughness and is stronger for surfaces with open vegetation such as shrubs and grass than for contiguous vegetation like forests. The anisotropy is less well defined for barren deserts. Maximum anisotropy occurs for SZAs between 48° and 70°. This paper provides the first evidence that clouds also induce longwave azimuthal anisotropy. Strong forward-back radiance contrast is evident for partly, mostly, and overcast scenes for SZA < 48°. The contrast disappears for overcast scenes and decreases for partly and mostly cloudy scenes at higher SZAs. The TRMM sampling is limited and causes some biases at particular angle sets but overall provides a reasonable depiction of the anisotropy at all SZAs. Terra yields a more accurate anisotropy characterization but only for SZAs between 48° and 70°. A simple model constructed from the TRMM results for clear scenes reduces clear-sky temperature prediction RMS errors by 38% or more while minimizing the biases associated with azimuthal anisotropy. The model should yield similar or better reductions in the errors associated with retrievals of skin temperature or LW fluxes, especially those from geostationary satellites. In addition, future analyses of combined TRMM, Terra, and Aqua CERES data will likely provide more accurate correction models that could further reduce errors in surface skin temperature and radiative flux for both clear and cloudy scenes.


We have the honour to inform you of the official recognition of the Grenada Red Cross Society by the International Committee of the Red Cross. This recognition, which took effect on 12 March 1987, brings to 145 the number of National Societies members of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement.


Purpose: It is normal for the bodies of lung cancer patients to change during treatment due to tumor shrinkage, pleural effusion and other treatment related physical changes. The purpose of this study is to determine the differences between the original planned radiation therapy dose and the actual delivered dose given to patients with initially unresectable stage III non‐small cell lung cancer (IRB approved study) and to ensure that protocol dosimetric constraints are not violated. Methods: Target and critical structures are contoured on the original time averaged simulation CT. Patients receive weekly 4DCT scans during the course of treatment. These scans are snapshots of the patients changing bodies. The dose to tumor and anatomical structures actually delivered during that week based on the original plan is determined based on the weekly scan. Approximately 25% of the patients required plan modifications during the course of treatment. MIMvista deformable registration is used to deform the actual dose given each week back to the original planned dose. Dose volume histograms are used to compare the actual dose delivered to the critical structures based on the changing patient body to that given based on the original plan. Results: Results are analyzed for 20 patients, including 5 patients with plan modifications. The mean change for all structures is 1.5% +/− 0.8%, suggesting insignificant dosimetric effects due to the changing patient body. Maximum changes of 6.8% for the contralateral lung dose and upto 9.2Gy for the maximum absolute dose to the spinal cord occurred, but these were still within dosimetric constraint goals. Conclusion: Proton lung patients in our institution are imaged weekly and their treatments are adapted when necessary. All of the patients delivered dose accumulated from the weekly scans using deformable registration did not differ significantly from the planned dose and no critical constraints were violated.


We present a self-consistent model of the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of spiral galaxies from the ultraviolet (UV) to the mid-infrared (MIR)/far-infrared (FIR)/submillimeter (submm) based on a full radiative transfer calculation of the propagation of starlight in galaxy disks. This model predicts not only the total integrated energy absorbed in the UV/optical and re-emitted in the infrared/submm, but also the colours of the dust emission based on an explicit calculation of the strength and colour of the UV/optical radiation fields heating the dust, and incorporating a full calculation of the stochastic heating of small dust grains and PAH molecules. The geometry of the translucent components of the model is empirically constrained using the results from the radiation transfer analysis of Xilouris et al. on spirals in the middle range of the Hubble sequence, while the geometry of the optically thick components is constrained from physical considerations with a posteriori checks of the model predictions with observational data. Following the observational constraints, the model has both a distribution of diffuse dust associated with the old and young disk stellar populations as well as a clumpy component arising from dust in the parent molecular clouds in star forming regions. In accordance with the fragmented nature of dense molecular gas in typical star-forming regions, UV light from massive stars is allowed to either freely stream away into the diffuse medium in some fraction of directions or be geometrically blocked and locally absorbed in clumps. These geometrical constraints enable the dust emission to be predicted in terms of a minimum set of free parameters: the central face-on dust opacity in the B-band τ f B , a clumpiness factor F for the star-forming regions, the star-formation rate SFR, the normalised luminosity of the old stellar population old and the bulge-to-disk ratio B/D. We show that these parameters are almost orthogonal in their predicted effect on the colours of the dust/PAH emission. In most practical applications B/D will actually not be a free parameter but (together with the angular size θ gal and inclination i of the disk) act as a constraint derived from morphological decomposition of higher resolution optical images. This also extends the range of applicability of the model along the Hubble sequence. We further show that the dependence of the dust emission SED on the colour of the stellar photon field depends primarily on the ratio between the luminosities of the young and old stellar populations (as specified by the parameters SFR and old) rather than on the detailed colour of the emissions from either of these populations. The model is thereby independent of a priori assumptions of the detailed mathematical form of the dependence of SFR on time, allowing UV/optical SEDs to be dereddened without recourse to population synthesis models. Utilising these findings, we show how the predictive power of radiative transfer calculations can be combined with measurements of θ gal , i and B/D from optical images to self-consistently fit UV/optical-MIR/FIR/submm SEDs observed in large statistical surveys in a fast and flexible way, deriving physical parameters on an object-by-object basis. We also identify a non-parametric test of the fidelity of the model in practical applications through comparison of the model predictions for FIR colour and surface brightness with the corresponding observed quantities. This should be effective in identifying objects such as AGNs or star-forming galaxies with markedly different geometries to those of the calibrators of Xilouris et al. The results of the calculations are made available in the form of a large library of simulated dust emission SEDs spanning the whole parameter space of our model, together with the corresponding library of dust attenuation calculated using the same model.


In order to establish networks of cooperation looking for not to duplicate research and even to make use of existing research in a remote form, it is necessary to identify and classify (around the world) the researchers and laboratories, that are researching in the topic of solar refrigeration by absorption/adsorption. The methodology consists in: i) the technology's classification, ii) technological trajectory Identification, iii) a thematic bibliographic review, and iv) patent's analysis. In this way, with the previous determination of keywords, will be identified main authors and their respective institutions. With the same keywords, are determined the licensed patents (in certain span of time). In addition, the analysis of publications, patents, and commercial products give us an opportunity to establish comparisons between prototypes and tests (in several conditions). The larger results implicate the use of actor's network and the remote access to the data and tests, for a collaborative research, overcoming the lack of laboratory resource and accelerating the knowledge acquisition.


This paper describes how the Liberty Simulation Environment (LSE) and its graphical visualizer can be used in a computer architecture course. LSE allows for the rapid construction of simulators from models that resemble the structure of hardware. By using and modifying LSE models, students can develop a solid understanding of and learn to reason about computer architecture. Since LSE models are also relatively easy to modify, the tool can be used as the basis of meaningful assignments, allowing students to explore a variety of microarchitectural concepts on their own. In lectures where block diagrams are typically displayed, LSE's visualizer can be used instead to not only show block diagrams, but to demonstrate the machine in action. As a result, LSE can ease the burden of conveying complex microarchitectural design concepts, greatly improving the depth of understanding a computer architecture course provides.


This article draws upon the analogy between the current European institutional setting, in the face of the current European crisis, and the rules and institutions that were established in the post-war years to achieve trade liberalisation and a multilateral payments system in Europe. Differently than in the past, a feature of today's crisis is that trade and payment imbalances have been overlooked, under the assumption that in a closely-integrated single-currency area, trade and payments imbalances do not matter. The implications are discussed in the light of the need to overcome the present crisis and to proceed towards integration goals.


Face-to-face and movie conversation are usually claimed to differ: the first is often described as the quintessence of spontaneity, whereas the second as the quintessence of artificiality. In fact, there are few empirical studies that demonstrate this and, in spite of what is generally maintained by the literature, empirical data, which are investigated here by applying Biber's (1988) Multi-Dimensional approach, prove that the involved production typical of face-to-face conversation also characterizes movie conversation. This resemblance has interesting implications for the teaching of spoken discourse, as movies may be effectively used as a valid source of material. The present research also illustrates an experiment with 3rd year Italian students of English that proves this potentiality especially in the learning of elisions, blends, repetitions, false starts, reformulations, discourse markers, and interjections.


"The Eyes upon Future rather than Past". Relationship between History and Economic Theory in Luigi Luzzatti (byTito Menzani) - Luigi Luzzatti (Venice 1841 Rome 1927) was a very important intellectual and political figure, regarded as the Italian father of cooperative banking. Scholarly debates on Luzzatti who also contributed to economics in a historical perspective have focused on the importance of theory for his historiographic methodology. In this paper we adopt an opposite approach and argue what was the role of economic history in Luzzatti's economic theory. In brief, in which terms and within which limits can we identify history as the basis used by Luzzatti to develop his own economics? Keywords: Luzzatti; Historical methodology; Economic history; Economic theory; Political economy.


This paper offers a synoptic account of the state of the debate within Marxist scholars regarding the current structural crisis of capitalism, identifies two broad streams within the literature dealing, in turn, with aggregate demand and profitability problems, and proceeds to concentrate on an analysis of issues surrounding the profitability problem in two steps. First, evidence on profitability trends for the Nonfarm Nonfinancial Corporate Business, the Nonfinancial Corporate Business and the Corporate Business sectors in post-War U.S. are summarized. A broad range of profit rate measures are covered and data from both the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (NIPA and Fixed Asset Tables) and the Federal Reserve (Flow of Funds Account) are used. Second, the underlying drivers of profitability, in terms of technology and distribution, are investigated. The profitability analysis is used to offer some hypotheses about the current structural crisis. JEL Categories: B51, E11


Infertility is a devastating experience for both partners as they try to conceive. Historically, when a couple could not conceive, the woman has carried the stigma of infertility; however, men and women are just as likely to contribute to the couple's infertility. With the development of assisted reproductive technology (ART), the treatment burden for male and unexplained infertility has fallen mainly on women. Equalizing this burden requires reviving research on male infertility to both improve treatment options and enable natural conception. Despite many scientific efforts, infertility in men due to sperm dysfunction is mainly diagnosed by a semen analysis. The semen analysis is limited as it only examines general sperm properties such as concentration, motility, and morphology. A diagnosis of male infertility rarely includes an assessment of internal sperm components such as DNA, which is well documented to have an impact on infertility, or other components such as RNA and centrioles, which are beginning to be adopted. Assessment of these components is not typically included in current diagnostic testing because available treatments are limited. Recent research has expanded our understanding of sperm biology and suggests that these components may also contribute to the failure to achieve pregnancy. Understanding the sperm's internal components, and how they contribute to male infertility, would provide avenues for new therapies that are based on treating men directly for male infertility, which may enable less invasive treatments and even natural conception.


We have studied the dynamic and static processes occurring in disordered multiparticle colloidal Ag aggregates with natural structure and affecting their plasmonic absorption spectra under pico- and nanosecond pulsed laser radiations, as well as the physical origin responsible for these processes. We have shown that depending on the duration of the laser pulse, the mechanisms of laser modification of such aggregates can be associated both with changes in the resonant properties of the particles due to their heating and melting (picosecond irradiation mode) and with the particle shifts in the resonant domains of the aggregates (nanosecond pulses) which depend on the wavelength, intensity, and polarization of the radiation. These mechanisms result in formation of a narrow dip in the plasmonic absorption spectrum of the aggregates near the laser radiation wavelength and affect the shape and position of the dip. The effect of polydispersity of nanoparticle aggregates on laser photochromic reaction has been studied.


The Dent Medal, struck in memory of the distinguished scholar and musician Edward J. Dent (1876–1957), has been awarded by the Royal Musical Association annually since 1961 to recipients selected for their outstanding contribution to musicology. A list of candidates is drawn up by the Council of the Association and the Directorium of the International Musicological Society. The Dent Medal for 2020 is awarded to ERIC DROTT. Eric Drott graduated with a Ph.D. from Yale University in 2001 and is currently Associate Professor of Music Theory at the University of Texas at Austin. He has produced an impressive body of scholarship that spans from post-war modernism to present-day streaming cultures and deftly traverses music theory, musicology and music sociology. Uniting this work with the sociopolitical frameworks in which music – understood in the broadest sense – is produced, used and acquires meaning is a pervading concern. Drott's initial work was inmusic theory. He wrote his doctoral thesis on themusic of Ligeti and has established himself as an authoritative voice on experimentalism and the avant-garde. His article 'The End(s) of Genre' ( Journal of Music Theory, 2013) has been particularly influential in this respect. Here Drott challenges the commonly held perception that genre declined in importance with the onset of modernism, and draws on actor-network theory to produce a revised theory of genre that maps onto the contours of experimental music. Questions of genre also feature in Drott's 2011 monographMusic and the Elusive Revolution: Cultural Politics and Political Culture in France, 1968–1981 (University of California Press). An illuminating study of the place of music in the history and legacies of France's 1968 revolution, this book develops a highly innovative framework for thinking about howmusical genres and political cultures interact. Rather than examining any one type of music or music culture, Drott casts his net wide, with chapters on chanson, free jazz, avant-garde music and French rock. This diverse span allows for a richly multifaceted history to emerge and, crucially, serves as the basis for the formulation of a broader theory of how genre mediates political expression. Over the past decade, Drott has emerged as one of the most insightful and challenging thinkers on the political economies of music in contemporary society. He has written perceptively on the 'gift economy' of music ( Journal of Music Theory, 2010); has offered a piercing critique of Jacques Attali'sNoise (Critical Inquiry, 2015); has explored music's roles in social movements including the Occupy Wall Street Protests (Contemporary Music Review, 2018; Twentieth-Century Music, 2019); and most recently has produced a comprehensive and thought-provoking suite of articles on the political, economic and social implications of contemporary streaming cultures (Sound Studies, 2017; Journal of the Society for American Music, 2018; Twentieth-Century Music, 2018; and Cultural Politics, 2019).


Impurity transport is a subject of fundamental importance in plasma physics in general and in tokamak physics in particular. The behaviour of the various impurity species and the evolution of their concentration determines, among other things, the fuel dilution and the fusion reaction rate, the plasma radia tion pattern and the local energy balance, the plasma effective charge and resistivity and the neutral beam particle and power deposition profile. It is therefore impor tant to develop both a sound experimental base and reliable models to interpret the experimental results and to predict the transport properties of impurities. Time-dependent helium and methane gas puff experiments have been performed on the Mega Ampere Spherical Tokamak (MAST) during a two point plasma current, I p , scan in L-mode and a confinement scan at constant I p . For the I p scan, a dimensionless safety factor, q , scan was attempted by using a constant toroidal magnetic field and by moderating the beam power to match the plasma temperature. The temperature and magnetic field was also kept constant during the confinement scan to probe the effects of the electron density gradient. An evaluation of the He II ( n = 4 → 3) and C VI ( n = 8 → 7) spectral lines, induced by active charge exchange emission and measured using the RGB 2D camera on MAST, indicate that carbon experiences moderately higher rates of diffusion and inward convection than helium in the L-mode high I p plasma. Lowering I p in L- mode caused a moderate increase in the helium diffusion and co nvection coefficients near the plasma edge. Neoclassical simulations were carrie d out which indicate anomalous rates of helium and carbon diffusion and inward convection in the outer regions of both L-mode plasmas. Similar rates of helium diffusion are found in the H-mode plasma, however these rates are consistent with neoclassical predictions. The anomalous inward pinch found for helium in the L-mode plasmas is also not apparent in H-mode. An outward flux of helium and carbon is found at mid-radius in H-mode, corresponding the region of positive electron density gradient. Linear gyrokinetic simulations of one flux surface in L-mode using the gs2 and gkw codes were performed which show that equilibrium flow shear is sufficient to stabilise ion temperature gradient (ITG) modes, consistent with BES observations, and suggest that collisionless trapped electron modes (TEMs) may dominate the anomalous helium particle transport. A quasilinear estimate of the dimensionless peaking factor associated with TEMs is in good agreement with experiment. Collisionless TEMs are more stable in H-mode because the electron density gradient is flatter. The steepness of this gradient is therefore pivotal in determining the inward neoclassical particle pinch and the particle flux associated with TEM turbulence.


The δ30Si of biogenic silica ( δ30SiBSi ) in marine sediments is a promising proxy for the reconstruction of silicic acid utilization by diatoms in the geological past. The application of this proxy, however, requires an understanding of the modern δ30Si distributions and their controlling mechanisms. Here we present results from a modern climate simulation with a coupled ocean‐sediment model that includes a prognostic formulation of biogenic silica production with concurrent silicon isotopic fractionation. In agreement with previous studies, biological fractionation combined with physical transport and mixing determines the oceanic distribution of simulated δ30Si. A new finding is a distinct seasonal cycle of δ30Si in the surface ocean, which is inversely related to that of silicic acid concentration and mixed layer depth. We also provide the first simulation results of sedimentary δ30Si, which reveal that (1) the δ30SiBSi distribution in the surface sediment reflects the exported δ30SiBSi signal from the euphotic zone and (2) the dissolution of biogenic silica in the sediment acts as a source of relatively light δ30Si into the bottom waters of the polar oceans, while it is a source of heavier δ30Si to the subtropical South Atlantic and South Pacific.


Objective This study aimed to evaluate the incremental value of 131I-MIBG hybrid SPECT-CT over planar scintigraphy (PS) and SPECT alone in patients with clinical or biochemical suspicion of pheochromocytoma. Methods A total of 126 adrenals of 63 patients (mean [SD] age, 28.6 [15.7] years; male patients, n = 34; female patients, n = 29) with clinical or biochemical suspicion of pheochromocytoma were retrospectively evaluated. All patients had undergone 131I-MIBG SPECT-CT of adrenal region. The PS, SPECT, and SPECT-CT images were independently evaluated by 2 nuclear medicine physicians with 6 years (R1) and 2 years (R2) experience and in separate sessions 1 week apart. A scoring scale of 1 to 5 was used, in which 1 is definitely abnormal, 2 is probably abnormal, 3 is indeterminate, 4 is probably normal, and 5 is definitely normal. Sensitivity, specificity, predictive values were calculated taking a score 2 or less as abnormal. With receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, areas under the curve (AUC) were calculated for each modality and compared. Histopathology and/or clinical/imaging follow-up were taken as reference standard. Results Of the 126 adrenals evaluated, 29 were indeterminate on PS for R1 and 48 for R2, 39 were indeterminate on SPECT for both, and on SPECT-CT, 1 was indeterminate for R1 and 2 for R2. SPECT-CT correctly characterized 28 of 29 indeterminate adrenals on PS and 37 of 39 indeterminate adrenals on SPECT for R1. Similarly, for R2, SPECT-CT correctly characterized 45 of 48 indeterminate adrenals on PS and 33 of 39 indeterminate adrenals on SPECT. On ROC comparison, PS was inferior to SPECT (P = 0.040 for R1; P < 0.001 for R2) and SPECT-CT (P = 0.001 for R1; P < 0.001 for R2) for both the observers. Moreover, SPECT was inferior to SPECT-CT for both the observers (P = 0.017 for R1 and P = 0.001 for R2). Accuracy of SPECT-CT (R1, 97.6%; R2, 97.6%) was higher than PS (R1, 91.2%; R2, 84.1%) and SPECT (R1, 94.4%; R2, 86.5%). Interobserver agreement was highest for SPECT-CT (&kgr; = 0.966) as compared with PS (&kgr; = 0.815) and SPECT (&kgr; = 0.826). Conclusions 131I-MIBG hybrid SPECT-CT shows high sensitivity and specificity for characterizing adrenal lesions in patients with clinical or biochemical suspicion of pheochromocytoma and is superior to PS and SPECT alone. It will be especially useful in countries where 123I-MIBG is not available.


Tritrichomonas foetus (T. foetus) is the cause of trichomoniasis in cattle. Little is known regarding the basis of virulence in this parasite. Early host-parasite interactions most likely affect the ability of the parasite to colonize the female reproductive tract. These early interactions shape the course of disease and ultimately control the outcome of pathogenesis. The aim of the studies herein is to provide insight into the factors that alter the progression of trichomoniasis. We examined how environmental stress and estradiol treatment affect pathogenesis of trichomoniasis. Acute T. foetus infection in normal mice resulted in facile colonization of the reproductive tract with little epithelial damage, inflammation, or cytokine expression. Infection in estradiol-treated or stressed mice resulted in increased tissue damage, inflammation, and inflammatory cytokine expression. However, estradiol-treatment or stress did not result in enhanced T. foetus colonization within the reproductive tract. Since T. foetus has been associated with heavy neutrophil and macrophage accumulation in severe disease states, an additional goal was to examine the role of the innate immune system in the colonization of T. foetus within the murine reproductive tract. Mice depleted of neutrophils were more susceptible to infection than mock-depleted controls. Additionally, mice with deficiencies in RNS production had substantially larger parasite burdens than mice with the ability to generate RNS, whereas mice with the ability to generate ROS were equally able to control dissemination of T. foetus throughout the reproductive tract, compared to wild-type controls. Lastly, we examined the relationship between T. foetus and epithelial cell interactions to trichomonad virulence. Investigation of host-parasite interactions revealed that T. foetus exhibited increased adhesion and cytotoxicity towards host cells. In addition, a secreted cytoactive factor termed CDF was isolated and purified from activated parasites. This 30 kDa cysteine protease caused rounding and detachment of target cells in addition to inducing apoptosis and 100% cell death by 72 hours of exposure to target cells. These results support our hypothesis that initial parasite/host cell interactions affect trichomonad virulence.


Silent hush of snowy white... This jewel of a book celebrates the wonders of winter, from snow dancing across branches to the scrape of an ice skate across a pond to the whoosh of a sled down a hill. With magnificent pop-ups by legendary writer, artist, and paper engineer Robert Sabuda, this book is a joy to share and a perfect book to give to celebrate the winter season in all its glory.


Machining of hard metal is difficult by conventional method to obtain high accuracy where the dimensional accuracy is the main factor. Wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) extensively used, which is mostly used in machining of conductive materials by using precisely controlled sparks that occur between a very thin wire and a workpiece in the presence of a dielectric fluid. This study serves in studying surface roughness (SR) of high speed steel (HSS) using taguchi method to design the experiment, this was achieved with utilizing different wire cut machining parameters and study the behavior of these control parameters such as pulse duration (μs), pulse interval (μs), Servo feed and Servo voltage (V) on surface roughness. It can be noticed that when servo voltage and servo feed increase the surface roughness decreases and when pulse duration and pulse interval increase the surface roughness increases too, and It was found with using taguchi parameter design that the best machining variables of combination setting is Servo Voltage (22) volts, Pulse on time (110) μs, servo feed (450) mm/min and Pulse off time (30) μs to reach to the minimum value of surface roughness and hence better surface finish.


This study was based on the outcome of the soil geochemical survey which was conducted by the Council for Geoscience around Ebenezer Dam during 1995-1996, the results of which indicated high concentrations of lead (Pb), zinc (Zn) and arsenic (As). The current study therefore focused on the origin and distribution patterns of Pb, Zn, Cu, As and Cr within the environs of Ebenezer Dam and their potential impacts on the environment and human health. The work involved soil, sediment, rock and water sampling and analysis. Atomic absorption and x-ray fluorescence spectrometry were used to determine the metal concentrations. The occurrence of anomalous concentrations of these metals in the study area was established. The anomalies registered maximum concentrations of (mg/g): 57 for Pb, 157 for Zn, 313 for Cu, 73 for As and 888 for Cr. The concentrations of these metals in sediments along the streams were high near the anomalies, but decreased downstream. Concentrations of heavy metals in water around the Ebenezer Dam were found to be less than 0.01 mg/g , except for As which was less than 1.0 mg/g. Thus Pb, Zn, Cu and Cr values were below the target water quality ranges for domestic, irrigation, livestock watering and aquatic ecosystem use. The study confirmed that the distribution of heavy metals in this area is localised within and around the source rocks that are felsic in nature, namely; granites and pegmatites that formed domes in the area.


Many forms of leukaemia are caused by chromosomal translocations, which
result in specific and characteristic genomic sequences. Where these sequences are
unique to the leukaemic cells, they represent good candidates for targeting by sequencespecific
techniques, such as RNA-Interference (RNAi). RNAi is a mechanism inherent
in eukaryotic cells which silences target mRNAs based on homology to a dsRNA
template. This template may be introduced artificially by a number of methods, and so
this mechanism can be manipulated to regulate the expression of target genes. One of
the most efficient methods of introducing RNAi templates is by expression of shorthairpin
RNA (shRNA) cassettes from DNA plasmids or vectors.
Lentiviral vectors are based on viruses that integrate into the DNA of the host
cell, and are a highly efficient class of vectors for transducing and providing stable
transgene expression in a range of cell types. They are particularly effective at
tansducing haematopoietic cells, which have proven difficult to transduce by other
methods. By fine-tuning the methods of vector production and transduction, a range of
human leukaemic cells lines were able to be transduced with unprecedented efficiency
in the present study. Lentiviral transduction was combined with rapid puromycin
selection to generate a pure population of transduced cells with minimal expansion of
the cell population.
The strategy of expressing shRNAs from retroviral and lentiviral vectors
combined with puromycin selection was used to target three well-characterised fusion
genes; Bcr-Abl, PML/RARα and RUNX1/ETO, in three human leukaemic cell lines. In
two of these, the shRNA was able to efficiently and effectively down-regulate the target
mRNA, and inhibit the proliferation of the transduced leukaemic cells. In the third case,
RUNX1/ETO, no effective shRNA design could be identified.
Finally, concerns over the safety of integration targeting by current gene therapy
vectors motivated an investigation of the activity of a novel integrase enzyme from the
Ty3 retrotransposon found in yeast. In yeast cells, the integration-mediating enzyme of
this retrotransposon has very specific targeting characteristcs, which, if retained in
human cells, would provide a very safe gene therapy vector. It was found that this
enzyme is indeed active in human cells, and therefore has potential in the context of
human gene therapy.


New experiments comparing the effects of 3 species of phytoplankton Prorocentrum minimum Schiller 1933 (PM), Thalassiosira rotula Meunier 1910 strains (TR1) and (TR2), and Skele- tonema pseudocostatum (SPC) on the fecundity and egg-hatching rates of Calanus helgolandicus females are described. To further determine the chemical factors causing the inhibitory process related to diatoms, the biological findings were linked with an analysis of aldehydic oxylipins (metabolites derived from the oxidative transformation of fatty acids). Members of this compound class have previously been reported to inhibit copepod egg development. Comparison of the in- hibitory properties with results from the chemical analysis, as well as bioassays with synthetic samples using sea urchin eggs as a model system, showed that the observed effect is not restricted to the previously identified volatile aldehydes decadienal and decatrienal but, in fact, depends on a reactive structural element (α ,β,γ,δ-unsaturated aldehyde). In addition, the fatty acid content of the algae was verified with special emphasis on eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), which is currently under discussion for its metabolic value and defensive potential. Our results demonstrate that only certain diatoms inhibit hatching in copepods and that this effect is independent of the EPA content of the diet. Moreover, saturated aldehydes, like the widely distributed tridecanal, did not affect our assay with sea urchin eggs. Since the observed hatching inhibition, as well as the capability for the for- mation of reactive aldehydes, is highly species and even isolate dependent, it would appear that no prediction of food quality of certain species can be given without a detailed analysis.


The central focus of this thesis is rhetorical moves in biochemistry articles. Kanoksilapatham has provided a descriptive theory of rhetorical moves that extends Swales' CARS model to the complete biochemistry article. The thesis begins the construction of a computational model of this descriptive theory. Attention is placed on the Methods section of the articles. We hypothesize that because authors' argumentation closely follows their experimental procedure, procedural verbs may be the guide to understanding the rhetorical moves. Our work proposes an extension to the normal (i.e., VerbNet) semantic roles especially tuned to this domain. A major contribution is a corpus of Method sections that have been marked up for rhetorical moves and semantic roles. The writing style of this genre tends to occasionally omit semantic roles, so another important contribution is a prototype ontology that provides experimental procedure knowledge for the biochemistry domain. Our computational model employs machine learning to build its models for the semantic roles and rhetorical moves, validated against a gold standard reflecting the annotation of these texts by human experts. We provide significant insights into how to derive these annotations, and as such have contributions as well to the general challenge of producing markups in the domain of biomedical science documents, where specialized knowledge is required.


Riven by ideology, religion, and mistrust, the world seems more fragmented than at any time since, arguably, World War II. But however deep the political divisions, business operations continue to span the globe, and executives still have to figure out how to run them efficiently and well. In "What Is a Global Manager?" (first published in September-October 1992), business professors Christopher Bartlett and Sumantra Ghoshal lay out a model for a management structure that balances the local, regional, and global demands placed on companies operating across the world's many borders. In the volatile world of transnational corporations, there is no such thing as a "universal" global manager, the authors say. Rather, there are three groups of specialists: business managers, country managers, and functional managers. And there are the top executives at corporate headquarters who manage the complex interactions between the three--and can identify and develop the talented executives a successful transnational requires. This kind of organizational structure characterizes a transnational rather than an old-line multinational, international, or global company. Transnationals integrate assets, resources, and diverse people in operating units around the world. Through a flexible management process, in which business, country, and functional managers form a triad of different perspectives that balance one another, transnational companies can build three strategic capabilities: global-scale efficiency and competitiveness; national-level responsiveness and flexibility; and cross-market capacity to leverage learning on a worldwide basis. Through a close look at the successful careers of Leif Johansson of Electrolux, Howard Gottlieb of NEC, and Wahib Zaki of Procter & Gamble, the authors illustrate the skills that each managerial specialist requires.


This article describes the process of adaptive management in discourse as the main tool used by
speakers to reformulate ideas in speech, mainly via discourse markers. Discourse markers, therefore,
present themselves as elements that by their operative or involvement specificity serve to
reshape the cognitive stance of the speaker-listener in a given context. This capacity is especially
important to be understood and fostered in the case of non-native learners of a language, as
they need to master the pragmatic aspects of a new language and not only its syntactic and semantic
components. The article will delve into the comparison of involvement markers in English
and Spanish to determine the functional differences in both languages. The results show the pragmatic
asymmetry in the use of discourse markers in English and Spanish, a fact that indicates the
importance of invigorating this research for the benefit of contrastive and pedagogic studies


Abstract.
 We quantified boat traffic and measured frequency of scarring in 9 species of freshwater turtle at 5 sites in northeastern Oklahoma, and overall injury rates increased significantly with increases in boat traffic. One common species at all study sites, Graptemys ouachitensis, exhibited evidence of traumatic injury at a rate 1.5 times higher than the average among sympatric species. Across species, missing hind limbs were 2.4 times more common than missing forelimbs and carapace damage was 1.4 times more prevalent on the posterior half of the shell than the anterior half; we observed no left–to–right bias in the distribution of injuries.


Centromeres control genetic inheritance by directing chromosome segregation, but centromeres in most species are not genetically encoded. Instead, centromeres are specified epigenetically by the presence of Centromere Protein A (CENP-A), a histone H3 variant which replaces canonical histone H3 in centromeric nucleosomes. This dissertation describes underlying mechanisms governing CENP-A nucleosome transmission and epigenetic centromere inheritance during the cell cycle. In the first part of this dissertation, I discuss the role of the CENP-A nucleosome binding protein CENP-C in stabilizing CENP-A nucleosomes at the centromere. Our work demonstrates that CENP-C both reshapes the histone core of the nucleosome, and that CENP-C depletion leads to the rapid removal of CENP-A from centromeres. These data indicate that CENP-C is necessary for stable retention of CENP-A nucleosomes at the centromere, and highlight molecular requirements of maintaining and transmitting centromere identity. In the second part, I describe the mechanism by which centromeres are inherited through the mammalian female germline. In cycling somatic cells, CENP-A is maintained by a cell cycle-coupled pathway, and there is no known mechanism to assemble new CENP-A nucleosomes outside of the G1-phase of the cell cycle. This epigenetic mechanism raises the question of how centromere identity is maintained during the extended prophase I arrest in mammalian oocytes. Using mice I generated, in which the Cenpa locus is conditionally inactivated in oocytes early in prophase I arrest, I tested whether centromere inheritance depends on a specialized meiotic loading pathway or on long-term retention of CENP-A nucleosomes loaded prior to prophase I arrest. We find that CENP-A nucleosomes are stably retained at centromeres for 12 months with no detectable contribution from meiotic loading. Our results show that CENP-A which is loaded before birth, prior to prophase I arrest, is fully functional 12 months later, indicating that stable retention of CENP-A nucleosomes underpins centromere inheritance through the female germline. Finally, I discuss my efforts to create a mouse model to study centromere inheritance in the mammalian male germline. Together, the data presented in this dissertation greatly enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that contribute to transgenerational centromere inheritance. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics First Advisor Michael A. Lampson Second Advisor Ben E. Black This dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2027


This dissertation presents a novel approach to enable tunable tradeoffs between performance and consistency for geographically replicated cloud services. The end goal of the approach is to have a solution by which replication is able to improve the overall performance of the system while inconsistency due to optimistic message delivery is bounded in both time and space. We achieve the latter goal with an eagerly executed commit layer that detects and solves conflicts in parallel with the optimistic replication layer.
We believe such a solution not only solves the performance bottleneck of
replicated services but also enables a full spectrum of tunability which will further allow applications to choose the best strategy to balance the tradeoff between performance and consistency for their replicated services. The new solution differs from the traditional eventual consistency model by providing a capability to solve conflicts in an online manner and to leverage the explicit role of clients in specifying the consistency requirements.
Experiments on a prototype system in a real cloud environment are described, that show that the Client Oriented Layered Optimistic Replication
(or COLOR) is feasible, and which evaluate the achievable tradeoffs between performance and consistency on a realistic example system under load, distributed over five replicas in two continents. The prototype shows that COLOR provides a well defined programming model to assist application developers to control the replication of their cloud services without resorting to the otherwise non-guarantee eventual consistency model in face of performance challenges.


The present model of global economy, the evolution of social structures, and a positive politic scene, among others aspects, demand the transformation of the city in order to solve the challenges present in most of contemporary cities. A very important part of the investments in this area are dedicated to enlarge and improve the patrimony of public space. But a public space of quality it's only possible if it facilitates the improvement of the citizen's quality of life and helps in the development of the social relations. A public space of quality should also have the capacity to preserve and enrich the memory of the place, and wherever possible, the practice of the essential values of the contemporary society: sustainability, multiculturalism, democracy, tolerance...
Reevaluating the peripheries and recovering the city centre, involves very different kind of strategies. In both cases, this means the integration of degraded neighborhoods to a unified urban system of the city. Acting in a historical centre, requires of a special sensibility that reinforce the historic and artistic values of the place, allowing at the same time, the rehabilitation of the public space to the needs of the present society.
In this sense, it turns out to be utterly important to preserve what the place has been accumulating through time, and those items which have became elements of identity during this process, as well as integrating new elements, which generate different meanings while helping in the process of appropriation.
The model of compact city that Barcelona aims, has required the renewal of its historical areas, and in order to improve their level of centrality, taking into account, that in addition of its historical centre "Ciutat Vella", Barcelona contains diverse traditional neighborhoods each of them having their own historical centre. The difference centre‐periphery should also be perceived among these other historical centers. Integration should not be confused with standardization, neither differentiation with segregation.


This book, dedicated to the memory of David Stacey, Morna Hooker's late husband, is an expanded version of the Shaffer Lectures delivered at Yale Divinity School in February 1995. It is more than just a commemoration, however, since it also carries on David Stacey's work on Prophetic Drama in the Old Testament, published by Epworth Press in 1990, and contains as an appendix his ideas for a second volume, outlined in a lecture on 'The Last Supper as Prophetic Drama'. Professor Hooker begins by reviewing the prophetic actions in the OId Testament and compares them with the way in which prophetic figures behaved in Jesus' day, in particular John the Baptist and the so-called sign prophets. Then she turns to Jesus himself and considers those actions which can be described as prophetic signs or dramas. She discusses the sign of Jonah, the refusal to perform signs, the miracles and other prophetic actions like the renaming of Simon, Jesus' eating with tax-collectors and sinners and the prophetic signs associated with Jerusalem, reaching a climax in the Last Supper. A final chapter examines the different ways in which the four evangelists interpreted Jesus' prophetic actions. Here is a fascinating study which contributes much to our understanding of the Gospel tradition and shows that biblical theology is still alive and flourishing. Morna Hooker was Lady Margaret's Professor of Divinity in the University of Cambridge and Fellow of Robinson College.


The propagation and switching of short pulses in an active two-core fiber nonlinear directional coupler have been investigated theoretically by using the split-step Fourier method. The analysis highlights the effects of the second-order coupling coefficient dispersion, the linear gain coefficient, and the finite-gain bandwidth on the switching and propagation of short pulses. The research indicates that the linear gain can sharpen the switching characteristic and reduce considerably the switching threshold power, as well as significantly increase the switching efficiency with the influences of the second-order coupling coefficient dispersion. However, both the second-order coupling coefficient dispersion and the finite-gain bandwidth degrade the switching characteristics. In addition, the finite-gain bandwidth of linear gain not only suppresses significantly the pulse compression and amplification caused by the linear gain coefficient, but also suppresses effectively the frequent pulse fluctuation on pulse propagation induced by the second-order coupling coefficient dispersion; consequently, as in the case of the passive fiber coupler, optical pulses tend to restore periodical coupling propagation in active two-core fiber coupler.


BACKGROUND: The role of internal rectal prolapse in the origin of fecal incontinence remains to be defined. In our institution, laparoscopic ventral rectopexy is offered to patients with high-grade internal prolapse and fecal incontinence. OBJECTIVE: The present study was designed to evaluate the functional outcome after laparoscopic ventral rectopexy in patients with fecal incontinence associated with high-grade internal rectal prolapse. DESIGN: This study was designed as a prospective observational study. SETTINGS: The study took place in a university hospital. PATIENTS: Between 2009 and 2011, 72 patients with fecal incontinence not responding to maximum medical treatment (including biofeedback) were included. All patients had a grade III or grade IV rectal prolapse. INTERVENTION: Laparoscopic ventral rectopexy was performed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Preoperative endoanal ultrasonography and anorectal manometry were performed. Fecal continence was evaluated by using the Rockwood Fecal Incontinence Severity Index score before and 1 year after surgery. RESULTS: The median fecal incontinence severity index score 1 year after surgery was lower than the median score before surgery (15 versus 31; p < 0.01), representing an improvement in fecal continence. LIMITATIONS: This was a preliminary observational study with no control group, no postoperative proctography, and no postoperative anal physiology. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic ventral rectopexy can improve symptoms of fecal incontinence in patients with a high-grade internal rectal prolapse. Internal rectal prolapse contributes to the multifactorial origin of fecal incontinence.


Computer systems in clinical medicine are often integrated to facilitate data sharing, but the terminologies they use are typically not integrated. There is rarely any centralized repository of terms used in various systems, and no widely accepted standards exist. An exception is the Medical Entities Dictionary (MED) at the New York Presbyterian Hospital (NYPH) in New York. The NYPH clinical computing environment includes a centralized database of coded patient information collected from various ancillary sources and translated into codes provided by the MED. The MED includes all terms used in the ancillary departments and, as such, changes in the source terminologies must be maintained in the MED. In order to support the maintenance tasks, the MED includes knowledge about the terms themselves, arranged in a semantic network. This knowledge base is used to support sophisticated maintenance tools to facilitate additions and changes to the MED and verify their consistency and appropriateness. This chapter describes the design and development of the terminology and two case examples demonstrating some of the advantages to our approach: addition of a new terminology of laboratory terms and maintenance of an existing drug terminology.


Summary
Pesticide exposure has been implicated as a contributor to insect pollinator declines. In social bees, which are crucial pollination service providers, the effect of low-level chronic exposure is typically non-lethal leading researchers to consider whether exposure induces sublethal effects on behaviour and whether such impairment can affect colony development.
Studies under laboratory conditions can control levels of pesticide exposure and elucidate causative effects, but are often criticized for being unrealistic. In contrast, field studies can monitor bee responses under a more realistic pesticide exposure landscape; yet typically such findings are limited to correlative results and can lack true controls or sufficient replication. We attempt to bridge this gap by exposing bumblebees to known amounts of pesticides when colonies are placed in the field.
Using 20 bumblebee colonies, we assess the consequences of exposure to the neonicotinoid clothianidin, provided in sucrose at a concentration of five parts per billion, over 5 weeks. We monitored foraging patterns and pollen collecting performance from 3282 bouts using either a non-invasive photographic assessment, or by extracting the pollen from returning foragers. We also conducted a full colony census at the beginning and end of the experiment.
In contrast to studies on other neonicotinoids, showing clear impairment to foraging behaviours, we detected only subtle changes to patterns of foraging activity and pollen foraging during the course of the experiment. However, our colony census measures showed a more pronounced effect of exposure, with fewer adult workers and sexuals in treated colonies after 5 weeks.
Synthesis and applications. Pesticide-induced impairments on colony development and foraging could impact on the pollination service that bees provide. Therefore, our findings, that bees show subtle changes in foraging behaviour and reductions in colony size after exposure to a common pesticide, have important implications and help to inform the debate over whether the benefits of systemic pesticide application to flowering crops outweigh the costs. We propose that our methodology is an important advance to previous semi-field methods and should be considered when considering improvements to current ecotoxicological guidelines for pesticide risk assessment.


Agricultural activity in uplands is fundamentally determined by the character of the physical environment, resulting in a low input-low output system and highly valued biodiverse habitats. Over the last 50 years the quality of many of these has unfortunately deteriorated, often blamed on poor agricultural management. Upland Agriculture & the Environment demonstrates that far from laying this fully at farming's doorstep, deteriorating habitats and related environmental issues can be traced back to inappropriate political decisions based on poor understanding of socio-economic processes operating on farms and in their related communities. Consequently, upland farm businesses have suffered from low incomes and related succession problems, contracting the sector and destabilising their communities, symptoms of which have been environmental under-management and rural depopulation.

The fortunes of upland agriculture are, however, beginning to re-invigorate. The latest environmental agendas of ecosystem service delivery, food security concerns and carbon management needs are providing new opportunities to diversify income streams. From social and economic pariah to social and environmental necessity, upland agriculture is needed more than ever.

Through a comprehensive understanding of the whole picture, this book aims to demonstrate to readers the critical continuation of upland agriculture in order to address the new environmental agendas.


In recent times, goals for industry standards and national mandates have resulted in attempts to reduce the environmental impact of transient thermal processes (e.g., thermal management) in a multitude of applications ranging from industry to domestic use (consumer markets). A potential cheap, efficient and reliable solution is the implementation of a thermal energy storage (TES) unit which can serve as a primary or supplemental option, i.e., as a source of heating and/or cooling. Phase change materials (PCMs) can be used in TES due to their high latent heat storage capacity during phase transformation. Inorganic PCMs typically have the highest latent heat capacity and are attractive for their ability to store the highest amounts of thermal energy in small form factors while conferring respectable power ratings (however, they suffer from compromised reliability issues, that often arise from the need for subcooling). Subcooling (also known as supercooling) is a phenomenon where the temperature needs to be reduced substantially below the melting point to initiate solidification.
 A technique for obviating subcooling issues is to allow a small portion of the PCM to remain unmelted, which then allows the PCM to solidify and nucleate — starting from the unmelted portion of PCM (this is termed as the "cold finger" technique). A fundamental challenge for using the cold finger technique is to reliably control the amount of melt fraction in the total volume of the PCM (such that a target amount of the PCM remains solidified or unmelted). Thus, reliability is enhanced at the expense of substantial reduction in storage capacity. However, using Machine Learning (ML) techniques, this deficiency can be addressed by reliably predicting and thus controlling the amount of melt fraction in the total volume of the PCM with a higher accuracy than conventional techniques. Conventional techniques for predicting transient characteristics in real time control typically use physics-based prediction strategies that are effective for a narrow range of operating conditions with concomitant disadvantages: they suffer from high measurement uncertainties corresponding to large levels of error in the real time predictions and unreliability for a variety of operating conditions.
 In this study, significant technological advances were achieved by utilizing nearest neighbor search processes (such as radial basis functions) along with an artificial neural network (ANN) algorithm. This technique is simple to implement, device independent and was demonstrated successfully for predicting the melt fraction of a PCM with high accuracy and robustness. With this method, the melt fraction of a PCM can be accurately determined, which allows the maximum thermal capacity of a PCM to be utilized while mitigating reliability issues (such as subcooling) and enhancing the thermodynamic efficiencies of the TES platforms. Melting experiments were performed using a digital camera (for video recording) and a graduated cylinder containing PCM for monitoring the transient values of the melt fraction based on the height of the liquid phase of the PCM in the cylinder. An array of 3 thermocouples was placed at predetermined heights within the body of the PCM to monitor the transient propagation of the melting process within the PCM. In the final stages of the melting process, the predictions from the ML algorithm was found to be more accurate (90∼95% accuracy) than that of the conventional techniques based on physics-based solvers (∼60% accuracy). The accuracy of the ML algorithm was low at smaller melt fractions (∼30%) and improved substantially at higher melt fractions (∼95%).


Pay-per-last-N -shares" (PPLNS) is one of the most common payout strategies used by mining pools in Proof-of-Work (PoW) cryptocurrencies. As with any payment scheme, it is imperative to study issues of incentive compatibility of miners within the pool. For PPLNS this question has only been partially answered; we know that reasonably-sized miners within a PPLNS pool prefer following the pool protocol over employing specific deviations. In this paper, we present a novel modification to PPLNS where we randomise the protocol in a natural way. We call our protocol "Randomised pay-per-last-N -shares" (RPPLNS), and note that the randomised structure of the protocol greatly simplifies the study of its incentive compatibility. We show that RPPLNS maintains the strengths of PPLNS (i.e., fairness, variance reduction, and resistance to pool hopping), while also being robust against a richer class of strategic mining than what has been shown for PPLNS.


We propose a framework for Semi-Supervised Active Clustering framework (SSAC), where the learner is allowed to interact with a domain expert, asking whether two given instances belong to the same cluster or not. We study the query and computational complexity of clustering in this framework. We consider a setting where the expert conforms to a center-based clustering with a notion of margin. We show that there is a trade off between computational complexity and query complexity; We prove that for the case of $k$-means clustering (i.e., when the expert conforms to a solution of $k$-means), having access to relatively few such queries allows efficient solutions to otherwise NP hard problems.
In particular, we provide a probabilistic polynomial-time (BPP) algorithm for clustering in this setting that asks $O\big(k^2\log k + k\log n)$ same-cluster queries and runs with time complexity $O\big(kn\log n)$ (where $k$ is the number of clusters and $n$ is the number of instances). The algorithm succeeds with high probability for data satisfying margin conditions under which, without queries, we show that the problem is NP hard. We also prove a lower bound on the number of queries needed to have a computationally efficient clustering algorithm in this setting.


In the war on terrorism, the Executive Branch has sometimes opted to use the criminal justice system to prosecute defendants for terrorism-related offenses; and at other times, it has opted to use military force to kill or capture so-called enemy combatants. Arguably, the Executive Branch should be given discretion to choose which approach to use depending on the particular circumstances. Overseas actions might call for military force, while domestic terrorism might call for prosecution (and, upon conviction, punishment). However, military detention is especially harsh, with conditions of confinement worse than those in maximum security prisons, and much uncertainty abounds as to the procedural rights accorded to military detainees - even ones who are U.S. citizens. As a result, the Executive Branch may be able to extract (and may already have extracted) guilty pleas from terrorism defendants by threatening them with military detention if they do not plead guilty. In this Article, I argue against unilateral Executive Branch power to transfer criminal defendants into military detention, precisely because of the opportunity, whether intentional or not, for the government to profit from the coercive potential of such transfers. I use blackmail theory to show why such government conduct should be prohibited, and I use the doctrine of vindictive prosecution to show that a constitutional mechanism already exists for courts to protect defendants against coercive actions by prosecutors.


Abstract: This paper reports the results of a bioengineering intervention within the Mediterranean Basin carried out at Lampedusa Island (Strait of Sicily) on the "Spiaggia dei Conigli", the only sand shore of all Sicilian territory where the sea turtle Caretta caretta lays its eggs every year. The erosion of the steep slope over the beach itself caused sensitive changes in the grain size of shore's sediment and reduced the area of the beach with fine sand suitable for C. caretta oviposition. In order to reduce surface water flow and to stop erosion, several bioengineering options were adopted using only native plant species to preserve local botanical heritage and to prevent the local extinction of some species. One year after interventions, average plant establishment was about 90% and many species which were severely endangered before the action (i.e., Jacobaea maritima (L.) Pelser & Meijden subsp. bicolor (Willd.) B. Nord. & Greuter and Limoniastrum monopetalum (L.) Boiss.) are now at low risk. Micropropagation and inoculation with beneficial root microbial symbionts were successfully applied to selected species. Regular demographic and phytosociological monitoring on permanent plot areas enabled to quantify the effect of bioengineering techniques on plant percentage cover and plant survival. The combination of bioengineering, biotechnology, and agronomic practices applied on plants appears to be effective in increasing plant cover and preserving several locally endangered plant species. Results presented here suggest that erosion can be controlled without moving large quantities of soil and without planting tree species.


During an extensive study of all types of rotating wings, the NACA examined the cyclogiro rotor and made an aerodynamic analysis of that system (reference 1). The examination disclosed that such a machine had sufficient promise to justify an experimental investigation; a model with a diameter and span of 8 feet was therefore constructed and tested in the 20-foot wind tunnel during 1934. The experimental work included tests of the effect of the motion upon the rotor forces during the static-lift and forward-flight conditions at several rotor speeds and the determination of the relations between the forces generated by the rotor and the power required by it.


Throughout history, dominance of the Indian Ocean has been a critical factor in defining a nation's supremacy and power. It is well known that it played a major part in the success of the Portugese nation at the start of the sixteenth century. In this concise survey, Milo Kearney shows how the trading and imperial expansion offered by the Indian Ocean were exploited by many leading powers from the third millennium BC to the very recent past. The nations included range from the ancient Egyptians of the new Kingdom to the Han Chinese and, later, from the Moghul to the British Empire. Milo Kearney goes on to show what a critical territory the Indian Ocean was during the Cold War because of its rich supply for oil. The history of the Indian Ocean provides a snapshot of many of the key issues in world history, such as colonialism, trade and spread of cultures and religions. It is important reading for all students of world history.


A typical mineral comminution circuit includes a ball mill running in closed-loop with a hydrocyclone battery. The job of the grind circuit is to reduce the size of the ore such that the downstream separation process can achieve the desired mineral recovery and quality while maintaining plant throughput and cost efficiency targets. Under grinding the ore will produce a coarse P80 stream and reduce the plant recovery and in extreme cases may in fact plug the downstream recovery process. Over grinding the ore will produce a fine P80 which will reduce recovery, plant throughput and adversely impact cost efficiency. The challenge is to control the ball mill and hydrocyclone battery circuit so as to maximize value by balancing plant recovery, throughput, and cost efficiency in the face of changing ore conditions and equipment health. Rio Tinto Kennecott has been successful in significantly improving grind circuit performance by implementing real-time closed-loop grind control to enable direct control of the grind circuit P80 as well as real-time monitoring of individual hydrocyclones. Dedicated cross-functional work teams designed and implemented standard operating and control strategies that utilize existing density, flow and expert control technology along with the newly developed CiDRA CYCLONEtrac OSM and CYCLONEtrac PST systems. Real plant data will be presented as well as a description of the enabling technology. *Corresponding author: Christian O'Keefe, PhD, CiDRA Minerals Processing, Wallingford, CT USA +1-860-966-8735, email@example.com


The progressive consolidation of a knowledge-based economy has caused network effects to become a focal point of analysis into the changes in behaviour evinced by economic agents. This article analyses the changes in production and demand for knowledge commodities arising from network externalities. The analysis reveals two distinct patterns of behaviour in knowledge-based economic activity. Observable knowledge commodities are governed by the effect of direct and indirect network externalities. Also, their demand curve and business strategy depend on new-user entry (marginal value) and the relative size of the network. However, tacit knowledge commodities are governed by learning network externalities and their demand curve and business strategies are dependent on the value generated by the addition of the goods themselves to the network (intrinsic value).


A new trade war is looming as the EU is now embarking on its first countervailing duty (CVD) against Chinese subsidies over coated fine paper. As the EU gives a significant amount of subsidies to local production, China is not short of sectors to retaliate against – especially as the evidence in the paper case is weak: The share of Chinese exports is yet too small to inflict any injury on EU producers, and China holds less than 4% of the EU market; alleged subsidies through grants, subsidised electricity, VAT and tax rebates have little impact on the final price; and the main argument is based on an assumption that Chinese commercial banks are state owned and are thereby public bodies. Given the risk for retaliation, CVDs are a risky and costly means to buy time for sunset industries and as CVDs alone cannot remove subsidies in the target country, they are therefore often inferior to a WTO dispute. This calls for a new policy on CVDs where the EU only addresses urgent cases of serious injury against unsubsidised sectors with high value-added and where the EU represents a significant market share. China directs most of its subsidies to strategic emerging industries, and even amongst these sectors only a handful live up to these criteria. SUMMARY INTRODUCTION