To understand the current evolution of the Arctic Ocean towards a less extensive, thinner and younger sea ice cover is one of the biggest challenges in climate research. Especially the lack of simultaneous in-situ observations of sea ice, ocean and atmospheric properties leads to significant knowledge gaps in their complex interactions, and how the associated processes impact the polar marine ecosystem.
Here we present a concept for the implementation of a long-term strategy to monitor the most essential climate- and ecosystem parameters in the central Arctic Ocean, year round and synchronously. The basis of this strategy is the development and enhancement of a number of innovative autonomous observational platforms, such as rugged weather stations, ice mass balance buoys, ice-tethered bio-optical buoys and upper ocean profilers. The deployment of those complementing platforms in a distributed network enables the simultaneous collection of physical and biogeochemical in-situ data on basin scales and year round, including the largely undersampled winter periods. A key advantage over other observatory systems is that the data is sent via satellite in near-real time, contributing to numerical weather predictions through the Global Telecommunication Network (GTS) and to the International Arctic Buoy Programme (IABP).

The first instruments were installed on ice floes in the Eurasian Basin in spring 2015 and 2016, yielding exceptional records of essential climate- and ecosystem-relevant parameters in one of the most inaccessible regions of this planet. Over the next 4 years, and including the observational periods of the Year of Polar Prediction (YOPP, 2017-2019) and the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of the Arctic Climate (MOSAiC, 2020), the distributed observatory will be maintained by deployment of additional instruments in the central Arctic each year, benefitting from international logistical efforts.


Medico-legal entomology is the use of insects in legal matters. Knowledge of the distribution, biology, ecology and behavior of insects found at a crime scene can provide information on when, where and how the crime was committed. Although
insects are known to have been used in the detection of crimes for a long time, there has been no great increase in the popularity of the subject until the last 30 years.
Forensic entomology is recognized in many countries as an important tool in legal investigations. Unfortunately, it has not received much attention in some parts of the world such as Kuwait and other Arab countries where the value of insect as indicators in criminal investigations has not been fully realised.
For forensic entomology to be effective in legal investigations, knowledge of local insect assemblages and their population dynamics is essential. This study was conducted to gather database information on necrophagous flies and their
succession on carrion using rabbits as experimental models. It allowed quantitative and qualitative comparisons to be made in four habitats (desert, urban, agriculture and coastal). In addition, the insects sampled from the carcasses were compared with those collected from human corpses as part of recent investigations in Kuwait.
Eleven families of necrophagous flies were collected at four habitats; the most important families to breed on carrions were Calliphoridae such as Calliphora vicina Robineau-Desvoidy 1830, Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann 1819), Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius 1794) and Lucilia sericata (Meigen 1826), and Sarcophagidae such as Parasarcophaga ruficornis (Fabricius 1794), Sarcophaga Africa (Wiedemann), Wohlfahrtia nuba (Wiedemann 1830) and unidentified
Sarcophaga sp. which can used as forensic indicators to estimate the PMI. The most important species in respect to abundance and frequency were Chrysomya albiceps
and P. ruficornis.
There was a significant diversity of fly species between different habitats. Four stages of decomposition were observed (fresh, bloated, decay, and dry). The decomposition of carcasses in urban habitats was faster than that of other habitats. There was an interaction between decomposition of carcasses and colonization by insects and correlation between the stage of decay and the succession of insect families and
species arriving at a carcass. The decomposition was slower when the arrival of the insects was delayed. The abundance and diversity of flies increased with the onset of bloated and dry stages.
Of the 13 human case studies, 10 were male and 3 females; their ages ranged from few days (newborn) to 53 years. They were of different nationalities. The cause of death was either homicide, suicide, drug abuse, toxicity or abortion. The
necrophagous fly composition and their succession patterns obtained from real forensic cases showed a number of basic similarities to those observed on rabbit carcasses as experimental animals. The involvement of the study in legal
investigations helped determine the manner and cause of death in two cases and estimate the PMI in one case. Although this study was conducted in one season and for a short period, it adds to the known species richness in Kuwait as it recorded
several species of flies for the first time in Kuwait. The results provide additional information to forensic entomologists by having identified species that are associated with carrion in this region of the world. The study made the officials and the criminal investigation team aware of and familiar with forensic entomology, a step which may initiate future studies and interest in the application of insect evidence in legal
investigations.


As a resourceful asset of an organization, knowledge needs to be effectively managed and manipulated to become leverage in organizational competitive environment. Knowledge Management concept and system was introduced to ensure sustainable success of an organization. Knowledge sharing is one important process in knowledge flowing and flourish within an organization. However knowledge sharing process could also be affected by other factors and one of the factors identified is knowledge sharing behavior. Besides that, there is also a strong inclination to believe that personality or personal characters could influence a persons' behavior towards knowledge sharing. A person's character or personality is belief to cloud their behavioral response on whether to share or not to share knowledge. This study attempts to investigate the impact of Big Five Personality (BFP) factors on knowledge sharing behavior among librarians in Northern Peninsular Malaysia. Five dimensions of Big Five Personality factors are investigated namely extra version, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neurotic ism, and openness. The study looks at personality influence on knowledge sharing behavior among librarians within the same library and between librarians of other libraries. These are evaluated against the intention to share knowledge provided by libraries, using an online survey method to gauge knowledge sharing behavior among librarians in northern region of Peninsular Malaysia. Quantitative data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and SmartPLS version 2.0.
The findings indicated that between the agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness personality traits or dimensions , agreeableness seems stronger in performing knowledge sharing by librarians at inter library level as it altruistic, generous, and pleasant nature suits more compared to an intraorganization environment. The study also found that librarians' with high level of extroversion personality trait to have more favorable or positive intention towards knowledge sharing behavior. The findings also show a strong relations between intention and behavior where librarians' intention to share influence their positive behavior towards knowledge sharing. Further study could be generated in different circumstances such as the forms of knowledge or the personal interest that may encourage or prohibit knowledge sharing among librarians.


A common objective for context-aware computing systems is to predict how user interfaces impact user performance regarding their cognitive capabilities. Existing approaches such as questionnaires or pupil dilation measurements either only allow for subjective assessments or are susceptible to environmental influences and user physiology. We address these challenges by exploiting the fact that cognitive workload influences smooth pursuit eye movements. We compared three trajectories and two speeds under different levels of cognitive workload within a user study (N=20). We found higher deviations of gaze points during smooth pursuit eye movements for specific trajectory types at higher cognitive workload levels. Using an SVM classifier, we predict cognitive workload through smooth pursuit with an accuracy of 99.5% for distinguishing between low and high workload as well as an accuracy of 88.1% for estimating workload between three levels of difficulty. We discuss implications and present use cases of how cognition-aware systems benefit from inferring cognitive workload in real-time by smooth pursuit eye movements.


We study how decades-long exposure to individuals of a given foreign descent shapes natives' attitudes and behavior toward that group. Using individualized donations data from large charitable organizations, we show that long-term exposure to a given foreign ancestry leads to more generous behavior specifically toward that group's ancestral country. To shed light on mechanisms, we focus on attitudes and behavior toward Arab-Muslims, combining several existing large-scale surveys, cross-county data on implicit prejudice, and a newly-collected national survey. We show that greater long-term exposure: ( i ) decreases both explicit and implicit prejudice against Arab-Muslims, ( ii ) reduces support for policies and political candidates hostile toward Arab-Muslims, ( iii ) leads to more personal contact with Arab-Muslim individuals, and ( iv ) increases knowledge of Arab-Muslims and Islam in general.


The rotating prisms used in high-speed motion-picture cameras have been designed empirically since their first use thirty-two years ago. During that period, there have been advances made in glass technology and fabrication which have resulted in the production of better images. This paper summarizes the latest state of the art wherein it is demonstrated that prism design should not be confined to the D line of the spectrum, but expanded to cover the uv and ir portions of the spectrum. The prism design shall cover: (1) selection of the average angle of incidence for exposure; (2) the choice of glass or other transparent media; (3) the correlationship between image and film velocity; and (4) discussion of the inherent aberrations, namely, nonlinear distortion, sagittal and tangential coma, prismatic astigmatism, change in back focus due to prism rotation; (5) shuttering action; and (6) aperture design. There have only been fragmentary data published on the subject to date. It is necessary to secure this thirty years' experience before this datum is forever lost. Recommendation for future action is made, including computer studies for optimization of design.


If auricular perichondritis is left untreated or sub optimally managed the development of a subperiosteal abscess with potential cartilage loss and gross cosmetic defect may ensue. Materials and Methods A retrospective review was conducted to identify the cause, microbiology, management and outcome of patients presenting with pinna abscess over a 5-year period at a tertiary hospital. Results All 17 patients underwent incision and drainage of their abscess at least once. 14 patients had microbiology samples; 10 culture-positive. The commonest pathogen was Pseudomonas aeruginosa (5). A range of initial empirical therapy was used; appropriately in only one case. 8 patients developed complications. Discussion and Recommendations Pseudomonas aeruginosa is associated with pinna abscesses, particularly caused by high piercings. Suboptimal antimicrobial management was associated with poor outcomes. We recommend clinicians review their empirical treatment of pinna abscesses and have systems to act on microbiology results. Clinicians must consider Pseudomonas aeruginosa when managing resistant cases of abscesses or due to high piercings.


A Course in GB Syntax is a new kind of linguistics textbook. It presents the fundamental concepts of the Government-Binding approach to syntax in a lecture-dialogue format that conveys the sense of a changing field, with live issues under debate.Students and professionals seeking a lucid introduction to the complexities of GB syntax will have the experience of participating in an actual course taught by a major practitioner. The presentation of fundamentals is followed by further examples, easily understandable discussion of technical questions, and alternative analyses within the same basic framework.The book fits welI between a more general introduction like van Riemsdijk and Williams' Introduction to the Theory of Grammar and the major GB literature. While it has been designed for use by graduate students in a second semester syntax course, it can serve as a reader's companion to important but sometimes forbidding texts like Noam Chomsky's Lectures on Government and Binding and Some Concepts and Consequences of the Theory of Government and Binding.The informal tone makes the subject more approachable; examples are worked out more slowly and in greater detail than is possible in the primary sources; and the definitions and notational devices are carefully explained. Finally, many of the questions that the student might want to raise are raised (in fact, by students) and answers and alternatives are explored.The lectures give an overview of the modular GB model and cover in detail Case theory; Binding Theory; the determination of "empty categories," parasitic gaps, and the Empty Category Principle; extensions and alternatives, such as Aoun's "Generalized Binding Theory" and Higginbotham's "linking" analysis, and various open questions, such as the nature of the Case filter, tough movement, weak crossover, illicit NP-movement, and topicalization.Howard Lasnik is Professor of Linguistics at the University of Connecticut. Juan Uriagereka, one of his graduate students, transcribed and did the initial editing of the tapes of the original lectures. Current Studies in Linguistics.


A firm may want to preannounce its plans to develop a new product in order to stimulate future demand. But given that such communications can affect rivals' incentives to develop the same new product, a firm may decide to preannounce untruthfully in order to deter competitors. We examine an incumbent's preannouncement strategy when there is uncertainty regarding the commercial viability of a new product opportunity and a threat of rival entry. Each firm has a private assessment of the market potential for the new product. Two competitive incentives arise for the incumbent in terms of discouraging rival entry: it can use preemptive communication or it can remain silent and instill a pessimistic market potential outlook. We find that an incumbent prefers to follow a vaporware strategy---i.e., declares plans to pursue a new product opportunity even when it may have no development intentions---when its market forecasting capabilities are weak and the demand-side benefits from preannouncing are small. By contrast, when the incumbent has strong market forecasting capabilities and the demand-side benefits are small, the incumbent adopts a suddenware strategy---i.e., remains silent about its new product plans even when it actually plans to develop the new product. Finally, when its market forecasting capabilities are strong and the demand-side benefits are large, the incumbent prefers to engage in a trueware strategy---i.e., truthfully preannounces development plans. We show that an interplay between competition-related and demand-related considerations is what allows trueware to emerge as an equilibrium in the absence of any ex post cost to engaging in vaporware. In an extension, we let the incumbent's actual development plans leak out and allow the entrant to wait and learn those plans prior to setting a research and development level. We identify conditions for the entrant to postpone development despite the risk of being late to market, as well as conditions for the entrant to commence development immediately despite not knowing the incumbent's plans based on the observed preannouncement strategy.


This article describes the activities related to civil society's engagement with the question of security sector reform (SSR) in Liberia since the signing of the Accra Comprehensive Peace Accord (CPA) in August 2003, identifies the challenges it faces and draws lessons learned from this engagement; particularly the need to develop local capacity, networks of support and national ownership. Consideration is given to the specifics of the rapidly evolving post-conflict context in which such reforms are taking place and their connection to the field of transitional justice as a means of addressing a history of human rights abuses. The discussion also covers the scope of potential engagement for civil society in the new political landscape in Liberia that has been created by the deployment of one of the world's largest peacekeeping forces and the arrest of former president Charles Taylor.


This case study focused on the mentalities regarding security, technology and resources used to keep security as well as the relationship of the state and community-led security mechanism. These are key factors that explain the "node" theory, which was the main basis to assess the effectiveness of community-led security mechanism. In Rwanda, the study was conducted in four settlements and Professional Night Patrols commonly known as "Irondo ry'Umwuga" was identified as an alternative community-led security mechanism. Security governance system of Rwanda is strongly aligned with the administrative structure as well as the historical background of the country. In this context, citizens understand the importance of security and therefore willingly contribute to keeping their neighbourhoods secure. Technologies and resources, however, differ. Poor neighbourhoods have struggled to provide enough means while in some areas, coordination by local leaders has effectively contributed to raising much resource and provide needed technologies to patrollers. Importantly, professional night patrollers closely collaborate with public security agencies, mainly the Rwanda National Police, which ensures capacity building of patrollers. * Researcher and Managing Director of A & G Services Ltd, Kigali, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com


This comprehensive guide starts out with primary correction in Final Cut Pro 7 and moves on to the fine points of secondary grading and color effects in Color 1.5. Revised with remarkable clips from TNTs hit show Leverage as well as HD footage shot around the world, the book takes you step by step through Colors new features, including 4K and RED workflows and improved round-trip integration with Final Cut Pro. Topics include color balancing, scene matching, using keys and vignettes to isolate and grade regions, applying advanced color effects, adjusting the composition and framing of a shot, tracking and keyframing, grade management, and advanced workflows. A special chapter on creating specific looks offers recipes for some of the mostuseful grades in a colorists toolbox.DVD-ROM includes lesson and media filesFocused lessons take you step by step through real-world projectsAccessible writing style puts expert instructors at your sideAmple illustrations help you master techniques fastLesson goals and time estimates help you plan your timeChapter review questions summarize what youve learned and help you prepare for the Apple Pro certification exam


State estimation in power distribution systems is a key component for increased reliability and optimal system performance. Well understood in transmission systems, state estimation is now an area of active research in distribution networks. While several snapshotbased approaches have been used to solve this problem, few solutions have been proposed in a dynamic framework. In this thesis, a Past-Aware State Estimation (PASE) method is proposed for distribution systems that takes previous estimates into account to improve the accuracy of the current one, using an Ensemble Kalman Filter. Fewer phasor measurements units (PMU) are needed to achieve the same estimation error target than snapshot-based methods. Contrary to current methods, the proposed solution does not embed power flow equations into the estimator. A theoretical formulation is presented to compute a priori the advantages of the proposed method vis-a-vis the state-of-the-art. The proposed approach is validated considering the 33-bus distribution system and using power consumption traces from real households. Engineering insights are presented highlighting the major trade-offs in the choice of decision variables (number of PMUs, PMU accuracy, estimation time-step i.e. elapsed time between two consecutive estimations) for the LDC: using a smaller time-step allows the LDC to relax the requirements on the PMU quality and their number.


The architectural design process involves the input of many stakeholders. Communication between them is crucial as it ensures an effective design process. The practice of architecture has been transformed by advances in hardware and software technologies, to the point where both the workflow and the design process are changing. These technologies have also impacted on the methods of representing and communicating design work. At present, traditional communication uses 2D and 3D drawings, as well as digital media such as animation, computer gaming or graphic design, which have impacted on architectural representations. While these tools are very useful, problems in communication between stakeholders are revealed. For instance, differences in architectural background knowledge and requirements lead to misunderstanding the design, confusion caused by working on inconsistent information, and use of
incompatible software which causes difficulties in accessing work. This research project attempts to identify and analyse issues relating to communication within the design process in order to improve it. The study is undertaken using a number of key questions to guide the development and progress of the research. The extent of communication via digital media in the design process, in contemporary architectural practice, is examined, along with the perceived value of digital technology by stakeholders. Architectural design work would benefit from exploiting digital media and the Internet to provide an effective form of communication for enabling a user/stakeholder-oriented
involvement in the design process.
The work presented revisits the conventional methods of communication in design work, between various interested parties in any given project (stakeholders: architects, engineers, planners and clients), with a view to formulating an outline for a potential system that facilitates communication as part of a participatory design process. This study puts forward suggestions to improve communication in the design process, through a storyboard represents users' experiences in using an interactive communication system. The suggestions are being tested through a mock-up of the web application, which is then presented to participants to receive feedback. Three guiding principles inform the development of the final system: interaction (to allow fast input and feedback); accessibility (to ensure any particular design software is able to interact with the system); and inclusivity (to allow both specialists and lay people to use the system).


AIMS
We sought to compare clinical outcomes and procedural characteristics with transradial access (TRA) versus transfemoral access (TFA) in patients who were treated with PCI for left main (LM) coronary artery disease.

METHODS AND RESULTS
The EXCEL trial was a prospective, international, open-label, multicentre trial that randomised 1,905 patients with LM disease and SYNTAX scores ≤32 to PCI with everolimus-eluting stents versus coronary artery bypass grafting. The present analysis cohort consisted of 931 patients undergoing PCI with TRA or TFA, but not both. The primary endpoint was a composite of death, myocardial infarction (MI), or stroke at three years. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression was used to adjust for differences in baseline covariates. PCI in EXCEL was performed exclusively with TRA in 248 (26.6%) patients and with TFA in 683 (73.4%) patients. TRA patients were younger and less likely to have hypertension and chronic kidney disease. The mean number of vessels and lesions treated was higher in TFA patients, although the SYNTAX score was similar in both groups. Patients undergoing TRA and TFA had similar 30-day rates of TIMI major or minor bleeding (2.4% versus 3.8%, respectively, p=0.30). At three years, TRA and TFA patients had similar rates of the primary endpoint (15.7% versus 14.8%, adjusted HR 1.11, 95% CI: 0.73-1.69, p=0.64), as well as the individual rates of death, MI, stroke, ischaemia-driven revascularisation and stent thrombosis.

CONCLUSIONS
In the EXCEL trial, PCI of LM disease with TRA was associated with comparable early and late clinical outcomes to TFA.


This is a bold and controversial feminist, philosophical critique of postmodernism. Whilst providing a brief and accessible introduction to postmodernist feminist thought, Enlightened Women is also a unique defence of realism and enlightenment philosophy. The first half of the book covers an analysis of some of the most influential postmodernist theorists, such as Luce Irigaray and Judith Butler. In the second half Alison Assiter advocates a return to modernism in feminism. She argues, against the current orthodoxy, that there can be a distinction between "sex" and "gender". For students trying to pick their way through the maze of literature in the area of postmodernist feminism, Enlightened Women is a concise guide to contemporary thought - as well as a radical contribution to the debate.


Windmill grass (Chloris truncata R.Br.), also known as umbrella grass or blow-away grass, is a short-lived perennial species that has recently been identified as resistant to glyphosate. This weed is becoming more dominant in southern Australian farming systems and is steadily encroaching on Queensland. To better manage this key weed, we need to understand its ecology and what management tactics are effective for its control.


In this paper, I consider the policy implications of two alternative structural interpretations of observed inflation persistence, which correspond to two alternative specifications of the new Keynesian Phillips curve (NKPC). The first specification allows for some degree of intrinsic persistence by way of a lagged inflation term in the NKPC. The second is a purely forward-looking model, in which expectations farther into the future matter and coefficients are time-varying. In this specification, most of the observed inflation persistence is attributed to fluctuations in the underlying inflation trend, which are a consequence of monetary policy rather than a structural feature of the economy. With a simple quantitative exercise, I illustrate the consequences of implementing monetary policy, assuming a degree of intrinsic persistence that differs from the true one. The results suggest that the costs of implementing a stabilization policy when the policymaker overestimates the degree of intrinsic persistence are potentially higher than the costs of ignoring actual structural persistence; the result is more clear-cut when the policymaker minimizes a welfare-based loss function.


Fiber optic technology is an important part of communication networks enabling highbandwidth transmissions over long and short distances. They do have their fair share of problems though, contamination being the biggest culprit. Contamination of fiber optic connectors can lead to serious performance degradation or even loss of signal. Detecting contaminated fiber connectors can take weeks or even months using traditional practices. There are standard cleanliness practices when dealing with optical connectors but still the problem seems to persist. This work presents an inequality to solve the detection portion of this problem. The proposed inequality uses power readings from the Small Form-Factor Pluggables' (SFPs) Digital Optical Monitoring (DOM) capabilities to detect if the contamination is affecting the optical signal. The inequality proposed also takes into account the tolerance range of the optical power readings, the suggested tolerance is ± 3 dB but this work shows that in practice it is much closer to ± 1 dB. The inequality is used to detect contaminated connectors in an experiment where power samples are collected over a day and is able to detect them with no false positives. A top-down approach is also taken to detect contaminated fiber connectors using higher layer event counters such as TCP retransmissions. After several trials using the top-down method, the results are inconclusive. Further work is needed to detect contaminated connectors using this method.


Pervasive computing systems will likely be deployed in the near future, with the proliferation of wireless devices and the emergence of ad hoc networking as key enablers. Coping with mobility and the volatility of wireless communications in such systems is critical. Neighborhood discovery (ND) - the discovery of devices directly reachable for communication or in physical proximity - becomes a fundamental requirement and building block for various applications. However, the very nature of wireless mobile networks makes it easy to abuse ND and thereby compromise the overlying protocols and applications. Thus, providing methods to mitigate this vulnerability and secure ND is crucial. In this article we focus on this problem and provide definitions of neighborhood types and ND protocol properties, as well as a broad classification of attacks. Our ND literature survey reveals that securing ND is indeed a difficult and largely open problem. Moreover, given the severity of the problem, we advocate the need to formally model neighborhoods and analyze ND schemes.


For decades, studies of oil-related conflicts have focused on the effects of natural resource mismanagement, resulting in great economic booms and busts or violence as rebels fight ruling governments over their regions' hydrocarbon resources. In Oil Sparks in the Amazon , Patricia I. Vasquez writes that while oil busts and civil wars are common, the tension over oil in the Amazon has played out differently, in a way inextricable from the region itself. Oil disputes in the Amazon primarily involve local indigenous populations. These groups' social and cultural identities differ from the rest of the population and the diverse disputes over land, displacement, water contamination, jobs and wealth distribution reflect those differences. Vasquez spent fifteen years travelling to the oil-producing regions of Latin America, conducting hundreds of interviews with the stakeholders in local conflicts. She analyses fifty-five social and environmental clashes related to oil and gas extraction in the Andean countries (Peru, Ecuador and Colombia). She also examines what triggers local hydrocarbons disputes and offers policy recommendations to resolve or prevent them. Vasquez argues that each case should be analysed with attention to its specific sociopolitical and economic context. She shows how the key to preventing disputes that lead to local conflicts is to address structural flaws (such as poor governance and inadequate legal systems) and nonstructural flaws (such as stakeholders' attitudes and behaviour) at the outset. Doing this will require more than strong political commitments to ensure the equitable distribution of oil and gas revenues. It will require attention to the local values and culture as well.


In this paper a novel framework for data hiding based on reversible data hiding is presented for lossless data recovery approach. Reversible data hiding on encrypted images is most successful approach for its excellent property of lossless data recovery. Data hiding in digital images is a challenging task from last few decades since maintaining the image contents confidentiality and security to hidden data is an area of concern. The conventional algorithms in the literature which are proposed are subjected to errors at data extraction or data restoration process because these algorithms embed data by reversibly vacating room from the encrypted images. The proposed algorithm is more efficient than the conventional algorithm propose a novel method by reserving room before encryption with a traditional RDH algorithm, and thus it is easy for the data hider to reversibly embed data in the encrypted image. The proposed method can achieve real reversibility, that is, data extraction and image recovery are free of any error. Finally the Experiments show that this novel method can embed more than 10 times as large payloads for the same image quality as the previous methods. Keywords— reversible data hiding, histogram shift, image encryption privacy protection, data hiding


This article asks why middle-class Israeli seculars have recently begun to engage with Jewish religiosity. We use the case of the Jewish New Age (JNA) as an example of the middle class's turn from a nationalised to a spiritualised version of Judaism. We show, by bringing together the sociology of religion's interest in emerging spiritualities and cultural sociology's interest in social class, how after Judaism was deemed socially significant in identity-based struggles for recognition, Israeli New Agers started culturalising and individualising Jewish religiosity by constructing it in a spiritual, eclectic, emotional and experiential manner. We thus propose that what may be seen as cultural and religious pluralism is, in fact, part of a broader system of class reproduction.


Flowering in Arabidopsis is coordinated through numerous genes that are responsive to factors such as day length and exposure to cold, ensuring that the plant will flower under the most appropriate conditions. Plants adapted to northern latitudes, for instance, flower earlier following prolonged exposure to cold during germination, a process called vernalization. FLC (FLOWERING LOCUS C), which acts a flowering repressor, plays a key role in vernalization; FLC expression decreases during vernalization so that flowering can take place. However, null flc mutants still show a vernalization response, suggesting that multiple genes regulate this complex process. Ratcliffe et al. used mutational analysis to analyze the effects of four genes closely related to FLC, MAF2 (MADS AFFECTING FLOWERING) through MAF5. The authors investigated the effects of MAF2 loss-of-function and gain-of-function mutants on flowering in unvernalized plants or plants exposed to cold for different durations. The maf2-null mutant flowered earlier after brief periods of cold that did not affect flowering in wild-type plants, whereas MAF2 overexpression prevented vernalization. In contrast to FLC, which declined throughout the period of cold exposure, MAF2 levels only declined following prolonged cold exposure. Thus, MAF2 appears to prevent premature flowering following brief cold spells. Overexpression of MAF3, MAF4, and MAF5 could all delay flowering. MAF5 mRNA increased during vernalization, leading the authors to postulate that MAF5 might act as a floral activator by competing with more potent floral repressors such as FLC. Thus, the closely related FLC, MAF2, and MAF5 genes all play distinct roles in the vernalization process. O. J. Radcliffe, R. W. Kumimoto, B. J. Wong, J. L. Riechmann, Analysis of the Arabidopsis MADS AFFECTING FLOWERING gene family: MAF2 prevents vernalization by short periods of cold. Plant Cell 15, 1159-1169 (2003). [Abstract] [Full Text]


Policy to empower the people's economy need the support of various social sciences including economics. But experiences in Indonesian development phase of 1966-98, showed that it has helped economic growth tremendously, but it also resulted in social injustices. And above all it ended with a serious multidimentional crisis in 1997. Because of that a new economics is proposed to replace the old American Neoclassical economics. This new economics should be founded on Indonesian economic history and culture through serious empirical-inductive method. This is not to reject completely Neoclassical Economics but to modify it in such way to become Indonesian Institutional Economics. Keywords: People's Economy, Economic History, Economics Teaching.


Objective To assess the cost-effectiveness of three monitoring strategies for optimising medical therapy in chronic heart failure (CHF). Design This analysis was based on six randomised controlled trials. Costs were measured from a UK NHS perspective and estimated for patients' lifetime. The health outcome was the quality-adjusted life-year (QALY). Setting Hospital and community. Patients Patients with CHF. Interventions Serial measurement of natriuretic peptide (NP) by a specialist, clinical assessment by a specialist, and usual care in the community. Main outcome measures Costs, QALYs, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER). Results Serial NP measurement by a specialist was the most cost-effective option in patients with CHF due to left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD), showing an ICER of £3304 compared with clinical assessment. Serial NP measurement by a specialist was strongly favoured in patients with CHF from any cause, for all patients (ICER of £14 694 compared with clinical assessment by a specialist) and for the age subgroup ≤75 years (ICER of £2517 compared with usual care). However, serial NP measurement by a specialist was dominated (less effective and more costly) by alternative strategies in the subgroup age >75 years with CHF from any cause. Clinical assessment by a specialist of patients >75 years of age with CHF from any cause was cost-effective compared with usual care (ICER of £11 508). Conclusions Serial measurement of NP concentration by a specialist is the most cost-effective strategy for CHF due to LVSD and from any cause, except in the subgroup of patients >75 years with CHF from any cause, where treatment guided by NP measurement may be harmful and not cost-effective.


PURPOSE
To determine relationships between the Brief Multidimensional Measure of Religiousness/Spirituality (BMMRS; i.e., positive/negative spirituality, forgiveness, religious practices, positive/negative congregational support) and physical and mental health (Medical Outcomes Scale-Short Form 36; SF-36) for individuals with chronic disabilities.

RESEARCH METHOD
A cross-sectional analysis of 118 individuals evaluated in outpatient settings, including 61 with traumatic brain injury (TBI), 32 with cerebral vascular accidents (CVA), and 25 with spinal cord injury (SCI).

RESULTS
Three of 6 BMMRS factor scores (i.e., positive spiritual experience, forgiveness, negative spiritual experience) were significantly correlated with the SF-36 General Health Perception (GHP) scale, and only 1 of 6 BMMRS factor scores (i.e., negative spiritual experience) was significantly and negatively correlated with the SF-36 General Mental Health (GMH) scale. BMMRS scales did not significantly predict either physical or mental health in hierarchical multiple regressions.

CONCLUSIONS
Positive spiritual experiences and willingness to forgive are related to better physical health, while negative spiritual experiences are related to worse physical and mental health for individuals with chronic disabilities. Future research using the BMMRS will benefit from using a 6-factor model that evaluates positive/negative spiritual experiences, religious practices, and positive/negative congregational support. Interventions to accentuate positive spiritual beliefs (e.g., forgiveness protocols, etc.) and reduce negative spiritual beliefs for individuals with chronic disabilities are suggested.


Closed monopolies in graphs have a quite long range of applications in several problems related to overcoming failures, since they frequently have some common approaches around the notion of majorities, for instance to consensus problems, diagnosis problems or voting systems. We introduce here open $k$-monopolies in graphs which are closely related to different parameters in graphs. Given a graph $G=(V,E)$ and $X\subseteq V$, if $\delta_X(v)$ is the number of neighbors $v$ has in $X$, $k$ is an integer and $t$ is a positive integer, then we establish in this article a connection between the following three concepts:
- Given a nonempty set $M\subseteq V$ a vertex $v$ of $G$ is said to be $k$-controlled by $M$ if $\delta_M(v)\ge \frac{\delta_V(v)}{2}+k$. The set $M$ is called an open $k$-monopoly for $G$ if it $k$-controls every vertex $v$ of $G$.
- A function $f: V\rightarrow \{-1,1\}$ is called a signed total $t$-dominating function for $G$ if $f(N(v))=\sum_{v\in N(v)}f(v)\geq t$ for all $v\in V$.
- A nonempty set $S\subseteq V$ is a global (defensive and offensive) $k$-alliance in $G$ if $\delta_S(v)\ge \delta_{V-S}(v)+k$ holds for every $v\in V$.
In this article we prove that the problem of computing the minimum cardinality of an open $0$-monopoly in a graph is NP-complete even restricted to bipartite or chordal graphs. In addition we present some general bounds for the minimum cardinality of open $k$-monopolies and we derive some exact values.


The nucleus is the most prominent cellular organelle, and its sharp boundaries suggest the compartmentalization of the nucleoplasm from the cytoplasm. However, the recent identification of evolutionarily conserved linkers of the nucleoskeleton to the cytoskeleton (LINC) complexes, a family of macromolecular assemblies that span the double membrane of the nuclear envelope, reveals tight physical connections between the two compartments. Here, we review the structure and evolutionary conservation of SUN and KASH domain–containing proteins, whose interaction within the perinuclear space forms the "nuts and bolts" of LINC complexes. Moreover, we discuss the function of these complexes in nuclear, centrosomal, and chromosome dynamics, and their connection to human disease.


There is limited knowledge of risk perceptions in coastal communities despite their vulnerability to a range of risks including the impacts of climate change. A survey of 400 households in two Australian coastal communities, combined with semi-structured interviews, provides insight into household perceptions of the relative importance of climatic and non-climatic risks and the subsequent risk priorities that may inform household adaptive action. In contrast to previous research, the results demonstrated that geographic location and household characteristics might not affect perceptions of vulnerability to environmental hazards. However, past experience was a significant influence, raising the priority of environmental concerns. Overall, the results highlight the priority concerns of coastal households (from finance, to health and environment) and suggest to increase the profile of climate issues in coastal communities climate change strategies need to better demonstrate links between climate vulnerability and other household concerns. Furthermore, promoting generic capacities in isolation from understanding the context in which households construe climate risks is unlikely to yield the changes required to decrease the vulnerability of coastal communities; ;


In "The West and the Rest Revisited" (2006), I offered a critical assessment--theoretical as well as substantive--of recent revisionist scholarship that rejects standard explanatory accounts of the rise of the European powers to global dominance in the early modern period. (2) While differing on select points of interpretation, revisionists are in broad agreement on two fundamental claims: (a) the "advanced organic societies" across Eurasia were following comparable developmental paths, and (b) the European breakthrough to hegemonic ascendancy was both late and fortuitous, decisively facilitated by energy and resource contingencies rather than endogenous developments. Neither postulate is compelling, either as sociology or as history. To subscribe to the revisionist narrative requires the unwarranted relegation of two securely established analytical principles: that social formations are pervasively integrated and interdependent structures of institutional and cultural configuration; and that the historical processes variably reproducing and transforming those structures are not random or irregular, but unfold in path-dependent sequences that give rise to catenated trajectories of varying temporal duration. A viable historical social science is one that attends, connectively, to the dynamically coinciding "dual logics" of the sociological and the historical--a slighting of either, or both, will invariably skew or subvert the proffered analysis. According to proponents of the "Eurasian Similarity thesis," the leading powers of the early modern period--Ming and Manchu China, Tokugawa Japan, Mughal India, the Ottomans and Safavids, and the western Europeans--were all functioning on the basis of fundamental comparabilities in productivity, living standards, commercial vitality, urban dynamism, and knowledge systems. But even on the intensely contested assumption that these novel empirical claims of equivalencies are plausible, the revisionist optic fatally marginalizes all the many institutional and cultural differences--in political structures, modes of war-making, legal juridical arrangements, educational systems, kinship patterns, rural-urban interdependencies, class and status hierarchies, regnant worldviews, technological skill-levels, scientific comprehension of natural processes, etc. - that bore directly and indirectly upon the growing capacity of the European powers to establish coercive relations of dominance over much of the globe, beginning with limited ventures in mercantile brigandage at the end of the 15th century and continuing on to full-blown imperialism and colonization in centuries thereafter. As a comparative strategy for world history, a removal or displacement of the most centrally constitutive variables of social life not only injudiciously narrows and tilts our explanatory focus, it issues in highly misleading assimilations of societies that were keyed to profoundly differing institutional and cultural specifications. Revisionists accomplish this conflation by shifting their focus to a level of abstraction that is higher-order, yet more restricted in content In preference to the established multi-dimensional classifications (feudal, patrimonial, tributary, bureaucratic prebendalism, bourgeois-capitalist, proto-industrial, etc.), revisionists subsume all the major Eurasian powers under the arching rubric of "advanced organic societies," a one-dimensional categorization that indexes a common reliance on biomass resources and animal muscle-power that prevailed prior to any significant exploitation of fossil fuels. The energy factor, indisputably important, is thereby incautiously inflated to yield a new, coal-based binary of the "before" and "after" kind, which yields a reductive comparative sociology lacking in institutional and cultural concreteness. (3) On the premise that purported East-West differences in social organization have been overdrawn, and that "surprising similarities" were holding across Eurasia up to c. …


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The Malaysian construction industry is undergoing a transitional
change from an industry employing conventional technology to a more
systematic and mechanised. This new system is now known as the
industrialised building system (IBS). The new methods of construction can
increase productivity and quality of work through the use of better
construction machinery, equipment, materials and extensive pre-project
planning. This study becomes very necessary since there is yet no
organised body, which can provide the necessary information on the building
cost comparison between the conventional and industrialised building
system in Malaysia's construction industry.The thesis addresses the building cost comparison of the
conventional system and industrialised building system of IBS A, IBS B, and
IBS C. It provides the detail building cost to show cost savings amongst the
conventional system and the IBS. The data were collected through
questionnaire survey and case studies, which consisted of residential and
institutional buildings.
Through the t-test it is shown that there is a significant difference of
cost saving for the conventional system as compared to the industrialised
building system.


We present an IR-monitoring survey with the Spitzer Space Telescope of the star-forming region GGD 12-15. More than 1000 objects were monitored, including about 350 objects within the central 5′, which is found to be especially dense in cluster members. The monitoring took place over 38 days and is part of the Young Stellar Object VARiability project. The region was also the subject of a contemporaneous 67 ks Chandra observation. The field includes 119 previously identified pre-main sequence star candidates. X-rays are detected from 164 objects, 90 of which are identified with cluster members. Overall, we find that about half the objects in the central 5′ are young stellar objects (YSOs) based on a combination of their spectral energy distribution, IR variability, and X-ray emission. Most of the stars with IR excess relative to a photosphere show large amplitude (>0.1 mag) mid-infrared (mid-IR) variability. There are 39 periodic sources, and all but one is found to be a cluster member. Almost half of the periodic sources do not show IR excesses. Overall, more than 85% of the Class I, flat spectrum, and Class II sources are found to vary. The amplitude of the variability is larger in more embedded YSOs. Most of the Class I/II objects exhibit redder colors in a fainter state, which is compatible with time-variable extinction. A few become bluer when fainter, which can be explained with significant changes in the structure of the inner disk. A search for changes in the IR due to X-ray events is carried out, but the low number of flares prevented an analysis of the direct impact of X-ray flares on the IR light curves. However, we find that X-ray detected Class II sources have longer timescales for change in the MIR than a similar set of non-X-ray detected Class IIs.


Current FDA-approved kinase inhibitors cause diverse adverse effects, some of which are due to the mechanism-independent effects of these drugs. Identifying these mechanism-independent interactions could improve drug safety and support drug repurposing. We have developed "iDTPnd", a computational approach for large-scale discovery of novel targets for known drugs. For a given drug, we construct a positive and a negative structural signature that captures the weakly conserved structural features of drug binding sites. To facilitate assessment of unintended targets iDTPnd also provides a docking-based interaction score and its statistical significance. We were able to confirm the interaction of sorafenib, imatinib, dasatinib, sunitinib, and pazopanib with their known targets at a sensitivity and specificity of 52% and 55% respectively. We have validated 10 predicted novel targets, using in vitro experiments. Our results suggest that proteins other than kinases, such as nuclear receptors, cytochrome P450 or MHC Class I molecules can also be physiologically relevant targets of kinase inhibitors. Our method is general and broadly applicable for the identification of protein-small molecule interactions, when sufficient drug-target 3D data are available.


PURPOSE
To identify differentially expressed genes in a human lens epithelial cell line exposed to oxidative stress.

METHODS
Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) differential display was used to evaluate differential gene expression in a human lens epithelial cell line (SRA 01-04) when cells were exposed for 3 hours to a single bolus of 200 microM hydrogen peroxide. Differentially expressed genes were identified through DNA sequencing and a nucleotide database search. Differential expression was confirmed by northern blot and RT-PCR analyses.

RESULTS
Using 18 primer sets, 28 RT-PCR products were differentially expressed between control and hydrogen peroxide-treated cells. In stressed cells, mitochondrial transcripts nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) dehydrogenase subunit 4 and cytochrome b were downregulated 4-fold. Of the cytoplasmic mRNAs, glutamine cyclotransferase decreased 10-fold, whereas cytokine-inducible nuclear protein, alternative splicing factor 2, and beta-hydroxyisobutyryl-coenzyme A hydrolase increased 2-, 4-, and 10-fold, respectively. Analysis of mitochondrial transcripts in a 24-hour time course showed that NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4 mRNA decreased by 2-fold as early as 1 hour after oxidative stress, whereas the rate of decrease was slower for cytochrome b, cytochrome oxidase III, and 16S rRNA.

CONCLUSIONS
Oxidative stress induced specific expressed gene changes in hydrogen peroxide-treated lens cells, including genes involved in cellular respiration and mRNA and peptide processing. These early changes may reflect pathways involved in the defense, pathology, or both of the lens epithelium, which is exposed to oxidative stress throughout life.


Regional competitiveness and domestic tourism is increasingly important for a sustainable tourism economy at national level. The development of a competitive provincial index for the South African emerging domestic market is under scrutiny/investigation. Provincial competitiveness is a province's ability to optimize its attractiveness for domestic tourists by offering quality, innovative and attractive tourism services to gain domestic market share, while ensuring that available resources supporting tourism are used efficiently and in a sustainable way. Competitiveness at provincial level will ultimately result in national competitiveness as issues of supply are addressed (at local level). Factors and indicators relevant to selected regions/provinces/destinations are empirically identified through focus groups and a sample of 1065 emerging tourists in eight provinces of South Africa. A Tourism and Travel Market Indicators Index consisting of nine validated factors are proposed that can be used to compare the competitiveness of regions based on factors most relevant to the domestic market.


ABSTRACT Challenges related to access and supply of fossil fuel generated energy in Arctic communities, together with a global agenda to fight the climate change, including through promoting renewable energy systems as alternatives to fossil fuels, are motivating implementation of renewables in the Arctic Region, as in the rest of the world. Various benefits are anticipated in relation to implementation of renewables in Arctic communities, a fact that is driving interest in an appraisal of the state of energy production in the Arctic toward a transition from fossil fuel generated electricity and heating, to an Arctic energy system based on renewable energy sources. To understand and promote the potential for increased implementation of renewable energy solutions, it is important to investigate the role of key factors such as the economy, infrastructure and technology for the transition process. This article is based on an explorative study and analysis of how these three key factors are driving and challenging implementation of renewables. It aims at contributing to the debate on how to promote renewables in the four Arctic areas: Alaska, Canadian Arctic, Greenland and Russian Arctic. Key findings are discussed and recommendations to tackle some of the identified challenges are provided.


Additive manufacturing has enabled the creation of a near infinite set of functionally gradient materials. One limitation on the manufacturability and usefulness of these materials is the presence of undesirable phases along the gradient path. For example, such phases may increase brittleness, diminish corrosion resistance, or severely compromise the printability of the part altogether. In the current work, a design methodology is proposed to plan an FGM gradient path for any number of elements that avoids undesirable phases at a range of temperatures. Gradient paths can also be optimized for a cost function. A case study is shown to demonstrate the effectiveness of the methodology in the Fe-Ni-Cr system. Paths were successfully planned from 316L SS to pure Cr that either minimize path length or maximize separation from undesirable phases. Examinations on the stochastic variability, parameter dependency, and computational efficiency of the method are also presented. Several avenues of future research are proposed that could improve the manufacturability, utility, and performance of FGMs through gradient path design.


After correlation of the majority of signals by COSY and one‐bond heteronuclear correlation, the complete assignment of the 1H and 13C NMR spectra of the macrolide antibiotic venturicidin A required the application of long‐range CH coupling information. This was accessible by the COLOC‐S and selective INEPT experiments, and the sensitivity of these experiments is discussed. Steric information was obtained from a NOESY spectrum, and the solution structure compared with that in the crystal.


The satellite based monitoring initiative for regional air quality (SAMIRA) initiative was set up to demonstrate the exploitation of existing satellite data for monitoring regional and urban scale air quality. The project was carried out between May 2016 and December 2019 and focused on aerosol optical depth (AOD), particulate matter (PM), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and sulfur dioxide (SO2). SAMIRA was built around several research tasks: 1. The spinning enhanced visible and infrared imager (SEVIRI) AOD optimal estimation algorithm was improved and geographically extended from Poland to Romania, the Czech Republic and Southern Norway. A near real-time retrieval was implemented and is currently operational. Correlation coefficients of 0.61 and 0.62 were found between SEVIRI AOD and ground-based sun-photometer for Romania and Poland, respectively. 2. A retrieval for ground-level concentrations of PM2.5 was implemented using the SEVIRI AOD in combination with WRF-Chem output. For representative sites a correlation of 0.56 and 0.49 between satellite-based PM2.5 and in situ PM2.5 was found for Poland and the Czech Republic, respectively. 3. An operational algorithm for data fusion was extended to make use of various satellite-based air quality products (NO2, SO2, AOD, PM2.5 and PM10). For the Czech Republic inclusion of satellite data improved mapping of NO2 in rural areas and on an annual basis in urban background areas. It slightly improved mapping of rural and urban background SO2. The use of satellites based AOD or PM2.5 improved mapping results for PM2.5 and PM10. 4. A geostatistical downscaling algorithm for satellite-based air quality products was developed to bridge the gap towards urbanscale applications. Initial testing using synthetic data was followed by applying the algorithm to OMI NO2 data with a direct comparison against high-resolution TROPOMI NO2 as a reference, thus allowing for a quantitative assessment of the algorithm performance and demonstrating significant accuracy improvements after downscaling. We can conclude that SAMIRA demonstrated the added value of using satellite data for regionaland urban-scale air quality monitoring. Remote Sens. 2021, 13, 2219. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13112219 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/remotesensing Remote Sens. 2021, 13, 2219 2 of 23


Voter turnout is declining across all groups, but the slide is even more pronounced amongst young people. In this new joint IPPR and Democratic Audit publication, Guy Lodge, Glenn Gottfried, and Sarah Birch set out the scale of the problem, and propose a radical solution: a requirement for first time eligible voters to turn out on polling day.

Doing so, they argue, would help redress the political power gap which sees spending skewed towards the oldest members of society, at the expense of the young.


This article introduces and investigates the properties of a new bootstrap method for time-series data, the kernel block bootstrap. The bootstrap method, although akin to, offers an improvement over the tapered block bootstrap of Paparoditis and Politis (2001), admitting kernels with unbounded support. Given a suitable choice of kernel, a kernel block bootstrap estimator of the spectrum at zero asymptotically close to the optimal Parzen (1957) estimator is possible. The paper shows the large sample validity of the kernel block bootstrap and derives the higher order bias and variance of the kernel block bootstrap variance estimator. Like the tapered block bootstrap variance estimator, the kernel block bootstrap estimator has a favourable higher order bias property. Simulations based on the designs of Paparoditis and Politis (2001) indicate that the kernel block bootstrap may be efficacious in practice.


Single-cell sequencing of mouse immune cells reveals how aging destabilizes a conserved transcriptional activation program. Aging and variability among immune cells How and why the immune system becomes less effective with age are not well understood. Martinez-Jimenez et al. performed single-cell sequencing of CD4+ T cells in old and young mice of two species. In young mice, the gene expression program of early immune activation was tightly regulated and conserved between species. However, as mice aged, the expression of genes involved in pathways responding to immune cell stimulation was not as robust and exhibited increased cell-to-cell variability. Science, this issue p. 1433 Aging is characterized by progressive loss of physiological and cellular functions, but the molecular basis of this decline remains unclear. We explored how aging affects transcriptional dynamics using single-cell RNA sequencing of unstimulated and stimulated naïve and effector memory CD4+ T cells from young and old mice from two divergent species. In young animals, immunological activation drives a conserved transcriptomic switch, resulting in tightly controlled gene expression characterized by a strong up-regulation of a core activation program, coupled with a decrease in cell-to-cell variability. Aging perturbed the activation of this core program and increased expression heterogeneity across populations of cells in both species. These discoveries suggest that increased cell-to-cell transcriptional variability will be a hallmark feature of aging across most, if not all, mammalian tissues.


An experimental investigation of the surface topography, nanoindentation hardness, and nanowear characteristics of carbon thin films was conducted using atomic force and point contact microscopy. Hydrogenated carbon films qf thickness 5, 10, and 25 nm were synthesized using a sputtering technique. Atomic force microscopy images obtained with silicon nitride tips of nominal radius less than 20 nm demonstrated that the carbon films possessed very similar surface topographies and root-mean-square roughness values in the range of 0.7-1.1 nm. Nanoindentation and nanowear experiments performed with diamond tips of radius equal to about 20 nm revealed a significant enhancement of the hardness and wear resistance with increasing film thickness. High-resolution surface imaging indicated that plastic flow was the dominant dreformation process in the nanoindentation experiments. The carbon wear behavior was strongly influenced by variations in the film thickness, normal load, and number of scanning cycles. For a given film thickness, increasing the load caused the transition from an atomic-scale wear process, characterized by asperity, deformation and fracture, to severe wear consisting of plowing and cutting of the carbon films. Both the critical load and scanning time for severe wear increased with film thickness. Below the critical load, the wear rate decreased with further scanning and the amount of material wom off was negligibly small, while above the critical load the wear rate increased significantly resulting in the rapid removal of carbon. The observed behavior and trends are in good qualitative agreement with the results of other experimental and contact mechanics studies.


This paper reports the development of an alternative framework to help firms asses the role of additive manufacturing within their technology management strategy. Despite much recent attention, there has been little work to identify and classify the ways in which additive manufacturing or 3D printing is used as a strategic weapon for competitive advantage. It is not just a way of reducing supply chain lead time as striking examples are emerging of firms employing more radical business opportunities and innovative design techniques available. We review the existing literature on the technology application, examine the classic nozzle case study to identify previously undocumented opportunities from the technology, and add a new case of a firm with a more holistic and strategic focus. We argue that a multidimensional model is required to classify the various opportunities available and current understanding needs to be widened for firms to take full advantage.


Long-term continuous observations of hunting lions Panthera leo in the Kruger National Park were used to assess the variables affecting hunting success of male and female lions. Generalized linear models revealed that seven variables had significant independent influences on hunting success, with the most important being the prey species hunted. Three types of variables were recognized: (1) lion related, where type of hunt, wind orientation, and the number of adults hunting; (2) prey related, where prey species and herd size; (3) environment related, where moon brightness, and grass height were significant. The sex of the lions had no effect on the overall probability of hunting success. Five second-order interactions significantly influenced the probability of hunting success, with the most important being the interaction between sex and the type of prey. The only significant third-order interaction containing the variable sex, was the inter-relationship with prey species and shrub cover. After removing the over-riding bias of the prey species, greater resolution of the factors affecting success was revealed. The major difference was that group size influences hunting success and concomitantly prey selection, promoting selection for medium-sized ungulates like zebra Equus burchelli and wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus by females, and males mainly capturing buffalo Syncerus caffer. We conclude that in African ecosystems, the hunting success of male and female lions varies with a range of combinations of lion-, prey- and environment-related variables. We demonstrate the hunting ability of male lions, which has perhaps been understated in other studies.


This report provides a quantitative framework for policy considerations dealing with U.S. trade with China. It provides basic data and analysis of China's international trade with the United States and other countries. Since Chinese data differ considerably from those of its trading partners (because of how entrepot trade through Hong Kong is counted), data from both PRC sources and those of its trading partners are presented. Charts showing import trends by sector for the United States highlight China's growing market shares in many industries and also show import shares for Japan, Canada, Mexico, the European Union, and the Association for Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN ).


The development and recent advancements of integrated inertial sensors has afforded substantive new possibilities for the acquisition and study of complex human motor skills and ultimately their imitation within robotic systems. This paper describes continuing work on kinetic models that are derived through unsupervised learning from a continuous stream of signals, including Euler angles and accelerations in three spatial dimensions, acquired from motions of a human arm. An intrinsic classification algorithm, MML (Minimum Message Length encoding) is used to segment the complex data, formulating a GaussianMixture Model of the dynamic modes it represents. Subsequent representation and analysis as FSM (Finite State Machines) has found distinguishing and consistent sequences of modes that persist across both, a variety of tasks as well as multiple candidates. An exemplary "standard" sequence for each behaviour can be abstracted from a corpus of suitable data and in turn utilised together with alignment techniques to identify behaviours of new sequences, as well as detail the homologous extent between each. The progress in contrast to previous work and future objectives are discussed.


A detailed structural study of Rock Canyon (near Provo, Utah) provides insight into Wasatch Range tectonics and fold-thrust belt kinematics. Excellent exposures along theE-W trending canyon allow the use of digital photography in conjunction with traditional field methods for a thorough analysis of Rock Canyon's structural features. Detailed photomontages and geometric and kinematic analyses of some structural features help to pinpoint deformation mechanisms active during the canyon's tectonic history. Largescale images and these structural data are synthesized in a balanced cross section, which is used to reconstruct the structural evolution of this portion of the range. Projection of surficial features into the subsurface produces geometrical relationships that correlate well with a fault-bend fold model involving one or more subsurface imbrications. Kinematic data (e.g. slickenlines, fractures, fold axes) indicate that the maximum stress direction during formation of the fault-bend fold trended at approximately 120°. Following initial thrusting, uplift and development of a thrust splay produced by duplexing may have caused a shift in local stresses in the forelimb of the Rock Canyon anticline leading to late-stage normal faulting during Sevier compression. These normal faults may have activated deformed zones previously caused by Sevier folding, and reactivated early-stage decollements found in the folded weak shale units and shaley limestones. Movement on most of these normal faults roughly parallels stress directions found during initial thrusting indicating that these extensional features may be coeval with thrusting. Other zones of extension and brittle failure produced by lower ramp geometry appear to have been activated during Tertiary Basin and Range extension along the Wasatch Fault Zone. Slickenline data on these later normal faults suggest a transport direction of nearly E-W distinguishing it from earlier events.


High-throughput DNA and RNA sequencing has become a routine experiment in molecular biology and life sciences in general. It is increasingly used in the hospital as a key procedure of personalized medicine. Compared to the second generation, third generation sequencing technologies produce longer reads with comparatively lower throughput and higher error rate. Those errors include substitutions, in-dels, and they hinder or at least complicate downstream analysis like mapping or de novo assembly. However, these long read data are often used in conjunction with short reads of the 2nd generation. I will present a hybrid strategy for correcting the long reads using the short reads that we introduced last year. Unlike existing error correction tool, ours, called LoRDEC, avoids the alignment of short reads on long reads, which is computationally very intensive. Instead, it takes advantage of a succinct graph to represent the short reads, and compares the long reads to paths in the graph. Experiments show that LoRDEC outperforms existing methods in running time and memory while achieving a comparable correction performance. In conclusion, i will comment on the impact of read error correction. LoRDEC is available at http://atgc.lirmm.fr/lordec and is a joint work with Leena Salmela.


Previous studies of the effect of Social Security on elderly living arrangements generally have relied on data from the distant past or differences in benefits across families or cohorts that potentially were correlated with other determinants of living arrangements. Using data from the 1980–99 Current Population Surveys, we attempt to isolate the causal effect of Social Security on living arrangements with an instrumental-variable approach that relies on the large shifts in benefits for cohorts born from 1910–21, the so-called Social Security notch. Over all elderly households, the estimated elasticity of living with others with respect to Social Security income is −0.4, with elasticities of −1.3 and −1.4 for the widowed and divorced, respectively; most of the effects on living arrangements appear to be concentrated among the lesser educated as well. Our estimated elasticities are substantially larger than those from previous studies and suggest that reductions in current benefits would alter living arrangements significantly.


The author carried out clinical and statistical observations of the peripheral blood picture in various leukemias occurring in the Chugoku-Shikoku District, with a special reference to the comparative study on the two groups treated in our department, namely, the group whose bone marrow was cultured and the other without such a culture finding. However, cases of chronic lymphocytic leukemia are not included in the present statistics as their number was trivial. 1. Hb content and erythrocyte count: The decrease in Hb content and erythrocyte count is most marked in acute myelogenous leukemia, followed by acute lymphocytic leukemia, and it is least in chronic myelogenous leukemia. The decrease in Hb and erythrocytes of monocytic leukemia occupies an intermediate position between the above two. 2. The color index: The color index is comparatively high in acute type while it tends to be lower in chronic type. 3. Leucocyte count: The aleukemic form is greatest in monocytic leukemia followed in descending order of that in acute lymphocytic leukemia and acute myelogenous leukemia, and all of these aleukemic ones occupy more than 1/3 of the total. However, in chronic myelogenous leukemia it is extremely rare to find the aleukemic form. 4. Reticulocyte count: The reticulocyte count in the peripheral blood of leukemia is generally normal or is increased. 5. Platelet count: The platelet count is about at the normal level in chronic myelogenous leukemia, and in some it is increased. However, it is decreased in all other leukemias. In monocytic leukemia it resembles that in acute type. 6. Classification of leucocytes: In acute myelogenous leukemia myeloblasts occupy a greater proportion and also matured leucocytes are quite many. Intermediate immature cells are low in percentage but it is rare not to see any intermediate immature cells. In chronic myelogenous leukemia mature neutrophils are numerous but immature neutrophils are a few in number. In acute lymphocytic leukemia a high percentage of lymphatic cells accompanied by a marked increase in lymphoblasts can be observed.
In monocytic leukemia intermdiate mature cells are in a low proportion, and monoblasts are less than in acute type, presenting the characteristic intermediate between acute type and chronic type. Namely, monocytic leukemia is an intermediate type between acute leukemia and chronic leukemia, and it is difficult to divide it into acute and chronic types. 7. Relationship between the leucocyte count and leucocyte percentage: On the whole the increase in the number of leucocytes and myeloblast percentage show a mutual relationship. In monocytic leukemia those whose increase in the number of leucocytes is more marked show a greater number of monoblasts, approaching to the acute type. 8. Relationship between the leucocyte count and platelet count: There can be seen no relationship between the leucocyte count and platelet count. 9. Relationship between the leucocyte count and swelling of the spleen and lymph nodes: In acute lymphocytic leukemia the more marked is the increase in the number of leucocytes the greater is the palpitation frequency and the degere of swelling of the spleen and lymph nodes. In chronic myelogenous leukemia the degree of splenomegaly increases along with the increase in the nmnber of leucocytes.


This paper presents a new decision diagram (DD), called MODD, for multiple output binary and multiple-valued functions. This DD is canonic and can be made minimal with respect to a given variable order. Unlike other reported DDs, our approach can represent arbitrary combination of bits at the word-level. The preliminary results show that our representation can result in considerable memory saving.


This paper aims to better understand the role of leadership in regional climate change adaptation. We first present a framework, which distinguishes five functions of leadership within inter-organizational networks: the connective, enabling, adaptive, political–administrative and dissemination functions. Next, we compare the role of leadership in two examples of regional adaptation practices which were initiated by governmental actors with two examples which were initiated by non-governmental actors. The case studies are located in the Netherlands, Germany and the UK. Our research question is twofold: to what extent can the five functions of leadership be identified in practices of climate change adaptation, and are there differences in the patterns of leadership between adaptation practices which are initiated by governmental and by non-governmental actors? The study shows that although all leadership functions were fulfilled in all four cases, patterns of leadership were different and the fulfilment of leadership functions posed different challenges to non-governmental actors and governmental actors.


Increasing CO2 concentrations in the Earth's
atmosphere have led to global warming with climate change effects. Future RCP scenarios per the IPCC suggest
that local solutions to limit emissions are necessary but may not suffice to
combat the anthropogenic CO2 problem. Climate intervention has been given
increasing consideration. A climate
intervention approach of removing CO2 from the atmosphere through
dry ice deposition and storage in Antarctica is considered. While the technology needs continued
development, understanding the meteorological response to significant carbon
dioxide removal (CDR) in Antarctica takes precedence. Various Antarctica CDR scenarios are
simulated through the fully-coupled general circulation model CESM 2.1.1. Modern simulations (15 years) with prognostic
CO2 include 1) anthropogenic emissions (control), 2) no emissions,
3) emissions with ~4.5 ppmv sequestration annually (half sequestration), and 4)
emissions with ~9 ppmv sequestration annually (full sequestration). Full sequestration attempts to remove enough
CO2 to achieve pre-industrial concentration by the end of the
simulation. Experiments 1) and 3) were
continued until mid-21st century (50 years total) with SSP1-2.6 conditions and
emissions to examine the CDR impact on the atmosphere under the Paris Treaty
Agreement scenario (which limits Earth's warming to 1.5oC-2oC
above pre-industrial values). Modern simulations show sequestration
scenarios have more of an impact on 2m-air temperature and little effect on
precipitation patterns in 15 years.
SSP1-2.6 simulations show that an additional 1oC of warming
can be inhibited by continuing sequestration and limiting emissions. Further,
sequestration shows counteraction to warming in many of the locations that are
predicted to warm per the RCP 2.6 scenario in the IPCC (2013), as well as
counteraction to the predicted IPCC precipitation changes. These results are obtained from one
simulation of each experiment, and it is recognized that ensemble runs in line
with IPCC predictions are necessary to examine all possible predictions to
CDR. Future considerations include sea
level rise, carbon cycle response, convective parameters, and relocation of
sequestration.


Fair value estimates of debt and equity securities play an increasingly important role in the economy. For example, International Financial Reporting Standards require companies to report many of their investments at fair value on the balance sheet or to use fair values in goodwill impairment tests. Further, the funding status of pension plans is typically assessed as the difference between the fair values of pension plan assets and pension plan commitments. In many of these situations the use of fair value estimates results in economic decisions being dependent on valuation. That is, fair value adjustments to the carrying amounts of banks' investment portfolios affect their regulatory capital, forcing them to restructure their assets and liabilities in some extreme cases. Similarly, the fair value of pension assets affects decisions on pension funding, premiums and payouts. Although the exact use and implications of fair values may vary across these examples, what they have in common is that they stress the importance of having available accurate fair value estimates. Commonly, regulators and standard setters such as the International Accounting Standards Board express a strong preference for using quoted market prices as the basis for fair value, seemingly focusing on the reliability of fair value estimates. In this inaugural address, I discuss such use of market prices in measuring fair values and benchmark the price-based approach against fundamental valuation approaches, such as multiples-based and full-information-based valuation. I also reflect on the dominance of market prices and returns in business risk measurement, as used, for example, in practical applications of the capital asset pricing model, and discuss why a risk measurement approach that makes use of fundamental (accounting) information could serve as a useful alternative or complement.


Aerosol optical depth (AOD) is a critical variable in estimating aerosol concentration in the atmosphere, evaluating severity of atmospheric pollution, and studying their impact on climate. With the assistance of the 6S radiative transfer model, we simulated apparent reflectancein relation to AOD in each Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) waveband in this study. The closeness of the relationship was used to identify the most and least sensitive MODIS wavebands. These two bands were then used to construct three aerosol indices (difference, ratio, and normalized difference) for estimating AOD quickly and effectively. The three indices were correlated, respectively, with in situ measured AOD at the Aerosol Robotic NETwork (AERONET) Lake Taihu, Beijing, and Xianghe stations. It is found that apparent reflectance of the blue waveband (band 3) is the most sensitive to AOD while the mid-infrared wavelength (band 7) is the least sensitive. The difference aerosol index is the most accurate in indicating aerosol-induced atmospheric pollution with a correlation coefficient of 0.585, 0.860, 0.685, and 0.333 at the Lake Taihu station, 0.721, 0.839, 0.795, and 0.629 at the Beijing station, and 0.778, 0.782, 0.837, and 0.643 at the Xianghe station in spring, summer, autumn and winter, respectively. It is concluded that the newly proposed difference aerosol index can be used effectively to study the level of aerosol-induced air pollution from MODIS satellite imagery with relative ease.


Vitamin D toxicity also known as hypervitaminosis D was previously believed to be rare. But with an increase in vitamin D supplementation several cases have been reported in literature. Fat soluble vitamins like Vitamin D, due to their ability to accumulate in the body, have a higher potential for toxicity than water soluble vitamins. The main clinical consequence of vitamin D toxicity is hypercalcemia. In this report we describe an adult female patient who developed very high serum Vitamin D levels (746 ng/mL, RI: 20 to 50) as a result of medication error. Inspite of such high serum concentrations the patient was without any clinical symptoms and had normal serum calcium. We critically discuss the mechanism of toxicity and hypothesize the possible molecular/metabolic factors which might have been responsible for this nontoxic presentation. This case study highlights the fact that physicians need to consider the risk of medication errors while prescribing Vitamin D therapy. Clinical trials to study Vitamin D toxicity in humans is not possible ethically. Thus the evidence base regarding the safety profile of Vitamin D supplementation in humans has been build through case reports. This review of the paradoxical clinico-laboratory manifestation of hypervitaminosis D could possibly contribute to existing literature.


The phytochemical screening, antioxidant, and nephroprotective effects of methanol and acetone extracts of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) leaves were comparatively investigated using standard procedures. Fifty-four male Wistar rats (albino) were divided into nine groups of six rats each. Group 1 = negative control (normal untreated rats + normal saline); group 2 = positive control (rats + 2g/kg bw acetaminophen + normal saline), groups 3, 4, and 5 = 200 mg/kg bw, 100 mg/kg bw, and 50 mg/kg bw of methanol extract, respectively, + 2g/kg bw acetaminophen; groups 6, 7, and 8 = 200 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg bw, and 50 mg/kg bw of acetone extract, respectively, + 2g/kg bw acetaminophen; and group 9 = 100 mg/kg silymarin + 2g/kg bw acetaminophen. The phytochemical screening of the methanol and acetone leaves extracts showed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, anthocyanins, tannins, and triterpene, whereas, cardiac glycoside, steroids, and anthraquinone were absent in both extracts. Acetaminophen administration significantly elevated the levels of serum urea, creatinine, sodium, and potassium with a corresponding decrease in the levels of total protein, albumin, and calcium in the group 2 rats compared with that in the group 1 rats. Similarly, the levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione, and glutathione S-transferase were significantly less in the acetaminophen-intoxicated group than that in the negative control group. However, pretreatment with either extracts, dose dependently prevented the acetaminophen-induced derangement of the aforementioned parameters. The extracts showed antioxidant activity similar to the reference drug (silymarin). Comparatively, the methanol extract gave higher in vivo antioxidant and nephroprotective effects than the acetone extract. The results suggest the extracts of cassava leaves have high nephroprotective potential and may be based on their phytoconstituents and antioxidant activity.


Abstract DNA methylation plays an important role in carcinogenesis and aberrant methylation patterns have been found in many tumors. Methylation is regulated by DNA methyltransferases (DNMT), catalyzing DNA methylation. Therefore inhibition of DNMT is an interesting target for anticancer treatment. RX-3117 (fluorocyclopentenylcytosine) is a novel demethylating antimetabolite that is currently being studied in clinical trials in metastatic bladder and pancreatic cancers. The active nucleotide of RX-3117 is incorporated into DNA leading to downregulation of DNMT1, the maintenance DNA methylation enzyme. Since DNMT1 is a major target for the activity of RX-3117, DNMT1 may be a potential predictive biomarker. Therefore, DNMT1 protein and mRNA expression was investigated in 19 cancer cell lines, 26 human xenografts (hematological, lung, pancreatic, colon, bladder cancer) and 10 colorectal cancer patients. The DNMT1 mRNA expression showed large variation between cell lines (100-fold) and the 26 xenografts (1100-fold) investigated. The DNMT1 protein was overexpressed in colon tumours from patients compared to non-malignant mucosa from the same patients (P = 0.02). The DNA methylation in these patients was significantly higher in tumour tissues compared to normal mucosa (P = 0.001). DNMT1 expression in normal white blood cells also showed a large variation. In conclusion, the large variation in DNMT1 expression may serve as a potential biomarker for demethylating therapy such as with RX-3117.


Trust management frameworks are used to evaluate and manage trust relationships between network nodes and enhance network security. However, trust management frameworks themselves are vulnerable to attacks. Attacks against trust management frameworks are described in this paper with a trust management framework to resist them. The trustworthiness between nodes is evaluated to classify node behavior using a three-dimensional classifier based on a fuzzy integral. Different behaviors are mapped to different behavioral spaces to detect malicious nodes and identify their behavior types. The security of ad hoc networks is then improved by various measures to handle different types of malicious behavior. Simulations of the model on the System In The Loop (SITL) platform show that this trust management framework can separate normal nodes and malicious nodes and can distinguish different types of malicious nodes.


The infrared spectra of a number of aliphatic monocarboxylic acids in the 350–50 cm−1 range are reported and several consistencies in band frequencies noted. An attempt to assign the low frequency vibrational modes of some of the simpler acids has been made based on infrared and Raman intensities. It is concluded that these molecules consist of relatively strongly coupled dimer molecules in the pure liquid and that the spectra reflect this dimer structure.


We explore the relationship between owner-occupier mortgage debt and spending using detailed panel data on Australian households. We find evidence consistent with a 'debt overhang effect' – households cut back on their spending when they have higher levels of outstanding mortgage debt. This overhang effect holds even when households' net housing wealth remains constant, implying that households reduce their spending when the gross value of both their debt and assets increases. This suggests that changes in the composition of household balance sheets affect spending, which runs counter to macroeconomic models that combine assets and liabilities into a single measure of net wealth. We find the overhang effect to be pervasive across owner-occupier households and not exclusively driven by households that are financially constrained or that have strong precautionary saving motives. We find evidence that indebted households reduce their spending by more than other households during adverse macroeconomic shocks, such as the global financial crisis, but the negative effect of debt is also pervasive at other times.


The Supreme Court has never resolved whether innocence is a freestanding constitutional claim. Many critics have mistakenly contended that the Court held in 1993 that innocence is not a federal constitutional claim. As a result, much of the literature has failed to recognize that the door for such claims remains open, or that relevant circumstances have changed and thus the constitutional analysis has changed as well. In the past two decades, a consensus has emerged among states recognizing the right to judicial review of compelling claims of innocence. In the wake of DNA exonerations, the states reacted uniformly in providing petitioners with mechanisms to develop and present compelling innocence claims. Modern consensus, widely shared practice, and the doctrine of fundamental fairness now demonstrate that innocence claims fall squarely within the protections of the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments. The states have recognized the need to change their approach to innocence claims, but federal courts have not yet done so. In light of vast discrepancies in burdens of proof and procedural restrictions imposed by states, federal courts should establish a constitutional floor to ensure that no innocent people fall through the gaps left open by state laws. The burden for proving innocence must be informed by the understanding upon which our criminal justice system was built: innocence can rarely be proven and thus must be presumed absent proof of guilt. When new evidence eviscerates the proof of guilt, innocence must be presumed anew. This article makes four principal contributions. First, it proposes a new analysis of innocence as a freestanding constitutional claim that has not been advanced elsewhere. Second, it corrects misconceptions regarding the Court's holding in Herrera. Third, it catalogues the state laws and decisions that demonstrate the modern consensus among states that compelling claims of innocence require judicial review. Finally, it proposes a workable system of federal judicial review of innocence claims supported by model legislation. * Assistant Clinical Professor and Supervising Attorney, Northern California Innocence Project at Santa Clara University School of Law. I want to thank Maitreya Badami, John Blume, Moira Cullens, Carmen Dalpiaz, Zac Dillon, Jeffrey Fisher, John Kirkwood, Alex Simpson, and the participants of the SCU Law faculty workshop for their helpful comments, questions, and suggestions. I also thank Layla Zad for her research assistance.


MASS SPECTROSCOPIC IDENTIFICATION AND QUANTIFICATION OF PROTEIN CARBONYLS By Zafer Ugur, Ph.D. A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2012 Director: Scott Gronert, Ph.D., Department of Chemistry It is well established that free radical mediated oxidative stress plays a critical role in aging and age-related diseases. Among the post-translational protein modifications, carbonylation has attracted a great deal of attention due to its irreversible and irreparable nature. Despite the fact that protein carbonylation is associated with a series of physiological and pathological processes, there are still issues to be clarified such as why certain proteins are more vulnerable to modification, what are the locations of the protein modifications, and how does the nature of the oxidant affect the preferred site of modification. In this study, we will seek an answer to these questions and examine the global effect of oxidative stress on protein abundance. The study embraces three distinct specific aims. In the first, methods are developed for identifying sites of protein carbonylation. In the second specific aim, these methods are used to identify carbonylaytion sites in model proteins subjected to chemical oxidants. In the third aim, the focus is on a model organism, C. elegans, subjected to paraquat-induced oxidative stress. This is exploratory work and mass spectrometry is used to assess the impact of oxidative stress on the mitochondrial proteome.


This study presents a sensor strip for user-friendly, naked-eye detection of Xylella fasitdiosa, the bacterial causal agent of Pierce's disease in grapevine. This sensor uses anti–X. fastidiosa antibodies conjugated to a polydiacetylene layer on a polyvinylidene fluoride strip to generate specific color transitions and discriminate levels of the pathogen. The detection limit of the sensor is 0.8 × 108 cells/mL, which is similar to bacterial load in grapevine 18 days following bacterial inoculation. This sensor enables equipment-free detection that is highly desirable for in-field diagnostic tools in resource-limited settings.


Not that unusual after all As polar ice recedes, polar bears are facing a changed habitat with reduced summer foraging opportunities. It has been hypothesized that they might be able to resist summer food shortages by reducing their metabolic needs in a sort of "walking hibernation." Whiteman et al. monitored energy expenditure in polar bears both on and off the ice and found energy reductions, but that these were more akin to normal mammalian fasting levels. Thus, it appears that polar bears have no energetic protections against reduced summer food supplies and will face increasing starvation threats if summer foraging habitats continue to decline. Science, this issue p. 295 Polar bears show no inherent energetic resistance to summer food shortages. Polar bears (Ursus maritimus) summer on the sea ice or, where it melts, on shore. Although the physiology of "ice" bears in summer is unknown, "shore" bears purportedly minimize energy losses by entering a hibernation-like state when deprived of food. Such a strategy could partially compensate for the loss of on-ice foraging opportunities caused by climate change. However, here we report gradual, moderate declines in activity and body temperature of both shore and ice bears in summer, resembling energy expenditures typical of fasting, nonhibernating mammals. Also, we found that to avoid unsustainable heat loss while swimming, bears employed unusual heterothermy of the body core. Thus, although well adapted to seasonal ice melt, polar bears appear susceptible to deleterious declines in body condition during the lengthening period of summer food deprivation.