Abstract. A new method for the reconstruction of internal gravity wave (IGW) parameters from a single vertical temperature profile measurement in the Earth's atmosphere has been developed. This method does not require any additional information not contained in the profile and may be used for the analysis of profiles measured by various techniques. The criterion for the IGW identification has been formulated and argued. In the case when this criterion is satisfied, then analyzed temperature fluctuations can be considered as wave-induced. The method is based on the analysis of relative amplitude thresholds of the temperature wave field and on the linear IGW saturation theory in which amplitude thresholds are restricted by dynamical (shear) instability processes in the atmosphere. When the amplitude of an internal gravity wave reaches the shear instability limit, energy is assumed to be dissipated in such a way that the amplitude is maintained at the instability limit as the wave propagates upwards. In order to approbate the method we have used data of simultaneous high-resolution balloon measurements of the temperature and wind velocity in the Earth's stratosphere over France where a long-period inertia-gravity wave has been detected. Using the radiosonde temperature data only, we have reconstructed all wave parameters, which were determined by radiosondes, with relative deviations not larger than 30%. An application of the method to the radio occultation (RO) data has given the possibility to identify the IGWs in the Earth's stratosphere and to determine the magnitudes of key wave parameters such as the intrinsic frequency, amplitudes of vertical and horizontal perturbations of the wind velocity, vertical and horizontal wavelengths, intrinsic vertical and horizontal phase (and group) speeds, kinetic and potential energy, vertical fluxes of the wave energy and horizontal momentum. The obtained results of internal wave studies in the Earth's stratosphere deduced from the COSMIC and CHAMP GPS occultation temperature profiles are presented and discussed.


We consider the problem of localized flexural waves in thin plates that have periodic structure, consisting of a two-dimensional array of pins or point masses. Changing the properties of the structure at a single point results in a localized mode within the band-gap that is confined to the vicinity of the defect, while changing the properties along an entire line of points results in a waveguide mode. We develop here an analytic theory of these modes and provide semi-analytic expressions for the eigenfrequencies and fields of the point defect states, as well as the dispersion curves of the defect waveguide modes. The theory is based on a derivation of Green's function for the structure, which we present here for the first time. We also consider defects in finite arrays of point masses, and demonstrate the connection between the finite and infinite systems.


Miaczynska et al. identified a pathway involving an endosomal compartment containing the small guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) Rab5 that linked signaling from the cell membrane to the nucleus. Although the endocytosis of plasma membrane receptors has traditionally been viewed as a mechanism for terminating signals, various lines of evidence suggest that endosomes may also fulfill a signaling function. Miaczynska et al. used mass spectrometry together with affinity chromatography to identify two proteins from HeLa cell extracts--APPL1 and APPL2 (for adaptor protein containing PH domain, PTB domain, and leucine zipper motif)--that specifically bound to activated (GTP-bound) Rab5 (which has been implicated in regulating endocytosis). APPL1 and APPL2 were localized in membranous structures found beneath the plasma membrane (where they colocalized with each other and with Rab5 but not with the canonical endosome marker EEA1) and in the nucleus. Treatment of cells with epidermal growth factor, some of which briefly localized to APPL-containing structures, or with H2O2 stimulated the release of APPL1 from these endosomes and its translocation to the nucleus. This release depended on GTP hydrolysis by Rab5. Immunoprecipitation of proteins from nuclear extracts as well as affinity chromatography indicated that APPL1 associated with components of the NuRD/MeCP1 nucleosome remodeling and histone deacetylase complex, which is involved in regulating chromatin structure and gene expression. Knockdown of APPL1 and APPL2 inhibited DNA synthesis and cell proliferation, and mutational analysis indicated that APPL1 binding to Rab5 was required for its functional effects. Thus, these data identify an endosomal compartment from which Rab5 and its effectors act to transmit extracellular signals to the cell nucleus. M. Miaczynska, S. Christoforidis, A. Giner, A. Shevchenko, S. Uttenweiler-Joseph, B. Habermann, M. Wilm, R. G. Parton, M. Zerial, APPL proteins link Rab5 to nuclear signal transduction via an endosomal compartment. Cell 116, 445-456 (2004). [Online Journal]


Abstract Self-forgiveness and forgiveness-seeking are important and understudied aspects of forgiveness. We examined the cardiac and emotional patterns of healthy young adults (40 women, 40 men) who recalled an unresolved offense they had caused another person. Participants engaged in four imagery conditions: ruminating about the offense, being humbly repentant and engaging in self-forgiveness, seeking forgiveness from the victim and receiving forgiveness, and seeking forgiveness from the victim and being begrudged. Being repentant and begrudged forgiveness by one's victim was associated with the same level of guilt as when ruminating, but significantly more negative emotion, less control, and less empathy than when ruminating, self-forgiving, and receiving forgiveness from the victim. Compared to ruminating about one's wrongdoing, self-forgiving alleviated guilt and negative emotion, increased perceived control, decreased heart rate, and increased parasympathetic activation. Imagery of receiving forgiveness from the victim resulted in these same patterns and was equivalent to self-forgiveness across variables.


There is an increasing number of rapidly growing repositories capturing the movement of people in space-time. Movement trajectory compression becomes an ob- vious necessity for coping with such growing data volumes. This paper introduces the concept of semantic trajectory compression (STC). STC allows for substantially compressing trajectory data with acceptable information loss. It exploits that human urban mobility typically occurs in transportation networks that define a geographic context for the move- ment. In STC, a semantic representation of the trajectory that consists of reference points localized in a transportation network replaces raw, highly redundant position information (e.g., from GPS receivers). An experimental evaluation with real and synthetic trajectories demonstrates the power of STC in reducing trajectories to essential information and illus- trates how trajectories can be restored from compressed data. The paper discusses possible application areas of STC trajectories.


Jean Baudrillard's claim that we inhabit a transaesthetic and integral reality raises significant questions for feminists seeking to analyze how women are represented in Western media through the neoliberal guises of empowerment and choice. These questions relate to the impossibility of differentiating between feminist and antifeminist themes amid the implosive forces of a virtualized significatory and political economy. To map what a feminist-Baudrillardian approach to postfeminist media images might look like, this essay engages with current feminist theorizing about the postfeminist condition via the example of the UK reality makeover program How to Look Good Naked. In my analysis of this series, Baudrillard's radical approach to the world "as is" illuminates some of the challenges an economy of exclusive positivity raises for the task of critical feminist inquiry.


Assumptions about long-term trends in international migration are an increasingly important component of the demographic projection module. Yet most official immigration projections both in the United States and abroad rely on ad-hoc assumptions based on little theory and virtually no definable methodology. The purpose of this paper is twofold: to assess where projection-making agencies stand in their practice of immigration projection and to explore how theoretical insights about immigration may help them improve their practice. The first section describes the current projection methods of leading national and international agencies, from the U.S. Census Bureau and Social Security Administration to the United Nations and the World Bank. The second section scans the wide and varied array of "theoretical frameworks" that attempt to explain international migration flows. The paper identifies six important ones: the policy, the neoclassical, the world systems, the new economics, the social networks, and the dual labor market frameworks. We conclude that much progress might be achievable if the explanatory richness of immigration theory could somehow be consolidated and integrated into a useable projection method. The third section briefly outlines some first steps to start harnessing theory and improving practice.


Abstract : The effects of 16-23% carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) were studied on compensatory tracking behavior in healthy young men. The COHb was produced by exposure to a bolus of high concentration of carbon monoxide (CO), followed by exposure to a continuous low level concentration of CO (223 ppm) designed to maintain the COHb value throughout the experiment (approximately 130 minutes). The compensatory tracking task consisted of trying to maintain a constantly moving spot in the center of an oscilloscope screen. The electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded during exposure. No significant effect of the COHb was found on the tracking task or EEG power spectrum. Even after extensive post hoc exploratory analyses, no suggestion of a plausible effect on tracking or EEG was found. The planned significance test had a moderate to high statistical power against effects of interesting size. The finding of no effect was somewhat surprising since other research had demonstrated effects of lower COHb levels on similar tasks. The level of COHb used in this study is considered to be extremely high. The differences in findings may reflect (a) inadequate statistical power for the size of effect (b) differences in task and variables between studies (c) differences due to COHb formation rates between studies or (d) peculiarities in the dose effects function of COHb. Keywords: Carbon monoxide; CO; Tracking; Flash detection; Carboxyhemoglobin; Human; Electroencephalography; EEG; Exposure physiology; Hand eye coordination; Stress physiology.


The scope of this study was to identify the prevalence of oral manifestations in HIV+/AIDS patients at the DIA Pediatric Hospital of Maputo. All 90 patients were included in the research. Data on dental caries (dmft/DMFT index), soft tissues and saliva flow were analyzed. Information on diet and hygienic habits was obtained in a semi-structured questionnaire. The t- student and chi-square tests were used for statistical assessment. The most frequent oral lesion was candidiasis (5.5%) and upon further oral examination the prevalence of parotid enlargement was 23.0%. The mean dmft 2.6 (SD 3.6) was considerably higher in relation to DMFT of 0.6 (SD 1.6), and the differences between them were statistically significant (P<0.05). The occurrence of mucosal lesions was higher in children who did not take antiretroviral therapy (ART) (p = 0.026). The use of ART is associated with reduced prevalence of oral lesions in HIV+ patients; however, rampant caries were highest in this group. Primary dentition of HIV+ patients should be considered high risk for caries.


A theoretical and experimental study has been carried out on a tunable dual pump-probe optical source for distributed Brillouin optical time-domain analysis (BOTDA). The developed source exploits a modified Brillouin ring laser technology and is capable of a tuning range of ∼200 MHz without using phase-locked loop or optical sideband generation techniques, and exhibits a linewidth smaller than 2.5 MHz and ∼0.5 mW power. In BOTDA experiments, the proposed source has demonstrated to be an efficient solution enabling distributed sensing over 10 km single mode fiber with a spatial resolution of ∼4 m, and a strain and temperature resolutions of ∼10 <italic>μ</italic>ϵ and ∼0.5 °C respectively.


ABSTRACT Despite the number of developed theories, it still remains a difficult task for some established and emerging schol-ars in various academic fields to clearly articulate new theories from research studies. This paper reviews and col-lates the views of scholars on what a theory is and how a good theory can be developed. It explains the concept of a theory, and the different components that make up a theory. The paper discusses the different processes of theory development by emphasizing what theory is and what theory is not. This review found that scholars differ in their definition of a theory, which leads to using terms such as model, paradigm, framework, and theory inter-changeably. It found the lack of theoretical constructs in a study to be one of the factors which explains why arti-cles are rejected for publication. This paper may be of benefit to established researchers who may be struggling with theory development, and especially younger academics who are the future of scholarship in various academ-ic fields, particularly in information science.


Small screen devices, also known as small-form-factor (SFF) devices including mobile phones and ultra mobile PCs are increasingly ubiquitous. Their uses includes gaming, navigation and interactive visualisation. SFF devices are, however, inherently limited by their physical characteristics for perception as well as limited processing and battery power. High-fidelity graphic systems have significant computational requirements which can be reduced through use of perceptually-based rendering techniques. In order to exploit these techniques on SFF devices a sound understanding of the perceptual characteristics of the display device is needed. This paper investigates the perceived rendering threshold specific for SFF devices in comparison to traditional display devices. We show that the threshold for SFF systems differs significantly from typical displays indicating substantial savings in rendering quality and thus computational resources can be achieved for SFF devices.


Doves and Pigeons are the members of living family Columbidae (Order: Columbiformes) having a wide range of taxonomic diversity and geographic distribution. Seven species with one sample each of family Columbidae were collected via random sampling from different districts of Pakistan to carry out this study. The targeted gene region was sequenced and identified by using BLAST tool at National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). CLUSTALW was used for sequence alignment and MEGA6 for reconstruction of phylogenetic trees to predict the effective ancestry of different Columbidae species. The following phylogenetic trees were obtained i.e. Maximum Likelihood tree, Neighborhood joining tree, Maximum parsimony tree and UPGMA tree. In the current study, COI gene barcoding and phylogenetic analysis of family Columbidae gave results of multiple alignment which showed that Columba livia livia and Columba eversmanni, closely resembled as well as Spilopelia senegalensis and Streptopelia decaocta. While Streptopelia tranquebarica and Spilopelia chinensis have great affinity due to small clade difference and Treron phoenicoptera was distinctly related to other species due to large clade difference.


There was widespread initial interest and use of intelligence tests in the schools immediately after World War I; this interest is reflected in the fact that "Reader's Guide to Periodic Literature" indexed nearly 300 articles on intelligence tests in the 5-year period from 1919-1924 alone. The history of intelligence testing and the schools contains a more nuanced story than testing statistics reveal. Questioning what the historian really knows about teachers' motives and the ways they implemented intelligence test scores into their classrooms, the paper finds that the answer will probably never be conclusive, since teachers, like the students and the classroom itself, remain the most elusive subject within the history of education. A deeper look into the teacher-oriented journals and teacher-training textbooks of the day suggests that the teacher's and principal's relationship to testing was complicated and fraught with ambivalence. Testing rhetoric of the time aimed for the strongest declaration of its potential for the schools. Historians of the early testing movement have often reduced the testing controversy to a conflict between those who were philosophically opposed to the deterministic implications of testing versus the educational psychologists, but that the educational arena of the 1920s was far more varied than that and the historian who attempts to tease out these variations of response must consider the source of records as well as their intended audience. The paper concludes with a discussion of the spread of standardized testing in the schools and results of that policy. Contains 89 notes. (BT) ******************************************************************************** * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * * from the original document. * ********************************************************************************


Decentralized execution settings are primordial for most processes where process participants are required to establish P2P interactions. This is particularly true for processes that subject the composition of services advertising different information flow policies. To provide a systematic approach to manage the information flow between composed services, we present a methodology that derives cooperating distributed processes of a centralized specification with respect to their information flow policies. Our contribution shows how service compositions, that cannot be realized with centralized orchestrations or inconsistent choreographies, can be realized with equivalent decentralized executions in an inexpensive and in a reasonable manner.


Purpose Invasive pleomorphic lobular carcinoma (IPLC) is a very rare and distinct morphological variant of invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC), characterized by nuclear atypia and pleomorphism contrasted with the cytologic uniformity of ILC. This study evaluated clinicopathologic characteristics and prognosis of IPLC compared with invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). Methods We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 35 patients with IPLC and 6,184 patients with IDC, not otherwise specified. We compared the clinicopathologic characteristics, relapse-free survival (RFS) and disease specific survival (DSS) of patients who were surgically treated between January 1997 and December 2010. Results Patients with IPLC presented at an older age with larger tumor size, worse histologic grade, higher rates of N3 stage, more multifocal/multicentric tumors, and more nipple-areolar complex involvement than those of patients with IDC. During the follow-up period, the IPLC group experienced five cases (14.3%) of disease recurrence and three cases (8.6%) of disease specific mortality compared with 637 cases (10.4%) of recurrence and 333 cases (5.4%) of disease specific mortality in the IDC group. Univariate analysis using the Kaplan-Meier method revealed that the IPLC group showed a significantly poorer prognosis than that of the IDC group (RFS, p=0.008; DSS, p<0.001). However, after adjusting for clinicopathologic factors, a multivariate analysis showed no statistical differences in RFS (p=0.396) and DSS (p=0.168) between the IPLC and the IDC groups. Conclusion Our data suggest that patients with IPLC present with poor prognostic factors such as large tumor size, poor histologic grade and advanced stage at diagnosis. These aggressive clinicopathologic characteristics may result in poor clinical outcomes. Although our study could not link IPLC histology to poor prognosis, considering the aggressive characteristics of IPLC, early detection and considerate treatment, including proper surgical and adjuvant intervention, could be helpful for disease progression and survival.


Problem. Although programs for evangelizing Muslims have been studied and proposed at all levels of church organization, until now few if any of these studies or proposals have led to successful evangelization of Muslims in the Middle East countries. It was the purpose of this present study to develop biblically sound attitudes and approaches to Muslim evangelization for the use of administrators, teachers, pastors, and other church members in the Middle East. Method. Writings of the New Testament and of selected past and present authors have been investigated in order to identify principles and attitudes of evangelism as they might relate to or affect the mission of the Seventh-day Adventist Church in the Middle East. The project was organized into four main areas of study: Cl) a brief historical overview of the Gospel to the Muslims of the Middle East, (2) a study into current problems and obstacles hindering the evangelization of Muslims, (3) an analysis of New Testament evangelism in the book of Acts, and (4) the identification of positive workable concepts and attitudes toward Muslim evangelism in the Middle East. Results. Statistics show a marked decline in Seventh-day Adventist mission thrust to the Middle East. Major causes of this decline were found to be apathy, lack of evangelistic thrust, and other varied causes. Obstacles hindering the evangelism of Muslims include (1) lack of coordinated administrative planning for evangelism, C2). a weak spiritual commitment of some witnesses, (3) the rise and spread of nationalism, (4) prejudice between Christians and Muslims, (5) revolution and war, and (6) fear of religious persecution. Conclusions. Three basic concepts need to be fostered among Seventh-day Adventist pastors in the Middle East: (1) The pastor must be a role model for evangelism, (2) evangelism is not an option, and (3) the success of evangelism is not measured by the number of persons converted. A study of the New Testament church in Acts revealed five characteristics of evangelism recommended to the present day church in the Middle East: (1) The sharing of the message in all places by all Christians, (2) the use of effective methods, (3) the divine power which impelled early Christians, (4) the ingenious manner in which they evangelized under every kind of hindrance, and (5) the organization of lay evangelism. In order for Seventh-day Adventist laity to successfully communicate the Gospel to their neighboring Muslims they must: (1) become acquainted with Muslims, (2) demonstrate love to the people of Islam, (3) teach the Bible to inquirers, (4) emphasize what is unique in the Gospel, (5) make clear what it means to be an Adventist Christian, (6) introduce converts to a church which welcomes them, and (7) avoid controversy and debate with Muslims whenever possible. There are important reasons why Muslims should be evangelized today: (1) Christ's commission to make disciples of all nations, (.2) God's love brings reconciliation to all who receive Christ, (3) Islam's fa ilu re to meet all of man's moral and spiritual needs, (4) the value of each soul worthy of evangelization, (5) the beneficial influences that attend the Gospel, and (6) the need to facilitate the realization of God's promises.


Modification of the spontaneous emission of a multilevel quantum emitter driven by an elliptically polarized control field in the vicinity of the photonic crystal (PC) is investigated in detail. It is shown that one can control the spectral response by altering several key parameters: (i) the rotation polarization angle, (ii) the position-dependent angle parameter, and (iii) the emitter's location around the PC, respectively. These parameters affect the polarization of the control field and the coupling strength between the emitter and the PC, which leads to modification of the emission spectra of the emitter. A few interesting phenomena such as multipeak structure, enhanced ultranarrow spectral line, as well as the splitting and merging of spectral lines can be observed by adjusting these parameters. Moreover, control over the emission spectra by varying these angle parameters can provide more degrees of freedom and may offer an emitter with any desired spectral behavior.


OBJECTIVES
the aims of the study were to explore the activity of total and free (according to protein binding) maximal concentrations achieved in serum after multiple doses of voriconazole 400/200 mg and anidulafungin 200/100 mg against Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus flavus and the human albumin or serum effects on antifungal activity.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
Time-kill curves were performed with two A. fumigatus and two A. flavus strains at voriconazole and anidulafungin Cmax concentrations using different media: a) RPMI broth (Cmax-RPMI); b) RPMI with human serum (Cmax-HS), and c) RPMI with human albumin (Cmax-HAlb). In parallel, free-drug (fCmax) concentrations considering theoretical protein binding were performed in RPMI broth. Aspergillus metabolic activity was measured by the XTT reduction assay.

RESULTS
Voriconazol or voriconazole plus anidulafungin reduced >88.4% the metabolic activity of Aspergillus sp. at Cmax-RPMI and fCmax after 48 h of exposition. Anidulafungin alone showed poor metabolic reductions (<80.1% at Cmax- RPMI and <15% at fCmax). Anidulafungin activity, but not voriconazole activity alone or combined decreased in presence of HS or HAlb (more pronounced in A. flavus strains and HAlb). However, anidulafungin Cmax-HS or Cmax-HAlb against A. fumigatus strains were significantly more active (p<0.05) than fCmax in RPMI. These species and culture medium-dependent impact of human protein binding in the activity of anidulafungin was related to macroscopic and microscopic differences among mycelial mat grown in RPMI, HS or HAlb in whose XTT retention was different.

CONCLUSIONS
Synergism could not be demonstrated due to the high activity showed by voriconazole. Protein binding has not impact on voriconazole activity and this impact is considerably less than predicted by free concentration extrapolated from theoretical binding rate on anidulafungin. The XTT colorimetric assay needs to be standardized for use with Aspergillus spp. since without DMSO extraction the activity of echinocandins in a free-human protein RPMI medium could be overestimated.


In order to develop and validate smart grid technologies with complex control and communication, detailed modeling of distribution systems using the Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS) is invaluable [1]. At the distribution system level, testing a 13 kV power electronic device without first validating its controls is cost prohibitive. RTDS provides a cost effective way to study smart grids at not only the system level but also at the device level. The difficulty of modeling the distribution system using RTDS lies in the power electronic devices in the system such as single-phase three-stage solid state transformers (SST) and distributed energy storage devices (DESD) due to their fast transients. This paper investigates the low-loss two-level VSC bridge (LEV2) switching model in RTDS and solves the artificial loss problem for single phase systems. Then, the modeling method is applied to a controller hardware-in-the-loop (CHIL) setup with an SST and DESD, showing promising results. Finally, with the actual DSP+FPGA board for control and an ARM TS7800 for communication, the SST modeled in RTDS is controlled over Ethernet.


The mutual impacts between public participation and social capital has been thoroughly investigated, but little is known about the dynamics of social capital during a participative process. To fill such a gap, an ad-hoc monitoring system of social capital was implemented along an actual participative procedure about the future of an University site. Results show that - i) social capital evolution can follow non-monotonic patterns; ii) different dynamics of social interaction may occur that impact the quality of participation; iii) different participatory tools may lead to different dynamics of social capital; iv) repeated measurements of social capital generate a memory effect which reduces the variation of social capital itself. We also describe relevant drawbacks (resource consuming activities, reduced number of participants, etc.) which may reduce the applicability of the proposed approach. We conclude discussing when an on-going monitoring process is worth to be implemented, and we also describe some relevant side results for those interested to the issue of public participation - i) the announcement of the procedure already generated relevant individual learning; ii) the individual interviews were recognized as an essential learning moment, so we suggest including them into the design of any participative process.


The United States makes up only 5 percent of the world's population, but it incarcerates 25 percent of the globe's prisoners. This unprecedented level of incarceration has brought increased attention to the problems of particular subsets of prisoners sometimes called "special populations." These groups include female prisoners; lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender (LGBT), and questioning inmates; older prisoners; and prisoners with mental illness and physical disabilities. This Article discusses human rights dilemmas in the treatment of special populations in prison. The Article surveys ABA Standards and Resolutions that bear on special populations. While ABA Standards do not have the force of law, they can serve as models for jurisdictions seeking to enact best practices, and as a resource for advocates. Standards governing the management of special populations may be necessary to ensure humane treatment and avoid victimization and loss of life. However, they can be controversial, even among human rights advocates. There are two types of critiques: that reforms perpetuate stigma and stereotypes and that reforms reinforce our reliance on prisons. These controversies expose tensions regarding the role of prison conditions reform in the vast American corrections system. The economic crisis may be pointing us toward new solutions to these dilemmas. There is a push to reduce incarceration-related expenses by reducing harsh sentences, even in some states that are traditionally tough on crime. Reducing the number of U.S. prisoners will provide the most lasting resolution to the human rights issues.


Abstract. The accurate quantification of sediment mass redistribution is central to the study of surface processes, yet it remains a challenging task. Here we test a new combination of terrestrial gravity and drone photogrammetry methods to quantify sediment redistribution over a 1-km2 area. Gravity and photogrammetry are complementary methods. Indeed, gravity changes are sensitive to mass changes and to their location. Thus, by using photogrammetry data to constrain this location, the sediment mass can be properly estimated from the gravity data. We carried out 3 joint gravity-photogrammetry surveys, once a year in 2015, 2016 and 2017 over a 1-km2 area in southern Taiwan featuring both a wide meander of the Laonong River and a slow landslide. We first removed the gravity changes from non-sediment effects, such as tides, groundwater, surface displacements and air pressure variations. Then, we inverted the density of the sediment, with an attempt to distinguish the density of the landslide from the density of the river sediments. We eventually estimate an average loss of 4.7 ± 0.4 × 109 kg of sediment from 2015 to 2017, mostly due to the slow landslide. Although the gravity devices used in this study are expensive and need week-long surveys, new instrumentation progresses shall enable dense and continuous measurements at lower cost, making this method relevant to improve the estimation of erosion, sediment transfer and deposition in landscapes.


In one of his most daring exploits, Jack goes down under -- literally -- to investigate the disappearance of a diver off the Great Barrier Reef of Australia. Using everything in his backpack arsenal from anti-puke pills to a morphing suit, an egg-shaped submarine to Disappearing Milk, he exposes a deadly nest of pirates raiding a shipwreck site. Jack has to thwart their schemes, evade their attempts on his life, and escape the primordial hunger of three deadly species: a Komodo dragon, a set of sharks, and the most poisonous predators in the reef, the Irukandji jellyfish. Can he save the treasure and the diver, not to mention himself? Canny and resourceful, Jack will delight readers and impress their parents.


Within economic globalization, management consulting has become an important source for innovation in management, forming a bridge between academia, firms, and thought leaders in other fields. In the 1980s and 1990s, management consulting has grown quickly in US and in Europe. The current trend in the market is a clear differentiation of management consulting firms. Currently, there are four main types of consulting firms. First, the large management and strategic consulting specialists that offer only strategy consulting and are specialized in some specific industry. Second, the boutique firms, often quite small, focusing on areas of consulting expertise in specific industries or technologies. Third, the medium-sized information technology consultancy networks, that mix boutique style with some of the typical services and technologies global players offer their clients. Finally, the large networks. Diversified organizations that offer a wide range of services.


Background We described a modified 'hydroexpression' technique for the lenticule removal during small-incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) surgery and compared the results with conventional forceps method. Methods This was a retrospective, comparative study of 50 patients who underwent SMILE surgery by the same surgeon. We compared the 1-week and 3-months postoperative results after SMILE using the hydroexpression technique with the conventional forceps technique. Main outcome measures included uncorrected distance visual acuity, corrected distance visual acuity, refractive accuracy, safety index and efficacy index. Results The baseline characteristics were comparable between both groups. At postoperative 1 week, the safety index in forceps and hydroexpression group was 0.93±0.11 and 0.97±0.10, respectively (P=0.246). At 3 months, they were 1.00±0.06 and 0.99±0.09 (P=0.850). For efficacy indices, at 1 week they were 0.84±0.17 and 0.91±0.17 (P=0.158). At 3 months, they were 0.92±0.13 and 0.94±0.19 (P=0.624). All eyes aimed for a plano target. 96% in forceps group and 90% in hydroexpression group were within ±0.50 dioptre (D) in spherical equivalent refraction (SEQ) correction at postoperative 3 months (P=0.567). The mean errors of SEQ correction were −0.10±0.21 D in forceps group and −0.08±0.30 D in hydroexpression group (P=0.705). Conclusion Hydroexpression was simple and safe and had early results comparable to the conventional forceps technique. This technique was particularly useful for cases with more adhesions between lenticule and anterior cap, thin lenticule cases and for the inexperienced SMILE surgeons.


BACKGROUND: Accurate staging of disease severity and its serial monitoring thus is central to the effective management protocols of interstitial lung disease (ILD). PURPOSE: The aim is to evaluate the effectiveness of semi-quantitative parameters of lung ultrasound (LUS) in patients of ILD as a means of staging disease severity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: LUS of 47 patients of ILD and 20 age-matched controls was performed, and findings such as B-line distance, pleural thickening, subpleural changes, decreased lung sliding, and fragmented pleural lining were charted, and an LUS score was done using these parameters. Findings were compared with the Modified Medical Research Council (MMRC) dyspnea grade and spirometry parameters. RESULTS: The presence of B-lines and fragmented pleural lining were the most common findings observed in patients of ILD. Predicted forced vital capacity (FVC) and predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) showed a good correlation with all the LUS parameters. B-line distance was the most significant LUS parameter to predict the variability in predicted FEVI, FVC, and MMRC dyspnea score. LUS severity score also showed good negative correlation with predicted FEV1 (r = −0.674, P < 0.001) and predicted FVC (r = −0.65, P < 0.001). LUS severity score of 4 or more predicted MMRC dyspnea score of > 3 with 82% sensitivity and 70% specificity. CONCLUSION: Semi-quantitative LUS score and B-line distance can provide a simple but effective estimate of disease severity in ILD.


Climatic change has been a prominent cause of marine mass extinction, but areal restriction of seafloor during global regression has not. Late Eocene and Pliocene-Pleistocene cooling, for example, caused major extinctions, but profound global Oligocene and Pleistocene regressions had little or no direct effect on benthic diversity. Recurrent themes of pre-Cenozoic marine crises suggest that global temperature change also served as a major, and perhaps dominant, agent of extinction in these events: (1) Mass extinctions have frequently been concentrated in the tropics, which seem to have become a refrigerated trap from which there has been no escape; biotas previously occupying high latitudes have shifted equatorward, to replace disappearing tropical biotas. (2) Some crises were not instantaneous but followed protracted and pulsatile temporal patterns, as would be predicted for complex, global climatic crises. (3) Several mass extinctions coincided with recognized intervals of climatic cooling.


The method of potentiometric determination of pharmaceutically important nimesulide by using isopropyl alcohol as the solvent and alcoholic KOH as the titrant has been developed. The titrations were carried out using glass and calomel electrodes. Study of the effect of solvent, concentration and the estimation of nimesulide in single component tablets has been also carried out. The method was found to be satisfactory for assay of nimesulide and results obtained are comparable with those obtained by British Pharmacopoeia (B. P) method.


We are seeing the construction industry become more and more sophisticated with new construction techniques. However, in residential construction, the same tools that were used fifty years ago are used today although with some improvements. One way to get injured on the job is using the wrong tool for the job. Two important points to remember when using hand tools is the selection of the tool for the job and the use of the tool for the job. General Points: Keep your tools clean and in good condition. Chose the right tool for a specific job. Never use a tool not designed for the job you are doing. Never carry tools in your pockets. When chipping or cutting, wear eye protection. Be wary of the effect of your actions on other nearby workers. Use a pulling motion to operate hand tools rather than a pushing method. Never leave hand tools in areas where they may be kicked off onto lower levels or where they may be a tripping hazard. Never improvise. Don't adapt or use " cheaters. " Never remove an electrical cord by jerking it; pull it away from power by the plug. Always be sure that power tools are electrically safe. Remember: The use of hand tools effects the daily lives of all construction workers. As a result, it is necessary that everyone be aware of safe hand tool practices and follows those practices. NOTE: Always promote a discussion on any of the topics covered in the Tool Box Talks. Should any question arise that you cannot answer, don't hesitate to contact your Employer.


This paper empirically analyzes economies of scale and of scope in the production of research and technology transfer outputs in the Spanish public university system. We employ the flexible fixed cost quadratic function which relates total university R&D expenditure and the budget of the technology transfer offices with different outputs of research and technology transfer, from which we then compute the ray economies of scale, the specific economies of scale and the economies of scope. Our results indicate that ray economies of scale and research specific economies of scale hold up to 100% of current mean expenditure. The technology transfer product specific economies of scale hold up to 150% of current mean of the R&D expenditure. Our results also show that cost subadditivity acts a positive constraint, from which we infer the presence of economies of scope.


Title of Document: REDEFINING RELIGION THROUGH LITERATURE IN NINETEENTH CENTURY FRANCE Erica Maria Cefalo, Doctor of Philosophy, 2013 Directed By: Professor Joseph Brami, Department of French and Italian From the Enlightenment to the end of the nineteenth century, France experienced political change and literary innovation which resulted in new definitions of the relationship between mankind and God. Current research in nineteenth century French literature has discovered a wealth of diverse and provocative topics within this humanist tradition precisely because it was a time of experimentation and change which gave birth to new viewpoints on everything from gender roles and sexuality to socialism and human rights. This dissertation delves into the evolution of an often overlooked element of French life which went hand in hand with social and intellectual innovation: religion and spirituality. Under the Catholic monarchy, France had traditionally relied on religion as the foundation for a collective morality. Enlightenment philosophy challenged traditional religious concepts and France's post-Revolutionary break with the Catholic Church encouraged intellectuals to continue exploring new notions of the divine. This dissertation focuses on a number of spiritual ideas put forward by various writers. While some, such as Chateaubriand, Ballanche and Lamennais famously advocated a return to Catholicism, others like Mme de Staël and Lamartine used their writings as a means for devising a new spiritual direction that would rely less on institutionalized religion and more on the conscience. Advancements in science and in the study of history ushered in a new awareness of the relationship between the past and the future which inspired scientifically minded intellectuals, such as Auguste Comte and Emile Zola, to consider themselves as part of a progressive succession of human beings more dominated by time and society than by any god. By shedding what they saw as outmoded conceptions of the universe, philosophers, poets and novelists alike moved to embrace a more progressive spiritual direction incorporating compassion, empathy and justice as sources for moral truths. These are concepts that have carried over into secular France today as citizens continue to focus on ethical concerns in political debates that touch on topics such as welfare programs, immigration, and secularism. REDEFINING RELIGION THROUGH LITERATURE IN NINETEENTH CENTURY FRANCE


In Scotland, Atlantic salmon Salmo salar cages are being moved out of areas with slow water movements, to disperse wastes and reduce impacts on benthic communities. This first study of the effects of fish farms on maerl beds (red algal coralline gravels of high conservation importance) demonstrated major impacts on the benthos, even in strongly tidal areas. SCUBA surveys of 3 fish farms located over maerl revealed a build-up of waste organic matter and 10 to 100-fold higher abundances of scavenging fauna (e.g. Necora puber, Pagurus bernhardus) than on 6 reference maerl beds. Visible waste was noted up to 100 m from cage edges, and all 3 farms caused significant reductions in live maerl cover, upon which this habitat depends. Near-cage infaunal samples showed significant reductions in biodiversity, with small Crustacea (ostracods, isopods, tanaids and cumaceans) being particularly impoverished in the vicinity of cages, and significant increases in the abundance of species tolerant of organic enrichment (e.g. Capitella spp. complex, Ophryotrocha hartmanni). Relocation of fish farms to areas with strong currents is unlikely to prevent detrimental effects to the structure and organisation of the benthos, and 'fallowing' (whereby sites are left unstocked for a period of time to allow benthic recovery) is inadvisable where slow-growing biogenic habitats such as maerl are concerned, as this may expand the area impacted.


In this paper we present results concerning periods and polarizations of cold plasma ultra-low frequency (ULF) guided Alfven waves in a non-axisymmetric geomagnetic field. The background geomagnetic field is approximated by a compressed dipole for which we propose a simple description in terms of Euler potentials. This study is motivated by the problem of outer-radiation belt electron acceleration by ULF waves, for which the polarization of the wave is of paramount importance. We consider an approximation appropriate to decoupled Alfvenic waves and find that the polarization of the waves can change significantly with local time. Therefore, the ULF wave's contribution to the MeV electron energization process can be localized in space.


The stem of Bryophyllum pinnatum (Crassulaceae), used in ethnomedicine for the treatment of various diseases, was screened for secondary metabolites and antimicrobial activity on Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Candida albicans and Aspergillus nige r. Phytochemical analysi s showed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, proteins, carbohydrates, saponins, steroids, tannins and terpenoids in both the methanol and aqueous extracts. The antimicrobial activity result showed that the methanol extract significantly (P < 0.01) demonstrated antibacterial action against B. subtilis and S. aureus at 100, 50 and 25 mg/ml concentrations, using the agar diffusion technique. The aqueous extract also significantly (P < 0.01) showed antibacterial action against S. typhi and B. subtilis at the same concentrations. Both extracts did not demonstrate any antimicrobial activity against P. aeruginosa, C. albicans and A. niger. S. aureus showed the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 6.29 mg/ml in the methanol extract, while S. typhi showed the highest MIC of 9.98 mg/ml in the aqueous extract (significant at P < 0.01). The results validate the use of B. pinnatum stem in ethnomedicine. Key words: Antimicrobial, Bryophyllum stem extracts.


Using a new implementation of a NASA flight simulation of the Quiet Short-Haul Research Aircraft, autopilots were designed to be capable of flying both straight in (ILS) approaches, and circling (SNI) approaches. A standard glideslope coupler was sufficient for most conditions, but a standard Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) based localizer tracker was not sufficient for maintaining a lateral track on the SNI course. To track the SNI course, a feed-forward system, using GPS steering provided much better results. NASA and the FAA embrace the concept of a Simultaneous, Non-Interfering (SNI) approach as a way to increase airport throughput while reducing the noise footprints of aircraft on approach. The NASA concept for the SNI approach for Short Takeoff and Landing (STOL) aircraft involves a straight in segment flown above the flight path of a normal approach, followed by a spiraling descent to the runway. As this is a procedure that would be utilized by regional airliners, it is assumed that it would be conducted under Instrument Flight Rules (IFR). GPS or INS guidance would be required to fly this approach, and it is likely that it would be necessary to fly the approach with a coupled autopilot: a stabilized, curving, instrument approach to decision altitude would be exceedingly difficult to fly. The autopilots in many current commuter and general aviation aircraft, however, were designed before the event of GPS, and do not have provisions for tracking curved paths. This study identifies problem areas in implementing the SNI circling approach on aircraft and avionics as they stand today and also gives examples of what can be done for the SNI approach to be successful. v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS


The Supreme Court's Fourth Amendment doctrine regulating police violence, including its recent decision in Scott v. Harris, is unprincipled and indeterminate. The common law of justification defenses, by contrast, provides a well-established legal structure for determining when one person may justly use force against another. In this Article, I argue that this structure should be imported and adapted to the constitutional doctrine governing police uses of force. Following the structure of justification defenses, I contend first that police uses of force can be constitutionally justified only if they are in pursuit of legitimate state interests. In particular, police uses of force are justified only if they assist the mechanisms of criminal justice (e.g., arrests), preserve public order, or protect officers from harm. Continuing the analogy to justification doctrine, I also maintain that even when used to pursue one of these legitimate ends, police uses of force are constitutionally justified only if they (1) respond to an imminent threat to one of these ends; (2) reasonably appear to be necessary in degree and kind to defend against that threat; and (3) create a risk of harm that is not substantially disproportionate to the interest they serve. These concepts of imminence, necessity, and proportionality cannot be imported wholesale from justification law, however. Instead, they must be tailored to accommodate important differences between the police and ordinary civilian defenders and refined over time by courts in the context of cases alleging excessive force. Suitably modified, the justification framework can operate within the Fourth Amendment jurisprudence to provide a more reasoned, predictable, and just assessment of police violence, one that takes police officers seriously both as state actors and as vulnerable and limited human beings.


The Edwardian age was as brief as the Victorian era that preceded it was long. It has been depicted as an indolent summer afternoon of imperial and elite complacency, but also as a period of rapid political, economic, and artistic change, culminating in the First World War. This magnificent book explores themes of power, nostalgia, and a contrasting lightness of touch that characterized the period. Issues of creation, consumption, and display are examined through a range of objects, including portraits by Sargent and Boldini, diamond tiaras and ostrich-feather fans, jewel-like Autochrome color photography, and a spectacular embroidered gown that belonged to the American-born Vicereine of India. Spanning divides of class and geography, this book identifies opulence and leisure as driving forces for the domestic and imperial British economic engine in the early years of the 20th century.


This guide to the subject of International Relations is intended to provide you with information about accessing books and databases that will help you in your scholarship.


Objective: The impact of organized screening programs on breast cancer (BC) mortality is unclear in an era of high spontaneous referral of women to mammography. The aim of this study was to analyze if the introduction of mammographic screening programs reduced BC mortality in the Veneto region, Italy, despite already widespread spontaneous access to mammography. Methods: In Veneto, screening was introduced in different years between 1999 and 2009 across 21 local health units (LHUs), inviting asymptomatic women aged 50–69 years to undergo mammography biennially. We compared BC mortality for the 1995–2014 period of women aged 40–49 and 50–74 years who were resident in LHUs where screening programs started in 2003 (early LHUs) with women resident in LHUs where screening was introduced later (late LHUs). Poisson regression models were applied to incidence-based mortality (IBM), including only deaths from BC arising within the screening period. Results: In the prescreening period and until 2010, BC mortality rates in early and late LHUs were similar in both age groups. In the last study period (2010–2014), we observed a 10% decrease in overall BC mortality in early compared to late LHU, limited to women aged 50–74 years. IBM was reduced by 8% (95% CI 1%–16%) in the overall study period and by 16% (6%–25%) in 2010–2014. Conclusions: In the Veneto region, screening programs were associated with a significant impact on BC-specific mortality; such effect appeared at least 8 years after screening implementation.


The exploding market demand for bandwidth and transmission speed requires unprecedented levels of performance from the structured cabling that moves data through the enterprise. This trend has been amplified by the increasing popularity of power over Ethernet (PoE) as a method of providing electrical power to networked devices. Cable manufacturers are responding with new product designs that optimize key factors like heat dissipation and bend radius while minimizing signal loss.


Purpose The purpose of this thesis is to explain how and under what conditions learning orientation of the customer relations staff of GSM Kazakhstan (Kcell) is linked to the performance of the company. The purpose of this thesis is two-fold: First we proposed and test how learning orientation affects organizational commitment of the company through developing staff competencies. Secondly propose and test how relationship between CC and the company's performance can be formulated. Design and methodology The methods and research design will guide readers through the steps taken to complete the contained thesis. These steps will also help other researchers to be able to reproduce this research by following the path outlined in the methods section. All measures, definitions and operationalization are based on earlier research. The rationale for the research approach was carefully considered and explained so that readers of this thesis can obtain a clear appreciation of the objective of this research. Findings We suggested a model including four hypotheses. First we suggested Learning Commitment have a positive (+) effect on Company Commitment. We did not find support for this relationship. Secondly, we proposed Shared Values have a positive (+) effect on Company Commitment. This hypothesis was also rejected. Third, we proposed Open Mindedness have a positive (+) effect on Company Commitment. Here we found strong significant support. As expected we also found support for our fourth hypothesis that is Company Commitment have a positive (+) effect on Performance of the company. Our findings thus mean that performance is strongly related to commitment, which depends on the construct of open mindedness.


Hydrological simulation of states and fluxes represents a viable approach for predicting the occurrence of extreme events and diagnosing their underlying causes. In recent decades, databases of soil textural properties have been published that provide a basis for estimating hydrologic model parameters. The aim of this study is to quantify the impact of soil textural assumptions on hydrologic states and fluxes: an often overlooked source of hydrologic modelling uncertainty. Mesoscale hydrologic model simulations driven by the digital general soil map of the USA (STATSGO2) soil database (1 : 250 000) were compared with those using the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)‐based harmonized world soil database (1 : 5 000 000) over the Mississippi river basin. Annual and seasonal differences in modelled water fluxes and states were explored, in addition to major historical flood and drought events during 1988, 1993 and 2012. Model simulations using STATSGO2 consistently led to greater separation between fast and slow runoff responses (by approximately 24–39%) and, generally, more extreme responses to historic flood and drought events. Simulated soil moisture and runoff from the coarser harmonized world soil database produced greater persistence by roughly 0.10 autocorrelation points at 1‐, 3‐ and 6‐month lags, due to larger active water storage capacity. Overall, the choice of soil database altered the partitioning of precipitation between evapotranspiration and runoff, and affected the correlation structure between forcing and modelled fluxes by up to 0.2 points. As compared with other decisions needed to make hydrologic predictions, this analysis demonstrates that choice of soil textural properties for a single model can be an appreciable source of uncertainty and therefore warrants careful consideration. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Two sampling expansions are derived, from which the three-dimensional (3-D)
field amplitude distribution in the vicinity of an axial image point can be
recovered entirely from a 1-D set of amplitude samples. In the first of these
expansions, the sampling points are regularly spaced along the system optical
axis, whereas in the second these points lie along one radius in a plane perpendicular
to this axis. The expansions are derived with a scalar diffraction theory
by using the paraxial and classical approximations. Apart from leading to
very efficient computational schemes, both expansions are shown to provide
a good basis for analyzing the structure of this kind of diffraction
pattern, and knowledge of this structure can be applied in turn to the solution
of pupil synthesis problems.


As in the previous editions, this workshop is trying to be a forum for multi-disciplinary research ranging from developmental psychology to neural sciences (in its widest sense) and robotics including computational studies. This is a two-fold aim of, on the one hand, understanding the brain through engineering embodied systems and, on the other hand, building artificial epigenetic systems. Epigenetic contains in its meaning the idea that we are interested in studying development through interaction with the environment. This idea entails the embodiment of the system, the situatedness in the environment, and of course a prolonged period of postnatal development when this interaction can actually take place. This is still a relatively new endeavor although the seeds of the developmental robotics community were already in the air since the nineties (Berthouze and Kuniyoshi, 1998; Metta et al., 1999; Brooks et al., 1999; Breazeal, 2000; Kozima and Zlatev, 2000). A few had the intuition – see Lungarella et al. (2003) for a comprehensive review – that, intelligence could not be possibly engineered simply by copying systems that are "ready made" but rather that the development of the system fills a major role. This integration of disciplines raises the important issue of learning on the multiple scales of developmental time, that is, how to build systems that eventually can learn in any environment rather than program them for a specific environment. On the other hand, the hope is that robotics might become a new tool for brain science similarly to what simulation and modeling have become for the study of the motor system. Our community is still pretty much evolving and "under construction" and for this reason, we tried to encourage submissions from the psychology community. Additionally, we invited four neuroscientists and no roboticists for the keynote lectures. We received a record number of submissions (more than 50), and given the overall size and duration of the workshop together with our desire to maintain a single-track format, we had to be more selective than ever in the review process (a 20% acceptance rate on full papers). This is, if not an index of quality, at least an index of the interest that gravitates around this still new discipline.


The Australian theatre in the late nineteenth century was in transition: it was, like the country, seeking its own identity in a period of social change. The contributions made to its development by men are well documented. Those made by women have received much less recognition. This thesis addresses that hiatus, by examining the life, celebrity, and influence of English actress, Janet Achurch. It focuses on her 1889–91 Australian tour and the ambivalent responses to her portrayal of Nora in Henrik Ibsen's A Doll's House.
Achurch, with her husband, actor Charles Charrington, came to Australia under contract to entrepreneurs Williamson, Garner, and Musgrove. On 14 September, 1889 she opened at the Princess's Theatre in Melbourne with A Doll's House, the play now most closely connected with the concept of the New Woman. She closed with the same play at Brisbane's Theatre Royal on 13 November, 1891.
A picture of Achurch's tour has emerged from newspapers and other periodicals accessed through the National Library of Australia's digitised database, Trove. After siting the tour within the historical and cultural context of Australia and its theatre, this thesis follows Achurch's progression, revealed in reviews, opinions, letters to the editor, and advertisements. It then discusses the controversies occasioned by the inclusion of Camille, Hedda Gabler, and Doll's House in her repertoire, before examining Achurch's achievements during her two years in the country.
Most controversy centred on Doll's House, which polarised the critics and playgoing public. Responses ranged from deeply supportive to highly condemnatory. Although the sometimes acrimonious debate continued, negative reactions to Doll's House lessened as the tour progressed. A graph of the responses to Doll's House and Nora, coded for sympathy, neutrality, or antipathy, demonstrates the early trend towards a less hostile reception.
Achurch, through her abilities as a performer, personal popularity, and staging of drama that stimulated public discussion, made three contributions to theatre in Australia that were of particular significance. First, she contributed by building audiences throughout the country, most notably by reinvigorating the industry in Brisbane, and pioneering the inclusion of Perth in the itineraries of first-rank companies. Second, she introduced the emerging realist direction in literature to the Australian stage through the works of Henrik Ibsen. Third, she established the stage as a forum for discussion of issues affecting women in the late nineteenth century. Achurch represents the many women who, to a smaller or greater degree, influenced the development of theatre in Australia as the nineteenth century drew to a close.


Maslach (1982) conceptualizes burnout as emotional exhaustion and cynicism, which erodes an individual's ability to effectively engage in work. A known antecedent to burnout across a variety of occupations, including interpreting, is chronic job stress (Delisle, Lariviere, Imbeau, & Durand, 2005; Swartz, 1999). The multidimensional construct of perfectionism is one personality trait noted in the literature (Flett & Hewitt, 2002) that affects how an individual perceives and manages stressors and it is consistently associated with burnout. Perfectionism is characterized by a tendency to set and strive for high personal standards and has both detrimental and beneficial potential (Stoeber & Otto, 2006). Investigators focusing on sign language interpreters have identified a wide range of cognitive and personality factors that contribute to the effective management of stress, such as perfectionistic traits (Bontempo & Napier, 2011). In contrast, negative appraisals of work, self-doubt and self-criticism are consistently associated with the development of 1 Schwenke: Sign Language Interpreters and Burnout: Exploring Perfectionism a Published by WestCollections: digitalcommons@wcsu, 2015 122 • Volume 49, Number 2 burnout amongst sign language interpreters (Qin, Marshall, Mozrall, & Marschark, 2008; Schwenke, Ashby & Gnilka, 2014). Within the extant literature there is evidence that perfectionistic traits, influence an individual's personal assessment of work demands and can contribute to the development of burnout. The current literature review explores the issue of burnout within the field of interpreting by considering the role of perfectionism, stress and coping, and lays the groundwork for additional research.


Computer-Assisted Instruction in the Classroom: Selecting a System The Central Kitsap School District is rapidly changing from a rural to a suburban area. Located on the Kitsap Peninsula, approximately one hour west of Seattle, Washi., by ferry and freeway, it has grown since the construction of the Trident submarine base within its area. The district also serves families from the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard and the Naval Underseas Warfare Engineering Station. Approximately 70 percent of the students' families are connected with the Navy. Approximately 27 percent of the students are active-duty military personnel dependents; the remainder are children of civil service employees or defense contractors. The student population is extremely transient. Parents in the district are well-educated and technology-oriented; they have high expectations from school. The community consistently supports bond issues and special levies for instructional programs. The district spends at the state average for instruction and has emphasized technology heavily during the past five years. Currently, there is approximately one instructional computer for every 11 students in the district. Instruction on computers begins in the first grade and continues through high school. The seeds of integrating technology into regular instructional programs were planted in 1984 when a district task force on excellence made the following recommendations: "The district should create a plan to integrate the application of technological innovation and the study of technological implication into appropriate courses across the curriculum. The district should integrate computers as a teaching tool into all appropriate classrooms. "By doing so, the use of computers will assist the teacher in individualizing student education by: determining the appropriate level of work for each student; monitoring individual student progress; providing for immediate feedback to the teacher within an individualized program; and freeing teachers to work with students in more of the areas best served by direct human interaction." The district's computer committee began to search for software that could accomplish that purpose. During the 1985/86 school year, the committee developed guidelines for selecting a computer-assisted instruction (CAI) program for the district's newest junior high school and, subsequently, for an elementary school. The committee used a nine-step process to select the CAI system: 1. Review of the literature 2. Research of advertising 3. Development of educational criteria 4. In-district demonstrations 5. Site visits 6. Completion of a report matrix 7. Weighting of criteria 8. Evaluation of criteria and reports 9. Selection of the system Later in the selection process, other questions emerged. Were there hidden costs? Inservice costs after the initial few days? Daily consultant help needed? Supplies available on the open market? Additional questions that were asked included: Does the company have a users' network organized through an electronic bulletinb oard or through user meetings? Is the company expanding its suites of programs--particularly at the secondary level and in foreign languages? Is the company expanding its capability to make its offering compatible with other software and hardware? With these criteria and questions in mind, the committee reviewed all proposals, arranged in-district demonstrations and made site visits to the companies' headquarters or to a school that was piloting the system being assessed. A System Is Chosen Each committee member completed a report matrix; and, subsequently, the committee recommended to the superintendent and board of directors that Education Systems Corp. (ESC) (1) be selected for the first program, at Woodlands Elementary School. …


[Editor's note: The following article is winner of the first annual LITA/Endeavor Student Writing Award.] Libraries face many policy and technological difficulties in providing remote access to databases, making effective use of Internet bandwidth, controlling where patrons browse on public computers, and gathering statistics on usage. Some libraries have chosen to employ proxy Web servers to solve these problems. This paper outlines the use of proxy Web servers by libraries to address these areas and documents survey results on their use in libraries. ********** In its most general definition, a proxy server is "[a]n intermediary server that accepts requests from clients and forwards them to other ... servers." (1) In the general form of this definition, a proxy server may act as an intermediary for one of many Internet protocols (such as HTTP, FTP, Telnet, NNTP, and others). This paper focuses on the application of proxy Web servers in general, and specifically their use in library networks to solve library-specific problems. There are four reasons a library may install a proxy Web server: to enable access to resources by patrons outside a library's network, to filter Web requests or responses on public stations, to conserve bandwidth and improve response time, and to gather statistics on Web usage. In order to identify why libraries had installed proxy servers and what proxy server software was used, a survey was prepared and distributed in November 2000. Additional questions were asked about the documentation provided to patrons about how to use a proxy server and any privacy statements about the disposition of proxy server log files. This paper will discuss the information gathered in the survey. The survey was posted to the following electronic mailing lists: firstname.lastname@example.com, PACS-L@ listserv.uh.edu, firstname.lastname@example.com, teknoids@listserv. law.cornell.edu, firstname.lastname@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.com, and PUBLIB-NET@sunsite. berkeley.edu. E-mail messages were also sent to the attendees of the second and third LITA Regional Institutes on Web Proxy Servers and Authentication. A copy of the survey appears at the end of this paper in appendix A. Between November 16 and December 22, 2000, eighty-five libraries responded to the call for participation in the survey. Respondents had the option to identify themselves and their institution; that information was used for follow-up information, much of which is discussed in this paper. A breakdown of library types is shown in table 1. Three of the responding libraries were not using proxy servers at this time. Proxy for Remote Resource Access By far the most frequent reason for libraries to use Web proxy servers is to enable off-network patrons to access vendor-provided resources. These resources are typically restricted to a particular institution's subscription by one of two methods: vendor-supplied username/password authentication or network address recognition. Although alternate methods exist for the purpose of authenticating access to resources (vendor-supplied scripts and referer-URL authentication, for example), these methods do not enjoy widespread implementation. The problems of distributing vendor-supplied usernames and passwords to a community of users and keeping them secure are well known; such a method allows access to a resource from nearly any Web browser in the world. A single username and password supplied by the vendor can be distributed to individual patrons or posted on an internal Web site. In addition to the packet sniffing problems discussed in Cole, there is nothing inherent in this scheme that prevents the password from being given to patrons outside the institution's community. (2) The same problem exists for usernames and passwords distributed to individuals, although it is easier to identify abuses with a single user's password and cancel access for a username which has been compromised. …


In 2006, a scandal broke in the culinary world. It was alleged that Robin Wickens, chef at (now closed) Interlude restaurant in Melbourne, Australia, had copied dishes by renowned American chefs Wylie Dufresne, Jose Andres, and Grant Achatz. It is not uncommon for chefs to borrow recipes from other chefs, and there has been a long culture of sharing in the cuisine industry. However, what made Wickens' actions scandalous was that he had purportedly copied the artistic presentation and plating of other chefs' dishes, not just their recipes. This Article examines whether chefs can protect the artistic presentation or plating of their dishes under U.S. copyright law, trademark law, or design patent law. The analysis proceeds in three parts: (1) whether artistic food plating could fulfill copyright's requirement of being an original work of authorship fixed in a tangible medium of expression containing artistic aspects separable from its utilitarian functions; (2) whether artistic food plating could function as protectable trade dress that is nonfunctional and able to acquire secondary meaning; and (3) whether artistic food plating could be protectable as new, original, ornamental, and nonobvious design patent. This Article concludes that a chef may not be able to copyright her artistic food presentation because of copyright law's fixation and conceptual separability requirements, but — in limited circumstances — a chef may be able to claim trademark protection of a signature dish, or apply for a design patent for her ornamental plating arrangement. Nevertheless, even though chefs may have these options under intellectual property law, they are not guaranteed to prevail in an infringement action, nor would chefs necessarily want to use intellectual property laws to protect their dishes in light of the accepted culture of sharing and borrowing in the cuisine industry.


In 2011, the United States Supreme Court struck down a class action suit alleging that Wal-Mart stores discriminated against female employees in pay and promotion decisions, making it more difficult to obtain certification of private employment discrimination class actions. As a result, the role of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission in seeking structural reform of the workplace, always of substantial influence, has gained in comparative importance. Yet there is remarkably little written about the EEOC's large-scale injunctive cases. This Article addresses this major gap in scholarship. Using both qualitative case studies and a new quantitative data-set, we test existing theories about structural reform litigation in the workplace. We begin with the two dominant theories that offer different accounts of injunctive practices aimed at structural reform of the workplace. Both describe how legal interventions can transform the culture and practice of targeted firms. The first, which we call "gladiator theory," emphasizes dramatic litigated struggles; the second, which we call "collaborationist theory," highlights intense collaborations. However, these theories are undermined generally by their reliance on highly unusual, if salient, cases. In order to eliminate this source of bias, we undertake a systematic analysis of the EEOC's injunctive practices over a ten-year period of time and measure them against the extant theories of litigated reform. We find a notable disconnect. We observe instead that the injunctive relief obtained by the EEOC in these cases appears primarily aimed at forcing firms to implement what are commonly accepted as good and rational human resources practices. As we explore, these forms of injunctive relief are consonant with the sociological literature about how firms respond in non-litigation contexts to anti-discrimination law. The remedies obtained by the EEOC are geared more towards rationalizing the firm's employment practices than transforming its culture and norms. They impose practices that would be entirely familiar to firms with well-functioning human resources departments that have adopted professionally endorsed "best practices" for compliance with the law. Thus we argue that the agency's structural reform efforts do not support either the gladiator and collaborationist theories, and are best viewed as the quite routinized application of managerialist, bureaucratic responses to the legal prohibitions against discrimination. This is an important finding for anyone interested in litigated structural reform generally, and in employment litigation and the EEOC more particularly.


As part of an on-going doctoral study, a constructivist approach to grounded theory is being used to develop an integrated model of knowledge management (KM) for the leading Irish construction organisations. Using multiple data collection methods; employees in a number of these organisations have participated, from recent graduates through to senior managers. While the need to effectively manage knowledge within large construction organisations is well recognised, a gap exists between the theory of KM and its implementation in practice. This paper considers the research in terms of its philosophical position, the use of grounded theory and the research methods utilised, from theoretical and practical perspectives. Progress in the study thus far is presented and future directions considered in achieving theoretical saturation and a well developed model. It is anticipated that the study will contribute to the field of construction management where further empirical research into KM is required. Much previous research in the area of KM in construction has focussed solely on technological, cultural or strategic issues in the development of KM models. The developed integrated model will form the basis of education and guidance resources on KM for the leading Irish construction organisations. As a traditional and pragmatic industry, the rationale for using grounded theory is provided from the viewpoint that it requires researchers to focus upon developing theory which produces explanations that are recognisable to the subjects of the research. In order to ensure the credibility of the developed model, it will be evaluated by industry as part of a pilot KM education programme, with further refinement if necessary.


There is overwhelming evidence that active learning is better than completely passive lecture. However, adoption of evidence-based teaching practices has been slow in part because creating new course materials is often a time-consuming and labor-intensive process. Inspired by prior work in the sciences, we describe our experiences deploying guided lecture notes to transition from peer instruction (10% of lecture time) to process oriented guided inquiry learning (POGIL, 50% of lecture time) over two offerings of data structures and algorithms in a large R1 university. In the first offering, we added metacognitive questions in the presentation speaker notes, providing additional scaffolding between pre-lecture reading and in-lecture peer instruction activities. At the beginning of each class session, we distributed guided lecture notes to students by printing the presentation speaker notes alongside lecture slide content. In this way, we were able to seamlessly integrate new supporting materials alongside lecture graphics and examples. In the second offering, we expanded guided lecture notes into POGIL worksheets by migrating most of the remaining passive lecture content to pre-lecture readings and consolidating lecture around three levels of process oriented guided inquiry: (1) metacognitive questions, (2) peer instruction activities scaffolded by the metacognitive questions, and (3) practice problems integrating multiple ideas. The resulting POGIL classroom leverages presentation software as a canvas for introducing problems with graphics and animations while structuring activities around active learning via process oriented guided inquiry.


Throughout the evolution of life on earth, bits of genetic material are routinely swapped among different species of bacteria to give them a competitive advantage. However, rarely do such gene transfers happen between bacteria and higher organisms. Currently, Prof. Nikolaidis et al. (2013) report on a rare case where plant genes called expansins, which are responsible for loosening or weakening protective cell wall, were transferred from plants to bacteria, fungi, and amoeba, which are known plant pathogens that live nearby in the soil. "Our study reveals a rare phenomenon in molecular evolution where plant genes have been transferred to simpler organisms like fungi and bacteria," said Nikolaidis. "The protein products of these genes are weakening the plant cell wall allowing plants to grow. In the case of bacteria and fungi, these proteins are related with the ability of these species to colonize plant roots and their virulence as plant pathogens. Our study suggests that by using proteins acquired from their hosts bacteria and fungi have found new adaptive ways to utilize their hosts resources and maybe become more advanced pathogens." The research team found two independent instances of such horizontal gene transfers that occurred from plants to bacteria and fungi. These events were followed by gene swapping among bacteria and fungi to refine their evolutionary fitness. The authors also looked at the details of gene swapping at the molecular level and found fused DNA segments that point to a similar gene function, binding to plant and bacteria cell walls. The evolution of these nonplant expansins represents a unique case in which bacteria and fungi have found innovative and adaptive ways to interact with and infect plants. This evolutionary paradigm suggests that, despite their low frequency, such rare events have significantly contributed to the evolution of prokaryotic and eukaryotic species.


The body composition of the 17 members of the BMRES was studied using body weight and fat fold calipers, with measurements of whole body potassium and nitrogen. The full assessment was made just before departure from Birmingham and immediately on return. Daily observations of body weight and fat folds were made during the trek to high altitude. During the ascent all subjects lost body fat but there was little change in lean body mass. After return it was found that there had been further loss of body fat and some loss of lean tissue also. One subject who took methandienone retained potassium but had no increase in body nitrogen. There was no correlation between changes in body composition and acute mountain sickness.


Knowing that the study strategies of students using college textbooks can be a powerful predictor of performance in the classroom, we examined the extent to which students in different psychology courses reported reading their textbooks. In psychology courses overall, students read on average 27.46% of the assigned readings before class and 69.98% before an exam, which corresponds to previous research. We furthermore found that these percentages were highly influenced by the course in which the students responded. In fact the percentages ranged from 21.21% to only 42.96% before class and from 60.83% to 91.20% before an exam, with significant differences existing between courses. Given that the majority of college students spend less than 3 hours reading textbook material and that they feel the instructor is responsible for reviewing material during class time, as well as, telling them what is important in the reading, instructors must find ways to encourage more reading by students, even if this involves giving quizzes over reading material. ********** Reading educators, when focusing on a student's skills and difficulties in learning from textbooks, have found that college freshmen lack mature and efficient strategies necessary for learning on their own (Simpson, 1984 as cited in Wandersee, 1988). Throughout the study, Simpson found that college freshmen had minimal strategies for studying, did not know why they chose a particular strategy, and were uncertain in how to determine if they were prepared for an exam. Friedman and Wilson (1975) indicated that considerable efforts have been made to improve how students learn, but little attention has been paid to the core element of that process, which is how students read their textbooks. As evidence of this Friedman and Wilson found when students were presented unknowingly with textbooks containing glue seals throughout the textbook chapters, the students spent more time reading chapter summaries rather than the chapters themselves when preparing for an examination. Thus, students cannot be involved in the type of meaningful learning that Wandersee described, in which a student must find the meaning the author presents, decide its significance, learn the meaning, relate the concept to past experiences in order to clarify it, and continue to practice and review what was learned from the textbook material. This level of learning cannot take place by merely reading the chapters summaries in a textbook. Smith (1982) found the learning strategies of mature learners involve not only reading their textbooks, but they also find alternatives texts to aid them in their knowledge acquisition, which is in stark contrast to those only reading chapter summaries. Wandersee (1988) stated that reading leads to better grades, which would lead one to assume that students would read their textbooks in order to prepare for examinations. However, Burchfield and Sappington (2000) found an overall decline in reading compliance over a 16 year span. Furthermore, Sikorski et al. (2002) found that most students reported reading their textbooks less than 3 hours per week, which is significantly less than university recommendations for study regimens, which commonly advise at least 2 hours of study time for every class credit (The Center for Advancement of Learning, 1998). For example, if a class meets for 3 hours a week, students should plan to spend at least 6 hours studying that subject each week. If a student has 15 class hours every week, he/she should spend at least 30 hours studying per week. The idea is that students need to treat college like a full-time job, meaning class preparation should take approximately 40 hours a week, but only 12 percent of college freshmen spend 26 hours or more a week studying, and most spend less than 15 hours a week studying (Indiana University Center for Postsecondary Research and Planning, 2002). In addition George Kuh (in Young, 2002) stated that "students are studying about one-third as much as faculty say they ought to, to do well" (p. …


ABSTRACT Undergraduate STEM students majoring in various science sub-disciplines (e.g. chemistry, physics, engineering) must develop strong understandings of core foundational thermodynamics concepts. The ability for course instructors and researchers to effectively refine instruction and develop interventions to support students' learning hinges on their ability to accurately gauge students' knowledge through the use of established measures. The Thermodynamics Conceptual Reasoning Inventory (TCRI) is designed to gauge undergraduate students' understanding of introductory thermodynamics concepts. The present study extends the findings of a previous publication by positioning the TCRI within the broader international literature of thermodynamics concept inventories and generating an argument for the reliability and validity of TCRI scores in a broader context. Participants (n = 278) took the revised 36-item TCRI (available in the supplementary online materials). Findings revealed that TCRI scores are useful in the broader context (e.g. no evidence of floor or ceiling effects, evidence of high reliability, no differences for students across majors, and TCRI scores were moderately correlated with both course exam scores and GPA). No further revisions are recommended based on analysis of item properties. The cumulative body of evidence related to the TCRI suggests that scores are useful indicators of undergraduate students' conceptual understanding of introductory thermodynamics concepts.


The role of design is changing and after postmodern design, in which design seemed to be more related to production, business and marketing, we are currently looking at 'the translation of scientific and technological research into tangible objects that change people's lives' as one of the most fundamental roles of design [1]. In the majority of Higher Education institutions a significant amount of research takes place and there is considerable potential to develop applications from the results of these activities, many of which are not fully exploited. The primary aim of this project was to investigate how design methods can be used to bridge the gap between the abstraction of research and the tangible requirements of everyday life. A project targeted second year students was developed to explore this concept; it was also an opportunity for students to challenge their familiar working methods by being collaborative and interdisciplinary. First they formed teams and identified examples of scientific and engineering research expertise; they then contacted the research active academic staff working in these fields and carried out a video interview. They analysed their findings and gave a presentation outlining their approach and design development for an appropriate context. Finally the teams presented educational videos that explain and promote their design proposals to expert and non-expert audiences. The paper includes several examples of these design proposals and illustrates the benefits of collaboration for students and to researchers who see how their work can be interpreted and developed into real world tangible applications.


Versatile routes to functionalise few-layer graphene and hBN with nickel phthalocyanine (Ni-Pc) were achieved using liquid phase exfoliation and sonication methods. EDX performed on the graphene//Ni-Pc specimen showed nickel on the flake surface whilst Raman spectroscopy revealed a prominent D peak indicating the presence of basal plane defects. New Raman active modes were also found in the hBN//Ni-Pc complex. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed a charge transfer for both graphene and hBN confirming that the flake edges and basal-planes were covalently functionalised by the phthalocyanine molecules. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the only presence of single and few-layer flakes of hBN and graphene in solution, demonstrating that the exfoliation yield was not affected by the functionalisation step. We therefore proved that tuning of the electronic and optical properties of graphene and hBN nanosheets is indeed conceivable. We used the Z-scan technique to prove the nonlinear optical (NLO) behaviour of the functionalised graphene sheets. Based on such optical response, we demonstrate an optical limiting effect for nanosecond laser pulses at 532 nm, proving these materials to be a suitable candidate for photonic and optoelectronic applications.


This work presents an approach to visual tracking based on dividing a target into multiple regions, or fragments. The target is represented by a Gaussian mixture model in a joint featurespatial space, with each ellipsoid corresponding to a different fragment. The fragment set and its cardinality are automatically adapted to the image data using an efficient region-growing procedure and updated according to a weighted average of the past and present image statistics. The fragment modeling is used to generate a strength map indicating the probability of each pixel belonging to the foreground. The strength map provides vital information about new fragments appearing in the scene, thereby assisting in addressing problematic cases like self-occlusion. The strength map is used by the region growing formulation, reminiscent of discrete level set implementation, to extract accurate boundaries of the target. Significant speedup is achieved using the region growing procedure over traditional level set based methods. The joint Lucas-Kanade feature tracking approach is also incorporated for handling large unpredictable motions even in untextured regions. Experimental results on a number of challenging sequences demonstrate the effectiveness of the technique.


Building science studies have recognized the importance of the proper installation of flashing and its integration with the water resistive barriers as very important to the success of a wall assembly. The roll of flashing is to direct water away from the opening to the water resistive barrier, which in turn directs the water to the exit point in the wall. The integration of these two elements and the quality of their installation is ultimately important to the success of the wall system. It is equally important to select products, which perform as intended after installation. Extensive testing has been conducted on local and regional methods that do not follow the guidelines in E 2112. When tested, many of these installation methods completely fail to perform the required function of preventing water leakage. Conclusions are that it is important to follow E 2112 in installing flashing and integrating it with the water resitive barrier (WRB). It is equally important that a WRB is used. Each element of the installation is important. If the flashing is perfect, but the WRB lets water through, then there are potential problems.


Concurrent exposures to chemical and physical agents occur in the workplace; exposed workers include those involved with the microelectronics industry, plastic sealers, and electrosurgical units. Previous animal research indicates that hyperthermia induced by an elevation in ambient temperature can potentiate the toxicity and teratogenicity of some chemical agents. We previously demonstrated that combined exposure to radiofrequency (RF; 10 MHz) radiation, which also induces hyperthermia and is teratogenic to exposed animals, and the industrial solvent, 2-methoxyethanol (2ME), produces enhanced teratogenicity in rats. The present study replicates and extends the previous research investigating the enhanced teratogenicity of combined RF radiation and 2ME exposures. The interactive dose-related teratogenicity of RF radiation (sham exposure or maintaining colonic temperatures at 42.0 degrees C for 0, 10, 20, or 30 min) and 2ME (0, 75, 100, 125, or 150 mg/kg) was investigated by administering various combinations of RF radiation and 2ME to groups of rats on gestation days 9 or 13; gestation-day 20 fetuses were examined for external, skeletal, and visceral malformations. The results are consistent with and extend our previous research findings. Synergism was observed between RF radiation and 2ME for some treatment combinations, but not for others. The study also clarified which gestational periods, RF radiation exposure durations, and 2ME doses would be most informative in future interaction studies to determine the lowest interactive effect level. Day 9 exposures generally evidenced little effect by 2ME, either by itself or in combination with RF radiation. In contrast, day 13 exposures resulted in highly significant effects from 2ME and RF radiation. The structures showing strong evidence of effects from both 2ME and RF radiation after exposure on gestation day 13 were the forepaw digits, forepaw phalanges, hindpaw digits, hindpaw phalanges, hind limbs, metacarpals, and metatarsals. Statistical analyses did not show a global synergistic effect, but did show evidence for a synergistic effect at intermediate levels of the dose ranges. Future research will address potential interactions at lower doses.


Few formal elements of Old Comedy have troubled scholars as much as the parabasis. In its typical form, this choral "digression" appears to interrupt the dramatic fiction of the play with commentary on contemporary social or political issues and often brazen trumpeting of the poet's virtues. Its apparent discontinuity with the rest of the play encouraged scholars of an earlier age to consider it the original kernel of Comedy onto which dramatic episodes were eventually grafted.


The first direct gravitational-wave detection was made by the Advanced Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory on September 14, 2015. The GW150914 signal was strong enough to be apparent, without using any waveform model, in the filtered detector strain data. Here those features of the signal visible in these data are used, along with only such concepts from Newtonian and General Relativity as are accessible to anyone with a general physics background. The simple analysis presented here is consistent with the fully general-relativistic analyses published elsewhere, in showing that the signal was produced by the inspiral and subsequent merger of two black holes. The black holes were each of approximately 35 Msun, still orbited each other as close as 350 km apart and subsequently merged to form a single black hole. Similar reasoning, directly from the data, is used to roughly estimate how far these black holes were from the Earth, and the energy that they radiated in gravitational waves.


Single-crystal x-ray diffraction, microprobe, optical and electron optical examinations of clinopyroxenes from Apollo 11 lunar samples 10003, 10047, 10050, and 10084 show that generally the crystals are composed of (001) augitepigeonite intergrowths in varying ratios. Transmission electron micrographs reveal abundant exsolution lamellae, many only 60 A thick. In addition to the phase inhomogeneities, primary chemical inhomogeneities are clearly demonstrated. There are reciprocal relationships between calcium and iron and between Ti4+ + 2Ai and 2Si. Our evidence suggests that a chemically inhomogeneous subcalcic C2/c augite was the only primary pyroxene from which pigeonite later exsolved.