Assignments incorporating student collaborations to hone critical thinking skills in higher education have been proven to enhance student learning. Abstract concepts, such as bacterial transformation are challenging for students to understand. One way to overcome this learning obstacle is to provide students with collaborative learning activities during class. A modified process-oriented guided-inquiry learning exercise (POGIL) was used to facilitate learning of bacterial transformation in a microbiology course for allied health majors at a community college. This class activity involved small groups working together on short background test, and a series of questions pertaining to the background and experimental data. Students were given a summary diagram to assist them in completing this collaborative exercise.


The research question we wish to investigate is the degree to which different countries with differing levels of NSI strength and weakness cope in mitigating some of the adverse impacts of the recession. In general during the recession confidence declines or what Keynes calls the "animal spirit". Creative destruction is heightened as firms destroyed need to find other ways of recreating their economic activities. Exports and imports change. Investment from abroad declines and consumers afraid of the recession save or even hoard. Such a state is likely to impact those who are absorbing FDI and exporting to the heartland of the current recession which is the US market. China and India both export mainly hardware and software related goods and services respectively to this market where reduction in demand has resulted in company closures and unemployment. Even free trade has been challenged with protectionist and nationalist rhetoric on the rise during this recession. Given a recession that has affected the entire world economy and its constituent parts, both the way the recession impacts on different national economies and the ability of national economies to mitigate the recession are likely to be different. This paper concentrates on the latter not on the former per se. We examine what mitigating capability different national innovation systems have in relation to dealing with and responding to the current world financial and economic crises. The hypothesis we would like to test with descriptive comparative data is how far the relative strength or weakness of the NSI is capable of mitigating the adverse impact of the recession. We assume that that the nature and degree of impact of the recession across countries are likely to be different. In this paper we would like to take only the NSI factor in trying to account how such differences due to the individual characteristics of NSIs across different countries mitigate recessionary impact on given economies. For this, we propose to examine selected sectors from selected emerging economies such as China, India, Brazil and South Africa (BRICS excluding Russia) to estimate mitigating capabilities of different NSIs.


Faster growth of EscWchia coli strain B cells is observed in media which dontain factors previously found to increase the numbers killed by radiation. Incubation in the presence of metabolic inhibitors after irradiation allows many more irradiated cells to originate colonies. Holding the cells on complete media at low temperatures after irradiation causes more irradiated cells to die, an exception to the principle that greater survival of strain B is associated with slower growth. The difterence in the radiosensitivity of strain B and two resistant mutants, strains B/r and Bpr5, depends on differences in their utilization of organic nutrients, since: (i) all three strains have about the same sensitivity if they are plated on a minimal medium; (ii) if strains B and B/r are treated with chloramphenicol immediately after ultraviolet, the survival of strain B increases, and that of strain B/r decreases, both reaching the same level as if they had been plated immediately on minimal medium ; (iii) if irradiated cells of strsins B and B/r are incubated on nutrient medium for a short period before chloramphenicol treatment, the survival of strain B roughly equals that of the resistant mutants, while that of B/r is unaffected. When logarithmic phase broth-grown cells of all three strains are exposed to visible light after ultraviolet, only strain B is 'photoreactivated', and then only when viable counts on nutrient medium are compared, the counts on synthetic medium being unaffected by the visible light.


Electrochemically switchable bistable main-chain poly[n]rotaxanes have been synthesised using a threading-followed-by-stoppering approach and were incorporated into solid-state, molecular switch tunnel junction devices. In contrast to single-station poly[n]rotaxanes of similar structure, the bistable polymers do not fold into compact conformations held together by donor–acceptor interactions between alternating stacked π-electron rich and π-electron deficient aromatic systems. Films of the poly[n]rotaxane were incorporated into the devices by spin-coating, and their thickness was easily controlled. The switching functionality was characterised both (1) in solution by cyclic voltammetry and (2) in devices containing either two metal electrodes or one metal and one silicon electrode. Devices with one silicon electrode displayed hysteretic responses with applied voltage, allowing the devices to be switched between two conductance states, whereas devices containing two metal electrodes did not exhibit switching behaviour. The electrochemically switchable bistable poly[n]rotaxanes offer significant advantages in synthetic efficiency and ease of device fabrication as compared to bistable small-molecule [2]rotaxanes.


Many applications, ranging from video games to dynamic robotics, require solving single-agent, deterministic search problems in partially known environments under very tight time constraints. Real-Time Heuristic Search (RTHS) algorithms are specifically designed for those applications. As a subroutine, most of them invoke a standard, but bounded, search algorithm that searches for the goal. In this paper we present FRIT, a simple approach for single-agent deterministic search problems under tight constraints and partially known environments that unlike traditional RTHS does not search for the goal but rather searches for a path that connects the current state with a so-called ideal tree T. When the agent observes that an arc in the tree cannot be traversed in the actual environment, it removes such an arc from T and then carries out a reconnection search whose objective is to find a path between the current state and any node in T. The reconnection search is done using an algorithm that is passed as a parameter to FRIT. If such a parameter is an RTHS algorithm, then the resulting algorithm can be an RTHS algorithm. We show, in addition, that FRIT may be fed with a (bounded) complete blind-search algorithm. We evaluate our approach over grid pathfinding benchmarks including game maps and mazes. Our results show that FRIT, used with RTAA*, a standard RTHS algorithm, outperforms RTAA* significantly; by one order of magnitude under tight time constraints. In addition, FRIT(daRTAA*) substantially outperforms daRTAA*, a state-of-the-art RTHS algorithm, usually obtaining solutions 50% cheaper on average when performing the same search effort. Finally, FRIT(BFS), i.e., FRIT using breadth-first-search, obtains best-quality solutions when time is limited compared to Adaptive A* and Repeated A*. Finally we show that Bug2, a pathfinding-specific navigation algorithm, outperforms FRIT(BFS) when planning time is extremely limited, but when given more time, the situation reverses.


Evolving factor analysis (EFA) is a new approach to the resolution of individual component spectra on the basis of fluorescence lifetime differences. Phase-resolved fluorescence spectra collected at several excitation modulation frequencies are well suited to EFA resolution because the frequency-response curve of phase-resolved intensity for each lifetime component has a single, unique maximum. Unlike other self-modeling spectral matrix resolution methods, EFA has no fundamental limitation upon the number of components that can be resolved. In this work, the resolution of two-component and three-component mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons is demonstrated.


Velocity (composed in 2012) is a companion piece to my earlier Vertigo quartet (based on Bernard Herrmann's film music). Velocity doesn't quote directly from Herrmann but does emulate the 'sighing' cadential gestures which are a striking characteristic of Herrmann's score.

The title refers to one of the simple ideas behind the work, namely that closer objects appear to move more quickly than distant ones, so in the music the fast passages are in the foreground at a louder dynamic level than the slower passages, to create a dynamic, three-dimensional quality where surprise and inevitability co-exist.

The opening of Velocity contrasts the fast, loud music in the viola and the soft, sustained sounds of the others; it establishes D as tonal centre and outlines the minor third as an important structural unit. Contrasting musical ideas form a steady processional, interrupted at bar 60 by the first extended loud passage. This template (a montage of slow, soft elements leading to explosive outburst) is applied in successive cycles. The longest passage of soft music is abruptly interrupted by the final extended explosion of hocketing monody; the intensity subsequently subsides into a return of the opening music and loud outbursts become momentary interjections rather than foreground activity.

Velocity was first performed by the Ligeti Quartet in May 2012.


Abstract:The year 2005 may prove to have been one of the most politically consequential in the modern history of Iraq. In the space of less than eleven months, the country held three elections. The elections took place successfully, with Iraqis voting in large numbers despite widespread logistical challenges, terrorist intimidation, and insurgent violence. But in their entrenchment of ethnic and sectarian fissures as the main organizing principle of politics, the three votes highlighted the role and limits of electoral-system design in the quest to manage and contain potentially polarizing divisions.


This article, while critically examining the second wave of the scramble for oil and mineral resources of the African countries, advocates for the people themselves, not just the governments, to be involved. Historically, the scramble for Africa's economic resources by the European countries that began in colonial times never ceased as such, even with decolonization, owing to the continent's strategic resource richness. What appears to be new in the current situation is the emergence of new non-traditional "customers" in the struggle for the control of the resources by some non-European nations, in particular America and some Asian countries, led by China. If there is any difference at all from the past in the way America and China joined the scramble for Africa's oil and mineral resources, it is in the strategy they adopted, one showing itself as a "superior," while the other presents itself as a "partner." The most important reasons for the current wave of second scramble for oil and mineral resources of Africa are: strategic location, lack of obstacles for transportation of its oil, quality of oil, less complicated contractual conditions, and non-membership of OPEC by many of the oil-producing countries in the continent. The heart of the problem of this scramble lies in the fact that while the resource exploration and exploitation by all stakeholders could be beneficial to the people if properly done, the scourges of corruption, environmental degradation, and human rights abuses have taken the upper hand. This being so, this paper further advocates a solution ensuring democratic accountability, reform of the constitutions for more respect for private property rights over natural resources, and finally, reform of the judiciary to provide more access to individuals and groups seeking to enforce their fundamental human rights. The article also rebuts the sharp criticism in some quarters that the proposed remedies contained herein are still not achievable even with great political will demonstrated by the governments of African countries.


GEOME is a web-based platform for the combined analysis of spatial environmental and molecular data. It implements tools for population genetics and spatial analysis. It has been developed to provide objective criteria for optimal biodiversity conservation measures. Although resource conservation managers increasingly have to use geo-environmental information and spatial analysis approaches, they do not have the tools and are not trained to do so. The web component of GEOME allows centralized service and technical support, encouraging the emergence of a community of users. GEOME therefore supplies a unique service of decision support based on free environmental data and open-source technologies.


Export of aquarium-fish from the Maldives began in 1980 and in 1989 almost 54,000 marine fishes, worth approximately US$ 130,000, were exported. The collection of aquarium species is confined to a relatively small area around the capital island, Malé. Estimates of annual exports of 95 species were obtained by examining packing-lists held by Maldivian Customs. In parallel, the population densities of about 70 aquarium-fish species were estimated by visual assessment. Using a number of assumptions, potential (maximum sustainable) yields for 65 of these species — those for which export data were available — were estimated for the area (530 km2) within a 13-km radius (one hour's journey by local boat) of Malé. For 27 species there were some reasons for concern about the levels of exploitation, although only 12 of these species appeared to be 'at risk' in 1986 (the year of highest exploitation). If the assumptions made in estimating potential sustainable yields were valid, these 12 aquarium-fish species were being overexploited or exploited at levels close to maximum sustainable yields. Should the trade expand threefold, a further 12 species are considered to be potentially at risk of overexploitation. Two species of butterflyfish, Chaetodon meyeri and C. triangulum, which feed exclusively on coral polyps and generally die in captivity after a short time, were being exported in significant numbers. Both clownfishes (Amphiprion spp.) and their host sea-anemones were being heavily exploited. Because of the symbiotic relationship between these fishes and their anemone homes, this group may be particularly susceptible to overexploitation. Damage to branching corals may result from the collection of specimens of Dascyllus aruanus, which shelter within them. With many thousands of individuals of this species being exported each year, this could represent considerable collateral coral damage. Although levels of exploitation of 'cleaner wrasses' (Labroides bicolor and L. dimidiatus) appear well below potentially sustainable ones, it is unclear whether the health of reef fishes might locally be adversely affected in heavily exploited areas. Monitoring and regulation of the aquarium-fish trade is discussed, together with the need for collection of catch statistics by those involved in the trade. The importance of regulation of collection techniques, of standards of facilities, and of satisfactory packaging of fish for export, is stressed. If more accurate estimates of sustainable yields are to be obtained, there needs to be monitoring of populations of key aquarium-fish species in designated collecting areas where exploitation levels are known. Until such estimates become available, the cautious approach adopted in the Maldives to estimate yields and set species-based quotas will, it is hoped, prevent local overexploitation.


Forest ecosystems in the New Lander (Germany) were impacted for more than one century by industrial emissions. The deposition amount has decreased since the middle of the 1980s due to technological progress and closing of main emitters. In the research project ENFORCHANGE (www.enforchange.de), the impact of past industrial depositions on forest ecosystems is assessed in two model regions, and approaches how to integrate deposition residuals into forest management are developed. The here presented model region Dubener Heide is a ca. 300 km² large forest area in the industrial triangle Leipzig-Halle-Bitterfeld, which is one of the most polluted regions in the New Lander. A total deposition amount of 18 Mio t fly ash and of 12 Mio t SO2 led to considerable changes of site properties, forest growth and health. The actual investigations in Dubener Heide revealed that the historical deposition impact still results in a spatial differentiation of forest growth conditions: nowadays, Dubener Heide can be divided into two parts with different impact level and intensity. Verifiable fly ash influence with high pH values and nutrient potential is limited to a zone of maximally 8–15 km distance to the former emitters, whereas SO2 impacted the total 300 km² area, but its effects are no longer detectable. This spatial differentiation is relevant for tree species choice in the future: the heavily fly ash impacted sites are characterized by ample regeneration and growth of noble hardwood species and European beech, whereas the not measurably fly ash influenced sites are more or less suitable for Scots Pine and Oak. The prediction of the long-term development of the site potential and tree species suitability on heavily fly ash affected sites under different climate change scenarios are part of ongoing studies.


The term "humanitarian crisis" combines two words of controversial meaning and definitions that are often used in very different situations. For example, there is no official definition of "humanitarian crisis" in international humanitarian law. Although some academic disciplines have developed ways of collecting and analyzing data on (potential) crises, all of them have difficulties understanding, defining, and even identifying humanitarian crises. Following an overview of the use of the compound noun "humanitarian crisis," three perspectives from respectively the disciplines International Humanitarian Law, Public Health, and Humanitarian Studies are discussed in order to explore their different but partly overlapping approaches to (incompletely) defining, representing, and negotiating humanitarian crises. These disciplinary perspectives often paint an incomplete and technocratic picture of crises that is rarely contextualized and, thus, fails to reflect adequately the political causes of crises and the roles of local actors. They center more on defining humanitarian action than on humanitarian crises. They also show four different types of humanitarian action, namely radical, traditional Dunantist, multimandate, and resilience humanitarianism. These humanitarianisms have different strengths and weaknesses in different types of crisis, but none comprehensively and successfully defines humanitarian crises. Finally, a multiperspective and power-sensitive definition of crises, and a more fine-grained language for comprehending the diversity of crises will do more justice to the complexity and longevity of crises and the persons who are surviving—or attempting to survive—them.


Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to investigate how the use of social media can facilitate employee creativity. Departing from theories on social capital and knowledge management, this study examines the relationship among individual characteristics, the use of social technologies and employee creativity. The main hypothesis of the study is that online social networking mediates the relationship between personal innovativeness and creativity.

Design/methodology/approach
Data were obtained through an online survey of 80 engineers and 12 managers working in a large IT company listed by the Fortune 500 (n1=80, n2=12). The empirical strategy relies on fixed-effects structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis with a quasi-experimental design to study the structural relationship among creativity, online social connectivity (OSC) and personal innovativeness.

Findings
The study provides three major findings. First, the results show that personal innovativeness regarding new technologies is positively associated with creativity. Second, 18 percent of the association between personal innovativeness and creativity is explained by the latent mediator OSC (a construct of online networking and knowledge management). More specifically, the partial mediation is driven by online networking, specifically establishing new connections. Finally, contrary to the expectations, there is no significant evidence that the relationship between creativity and personal innovativeness is mediated by online social knowledge management.

Practical implications
Understanding the ways in which online connections and online knowledge management as well as personal innovativeness are related to employee creativity helps in building innovative organizations. This study may facilitate recruitment and selection strategies and encourage organizations to implement platforms with user-friendly functionalities of connecting with other employees and searching data.

Originality/value
The main question of this study is whether all features related to social technologies make people more creative. Evidence is still scarce, but there are hints that creativity is not only an innate personal feature but also a social phenomenon. This study explains the benefits of OSC for enhancing employee creativity.


The identification of closely related, ecologically distinct populations within microbial communities is paramount to understanding the structure and function of these communities. Microbial systematists have long used differences in DNA sequence relatedness to categorize the observed diversity in a community of microbes without including ecological theory to identify whether or not the identified groups are ecologically distinct. Ecotype Simulation, an evolutionary simulation algorithm based on the Stable Ecotype Model of microbial species and speciation, has been used successfully to study the diversification of thermophilic A/B′-lineage Synechococcus living in the effluent channels of alkaline-siliceous hot springs in Yellowstone National Park. However, Ecotype Simulation is an extremely slow program that is unable to handle the quantity of data produced by modern DNA sequencing technologies. I introduce a new version of this algorithm, called Ecotype Simulation 2, that permits the rapid analyses of microbial diversity from very large DNA sequence datasets. Results from this new version of the Ecotype Simulation algorithm compare favorably with results from the old version, but with analyses performed much more quickly on a much greater quantity of sequences sampled. The new algorithm was used to analyze three datasets. First, the biogeography of thermophilic A/B′-lineage Synechococcus living in hot springs of the American Northwest was analyzed. Results suggested a surprising amount of endemism among springs sampled, as well as implications for adaptations to physical and chemical environmental features not seen before. Second, Ecotype Simulation 2 was used to study the history of change in Synechococcus populations, seasonally (winter to summer) and over a twenty-five year period. Results suggested changes in population abundances and distribution seasonally, but stability in population genetic structure over many years. Finally, Ecotype Simulation 2 was used to study the populations of other predominant phototrophic microbes living along temperature and depth gradients in the same microbial mat community. Results suggested that the algorithm and the Stable Ecotype Model can successfully predict ecological diversity within all predominant mat taxa. Ecotype Simulation 2 provides the means for other microbiologists to base their understanding of the communities they study on evolutionary and ecological principals.


Abstract. Data assimilation systems allow for estimating surface fluxes of greenhouse gases from atmospheric concentration measurements. Good knowledge about fluxes is essential to understand how climate change affects ecosystems and to characterize feedback mechanisms. Based on the assimilation of more than 1 year of atmospheric in situ concentration measurements, we compare the performance of two established data assimilation models, CarbonTracker and TM5-4DVar (Transport Model 5 – Four-Dimensional Variational model), for CO2 flux estimation. CarbonTracker uses an ensemble Kalman filter method to optimize fluxes on ecoregions. TM5-4DVar employs a 4-D variational method and optimizes fluxes on a 6° × 4° longitude–latitude grid. Harmonizing the input data allows for analyzing the strengths and weaknesses of the two approaches by direct comparison of the modeled concentrations and the estimated fluxes. We further assess the sensitivity of the two approaches to the density of observations and operational parameters such as the length of the assimilation time window. Our results show that both models provide optimized CO2 concentration fields of similar quality. In Antarctica CarbonTracker underestimates the wintertime CO2 concentrations, since its 5-week assimilation window does not allow for adjusting the distant surface fluxes in response to the detected concentration mismatch. Flux estimates by CarbonTracker and TM5-4DVar are consistent and robust for regions with good observation coverage, regions with low observation coverage reveal significant differences. In South America, the fluxes estimated by TM5-4DVar suffer from limited representativeness of the few observations. For the North American continent, mimicking the historical increase of the measurement network density shows improving agreement between CarbonTracker and TM5-4DVar flux estimates for increasing observation density.


David Hume' political philosophy has a strongly paternalistic feel, leading to a misconception of Hume as a conservative thinker with little to contribute in the field of political philosophy beyond a defence of the status quo. This Thesis assesses the extent to which Hume's work can help us understand his world and our own. Chapter One dwells on the personality of David Hume, as a prerequisite to a fuller understanding of the intentions and significance of his work. Includes: Hume's ambition; his concern for accuracy (and restraint from empty rhetoric); his caution; his objectivity (demonstrated by his greed for independence; his emotional side (including an introduction to the idea of Hume as agnostic rather than strictly an atheist as he is - still - often characterised); his attitude towards the truth. Chapter Two moves onto an examination of relevant parts of Hume's general philosophy, forming the beginning of Hume's theory of justice. Chapter Three concerns the impact of Hume's general philosophy on his politics. Hume's theory of just government is rooted in his general thoughts on morality, which are characterised by a scepticism sometimes mistaken for cynicism. Hume dismisses the idea of an original and binding Contract of Government. In Hume's political philosophy man has the capacity for improvement and progress without being restrained by the past. Justice underscores civil society, which is about mutual protection - peace is justice. Justice is not necessarily about democracy, although Hume is not challenging the possibility of legitimate government authority. Key questions: What does Hume mean by stability in government? Is Hume right about Justice? What precisely does Hume mean by self-interest? Was Hume a democrat? Chapter Four Conclusion: concluding comments on Hume's philosophy of the state. Hume shares Hobbes' objective of non-ideological government. Hume was wary of change, especially if it was in accordance with some grand plan for society and / or mankind (which tended to mean revolution). Includes: the crucial role of property in Hume's jurisprudence, empirical evidence from history to support this and other claims; more on the political culture in Hume's functional civil society, including a look at how Hume uses the Aristotelean distinction between man and citizen; the practical aspects of his theory of justice in government; conclusion that Hume's theory of justice is a theory of property, and that this is because self-interest drives all men. Key questions: What is Hume's "common sense"? Has Hume identified the elusive, verifiable moral absolute? Can we derive a workable principle of civil society from Hume's analysis? Did David Hume fulfil his lofty intellectual ambitions?


Recent advances in the fast growing area of therapeutic/diagnostic proteins and antibodies - novel and highly specific drugs - as well as the progress in the field of functional proteomics regarding the correlation between the aggregation of damaged proteins and (immuno) senescence or aging-related pathologies, underline the need for adequate analytical methods for the detection, separation, characterization and quantification of protein aggregates, regardless of the their origin or formation mechanism.
Hollow fiber flow field-flow fractionation (HF5), the miniaturized version of FlowFFF and integral part of the Eclipse DUALTEC FFF separation system, was the focus of this research; this flow-based separation technique proved to be uniquely suited for the hydrodynamic size-based separation of proteins and protein aggregates in a very broad size and molecular weight (MW) range, often present at trace levels. HF5 has shown to be (a) highly selective in terms of protein diffusion coefficients, (b) versatile in terms of bio-compatible carrier solution choice, (c) able to preserve the biophysical properties/molecular conformation of the proteins/protein aggregates and (d) able to discriminate between different types of protein aggregates.
Thanks to the miniaturization advantages and the online coupling with highly sensitive detection techniques (UV/Vis, intrinsic fluorescence and multi-angle light scattering), HF5 had very low detection/quantification limits for protein aggregates. Compared to size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), HF5 demonstrated superior selectivity and potential as orthogonal analytical method in the extended characterization assays, often required by therapeutic protein formulations. In addition, the developed HF5 methods have proven to be rapid, highly selective, sensitive and repeatable. HF5 was ideally suitable as first dimension of separation of aging-related protein aggregates from whole cell lysates (proteome pre-fractionation method) and, by HF5-(UV)-MALS online coupling, important biophysical information on the fractionated proteins and protein aggregates was gathered: size (rms radius and hydrodynamic radius), absolute MW and conformation.


In a 2-year field/laboratory study, the biological nitrogen fixing potentials of 14 newly introduced pigeonpea ( Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) genotypes from ICRISAT along with a local check were assessed under intercropping with sorghum ( Sorghum bicolour (L.) Moench.) in Southern Guinea Savanna of Nigeria. Using sorghum as the non-fixing control and N-difference method, estimates of fixed N in pigeonpea genotypes of different maturity ratings ranged from 37.52kg/ha to 164.82kg/ha under intercropping. The average total nitrogen concentration of shoot in intercropped pigeonpea genotypes at harvest (2.83%) was higher than that for intercropped sorghum (1.83%). There were very little differences between sole cropping and intercropping in total soil N for each of the crops in the intercrop combinations in both years.. Keywords : v > Agro-Science Vol. 6 (1) 2007: pp. 33-45


The use of application programming interfaces (APIs) to develop and design technological forms of structured exchanges is an increasingly prevalent practice at present, allowing data to be shared, automated, circulated and redistributed in wider computational culture. Despite acting as key infrastructural elements and connectors, the prominence and importance of APIs is still under recognised. Via a brief survey of the history of API development and then closer regulatory and technical analysis of the long standing, non-profit net.art generator (nag) (1997), this study aims to bring to the fore key sociotechnical elements of API design. Particular attention is given to protocological forms of control as these can be enacted through APIs via the regulations, terms of service and specific operational processes and affordances of fetching networked data. net.art generator uses the Google API and URL and specific attention is given to Google's setting of terms for exchange. In doing so, we give a few suggestions for how anyone working with APIs might think through certain key questions around the creation and use of APIs, particularly in regards to the parameters of openness, accessibility and terms of inclusivity that APIs set upon practices of knowing, sharing, participation and exchange.


Epidemiologic data were evaluated from all dogs admitted to the University of Minnesota, Veterinary Teaching Hospital (UMVTH) between June 1981 and November 1989. Of 69,890 admissions, 2,077 were Miniature Schnauzers. Uroliths were retrieved from 63 of the 2,077 Miniature Schnauzers admitted. In 20 of the 63 urolith episodes, calcium oxalate was the predominant mineral identified. By comparison, calcium oxalate uroliths were identified in only 56 of the remaining 67,813 non-Miniature Schnauzer canine admissions. The odds that uroliths from Miniature Schnauzers were composed of calcium oxalate was 11.8 times greater than for other canine breeds evaluated at the UMVTH (95% confidence interval = 6.8 to 20.1). Data also were evaluated from files of uroliths retrieved from dogs and submitted to the Minnesota Urolith Center for quantitative mineral analysis, between June 1981 and November 1989. Of 3,930 uroliths analyzed, 615 (15.6%) uroliths were obtained from Miniature Schnauzers. of the 615 uroliths, 175 (28.4%) were calcium oxalate. By comparison, only 550 (16.6%) of the remaining 3,315 from dogs of breeds other than Miniature Schnauzers were calcium oxalate. The odds that uroliths submitted for analysis were composed of calcium oxalate was 2 times greater for Miniature Schnauzers than for dogs of other breeds (95% confidence interval = 1.6 to 2.4). Calcium oxalate uroliths were retrieved more frequently in males than females. The risk for males developing calcium oxalate uroliths was greater than 3 times the risk for females in both groups of data evaluated. The mean age of all Miniature Schnauzers admitted to the UMVTH with calcium oxalate uroliths was 9 years. Calcium oxalate uroliths were not detected in Miniature Schnauzers younger than 1.7 years.


It began, as they say, innocently enough. In 1946 a federal district court1 recognized an implied private right of action under section 10(b)3 of the securities Exchange Act of 1934 and Rule 10b-5.4 Since then, the federal courts have issued thousands of decisions defining the scope of that private right of action, which the Supreme Court has described as "a judicial oak which has grown from little more than a legislative acorn."5 In addition, federal courts have found implied rights of action in other sections of the federal securities acts, and have issued decisions defining the scope of those rights of action as well. What began as a legislative acorn is now a grove of oaks, with the courts nurturing, pruning, and occasionally uprooting individual trees. Since the mid-1970s the growth has slowed,6 but the grove remains. This Article will argue that implied rights of action under the federal securities acts7 are based on erroneous statutory interpretation and are unconstitutional.8 Congress created private remedies in some sections, and did not intend to do so in other sections. By creating implied rights of action, federal courts have in effect amended the securities acts, thus violating the separation of powers. The judicially created remedies have upset the balance that Congress struck between investor protection and costs imposed on the securities markets. In addition, Rule 10b-5 actions eclipse or almost nullify express rights of action that Congress provided in the 1934 Act. While Congress has not overturned what the courts have done, congressional acquiescence does not legitimate this process of judicial lawmaking. Moreover, the inconsistent recognition of implied remedies and the gradual judicial development of the elements of those rights of action cause uncertainty and unnecessary litigation. Much of the expense is ultimately borne by investors-both plaintiffs and other shareholders of corporations. In light of these concerns, this Article will propose that Congress adopt express private remedies mirroring the two most well established implied rights of action, those under Rule 10b-5 and Rule 14a-9,9 and address the major unresolved questions about those remedies. The Article will also propose that Congress expressly disallow implied rights of action under the securities acts. This proposal would convert the two most venerable implied rights of action under the securities acts into express remedies, and would end the litigation which seeks to create other implied rights of action and to determine their elements. I. ERRONEOUS STATUTORY INTERPRETATION AND UNCONSTITUTIONALITY The securities markets are essential to America's economy and financial health. securities such as stocks and bonds are a primary means through which businesses raise capital. Many Americans invest in securities to save money and earn a return in order to prepare for retirement or meet other financial objectives. Before the 1930s, securities were governed only by state law. However, in the wake of the stock market crash of 1929, Congress passed comprehensive legislation regulating securities. The two most important acts are the Securities Act of 1933(10) and the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934.11 These acts apply to most purchases and sales of securities in the United States. A. Erroneous Statutory Interpretation When Congress enacted the securities acts, it was painfully aware of the Great Depression and believed that it was largely precipitated by abuses in the securities markets. The securities acts represent Congress's imperfect judgment about the level of federal regulation necessary to protect investors and the economy without unduly burdening the raising of capital and the functioning of the securities markets. Congress provided express private rights of action in eight sections of the 1933 and 1934 Acts.12 However, Congress did not originally intend to create a private remedy under Section 10(b) of the 1934 Act or Rule 10b-5. …


Introduction: The article deals with the current state of the problem of occurrence of relapses and early metastasis of breast cancer (BC) and provides the main molecular and cellular mechanisms for avoiding systemic immune surveillance by tumor cells. The work focuses on circulating tumor cells as the main factor of the unfavorable prognosis of the disease, as well as the results of integrating the Camelyn Bio (exogenous peptides) into the BC management scheme. Objective: To study the effects of exogenous peptides on the clinical progression of breast cancer, using as a criterion disease-free survival within 24 months. Materials and Methods: The study included 76 women who had undergone subcutaneous radical mastectomy with the preservation of the skin and the nasal-arreolar complex at the stage of IIA (T1N1M0, T2N0M0). According to the recommendations of the ethics committee, the patients self-agreed to conduct the study. The statistical analysis was based on the use of descriptive statistics and comparative analysis. To compare the qualitative parameters of the studied groups, the chi-square (Pearson) criterion was used. For quantitative parameters, a preliminary assessment of the normality of distribution, which was the basis for the choice of parametric (t-test) or non-parametric criteria (Wilconson rank-sum (Mann-Whitney test), was performed. For the analysis of non-recurrent survival, Kaplan-Meier method was used. The analysis was performed using the STATA 12 statistical analysis package. Results: In the group of patients receiving exogenous peptides, there was a harmonization of immune homeostasis, manifested by increased immune surveillance over the tumor process involving activated T-lymphocytes, as well as increased expression of TNF-α and IL-12. The analysis of survival curves showed that the 24-month non-recurring survival rate of the patients in the main group was 0.918 (95% CI: 0.847-0.989), and in the comparison group -0.763 (0.628-0.898). That is, in the group of patients receiving Camelyn Bio, during the 24 months of observation there was a significant increase in non-recurring survival and a reduction in the risk of recurrence of tumors and metastases for the indicated period by 71.8%-Hazard ratio (95% CI) = 0.292 (0.094-0.907 ), p=0.046. Conclusion: The results of this work allow us to assume that the use of Camelyn Bio in patients with breast cancer leads to a significant improvement in the rate of disease-free survival in the 24-month period after surgical intervention.


We studied language as a factor in the construal of dynamic spatial relations, and addressed the question of whether different languages can have different effects on memory of motion events. In the "motion condition", speakers had to describe what the person did in each video, while in the "colour condition", speakers had to describe only the colours they noticed in the clips. English speakers showed better recognition of the motion event when asked to describe them directly (compared with the colour condition), and Spanish speakers performed equally on both conditions, with their performance being similar to the English speaker's performance on the colour condition. We discuss the implications of these results for language processing and for memory of events.


This article is a first attempt to investigate Chinese bureaucratic politics in-depth in order to analyze how these dynamics affect the outcome of antitrust enforcement in China. It has two major findings. First, bureaucratic politics have a powerful impact on the allocation of economic resources in China, which in turn determines how monopolies arise in the Chinese market. Second, the bureaucratic structure and political processes of decision-making shape the incentive structures of administrative agencies, thus affecting how they regulate the economic activities of various actors in the economy. The article finds that antitrust enforcement in China is a highly pluralistic process involving officials from various central ministries and local governments with overlapping functions and divergent missions and objectives. Their incentive structure and the formal and tacit rules of the Chinese bureaucracy shape the enforcement outcome of China's Anti-Monopoly Law.


The ca. 497 Ma Leka Ophiolite Complex (LOC) comprises oceanic lithosphere that formed near the margin of Laurentia in a suprasubductionzone setting. The LOC was obducted onto Laurentia in the Early Ordovician and later thrust onto Baltica during the Scandian continent-continent collisional orogeny (ca. 430 Ma), and now forms part of the Uppermost Allochthon. The LOC contains superb exposures of partially serpentinized mantle rocks, crustal cumulate layered series and wehrlites, sheeted dykes and pillow basalts, including exposures of the petrologic and geophysical paleo-Moho. 564 specimens were collected and measured for density, magnetic susceptibility and natural remanent magnetization. These form the constraints for three profiles forming a new 2.5D gravity and magnetic model. This is the first study of the LOC that models both gravity and magnetic data, whereas previous models were based on gravity data alone. The Bouguer-corrected anomalies express a distinct high correlating with the topographic highs in the center of the island, as well as an additional high in the southern part of the island, indicating an increasing depth of the LOC southwards. New high-resolution aeromagnetic data were used to characterize the nature of the contacts between the rock units, and the orientation of the major normal fault between the ultramafic units and the gabbro to the east. We suggest that this major fault is serpentinized, which accounts for the distinct magnetic anomaly along the trace of the fault (magnetic anomaly up to 2800 nT). Three model sections that transect the island from east to west were created. These sections indicate that the LOC has a bowl-shaped, synformal structure. Extensive serpentinization was found in samples in the uppermost portion of the LOC. The new models suggest that the deepest extent of the complex is approximately 4 km and that the volume of the LOC is approximately 200 km3.


The threat of drunk drivers on our nation's highways has led to the proliferation of court-mandated ignition interlock devices (IIDs), which test the driver for alcohol consumption before ignition and during operation of the vehicle. Previous research has already demonstrated the distraction potential of IIDs. Litigation has suggested that this difficulty is particularly severe for individuals with small lung capacity, such as women and smokers. The current research sought to augment the previous distraction finding while also comparing men and women in terms of their ability to successfully use a Lifesafer FC-100 interlock device. Results showed that women had significantly less success in providing adequate breath samples to successfully operate the interlock device while driving, and supported previous distraction findings. Implications as well as suggestions for and challenges of further research are provided.


Unmetered electricity supply to agriculture has given rise to a unique and invidious water–energy–food nexus in India. Metering of agricultural consumers has been suggested as a way to break the nexus, but most states have not been able to meter farmers due to their opposition . The only exception is the state of West Bengal. Using primary data from a household survey conducted in 2010 when the metering process was still underway, this paper argues that farmers' support for metering in West Bengal can be explained in terms of the economics of groundwater use and politics surrounding agriculture and groundwater in the state.


Further education colleges in England have been the focus of increasing policy attention in recent years. Since the Kennedy Report of 1997 (Kennedy, 1997) there has been renewed debate about their role and purpose, with a major national review in 2005 (Foster, 2005) followed by a government White Paper in 2006 (DfES, 2006). These developments have not changed the wide-ranging contribution of colleges, which extends from 14-19 education and training to occupational skill training for adults, and on to higher, degree level education. Nor have they made working conditions any more secure or stable for those employed to teach in colleges. In a continuing context of multiple demands and purposes, and unremitting change and instability, the 'careers' and identities of those teaching in what has been described as the 'Cinderella' service may vary considerably from those teaching in other sectors of education – the school or higher education sector. This paper is concerned with the career pathways and development of professional identities amongst people who have recently trained to teach in English further education colleges. It contributes to a growing body of literature concerned with the experience of those working in further education, which explores the nature of professionalism in FE (for example Gleeson et al, 2005), 'vocational teaching' identities (for example Colley et al, 2003) and the ways in which change impacts on those working in FE (e.g Edwards et al, 2005), as well as our own earlier work in this area. The paper is based on data from a small-scale longitudinal study, which has involved interviews with people at three stages in their careers, firstly, when they had just embarked on a teacher training programme to teach in further education, secondly towards the end of their programme, and thirdly, a year to 18 months year after completion of their initial training. The interviews were conducted by the two authors, either faceto-face or by telephone. All interviews were recorded and transcribed. The analysis of the data takes a narrative approach to onsidering identity formation, drawing in particular on ideas from the work of Chappell et al (2003) and Holland et al (1998). Their work is used to explore the shaping and construction of identities against the wider policy context of the English education and training system. By relating the formation of individual identities and careers to wider structures which constrain and shape such formations, the analysis aims to explore the interaction of structure and agency in the context of individuals aiming to teaching in further education. The narratives presented suggest an interaction of biography and values within the context of practice, and suggest that both structure and agency are at play in the developing career pathways of those involved in the study. The study provides insights not only into the formation of professional identities, but offers a window into the practices of further education, and the nature of teaching and earning in this context, which has wider implications for understanding the meanings and constructions of education and training in the 21st century.


Teaching material focuses on the expansion of the information within the course Antropomotorics for doctoral students. It mainly focuses on ontogeny of motor skills, motor learning and creating the programmes concerning physical activities. It follows and extends the previous materials and selected topics and it is accompanied by multimedia content like the sequences of video and kinograms. This material requires the knowledge of the basic terms included in the course Antropomotorics, which were presented in the university textbooks Selected chapters from antropomotorics and Antropomototrics for master´s study programme Physical education and Sport. Both were published by the Faculty of Sports Science at Masaryk University.


This study sought to understand the impact of social transition on university adjustment for mature-age students enrolled in their first undergraduate course at an Australian university. Although there has been extensive research surrounding university transition, few studies have specifically investigated the transition of mature-age students. The collection of survey and interview data at four stages of their first year of university provided details of the experiences and reflections of transition over time. Results show that despite initial concerns about the academic demands of tertiary study, the challenges facing mature-age students are in their social transition, including issues of acceptance and interaction, loneliness and isolation and campus friendships. Implications from this research include the provision of interactive and social experiences by universities to enhance opportunities for mature-age students to meet and form contacts and friendships with others on campus.


Class III β-tubulin (TUBB3) is emerging as a biomarker in a number of cancers. TUBB3 has been shown to be a prognostic indicator of more aggressive disease and a predictor of resistance to taxanes and vinca alkaloids. To date, there is little data on TUBB3 expression in small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC). The primary objective of this study was to determine the expression of TUBB3 in SCLC. Immunohistochemical staining of SCLC tumor specimens was performed using standard procedures. Expression of TUBB3 was determined as a composite of the percentage of malignant cells staining positive and the intensity of staining. Clinical and tumor data for each patient was compared with the degree of TUBB3 expression. A total of 66 SCLCs were evaluable for TUBB3 expression. The majority of specimens (n=56, 85%) had high expression of TUBB3. Only 4.5% (n=3) had low expression of TUBB3. The mean distribution of positive staining for the specimens was 87.3±1.8% (mean ± SE). Specimens from core biopsies were significantly more likely to have high TUBB3 expression when compared with fine needle aspirates (P=0.004). There were no other significant findings when comparing clinical or tumor characteristics. Overall, we found that expression of TUBB3 in SCLC is higher than expected. Innate resistance to microtubule inhibitors, such as the taxanes and vinca alkaloids, may be associated with this finding. Attempts at microtubule inhibition with novel agents may be able to overcome this resistance mechanism. Further evaluation of TUBB3 as a biomarker in SCLC is warranted.


The book contains papers in Polish language submitted to 8th International Conference on Applied Economics Contemporary Issues in Economy under the title Market or Government? 18-19 June 2015. Polish Security Printing Works was a strategic partner of the conference and European Regional Science Association was an international scientific institutional partner. The conference was hosted by The Department of Economics at The Faculty of Economics and Management at Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun in Poland and was organized in collaboration with Polish Economic Society Branch in Torun, Institute of Economic Research and Faculty of Business at Brno University of Technology (Czech Republic), Kaunas University of Technology (Lithuania), Kyiv National Economic University named after Vadym Hetman (Ukraine), Pablo de Olavide University (Spain), Riga Technical University (Latvia), Steinbeis University Berlin (Germany). The conference was especially addressed to economist from all European Union countries and Eastern Europe. Main conference tracks included: a) Macroeconomics; Microeconomics; Econometrics; International Economics; b) Financial markets; Labour markets; Institutions; c) Business environment; Management and Marketing.


Pro-suicide websites are topping search engine result lists, raising fears about the internet's detrimental influence on behaviour and attitudes related to suicide. Based on a qualitative analysis, this article argues that the production of pro-suicide content on the internet should be seen as a counter-discourse, directed against socially dominant perceptions of suicide. On pro-suicide websites, the description of technical, chemical and anatomic details, the expression of honourable and clearly individualistic ideals, the depictions of morbid bodily violence, together with the absence of emotional content could all be said to represent a kind of constructed Western masculinity. Furthermore, because of its potential for identity gain and the acting out of aggressive impulses, it is crucial – although this may seem somewhat paradoxical – to understand the production of the pro-suicide content as a manifestation of what is, for the participants, a meaningful practice.


Abstract: This study draws from sociocultural theory to examine how biographical factors interplay with contextual factors to shape the professional identity of a Spanish language teacher candidate. Specifically, it explores the student teaching experience of Marcos, a 30-year-old language teacher candidate from South America. Analysis of the data reveals that in forging his professional identity, the participant appropriates discourses that place high value on native speakerness and male authority. While this allows him to claim legitimacy as a Spanish language teacher, it also leads him to assume a taken-for-granted view of both subject matter knowledge and classroom management skills, precluding his development as a teacher. Implications derived from this study call for a critical language teacher education that provides tools for examining unquestioned assumptions about language and gender ideologies, expanding identity options, and fostering professional agency. Key words: Spanish, critical pedagogy, language teacher identity, learning to teach, sociocultural theory, teacher education Learning to teach is not just about learning about a body of knowledge and techniques, it is also about learning to work in a complex sociopolitical and cultural space and negotiating ways of doing this with our past histories, fears and desires; our own knowledges and cultures; our students' wishes and preferences; and the institutional constraints and collaborations. (A. Pennycook, Critical Moments in a TESOL Praxicum) Introduction Student teaching is a crucial stage in the socialization of prospective teachers into the culture of teaching, one often characterized by crisis and contradictions. The work of several authors illuminates the complexities involved in gaining membership into the culture of teaching and developing a professional identity (see Alsup, 2006; Antonek, McCormick,D Britzman, 1991; Bullough, Knowles, & Crow, 1991; Weber & Mitchell, 1996). During student teaching, prospective teachers are faced with a host of contradictory realities and mounting pressure. They struggle to cope as their own educational and personal biographies, beliefs, and ways of knowing interplay with these realities and problematize their emerging professional identities. Under the tutelage of a cooperating teacher and armed with previous learning experiences, varied belief systems, and the knowledge acquired during teacher preparation coursework, teacher candidates make the transition from student to teacher in the time span of approximately 15 weeks. For most of them, this rite of passage is a time of challenges and stress as they attempt to put theory into practice, convert subject-matter knowledge into subject matter for teaching, develop pedagogical and classroom management skills, cope adequately with the increasing demands inherent in teachers' work, and ultimately shape their professional identity in the process. Literature Review Language Teacher Education and Sociocultural Theory The field of language teacher education (LTE) is on a quest for major reform. Preoccupation with poor language instruction and graduating teachers' inadequate proficiency levels in the target language led the profession to develop The Program Standards for the Preparation of Foreign Language Teachers (ACTFL/NCATE, 2002). Similarly, calls have been made for the reconceptualization of the knowledge base of LTE (Freeman & Johnson, 1998) and for professional development models that are in tune with the sociocultural turn in general teacher education (Johnson, 2006, 2009; Reagan & Osborn, 2002). Historically, LTE has been characterized by a narrow focus on linguistic and cognitive perspectives that view ''learning as an internal psychological process isolated in the mind of the learner and largely free from the social and physical contexts within which it occurs'' (Johnson, 2009, p. …


The craft beer industry is one of the most innovative industries in America. Craft brewers blend tradition, regional tastes, and artistry to make some of the best beers in the world. Against all odds, the craft brewing business has boomed in an outmoded and ill-fitting regulatory environment. As more countries—and multinational brewers—follow in the footsteps of American craft brewers by cultivating their own fledgling markets, the fragile international dominance of our industry is threatened by our own stifling rules. This Comment proposes two methods that state and federal governments can use to spur competition and thus innovation. First, the federal excise tax should match the size of the brewer. Tax rates must be reduced to lower a significant barrier to entry for the smallest brewers. Second, all states should allow brewpubs to operate with direct sales and reasonable barrelage limits. Barrelage limits threaten growth without furthering a legitimate regulatory purpose. These two small changes in federal and state law will lower barriers to entry, improve the odds of success for existing craft brewers, and create more competition—innovation follows. Importantly, for the regulators and legislators, these changes can coexist harmoniously with the current, post-Prohibition moral framework.


This research assesses whether the recent public and private efforts to improve farmer's access to mechanical power in Ghana, have had their intended effects on the country's agricultural sector. Using panel survey data, this paper analyzes the impacts of mechanization on cropland expansion and farming system intensification in Northern Ghana. Findings show a positive correlation between farm mechanization and cropland expansion during the survey period. However, there was no evidence of increasing farm input use with the use of tractors. Indeed, findings seem to suggest an inverse relationship between mechanization and farm intensification. We conclude that tractorization is unlikely to foster farm input intensification in regions such as Northern Ghana where farmlands are still abundant.


We address the issue of noise robustness of reconstruction techniques for frequency-domain optical-coherence tomography (FDOCT). We consider three reconstruction techniques: Fourier, iterative phase recovery, and cepstral techniques. We characterize the reconstructions in terms of their statistical bias and variance and obtain approximate analytical expressions under the assumption of small noise. We also perform Monte Carlo analyses and show that the experimental results are in agreement with the theoretical predictions. It turns out that the iterative and cepstral techniques yield reconstructions with a smaller bias than the Fourier method. The three techniques, however, have identical variance profiles, and their consistency increases linearly as a function of the signal-to-noise ratio.


As bacteria grow and proliferate, they release a variety of volatile compounds that can be profiled and used for speciation, providing an approach amenable to disease diagnosis through quick analysis of clinical cultures as well as patient breath analysis. As a practical alternative to mass spectrometry detection and whole cell pyrolysis approaches, we have developed methodology that involves detection via a sensitive, micromachined differential mobility spectrometer (microDMx), for sampling headspace gases produced by bacteria growing in liquid culture. We have applied pattern discovery/recognition algorithms (ProteomeQuest) to analyze headspace gas spectra generated by microDMx to reliably discern multiple species of bacteria in vitro: Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus thuringiensis, and Mycobacterium smegmatis. The overall accuracy for identifying volatile profiles of a species within the 95% confidence interval for the two highest accuracy models evolved was between 70.4 and 89.3% based upon the coordinated expression of between 5 and 11 features. These encouraging in vitro results suggest that the microDMx technology, coupled with bioinformatics data analysis, has potential for diagnosis of bacterial infections.


Antiglomerular basement membrane antibody disease is manifested by progressive glomerulonephritis, intraalveolar hemorrhage and antiglomerular basement membrane antibodies. It is frequently characterized by mortality. We present a case of a 18 year-old young showing remission by early diagnosis. The patient was admitted to emergency department with symptoms and findings of atypic pneumonia with bloody sputum. Chest radiography detected patchy alveolar opacities (Figure A). An ampric antibacterial treatment was given including macrolide, and bronchodilators because of bronchospasm. The patient was suspected for goodpasture's syndrome (GPS). Anti-glomerular basement membrane (AGBM) antibodies test was send. He developed massive alveolar haemorrhage in the resolution phase of atypic pneumonia. Laboratory examination revealed proteinuria of 20 mg/ dl, anemia Hb of 8 g/dl, hematocrit of 25%, microscopic hematuria of 350 erythrocite /HPF. AGBM antibodies was found as positive. GPS was diagnosed. Early immunosuppressive treatment with pulse methylprednisolone and cyclophosphamide and plazmaferez was started. Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) was used for severe hypoxemia. Haemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia developed under plasmaphresis treatment. Early treatment resulted with remmission. In conclusion, the current case showed that Goodpasture's syndrome may have a favorable prognosis with early diagnosis and proper treatments including NPPV.


We study the equilibrium properties of the one-dimensional disordered Bose–Hubbard model by means of a gauge-adaptive tree tensor network variational method suitable for systems with periodic boundary conditions. We compute the superfluid stiffness and superfluid correlations close to the superfluid to glass transition line, obtaining accurate locations of the critical points. By studying the statistics of the exponent of the power-law decay of the correlation, we determine the boundary between the superfluid region and the Bose glass phase in the regime of strong disorder and in the weakly interacting region, not explored numerically before. In the former case our simulations are in agreement with previous Monte Carlo calculations.


This illustrated encyclopedia examines the unique influence and contributions of women in every era of American history, from the colonial period to the present. It not only covers the issues that have had an impact on women, but also traces the influence of women's achievements on society as a whole. Divided into three chronologically arranged volumes, the set includes historical surveys and thematic essays on central issues and political changes affecting women's lives during each period. These are followed by A-Z entries on significant events and social movements, laws, court cases and more, as well as profiles of notable American women from all walks of life and all fields of endeavor. Primary sources and original documents are included throughout.


This is a critical review of the feminist science scholarship that aims to differentiate various feminist approaches to using the concepts of sex, gender, race and/or ethnicity in biomedicine and public health research. With a focus on the conceptual and methodological contributions of various feminist science scholars, we identify three distinctly different feminist methodological frameworks that can be used in the practice of science. This is not an exhaustive review, but rather seeks to identify critical patterns in methodologies used by feminist science scholars to delineate the contribution of each framework and build the capacity of biomedicine and public health researchers and policy-makers seeking to integrate the concepts of sex, gender, race, and/or ethnicity into their work.


Why are tools needed to build privacy into business processes? As in most endeavors, tools can help, and in an application area where, for example, privacy may be resisted in favor of the fallacious argument of higher profits, tools are needed. Most professionals have heard of the Privacy Impact Assessment (Warren et al., 2008). This is a tool that evaluates the impact to privacy of a proposed change to business practice. Prior to the introduction of this tool, such impacts to privacy were either done in an ineffective way or not even considered.Privacy Protection Measures and Technologies in Business Organizations: Aspects and Standards is a collection of research on privacy protection technologies and their application in business organizations. Providing insights and support professionals concerned with the management of expertise, knowledge, information, and organizational development in different types of business organizations and environments. This book will be composed of professionals and researchers working in the field of privacy protection in various disciplines.


This paper considers nonparametric identification and estimation of a generalized Roy model that includes a non-pecuniary component of utility associated with each choice alternative. Previous work has found that, without parametric restrictions or the availability of covariates, all of the useful content of a cross-sectional dataset is absorbed in a restrictive specification of Roy sorting behavior that imposes independence on wage draws. While this is true, we demonstrate that it is also possible to identify (under relatively innocuous assumptions and without the use of covariates) a common non-pecuniary component of utility associated with each choice alternative. We develop nonparametric estimators corresponding to two alternative assumptions under which we prove identification, derive asymptotic properties, and illustrate small sample properties with a series of Monte Carlo experiments. We demonstrate the usefulness of one of these estimators with an empirical application. Micro data from the 2000 Census are used to calculate the returns to a college education. If high-school and college graduates face different costs of migration, this would be reflected in different degrees of Roy-sorting-induced bias in their observed wage distributions. Correcting for this bias, the observed returns to a college degree are cut in half.


Thien is the Vietnamese name of the Zen school of Buddhism. Thien is derived from Chinese word "Zen" that is in turn from the Pali term Jhāna (Sanskrit: Dhyāna). Buddhism was transmitted to Vietnam at the end of the second century and in the beginning of the third century by Master Khuong Tang Hoi until the sixth seventh and eighth centuries, other lineages appeared such as Vinītaruci and Wu Yan Tong. The existence of these lineages had made Buddhism more dominant. In the tenth and eleventh centuries (after Dinh, Le, Ly, and Tran dynasties), Vietnam became independent. Buddhism had been a great contribution to the formation of Vietnam and the religious learning. From the king to citizens, everyone was devoted in Buddhism. This is said that Vietnamese people follow the Seven Conditions of a Nation"s Welfare that was taught by Buddha himself to Vajjis people of ancient Vaishali: "frequent gatherings, and their meetings well attended; always show respect, honor, esteem and veneration towards their elders and think it worthwhile to listen to them; assemble and disperse peacefully and attend to their affairs in concord; neither enact new decrees nor abolish existing ones, but proceed in accordance with their ancient constitutions..." This is the case the growth of the Vietnamese three times defeated Mongolian invasions, is to be expected, nor their decline. The Vietnamese Buddhist history of two thousands years is replete with examples of the influence of the pagodas and stupas on the thought and culture of Vietnam. It shows the importance role of pagodas and stupas in the spiritual life of Vietnamese people. Reflects consciuosness of the closeness between pagodas with the spiritual life of countryside people has a habit of making merry on the occasion of newly built house. The pagoda does, too. Moreover,every occasion of inauguration and rebuilding of a stupa, carrying of a Buddhist statue for worship or a graving festival ceremony has special significance in the Vietnamese society. This is a long striding custom.


This contribution examines the form and function of small stories in monologic and dialogic political discourse. It focuses on the interface between private and public spheres of life, investigating the traditional conception of politics as public-domain anchored and that of a small story as set in the private sphere. Particular attention is given to interpersonal aspects of communication, especially to the reconstruction of common ground. The paper is organized as follows:The first part examines the form of small stories from a local-context perspective as embedded sequences taking into account setting, sequential organization, characters and voice, and evaluation. The second part analyses their function. It adapts a globally oriented perspective, examining the question of what makes a stretch of discourse count as a small story. Adapting the Gricean framework, small stories are assigned the status of a communicative contribution, and their contextualization is accounted for accordingly.In political discourse, narratives and small stories allow the politician to construct existential coherence across different genres, contexts and spheres of life.


Background: Hypoglycemia inpatient admissions are costly and potentially preventable. Using established risk factors for hypoglycemia, we set out to develop a risk-scoring tool using the data from an Asian population. Methods: In this historical cohort study, we extracted the data of 47,404 type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with complete data based on their last visit in 2012 at selected National Healthcare Group Polyclinics in Singapore. The outcome variable is the occurrence of any hypoglycemia inpatient admission within 6 months from their last visit in 2012. We entered the following potential predictors into a logistic regression model: 1) Age; 2) Largest reduction in glycated hemoglobin within 1 year; 3) Last body mass index; 4) Last estimated glomerular filtration rate; 5) Usage of sulphonylurea and/or insulin; 6) Last glycated hemoglobin; 7) Any previous hypoglycemia inpatient admission in the past 1 year. The relative weightage of predictors were compared, and the model parameters were subsequently converted to a simple risk score (range: 0 to 100). Results: We found predictors 1 to 5 to be statistically significant for subsequent hypoglycemia inpatient admission. In our study population, based on a sensitivity of 73.8% and a specificity of 73.1%, a cut-off score of 38 was selected. The area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve was 0.809 (CI: 0.763 - 0.855). Conclusions: A risk score using commonly available clinical data can help to identify those at risk of hypoglycemia inpatient admission with satisfactory level of accuracy. This score needs to be further validated with randomized controlled studies. J Endocrinol Metab. 2019;9(3):43-50 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/jem563


Composite soils have been widely used in civil engineering applications, especially in slopes, embankment dam and landfills. This paper aims to investigate effect of fiber inclusion on compaction characteristic of composite soil (i.e. clay composite). A series of laboratory tests carried out to evaluate fiber effect on optimum water content and maximum dry unit weight of composite soils. Clay was selected as soil part of the composite and plastic fiber was used as reinforcement. The fiber parameters differed from one test to another, as fiber length varied from 10 mm to 35mm and fiber content were selected as 0.1% and 0.4%. For each test, compaction curved derived and the results were compared. The results proved that inclusion of fiber affected compaction behaviour of samples so that increasing in fiber content and length caused increasing in Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) and slightly decreased maximum dry unit weight.


A new processing method for the fabrication of porous ceramic membrane has been developed via a three-step procedure: by uniformly distributing a solid vinyl monomer (e.g., acrylamide) into a green object of ceramic through wet chemistry mixing and compression molding; polymerizing the monomer in a highly compact surrounding, leading to the formation of embedded chain assemblies of polyacrylamide; and removing the polymer via carbonization and calcination. This in situ pore-forming strategy grants less tortuous and well-interconnected pore channels in contrast to the approach of using polymeric porogen such as starch or cellulose. The weight% of initiator and duration of polymerization were scrutinized using thermal analysis, electron microscopy, and Hg porosimetry to understand their influences on the porous structure of sintered ceramic membrane, e.g., a thin Yttria-stabilized zirconia disc, and ultimately its gas permeability. The advantage of this pore-forming method lies in the fact that the monomer can be homogenously distributed in the green object in a confined space and the polymer chains formed during the in situ solid state polymerization can develop space occupancy through chain penetration and association, thus leaving behind interconnecting pore channels and more open pores after they were removed eventually. In this study, it has been shown that the resulting porous ceramics manifests a marked improvement (20–80%) in gas permeability over those fabricated by using starch as the pore-former. Furthermore, the porous ceramics fabricated by the new method exhibited higher rapture resistivity on the similar porosity basis.


Description: Colour shapes our world in profound, if sometimes subtle, ways. It helps us to classify, form opinions, and make aesthetic and emotional judgements. Colour operates in every culture as a symbol, a metaphor, and as part of an aesthetic system. Yet archaeologists have traditionally subordinated the study of colour to the form and material value of the objects they find and thereby overlook its impact on conceptual systems throughout human history. This book explores the means by which colour-based cultural understandings are formed, and how they are used to sustain or alter social relations. From colour systems in the Mesolithic, to Mesoamerican symbolism and the use of colour in Roman Pompeii, this book paints a new picture of the past. Through their close observation of monuments and material culture, authors uncover the subtle role colour has played in the construction of past social identities and the expression of ancient beliefs. Providing an original contribution to our understanding of past worlds of meaning, this book will be essential reading for archaeologists, anthropologists and historians, as well as anyone with an interest in material culture, art and aesthetics.


Abstract Environmental and plant factors critical to the grain yields of bread (Triticum aestivum L.), durum (T. durum L.) and emmer (T. dicoccum L.) wheat cultivars were investigated at two Mediterranean rain-fed field sites: Adana in southeastern Turkey (2009 and 2010) and Aleppo in northern Syria (2009). The grain yield (GY) and biological yield (BY) of most cultivars were higher in Adana than in Aleppo, and the lower GY in Aleppo resulted from lower harvest index (HI) and lower BY due to higher temperatures and lower rainfall. The variations in the HI among cultivars were greater in Adana than in Aleppo. The GY was closely related to the HI but not the BY across cultivars at each site, and a higher GY was accompanied by a superior conversion-efficiency of incident radiation during the grain filling period for grain yield [GY/Ra, where Ra is the cumulative radiation for 30 days after heading (D30)] across all observations. The GY/Ra correlated negatively with the average temperature for D30, and higher HI values resulted in higher GY/Ra. In Adana, the time from anthesis to physiological-maturity decreased as the average temperature for D30 increased, resulting in a lower HI. Cultivars exhibiting the early heading trait can effectively escape the negative impacts of terminal high-temperature and water-shortage conditions on the HI. The results suggested that the HI is a critical factor for GY across diverse wheat cultivars under terminal high-temperatures and water-shortages in Mediterranean areas, and the BY is also an important factor under severe water-limitation conditions.


The deposition and accumulation of persistent contaminants into coastal systems can have lingering negative consequences for wildlife populations and their habitats. Using multi-locus genotyping of non-invasively collected feces, we assessed the effects of such pollution on reproduction, survival, genetic variability, and abundance of river otters (Lontra canadensis) along a gradient of urban–industrial development on southern Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. Genetic analyses indicated a pattern consistent with small-scale structuring, with individuals partitioned into 2 local subpopulations—those identified in the contaminated harbors of southern Vancouver Island and points west (Colwood/Harbors), and those inhabiting uncontaminated habitat east of the harbors (Oak Bay). Genetic and demographic analyses for the 2 clusters provide strong support for the conclusion that, despite contamination concerns, Colwood/Harbors river otters exhibited acceptable levels of survival and successfully reproduced (i.e., high levels of relatedness, high self-recruitment, and high emigration). However, our data indicate that the Colwood/Harbors area constitutes lower quality habitat supporting lower densities of otters, especially during winter, and excess individuals produced in that region emigrate to other areas. Immigration into Colwood/Harbors, however, seems limited, possibly because of behavioral aversion of non-habituated otters to anthropogenic disturbance associated with the harbors and limited optimal otter habitat. Our findings suggest that the effects of chronic contaminant exposure at the population level may be inadvertently mitigated through the behavioral decisions of individuals to avoid poor quality habitats. We conclude that populations of river otters can persist in and around locally contaminated sites if relatively less disturbed and contaminated habitats remain in the vicinity of the affected areas. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.


The number of medication errors associated with preventable deaths in healthcare facilities remains at a high rate for healthcare leaders. Practices of medication delivery remain similar to those 10 years ago. Hospitals that have implemented barcoding medication administration systems have reported a decrease in medication errors ranging from 60% to as high as 93%. Despite this utility of barcoding, only 50% of U.S. hospitals have implemented barcode medication administration. This comparative case study explored the strategies hospital leaders used to implement barcode medication administration systems, utilizing the sociotechnical theory for a conceptual framework. Face-to-face, semi structured interviews were used to identify experiences from a purposive sample of 20 hospital leaders from Minnesota and Iowa. The research question guiding this study addressed strategies hospital leaders used to implement barcode medication systems to reduce preventable medical errors. After analyzing the interview transcripts using inductive analyses, 4 themes emerged. These themes include the strategic organizational communication, technology and end user support, hands-on training, and application of audit reports. Hospital leaders might benefit from the study findings when developing strategies to implement barcode medication systems. The implication for positive social change includes the potential of decreasing patient medication errors and reducing loss of life caused by medication errors with hospital leaders accelerating the adoption of barcode medication systems in hospitals. Other health care providers may explore how the findings might help reduce medication errors in their facilities.


In this article I address the problem of the status of the element of atomic number zero or "neutronium", a suggestion proposed by Andreas von Antropoff in 1925 seven years before James Chadwick's announcement of the existence of the neutron, by analyzing Philip Stewart's arguments to defend such a proposal. On this basis, I will conclude that it is more cautious from both a scientific and a philosophical standpoint, to think of the neutron just as a structural component of an element.


Antigen (Ag)-antibody (Ab) aggregates prepared with several different antigens are solubilized by fresh serum at 37 degrees C (complex- release activity of serum or CRA). The rate of solubilization varies in different systems and is strongly influenced by the affinity of Ab for the Ag in the immune precipitate. With a given Ag-Ab precipitate, the maximum amount of complex that can be solubilized by individual sera is independent of the initial concentration of complexes and cannot be increased by prolonged incubation. CRA occurs in the absence of C2 and C4, but not in the absence of C3 and factor B of the properdin pathway. Addition of C2 to C2-deficient serum or C4 to C4-deficient serum enhances CRA. Solubilization does not involve extensive degradation of the complexed antibody, as might be detected by acrylamide gel electrophoresis of released antibody after reduction and alkylation to separate H and L chains. Immune precipitates can also be solubilized by incubation with monovalent fragments (Fab or Fab') of antibodies against determinants of the Ab molecules in the immune precipitate. In contrast, F(ab')2 fragments decrease the solubility of the immune precipitates. In view of these findings, we propose that CRA is mediated by the binding of functionally monovalent C fragments (C3 and C4) onto Ab molecules in the precipitates.


Fire is becoming a common phenomenon in Amazonian forest, modifying the structure and composition of natural assemblages. In particular, fire is known to affect patterns of bird diversity in tropical forests, but we have little understanding of the consequences of this for the functional diversity of bird assemblages. For example, frequent fires could act as an environmental filter selecting species with similar traits and, thus, producing a functional clustering pattern. Here, we used body mass, and dietary and foraging traits to calculate the functional structure of understorey bird assemblages in Amazonian forests analysed 3 years after they had passed under three disturbance levels within the 1997–1998 El‐Niño period: unburned, burned once and burned twice. First, we tested whether observed levels of functional diversity were different among these forests and also from what one would expect by chance. Then, we investigated if habitat structure was able to predict changes in the functional structure of the studied bird assemblages. In general, there was no evidence of fire reducing functional diversity nor selecting species functionally more similar than expected by chance. Therefore, bird functional diversity was not different from random in unburned and burned forests. This provides some evidence in favour of high functional redundancy of bird species in the tropics, but also indicates that neutral theories of biodiversity, where processes such as dispersal and survival are more important than biological traits to community assembly, may apply to the assemblages studied. Also, we showed that bird assemblages from forests disturbed by wildfires have the tendency to be functionally overdispersed whereas assemblages from pristine forests tend to be functionally clustered. Thus, environmental structure, in part driven by forest responses to fire, is more important than simple categorical definitions of burn frequency for explaining trait‐based assembly rules of understorey birds in the Amazon forest.


This paper examines the roles of identity-based conflict and secessionist sentiment in motivating and affecting political decentralization in middle-income democracies. The literature on decentralization largely assumes a link between the process and increased political accountability and service delivery effectiveness; however, these theories do not take into account cases in which national crisis and regional instability are the primary motives to decentralize. This paper hypothesizes that when decentralization occurs in direct response to threats of secession, the quality of its political accountability and service delivery mechanisms will be lower than would otherwise be predicted. Two cases are considered: the Philippines, whose decentralization occurred under a stable and well-institutionalized democratic regime, and Indonesia, which radically and rapidly decentralized in the face of high-intensity conflicts in Aceh, Maluku, and Papua. Ultimately, the careful construction and implementation of a moderate devolution program in the Philippines led to success in the areas of political accountability and service delivery, while the more extreme Indonesian program faced long-term challenges and shortcomings in those same areas. Neither country, however, can be said to have successfully eliminated regional separatism or otherwise incorporated discontented groups into their devolved systems, suggesting that this process represents a particular challenge to newly decentralized regimes.


French military justice constituted an "exceptional jurisdiction": a legal subsystem designed to serve not justice but discipline, and carefully insulated from external political intervention. Reformers had attempted to ameliorate its harshness. But when the Clemen ceau government elected to abort further reforms in 1907-09, it strengthened the case of radicals who insisted that military justice was unreformable by the bourgeois state. Radicals sought not to improve the quality of military justice, but to expose its linkage to the class struggle (i.e., to portray the Army and its courts as devourers of proletarian youth). When Emile Rousset alleged that Albert Aernoult, his fellow prisoner in an Algerian compagnie de discipline, had been beaten to death by guards, he created an opportunity for radicals to advance that agenda. The Aernoult-Rousset Affair (1909-12) did breach the political insularity of French military justice. Yet the Affair's political and juridical outcomes


There is growing interest in the role that natural capital plays in underpinning ecosystem services. Yet, there remain differences and inconsistencies in the conceptualisation of capital and ecosystem services and the role that humans play in their delivery. Using worked examples in a stocks and flows systems approach, we show that both natural capital (NC) and human-derived (produced, human, social, cultural, financial) capital (HDC) are necessary to create ecosystem services at many levels. HDC plays a role at three stages of ecosystem service delivery. Firstly, as essential elements of a combined social-ecological system to create a potential ecosystem service. Secondly, through the beneficiaries in shaping the demand for that service. Thirdly, in the form of additional capital required to realise the ecosystem service flow. We show that it is possible, although not always easy, to separately identify how these forms of capital contribute to ecosystem service flow. We discuss how applying a systems approach can help identify otential service critical natural capital and critical human-derived capital to guide sustainable management of the stocks and flows of all forms of capital which underpin provision of multiple ecosystem services. The amount of realised ecosystem service can be managed in several ways: via the NC & HDC which govern the potential service, and via factors which govern both the demand from the beneficiaries, and the efficiency of use of the potential service by those beneficiaries. © 2015 Published by Elsevier Ltd. ∗ Corresponding author. E-mail address: firstname.lastname@example.com (L. Jones). ttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2015.12.014 264-8377/© 2015 Published by Elsevier Ltd.


In this Security Policy Brief, Sven Biscop and Jo Coelmont outline a concrete proposal to implement Permanent Structured Cooperation, the new defence mechanism introduced by the Lisbon Treaty. Setting real but realistic binding criteria for participation will allow Member States to invest more, better, and together in deployable capabilities. For the first time, participating Member States would create a binding commitment in the field of defence and allow an EU body, the European Defence Agency, to assess their performance.


Background: Microfracture in hip preservation surgery has demonstrated favorable outcomes, but studies with a higher level of evidence assessing microfracture are warranted. Purpose: To assess 2-year outcomes of patients who underwent hip arthroscopy with full-thickness chondral damage treated with microfracture and compare these outcomes with those of a control group from a similar cohort of patients who did not have full-thickness chondral damage and who were not treated with microfracture. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Between February 2008 and May 2012, prospectively gathered data for patients undergoing microfracture during hip arthroscopy with a 2-year follow-up were reviewed. All patients were assessed pre- and postoperatively at 3 months, 1 year, and 2 years with 4 patient-reported outcome (PRO) instruments. A matched cohort of patients who did not have full-thickness chondral damage and hence did not receive microfracture was selected on a 1:2 ratio. Matching criteria were sex, age within 6 years, workers' compensation status, concomitant labral treatment, and radiographic parameters. Statistical analyses were performed to compare the change in PROs in both groups. Results: A total of 79 hips were included in the microfracture group and 158 in the control group. There was no significant difference in PRO scores preoperatively between the groups. Both groups demonstrated significant improvement in all postoperative PRO scores at all time points. There was no statistically significant difference in postoperative PRO scores between the microfracture and control groups, except for the visual analog scale (VAS) score at 2 years, which was higher (P = .02) in the microfracture group (mean ± SD, 3.63 ± 2.50) than in the control group (2.82 ± 2.76). Patient satisfaction was 7.2 for the microfracture group and 8.04 for the control group, which was statistically different (P < .05). The mean change in all PRO scores was similar between groups at 3 months and 1 year postoperatively but significantly lower in the microfracture group at 2 years postoperatively. The greatest improvement in both groups was noted at 3 months postoperatively. Conclusion: This study showed that patients undergoing microfracture during hip arthroscopy had equivalent PRO scores compared with the control group at 2 years postoperatively. The change in PRO scores from preoperatively to 2 years postoperatively was significantly lower in the microfracture group compared with the control group. The VAS scores and satisfaction were inferior by 0.81 and 0.84 units, respectively, in the microfracture group compared with the control group, likely due to lack of full-thickness chondral defects in the latter. However, both groups showed significant improvement in all PRO scores after surgery, with no significant difference in final PRO scores.


A celebrated result of J. Thompson says that if a finite group G has a fixed-point-free automorphism of prime order, then G is nilpotent. The main purpose of this note is to extend this result to finite inverse semigroups. An earlier related result of B. H. Neumann says that a uniquely 2-divisible group with a fixedpoint-free automorphism of order 2 is abelian. We similarly extend this result to uniquely 2-divisible inverse semigroups.


In this provocative call for a new ecological politics, William Ophuls starts from a radical premise: "sustainability" is impossible. We are on an industrial Titanic, fueled by rapidly depleting stocks of fossil hydrocarbons. Making the deck chairs from recyclable materials and feeding the boilers with biofuels is futile. In the end, the ship is doomed by the laws of thermodynamics and by the implacable biological and geological limits that are already beginning to pinch. Ophuls warns us that we are headed for a postindustrial future that, however technologically sophisticated, will resemble the preindustrial past in many important respects. With Plato's Revenge, Ophuls, author of Ecology and the Politics of Scarcity, envisions political and social transformations that will lead to a new natural-law politics based on the realities of ecology, physics, and psychology. In a discussion that ranges widely -- from ecology to quantum physics to Jungian psychology to Eastern religion to Western political philosophy -- Ophuls argues for an essentially Platonic politics of consciousness dedicated to inner cultivation rather than outward expansion and the pursuit of perpetual growth. We would then achieve a way of life that is materially and institutionally simple but culturally and spiritually rich, one in which humanity flourishes in harmony with nature.


Front:
Text describes action on various war fronts: Allied raids effective -- Stilwell in India -- Chinese repulse Japs -- Planes sink subs -- Against overconfidence -- Private buys $3,700 war bonds -- U.S. mission in Britain points to new fronts -- Labor will be 'frozen' -- Camacho asks for war -- 'Freeze' fish, razors -- New registration set -- Recruiting for WAAC -- Millions in war work -- Bombers to pop out like Model T's at Willow Run -- Kurdish revolt crushed -- Heavy action at Kharkov -- Himmler's aid wounded -- Axis drive in Libya -- RAF ruins Genoa.

Large world map is keyed to text and illustrates time zones around the world.

Inset maps show area occupied by Japanese troops near Chungking -- Nazi drives and Soviet attacks near Kharkov.

Includes photographs: Beaufort torpedo-bombers under mass production in Australia -- Sec. Hull -- Lt. Gen. Arnold -- Lt. Gen. Somervell -- Rear Adm. Towers -- WAAC officer's winter and summer uniforms and Auxiliary's winter uniform -- Flying B-24 -- Bren Gun carriers in action -- Long-barrelled Russian rifles -- British 25 pounder fires on the enemy in Libya -- Hurricane bomber -- Training for motor torpedo boat service.

Includes 1 cartoon.

Back:
Jap Ground Forces. Includes photographs: On Guard, Support Fire, Surrender, Alley Fight, Loopholes, Barricade, Tanks Over Water, Aim, Mopping Up, Bridge on Land, Far North, Squad Rush, Mud Hole. Inset has text details for each photograph.