We experimentally study a situation where only the rich can reduce inequality while the poor can express their discontent by destroying the wealth of a rich counterpart with whom they had no previous interaction. We test whether the emergence of such forms of antisocial behavior depends only on the level of inequality, or also on the conditions under which inequality occurs. We compare an environment in which the rich can unilaterally reduce inequality with one where generosity makes them vulnerable to exploitation by the poor. We find that the rich are expected to be more generous in the former scenario than in the latter, but in fact this hope is systematically violated. We also observe that the poor engage in forms of antisocial behavior more often when reducing inequality would be safe for the rich. These results cannot be rationalized by inequality aversion alone, while they are in line with recent models that focus on anger as the result of the frustration of expectations.


The hardness and indentation fracture toughness of sub micron WC composites based on aluminide and cobalt binders were investigated. Doped Fe60Al40 and Ni3Al alloys with boron levels ranging from 0 to 0.1 wt%, were used as the aluminide binders. The composite materials were processed by uniaxial hot pressing of milled powder samples at 1500 °C under argon atmosphere. The hardness of WC-40vol%(FeAl-B) was found to be higher than that of WC-40vol%(Ni3Al-B), and it approached to the hardness level of the commercial grade of WC-10wt%Co (H10F). The fracture toughness of both WC-40vol%(FeAl-B) and WC-40vol%(Ni3Al-B) cermets was higher than that of WC-40vol%Co and the toughness increased with increasing boron content. It is believed that boron addition to the aluminide binders leads to improvement in the fracture toughness of the intermetallic matrix composites as a result of increase in the ductility and toughness of the aluminides and also due to increase in WC solubility in the aluminide binders in presence of boron.


Since the advent of GPU computing, GPU hardware has evolved at a fast pace. Since application performance heavily depends on the latest hardware improvements, performance portability is extremely challenging for GPU application library developers. Portability becomes even more difficult when new low-level instructions are added to the ISA (e.g., warp shuffle instructions) or the microarchitectural support for existing instructions is improved (e.g., atomic instructions). Library developers, besides re-tuning the code for new hardware features, deal with the performance portability issue by hand-writing multiple algorithm versions that leverage different instruction sets and microarchitectures. High-level programming frameworks and Domain Specific Languages (DSLs) do not typically support low-level instructions (e.g., warp shuffle and atomic instructions), so it is painful or even impossible for these programming systems to take advantage of the latest architectural improvements. In this work, we design a new set of high-level APIs and qualifiers, as well as specialized Abstract Syntax Tree (AST) transformations for high-level programming languages and DSLs. Our transformations enable warp shuffle instructions and atomic instructions (on global and shared memories) to be easily generated. We show a practical implementation of these transformations by building on Tangram, a high-level kernel synthesis framework. Using our new language and compiler extensions, we implement parallel reduction, a fundamental building block used in a wide range of algorithms. Parallel reduction is representative of the performance portability challenge, as its performance heavily depends on the latest hardware improvements. We compare our synthesized parallel reduction to another high-level programming framework and a hand-written high-performance library across three generations of GPU architectures, and show up to $7. 8 \times$ speedup $(2 \times$ on average) over hand-written code.


For many years, 35 U.S.C. § 271 capably addressed the different types of infringing conduct that patent holders faced in this country. But technology has changed the world, making products increasingly complex – both in the number of components they contain and in where those components are made. These changes have placed new pressures on the extraterritorial application of U.S. patent law. Traditionally, patent holders were primarily concerned with companies that made or sold their products in the United States or imported them into this country. If those products infringed a patent, that conduct was considered to be direct infringement under § 271(a). Alternatively, if the products were material parts of larger infringing products, the conduct was considered contributory infringement under § 271(c). Today, many companies now make and sell products abroad knowing that others will import their products into this country. Since § 271(a) and (c) have express territorial limitations, direct and contributory infringement do not apply to these types of overseas conduct. Nevertheless, patent holders have attempted to prevent others from making and selling infringing products abroad by turning to § 271(b)'s inducement provision. Section 271(b) has no territorial limitation and patent holders have successfully argued that making and selling infringing products abroad "induces" infringement in the United States.But relying on inducement as the primary foreign infringement theory leads to unintended consequences. Since direct infringement is a strict liability offense, companies that make and sell products in the United States can be found liable even when they do not know about the patent. But, inducement requires specific knowledge. Consequently, the same company making the same product abroad will not be liable unless it knew of the patent and thought it infringed. It makes no sense for the patent laws to discriminate against domestic conduct in this manner. This article takes no position on whether U.S. patent laws should or should not encompass foreign conduct. Regardless of which side one favors, we can all agree that the patent laws should take a consistent approach to infringement regardless of where the conduct is located. This article offers three alternate proposals, each assuming different goals. All provide a more coherent framework than the current regime. The proper choice depends on this country's appetite for extending or limiting the reach of U.S. patent laws and which actor — Congress or the courts — should make that decision.


As of 2010, access to clean drinking water is a human right according to UN regulations. Nevertheless, the number of people living in areas without safe drinking water is predicted to increase by three billion by the end of this decade. Several recent cases of E. coli and Cryptosporidium contamination in drinking water are also reported in a number of advanced countries. Therefore ensuring the potability of drinking water is urgent, but highly challenging to both the developing and developed world in the future. A combination of solar disinfection and photocatalysis technology offers real possibilities for removing lethal pathogenic microorganisms from drinking water. The time taken for the conventional SODIS process can be greatly reduced by semiconductor (e.g. TiO2, ZnO, nano-heterojunctions) based photocatalysis. This review addresses the fundamental reaction mechanism, advances in materials synthesis and selection and recent developments in the reactor design for solar energy driven photocatalysis using titanium dioxide. The major advantage of using photo-reactors is that they enhance disinfection by increasing photon flux into the photocatalyst. Other major factors affecting such efficiency of solar-based photocatalysis such as the illuminated volume/total volume ratio, catalyst load and flow rate, are discussed in detail. The significance of using immobilised catalysts over the catalyst powder in slurries is also highlighted. It is noted that, despite encouraging early field studies, the commercialisation and mass production of solar photocatalysis systems remains highly challenging. Recommendations for future directions for addressing issues such as mass transfer, requirement of a standard test method, photo-reactors design and visible light absorption by TiO2 coatings are also discussed.


A simple cell architecture that achieves enhanced light harvesting with less dye quantity while simultaneously improving the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of dye-sensitized solar cells is presented. Polystyrene (PS) spheres of sub-micrometer size were incorporated into the titanium dioxide paste resulting in photoanodes with bimodal pore size distribution. Scanning electron micrographs of TiO2 films revealed a mixture of mesoporous and macroporous morphology in which sub-micrometer cavities created by the combustion of PS increased the light scattering, enhancing the optical path length and hence the harvesting of photons by the sensitizer. The amount of dye uptake by these films is lower than that of standard films because the high porosity reduces the total surface area. Even with lower dye adsorption, the photovoltaic performance has been maintained and even improved, mainly due to better open circuit voltage and higher fill factor. Overall, better light harvesting has helped to maintain the efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells while saving up to 30% of dye loading and replacing the conventional 400 nm scattering layer with voids. By employing these photoanodes, an efficiency of 6.9% was achieved in ionic liquid based dye sensitized solar cells.


The study uses information from different sources and on different scales in an integrated set of models in order to analyze possible land use change scenarios arising in response to CAP reform. Five main steps were followed: (1) analysis of past land use changes, (2) multivariate analysis of future land use changes using a neural network time series forecast model (Multi-Layer Perceptron Method), (3) modelization of land use change demand (Markovian Chains Method), (4) allocation of the demand to define transition localization, (5) definition of policy scenarios. The final stage is the comparison of CAP scenarios using a multicriteria decision making approach, in order to supply valuable information to policy makers regarding the possible local effects of key direction changes in CAP.


Much work has been done recently to make neural networks more interpretable, and one obvious approach is to arrange for the network to use only a subset of the available features. In linear models, Lasso (or $\ell_1$-regularized) regression assigns zero weights to the most irrelevant or redundant features, and is widely used in data science. However the Lasso only applies to linear models. Here we introduce LassoNet, a neural network framework with global feature selection. Our approach enforces a hierarchy: specifically a feature can participate in a hidden unit only if its linear representative is active. Unlike other approaches to feature selection for neural nets, our method uses a modified objective function with constraints, and so integrates feature selection with the parameter learning directly. As a result, it delivers an entire regularization path of solutions with a range of feature sparsity. On systematic experiments, LassoNet significantly outperforms state-of-the-art methods for feature selection and regression. The LassoNet method uses projected proximal gradient descent, and generalizes directly to deep networks. It can be implemented by adding just a few lines of code to a standard neural network.


Persona-based dialogue systems aim to generate consistent responses based on historical context and predefined persona. Unlike conventional dialogue generation, the persona-based dialogue needs to consider both dialogue context and persona, posing a challenge for coherent training. Specifically, this requires a delicate weight balance between context and persona. To achieve that, in this paper, we propose an effective framework with Persona-Adaptive Attention (PAA), which adaptively integrates the weights from the persona and context information via our designed attention. In addition, a dynamic masking mechanism is applied to the PAA to not only drop redundant information in context and persona but also serve as a regularization mechanism to avoid overfitting. Experimental results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed PAA framework compared to the strong baselines in both automatic and human evaluation. Moreover, the proposed PAA approach can perform equivalently well in a low-resource regime compared to models trained in a full-data setting, which achieve a similar result with only 20% to 30% of data compared to the larger models trained in the full-data setting. To fully exploit the effectiveness of our design, we designed several variants for handling the weighted information in different ways, showing the necessity and sufficiency of our weighting and masking designs.


We investigate the long-term impact of early exposure to Berlusconi's commercial TV network, Mediaset, on voting behavior and civic engagement in Italy. To do so, we exploit differences in Mediaset signal reception across Italian municipalities due to the network's staggered introduction over the national territory and to idiosyncratic geomorphological factors. We find that municipalities exposed to Mediaset prior to 1985 exhibit greater electoral support for Berlusconi's party in 1994, when he first ran for office, relative to municipalities that were exposed only later on. This difference, estimated between 1 and 2 percentage points, is extremely robust and tends to persist in the following four elections. This effect can hardly be attributed to differential exposure to partisan news bias since, prior to 1985, content on Mediaset channels was dominated by light-entertainment programs and no news programs were broadcast until 1991, by which time the network was accessible to the entire population. Instead, we present evidence that early exposure to commercial TV was associated with a substantial decline in social capital consistent with the diffusion of a culture of individualism and civic disengagement that favored the political success of Berlusconi.


Oral mite anaphylaxis (OMA), known also as pancake syndrome, is characterized by a severe, possibly life-threatening allergic reaction occurring in atopic patients after the consumption of food made with mite-contaminated wheat flour. Mite proliferation can be prevented by storing wheat flour at low temperatures. Affected patients usually have a history of rhinitis, asthma or both. The most common symptoms are breathlessness, face and/or laryngeal angioedema, wheezing, rhinorrhea, cough, dysphagia, and urticaria. OMA should be suspected when the patient presents with a severe allergic reaction associated with the ingestion of wheat flour-based foods. Increased physician awareness is required for early diagnosis and treatment.


Even if you have had no Japanese-language training, you can learn how to translate technical manuals, research publications, and reference works. "Basic Technical Japanese "takes you step by step from an introduction to the Japanese writing system through a mastery of grammar and scientific vocabulary to reading actual texts in Japanese. You can use the book to study independently or in formal classes. This book places special emphasis on the "kanji" (characters) that occur most often in technical writing. There are special chapters on the language of mathematics and chemistry, and vocabulary building and reading exercises in physics, chemistry, biology, and biochemistry. With extensive character charts and vocabulary lists, "Basic Technical Japanese" is entirely self-contained; no dictionaries or other reference works are needed."


Prenatal stress causes predisposition to cognitive and emotional disturbances and is a risk factor towards the development of neuropsychiatric conditions like depression, bipolar disorders and schizophrenia. The extracellular protein Reelin, expressed by Cajal-Retzius cells during cortical development, plays critical roles on cortical lamination and synaptic maturation, and its deregulation has been associated with maladaptive conditions. In the present study, we address the effect of prenatal restraint stress (PNS) upon Reelin expression and signaling in pregnant rats during the last 10 days of pregnancy. Animals from one group, including control and PNS exposed fetuses, were sacrificed and analyzed using immunohistochemical, biochemical, cell biology and molecular biology approaches. We scored changes in the expression of Reelin, its signaling pathway and in the methylation of its promoter. A second group included control and PNS exposed animals maintained until young adulthood for behavioral studies. Using the optical dissector, we show decreased numbers of Reelin-positive neurons in cortical layer I of PNS exposed animals. In addition, neurons from PNS exposed animals display decreased Reelin expression that is paralleled by changes in components of the Reelin-signaling cascade, both in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, PNS induced changes in the DNA methylation levels of the Reelin promoter in culture and in histological samples. PNS adult rats display excessive spontaneous locomotor activity, high anxiety levels and problems of learning and memory consolidation. No significant visuo-spatial memory impairment was detected on the Morris water maze. These results highlight the effects of prenatal stress on the Cajal-Retzius neuronal population, and the persistence of behavioral consequences using this treatment in adults, thereby supporting a relevant role of PNS in the genesis of neuropsychiatric diseases. We also propose an in vitro model that can yield new insights on the molecular mechanisms behind the effects of prenatal stress.


Financial advisors commonly use earnings replacement rates to assist workers in their retirement planning. Policymakers and analysts use them to gauge the adequacy of Social Security benefits and other retirement income in allowing retirees to maintain preretirement living standards. In recent years, the Social Security trustees have regularly published replacement rates that have been widely interpreted as the extent to which Social Security benefits replace earnings of workers at various points in the lifetime earnings distribution. However, the trustees' replacement rates are calculated differently than those generally used for retirement planning purposes, possibly leading to confusion among policymakers and others regarding how much of workers' earnings are replaced by Social Security and how much those workers need to save on their own for retirement. Financial planners calculate replacement rates by comparing an individual's retirement income to that same individual's preretirement earnings, generally earnings in the years immediately preceding retirement. The Social Security Administration, by contrast, effectively calculates replacement rates by comparing retiree incomes to the incomes of contemporaneous workers. This latter measure is often used in other countries but differs both qualitatively and quantitatively from the more common replacement-rate calculations used for financial planning purposes. We find that replacement rates calculated on a financial planning basis are generally higher than those published by the Social Security trustees and that Social Security benefits generally replace somewhat more of individual workers' earnings than the trustees' rates suggest.


Differential Privacy is a popular and well-studied notion of privacy. In the era ofbig data that we are in, privacy concerns are becoming ever more prevalent and thusdifferential privacy is being turned to as one such solution. A popular method forensuring differential privacy of a classifier is known as subsample-and-aggregate,in which the dataset is divided into distinct chunks and a model is learned on eachchunk, after which it is aggregated. This approach allows for easy analysis of themodel on the data and thus differential privacy can be easily applied. In this paper,we extend this approach by dividing the data several times (rather than just once)and learning models on each chunk within each division. The first benefit of thisapproach is the natural improvement of utility by aggregating models trained ona more diverse range of subsets of the data (as demonstrated by the well-knownbagging technique). The second benefit is that, through analysis that we provide inthe paper, we can derive tighter differential privacy guarantees when several queriesare made to this mechanism. In order to derive these guarantees, we introducethe upwards and downwards moments accountants and derive bounds for thesemoments accountants in a data-driven fashion. We demonstrate the improvementsour model makes over standard subsample-and-aggregate in two datasets (HeartFailure (private) and UCI Adult (public)).


Mycophenolic acid (MPA) is an important immunosuppressive drug (ISD) prescribed to prevent graft rejection in the organ transplanted patients. However, its use is sporadically linked to the leak flux diarrhea and other gastrointestinal (GI) disturbances in around 75% patients through an unknown mechanism. Recently, we reported increased tight junctions (TJs) permeability through p38MAPK mediated MLCK pathway in MPA treated Caco-2 cells monolayer. On the other hand, certain drugs are known to alter gene expression via epigenetic changes causing un-expected side effects. Whether MPA-induced GI complication, especially diarrhea, has any link with alteration at epigenetic level is unknown. In the present study, we investigated epigenetic changes and possible involvement of midkine dependent PI3K pathway in alteration of TJs under MPA treatment. Caco-2 cells were grown in monolayers to develop the TJs and were treated for 72 hours with MPA or MPA+PI3K inhibitors (/LY/AMG) or MPA+midkine inhibitors (iMDK) and or DMSO. ChIP-O-Proteomics was performed to identify proteins associated with active (H3K4me3) and repressive (H3K27me3) chromatin histone modifications after MPA treatment. The role of appropriate candidate(s) in the context of epithelial monolayer integrity maintenance was analyzed. Caco-2 monolayer integrity was assessed by TEER and FITC-dextran value. We identified a total of 333 and 306 proteins associated with active and repressive histone modification marks, respectively. However, a number of novel proteins have also been identified including midkine. Midkine is a growth factor which is involved in the regulation of various diseases of inflammatory background. Our further analysis identified that midkine functions as the upstream regulator and alters the expression of various genes involved in the TJs maintenance. Epigenetic analysis shows that MPA treatment increases the global histone acetylation levels as well as the enrichment for transcriptional active histone modification mark (H3K4me3) not only at the promoter region of midkine, but also at the promoter regions of midkine effector genes such as PI3K, cdx-2, claudin-2, p38MAPK, ATF-2, MLCK and MLC-2. In contrast, the promoter region of occludin and claudin-1 was enriched for transcriptional repressive histone modification mark (H3K27me3) after MPA treatment. In line with the chromatin status, MPA treatment increased the expression of midkine, PI3K, Cdx-2, claudin-2, p38MAPK, ATF-2, MLCK, and MLC-2 both at transcriptional and translational level, while occludin and claudin-1 expression were negatively influenced. Interestingly, the MPA induced gene expression changes and functional properties of Caco-2 cells could be preserved by the inhibition of midkine mediated PI3K pathway using a chemical inhibitor (PI3K inhibitors or iMDK inhibitors). Collectively, our results highlight that MPA disrupts the structure of TJs via midkine dependent activation of PI3K pathway that results in decreased integrity of Caco-2 monolayer. These results led us to suggest that midkine-mediated lose integrity of epithelial monolayer could be the possible cause of GI disturbance (barrier dysfunction) in the intestine, leading to leaky style diarrhea observed in the organ-transplanted patients treated with MPA.


Survivability has been one of the active fields in network security recently. In order to evaluate the survivability of networked system effectively, this paper proposes a method of combining grey correlation analysis and improved TOPSIS for quantitative assessment. Firstly, it normalizes indicator matrix according to improved TOPSIS method and determines the positive and negative ideal solutions. Secondly, it calculates correlation degree of every essential service in terms of grey correlation analysis, according to which with weight matrix, it gets the optimal dependency degree. Then it evaluates the whole survivability of networked system depending on the survivable function. At last the simulation and experimental results show the method is reasonable and effective.


While a lot of progress has been made during the last years in the field of Automatic Speech recognition (ASR), one of the main remaining problems is that of robustness. Typically, state-of-the-art ASR systems work very efficiently in well-defined environments, e.g. for clean speech or known noise conditions. However, their performance degrades drastically under different conditions. Many approaches have been developed to circumvent this problem, ranging from noise cancellation to system adaptation techniques. This paper investigates the influence of using additional information from relatively long timescales to noise robustness. The multiple timescale feature combination approach is introduced. Experiments show that, while maintaining recognition performance for clean speech, robustness could be improved in noisy conditions.


This paper examines the emerging challenges to the art of monetary policymaking using the case study of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) in light of developments in the Indian economy during the last decade (2003-04 to 2013-14). The paper uses Hyman P. Minsky's financial instability hypothesis as the conceptual framework for evaluating the endogenous nature of financial instability and its potential impact on monetary policymaking, and addresses the need to pursue regulatory policy as a tool that is complementary to monetary policy in light of the agenda of reforms put forward by Minsky. It further reviews the extensions to the Minskyan hypothesis in the areas of setting fiscal policy, managing cross-border capital flows, and developing financial institutional infrastructure. The lessons learned from the interplay of policy choices in these areas and their impact on monetary policymaking at the RBI are presented.


This study analyses a localised agro-food system producing Queso Chontaleno (QC) cheese in the Chontales Department in Nicaragua and the first effects of the Geographical Indication (GI) scheme which alters the power relations between the actors of the cheese-dairy sector within the framework of global dynamics. The first part focuses on systemes agro-alimentaires localises (SYAL), or localised agro-food systems, and it provides the theoretical background to the case study. The second part analyses the QC SYAL and its territorial and institutional context. It is found that GI introduces new competitive pressures that reinforce local elites at the expense of traditional QC actors and that the weak involvement of the State may prevent GIs from enhancing the development of territorialised agro-food systems. The conclusion is a recommendation to EU policymakers that promotion of GIs at the level of the WTO be accompanied by measures that can ensure stricter national legislations on GIs to protect local resources.


By seeding a noncollinear optical parametric amplifier with a photonic crystal fiber supercontinuum, temporally well-defined amplified output pulses have been generated with durations down to 13 fs. The phase of the supercontinuum seed has been characterized by the ZAP-SPIDER technique and can be tailored with a femtosecond pulse shaper. Thus, a very flexible source for arbitrarily shaped, amplified ultrashort laser pulses has been realized.


Cecelia Capture Welles, an Indian law student and mother of two, is jailed on her thirtieth birthday for drunk driving. Held on an old welfare fraud charge, she reflects back on her life on the reservation in Idaho, her days as an unwed mother in San Francisco, her marriage to a white liberal, and her decision to return to college. This mixed inheritance of ambition and despair brings her to the brink of suicide.


Shirbot (Barbus grypus) as a species with high potential for aquaculture development recently propagated artificially in South Iran Aquaculture Research Center to extend the species diversity in polyculture system. To provide an effective economic diet for this species 9 experimental diets containing three crude protein levels (250, 300, and 350 g kg -1 ) and three metabolizable energy levels (10.46, 12.55 and 14.64 MJ kg -1 ) were fed to triplicate groups of shirbot juvenile fish (initial body weight of 29.68± 0.19). Three aerated tanks were randomly assigned to each treatment, stocked with 15 juvenile fish and reared for a 60-day period. The preferential diet, which was diet 4, (300 g kg -1 CP and 10.46 MJ kg -1 ME) exhibited the best growth and feed utilization performances. Fishes fed diet 4 showed higher weight gain, feed efficiency ratio and survival rate with a significant difference (P 0.05). It was found that varying levels of CP and DE in the diets did not significantly affect the body composition of the fish (P>0.05) except for the CF. Comparison between varying levels of dietary protein and energy on the growth, feed utilization and body composition of Barbus grypus indicated that 250 to 300 g kg -1 CP and 10.46 MJ kg -1 ME could be the preferential dietary levels for this species in the juvenile stage.


We use the case of the 2007 United States subprime mortgage crisis to investigate the impact of borrowing capacity limitations on financial instability and contagion. We divide an economy into agents that interact via flow of funds and express the financial instability level of each agent as a function of time derivatives of its wealth, cash inflows, and borrowing capacity. We show that among these factors, the borrowing capacity, which is determined by other economic constraints, has the largest impact on financial instability. It is suggested that borrowing capacity limitations could even cause contagion through feedback loop formed by flow of funds. We use historical time series of the integrated macroeconomic accounts of the United Stated from 1960 to 2017 to verify our conjecture by quantifying the financial instability levels of the agents under different levels of borrowing capacity and how they affect one another during the period of the subprime mortgage crisis. Finally, the constraints of data collecting practice outside the United States in assessing borrowing capacity is addressed, accompanied by partial, yet compatible, results of selected Eurozone countries.


The appearance, the individual distribution and the pattern of colocalization of nitric oxide synthase (NOS-immunoreactivity, NOSi), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP- immunoreactivity, VIPi) and neuropeptide Y (NPY-immunoreactivity, NPYi) immunoreactivity were examined in the developing human fetal small intestine at weeks 12 and 18 of gestation. Neurons expressing VIPi, NPYi and NOSi were observed in the small intestine of the 12-week- old human fetuses and from this age on a gradual increase in the immunoreactivities appeared until week 18 of gestation when a dense network of immunopositive fibres and cell bodies were observed both in the submucous (SmP) and in the myenteric plexuses (MP). The double- labelling immunocytochemistry showed different pattern of the overlapping immunoreactive structures within the myenteric and submucous plexuses. The cellular colocalization of VIPi and NOSi in submucous ganglia were revealed around week 12 of gestation while in the myenteric ganglia cells with overlapping immunoreactivity appeared around week 18. A limited cellular colocalization of NPYi and NOSi were noticed before week 18, and NOSi neurons in the MP of the 12-week-old fetuses were preferentially innervated by NPYi varicosities. These results suggest that VIP, NPY and NO may exert a cooperative action in human fetal gastrointestinal motility.


With Americans' confidence in the news media dwindling, the quality of programming declining, and audiences turning elsewhere, the American news media is at a crossroads. We argue that news outlets should consider a new form of deliberation-based programming for local news coverage as a means of responding to these problems. As a basis for the programming, we build on public journalism (Rosen & Merritt, 1994) and deliberative citizen panels (Knobloch, Gastil, Reedy, & Walsh, 2013). By engaging citizens in the production of news, media outlets not only stand to gain viewers by increasing the quality of their issue coverage, but they also could secure their claim as a public institution providing a valuable public good. We urge media outlets to consider turning to citizen panels to determine which issues are salient and to engage in structured deliberations about those issues, which can be captured and built into content packages for use in news programming. In so doing, news outlets can help activate viewers by positioning them not as passive consumers but as engaged citizens prepared for public deliberation.


To obtain high power 589-nm yellow laser, a T-shaped thermal-insensitive cavity is designed. The optimal power ratio of 1064- and 1319-nm beams is considered and the fundamental spot size distribution from the output mirror to the two laser rods are calculated and simulated, respectively. As a result, a 589-nm yellow laser with the average output power of 5.7 W is obtained in the experiment when the total pumping power is 695 W. The optical-to-optical conversion efficiency from the fundamental waves to the sum frequency generation is about 15.2% and the pulse width is 150 ns at the repetition rate of 18 kHz. The instability of the yellow laser is also measured, which is less than 2% within 3 h. The beam quality factors are Mlsupg2l/supglsubgxl/subg=4.96 and Mlsupg2l/supglsubgyl/subg= 5.08.


We present a thorough numerical study of intensity noise mitigation of spectrum sliced wavelength-division multiplexing (SS-WDM) systems employing a nonlinear semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) before the modulator. Our simulator of the SS-WDM link, embedded inside a Multicanonical Monte Carlo (MMC) platform, estimates the tails of the probability density functions of the received signals down to probabilities smaller than 10-16. We introduce a new, simple, and efficient technique to handle intersymbol interference (ISI) in MMC simulations. We address the impact of optical postfiltering on SOA noise suppression performance. While previous research experimentally observed the SOA-induced noise cleaning in SS-WDM systems, this is the first complete simulator able to correctly predict the ensuing BER improvement. We measure the BER at different bit-rates and validate predicted BERs with and without post filtering.


To ensure the safe supply of drinking water, the quality needs to be monitored online in real time. The consequence of inadequate monitoring can result in substantial health risks and economic and reputational damages. Therefore, Vitens, the largest drinking water company of the Netherlands, set a goal to explore and invest in the development of intelligent water supply by implementing a smart water grid. To enable this, Vitens has allocated a designated part of their distribution network to be a demonstration network for online water quality monitoring, the Vitens Innovation Playground (VIP). In the VIP, a network of 44 Optiqua EventLab sensors has been installed. EventLab utilizes refractive index as a generic parameter for continuous real-time monitoring of changes in water quality. The EventLab units in the network transmit their data by GPRS to Optiqua servers where the data are processed using event detection algorithms. Deployed as an online sensor network, it allows early detection and rapid response, as well as accurate location of the spread of a contamination within the distribution network. The use of the EventLab sensor network under operational conditions in the VIP is described and its effectiveness is demonstrated by the detection of two water quality events.


"Delgamuukw. Sixties Scoop. Bill C-31. Blood quantum. Appropriation. Two-Spirit. Tsilhqot'in. Status. TRC. RCAP. FNPOA. Pass and permit. Numbered Treaties. Terra nullius. The Great Peace…

Are you familiar with the terms listed above? In Indigenous Writes, Chelsea Vowel, writer, lawyer, and intellectual, opens an important dialogue about these (and more) concepts and the wider social beliefs associated with the relationship between Indigenous peoples and Canada. In 31 essays, Chelsea explores the Indigenous experience from the time of contact to the present, through five categories – Terminology of Relationships; Culture and Identity; Myth-Busting; State Violence; and Land, Learning, Law, and Treaties. She answers the questions that many people have on these topics to spark further conversations at home, in the classroom, and in the larger community." -- Publisher's website.


– A case study of Aboriginal final ABSTRACT Readers are alerted that the paper refers to Indigenous people who have passed away. The paper presents a detailed case study of ceremonial knowledge frameworks using an Indigenous research methodology based on Mirrwana and Wurrkama philosophy. This approach to case study research ensures the preservation, interpretation and dissemination of ceremonial performances recorded in the Wagait and Daly regions of the Northern Territory of Australia. The research focused on the corpus of Rak Mak Mak Marranunggu ceremonial metadata and was centred on the final mortuary cultural and ceremonial practices of Wali and Wangga ceremonies; the Wangga ceremony is often accompanied by the Lirrga and Djanba ceremonies of the neighbouring regions. The final mortuary ceremonial practices and performances were recorded by a research team from Charles Darwin University in 2007 and 2009. Included in the corpus of metadata were written records made by early anthropologists and missionaries in the Wagait and Daly regions. The results of this approach to Indigenous research are now shared. The Indigenous knowledge about these ceremonies is kept stored safely in several readily accessible repositories whereby it is preserved, thereby extending the power of this knowledge for the benefit of Indigenous peoples and non-Indigenous peoples in Australia both now and into the future.


In this paper, we present an effective computational approach for learning patterns of brain activity from the fMRI data. The procedure involved correcting motion artifacts, spatial smoothing, removing low frequency drifts and applying multivariate linear and non-linear kernel methods. Two novel techniques are applied: one utilizes the cosine transform to remove low-frequency drifts over time and the other involves using prior knowledge about the spatial contribution of different brain regions for the various tasks. Our experiment results on the PBAIC2007 competition data set show a great improvement for brain activity prediction, especially on some sensory experience such as hearing and vision.


The desire to increase energy efficiency and reliability of power grids, along with the need for reducing carbon emissions has led to increasing the utilization of Home Micro-grids (H-MGs). In this context, the issue of economic emission dispatch is worthy of consideration, with a view to controlling generation costs and reducing environmental pollution. This paper presents a multi-objective energy management system, with a structure based on demand response (DR) and dynamic pricing (DP). The proposed energy management system (EMS), in addition to decreasing the market clearing price (MCP) and increasing producer profits, has focused on reducing the level of generation units emissions, as well as enhancing utilization of renewable energy units through the DR programs. As a consequence of the nonlinear and discrete nature of the H-MGs, metaheuristic algorithms are applied to find the best possible solution. Moreover, due to the presence of generation units, the Taguchi orthogonal array testing (TOAT) method has been utilized to investigate the uncertainty regarding generation units. In the problem being considered, each H-MG interacts with each other and can negotiate based on their own strategies (reduction of cost or pollution). The obtained results indicate the efficiency of the proposed algorithm, a decrease in emissions and an increase in the profit achieved by each H-MG, by 37% and 10%, respectively.


Over the last decades, in response to feminist, postmodern and postcolonial critiques of the modern museum, objects, collections and processes of museaIization have been radically re-signified and re-posited in the cultural arena. The new museums emerging from this shift have redefined their functions in and for communities not simply by changing their narratives but by renegotiating the processes of narration and the museal codes of communication with the public. They define themselves now not as disciplinary spaces of academic history but as places of memory, exemplifying the postmodern shift from authoritative master discourses to the horizontal, practice-related notions of memory, place, and community. The key feature of these new museums is that they deploy strategies of applied theatrics to invite emotional responses from visitors: to make them empathize and identify with individual sufferers and victims, or with their own contemporaries inhabiting alternative modernities in distant places. This dossier seeks to probe these new museographic and curatorial discourses, focusing in particular on the memory museum as an emergent global form of (counter)monumentality. Drawing on different geographical and historical contexts, it argues that the new museums' apparently global aesthetics implies a danger of surrendering the very specificity of historical experiences the memorial 'site' offers its visitors.


Personal thermal comfort is the feeling that individuals have about how hot, cold or comfortable they are. Studies have hown that thermal comfort is a key component of human performance in the work place and that personalized thermal comfort models can be learned from user labeled data that is collected from wearable devices and room sensors. These personalized thermal comfort models can then be used to optimize the thermal comfort of room occupants to maximize their performance. Unfortunately, personalized thermal comfort models can only be learned after extensive dataset collection and user labeling. This paper addresses this challenge by proposing a transfer active learning framework for thermal comfort prediction that reduces the burdensome task of collecting large labeled datasets for each new user. The framework leverages domain knowledge from prior users and an active learning strategy for new users that reduces the necessary size of the labeled dataset. When tested on a real dataset collected from five users, this framework achieves a 70% reduction in the required size of the labeled dataset as compared to the fully supervised learning  approach. Specifically, the framework achieves a mean error of 0.822±0.05, while the supervised learning approach achieves a mean error of 0.852±0.04.


Anthropology and tourism melded at a symposium at the 1974 American Anthropological Association meeting in Mexico City, believed to be the first social science discussion of tourism in the Western Hemisphere. Tourism has increased dramatically to become one of the world's largest industries, and anthropology has also extended its interests in theory and methodology. Few articles have linked career options for anthropologists to the tourism workplace. Our disciplinary strengths in heritage conservation, economic development—especially among indigenous cultures—and conflict resolution, as well as our cross-cultural orientation, lead to employment with governments, NGOs, visitor and convention bureaus, and management. Regrettably, many industry employers are unfamiliar with our professional skills; a job search in the tourism workplace may become a personal quest, often bolstered by a sales pitch and with bilingualism as a major asset.


During a bulk data transfer over a high speed network, there is a high probability that the next packet received from the network by the destination host is the next packet in the transfer. An optimistic implementation of a bulk data transfer protocol takes advantage of this observation by instructing the network interface on the destination host to deposit the data of the next packet immediately into its anticipated final location. No copying of the data is required in the common case, and overhead is greatly reduced.
Our optimistic implementation of the V kernel bulk data transfer protocols on SUN-3/50 workstations connected by a 10 megabit Ethernet achieves peak process-to-process data rates of 8.3 megabits per second for 1-megabyte transfers, and 6.8 megabits per second for 8-kilobyte transfers, compared to 6.1 and 5.0 megabits per second for the pessimistic implementation. When the reception of a bulk data transfer is interrupted by the arrival of unexpected packets at the destination, the worst-case performance of the optimistic implementation is only 15 percent less than that of the pessimistic implementation. Measurements and simulation indicate that for a wide range of load conditions the optimistic implementation outperforms the pessimistic implementation.


Completeness and accuracy of resume filing medical inpatients in the lung's room in BLUD RSU Ratu Zalecha Martapura there is still a form of medical resume incomplete and inaccurate contents so greatly influence the information needs of patients and in a report prepared by the hospital. The purpose of this study was to determine the completeness of medical resume charging patients hospitalized on the pulmonary room, knowing the accuracy of resume charging medical inpatients at room Knowing factor ng and factors that affect the completeness and accuracy of resume charging medical inpatients at room lungs. This type of survey research is descriptive method with quantitative approach, data collection and conduct interviews conducted by review of inpatient medical records room filled lung. The samples were 123 medical inpatients resume on lung room. The results indicate medical resume charging the completeness of data on the identification of 80,21%, 13,23% critical reports, authentication and recording 66,66% are either 100% do not use coretandan type-x. The accuracy of medical resume charging the identification data of 77,50%, 11,85% critical report, authenticated 65,05%, and a good record 100% accurate. Human resources (HR) at Hospital BLUD RSU Ratu Zalecha Martapura mainly assembling already plays an important part of the completeness of medical records but the constraints of the charging current is D3 because they are not medical records so it is difficult to understand how the actual provisions of the comprehensiveness and accuracy of medical resume. Doctors have a special room facilities are available, after providing direct care to patients physicians complete medical records of patients in the room. Assembling parts already using Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) in 2010 but has not been going well.


In home nursing care, professionally qualified personnel have to make many decisions based on the best available evidence. The systematic review "social isolation" was carried out to evaluate the nursing diagnosis as used by the home care provider Red Cross Austria. It was examined if the interventions of the diagnosis "social isolation" were based on scientific evidence. The interventions reviewed were exclusively for home care clients. "Evidence Based Nursing" was used as the scientific approach. Individual interventions of the selected diagnosis's were compared to the Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC) to get standardized English search terms. The 10 selected research papers showed that social isolation is a growing problem for people being cared for at home. According to the scientific literature it can be recommended that a number of multi variant initiatives should be initiated either as a prophylactic or specific intervention. The use of appropriate assessment instruments should lead to effective interventions. Furthermore, in cases of particular need a tailor-made group solution can be helpful. One new aspect that surfaces in the literature is the social isolation of the relatives of the person in care. The social isolation of the relatives in turn has a strong influence on the person in care and nursing care personnel should include this in the intervention plan. Home care nursing personnel play a key role in identifying social isolation and taking the first initiatives to resolve the problem.


Cities are a dynamically shifting entity with environmental disturbances and social and economic forces that affect plants and arthropods. Although a decline in habitat quality generally reduces arthropod biodiversity along a rural-urban gradient, researchers have only recently examined community-level patterns within urban boundaries. In this dissertation, I examined plant-pollinator interactions and prey suppression from natural enemies in residential neighborhoods and urban agriculture. Pollinators and natural enemies are desirable for crop productivity and the potential to reduce insecticide application against herbivores. In chapter 1, I investigated pollination services in an array of potted garden plants. This study found that several efficient pollinators remain in cities. While these pollinators partitioned visits uniquely among different plant species, yield was similar in each species. In chapter 2, I evaluated patterns of floral community and attributes in neighborhoods. The greatest floral species richness occurred in ethnically diverse neighborhoods and areas with intermediate development intensity. Most plant species in Chicago, IL are non-native and perennial, but I identified that most pollinator visits were restricted to a sub-group of plants belonging to weedy and perennial species (Chapter 3). These modified visitation patterns influenced network characteristics. In the final two chapters of this dissertation I focused on predatory-prey interactions in brassica, a commonly cultivated plant family in urban agriculture. I investigated if the resource concentration hypothesis applies in the urban setting by comparing cabbageworm and aphid pests in three scales of food production. Additionally, I analyzed the influence of top-down herbivore control by natural enemies. I identified a diverse natural community in each agricultural scale, which was a stronger force at regulating herbivores (Chapter 4). Prey suppression was similar in each scale and across the urban landscape (Chapter 5). Most sentinel cabbage looper items were attacked by predators. By researching patterns in urban biodiversity within cities, I identified how fine scale variation in landscape and local factors mediate plant, pollinator, and natural enemies in densely populated areas. This information can be used to identify areas for extra resources and conservation priority.


Inequalities in the creative industries are known to be persistent and systemic. The model of production in UK film and television (UKF&TV) is argued to exclude on the basis of gender, race and class. This article considers a social category that has been overlooked in these debates: disability. It argues that workers with impairments are 'doubly disabled' – in both the labour markets and labour processes of UKF&TV. It concludes that disability cannot simply be incorporated in an additive way in order to understand the exclusion of these workers, but that they face qualitatively different sources of disadvantage compared with other minorities in UKF&TV workplaces. This has negative implications for workers with impairments in other labour markets, as project and network-based freelance work, a contributor to disadvantage, is seen as both increasingly normative and paradigmatic.


In this paper we propose a framework for the testing of system-on-chip (SOC), which includes a set of design algorithms to deal with test scheduling, test access mechanism design, test sets selection, test parallelization, and test resource placement. The approach minimizes the test application time and the cost of the test access mechanism while considering constraints on tests, power consumption and test resources. The main feature of our approach is that it provides an integrated design environment to treat several different tasks at the same time, which were traditionally dealt with as separate problems. Experimental results shows the efficiency and the usefulness of the proposed technique.


Simulations of relativistic runaway breakdown (RRB) are performed as functions of both time and space, resulting in explicit calculations of e‐folding lengths (λ) and times (τ). The ratio of λ to τ agrees well with the speed of the avalanche, which ranges from 2.61 × 108 m s‐1 to 2.72 × 108 m s‐1. Thus, using the speed of light, c, for the ratio of λ to τ can cause a 10% error when estimating λ from τ. A 10% error in λ will cause a factor of three error in the predicted number of runaway electrons for every ten estimated e‐foldings. In addition, previous models that predict peak radiated electric fields from RRB have used avalanche speeds of 0.987c and higher. Using a propagation speed of 0.89c causes a dramatic change in the predicted beaming pattern of electromagnetic radiation caused by RRB in these models.


This paper explores the willingness of entrepreneurs to pay for wealth insurance to protect personal assets in case of business failure and the impact of this strategy on small business operation decisions. I show that antidiscrimination laws allow married firm owners in half of U.S. states to choose between asset protection and having more collateral for business funding, allowing entrepreneurs to reveal their valuation for preserving personal assets at time of failure. I find that firm owners value asset protection offered by tenancy by the entirety laws at $900-$1000 per year. Firms receive smaller loans when entrepreneurs use this form of ownership to reduce the personal costs of firm failure, but show no differences in hiring patterns or spending on risky projects. This strategy of preparation in case of failure appears to affect small businesses through the funding channel.


The attacks on 11 September 2001 were not a major security threat to the United States, but they did create the political conditions for the implementation of an aggressive agenda by the Bush administration to assert U.S. dominance over the global control of oil and to establish an arc of military bases to contain China. Responding to Gowan, this article suggests that bid is unlikely to succeed because the concentration of military strength in the United States is paralleled by a concentration of financial strength in East and Southeast Asia. Though its Asian allies have been more supportive of the U.S. invasion of Iraq than their European counterparts, growing economic integration along Asia's Pacific coasts is likely to lead to a reduction in capital inflows to the United States and thereby aggravate the consequences of its high current accounts deficits and its low rates of domestic savings. The Bush administration's conservative social policies and anti-foreigner zeitgeist is also sapping the competitive edge of the U.S. economy in new technologies.


Finnegan's Teeth is a visual journey seen through the eyes of the animal Finnegan. Taking place around King's Cross in London, it follows the area as it goes through construction and deconstruction. Photographs of the happenings and events that Finnegan notices on his travels accompany the voices of the street life around him.
• Finnegan's Teeth, the book, developed into a major public Art project on the edge of the Kings Cross regeneration site. The happenings and events of Finnegan's experiences are placed back into the spaces from which they came.
Finnegan, the dog, is the only named narrator, as he reveals a bizarre world in the giant images and text which now appear on an installation in the historic Fish & Coal Building, on hoardings in Goods Way and on Maiden Lane canal bridge.
• The episodes, based on real encounters, are spoken by different voices on the street. The absurd is a point of departure, experienced alongside something rational. Something strange happens as these re-told tales return to their place of origin making the ordinary become extraordinary.
Narrative has always been important in Judith Cowan's work, and this book, with its cover to cover sequence of photographs and interspersed texts, creates a duration that is rarely achievable with still images.
• Finnegan's bizarre world appeared in giant images and text on installations in the historic Fish & Coal Building, on hoardings on Goods Way and by Regent's Canal under York Way.
• Curated by Gill Hedley (past director of Contemporary Art Society) and Project Managed by Joseph Hill.
• The website for the project www.finnegansteeth.info includes a short edit of the film about the project made by Hub TV.
'Finnegan's Teeth' selected for the Tina B. Festival (2010) in Prague, Czech Republic, by its director Monica Burian, appeared in 'Tina B on the Road'. The new installation covered the walls of a room in the Czech Centre with a photographic image taken from an animal's perspective and a human conversation in large text. Doorways, light switches and sockets were cut out of the actual image, enabling the room to continue to function. In the middle of the animal's vision sat a solitary wooden bench for reading the book. The Hub TV documentary of 'Finnegan's Teeth' (London) by Renee Vaughan Sutherland was shown in an adjacent space.


Packed with essential tips for today's competitive business world, these low-priced paperbacks are ideal for anyone interested in improving their business skills. Perfect for the briefcase or portfolio, these four new guides in the Essential Managers series are ideal for experienced or novice managers in companies both large and small. Having sold more than 2 million copies worldwide, these books are relevant to every work environment. Concise treatment of dozens of techniques, skills, and methods make Essential Managers the most accessible guide to business available.


PURPOSE
To empirically determine the angular dose distribution to a breast in a digital breast tomosythesis and mammography system using real-time dosimetry technology.

METHODS
Three breast phantoms, constructed from polyethylene to simulate adipose tissue, were fabricated based on ninety cranio-caudal mammography patients. The smallest (3.2 cm), average (5.1 cm), and largest (7.0 cm) breast thickness matched the measured breast shape using 13 mm polyethylene sheets. Technique factors, which matched the automatic settings in both tomo and mammo were used. Phantoms were designed to be modular allowing a dose probe to be placed in various heights and depths. A total of 390 signal trains, comprised of 15-individual pulses (one for each angle) in tomo-mode and a single pulse for mammo, were collected using a real-time air ionization chamber (AccuGold, Radcal, Monrovia, CA). The signal train was integrated to generate a dose value at each location. This data was then used to generate a dynamic model of cumulative dose deposition as a function of x-ray tube angle in tomo and mammo modes. Additionally, the effective linear attenuation coefficient for each energy was calculated. Using a look up table for the linear attenuation of polyethylene, the effective energy was calculated.

RESULTS
The dose deposition decreases from the compression paddle to the detector. Cumulative dose from tomo scan was comparable to that of mammo; differences in cumulative dose increased with phantom size. The effective energy for tomo at 28, 31 and 35 kVp with Al filter was calculated to be 19.7, 21.7 and 25 kV respectively. For mammo at 26, 29 (Rh filter) and 30 kV (Ag filter) was found to be19.1, 20.4 and 23.7 respectively.

CONCLUSION
The volumetric dose deposition in Hologics dBT system shows angular dependence as a function of angle in tomo mode. NIH Grants.


"Paid" digital services have been touted as straightforward alternatives to the ostensibly "free" model, in which users actually face a high price in the form of personal data, with limited awareness of the real cost incurred and little ability to manage their privacy preferences. Yet, the actual privacy behavior of paid services, and consumer expectations about that behavior, remain largely unknown.

This Article addresses that gap. It presents empirical data both comparing the true cost of "paid" services as compared to their so-called "free" counterparts, and documenting consumer expectations about the relative behaviors of each.

We first present an empirical study that documents and compares the privacy behaviors of 5,877 Android apps that are offered both as free and paid versions. The sophisticated analysis tool we employed, AppCensus, allowed us to detect exactly which sensitive user data is accessed by each app and with whom it is shared. Our results show that paid apps often share the same implementation characteristics and resulting behaviors as their free counterparts. Thus, if users opt to pay for apps to avoid privacy costs, in many instances they do not receive the benefit of the bargain. Worse, we find that there are no obvious cues that consumers can use to determine when the paid version of a free app offers better privacy protections than its free counterpart.

We complement this data with a second study: we surveyed 1,000 Android mobile app users as to their perceptions of the privacy behaviors of paid and free app versions. Participants indicated that consumers are more likely to expect the paid version to engage in privacy-protective practices, to demonstrate transparency with regard to its data collection and sharing behaviors, and to offer more granular control over the collection of user data in that context.

Together, these studies identify ways in which the actual behavior of apps fails to comport with users' expectations, and the way that representations of an app as "paid" or "ad-free" can mislead users. They also raise questions about the salience of those expectations for consumer choices.

In light of this combined research, we then explore three sets of ramifications for policy and practice.

First, our findings that paid services often conduct equally extensive levels of data collection and sale as free ones challenge understandings about how the "pay for privacy" model operates in practice, its promise as a privacy-protective alternative, and the legality of paid app behavior.

Second, our findings offer important insights for legal approaches to privacy protection, undermining the legitimacy of legal regimes relying on fictive "notice" and "consent" that do not reflect user understandings as bases for the collection, sale, and processing of information. They fortify demands for a privacy law that focuses on vindicating actual consumer expectations and prohibiting practices that exploit them, and strengthen the argument for ex ante regulation of exploitative data practices where consumers are offered no opportunity for meaningful choice or consent.

Third, our work provides technical tools for offering transparency about app behaviors, empowering consumers and regulators, law enforcement, consumer protections organizations, and private parties seeking to remedy undesirable or illegal privacy behavior in the most dominant example of a free vs. paid market—mobile apps—where there turns out to be no real privacy-protective option.


In this commentary on Stanovich & West (S&W) we call attention to two points: (1) Freud's original dual process theory, which antedates others by some seventy-five years, deserves inclusion in any consideration of dual process theories. His concepts of primary and secondary processes (Systems 1 and 2, respectively) anticipate significant aspects of current dual process theories and provide an explanation for many of their characteristics. (2) System 1 is neither rational nor irrational, but instead a-rational. Nevertheless, both the a-rational System 1 and the rational System 2 can each have different roles in enhancing evolutionary fitness. Lastly, System 1 operations are incorrectly deemed "rational" whenever they increase evolutionary fitness.


Understanding fault slip rates in the eastern California shear zone (ECSZ) using GPS geodesy is complicated by potentially overlapping strain signals due to many sub-parallel strike-slip faults and by inconsistencies with geologic slip rates. The role of fault system geometry in describing ECSZ deformation may be investigated with total variation regularization, which algorithmically determines a best-fitting geometry from an initial model with numerous faults, constrained by a western United States GPS velocity field. The initial dense model (1) enables construction of the first geodetically constrained block model to include all ECSZ faults with geologic slip rates, allowing direct geologic-geodetic slip rate comparisons, and (2) permits fault system geometries with many active faults that are analogous to distributed interseismic deformation. Beginning with 58 ECSZ blocks, a model containing 10 ECSZ blocks is most consistent with geologic slip rates, reproducing five of 11 within their reported uncertainties. The model fits GPS observations with a mean residual velocity of 1.5 mm/yr. Persistent geologic-geodetic slip rate discrepancies occur on the Calico and Garlock faults, on which we estimate slip rates of 7.6 mm/yr and <2 mm/yr, respectively, indicating that inconsistencies between geology and geodesy may be concentrated on or near these faults and are not due to pervasive distributed deformation in the region. Discrepancies may in part be due to postseismic relaxation following the A.D. 1992 Mw 7.3 Landers and 1999 Mw 7.1 Hector Mine earthquakes. Otherwise, resolving geologic-geodetic discrepancies would require as much as 11.4 mm/yr of off-fault deformation within <10 km of the main ECSZ faults, with ∼5 mm/yr concentrated near the Calico fault.


A single polymer macromolecule is considered with disorder types such as branches, knots, and heterogeneous sequences of chemical units. In all cases, simple theoretical approaches are employed to gain useful physical insights. For branched polymers, a simple Flory-type theory is described by means of which the difference between the universality classes for molecules with quenched and annealed branches is demonstrated. For knots, another Flory-type theory is suggested to describe the swelling and/or collapse of a quenched topology ring or the size distribution for the annealed case. To consider heteropolymers, the Random Energy Model borrowed from the spin glass theory is systematically employed. This allows a simple yet rigorous description of both the freezing transition of a random sequence globule and the use of the canonical ensemble for designing sequences with energy-optimized ground state conformation. Along with the analytical theory, computer tests for the freezing and design processes are discussed. The sequence design scheme is shown to yield a specific prediction concerning the character of correlations in protein sequences. Statistical tests confirming this prediction are described.


The battle of Bannockburn, fought on the fields south of Stirling at midsummer 1314, is the best known event in the history of Medieval Scotland. It was a unique event. The clash of two armies, each led by a king, followed a clear challenge to a battle to determine the status of Scotland. As a key point in the Anglo-Scottish wars of the fourteenth century, the battle has been extensively discussed, but Bannockburn was also a pivotal event in the history of the British Isles. This book analyses the road to Bannockburn, the campaign of 1314 and the aftermath of the fight. It demonstrates that in both its context and legacy the battle had a central significance in the shaping of nations and identities in the late Medieval British Isles.


With the growth in numbers of teaching assistants (TAs) in the UK, it has been identified through research carried out on behalf of the Council of British International Schools (COBIS) research that TAs in British international schools have specific and unmet training needs. Following the development of a course for TAs in international contexts, COBIS and the University of Northampton provided a Professional Development Programme for TAs working in British international schools. The 2-day event took place in a European city, with participants from three further European cities. The impact of this training on subsequent professional practice was investigated. An initial questionnaire was completed at the conference, and follow-up questionnaires were distributed at 6 weeks, post-event. Responses came from participants and from head teachers of the British international schools in which they worked. This paper focuses upon issues of inclusion, which arose from the feedback received, both during the event and afterwards. Group discussions during the event revealed concern among the group that they had insufficient knowledge to provide the level of inclusion support that they felt should be available. Data from the questionnaires provided more detail about these issues and allowed some first conclusions to be drawn, providing further focus and direction for subsequent training for international school TAs.


Writing_Making: Object as body, language and material
A turn away from language and the human mind as the dominant (or only) determinants of reality can be identified within many disciplines, including anthropology, philosophy and literature, reflecting a growing acceptance of human and non-human, living and non-living entities as real, complex and partially withdrawn agents in the world. In Object Oriented Ontology the definition of object is extended to include humans, who have no special ontological status. Timothy Morton proposes rhetoric as a means of drawing closer to other objects, of contacting the 'strange stranger'; objects cannot be known directly, or fully, but can be explored through imaginative speculation. Drawing on Object Oriented Ontology, my project explores making - an intimate engagement between body and material
- as a means of thinking the body as a (strange) object within a mesh of strange objects. Facture is documented as image and language, prompting a series of shifting, speculative questions:
• Can writing be brought to making to generate new new approaches to craft production?
• How might writing in response to making, or objects, be reintroduced into a making process as a form of feedback?
• Can writing_making methods generate new approaches to writing (about) making and materials?
• How might a combination of production, documentation and reflection be displayed as artwork/research?
• Can making be seen as a means for contacting the 'strange stranger'?


The Framework for management effectiveness developed by the IUCN World Commission for Protected Areas was published in the first version of this Best Practice Guideline. It is further explained and interpreted, although not substantially altered, in this version. A number of key guidelines for good practice in evaluation are presented from many practitioners around the world, and important needs and directions for the future are identified.


An Anthropology of Marxism offers Cedric Robinson's analysis of the history of communalism that has been claimed by Marx and Marxists. Suggesting that the socialist ideal was embedded both in Western and non-Western civilizations and cultures long before the opening of the modern era and did not begin with or depend on the existence of capitalism, Robinson interrogates the social, cultural, institutional, and historical materials that were the seedbeds for communal modes of living and reimagining society. Ultimately, it pushes back against Marx's vision of a better society as rooted in a Eurocentric society, and cut off from its own precursors. Accompanied by a new foreword by H.L.T. Quan and a preface by Avery Gordon, this invaluable text reimagines the communal ideal from a broader perspective that transcends modernity, industrialization, and capitalism.


On April 14th, 1961, television viewers across Europe watched live images of Yuri Gagarin being celebrated on the Red Square in Moscow. The broadcast was made possible by the linking of the Intervision and Eurovision television networks, which was the result of cooperation between broadcasters on both sides of the Iron Curtain. By looking into how the co-operation between the OIRT and EBU was gradually developed between 1957 and 1961 this article engages with the interplay between cultural, legal and technological aspects of broadcasting and how the transnational broadcast of Gagarin's return to Moscow was made possible. The article furthermore argues the need to understand early television in Europe as a dialectic between the national and the transnational and shows how the live transmission network binding the East and West together was the result of an interplay between structures provided by transnational organisations such as the OIRT and EBU, and initiatives by national broadcasting organisations.


Federal law requires most imports, including many food items, to bear labels informing the "ultimate purchaser" of their country of origin. Meats, produce, and several other raw agricultural products generally have been exempt. The omnibus farm law (P.L. 107-171) signed on May 13, 2002, contains a requirement that many retailers provide, starting on September 30, 2004, country-of-origin labeling (COOL) on fresh fruits and vegetables, red meats, seafood, and peanuts. The program is voluntary until then. USDA on October 8, 2002, issued guidelines for the voluntary labeling program.


In the data stream environment, the patterns generated at different time instances are different due to data evolution. As time progresses, the behavior and members of clusters usually change. Hence, clustering continuous data streams allows us to observe the changes of group behavior. In order to support flexible clustering requirements, we devise in this paper a clustering on demand framework, abbreviated as COD framework, to dynamically cluster multiple data streams. While providing a general framework of clustering on multiple data streams, the COD framework has two advantageous features, namely, one data scan for online statistics collection and compact multiresolution approximations, which are designed to address, respectively, the time and the space constraints in a data stream environment. The COD framework consists of two phases, i.e., the online maintenance phase and the offline clustering phase. The online maintenance phase provides an efficient mechanism to maintain summary hierarchies of data streams with multiple resolutions in time linear in both the number of streams and the number of data points in each stream. On the other hand, an adaptive clustering algorithm is devised for the offline phase to retrieve approximations of desired substreams from summary hierarchies according to clustering queries. We propose two summarization techniques, based on wavelet and regression analyses, to construct the summary hierarchies. The regression-based summary hierarchy approximates the data stream more precisely and provides better clustering results, at the cost of slightly longer time than and twice the storage space as the wavelet-based one. An adaptive version of COD framework is designed to make a selection between a wavelet-based model and a regression-based model for building the summary hierarchy. By the adaptive COD, we can obtain clustering results with almost the same quality as the regression-based COD while using much less storage space for the summary hierarchy. As shown in the complexity analyses and also validated by our empirical studies, the COD framework performs very efficiently in the data stream environment while producing clustering results of very high quality


Author: Mark C. Lyden Title: A Comparative Analysis of Distance Learning and Traditional Classroom Learning for MAS 602, MAS 603, and MAS 605 at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Institution: Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Degree: Master of Aeronautical Science Year: 1994 To be competitive for tuition dollars, ERAU's distance learning program must meet the needs and demands of prospective students. Consideration must be given to the quality of the instruction over a distance compared to the traditional classroom method. The results of this investigation provide additional information vis-a-vis to the quality of the off-campus programs. The group for the study will be 80 traditional university students and 145 distance learning students who have participated in MAS 602, MAS 603, or MAS 605. The descriptive approach was used to investigate this problem. Test and assignment scores of the two groups were examined and compared to determine differences in performance as well as possible correlation between the two different teaching environments. The data was examined using a t-test. The results showed that there was a significant difference in the scores of the two groups for MAS 603; there was no significant differences shown for MAS 602 and MAS 605.


Existing cost-benefit studies dealing with childhood vaccinations generally compare disease costs in the absence of vaccination with disease costs when vaccinations are available. These studies are useful in showing the gains that have been realized from the introduction of vaccines but are not useful in guiding policy makers with regard to existing vaccination programs. In order to determine whether vaccination programs should be expanded a comparison of marginal social benefits and costs is needed. This study illustrates a method for deriving marginal private and social benefits and costs from existing cost-benefit studies. An expected utility model is used to derive the marginal private and social benefits to be realized from changing the percentage of the population vaccinated. Underlying this model are the assumptions that social benefits are the sum of private benefits and private benefits represent the reduction in expected disease-related costs resulting from vaccination. Since childhood vaccines for the most part reduce or eliminate the risk of infection for both those who are vaccinated and those who are not vaccinated it would be expected that in a risk-neutral population an equilibrium would be reached at the vaccination rate where expected disease costs are equal to the vaccination costs. This equilibrium though occurs at a vaccination rate below the level where disease-related costs are minimized. Increasing the vaccination rate from this level would lower overall disease-related costs. Using this model to derive the marginal private and social benefits from a number of existing cost-benefit studies one finds that the vaccination rates stated in or implied by the studies tend to be below the rates that would minimize the disease-related costs which is what the model suggests. As a result if it is assumed that vaccination costs remain constant society could reduce overall disease-related costs by increasing vaccination rates. The model also suggests that efforts to increase vaccination rates for subgroups in the population would be unsuccessful in increasing vaccination rates for the entire population. A comprehensive approach study is needed to achieve that result. (full text)


Objective: This paper, composed by an interest group of clinicians and researchers based in Melbourne, presents some background to the practice of mindfulness-based therapies as relevant to the general professional reader. We address the empirical evidence for these therapies, the principles through which they might operate, some practical questions facing those wishing to commence practice in this area or to refer patients into mindfulness-based therapies, and some considerations relevant to the conduct and interpretation of research into the therapeutic application of mindfulness. Method: Databases (e.g. PsycINFO, MEDLINE) were searched for literature on the impact of mindfulness interventions, and the psychological and biological mechanisms that underpin the effects of mindfulness practice. This paper also draws upon the clinical experience of the author group. Results: Mindfulness practice and principles have their origins in many contemplative and philosophical traditions but individuals can effectively adopt the training and practice of mindfulness in the absence of such traditions or vocabulary. A recent surge of interest regarding mindfulness in therapeutic techniques can be attributed to the publication of some well-designed empirical evaluations of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. Arising from this as well as a broader history of clinical integration of mindfulness and Western psychotherapies, a growing number of clinicians have interest and enthusiasm to learn the techniques of mindfulness and to integrate them into their therapeutic work. This review highlights the importance of accurate professional awareness and understanding of mindfulness and its therapeutic applications. Conclusions: The theoretical and empirical literatures on therapeutic applications of mindfulness are in states of significant growth and development. This group suggests, based on this review, that the combination of some well-developed conceptual models for the therapeutic action of mindfulness and a developing empirical base, justifies a degree of optimism that mindfulness-based approaches will become helpful strategies to offer in the care of patients with a wide range of mental and physical health problems.


Abstract The declaration of an overdose public health emergency in Vancouver has generated an "affective churn" of intervention across youth‐focused drug treatment settings, including the expanded provision of opioid agonist therapy. In this article, I track moments when young people became swept up in the momentum of this churn and the future possibilities that treatment seemed to promise. I also track moments when treatment and what happened next engendered a sense of stagnation, arguing that the churn of intervention ensnared many youth in rhythms of starts and stops that generated significant ambivalence toward treatment. The colonial past and present deepened this ambivalence among some Indigenous young people and informed moments of refusal. Youth's lives unfolded through but also around treatment programs, in zones of the city where drug use could generate a sense of momentum that was hooked not on futures, but on the sensorial possibilities of the now. [North America, overdose, drug treatment interventions, youth, affect]


Cristae are high-curvature structures in the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) that are crucial for ATP production. While cristae-shaping proteins have been defined, analogous lipid-based mechanisms have yet to be elucidated. Here, we combine experimental lipidome dissection with multi-scale modeling to investigate how lipid interactions dictate IMM morphology and ATP generation. When modulating phospholipid (PL) saturation in engineered yeast strains, we observed a surprisingly abrupt breakpoint in IMM topology driven by a continuous loss of ATP synthase organization at cristae ridges. We found that cardiolipin (CL) specifically buffers the inner mitochondrial membrane against curvature loss, an effect that is independent of ATP synthase dimerization. To explain this interaction, we developed a continuum model for cristae tubule formation that integrates both lipid and protein-mediated curvatures. This model highlighted a snapthrough instability, which drives IMM collapse upon small changes in membrane properties. We also showed that cardiolipin is essential in low-oxygen conditions that promote PL saturation. These results demonstrate that the mechanical function of cardiolipin is dependent on the surrounding lipid and protein components of the IMM.


The Age of Sail has long fascinated readers, writers, and the general public. Herman Melville, Joseph Conrad, Jack London et al. treated ships at sea as microcosms; Petri dishes in which larger themes of authority, conflict and order emerge. In this fascinating book, Pfaff and Hechter explore mutiny as a manifestation of collective action and contentious politics. The authors use narrative evidence and statistical analysis to trace the processes by which governance failed, social order decayed, and seamen mobilized. Their findings highlight the complexities of governance, showing that it was not mere deprivation, but how seamen interpreted that deprivation, which stoked the grievances that motivated rebellion. Using the Age of Sail as a lens to examine topics still relevant today - what motivates people to rebel against deprivation and poor governance - The Genesis of Rebellion: Governance, Grievance, and Mutiny in the Age of Sail helps us understand the emergence of populism and rejection of the establishment.


Biofuels production is expanding rapidly all over the world, driven by rising crude oil prices, the desire of countries to be energy independent, and concerns about climate change. As developed countries, especially the United States, are expanding biofuels production, developing countries are expanding their biofuels industries as well, to power their growing economies. However, developing countries must address the food security issue when they develop biofuels. As China is a developing country with rapid economic growth, population growth, significant demand for fuels, and food security concerns, it serves as a good example for studying the opportunities and challenges faced by developing countries under current conditions. This study analyzes the background, history, and current situation of biofuels development in China. Some implications for developing countries are also provided.


The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic affecting the human respiratory system severely challenges public health and urgently demands for increasing our understanding of COVID-19 pathogenesis, especially host factors facilitating virus infection and replication. SARS-CoV-2 was reported to enter cells via binding to ACE2, followed by its priming by TMPRSS2. Here, we investigate ACE2 and TMPRSS2 expression levels and their distribution across cell types in lung tissue (twelve donors, 39,778 cells) and in cells derived from subsegmental bronchial branches (four donors, 17,521 cells) by single nuclei and single cell RNA sequencing, respectively. While TMPRSS2 is expressed in both tissues, in the subsegmental bronchial branches ACE2 is predominantly expressed in a transient secretory cell type. Interestingly, these transiently differentiating cells show an enrichment for pathways related to RHO GTPase function and viral processes suggesting increased vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our data provide a rich resource for future investigations of COVID-19 infection and pathogenesis.


The demand for more computing power has been a constant trend in many fields of science, engineering and business. Now more than ever, the need for more and more processing power is emerging in the resolution of complex problems from life sciences, financial services, drug discovery, weather forecasting, massive data processing for e-science, e-commerce and e-government etc. Grid and P2P paradigms are based on the premise to deliver greater computing power at less cost, thus enabling the solution of such complex problems. Parallel Programming, Models and Applications in Grid and P2P Systems presents recent advances for grid and P2P paradigms, middleware, programming models, communication libraries, as well as their application to the resolution of real-life problems. By approaching grid and P2P paradigms in an integrated and comprehensive way, we believe that this book will serve as a reference for researchers and developers of the grid and P2P computing communities. Important features of the book include an up-to-date survey of grid and P2P programming models, middleware and communication libraries, new approaches for modeling and performance analysis in grid and P2P systems, novel grid and P2P middleware as well as grid and P2P-enabled applications for real-life problems. Academics, scientists, software developers and engineers interested in the grid and P2P paradigms will find the comprehensive coverage of this book useful for their academic, research and development activity.IOS Press is an international science, technical and medical publisher of high-quality books for academics, scientists, and professionals in all fields. Some of the areas we publish in: -Biomedicine -Oncology -Artificial intelligence -Databases and information systems -Maritime engineering -Nanotechnology -Geoengineering -All aspects of physics -E-governance -E-commerce -The knowledge economy -Urban studies -Arms control -Understanding and responding to terrorism -Medical informatics -Computer Sciences


This report documents the testing of a piezo-electric cable weigh-in-motion (WIM) truck scale. The equipment tested was developed by the French national laboratory, Laboratorie Central des Ponts et Chausees. Tests were made on the accuracy of the system's static weight estimates, its estimates of vehicle speed, and its classification of vehicles. Speed and vehicle classification estimates were quite good. Weight estimates did not meet the proposed HELP system specifications. The standard deviation of the difference between WIM and static gross vehicle weights was approximately 20 percent. Tests were also performed to examine the effects of tire pressure, speed and lane position on the voltage output of the cable. Of these variables, tire pressure was determined to most highly effect cable voltage output. Reduction of tire pressures from 105 psi to 75 psi had a statistically significant effect on cable voltage output.


Abstract Narcolepsy is characterized by abnormal sleep–wake regulation, causing sleep episodes during the day and nocturnal sleep disruptions. The transitions between sleep and wakefulness can be identified by manual scorings of a polysomnographic recording. The aim of this study was to develop an automatic classifier capable of separating sleep epochs from epochs of wakefulness by using EEG measurements from one channel. Features from frequency bands &agr; (0–4 Hz), &bgr; (4–8 Hz), &dgr; (8–12 Hz), &thgr; (12–16 Hz), 16 to 24 Hz, 24 to 32 Hz, 32 to 40 Hz, and 40 to 48 Hz were extracted from data by use of a wavelet packet transformation and were given as input to a support vector machine classifier. The classification algorithm was assessed by hold-out validation and 10-fold cross-validation. The data used to validate the classifier were derived from polysomnographic recordings of 47 narcoleptic patients (33 with cataplexy and 14 without cataplexy) and 15 healthy controls. Compared with manual scorings, an accuracy of 90% was achieved in the hold-out validation, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 95%. Sensitivity and specificity were 90% and 88%, respectively. The 10-fold cross-validation procedure yielded an accuracy of 88%, an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 92%, a sensitivity of 87%, and a specificity of 87%. Narcolepsy with cataplexy patients experienced significantly more sleep–wake transitions during night than did narcolepsy without cataplexy patients (P = 0.0199) and healthy subjects (P = 0.0265). In addition, the sleep–wake transitions were elevated in hypocretin-deficient patients. It is concluded that the classifier shows high validity for identifying the sleep–wake transition. Narcolepsy with cataplexy patients have more sleep–wake transitions during night, suggesting instability in the sleep–wake regulatory system.


Foreign currency loans to the unhedged non-banking sector are remarkably prevalent in Europe and create a significant exchange-rate-induced credit risk to European banking sectors. In particular, Swiss franc (CHF)-denominated loans, popular in Eastern European countries, could trigger simultaneous bank failures if depreciation of the domestic currencies prevents unhedged borrowers from servicing the loans. Foreign currency loans thus pose a systemic risk from a "common market shock" perspective. The author uses a novel dataset of foreign-currency loans from 17 countries for 2007-11 (collected by the Swiss National Bank) and builds on the method suggested by Ranciere, Tornell, and Vamvakidis (2010) to quantify this systemic risk. The author finds that systemic risk is substantial in the non-euro area, while it is relatively low in the euro area. However, CHF-denominated loans are not the underlying source of the high systemic risk: Loans denominated in other foreign currencies (probably to a large extent in euros) contribute significantly more to the systemic risk in the non-euro area than CHF-denominated loans. Furthermore, systemic risk shows high persistence and low volatility during the sample period. The author also finds that banks in Europe have continuously held more foreign-currency denominated assets than liabilities, indicating their awareness of the exchange-rate-induced credit risk they face.