Abstract Intersemiotic translation is a border case of translation. When it refers to word and image relations, such as the film version of a novel or the verbal description of a visual art work, it usually includes a two-phase process of transmutation. In order to get to a verbal version of the image, both the image and its verbal description must be translated at the same time. In order to get to the visual image from a text, both the text and its (dis)assemblage into visual elements must be translated as images. This two-phase form is experienced simultaneously. In this regard, one can ask whether the actual source text of translation, in the case of image to word transition, is a mental perception of the image that has a linguistic meaning, as opposed to the image itself. In the case of word to image transition, the source text of the translation is perhaps the visualization, the translation of linguistic units into meaningful mental images, and not the verbal signs themselves.


Financial market expectations regarding future changes in the target for the overnight rate of interest are an important source of information for the Bank of Canada. Financial markets are the mechanism through which the policy rate affects other financial variables, such as longer-term interest rates, the exchange rate, and other asset prices. An accurate measure of their expectations can therefore help policy-makers assess the potential impact of contemplated changes. Johnson focuses on the expectations hypothesis, which measures expectations of future levels of the target overnight rate as implied by current money market yields. Although expectations can be derived from the current yield on any short-term fixed-income asset, some assets have proven to be more accurate predictors than others. The implementation of a policy of fixed-announcements dates has coincided with the increased predictive power of these short-term assets. As a result of this improvement, a relatively simple model of the yield curve can now provide an accurate measure of financial market expectations.


One-third of the greenhouse gas emissions in The Netherlands are due to the use of fossil fuels in buildings. 56% of this figure concerns energy use in housing. Due to the facts that The Netherlands contains many houses that can be rated as obsolete - below modern construction standards - and the low yearly turnover rate of houses - only 1% - chances for large-scale energy conservation and the reduction of green house gas emissions lay with improvements in the current housing stock.
 Due to different reasons chances for large-scale utilization are being missed. The question why the technical reduction potential is not met to the full extent, is central to this study. To answer this question several possible explanations are relevant that are present in the implementation of public policies aimed at energy conservation in renovation projects in residential areas. Because they relate to processes in a complex institutional context it was decided to go with a study design that included case studies.
 Three empirical studies were conducted. First, a large-n study was done on the degree of ambition-setting. Second, a comparative study was done on the degree of achieved energy performance enhancement. Third, a comparative analysis was conducted on the application or non-application of renewable- or other innovative energy systems. Both qualitative and quantitative research methods were applied in the empirical studies.
 The results of the study implicate that the technical reduction potential is still far from being achieved. The study also shows that policy ambitions do not correspond with the achievement of policy goals. Outcomes in local renovation projects on residential sites are related to three explanatory factors: inter-organizational collaboration, intra-organizational characteristics of housing associations, and the influence of instruments that derive from climate policies.
Attention is also paid to the implications of the empirical study results on recent developments in policy and practice.


The aim of this research is to establish and apply design methods that define an appropriate dwelling for New Zealand's state housing. The central criteria for this is accessibility and cultural inclusivity. New Zealand's current state housing scheme is struggling to provide for an ever-growing waitlist of eligible households. Furthermore, the size and design of state homes have remained relatively stagnant, while the average occupant has significantly deviated from the nuclear family it once was. Not only is the current housing stock predominantly low density, but it is also built for a nuclear family in bi-cultural society. However, state home occupants are no longer comprised of two parents + child(ren) from Pakeha or Maori backgrounds. Instead, single-person households, couples with no children or only one child from all ranges of ethnicities make up the majority of the state housing register.  This change suggests there is a potential need for a paradigm shift from three-four bedroom dwellings to one-two bedroom and five+ bedroom dwellings becoming the majority of the housing stock. Not only are the homes incorrect in bedroom size, but many are also inaccessible or culturally inappropriate for households. Due to New Zealand's diverse range of cultures, there is 'no one size fits all' home type for each cultural group.  The findings of this thesis identify a lack of consideration in Housing NZ's design guides and New Zealand Standards to the wider demographics of its residents. International and domestic case studies are comparatively analysed to identify spatial features that can inform the way state houses should be designed for New Zealand residents. This research has been used to create a design guidelines that provides flexible and inclusive dwellings. Finally, these guidelines are tested on a specific site in inner-city Wellington, proposing a range of dwelling typologies designed for accessibility and inclusivity that are explored at three key scales – the urban landscape, the building envelope and the interior.


The first five chapters of the thesis review the literature on intracranial pressure, the cerebral circulation and their interrelation and set the scene for the experimental work which is described in chapters 6 to 11. Intracranial pressure is now measured routinely in many clinical centres but a great deal of caution is required in interpreting the results, particularly with respect to the method of measurement, the history of any raised pressure and the values of other physiological variables such as blood pressure and cerebral blood flow. The cerebral circulation itself displays a remarkable tendency to remain constant, the fundamental concept being that there exists a basic control mechanism which acts to maintain cerebral blood flow in order to meet the metabolic requirements of the brain. The methods used to measure cerebral blood flow in the work described are metabolically inert gas clearance techniques based on the Pick principle. Hemisphere blood flow in baboons was measured by the xenon-153 intracarotid injection technique while micro-regional blood flow was measured by the hydrogen clearance technique utilising inhalation of hydrogen gas. All pressures were measured by the use of in-dwelling fluid filled catheters and strain gauge pressure transducers. The effect of raised intracranial pressure on cerebral blood flow was examined in three animal models in which intracranial hypertension was created by different methods, viz:- general diffuse compression, focal supratentorial compression and focal infratentorial compression. These experiments confirm that the effect of raised intracranial pressure on the level of cerebral blood flow depends on the cause of the raised pressure. In each situation there are different effects on compensatory mechanisms such as blood pressure and cerebral resistance vessel diameter. The experiments on cerebrovascular pressures and resistances showed for the first time that intracranial pressure represents cerebral venous outflow pressure to within a few mmHg over a wide range of pressure values and also that outflow vascular resistance changes are independent of the cause of intracranial hypertension thus confirming that it is changes in prevenous cerebrovascular resistance which result in the different cerebral blood flow responses observed. The investigations into the blood pressure response observed during intracranial hypertension have demonstrated quite clearly that neither global cerebral ischaemia nor brain stem ischaemia is the trigger mechanism for the response. The results support the hypothesis that the initiating stimulus is local press\are changes both in the brain stem and spinal cord. Considerable doubt is also cast on the assumption that the role of the blood pressure response is to maintain cerebral blood flow in the face of rising intracranial pressure. Finally, it has been shown that an intact spinal cord is necessary for the maintenance of cerebral blood flow autoregulation to raised intracranial pressure, while autoregulation to blood pressure changes remains intact. This disassociation of the auto- regulatory function has not been previously demonstrated.


In this response to the UNODC's World Drug Report 2008, the IDPC continues to support the concept of the Office acting in a capacity as a 'centre of expertise' that collates data, analysis and information on best practices, objectively facilitates policy debates between member states and civil society, and implements multilateral programmes. Nonetheless, it argues that there are still too many examples in the Report where the objectivity and expertise of the Office can be questioned. This brief review looks at four key questions raised by an analysis of the document: Is the global market for controlled drugs being successfully contained? Does the history of opium use in China provide valuable lessons for 21st century drug control? How can we develop a workable international strategy on cannabis? To what extent can we rely on the data available globally on drug production, distribution and use? In each case, this IDPC response describes and critiques the positions taken in the Report, and attempts to articulate the nature of the future challenges faced by member states as they prepare for the review meeting in March 2009.


In The Pleasure of Beholding, Eulaia Bosch proposes to look "aloud" at art and the experience of visiting a museum. Drawing both from the history of aesthetics and from her own empirical experience as a museum curator and teacher, Bosch leads her readers through a series of mediations on the questions that we ask ourselves -- implicitly and explicitly -- when we behold a work of art. The questions she articulates range from philosophical inquiries into the nature of creativity and perception to paradoxical encounters with particular art works as well as museum installations. "Why, " she asks, for example, "is it so difficult to keep our eyes on a morally intolerable image? Why is it so easy to keep our eyes on an image that carries an implicit message of well-being?" And in a wonderful chapter on children's experience of art and museums entitled "Contemporary Art is Also for Contemporary People, " she calls into question assumptions about how young people look at art and encourages parents and educators to engage children's natural curiosity: "Children can leave questions unanswered for a longer time than adults can without feeling awkward, " as she remarks. Throughout the book, in thoughtful, jargon-free prose, Bosch moves freely from ancient tribal statues to Van Eyck paintings to contemporary performance pieces in choosing her examples, all the while asking us to think through some of the big questions about art and life along with her. This is one of those rare books that engages both the everyday museum-goer and the serious art student and museum professional.


Abstract : Biodiversity databases have recently become widely available to the public and to other researchers. To retrieve information from these resources, users must understand the underlying data schemas. Many other domains share this problem. We developed an interface, TaxonTree, to visualize the taxonomic hierarchy of animal names. We applied integrated searching and browsing so that users need not have complete knowledge either of appropriate keywords or the organization of the data. Our qualitative user study of TaxonTree in an undergraduate course is the first to describe usage patterns and issues in the biodiversity domain. Users indicated that the system was usable and tree visualization aided their understanding of the data. Interestingly, users with different levels of interest in the domain had different interaction preferences. The study provides further evidence for the value of integrated searching and browsing and interactive tree visualization for information retrieval and understanding.


This case study in cultural mythmaking shows how antebellum Alabama created itself out of its own printed texts, from treatises on law and history to satire, poetry, and domestic novels. Early 19th-century Alabama was a society still in the making. Now Philip Beidler tells how the first books written and published in the state influenced the formation of Alabama's literary and political culture. As Beidler shows, virtually overnight early Alabama found itself in possession of the social, political, and economic conditions required to jump start a traditional literary culture in the old Anglo-European model: property-based class relationships, large concentrations of personal wealth, and professional and merchant classes of similar social, political, educational, and literary views.Beidler examines the work of well-known writers such as humorist Johnson J. Hooper and novelist Caroline Lee Hentz, and takes on other classic pieces like Albert J. Pickett's" History of Alabama" and Alexander Beaufort Meek's epic poem "The Red Eagle." Beidler also considers lesser-known works like Lewis B. Sewall's verse satire" The Adventures of Sir John Falstaff the II," Henry Hitchcock's groundbreaking legal volume "Alabama Justice of the Peace," and Octavia Walton Levert's "Souvenirs of Travel." Most of these works were written by and for society's elite, and although many celebrate the establishment of an ordered way of life, they also preserve the biases of authors who refused to write about slavery yet continually focused on the extermination of Native Americans."First Books" returns us to the world of early Alabama that these texts not only recorded but helped create. Written with flair and a strong individual voice, it will appeal not only to scholars of Alabama history and literature but also to anyone interested in the antebellum South."


The present study assesses the public procurement system and recent reform initia-tives in India and outlines the need for changes in the institutional frameworks. There are several issues in the public procurement activities in India, which stem from fragmented pro-cedures and rules, lack of transparency, widespread irregularities, and unavailability of suf-ficient procurement professionals. The recent initiatives to establish a consistent and trans-parent public procurement system have not yielded the desired results. The emergence of the practice of e-procurement as a vital tool in integrating the public service delivery and good governance, however, shows some forward movement towards a transparent, accountable, and competitive procurement regime. Although General Financial Rules (GFRs) and other procurement manuals are exhaustive in nature, these need to be backed by legislative power.


The youth market is of considerable importance to those selling commercial products as well as to those seeking to discourage unhealthy or risky behaviours ('social marketers'). One of the key challenges for social marketing is the development of effective messages. Advertising skepticism, an individual characteristic, has been shown to mediate the effectiveness of commercial ad appeals. However, similar research in the social marketing arena is lacking, although sorely needed. This study seeks to fill a gap by conceptualizing the construct of skepticism toward social advertising. We develop a measure for this construct in relation to ads seeking to discourage adolescents from risky behaviours such as smoking and drinking and driving, and in a cross-cultural context. Based on an extensive literature review, and input from adolescents and expert judges, this measure was pre-tested using over 210 junior college (Cegep) and undergraduate students, and its reliability and validity investigated. Subsequently, a refined version of this measure was used in a study where 232 responses were obtained from high school students in two different schools--one French and one English. Results obtained indicate that the scale possesses many desirable psychometric properties, and provide further evidence of its validity. Results also indicate that commercial ad skepticism and social ad skepticism are clearly distinct constructs. For instance, while the former is significantly correlated with parental communication style, the latter is not, although both are affected by a particular type of peer influence. In other findings, adolescents' skeptical attitudes toward social ads were significantly correlated with various risky behaviour perceptions. Finally, additional exploratory tests showed that age and language influence an adolescent's skeptical attitudes toward ads.


Generally, there exist voltage differences between the voltage commands and the output voltages of the three-phase pulse-width modulated (PWM) voltage-source inverter (VSI), which are caused by the intended dead-time to prevent the armshort of a leg and the nonlinearities of switching devices. These voltage differences (or voltage distortion) affect the current distortion, torque pulsations, and degradation of control performances. To overcome these drawbacks, a simple and low-cost observation and compensation method of the voltage distortion is proposed. The proposed method is employing model reference adaptive system (MRAS) techniques and does not require any additional hardware circuits such as voltage sensors. The voltage distortions caused by the nonlinearities of the switching devices are estimated by a voltage distortion observer which is based on the electrical model of the PMSM. And the estimated voltage distortions are fed-forward to compensate the voltage commands. In comparison with the previous existing methods, the proposed method has a simple structure and good performances. Also, it can be implemented without any extra devices such as voltage sensors and the computing effort is very small. The execution of the algorithm can be easily embedded in the existing systems without major modification. To show the effectiveness of the proposed method, the experiments are carried out for the digitally controlled PMSM drive system. The experimental results verify the validity of the proposed method and show that the proposed method gives good performance and practical value.


The motivation for this work is derived from the current interest in speeding up development schedules for information technology(IT) projects. A keyimplication of the shift to more rapid development methods is the growing emphasis on fixed time and fixed effort delivered during such projects. However, there appears to be little work that addresses the impacts of dealing with bound effort levels. The result of binding time and effort is to deprive project managers of the normal parameters that are used in trade-offs. The paper introduces a quantitative analytical framework for modeling effort-boxed development in order to uncover the effects on the overall development effort and the potential leverage that can be derived from incremental delivery in such projects. Models that predict product size as an exponential function of the development effort are used in the paper to explore the relationships between effort and the number of increments, thereby providing new insights into the economic impact of incremental approaches to effort-boxed software projects.


Statistical analysis is a frequent task in several research fields such as HCI, Psychology, and Medicine. Performing statistical analysis using traditional textual programming languages like R is considered to have several advantages over GUI applications like SPSS. However, our examination of 40 analysis scripts written using current IDEs for R shows that such scripts are hard to understand and maintain, limiting their replication. We present StatWire, an IDE for R that closely integrates the traditional text-based editor with a visual data flow editor to better support statistical programming. A preliminary evaluation with four R users indicates that this hybrid approach could result in statistical programming that is more understandable and efficient.


This is a social and cultural study of preaching in the post-Reformation period, approached through the themes of space, identity and affectivity. Firstly, it reveals a high level of material investment in the spaces for preaching and shows how this expressed a reformed conceptualisation of sacred space and time. Secondly, lay support for preaching is investigated as a social institution and this is contrasted with a case study of conflict caused by preaching. This reveals how preaching could foster both broad and narrow varieties of godly identity, and how these interacted with one another and a sense of local identity and community. Thirdly, sermons delivered in the Pennine area are examined to show how affective responses were encouraged in hearers. By studying preaching in these ways, new light is shed onto the experience of religion at the parish level. It is argued that a wide crosssection of the population supported the preaching of the Word of God in some way and willingly participated in sermon-centred piety. The boundary between a 'the godly' and others is seen to be permeable, fluid and plural, and religious conflict explained by contest over the positioning of this boundary. It is proposed that attending a sermon could be an affective experience. The 'plain', didactic sermons delivered in the Pennine parishes contained imagery and sensory language, with attention brought onto the body, sickness and healing. Furthermore, the divine presence in worship was located in the unfolded Word, leading to the possibility of a numinous experience during the
sacred time of preaching. Finally, some answers are provided to the long-standing conundrum of
how preaching ministers were able to fulfil their pastoral roles and maintain the parish as a unit, while at the same time admonishing their hearers, preaching predestination and nurturing the more religiously committed of their flock. It is proposed that this balancing act was less of a feat when the broader appeal of preaching-centred worship, as revealed in this study, is considered. Preachingcentred worship offered the opportunity for pious material expression, social participation and interaction, and contained affective aspects that could be appreciated at various levels.


Proton therapy offers great potential in cancer treatment compared with the conventional photon therapy. The advantages of the unique physical properties of protons are a reduction of integral dose to critical structures proximal to the target area and less radiation related side effects. There are many cancer related indications that may benefit from the advantages. The challenges in proton therapy are dealing with physical uncertainties that affect the dose distribution, improving the technology to make proton therapy more efficient and proofing the clinicaland cost-effectiveness. This critical review discusses the physical properties, beam production and delivery, costeffectiveness and the clinical facet of protons including CNS tumours, prostate cancer, leftsided breast cancer, head and neck tumours and Hodgkin's disease.


Thermal energy storage (TES) modules are specifically designed to respond to transient thermal loading. Their dynamic response depends on the overall structure of the module, including module geometry and dimensions, the internal spatial distribution of phase change material (PCM) and conductive heat-spreading elements, and the thermophysical properties of the different materials composing the module. However, due to the complexity of analyzing a system's dynamic thermal response to transient input signals, optimal design of a TES module for a particular application is challenging. Conventional design approaches are limited by (1) the computational cost associated with high fidelity simulation of heat transfer in nonlinear systems undergoing a phase transition and (2) the lack of model integration with robust optimization tools. To overcome these challenges, I derive reduced-order dynamic models of two different metal-PCM composite TES modules and validate them against a high fidelity CFD model. Through simulation and validation of both turbulent and laminar flow cases, I demonstrate the accuracy of the reduced-order models in predicting, both spatially and temporally, the evolution of the dynamic model states and other system variables of interest, such as PCM melt fraction. The validated models are used to conduct univariate and bivariate parametric studies to understand the effects of various design parameters on different performance metrics. Finally, a case study is presented in which the models are used to conduct detailed design optimization for the two HX geometries.


A number of risk assessment tools have been developed for drinking water systems, but there is a lack of published independent evaluation of how well the tools incorporate the multiple barrier approach to drinking water safety. Selected risk assessment tools were evaluated by applying the tools to five small drinking water systems serving residential developments in British Columbia. The selected risk assessment tools generally identified hazards and vulnerabilities in the source, distribution, storage and monitoring barriers of the water systems. The risk assessment tools had varying levels of success identifying vulnerabilities in the treatment barrier. In some cases, the existing tools consider the presence or absence of a water system barrier, such as a disinfection process or a monitoring procedure, but do not consider how effective or appropriate that barrier is. A common shortcoming of the risk assessment tools is the failure to identify the need for multiple treatment processes capable of removing or inactivating pathogens, which is particularly important for surface water supplies. In addition to not incorporating the multiple barrier approach into the evaluation of the treatment barrier, none of the risk assessment tools successfully reflected the interconnected nature of the water system barriers.


The three-dimensional visualization of spoken or written information in Sign Language (SL) is considered a potential tool for better inclusion of deaf or hard of hearing individuals with low literacy skills. However, conventional technologies for such CG-supported data display are not able to depict all relevant features of a natural signing sequence such as facial expression, spatial references or inter-sign movement, leading to poor acceptance amongst speakers of sign language. The deployment of fully data-driven, deep sequence generation models that proved themselves powerful in speech and text applications might overcome this lack of naturalness. Therefore, we collected a corpus of continuous sentence utterances in Japanese Sign Language (JSL) applicable to the learning of deep neural network models. The presented corpus contains multimodal content information of high resolution motion capture data, video data and both visual and gloss-like mark up annotations obtained with the support of fluent JSL signers. Furthermore, all annotations were encoded under three different encoding schemes with respect to directions, intonation and non-manual information. Currently, the corpus is employed to learn first sequence-to-sequence networks where it shows the ability to train relevant language features.


Abstract. A dynamic global vegetation model (DGVM) is applied in a probabilistic framework and benchmarking system to constrain uncertain model parameters by observations and to quantify carbon emissions from land-use and land-cover change (LULCC). Processes featured in DGVMs include parameters which are prone to substantial uncertainty. To cope with these uncertainties Latin hypercube sampling (LHS) is used to create a 1000-member perturbed parameter ensemble, which is then evaluated with a diverse set of global and spatiotemporally resolved observational constraints. We discuss the performance of the constrained ensemble and use it to formulate a new best-guess version of the model (LPX-Bern v1.4). The observationally constrained ensemble is used to investigate historical emissions due to LULCC (ELUC) and their sensitivity to model parametrization. We find a global ELUC estimate of 158 (108, 211) PgC (median and 90 % confidence interval) between 1800 and 2016. We compare ELUC to other estimates both globally and regionally. Spatial patterns are investigated and estimates of ELUC of the 10 countries with the largest contribution to the flux over the historical period are reported. We consider model versions with and without additional land-use processes (shifting cultivation and wood harvest) and find that the difference in global ELUC is on the same order of magnitude as parameter-induced uncertainty and in some cases could potentially even be offset with appropriate parameter choice.


The most common primary brain tumor in adults is glioblastoma. These tumors are highly invasive and aggressive with a mean survival time of nine to twelve months from diagnosis to death. Current treatment modalities are unable to significantly prolong survival in patients diagnosed with glioblastoma. As such, glioma is an attractive target for developing novel therapeutic approaches utilizing gene therapy. This review will examine the available preclinical models for glioma including xenographs, syngeneic and genetic models. Several promising therapeutic targets are currently being pursued in pre-clinical investigations. These targets will be reviewed by mechanism of action, i.e., conditional cytotoxic, targeted toxins, oncolytic viruses, tumor suppressors/oncogenes, and immune stimulatory approaches. Preclinical gene therapy paradigms aim to determine which strategies will provide rapid tumor regression and long-term protection from recurrence. While a wide range of potential targets are being investigated preclinically, only the most efficacious are further transitioned into clinical trial paradigms. Clinical trials reported to date are summarized including results from conditionally cytotoxic, targeted toxins, oncolytic viruses and oncogene targeting approaches. Clinical trial results have not been as robust as preclinical models predicted, this could be due to the limitations of the GBM models employed. Once this is addressed, and we develop effective gene therapies in models that better replicate the clinical scenario, gene therapy will provide a powerful approach to treat and manage brain tumors.


Mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) play an important role in water and energy cycles as they produce heavy rainfall and modify the radiative profile in the tropics and midlatitudes. An accurate representation of MCSs' rainfall is therefore crucial in understanding their impact on the climate system. The V06B Integrated Multisatellite Retrievals from Global Precipitation Measurement (IMERG) half-hourly precipitation final product is a useful tool to study the precipitation characteristics of MCSs because of its global coverage and fine spatiotemporal resolutions. However, errors and uncertainties in IMERG should be quantified before applying it to hydrology and climate applications. This study evaluates IMERG performance on capturing and detecting MCSs' precipitation in the central and eastern United States during a 3-yr study period against the radar-based Stage IV product. The tracked MCSs are divided into four seasons and are analyzed separately for both datasets. IMERG shows a wet bias in total precipitation but a dry bias in hourly mean precipitation during all seasons due to the false classification of nonprecipitating pixels as precipitating. These false alarm events are possibly caused by evaporation under the cloud base or the misrepresentation of MCS cold anvil regions as precipitating clouds by the algorithm. IMERG agrees reasonably well with Stage IV in terms of the seasonal spatial distribution and diurnal cycle of MCSs precipitation. A relative humidity (RH)-based correction has been applied to the IMERG precipitation product, which helps reduce the number of false alarm pixels and improves the overall performance of IMERG with respect to Stage IV.


This user-friendly clinical handbook provides a clear and concise overview of how to go about recognizing and diagnosing inherited metabolic diseases. The reader is led through the diagnostic process from the identification of those features of an illness suggesting that it might be metabolic through the selection of appropriate laboratory investigation to a final diagnosis. The book is organized into chapters according to the most prominent presenting problem of patients with inherited metabolic diseases: neurologic, hepatic, cardiac, metabolic acidosis, dysmorphism, and acute catastrophic illness in the newborn. It also includes chapters on general principles, laboratory investigation, neonatal screening, and the principles of treatment. This new edition includes much greater depth on mitochondrial disease and congenital disorders of glycosylation. The chapters on neurological syndrome and newborn screening are greatly expanded, as are those on laboratory investigation and treatment, to take account of the very latest technological developments.


A research project was carried out in using mobile learning to increase access to education. This project is contributing to the achievement of Goal 4 of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which is to "Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all". The mobile learning project involved the use of mobile technology to deliver learning materials to students to provide flexibility of access. Students used tablet computers to access electronic learning materials from the Aptus local server without having to connect to the Internet. The Aptus system is portable and was designed by the Commonwealth of Learning to allow learners to connect to digital learning platforms and access course materials without the need for Internet access. The project was implemented in a school in Pakistan. A total of 74 Grade 8, 9, and 10 students were involved in this project. The research revealed a positive impact on students and on learning as a result of their participation in the mobile learning project: students were better able to use the mobile technology for learning. Both students and parents also indicated that the project increased the students' knowledge on the use of tablets for learning. Parents indicated that the mobile learning project increased their childrens' interest in studying. Teachers also acknowledged that the students were taking more interest in classroom learning and concentrated on their tablets during study. Students were tested before and after they were supplied with content on their tablets. The post-test scores were significantly higher than the pre-test scores, indicating the use of the tablets for learning improved students' performance.


The MISCAN-Fadia microsimulation model uses continuous tumor growth to simulate the natural history of breast cancer and has been used extensively to estimate the impact of screening and adjuvant treatment on breast cancer incidence and mortality trends. The model simulates individual life histories from birth to death, with and without breast cancer, in the presence and in the absence of screening and treatment. Life histories are simulated according to discrete events such as birth, tumor inception, the tumor's clinical diagnosis diameter in the absence of screening, and death from breast cancer or death from other causes. MISCAN-Fadia consists of 4 main components: demography, natural history of breast cancer, screening, and treatment. Screening impact on the natural history of breast cancer is assessed by simulating continuous tumor growth and the "fatal diameter" concept. This concept implies that tumors diagnosed at a size that is between the screen detection threshold and the fatal diameter are cured, while tumors diagnosed at a diameter larger than the fatal tumor diameter metastasize and lead to breast cancer death. MISCAN-Fadia has been extended by including a different natural history for molecular subtypes based on a tumor's estrogen receptor (ER) status and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status. In addition, personalized screening strategies that target women based on their risk such as breast density have been incorporated into the model. This personalized approach to screening will continue to develop in light of potential polygenic risk stratification possibilities and new screening modalities.


Alzheimer Disease (AD) is the most popular neurodegenerative disease of the last 25 years. Public leaders of sub-Saharan government and northern africa, as well as southern America; takes slowly the train in the global handling and management of AD. Disparities existed between north hemisphere and south hemisphere as studied by Allen et al., but the incidence and prevalence of AD are influenced by the same risk factors. The budget allowed to mental health also changes from one country to another, and the development of a global policy affects clearly the distribution of neurodegenerative disease in different areas. Previous studies reported the direct and indirect costs of AD as well as similar illnesses like Parkinson Disease and Dementia in a general population; but no recent investigation about prevalence or incidence was made in developing countries. Here, we investigated the global epidemiology of AD in southern America and africa. To address this aim, we computed data about prevalence, associated neurological disease, and incidence of AD. We compared after that statistics for the two continents. Findings revealed a prevalence and incidence of AD higher in south america compared with africa. Incidence increase faster in latin america than africa. This preliminary report show the necessity to explore more neurodegenerative disease in developing countries, to have a global point of view.


The present paper describes processes to control structures and properties of two interfaces in the next–generation power electronic devices. The first is the interface between semiconductors and contact electrodes. Processes to synthesise Ohmic conducting interfaces for p–type SiC and n–type GaN developed by the authors are shown. Ti3SiC2 contact layer is formed on SiC by controlled interfacial reaction between SiC and Ti/Al bilayer using a stepwise heating scheme. On the other hand, it is shown that formation of Ti(C, N) contact layer on GaN can be enhanced by using TiC as a precursor for the interfacial reaction between GaN and Ti. The other interface is that between electrodes and wires. Heat resistant, ductile and highly electric conductive interfaces between Cu ribbons and Sn–coated Cu pads are formed by ultrasonic bonding.


This paper is a further reflection on the incidence of violence in (anti-)globalisation protest (also see CSGR Working Papers 123/03 and 133/04). Previously I have argued that biopolitical militancy in protest emerges as a legitimate, predictable and human anger at the multiplicitous biopolitical violences that maintain and distribute a modern status quo of alienation and structural inequality. Questions remain, however, regarding the possibilities for violent protest to open up and dismantle the violating categories, assumptions and practices targeted by protestors. Drawing on the violences that occurred during protests against the EU summit in Thessaloniki, June 2003, in this piece I consider some relationships between a contemporary nihilist orientation to protest in some quarters and two superficially contradictory lines of thought associated with the modern era. These are, 1. assertions of what it means to be 'a revolutionary' as captured in the 'catechism' of the 19th century Russian nihilist Sergei Nechayev, and 2. the 18th century liberal discourse by Adam Smith on the traits accompanying desirable bourgeois masculinity. Both of these discourses elevate a masculinity which is bounded, restrained, unconcerned with the openness and softness of relationship, and built on the disciplined repression of physical needs and desires. This is a conservative 'hardcore habitus' that is reproduced rather than shattered in the militancy and machismo accompanying some orientations to protest in contemporary (anti-)globalisation movements. Such orientations participate in a logic of more violence: in the increasingly transnational policing practices that both creates and responds to militant protest, and in support for a romantic, self-sacrificing (but also self-serving) machismo in both violent protest and policing. Drawing on feminist theorists from de Beauvoir to Irigaray, I thus wonder at the potential for violent protest to engender radical departures from contemporary circumstances experienced as violating by many. At the same time, given the structural violence producing these violating circumstances, I conclude that violence, in protest as elsewhere, is likely to intensify rather than diminish in the foreseeable future.


This study describes the validation of a reading assessment developed for speakers of Scottish Gaelic, an endangered language spoken in Scotland. The test is designed to investigate the areas of reading for understanding, reading errors and reading speed. This study will present the data on a group of Gaelic/English speakers on both the Gaelic and the English version of the test and of a group of English speakers on the English version of the reading test, aiming at comparing reading abilities in children attending a Gaelic medium education (GME) and children in English medium education (EME) living in the same urban area. The paper reports two studies. The first study presents data on 77 children bilingual in Gaelic/English recruited across four levels of primary school on reading in Gaelic. The second study looks at the performance on a version of the test adapted for English, comparing the performance of two groups of children (bilinguals Gaelic/English and monolinguals English) on several linguistic skills, including sentence comprehension and reading. About 40 monolingual English subjects in EME, living in the same urban area, were administered the English version. The reading abilities of the children attending EME and GME schools were comparable, supporting the idea of no disadvantage on reading from attending a school with the medium of a minority language. If differences were found, these were in favour of the bilingual Gaelic/English children, who attained better results in all linguistic tasks in English in the older groups.


Cardiac rehabilitation is widely recommended for patients after acute coronary syndrome, and physical exercise features prominently in guidelines published by professional societies.1 Rehabilitation programmes vary widely in content, specialists involved, location and duration, and the exercise component varies widely from health education, through lifestyle advice and physical activity encouragement to supervised training. There is undoubted variation between centres in hours of formal exercise training offered within programmes.

Sandercock and colleagues postulate that underuse of exercise training could explain why cardiac rehabilitation had no significant effect on principal outcome measures—all-cause mortality and cardiovascular morbidity—in recent randomised controlled trials.2 They report the change in a variety of measures (or 'proxy measures') of physical fitness between the beginning and end of cardiac rehabilitation programmes in four centres (of six recruited to the study). Patients were predominantly those after elective revascularisation (51%) and acute myocardial infarction (35%), but also included some with chronic stable angina. Start and end values were taken from monitoring measurements recorded by rehabilitation staff.

The discussion raises important issues over relevance and reproducibility of measures used to assess exercise capacity in patients undergoing cardiac rehabilitation. Briefly, treadmill and bicycle ergometer measurements are more objective and give better estimates of symptom-limited physical working capacity, although stages on some protocols may be too widely spaced for older and cardiac patients, and they depend on expensive equipment. Six minute walk and incremental shuttle walk tests are easier to administer, but are 'proxy measures', which do not measure physical working capacity directly, and walking distance may be increased without increasing physical working capacity. Translation of these disparate measures to a common standard, the 'metabolic equivalent of task' (MET), depends on the conversion formulae used.3 The study includes findings from four different tests, with 'standardised effect …


In this report we describe methods which were used to cultivate cell lines from adenomatous polyps. Many of the techniques used have evolved from our past experience with the cultivation of colonic epithelial neoplastic cells (McBain et al., 1984) and the experience of others successful in the cultivation of benign and cancerous colon tissues. We feel that the preservation of cell-to-cell associations is a key to our successful cultivation of adenomas. Moyer (Moyer and Aust, 1984) has also pointed out the importance of preserving cell-to-cell associations in her successful studies to culture normal and neoplastic colonic tissues. Friedman's primary culture system for adenomatous polyps (Friedman et al., 1981) is further evidence supporting this point. Using the techniques described in this report, three cell lines, two small tubular polyps and one villous polyp, have been established and characterized. These cells can be expanded to numbers that will be sufficient for molecular and biochemical studies, and the cell number will be sufficient to conduct transfection experiments. Paraskeva (Paraskeva et al., 1984) has described two other cell lines derived from adenomatous polyps arising in patients with familial polyposis. The availability of cell lines from tubular and villous polyps make it possible to propose experiments to probe the biology of colonic adenomas.


The 1824 Chumash uprising against three Franciscan missions in the central section of the California chain—Santa Inés, La Purísima Concepción, and Santa Bárbara—was the largest organized revolt in the history of the Alta California missions. The Chumash burned most of the Santa Inés mission complex. At La Purísima, they drove out the mission guard and one of the two priests in residence. The mission was not forcibly retaken by the Mexican army for almost a month. At Santa Bárbara, the Chumash disarmed the soldiers stationed at the mission and sent them back to the presidio. After an inconclusive battle against troops who were sent out against them from the presidio, most of the rebels retired to the interior, where they set up their own community. The revolt was finally brought to an end when a military expedition led by Pablo de la Portilla negotiated the return of this group to the Santa Bárbara Mission. The role of the Prefect of the Missions, Father Vicente í, in bringing the revolt to an end by persuading this group to return to the Santa Bárbara Mission has long been recognized. Antonio María Osio, most likely relying on what he had been told by his brother-in-law, Governor Luis Argüello, stated in 1851, "They [the Chumash] had decided not to return to the missions and expressed the low regard in which they generally held the inhabitants of California. Yet, at the same time, they revered Reverend Father Vicente í for his many virtues. Only he had the necessary power of persuasion to calm the Indians' fears." In 1885, as he described the negotiations between the Mexican military and the Chumash, Theodore S. Hittell wrote, "Communications were opened and a conference held; the two missionaries, Father President Vicente í and Father Antonio Ripoll of Santa Bárbara, acted as negotiators; and the result was that the Indians submitted unconditionally; were pardoned, and the fugitive neophytes marched back to their respective missions." We offer here a translation of a letter which í wrote to the Bishop of Sonora, Bernardo Martínez Ocejo, a few months after these events. The document provides an excellent first-hand account of the conclusion of the revolt. It also offers a close view of the growing fear and anxiety the missionaries were experiencing in the early years of Mexican independence. As a context for the letter, let us briefly summarize the Chumash revolt.


This thesis studies the secular schools sustained by two rural municipalities of
majority Indian population in the Sierra Norte de Puebla in the periods before and
after the 1910 Revolution (1875-1930). In order to assess the role of schools in the
community and their contribution to nation-state building, it examines changes in
the tax system that affected educational provision, the mutual interaction between
schools, politics and inter-ethnic relations at the local level, and the methods used
and problems faced when teaching Indian children to read and write in Spanish.
The approach of social history is followed to address these questions,
seeking to strike a balance between the necessary recognition of the agency of
subordinate groups and the complexities of power relations that kept them
dominated. Taking a local perspective and using a variety of sources including
previously untapped municipal archives, this study both complements and
challenges the history of education and nation-state building in modem Mexico.
This thesis shows how, before 1910, municipal schools were successfully
sustained by locally-controlled taxes and how post-revolutionary policies,
contrary to the prevalent view in Mexican historiography, did not necessarily have
positive consequences for education. In this case they had a negative impact by
abolishing the tax system that had sustained schools, without providing an
effective alternative. In organising themselves to fund schools, communities
proved to be stronger than the post-revolutionary state.
Seeking to contribute to an incipient but growing history of Indian
education, this study analyses classroom practice, showing how speakers of Indian
languages were at a disadvantage in school. After the revolution, there was a
growing awareness of the specific needs of Indian children, but the methods
adopted did not necessarily result in more effective learning of Spanish. In fact,
the thesis argues that throughout the period of study schools contributed to non-
Indian domination by reproducing and reinforcing Indians' linguistic
disadvantage.


Folk Art and Artists: The Series The Holiday Yards of Florencio Morales: "El Hombre de las Banderas". By Amy V. Kitchener. 1994. Pp. 72. $29.50 (cloth); $15.95 (paper) Santeria Garments and Altar Speaking Without a Voice By Ysamur Flores-Pena and Roberta J. Evanchuk. 1994. Pp. 72. $29.50 (cloth); $15.95 (paper) Americana Crafted: Jehu Camper Delaware Whittler. By Robert D. Bethke. 1995. Pp. 71. $32.50 (cloth); $16.95 (paper) Chain-Saw Sculptor: The Art of J. Chester Skip" Armstrong. By Sharon R Sherman. 1995. Pp. 72. $29.50 (cloth); $15.95 (paper) Chicano Graffiti and Murals: The Neighborhood Art of Peter Quezada. By Sojin Kim. 1995. Pp. 72. $32.50 (cloth); $16.95 (paper) Earls Art Shop: Building Art with Earl Simmons. By Stephen Flinn Young and D. C. Young. 1995. Pp. 72. $32.50 (cloth); $16.95 (paper) Punk and Neo-Tribal Body Art. By Daniel Wojcik. 1995. Pp. 72. $29.95 (cloth), $15.95 (paper) Sew to Speak: The Fabric Art of Mary Milne. By Linda Pershing. 1995. Pp. 72. $29.95 (cloth); $15.95 (paper) Vietnam Remembered: The Folk Art of Marine Combat Veteran Michael D. Cousino, Sr.. By Varick A. Chittenden. 1995. Pp. 72. $29.95 (cloth); $15.95 (paper) Home Is Where the Dog Is: Art in the Back Yard. By Karen E. Burgess. 1996 . Pp. 72. $35 (cloth); $17.95 (paper) Birds in Wood: The Carvings of Andrew Zergenyi. By Melissa Ladenheim. 1996. Pp. 72. $35 (cloth); $17.95 (paper) All volumes published by University Press of Mississippi, Jackson, MI. The University Press of Mississippi began its "Folk Art and Artists" series in 1994, with a number of monographs planned dealing with a broad range of creative arts. These books are short case studies, usually comprised of around 40 pages of text, followed by approximately 30 pages of color plates. Each monograph is meant to be a brief case study of a particular tradition, intended for a general readership. Reviewing books that are part of a series can be a different task than reviewing each book separately; instead of merely listing the contents, strengths and weaknesses of each volume, it is more useful to find common links that indicate why the series is important, what are the overall strengths of the volumes, and how an editor might have shaped what was finally chosen for inclusion. These are my intentions here. The "Folk Art and Artists" Series, Western Folklore 55 (Winter, 1997):85-98 85 started in 1994 under the Editorship of Michael Owen Jones, has a clear mission statement as expressed adjacent the title page of each volume: Books in this series focus on the work of informally trained or selftaught artists rooted in regional, occupational, ethnic, racial, or genderspecific traditions. Authors explore the influence of artists' experiences and aesthetic values upon the art they create, the process of creation, and the cultural traditions that served as inspiration or personal resource. The wide range of art forms featured in this series reveals the importance of aesthetic expression in our daily lives and gives striking testimony to the richness and vitality of art and tradition in the modern world. This series, not surprisingly, shows the influence of Jones' behavioral view of artistic activity in the choice of who and what is studied (Jones 1993). These choices logically fall under specific categories: What can be considered folk art? What are the characteristics of the makers? What role does folk art play in the everyday life of the maker? In these volumes, folk art clearly is not something from a disappearing past, but is a quite vibrant activity in late twentieth-century America. However, some of these studies inadvertently perpetuate the notion that folk art somehow resembles "folk" versions of elite art. Seven of the books deal with wooden sculptural forms: Earl Simmons's making of toys; Michael Cousino's diorama sculptures of his Vietnam experiences; Jehu Camper's whittled scenes of his Delaware farm life; Chester Armstrong's chainsaw sculpture; the carved birds of Andrew Zergenyi; the yard art of Florencio Morales and Carlton Burgess. …


Nobody knows who brought bananas to Africa or exactly when, but it is estimated to have been between 2,000 and 6,000 years ago, long before the arrival of other important crops such as maize and cassava. What is certain is that bananas were adopted with enthusiasm, both as a vital staple food and, more recently, to generate income. Today, people in the highlands of Central Africa eat more bananas than anyone else in the world, some deriving up to 35% of their daily calories from the crop. In the lowlands of the Congo Basin, farmers grow a greater diversity of plantains than anywhere else. Bananas are a crucial money-earner for smallholder farmers, mainly sold in nearby markets as fresh fruit or fermented or distilled into alcoholic beverages. In the Great Lakes areas of East Africa alone, the crop is worth some US$1.7 billion annually to 14 million resource-poor farmers. Moreover, these tough perennial plants are the backbone of many farming systems, protecting the soil from erosion and surviving floods, drought and civil conflict, to recover quickly and provide people with food when they need it most.
Yet the banana sector in Africa remains relatively static, compared to other crops in Africa and compared to banana enterprises in other continents. The vast bulk of production is carried out by smallholders, who face challenges such as declining soil fertility, pests and diseases, pre- and postharvest losses and poor market linkages. Only a small minority of African banana farmers are organized for effective production or marketing of their crop and to ensure that their voices are heard. When they do succeed in selling their fruit into distant markets, the majority lack adequate information on prices and, selling through an inefficient chain of intermediaries, receive only a small fraction of the price paid by consumers. Most of the bananas produced in Africa are sold as perishable fruit, with high loss of quality and value along the way. The news is no better for export markets: although Africa grows almost one-third of the world's bananas, it accounts for only 4% of world trade in the fruit.
The economy of Africa is dominated by agriculture, and this sector therefore offers a route to equitable development. Research has shown that economic growth generated in agriculture is much more effective than growth generated in other sectors in benefiting the poorer section of the population. Paradoxically, the underdevelopment of the banana sector means that it has huge potential as a driver of development. With a large production base already in place to supply local needs, the groundwork is laid for bananas to respond to increasing demand from expanding markets both in the region and internationally.
Relatively modest investments in banana marketing, processing and production could greatly expand income opportunities for banana farmers. Products made from bananas and banana plants include beer, wine, juice, sauce, mats, handbags, envelopes, postcards, flour, soup and breakfast cereals. Bananas are increasingly being targeted for commercialization not only within Africa, but also for lucrative and emerging markets such as the Middle East. Recently, large international banana producers have announced plans for long-term strategic investment in sub-Saharan Africa, with a view to shifting banana production for European markets from Latin America to Africa.
So what will it take to transform this ubiquitous but neglected crop into an engine of economic growth for Africa? This is not a simple challenge. It must be seen against the backdrop of a rapidly changing world – growing population, rapid urbanization, fluctuating food prices, evolving consumer preferences and an unpredictably changing climate are just some of the factors currently in flux that have significant implications for all food systems. In developing a strategy for banana to promote economic growth, the vital role of banana for food security among the rural poor must not be overlooked. Any strategy for banana in Africa must address both food security and income generation, but these objectives are potentially in conflict. Food security depends on increasing production while keeping prices low – while improving income often focuses on higher value products.
Recognizing these needs and challenges, a consortium of national, regional and international organizations came together in 2008 to seek ways of mobilizing Africa's banana sector. They organized a conference – banana2008 – which was the first of its kind in Africa. The conference brought together 400 people from 45 countries, representing the broadest possible range of stakeholders from the private and public sectors, policy makers and development investors, researchers and economists, and of course banana farmers. Using innovative approaches, this conference bridged the gap between research, production, and markets and trade. Linkages, and in particular the importance of public–private sector partnerships, were a high priority, and reflected in the broad spectrum of stakeholders attending, many from non-scientific backgrounds. The meeting made every possible effort to capture the full range of perspectives represented: conveners gathered the key issues from three days of thematic presentations and discussions and on the fourth day participatory methods were used to focus the collective wisdom of all the participants on developing the elements of a strategy for banana in Africa.
This issue of Scripta Horticulturae is dedicated to the outputs of the conference. The context is set in a background section, which describes production systems and production figures for bananas in Africa, including problems associated with the availability of reliable data. An explanation of the conference process follows, and a synopsis of presentations further sets the scene for the final section – the strategy. This section uses the results of the participatory sessions to identify the priorities of 'what needs to be done' for each of the main types of banana in Africa – plantains, highland cooking bananas and dessert bananas – and for each market sector: local, regional and international; how to address these priorities; and who (and what partnerships) are best placed to take action. The goal is to create more efficient and equitable market chains, that can deliver economic growth while assuring food security. The strategy aims for achievable change in the short and medium term (the next 10 years), while respecting issues of long-term sustainability. In the longer term, the aim is to change banana production and development from a donor-supported system to one which is sustained by the private sector.
No single organization has the mandate or authority to implement such a strategy. However, the priorities identified should serve to guide and link the actions of stakeholders. The conference generated a unique consensus and essential buy-in from the many and diverse groups involved. It is now up to the private- and public-sector development investors to take the next steps, to build on this momentum and carry forward the enthusiasm demonstrated by the conference participants to transform the banana sector in Africa into an economic driver for development.
[This document is a synthesis of the banana2008 conference held in Mombasa, Kenya, 5–9 October 2008.]


Applying a conjectural variations (CV) model introduced by Haskel and Scaramozzino (H&S model 1997), the paper examines the impact of trade liberalization on the Philippine cement industry where alleged cartel activities have taken place after the entry of the world's Big Three cement firms: Holcim, Cemex, and Lafarge. In the H&S model, the relationship between firm behavior and competition is estimated with price cost margin (price minus marginal costs over price) as indicator of competition and profitability. The model is extended to assess the impact of imports on competition using import penetration ratio as proxy for trade policy. The paper focuses on the following questions: did the removal of import restriction and reduction of tariffs affect competition in the cement industry? Are imports effective in disciplining domestic firms and reducing their market power? The results imply that imports do not seem to affect profitability and competition in the industry. Given the ability of firms to engage in anticompetitive behavior and the absence of an effective competition policy in the Philippines, the gains from trade liberalization are nullified. The country's experience in the cement industry illustrates that trade liberalization is not a substitute for competition policy. For imports to effectively discipline the market, trade liberalization must be accompanied by strict competition policy.


Originally released in 1933, The Mis-Education of the Negro continues to resonate today, raising questions that readers are still trying to answer. The impact of slavery on the Black psyche is explored and questions are raised about our education system, such as what and who African Americans are educated for, the difference between education and training, and which of these African Americans are receiving. Woodson provides solutions to these challenges, but these require more study, discipline, and an Afrocentric worldview. This new edition contains a biographical profile of the author, a new introduction, and study questions.


American legal education is in the grip of what some have called an "existential crisis." The New York Times proclaims the death of the current system of legal education. This is attributed, in part, to the incentivizing of faculty to produce increasingly abstract scholarship and the costs this imposes on pedagogy and the mentoring of students. At the same time, despite women graduating from law schools in significant numbers since the 1980s, they continue to lag behind in the most prestigious positions in academia — tenured, full professorships: From academic year 1998-99 to academic year 2007-08, the percentage of women full professors grew from 20% to 29.3%. In this paper, I argue that these two phenomena — the incentivizing of scholarship at the expense of pedagogy and the slow progress of women to tenured, full professorships — are linked. The trend toward exclusively incentivizing scholarship imposes a disproportionate cost on women faculty who carry a much greater share of the caregiving and household responsibilities in their families. These women are also burdened by a disproportionate share of the student caregiving and institutional "housework" on committees inside law schools. In this paper, I argue that the external pressure on law schools created by the crisis actually presents an opportunity for women faculty. Part I describes the origins of the modern university and the unified model of teaching and scholarship. Part II evaluates the costs of this model to legal education as highlighted by the critics in the current crisis. Part III explores the heightened cost to women law faculty of this model adopted from the broader university. And Part IV offers suggestions for fundamentally restructuring the legal academy to provide a level playing field for women faculty and to facilitate their movement in equal numbers into tenured, full professorships. Michigan State University College of Law Symposium on Gender and the Legal Profession's Pipeline to Power (April 2012).


In the past decade, two major classification schemes of the subtribe Pterostylidinae have resulted in taxonomic confusion because a single well known genus was split into a large number of new genera and subgenera, many of which are difficult to discriminate accurately. These classifications have not been accepted widely among systematists because of poor phylogenetic support for several genera. Analyses of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of nuclear rDNA in a large number of species and samples facilitate further clarification of the relationships within the Pterostylidinae. The phylogenetic trees were reconstructed using parsimony and Bayesian methods. These phylogenetic trees indicate that subtribe Pterostylidinae is monophyletic, and support the concept of a single genus, Pterostylis R.Br. sensu lato within the Pterostylidinae. Two clades representing subgenera correlate with the morphology of the lateral sepals, whereas several of the previously erected genera consistently have poor support. The proposed subgenera are divided further into 10 sections. Several closely related taxa with identical ITS sequences require further scrutiny by population-level molecular techniques to determine their taxonomic status.


Abstract When building velocity models for seismic depth imaging, a key tool used in the industry is ray-based tomography. In the past 10 years, the resolution of tomographic solutions has seen a continuous increase because of evolving sophistication in methodologies and technology. A vital issue in the data domain is accuracy and density of residual-moveout picks that are used to derive tomographic velocity-model updates. A new automated method allows for precise tracking of accurate residual moveout on prestack depth-migrated gathers and consequently the fast determination of dense, high-quality traveltime residuals for seismic tomography. Synthetic and real data examples from this method demonstrate the value that accurate information concerning local wave paths inherent in these picks brings to the problem of resolving small-scale velocity anomalies. The determination of such small-scale anomalies ultimately leads to flatter prestack depth-migrated gathers and consequently better-focused structural im...


Statistical analyses of data from ground-based sun photometer stations in Central Europe are presented. All sta- tions are part of the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET), and only data of the highest data quality level 2.0 has been applied. The averages by weekday of Aerosol Optical Thick- ness (AOT) at a wavelength of 440 nm of 12 of the 14 stations in the investigation area show a weekly periodicity with low- est values on Sunday and Monday, but greatest values from Wednesday until Saturday, that is significant at least on a 90% level. The stations in Germany and in Greater Paris show weekly cycles with ranges of about 20% on average. In Northern Italy and Switzerland this range is about 10% on average. By applying several checks, we exclude that the weekly cycles were caused by a maintenance effect or by different retrieval conditions as a consequence of a weekly cycle in cloud cover. The corresponding weekly cycle of an- thropogenic gaseous and particulate emissions leads us to the conclusion of the anthropogenic origin of the weekly AOT cycle. Since these AOT patterns are derived from the reduc- tion of the direct sun radiation by the columnar atmospheric aerosol, this result represents strong evidence for an anthro- pogenic direct aerosol effect on shortwave radiation. Further- more, this study makes a first contribution to the understand- ing and explanation of recently observed weekly periodicities in meteorological variables as temperature in Germany.


DA YID STUART TOMPKINS SANDY TIN TAILINGS IN MALAYSIA-CHARACTERIZATION AND REHABILITATION Cassiterite extraction in West Malaysia has left a legacy of some 80,000 hectares of nutrient-poor, drought-prone, quartz sandy tailings. Their proximity to urban centres has long made them a target for agricultural and forestry enterprises, and various techniques have been developed to overcome their intractability, including amendment with bulky organic matter and replacement with natural soils. Although reasonably successful, these approaches have often failed to acknowledge that a percentage of the original heavy mineral suite remains in sandy tailings, exerting possible phytotoxic effects and certainly raising concerns about the suitability of sandy tailings for agronomic crop production. To determine the nature and extent of trace element contamination of sandy tailings, ten different areas were identified and sampled in the states ofSelangor and Perak. Preliminary analyses failed to corroborate earlier discoveries of elevated mercury and cadmium status, but lead, zinc, arsenic, uranium and rare earth elements were all common. However, greater concentrations of all these elements were found in clay (slime) tailings, which had been colonized by dense vegetation cover. This indicated that levels of trace elements in sandy tailings were not of themselves phytotoxic, but in the context of reduced nutrient availability, might exert a disproportionate influence on their colonization by plants. The colonization of sandy tailings by Melastoma malabathricum was therefore examined, revealing that in two of four sites, water contents were greater in colonized areas than the rest of each site. Macronutrient concentrations were also greater in colonized tailings, as were concentrations of zinc and manganese, but whether these were the cause or result of plant establishment could not be determined conclusively. Overall, trace element distribution in sandy tailings did not influence colonization by Melastoma, although in three of four populations, foliar concentrations of uranium were greater than those of a population growing on a natural soil. This has serious implications for the agronomic use of sandy tailings. The effects of bulky organic and clay amendment of sandy tailings on the availability and uptake of trace elements has never before been examined. A tropical greenhouse experiment was undertaken to examine the effects of peat and clay on the growth and trace element chemistry of Panicum miliaceum and Pueraria phaseoloides. The use of symbiotic mycorrhizal fungi was also included, since although these often improve the phosphorus nutrition of their hosts, they might also increase trace element uptake from pools sorbed by organic matter. Neither clay nor peat improved the growth of either plant species. However, addition of clay substantially increased the availability of aluminium and trace elements, and its use in rehabilitation attempts cannot be recommended. In contrast, peat reduced the availability of Co, Cu, As, La, Ce and U, whilst simultaneously improving the ECEC of sandy tailings. The effects of mycorrhizal inoculation were difficult to interpret, since the carrier medium used (predominantly zeolite) drastically altered the chemistry of soils to which it was added. Growth of Panicum and Pueraria was equally poor on two of three naturally sandy soils. Adding peat to sandy tailings produced plants with similar foliar chemistry to those grown on natural soils, suggesting that plant communities established on these natural siliceous media could act as models for the sustainable rehabilitation of anthropic mine tailings something which has never before been suggested. A range of native species are recommended as having potential for further research into naturalistic rehabilitation. 3


Cryptococcus neoformans has several well-established virulence factors: a polysaccharide capsule that surrounds the cell body, melanin production, urease, phospholypase, and growth at 37°C. Among these factors, the best characterized are the capsule and melanin. The fact that the size of the capsule increases after infection suggests that it is required for survival in the host, and mutants unable to undergo this process are less virulent. The ability of C. neoformans to grow at 37°C and in slightly alkaline pH, which are conditions that the yeast encounters during infection in mammalian hosts, is a main feature that allows this yeast to be a pathogenic fungus. Furthermore, the interaction of C. neoformans with some of other hosts such as bacteria, protozoa and slime molds can enhance virulence by affecting what we consider to be the virulence factors of this yeast and the ability to kill mice. This chapter reviews the interactions and discusses how they may influence the virulence of the organism during evolution. Other virulence factors, such as phospholipase, are important for survival of the yeast cells. The chapter reviews how C. neoformans can infect and interact with many different hosts, including amoebas, nematodes, insects, and many mammals. At the same time, C. neoformans increased virulence by exploiting some of the features that this fungus uses for survival in the environment, such as the capsule and melanin production.


Although perioperative antibiotic cover reduces the incidence of septic complications associated with abdominal surgery, the optimum duration of antibiotic exposure is open to question. This clinical trial compared the efficacy of a single dose of moxalactam (1 g intravenously) with an extended course of moxalactam (1 g intravenously for eight doses) in 1027 patients undergoing contaminated abdominal surgery. The wound infection rate was 5.4% (28/519) for the single-dose schedule and 6.1% (31/508) for the extended-cover regimen (the respective 95% confidence intervals being 3.6% to 7.7% and 4.2% to 8.6%). Over 80% of all patients undergoing abdominal surgery during the period of study were entered into the trial. There was no significant difference in the incidence of other complications between the two groups under study. It is concluded that a single dose of moxalactam is as effective as a 48-hour course when attempting to prevent infection after contaminated abdominal surgery.


A viral noncoding RNA regulates the level of a complementary host cell's microRNA. Viruses use a number of strategies to manipulate the cells of their host to ensure a successful infection. Herpesvirus saimiri (HVS) generates highly conserved small noncoding RNAs HSUR 1 and HSUR 2, which modulate expression of a number of proteins in infected primate T cells. Cazalla et al. (see the Perspective by Pasquinelli) observed complementarity between HSUR sequences and the seed regions of three different microRNAs (miRNAs)—miR-142-3p, miR-27, and miR-16—and found that these HSURs could bind to the miRNAs. Furthermore, the level of mature miR-27 was modulated by binding to HSUR 1, which targeted the miRNA for degradation. D. Cazalla, T. Yario, J. Steitz, Down-regulation of a host microRNA by a Herpesvirus saimiri noncoding RNA. Science 328, 1563–1566 (2010). [Abstract] [Full Text] A. E. Pasquinelli, Paring miRNAs through pairing. Science 328, 1494–1495 (2010). [Summary] [Full Text]


Diagnostic photopigment analysis is a useful tool for determining the presence and relative abundance of algal groups in natural phytoplankton assemblages. This approach is especially useful when a genus has a unique photopigment composition. The toxic dinoflagellate Karenia brevis (Davis) G. Hansen & Moestrup comb. nov. shares the diagnostic pigment gyroxanthin‐diester with only a few other dinoflagellates and lacks peridinin, one of the major diagnostic pigments of most dinoflagellate species. In this study, measurements of gyroxanthin‐diester and other diagnostic pigments of K. brevis were incorporated into the initial pigment ratio matrix of the chemical taxonomy program (CHEMTAX) to resolve the relative contribution of K. brevis biomass in mixed estuarine phytoplankton assemblages from Florida and Galveston Bay, Texas. The phytoplankton community composition of the bloom in Galveston Bay was calculated based on cell enumerations and biovolumetric measurements in addition to chl a‐specific photopigment estimates of biomass (HPLC and CHEMTAX). The CHEMTAX and biovolume estimates of the phytoplankton community structure were not significantly different and suggest that the HPLC–CHEMTAX approach provides reasonable estimates of K. brevis biomass in natural assemblages. The gyroxanthin‐diester content per cell of K. brevis from Galveston Bay was significantly higher than in K. brevis collected from the west coast of Florida. This pigment‐based approach provides a useful tool for resolving spatiotemporal distributions of phytoplankton in the presence of K. brevis blooms, when an appropriate initial ratio matrix is applied.


The problem of violence directed against mental health professionals by patients is a serious one. Finding the basic causes of such actions and establishing preventive measures is of utmost urgency. In this regard, studying profiles of patients who have acted in this manner is critical, as is developing profiles and guidelines that would alert clinicians to such dangers. I am, however, seriously concerned and highly critical of the one-sided thinking and approach to this problem. The focus is almost entirely on the patient, while major ways in which therapists contribute to their own endangerment are given little or no attention. In "Violence Against Mental Health Professionals: Fenton Death Highlights Concerns," by Richard A. Sherer (Psychiatric Times, January 2007, page 1), Dr Paul Jay Fink acknowledged that a therapist might say or do something that provokes a patient to become violent. Even so, there is no sense conveyed in the article that all these acts are interactionally based and that both parties are always contributors. In addition, the critical role that therapists play in violating ground rules and boundaries, which in my vast experience is the major contributing factor on their part, is almost entirely neglected. This is a very dangerous oversight. It is painful for us to review cases of this kind and to highlight likely contributing factors from our deceased colleagues, but failure to do so endangers currently practicing therapists. In brief, years of clinical research from the adaptive viewpoint have shown that there is in fact an archetypal set of ground rules that is ideal for psychotherapy. This archetype is universally sought and appreciated by the deep, unconscious system of the emotion-processing mind of both patient and therapist&mdashthat is, the ideal frame is confirmed and validated through encoded imagery, even as its effects are of enormous and real consequence behaviorally. Securing the framework of therapy in this manner keeps the patient safe and well and actually acts as a constraint on his or her urge to act violently. Patients interpret departures from these basic rules for any reason as actions that are both assaultive and adversarial by therapists. This can open the door to violent responses by patients. It is, of course, often necessary to depart from the ideal frame&mdashI know this very well from doing therapy under managed-care conditions&mdashbut the point is that therapists should know the risks involved and try as much as possible to adhere to the ideal frame under limitations imposed by a given set of circumstances. Again, I want to point out that therapists' handling of the ground rules of therapy has unconsciously mediated, but real and highly consequential, effects. Every case that I have studied directly or read about regarding a patient's violence against a therapist has involved major frame violations by the therapist, which were, by and large, ignored and not factored into the tragic event. After Dr Fenton was killed, I sent an e-mail to an online psychotherapy group with these thoughts in mind and was refuted immediately. There is strong resistance among psychotherapists against recognizing the power of the frame to both heal and harm. Tragedies of this kind should, but seldom do, motivate therapists to reconsider the frame-related realm of behavior and experience. They might even think it advantageous to learn how to decode their patients' narrative imagery in response to securing the frame and to departures from ideal ground rules. They will then discover that their patients' responses to ground rule-related events are indeed archetypal and universal and learn that there are consistent tendencies within the emotion-processing mind that they should take into account while working with all patients.


We derive vector soliton solutions for photorefractive media in which the refractive-index perturbations must be treated as tensors. The two polarizations of the vector solitons may be coupled through the space-charge field alone and/or through cross terms in the electro-optic tensor, which requires phase matching and specific configurations. We analyze bright planar vector solitons and verify their stability.


Summary Segway performs semi-automated genome annotation, discovering joint patterns across multiple genomic signal datasets. We discuss a major new version of Segway and highlight its ability to model data with substantially greater accuracy. Major enhancements in Segway 2.0 include the ability to model data with a mixture of Gaussians, enabling capture of arbitrarily complex signal distributions, and minibatch training, leading to better learned parameters. Availability and Implementation Segway and its source code are freely available for download at https://segway.hoffmanlab.org. We have made available scripts (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.802940) and datasets (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.802907) for this paper's analysis. Contact firstname.lastname@example.com


This book offers for the first time a clear conception of what social support networks are, why they are important, how they are identified and sustained, where they fit in an overall framework of human services, and their limits and potential in selected fields of practice. Individual chapters explore: child, adolescent, and family services; daycare and early childhood development; divorced and stepfamilies; schools; delinquency prevention and treatment; mental health; service to the elderly; development disabilities; healthcare and health promotion; and drug treatment. The use of "social support networks"--extended family, friends, neighbors, and other "informal" helpers--is an idea whose time has come in the human services field. At a time when spiraling costs and popular sentiment weigh against any major expansion of services, it is apparent that a service strategy based primarily on the notion of professional helping delivered on a case-by-case basis, usually in a one-to-one relationship, has serious limitations. Professional response to this major work has been uniformly positive: "[The editors] have assembled a book of considerable importanceAbrilliant in both scholarship and constructionAwill appeal to a broad readershipA"--Gerald Euster, University of South Carolina. "Aoffers a much needed balance to the focus on individual and internal dynamics which has characterized social work education for several decades."--Eleanor Reardon Tolson, University of Chicago. "Social Support Networks is a valuable contributionAa unique, original, and authoritative book...an exciting, timely, and definitely practice-oriented book with a strong theoretical and research base."--Anthony N. Maluccio, University of Connecticut. James K. Whittaker is professor of social work at the University of Washington. A former childcare worker, therapist, and administrator in residential childcare, he has been a consultant to governmental and voluntary children's agencies throughout the United States. "James Garbarino "is Elizabeth Lee Vincent Professor of Human Development in the College of Human Ecology at Cornell University. He was president of the Erikson Institute for Advanced Study in Child Development, Chicago, Illinois, from 1985 to 1994. He is the co-author of "Troubled Youth, Troubled Families," also available from AldineTransaction.


The efficacy of alemtuzumab for the treatment of refractory Sézary syndrome (SS) versus other third-line agents such as pralatrexate and gemcitabine is poorly characterized. To elucidate the effectiveness of alemtuzumab versus other third-line options for the treatment of refractory SS, we conducted a meta-analysis of existing data. A systematic review was performed in March 2017 based on a search using Ovid-MEDLINE® and OVID-EMBASE® for articles evaluating single-agent alemtuzumab, gemcitabine, or pralatrexate for the treatment of SS and mycosis fungoides (MF). Twenty-two publications were identified that fulfilled all search criteria (total n = 323 patients), with six publications of lower quality being excluded from our analysis in order to decrease the risk of bias (final: n = 308 patients; 93 with SS and 147 with MF). Across all studies, alemtuzumab was significantly more effective in patients with SS (overall response rate [ORR]: 81%; complete response rate [CRR]: 38%) than patients with MF (ORR: 29%; CRR: 8%). However, gemc-itabine was more effective than alemtuzumab or pralatrexate in treating MF. Alemtuzumab-treated patients had more frequent side effects, which were influenced by route of administration and dose. There was a lower incidence of lymphopenia and other serious adverse events in patients treated with subcutaneous (38%) compared to intravenous regimens (68%), and lower-dose (5%) compared to high-dose alemtuzumab regimens (54%). No significant differences were found in the effectiveness of different routes of administration or dosing regimens. Our review supports the use of low-dose subcutaneous alemtuzumab as a third-line treatment for SS.


Oxidative desulfurization (ODS) is one of the promising alternative and heavily researched desulfurization technologies. This is partly due to its ability to preferentially oxidize and ease the removal of refractory sulfur compounds with the aid of a suitable solvent. Despite its long list of advantages, challenges in different research areas within ODS technology still exist. In this work, an effort was made to bridge the gap that exists in terms of the selection of suitable oxidant and strategy. A preliminary kinetic modeling of the experimental data showed that the non-catalytic conversion of dibenzothiophene (DBT) and benzothiophene (BT) to their corresponding sulfones using the electrophilic meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (mCPBA) can be considered a bimolecular and a trimolecular reaction respectively. Using an ionic liquid (IL) as an extraction solvent in a simultaneous oxidation and extraction setup (EODS), >78% BT was removed at optimum experimental conditions. Using the post-oxidation extractive desulfurization setup (OEDS), 99% removal of BT was achieved at milder optimum experimental conditions. Also using the OEDS strategy, >99% of DBT removal was achieved after only 15 min at 60 °C, with a mass fraction of ≥0.5 and O/S of 3/1 for all the ILs tested. Finally, the sulfur content of a commercial diesel fuel was reduced to 15.6 ppm using the OEDS strategy with tetrabutylphosphonium methanesulfonate as a suitable extraction solvent, which can be readily regenerated.


In American Smoke, Iain Sinclair hits the road to America in the tracks of the Beats. On the trail of the American Beats, Iain Sinclair makes a delirious and perhaps ill-fated expedition in the footsteps of Malcolm Lowry, Jack Kerouac, William Burroughs, Charles Olson and Gary Snyder. It is a journey in search of literary ghosts behind mirages of volcanoes and the Old West. In which rumours vie with false memories and unreliable reports to steer our guide from one strange adventure into another. It is an odyssey in which the beginning offers no clues as to where it may end. "A transatlantic odyssey ...grippingly haunted". (Observer). "A challenging, maddening, fascinating journey ...enjoy Sinclair's poetic language and subtly warped sense of humour. Rich and engrossing". (Metro). "Sit back and feel the invigorating pulse of beautifully crafted prose ...wonderful". (Daily Telegraph). "Iain Sinclair has gone from cult author to national treasure". (Robert Macfarlane). Iain Sinclair is the author of Downriver (winner of the James Tait Black Memorial Prize and the Encore Award); Landor's Tower; White Chappell, Scarlet Tracings; Lights Out for the Territory; Lud Heat; Rodinsky's Room (with Rachel Lichtenstein); Radon Daughters; London Orbital, Dining on Stones, Hackney, that Rose-Red Empire and Ghost Milk.


This brief describes the evidence on and experience with community group engagement (CGE) interventions that aim to foster healthy sexual and reproductive health (SRH) behaviors. The distinguishing characteristic of CGE interventions from other social and behavior change (SBC) interventions is that they work with and through community groups to influence individual behaviors and/or social norms rather than shifting behavior by targeting individuals alone. Specifically community support can shift individual behaviors including contraceptive behaviors either by changing norms or individual knowledge and attitudes.


The aim of this paper was to provide information on the limitations of current analytical methods and the basics in quality control in laboratory endocrinology which affect the results and their interpretation. For the practicing clinical endocrinologist it is important to understand the essentials of the quality of hormone measuring methods and their limitations. Awareness of the quality of methods will allow caution and/or ensure the reliability of result interpretation. A measuring method cannot be performed with equal precision and trueness for the entire measuring range, and may differ between parameters and manufacturers. According to the level of medical decision, the medical laboratory should determine the quality of the method and communicate that information to the clinician. The basic approach to quality control of measurement methods is useful knowledge for doctors working in a hospital setting or private practice. The advantages and limitations are presented of immunoassay-based methods and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) used for measurement in biochemistry laboratory. Conclusion – Hormone measurement is widely available but the methods may be affected by limitations. Understanding a method's limitations and options for improvement enables the practicing clinician to interpret the test results rationally.


This research study aims to explore how self-harm is being constructed within available discursive resources in contemporary western society. A Foucauldian Discourse Analysis was conducted on a sample of professional documents on self-harm and interview transcripts: these included 6 interviews with people who self-harm (or have self-harmed in the past), and a focus group with 5 health professionals working within a residential unit for people who self-harm. The analysis generated three major discursive themes in relation to the object of self-harm within expert text and discourse: pathology (external 'other' and internal dysfunction); risk and danger; and choice, addiction and morality. Participants who self-harmed were seen to struggle within available discourses, most notably between utilising a discourse of confession and keeping the behaviour secret within a wider moral discourse of recovery. Using psychological discourses provided a valid reason for self-harm, constructing it as genuine as opposed to attention-seeking, and resulted in more compassionate behaviour from others; but it also created a tension when it resulted in being attached to the person as a label, and as indicative of permanent internal dysfunction and damage. Finally, constructions of self-harm as risk and danger were strongly resisted by participants; however, they were also utilised to construct the behaviour as needing to be taken seriously by health professionals, therefore 'genuine', subsequently allowing access to treatment. The struggles evident in the participants' constructions of their self-harm behaviour were strongly apparent, resulting in a constant shifting between discourses, as each subsequent position was found to be disempowering. Ideas for future research and developments with Counselling Psychology practice are discussed in light of this analysis: particularly the need for psychology to adopt a depathologising approach to therapeutic care and distress, by paying more attention to the social and contextual factors involved, and develop a critical awareness of the powerful impact that language can have upon people's experiences.


Earth's climate cooled from a period of extreme warmth in the early Eocene Epoch (ca. 50 Ma) to the early Oligocene (ca. 33 Ma), when a large ice cap first appeared on Antarctica. Evidence from the planktonic foraminifer oxygen isotope record in deep-sea cores has suggested that tropical sea-surface temperatures declined by 5-10 degrees over this interval, eventually becoming much cooler than modern temperatures. Here we present paleotemperature estimates from foraminifer isotopes and the membrane lipids of marine Crenarcheota from new drill cores in Tanzania that indicate a warm and generally stable tropical climate over this period. We reinterpret the previously published isotope records in the light of comparative textural analysis of the deep-sea foraminifer shells, which shows that in contrast to the Tanzanian material, they have been diagenetically recrystallized. We suggest that increasingly severe alteration of the deep-sea plankton shells through the Eocene produced a diagenetic overprint on their oxygen isotope ratios that imparts the false appearance of a tropical sea-surface cooling trend. This implies that the long-term Eocene climatic cooling trend occurred mainly at the poles and had little effect at lower latitudes.


Neural Machine Translation (NMT) is an end-to-end learning approach for automated translation, with the potential to overcome many of the weaknesses of conventional phrase-based translation systems. Unfortunately, NMT systems are known to be computationally expensive both in training and in translation inference. Also, most NMT systems have difficulty with rare words. These issues have hindered NMT's use in practical deployments and services, where both accuracy and speed are essential. In this work, we present GNMT, Google's Neural Machine Translation system, which attempts to address many of these issues. Our model consists of a deep LSTM network with 8 encoder and 8 decoder layers using attention and residual connections. To improve parallelism and therefore decrease training time, our attention mechanism connects the bottom layer of the decoder to the top layer of the encoder. To accelerate the final translation speed, we employ low-precision arithmetic during inference computations. To improve handling of rare words, we divide words into a limited set of common sub-word units ("wordpieces") for both input and output. This method provides a good balance between the flexibility of "character"-delimited models and the efficiency of "word"-delimited models, naturally handles translation of rare words, and ultimately improves the overall accuracy of the system. Our beam search technique employs a length-normalization procedure and uses a coverage penalty, which encourages generation of an output sentence that is most likely to cover all the words in the source sentence. On the WMT'14 English-to-French and English-to-German benchmarks, GNMT achieves competitive results to state-of-the-art. Using a human side-by-side evaluation on a set of isolated simple sentences, it reduces translation errors by an average of 60% compared to Google's phrase-based production system.