The diagnosis of cervical squamous cell carcinoma with concurrent T-cell rich B-cell lymphoma in dissected lymph nodes has not been reported to our knowledge. We report such a case. The biopsy of an exophytic lesion at the uterine cervix showed squamous cell carcinoma in a 50-year-old woman presenting with postcoital bleeding. Type III hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectemy, bilateral pelvic, paraaortic lymph node dissections were performed. Pathologic examination revealed a T-cell rich B-cell lymphoma in some lymph nodes beside squamous cell carcinoma in several of others. ELISA for human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV) was negative. The cervical carcinoma was staged as FIGO clinical stage IB1 and the lymphoma as Ann Arbor IIA. Six cycles of CHOP (cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, vincristine, and prednisone) chemotherapy for the lymphoma and concomitant pelvic chemo-radiotherapy with cisplatin for cervical cancer were given. In this rare coincidence; the best available therapy for each of the diseases should be considered individually. We also suggest that HIV screening test be carried out, because both diseases may be related to human immuno-deficiency virus, although our patient was HIV-negative.


Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) as well as Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) suffer from various challenges like low bandwidth, overhead and velocity of nodes. This research contribution is the characterization study between MANETs and WSNs environment with respect to various routing protocols. This study investigates the routing protocols corresponding to packet delivery ratio, routing overhead, throughput and average to end-to-end delay. For MANETs, three protocols AODV, DSDV and TORA are selected and a performance study is done. The AODV perform better in MANETs and given better output, but performance of TORA is very poor and not reliable for MANETs. For WSNs, four protocols AODV, DSDV, TORA and LEACH are selected and evaluated. The AODV and LEACH both perform better but AODV is less reliable than LEACH because the result of AODV is fluctuated but LEACH shows stability. It is concluded that AODV shows better performance in both environments compared to DSDV and TORA. But average end-to-end delay is much higher in WSNs compared to MANETs.


Since the 1970s, the influence of the European Union in the area of environmental law and policy has steadily expanded, even though environmental policy continues to be a shared competence between the European Union and its Member States. As such, the allocation of competences between the European and national levels is governed by the principle of subsidiarity, which is aimed at maintaining a high level of decentralization. As it stands, subsidiarity is tested primarily, if not exclusively, against the presence of, or potential for, economic or environmental externalities of the regulated activity. Notwithstanding recent changes in the Lisbon Treaty to strengthen ex ante political control over the application of the subsidiarity principle, a rebuttable presumption in favor of an ever-increasing European role in environmental policy has developed.This Article aims to move beyond this rebuttable presumption by introducing additional criteria for competence allocation: heterogeneity of preferences and conditions between regulated jurisdictions and activities, and the potential for economies of scale and scope. In addition, a distinction is made between the different phases of the regulatory process — specifically, norm setting, implementation, and enforcement — also referred to as regulatory competences. By distinguishing between these stages of regulation, the relative importance of externalities, and the additional criteria mentioned above, each stage of regulation is explicated. Finally, this Article discusses the extent to which instrument choice can act as an alternative for the centralization or decentralization of competences. The potential of this complementary "competence allocation" approach to the interpretation of subsidiarity in European environmental law is illustrated by a case study of the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme.


Caught in the Pulpit: Leaving Belief Behind by Daniel C. Dennett, Linda LaScola What is it like to be a preacher or rabbi who no longer believes in God? In this expanded and updated edition of their groundbreaking study, Daniel C. Dennett and Linda LaScola comprehensively and sensitively expose an inconvenient truth that religious institutions face in the new transparency of the information age—the phenomenon of clergy who no longer believe what they publicly preach. In confidential interviews, clergy from across the ministerial spectrum—from liberal to literal—reveal how their lives of religious service and study have led them to a truth inimical to their professed beliefs and profession. Although their personal stories are as varied as the denominations they once represented, or continue to represent—whether Catholic, Baptist, Episcopalian, Methodist, Mormon, Pentecostal, or any of numerous others—they give voice not only to their own struggles but also to those who similarly suffer in tender and lonely silence. As this study poignantly and vividly reveals, their common journey has far-reaching implications not only for their families, their congregations, and their communities—but also for the very future of religion.


Human beings spend much time under the influence of artificial lighting. Often, it is beneficial to adapt lighting to the task, as well as the user's mental and physical constitution and well-being. This formulates new requirements for lighting human-centric lighting and drives a need for new light control methods in interior spaces. In this paper we present a holistic system that provides a novel approach to human-centric lighting by introducing simulation methods into interactive light control, to adapt the lighting based on the user's needs. We look at a simulation and evaluation platform that uses interactive stochastic spectral rendering methods to simulate light sources, allowing for their interactive adjustment and adaption.


Perhaps more than any other writer, Juvenal (c. AD 55-138) captures the splendour, the squalor and the sheer energy of everyday Roman life. In "The Sixteen Satires", he evokes a fascinating world of whores, fortune-tellers, boozy politicians, slick lawyers, shameless sycophants, ageing flirts and downtrodden teachers. A member of the traditional land-owning class that was rapidly seeing power slip into the hands of outsiders, Juvenal also creates savage portraits of decadent aristocrats - male and female - seeking excitement among the lower orders of actors and gladiators, and of the jumped-up sons of newly-rich former slaves. Constantly comparing the corruption of his own generation with its stern and upright forebears, Juvenal's powers of irony and invective make his work a stunningly satirical and bitter denunciation of the degeneracy of Roman society.


Abstract. This study investigates how variations in Arctic sea ice and sea surface conditions influence δ18O of present-day Arctic precipitation. This is done using the model isoCAM3, an isotope-equipped version of the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Atmosphere Model version 3. Four sensitivity experiments and one control simulation are performed with prescribed sea surface temperature (SST) and sea ice. Each of the four experiments simulates the atmospheric and isotopic response to Arctic oceanic conditions for selected years after the beginning of the satellite era in 1979. Changes in sea ice extent and SSTs have different impacts in Greenland and the rest of the Arctic. The simulated changes in central Arctic sea ice do not influence δ18O of Greenland precipitation, only anomalies of Baffin Bay sea ice. However, this does not exclude the fact that simulations based on other sea ice and sea surface temperature distributions might yield changes in the δ18O of precipitation in Greenland. For the Arctic, δ18O of precipitation and water vapour is sensitive to local changes in sea ice and sea surface temperature and the changes in water vapour are surface based. Reduced sea ice extent yields more enriched isotope values, whereas increased sea ice extent yields more depleted isotope values. The distribution of the sea ice and sea surface conditions is found to be essential for the spatial distribution of the simulated changes in δ18O.


"Structure is at the rock-bottom of all explanatory sciences" (Jan Koster). Forty years ago, the hypothesis that underlying the bewildering variety of syntactic phenomena are general and unified structural patterns of unexpected beauty and simplicity gave rise to major advancements in the study of Dutch and Germanic syntax, with important implications for the theory of grammar as a whole. Jan Koster was one of the central figures in this development, and he has continued to explore the structure preserving hypothesis throughout his illustrious career. This collection of articles by over forty syntacticians celebrates the advancements made in the study of syntax over the past forty years, reflecting on the structural principles underlying syntactic phenomena and emulating the approach to syntactic analysis embodied in Jan Koster's teaching and research.


A vital tool-box component, the CProf cache profiling system lets programmers identify hot spots by providing cache performance information at the source-line and data-structure level. Our purpose is to introduce a broad audience to cache performance profiling and tuning techniques. Although used sporadically in the supercomputer and multiprocessor communities, these techniques also have broad applicability to programs running on fast uniprocessor workstations. We show that cache profiling, using our CProf cache profiling system, improves program performance by focusing a programmer's attention on problematic code sections and providing insight into appropriate program transformations.<<ETX>>


The development of cardiopulmonary bypass 60 years ago was spurred on by the need for surgical repair of congenital heart disease.1 Early operations concentrated on common malformations that were mostly repaired after infancy. Most patients undergoing surgery were children and were cared for by paediatric cardiologists. When they became adults there was, for many years, no procedure for continuing long-term care, and only more recently has adult congenital cardiology become a well-defined subspeciality.

Surgical mortality in the early days was high but since the 1960s most patients have survived long term. It is estimated that survival to adulthood now exceeds 90%,2 and by the year 2000 the number of adults with cardiovascular malformations exceeded the number of children.3

Although repair of some malformations (such as ventricular septal defect, atrial septal defect and persistent ductus arteriosus) is mostly curative, so-called 'complete repair' or 'total correction' of many others is not. These include aortic valve stenosis, pulmonary valve stenosis, coarctation of the aorta, tetralogy of Fallot and transposition of the great arteries, as well as more complex malformations. It is now recognised that patients have many late problems that require assessment and treatment.4 Because of this one would expect the long-term outcome to be better in patients under the care of a specialist, and failure to continue follow-up to lead to a poorer outcome.5

Mackie et al 5 investigated a cohort of children born in Quebec in 1983 and diagnosed under the age of 6 years who were still alive at the age of 25 years.6 Twenty-eight per cent were lost to follow up by 6–12 years, another 19% by 13–17 years and another 15% by 18–22 years, so that by adult life only 39% of the total cohort was still under specialist review. Many had …


Luxtera has implemented complete photonic transceiver technology in the Hip7 0.13 mum SOI CMOS process at Freescale Semiconductor, enabling optical communications directly to and from a CMOS die. With the exception of the co-packaged laser, all optical functions are implemented in using CMOS processing. The devices implemented include 10 Gb/s modulators, germanium photodetectors, optical WDM filters, switches, attenuators and fiber coupling holographic lenses. To date, up to 40 Gbps transmission has been demonstrated down a single fiber using four optical wavelengths, each modulated at 10 Gbps.


Software Performance Engineering (SPE) has recently considered as an important issue in the software development process. It consists on evaluate the performance of a system during the design phase. We have recently proposed a new methodology to generate a Stochastic Automata Network (SAN) model from a UML model, to consequently obtain performance predications from UML specifications. In this paper, we expand our idea to cover more complex UML models taking in advantage the modularity of SAN in modeling large systems. A formal description of the generation process is presented. The new extension gives rise to a serious approach in SPE that we call UML2SAN.


Key messages: Scoping review methodology was used to rapidly assess a broad range of literature while at the same time identify key knowledge strengths and gaps. A total of 241 publications included in this scoping review, with 56 from Canada, 74 from the US, 50 from elsewhere in the Global North and 61 from the Global South. LGBTQI people living in the Global South: Homophobic and transphobic violence faced by LGBTQI people living in the Global South is always situated within particular geo-political and regional contexts that are shaped by neo-liberalism, gender inequalities, colonial legacies, nationalisms, armed conflict, police violence, corruption, religious extremism, etc. LGBTQI migrants living in Canada: Most focused on LGBTQI refugees. Since 2014 there has been a shift in focus from refugee to precarious status, newcomers and immigrants and exploring how LGBTQI migrants navigated community belonging and structural barriers. LGBTQI migrants living in the US: Exploration of well-being especially with respect to HIV risk and prevention. For LGBTQI migrants, chosen families broke social isolation and fostered belonging. LGBTQI migrants also encounter multiple identity-based discriminations that blocked access to housing and health and social services, along with a fear, especially for those undocumented, of being profiled and detained by immigration officials. LGBTQI migrants living elsewhere in the Global North: Two areas of focus include SOGIE-based refugee claims and multiple discriminations by LGBTQI migrants, such as family / community rejection and barriers to access housing, employment, health and social services. Detention centres have a detrimental impact on the mental health of LGBTQI refugees, and increases their exposure to homophobic and transphobic violence. Key research methodologies and theories used: Qualitative research methods used include semi-structured interviews, focus groups, mixed methods and refugee case decisions. Some applied intervention, community-based and/or participatory research methodologies. Theories applied include ecological systems theory, minority stress model, multicultural feminist framework, the social determinants of health and especially intersectionality. Knowledge strengths and gaps: Researcher use of critical and participatory research methodologies as well as intersectionality theory are knowledge strengths. The IRB has implemented SOGIE-based guidelines for decision makers. There remains little knowledge about the realities of LGBTQI immigrants and migrants with precarious status. Need to develop anti-racist, anti-heterosexist and anti-cissexist service delivery and specialized services for LGBTQI migrants. Service providers should engage in trauma-informed and anti-oppressive practice that attends to the intersectional realities of LGBTQI migrants. Policy makers involved in developing Canada's international role in LGBTQI human rights, should consider the complexities of LGBTQI realities in the Global South.


Research is essential to advance the science of paediatrics and improve the health and well-being of children. Importantly, many of the determinants of poor adult health have their origins in early life. In 2012, the report 'Turning the Tide' from the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health (RCPCH)1 highlighted that the evidence base for child specific treatments was sparse. It was highlighted that only 5% of the annual UK public and charitable research expenditure was allocated to children, approximately £2.2 billion, which is equivalent to less than £10 per child per year.1 The report called for all those parties involved in research to come together to develop a national vision to ensure that child health research was given the same importance as adult research.1 The report made a number of recommendations including expansion of research posts, support for parents' and young people's advocacy, improved research training for paediatric trainees and collaboration between children's research charities.1 Those recommendations were further emphasised in the report 'A healthy nation: strengthening child health research in the UK'.2 This article highlights how collaboration between children's research charities has been taken forward.

The United Kingdom Child Health Research Collaboration (UKCHRC) was formally launched in January 2015 at the Wellcome Trust following a series of workshops held earlier at the Medical Research Council (MRC). The UKCHRC is a partnership of funders of child health research (box 1). Administrative support is provided by the RCPCH. Meetings are held biannually at one of the charities' headquarters. In 2016, the UKCHRC met at the British Heart Foundation and the Cystic Fibrosis Trust and in 2017 the meeting was at the British Lung Foundation. Each charity retains their own identity, …


Perfectionism is implicated in the onset, course, and remission of disordered eating (Bastiani, Rao, Weltzin, & Kaye, 1995; Bruch, 1979; Cockell et al., 2002; Stice, 2002; Tozzi, et al., 2005; Vohs, Bardone, Joiner, & Abramson, 1999; references are contained in Appendix F on p. 271). Building on the above research tradition, this dissertation proposed and evaluated a model relating perfectionism to binge eating. This new model is termed the Perfectionism Model of Binge Eating (PMOBE). According to the PMOBE, perfectionism confers vulnerability to binge eating by generating encounters with and by magnifying responses to specific triggers of binge eating: namely, perceived discrepancies, low self-esteem, depressive affect, and dietary restraint. A multi-site, 7-day, web-based structured daily diary study was conducted to test the PMOBE. Overall, 566 female university students participated, and these individuals provided 3509 useable diary responses. A data analytic strategy involving structural equation modeling and multilevel modeling generally supported the PMOBE. For example, a structural model relating socially prescribed perfectionism (i.e., perceiving that others are demanding perfection of oneself) to binge eating through the aforementioned binge eating triggers demonstrated acceptable fit. Multilevel mediation also indicated that the influence of self-oriented perfectionism (i.e., demanding perfection of oneself) and socially prescribed perfectionism on binge eating operated through the abovementioned binge eating triggers (excepting dietary restraint). Support for multilevel moderation was limited, but suggested that the relationship between self-oriented perfectionism and binge eating was conditional upon dietary restraint. This study is, to my knowledge, the first to examine the perfectionism-disordered eating connection using a structured daily diary methodology. Thus, this study offered a unique perspective apart from the usual cross-sectional and nomothetic research on perfectionism and eating pathology. In particular, this study suggested that, in their day-to-day lives, perfectionistic individuals (especially socially prescribed perfectionists) inhabit a world permeated with putative triggers of binge eating. Although perfectionism appeared to generate "exposure to" binge eating triggers, by and large, it did not seem to magnify responses to these same triggers (Bolger & Zuckerman, 1995, p. 890). A somewhat qualified version of the PMOBE was thus supported, with socially prescribed perfectionism assuming greater importance than self-oriented perfectionism and with perfectionism conferring vulnerability to binge eating by generating environments with, but not magnifying responses to, binge triggers. Overall, this dissertation contributed new knowledge to our understanding of the precipitants and the correlates of binge eating and highlighted the idea that perfectionism may play an important part in binge eating.


As a result of Cryptosporidium parvum in drinking water, several outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis have occurred in the last 10 yr. Although it is generally believed that movement of pathogens through the soil is minimal, recent research has shown that appreciable numbers of C. parvum oocysts may be transported via preferential or fingered flow to groundwater. The objective of the present research was to further investigate and model the transport of oocysts through preferential flow paths in the vadose zone under a "worst‐case" scenario. This was studied by adding calves feces containing C. parvum oocysts with a Cl− tracer to undisturbed silt loam columns and disturbed sand columns during a simulated steady‐state rain. The sand columns exhibited preferential flow in the form of fingers whereas macropore flow occurred in the undisturbed cores. In the columns with fingered flow, oocysts and Cl were transported rapidly with the same velocity through the columns. Although only 14 to 86% of the amount applied, the number of oocysts transported across the columns was several orders of magnitude above an infective dose. The macropore columns had only a very limited breakthrough of oocysts, which appeared several pore volumes after the Cl broke through initially. A simulation model for the transport of oocysts via preferential flow was developed on the basis of an existing preferential flow model for nonadsorbing solutes, with addition of a first‐order sink term for adsorbance of the C. parvum to the air–water–solid (AWS) interfaces, and with velocity and dispersivity parameters derived from Cl− transport. The breakthrough of C. parvum oocysts could be described realistically for the sand columns. However, the model could not describe oocyst transport in the columns with macropores.


Ruby on Rails is fast displacing PHP, ASP, and J2EE as the development framework of choice for discriminating programmers, thanks to its elegant design and emphasis on practical results. RailsSpace teaches you to build large-scale projects with Rails by developing a real-world application: a social networking website like MySpace, Facebook, or Friendster.Inside, the authors walk you step by step from the creation of the site's virtually static front page, through user registration and authentication, and into a highly dynamic site, complete with user profiles, image upload, email, blogs, full-text and geographical search, and a friendship request system. In the process, you learn how Rails helps you control code complexity with the model-view-controller (MVC) architecture, abstraction layers, automated testing, and code refactoring, allowing you to scale up to a large project even with a small number of developers.This essential introduction to Rails provides A tutorial approach that allows you to experience Rails as it is actually used A solid foundation for creating any login-based website in Rails Coverage of newer and more advanced Rails features, such as form generators, REST, and Ajax (including RJS) A thorough and integrated introduction to automated testing The book's companion website provides the application source code, a blog with follow-up articles, narrated screencasts, and a working version of the RailSpace social network.


This article draws on ethnographic research to elucidate ways in which young women's care labor is appropriated by the state as "free labor" in South Korea. Building upon John Krinsky's notion of free labor as state-orchestrated exploitation of public sector workers and Kyounghee Kim's research on gendered care labor, this article examines the gendered experience of school social workers who are certified at a lower level than professional social workers, and are hired, laid off, and rehired by the state-sponsored Education Welfare Priority Project. It traces recent unionization efforts by school social workers and attempts to explain why these workers do not recognize care work as a source of exploitation. Finally, the author presents analytical tools to better understand the intersection of state employment, exploitation, and gendered care labor as an emerging neoliberal form of labor.


Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) occur as dual epidemics with gender dimensions. IPV sometimes result in lack of decision making autonomy over one's own health and this may negatively affect uptake HIV testing services.The study aimed to examine the association between exposure to IPV and HIV testing among women of reproductive age in Uganda.The study is based on cross-sectional data from 2011 Uganda Demographic and Health Survey (UDHS). A sub-sample of 1705 ever-partnered women aged 15-49 who responded to the domestic violence module was examined in the study. Bivariate and multivariable (logistic regression) analyses were used to determine the association between exposure to IPV and HIV testing.Up to 82.3% and 61.5% of the respondents were tested for HIV ever and in the past year, respectively. The prevalence of physical IPV and IPV of any form in the past year was 25.6% and 44% respectively. Exposure to physical IPV and emotional IPV in the past year was associated with HIV testing within the past year. In the multivariate analysis, exposure to physical IPV remained significantly associated with HIV testing within the past year (OR: 1.34; 95% CI: 1.03-1.73). Frequent access to newspapers remained a significant predictor of HIV testing uptake.HIV testing in the past year is associated with exposure to IPV among women of reproductive age in Uganda. There is a need to include IPV as a part of global strategy to address HIV/AIDS.


The present study examines cricketers' perceptions of emotional interactions between competitors. Semistructured interviews with 12 male professional cricketers explored experiences (i.e., emotions, cognitions, behaviors) relating to incidents during competition where they or an opponent attempted to evoke an emotional reaction (e.g., sledging). Cricketers described their use of sledging as aggressive actions and verbal interactions with the aim of disrupting concentration and altering the emotional states of opponents. They described experiencing a variety of emotions (e.g., anxiety, anger) in response to opponents' attempts at interpersonal emotion regulation; linguistic analyses indicated that both positive than negative emotions were experienced. A range of strategies in response to competitors' deliberate attempts at interpersonal emotion regulation were outlined. The present study extends previous research investigating interpersonal emotion regulation within teams by indicating that professional cricketers are aware of the impact of cognitions and emotions on performance and attempt to negatively influence these factors in competitors.


ABSTRACT Students and lecturers share educational experiences, each in their role: Students as part of their learning context and lecturers as part of their work environment. But how much of their experiences are similar? A questionnaire was developed to provide insight into the experiences of research integration of undergraduate students (N = 2336) and lecturers (N = 379). For measurements, the Research Attitudes in Vocational Education Questionnaire (RAVE-Q), and Experience in Research Integration scale were applied to the student survey design. For lecturers, all items of the student surveys were rephrased into items related to lecturers' perceptions of their students' attitudes and experiences. The findings show that students and lecturers share perceptions about the role of research in their related vocational field and about research integration. However, important cognitive and affective differences were found between students and lecturers regarding research practice. Implications for further research and educational design will be discussed.


The behaviour of fibre-reinforced ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) under conditions of thermal shock was investigated in this study. A series of water-quench tests were carried out on samples of cross-ply and plain- weave (PW) woven Nicalon/CAS (calcium aluminosilicate) composites. Damage modes due to thermal shock were characterised by examining polished surfaces of the quenched materials using optical and scanning electron microscopy. In addition, the effect of thermal shock on the mechanical properties of the woven composite was assessed under tensile and flexural loading. Predictions of the critical temperature change (DeltaTc) for the onset of thermal shock fracture in both unidirectional (UD) and 2-D CMCs (cross-ply and woven) were made. In terms of the critical temperature change, the thermal shock resistance of surfaces with (0°/90°)3s, (90°/0°)3s and woven configurations was found to be comparable (DeltaTc>400+/-50°C) with that of UD Nicalon/CAS of similar thickness - the effect of ply architecture was minor. By contrast, surfaces with configurations of much smaller thickness (i.e. (0°/90°)s, (90°/0°)s) exhibited significantly higher thermal shock resistance (by >100°C) and much smaller crack densities with increasing severity of shock. Damage, unless temperature-induced microstructural changes occurred, was in the form of matrix cracking that left the fibres unaffected, and originated in the central plies of each CMC. Although on application of more severe shocks cracking extended to the outer plies, crack density always exhibited a gradient across the material thickness and was higher towards the central region. All phenomena could be understood in terms of the interaction of temperature gradients of adjacent material surfaces. The orientation and the extent of matrix cracking depended on the type of ply (i.e. longitudinal, transverse or, in the woven CMC, matrix-rich layer-'ply'). Longitudinal and matrix plies contained matrix cracks perpendicular to the horizontal (length) direction and exhibited 'composite' behaviour by virtue of a surface stress transfer mechanism - on application of more severe shocks, cracks increased in number but remained surface features. Matrix cracks in transverse plies ran parallel to the horizontal, and, although always small in number, increased significantly in length and depth at higher temperature differentials. Thus, transverse plies exhibited behaviour similar to monolithic ceramics and particulate CMCs. Thermal shock caused a small and gradual reduction in the mechanical properties of PW woven Nicalon/CAS. the onset of which occurred at higher temperature differentials than the onset of thermal shock damage. It was shown that the reduction in properties was associated with the propagation under load of the shock- induced matrix cracks in transverse plies. Thus, transverse plies were determined to be the weaker elements of the 2-D materials as they contained cracks that extended significantly in length and depth and affected mechanical properties. The extent of such cracks, as well as of other types of thermal shock damage, was found to be smaller for the woven CMC, perhaps due to the undulating nature of its microstructure. The onset of thermal shock fracture in UD and 2-D Nicalon/CAS CMCs was analysed by considering the anisotropic nature of the applied stress field as well as the presence of residual thermal stresses. A strength- based criterion, combined with a model for the effect of the biaxial nature of shock-induced stresses on the effective value of the interfacial shear stress, enabled satisfactory predictions to be made of the thermal shock resistance of the surface of UD Nicalon/CAS that contained longitudinal fibres, as well as of the central longitudinal plies of faces with (90°/0°)3s,(90°/0°)s and woven configurations. The heat transfer conditions during fracture were also determined. A fracture mechanics-based criterion combined with a modified analytical result from the literature was used to treat the situation of the transverse (end) face of UD Nicalon/CAS, as well as for the central transverse plies of faces with(0°/90°)3s,(0°/90°)sand woven configurations. The success of this approach depended on accurate knowledge of two material parameters, i.e. the relevant fracture toughness and the critical dimension beyond which thermal shock resistance becomes independent of material dimensions. Based on sufficient knowledge of the critical dimension, a method was also devised that allowed the effect of material dimensions to be incorporated into predictions of the thermal shock resistance.


Objective: Antrochoanal Polyps can be problematic to remove fully due to their location and instruments available. Method: Using a combination of paediatric and adult sized instruments, viewed with 30 and 70 degree endoscopes, we could partially remove the polyp through a large middle meatal antrostomy (MMA). Being unable to reach the remaining stalk, despite proceeding to an inferior antrostomy (IA), we realised the need for a more acute-angled instrument. By curving the monopolar Valleylab suction diathermy (MVSD), mimicking the curved microdebrider, we inserted this through our MMA. With an endoscope and a curved ball probe through the IA, we further increased the angle of the MVSD and cauterised the base of the polyp. Results: Clinically the polyp appeared to be fully resected. Conclusion: Consideration must be given to the infraorbital nerve and its relation to the base of the polyp. With this in mind, it is a safe technique.


Abstract Chemical, structural, infrared, optical, and Mössbauer spectroscopic data were obtained on tourmalines from gem pockets in the Himalaya mine, San Diego County, California, including a strongly color-zoned crystal. Calcium and Li abundances increase from core to rim, whereas Mn2+ and F increase, reach a maximum, and then decrease. Upon initiation of crystallization of lepidolite, F contents in tourmaline decrease. The black core is a Mn-bearing "oxy-schorl." The grayish-yellow, intermediate zone is Mn-rich "fluor-elbaite" that contains a relatively high Mn content with ~6 wt% MnO. The nearly colorless "fluor-elbaite" rim has the highest Li content of all zones. There is an inverse correlation between the lattice parameter a (for values ≥15.84 Å) and the Li content (r2 = 0.96). Mössbauer studies from the different zones within this crystal show that the Fe3+/Fe(total) ratio increases continuously from the Fe-rich core to the Fe-poor near-rim zone, consistent with increasing oxygen fugacity during pegmatite pocket evolution. There is a high positive correlation between lattice parameter a (for values ≥15.84 Å) and (Fe2++Mn2+) content in tourmalines from the elbaite-schorl series (r2 = 0.99). Values lower than 15.84 Å for a are likely a consequence of greater [4]B contents in samples that usually have a (Fe2++Mn2+) content of <0.1 apfu. Positive correlations between Al at the Y site and [4]B (r2 = 0.93), and between (Mn2++Fe2+) and [4]Al (r2 = 0.99) were found in tourmalines from the Himalaya Mine. These correlations indicate that, in the short-range order configurations, YAl is coupled with [4]B, whereas Mn2+ and Fe2+ are coupled with [4]Al. To obtain the most accurate OH data, different analytical methods were used: SIMS, hydrogen manometry, continuous-flow mass spectrometry, and IR overtone spectroscopy. Some elbaites contain a mixed occupation of F, OH, and O at the W site. Based on these data, the assumption OH = 4 - F appears to be valid only for elbaitic tourmalines with FeO+MnO < 8 wt%. In terms of the conditions of formation, whether gel or glass, the transition from low to high viscosity of the pocket-forming medium occurs before primary crystallization within the pockets ceased. At the pocket stage, Li contents of residual hydrosilicate melt were evidently high enough to promote a continuous transition from schorl-foitite at the pegmatite margin to elbaite-rossmanite-liddicoatite in the final stages of consolidation of the pegmatite interior.


ABSTRACT It is suspected that rapists, child molesters, and offenders with both child and adult victims (mixed offenders) may have different motivations and offending patterns—that they are heterogeneous. A central difference between these groups of offenders may be their propensity toward sexually impulsive behaviors and compulsive behavior. Analyses were conducted to assess the mean differences between the various offender types across four measures related to sensation seeking and compulsivity as well as several other proxy behavioral measures. Results suggest that there are differences in sexual impulsive and compulsive behavior among the different types of offenders. Treatment implications are discussed.


Established in 1858, the Irish Republican Brotherhood was a secret, oath-bound movement dedicated to bringing about revolution in Ireland. This book is a result of a major conference to mark the 150th anniversary of the founding of the Irish Republican Brotherhood and includes essays on Fenianism in its diasporic, transnational and imperial context; political violence; republican ideology and popular politicisation; culture, religion and identity; and memory and commemoration. This is the first publication to consider Fenianism as the truly international phenomenon it represented and includes essays from international scholars assessing the impact of Fenianism o a movement founded in America by the Irish immigrant community o throughout Ireland, Britain, continental Europe, the Americas and Australasia. The book spans the full chronological range of Fenian movement, from its origins in the aftermath of the Young Ireland movement, through its existence as a mass revolutionary movement in the 1860's, the long period as an underground revolutionary conspiracy, culminating in its role as the driving force of the Irish revolution between 1916 and 1921.


PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES
To investigate nurses' planning and implementation of individualized patient care in relation to patients' emotional distress as assessed by nurses and whether nurses and patients perceived the implemented care in a similar manner.

DESIGN
Prospective, comparative.

SETTING
Five oncologic-hematologic wards in Sweden.

SAMPLE
90 individual nurse-patient pairs were recruited and 81 were intact after three consecutive days. Each pair consisted of a patient with cancer and a nurse responsible for that patient's care.

METHODS
Nurse-patient pairs were followed using questionnaires. Outcome measures were nurses' identification of patients' emotional distress, care planning, and nurse-patient ratings of implemented care.

MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES
Patients' emotional distress and nurses' implemented care.

FINDINGS
Nurses identified a variety of emotional issues among patients and planned individual nursing interventions. Nurse and patient perceptions of implemented care demonstrated weak correlations for individually planned interventions and nurses' general caring behavior. With one exception, nurse self-reports did not indicate any differences in nurses' caring behavior directed to more and less distressed patients. Nurses reported providing comfort more frequently to patients with high levels of emotional distress, but this was not substantiated in patients' ratings.

CONCLUSIONS
Nurses showed an intention to provide individualized care. However, with one exception, nurses did not report providing more care to patients with cancer with high levels of emotional distress than to less distressed patients.

IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING
To ensure individualized care, nurses in cancer care should closely validate the accuracy of their interpretation of patients' needs and their planning of care in collaboration with the patients.


Timing the attack on cancer cells Cell regulatory systems have dynamic properties that will need to be taken into account when planning therapeutic strategies. Chen et al. found that the timing of a radiation treatment of human breast cancer–derived cells in culture determined whether cell survival was enhanced or reduced. Depletion of the oncogene product MDMX caused an initial burst of expression of the tumor suppressor protein p53 within the first 24 hours, and then oscillations of lower amplitude. When the radiation treatment coincided with the first phase, 95% of the cells died, but if radiation was applied in the second phase, fewer than 20% of the cells died. Science, this issue p. 1204 The effectiveness of radiation on cancer cells depends on the dynamic cell state. The oncogene MDMX is overexpressed in many cancers, leading to suppression of the tumor suppressor p53. Inhibitors of the oncogene product MDMX therefore might help reactivate p53 and enhance the efficacy of DNA-damaging drugs. However, we currently lack a quantitative understanding of how MDMX inhibition affects the p53 signaling pathway and cell sensitivity to DNA damage. Live cell imaging showed that MDMX depletion triggered two distinct phases of p53 accumulation in single cells: an initial postmitotic pulse, followed by low-amplitude oscillations. The response to DNA damage was sharply different in these two phases; in the first phase, MDMX depletion was synergistic with DNA damage in causing cell death, whereas in the second phase, depletion of MDMX inhibited cell death. Thus a quantitative understanding of signal dynamics and cellular states is important for designing an optimal schedule of dual-drug administration.


The major concerns of adaptive testing studies have concentrated on effectiveness and efficiency of the system built for the research experiments. It has been criticised that such general information has fallen short of providing qualitative descriptions regarding learning performance. Takahiro Sato of Japan proposed an analytical diagram called Student-Problem Chart (S-P Chart) in the 1970. The S-P Chart is able to establish a learning diagnostic table which comments student learning performance in a verbal form. The advancement of computer technology has made the S-P analytical process more applicable for school teachers. This study examined how online comments provided by the S-P diagnostic table could affect the students' learning attitude. One hundred sixth grade students were selected to be the subjects of the study. An online embedded test was given to the subjects and an S-P diagnostic table was drawn by the computer to display instant comments on each student's learning performance. A Questionnaire survey and in-depth interviews were performed after the experiment. Results indicated that students liked the online qualitative comments. This is because students were able to instantly understand why they performed well/poor in the test, which is much beyond the numerical scores can explain. The results also showed that the online S-P diagnostic table made students more circumspect on answering the test questions in order to reduce careless mistakes. Students would also be more likely to review what missed on the test. However, the S-P comment table seemed to have no effect on improving their learning performance. An online iterative drilling platform was consequently built to incorporate with the S-P diagnostic process to assist poorly performed students. It may effectively work with the S-P diagnostic process to provide constructive remediation for the students who exhibited a poor performance on the S-P chart.


This work is based on a natural polymer chitosan used in a nanoparticulate drug delivery system for the controlled release of amiodarone along with β-cyclodextrin. Amiodarone-loaded chitosan nanoparticles were prepared using the ionic gelation method aided by sonication. Amiodarone loading on chitosan nanoparticles was done under optimum conditions. For particle characterization; zeta-sizer, UV/Vis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, differential scanning calorimeter and scanning electron microscope techniques were used. In vitro drug release studies of amiodaroneloaded chitosan nanoparticles were performed using the dialysis diffusion technique. Drug loading and release values were determined using UV/Vis spectroscopy. Amiodarone encapsulated in nanoparticles was completely released at the end of 14 days. About 38 % was released at the end of day 1, 44% released at the end of day 3, 50 % released at the end of day 5 followed slow release. Amiodarone-loaded chitosan nanoparticles could serve as a model for controlled delivery of many antiarrhythmic drugs.


The energy sector plays a significant role in reaching the ambitious climate policy target of limiting the global temperature increase to well below 2 °C. To this end, technological change has to be redirected and accelerated in the direction of zero-carbon solutions. Given the urgency and magnitude of the climate change challenge it has been argued that this calls for a policy mix which simultaneously supports low-carbon solutions and also deliberately drives the discontinuation of the established technological regime. Yet, the effect of such phase-out policies on the development and diffusion of low-carbon technologies has received little attention in empirical research so far. This paper addresses this gap by taking the case of the transition of the German electricity system towards renewable energies – the so-called Energiewende. Based on a survey of innovation activities of German manufacturers of renewable power generation technologies conducted in 2014 it explores the impact such destabilization policies –most prominently Germany's nuclear phase-out policy – may have on technological change in renewable energies. By drawing on descriptive statistics and combining insights from earlier regression analyses we find evidence that Germany's nuclear phase-out policy had a positive influence on manufacturers' innovation expenditures for renewable energies and was seen as the by far most influential policy instrument for the further expansion of renewable energies in Germany. The insights resulting from our explorative analysis have important implications for the literature on policy mixes and sustainability transitions regarding the 'flip sides' to innovation and the crucial importance of destabilization policies for unleashing 'destructive creation'. We close by discussing policy repercussions for ongoing debates on policies for accelerating the phase-out of coal to meet climate change targets.


Joseph Haydn. Il mondo della luna. DVD. Concentus Musicus Wien / Nikolaus Harnoncourt. With Dietrich Henschel, Bernard Richter, Vivica Genaux, Christina Landshamer, Anja Nina Bahrmann. [Germany]: Unitel Classica, 2010. 703508. $39.99. Despite having composed many of his own operas, and having directed over 1000 opera performances during his long career as Kapellmeister at Esterhaza, Franz Joseph Haydn is not chiefly remembered as an opera composer, or even particularly wellregarded in the history of dramatic music. The critical reception of his operas-only rediscovered and revived in the latter half of the 20th century-has been decidedly mixed, due to the often poor quality of the libretti and to the fact that Haydn's dramatic gifts did not readily or consistently translate to the operatic stage. However, Haydn's 1777 Il mondo della luna [The World of the Moon], with a libretto by Carlo Goldoni, has proven to be something of a standout in the composer's otherwise under-appreciated operatic oeuvre: with its absurdly funny, sci-fithemed libretto, and Haydn's elegant, energetic music, this work has earned itself a small niche in the repertory in recent years. Il mondo della luna comprises a buffa farce in which the old fool and amateur astronomer Buonafede, who opposes the marriages of his daughters and his maid to their respective boyfriends, is tricked by one of the boyfriends, Ecclitico, into thinking that there is life on the moon. After drinking a "magic" potion, Buonafede passes out, and then wakes up believing he has been transported to the moon (in reality, Ecclitico's garden). Buonafede is welcomed by the moon emperor and his retinue (the boyfriends). His daughters and his maid are subsequently "transported" to the moon, where they contrive to marry the disguised boyfriends in a lunar ceremony. Buonafede finally uncovers the hoax, but it is too late. He resigns himself to the outcome, pays the dowries and forgives everyone. Though in some ways an unremarkable dramma giocoso, with its stock characters, cross-dressing, predictable lieto fine and blending of the comedic and the serious, Il mondo della luna is ultimately redeemed by its original and imaginative fantasy, and by Haydn's vivacious score. This DVD features Nikolaus Harnon - court conducting Concentus Musicus Wien in a performance filmed at the Theater an der Wien in 2009, the Haydn bicentennial year. At 167 minutes spread over two discs, presumably nothing has been leftout of the original opera (some modern performances have employed substantial cuts, to clean up and streamline the drama). …


Background: Current malaria control tools, long lasting insecticidal nets and indoor
residual spraying have had a significant impact on malaria transmission in sub-Saharan
Africa. However these tools will not be able to eradicate malaria and there is need for
complementary tools if this goal is to be attained. This work focused on evaluating and
recommending tools that can be used to complement current control tools with emphasis on
outdoor and early evening transmission. The main tool evaluated in this thesis was a topical
repellent to be used in the early evening. Other tools recommended were spatial repellents
and permethrin- impregnated clothing.
Methods: A repellent efficacy trial was conducted in the semi-field and field setting to
evaluate the protection from early evening biting given by a topical repellent lotion
containing 15% N.N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET). A cluster randomized, placebo controlled
clinical trial, designed to assess the effect of 15% DEET against malaria transmitted in the
early evening was then conducted in a village in rural Tanzania. A total of 940 households
were recruited and randomized, with 462 households randomized to the intervention arm and
462 households randomized to the control arm. The feasibility of lotion repellent use was
assessed using entry and exit questionnaires. Focus group discussions were conducted 3 years
after a clinical trial to assess the community knowledge, attitude and practice towards a
different set of repellents to those used during the clinical trial. A systematic review was then
conducted to put the results of this trial in context with other repellent trials. An attempt was
made to design a clinical trial taking into account the shortcomings of the current and other
repellent trials reviewed.
Findings: Topical repellents containing 15% DEET provided >80% protection against
early evening biting over four hours. According to protocol analysis of the cluster
randomized trial found no difference between the intervention and control arms after
accounting for socio-economic status, education of household head and household
construction materials (Wilcoxon rank sum z = 0.529, p = 0.596). The most important
predictor of malaria in this study was age, with younger age categories significantly
associated with greater malaria risk. Socio-economic status was not associated with malaria.
Compliance to repellent use was reported to be 80% during the study. From the FGDs, it
emerged that community knowledge was the major barrier to repellent use, followed closely
with availability. The community preferred using long lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs)
because of their cost effectiveness. However, the community preferred using repellents in the
early evening before employing LLINs.
Interpretation: This study demonstrates that topical repellents have no effect against
early evening malaria transmission in this community. However, shortcomings in the design
and implementation might have masked the treatment effect and better-designed studies are
required to establish repellents effect in this setting. Topical repellents provided protection
against early evening biting and were readily accepted and used in this community, indicating
the potential of using repellents complimentary to LLINs in this setting. The short-term
duration of effect of this repellent, required frequent reapplication and therefore impacted
compliance, emphasizing that future studies should consider using longer lasting tools such
as spatial repellents.


Recently, neural machine translation has achieved remarkable progress by introducing well-designed deep neural networks into its encoder-decoder framework. From the optimization perspective, residual connections are adopted to improve learning performance for both encoder and decoder in most of these deep architectures, and advanced attention connections are applied as well. Inspired by the success of the DenseNet model in computer vision problems, in this paper, we propose a densely connected NMT architecture (DenseNMT) that is able to train more efficiently for NMT. The proposed DenseNMT not only allows dense connection in creating new features for both encoder and decoder, but also uses the dense attention structure to improve attention quality. Our experiments on multiple datasets show that DenseNMT structure is more competitive and efficient.


Scatterplots remain a powerful tool to visualize multidimensional data. However, accurately understanding the shape of multidimensional points from 2D projections remains challenging due to overlap. Consequently, there are a lot of variations on the scatterplot as a visual metaphor for this limitation. An important aspect often overlooked in scatterplots is the issue of sensitivity or local trend, which may help in identifying the type of relationship between two variables. However, it is not well known how or what factors influence the perception of trends from 2D scatterplots. To shed light on this aspect, we conducted an experiment where we asked people to directly draw the perceived trends on a 2D scatterplot. We found that augmenting scatterplots with local sensitivity helps to fill the gaps in visual perception while retaining the simplicity and readability of a 2D scatterplot. We call this augmentation the generalized sensitivity scatterplot (GSS). In a GSS, sensitivity coefficients are visually depicted as flow lines, which give a sense of continuity and orientation of the data that provide cues about the way data points are scattered in a higher dimensional space. We introduce a series of glyphs and operations that facilitate the analysis of multidimensional data sets using GSS, and validate with a number of well-known data sets for both regression and classification tasks.


Deep reinforcement learning has emerged as a promising and powerful technique for automatically acquiring control policies that can process raw sensory inputs, such as images, and perform complex behaviors. However, extending deep RL to real-world robotic tasks has proven challenging, particularly in safety-critical domains such as autonomous flight, where a trial-and-error learning process is often impractical. In this paper, we explore the following question: can we train vision-based navigation policies entirely in simulation, and then transfer them into the real world to achieve real-world flight without a single real training image? We propose a learning method that we call CAD$^2$RL, which can be used to perform collision-free indoor flight in the real world while being trained entirely on 3D CAD models. Our method uses single RGB images from a monocular camera, without needing to explicitly reconstruct the 3D geometry of the environment or perform explicit motion planning. Our learned collision avoidance policy is represented by a deep convolutional neural network that directly processes raw monocular images and outputs velocity commands. This policy is trained entirely on simulated images, with a Monte Carlo policy evaluation algorithm that directly optimizes the network's ability to produce collision-free flight. By highly randomizing the rendering settings for our simulated training set, we show that we can train a policy that generalizes to the real world, without requiring the simulator to be particularly realistic or high-fidelity. We evaluate our method by flying a real quadrotor through indoor environments, and further evaluate the design choices in our simulator through a series of ablation studies on depth prediction. For supplementary video see: this https URL


This paper presents a new approach for estimating voice source and vocal tract filter characteristics of voiced speech. When it is required to know the transfer function of a system in signal processing, the input and output of the system are experimentally observed and used to calculate the function. However, in the case of source-filter separation we deal with in this paper, only the output (speech) is observed and the characteristics of the system (vocal tract) and the input (voice source) must simultaneously be estimated. Hence the estimate becomes extremely difficult, and it is usually solved approximately using oversimplified models. We demonstrate that these characteristics are separable under the assumption that they are independently controlled by different factors. The separation is realised using an iterative approximation along with the Multi-frame Analysis method, which we have proposed to find spectral envelopes of voiced speech with minimum interference of the harmonic structure.


This bibliography is a supplement to the five volumes previously published by Brill. This one covers material from 2013 to 2015. The chronology covers from the fourth to the eighth century. All of the Iberian Church Fathers are represented as in the previous ones. The book contains author and subject indexes and is cross-referenced throughout.


Vegetation, particularly its dynamics, is the often‐ignored linchpin of the land‐surface hydrology. This work emphasizes the coupled nature of vegetation‐water‐energy dynamics by considering linkages at timescales that vary from hourly to interannual. A series of two papers is presented. A dynamic ecohydrological model [tRIBS + VEGGIE] is described in this paper. It reproduces essential water and energy processes over the complex topography of a river basin and links them to the basic plant life regulatory processes. The framework focuses on ecohydrology of semiarid environments exhibiting abundant input of solar energy but limiting soil water that correspondingly affects vegetation structure and organization. The mechanisms through which water limitation influences plant dynamics are related to carbon assimilation via the control of photosynthesis and stomatal behavior, carbon allocation, stress‐induced foliage loss, as well as recruitment and phenology patterns. This first introductory paper demonstrates model performance using observations for a site located in a semiarid environment of central New Mexico.


Although benefit assessment principles are well established for specific populations, very little attention has been paid to how to define the scope of the pertinent population for such assessments. Whose social welfare matters and whose benefits should be included in the assessment? Should there be any linkage between the benefits and the political jurisdiction of the citizens paying for the policy? In the case of U.S. regulatory policies, the norm has been to assess the benefits to U.S. citizens. However, in 2010, the Obama administration's Interagency Working Group on Social Cost of Carbon adopted a global perspective on assessing the benefits associated with reductions in carbon dioxide emissions. This article examines whether U.S. policymakers should assess the benefits of climate change policies from a domestic or a global perspective. Drawing from executive orders and the laws governing risk and environmental regulations, we review the norms used for the scope of benefit assessments. Then we examine specific examples of the use of the global approach to benefit assessments of carbon dioxide reductions for energy efficiency regulations. We also compare the U.S. approach to that of other developed countries. Finally, we discuss how reciprocity should be incorporated into global benefits within a benefit–cost framework, and the role of altruism in considering the proper scope of benefits.


Quantum error correction is an essential technique for constructing a scalable quantum computer. In order to implement quantum error correction with near-term quantum devices, a fast and near-optimal decoding method is demanded. A decoder based on machine learning is considered as one of the most viable solutions for this purpose, since its prediction is fast once training has been done, and it is applicable to any quantum error correcting codes and any noise models. So far, various formulations of the decoding problem as the task of machine learning has been proposed. Here, we discuss general constructions of machine-learning-based decoders. We found several conditions to achieve near-optimal performance, and proposed a criterion which should be optimized when a size of training data set is limited. We also discuss preferable constructions of neural networks, and proposed a decoder using spatial structures of topological codes using a convolutional neural network. We numerically show that our method can improve the performance of machine-learning-based decoders in various topological codes and noise models.


The objective of the work carried out is to study the effect of EDM uon the Surface Roughness. The experiments were conducted by using the Electric Discharge Machine, model ELEKTRA (EMS 5535) is located at CITCO-IDFC TESTING LABORATORY, CHANDIGARH, INDIA. Surface Roughness test was performed at Institute for Auto parts and Hand Tools Technology, Ludhiyana. The polarity of the electrode was set as positive while that of work piece was negative. The dielectric fluid used was EDM oil (Sp. Gravity – 0.763). The machine also has the capability to vary peak current, pulse on time, pulse off time etc. Considering the capability of machine and the output required for the experimentation, peak current, pulse on time and pulse off time were decided to be taken as the variable and all the other factors have to be kept fixed. Mitutoyo Surface Roughness Tester instrument is used for testing roughness of the specimens. To obtain the desired results with minimum possible number of experiments, Taguchi method has been employed. Using Taguchi L27 Orthogonal Array has been selected and the experiments have been designed. After performing the experiments, results of the experimentation have been analyzed and graphs for effect of various input variables upon output characteristics and for Signal-to-noise ratio have been studied and discussed using ANOVA (Analysis of Variance). Also the optimum combination of input variables has been determined which will give the best results for output parameters using Signalto-noise ratios. The surface roughness has been measured using


For centuries, Burmese have looked to the authority of their religious tradition, Theravada Buddhism, to negotiate social and political hierarchies. Modern Buddhist Conjunctures in Myanmar examines those moments in the modern history of this Southeast Asian country when religion, culture, and politics converge to chart new directions. Arguing against Max Weber's characterization of Buddhism as other-worldly and divorced from politics, this study shows that Buddhist practice necessitates public validation within an economy of merit in which moral action earns future rewards. The intervention of colonial modernity in traditional Burmese Buddhist worldviews has created conjunctures at which public concerns critical to the nation's future are reinterpreted in light of a Buddhist paradigm of power. Author Juliane Schober begins by focusing on the public role of Buddhist practice and the ways in which precolonial Buddhist hegemonies were negotiated. Her discussion then traces the emergence of modern Buddhist communities through the colonial experience: the disruption of traditional paradigms of hegemony and governance, the introduction of new and secular venues to power, modern concerns like nationalism, education, the public place of religion, the power of the state, and Buddhist resistance to the center. The continuing discourse and cultural negotiation of these themes draw Buddhist communities into political arenas, either to legitimate political power or to resist it on moral grounds. The book concludes with an examination of the way in which Buddhist resistance in 2007, known in the West as the Saffron Revolution, was subjugated by military secularism and the transnational pressures of a global economy. A skillfully crafted work of scholarship, Modern Buddhist Conjunctures in Myanmar will be welcomed by students of Theravada Buddhism and Burma/Myanmar, readers of anthropology, history of religions, politics, and colonial studies of modern Southeast Asia, and scholars of religious and political practice in modern national contexts.


Lethally irradiated rats treated with cyclosporin A (CsA) for 20-40 d develop classic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) when reconstituted with syngeneic or autologous bone marrow, upon discontinuation of CsA, whereas normal rats do not. Syngeneic GVHD may be transferred to irradiated but not normal syngeneic recipients. Normal spleen cells fail to prevent the development or adoptive transfer of syngeneic GVHD.


ABSTRACT A recent series of cases relating to the EU Motor Vehicle Insurance Directives and their application in the UK makes for interesting reading. It is the UK's negligent transposition, and a lack of knowledge and awareness by lawyers and judges in the cases of the interaction between domestic and EU law, which compounds the negative effects. The issues raised in Delaney v Pickett [2011] and Delaney v Secretary of State [2014] do not just generate concern as to the implications they have for the application of EU law principles, but have resonance with the way in which EU law is taught in many universities. In this article we suggest that reconsidering the method and purpose of EU teaching may better serve the EU-lawyers needed for the future.


We propose the deep hierarchical network (DHN) for the quantitative analysis of facial palsy. Facial palsy, also known as Bell's palsy, is the most common type of facial nerve palsy that results in the loss of muscle control in the affected facial regions. Typical symptoms include facial deformity and facial expression dysfunction. To the best of our best knowledge, all approaches for the automatic detection of facial palsy consider hand-crafted features. This paper reports the first deep-learning-based approach developed for the real-time quantitative analysis of facial palsy. The proposed DHN consists of three component networks: the first detects the subject's face, the second detects the facial landmarks and line segments on the detected face, and the third detects the local palsy regions. The first component network is built on the YOLO2 detector. The second component network is developed on a fused network architecture that incorporates a line segment learning network for locating the facial landmarks and line segments. The third component network is developed on an object detection network with the line-segment-embedded input that combines the landmarked region and the line segments detected by the second component network. The novelties of this research include: 1) the modification of a state-of-the-art edge detector for extracting the facial line segments; 2) the embedding of the line segment learning for the detection of facial landmarks and local palsy regions; 3) the quantitative description of the facial palsy syndrome intensity; and 4) the release of the first clinically labeled database, the YouTube Facial Palsy (YFP) database. The making of the YFP database solves the issue that previous methods were all evaluated on proprietary databases, making the comparison of different methods extremely difficult. The YFP database includes 32 videos of 21 patients collected from YouTube and labeled by clinic specialists. To enhance the robustness against facial expression variations, we include the CK+ facial expression database in the training. We show that the proposed DHN not only just detects the local palsy regions but also captures the intensity of the facial palsy syndrome over time, enabling the quantitative description of the syndrome. The experiments show that the proposed approach offers an accurate and efficient real-time solution for facial palsy analysis.


The risk of alcoholism has been associated with resistance to the acute intoxicating effects of alcohol, leading researchers to explore model systems that might give insight into the molecular factors that modulate ethanol sensitivity. Two studies suggest that ability to regulate the actin cytoskeleton could influence sensitivity to alcohol. Rothenfluh et al. found that mutations of the Drosophila RhoGAP18B locus, which was predicted to encode three RhoGAP18 proteins that shared only the guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) activating protein (GAP) domain, led to resistance to ethanol-induced sedation (assessed by the loss-of-righting test and locomotor tracking) that was specifically associated with loss of the RhoGAP18B-RC transcript. Experiments with dominant-negative or constitutively active Rho GTPases and loss-of-function alleles suggested that the effects of RhoGAP18B-RC on ethanol-induced sedation were mediated though Rho1 or the Rac GTPases (or both) but not through Cdc42. In contrast to RhoGAP18B-RC, the RhoGAP18B-RA transcript appeared to be involved in mediating ethanol's stimulant effects. As Sordella and Van Aelst note, the Rho GTPases have been implicated in regulation of actin dynamics; the second study, by Offenhäuser et al., investigated ethanol resistance in mice of Eps8, which is also involved in regulating actin dynamics. Mice lacking Eps8 (Eps8-KO mice) showed increased ethanol consumption and were less sensitive to the sedative and motor-incoordinating effects of ethanol but not to its stimulation of locomotor activity. Eps8 was observed in dendritic articulations of cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs); it was present in cerebellar postsynaptic density fractions, and it coimmunoprecipitated with the N-methyl-𝒟-aspartate (NMDA)-type glutamate receptor (NMDAR). Electrophysiological recordings from CGNs in cerebellar slices indicated that the NMDA component of the composite excitatory postsynaptic current was increased in Eps8-KO compared with that of wild-type mice and was less sensitive to inhibition by 400 mM ethanol. Introduction of Eps8 into Eps8-KO neurons reduced NMDAR-mediated currents, as did latrunculin (which disrupts actin filaments). Eps8 was present in F-actin-rich clusters in the neurites of cultured CGNs; glutamate or NMDA treatment led to a decrease in cofilin phosphorylation and a loss of F-actin from these structures, effects that were attenuated in Eps8-KO neurons. Ethanol treatment also elicited a loss of F-actin from these structures and in cerebellar slices, effects to which Eps8-KO neurons were resistant. Thus, both Drosophila and mouse studies suggest that disruption of the mechanisms involved in regulating actin dynamics affects sensitivity to ethanol. A. Rothenfluh, R. J. Threlkeld, R. J. Bainton, L. T.-Y. Tsai, A. W. Lasek, U. Heberlein, Distinct behavioral responses to ethanol are regulated by alternate RhoGAP18B isoforms. Cell 127, 199-211 (2006). [PubMed] N. Offenhäuser, D. Castelletti, L. Mapelli, B. E. Soppo, M. C. Regondi, P. Rossi, E. D'Angelo, C. Frassoni, A. Amadeo, A. Tocchetti, B. Pozzi, A. Disanza, D. Guarnieri, C. Betsholtz, G. Scita, U. Heberlein, P. P. Di Fiore, Increased ethanol resistance and consumption in Eps8 knockout mice correlates with altered actin dynamics. Cell 127, 213-226 (2006). [PubMed] R. Sordella, L. Van Aelst, Driving actin dynamics under the influence of alcohol. Cell 127, 37-39 (2006). [PubMed]


This thesis explores issues in the development of foreign language writing abilities in a
Portuguese setting. The study is based on a research project carried out in 1993 in three
University classrooms, where the author was teaching. It investigates what happens when
educational drama is brought into the EFL classroom as part of a teaching programme with a
view to improving writing abilities.
Set in a Vygotskian framework, educational drama is used as a mediating device to attend to a
whole set of factors not usually salient in L2 writing. The study covers all 108 students majoring
in EFL at that time. The students were proficient in both oral work and grammar exercises but
had difficulties writing in English. Two obligatory drama workshops were carried out in English
with each group of students during their second term of study and all written work carried out
during the term stemmed from the workshops.
Large amounts of data were analysed by qualitative and quantitative methods. Writing
assignments pre/post drama workshops were collected. Drama workshops were monitored via
audio and video recording. Questionnaires were given to the students during the pre and post
data collection periods to measure writing apprehension.
Student writing was found to improve significantly in both content and grammatical fluency in a
relatively short period of time. Drawing on linguistic and social semiotic analyses, the project
examines the nature of the different written texts produced in this particular educational
environment and the interaction between the use of drama and the writing process itself through
the concept of transformation. In terms of a larger Vygotskian framework it looks at the role of
thinking in learning, development and instruction in a way which bridges difficult conceptual
phases in foreign language teaching.
Key words: EFL, foreign languages, writing, Vygotsky, drama, Social Semiotics, transformation.


Since the beginning of the multi-core era, database systems research has restarted focusing on increasing concurrency. Even though database systems have been able to accommodate concurrent requests, the exploding number of available cores per chip has surfaced new difficulties. More and more transactions can be served in parallel (since more threads can run simultaneously) and, thus, concurrency in a database system is more important than ever in order to exploit the available resources. In this paper, we evaluate Early Lock Release (ELR), a technique that allows early release of locks to improve concurrency level and overall throughput in OLTP. This technique has been proven to lead to a database system that can produce correct and recoverable histories but it has never been implemented in a full scale DBMS. A new action is introduced which decouples the commit action from the log flush to non-volatile storage. ELR can help us increase the concurrency and the predictability of a database system without losing correctness and recoverability. We conclude that applying ELR on a DBMS, especially with a centralized log scheme makes absolute sense, because (a) it carries negligible overhead, (b) it improves the concurrency level by allowing a transaction to acquire the necessary locks when the previous holder of the locks has finished its useful work (and not after committing to disk), and (c), as a result, the overall throughput can be increased by up to 2x for TPCC and 7x for TPCB workloads. Additionally, the variation of the waiting time of the log flush is zeroed because transactions no longer wait for a log flush before they can release their locks.


Philosophical and psychological opinion is divided over whether moral sensitivity, understood as the ability to pick out a situation's morally salient features, necessarily involves emotional engagement. This paper seeks to offer insight into this question. It reasons that if moral sensitivity does draw significantly on affective capacities of response, then moral insensitivity should be characteristic of psychopathy, a diagnostic category associated with pathologically low affectivity. The paper considers three bodies of empirical evidence on the moral functioning of psychopaths: (1) psychopathy and the moral/conventional distinction; (2) psychopathy and social perspective‐taking competency; and (3) psychopathy and social information processing models of aggressive behaviour. On the basis of this evidence, the conclusion is reached that psychopaths are morally sensitive in the operative sense. Thus, conceptions of moral perception that include affect in their definitions are questionable, as are educational interventions that claim to develop an affective aspect of moral functioning by improving skills in situational moral perception.


The academic performance of students may be affected by different factors besides their personal characteristics. It is a general belief that the backgrounds of students and environmental factors have the greatest influence on their academic performance. It is also a general trend that the present generation of students spend less time on their academic work when compared to their predecessors. In this study the authors examined the influence of students' characteristics, family background, program of study and frequency of class attendance on academic performance as determined by the students' selfreported GPA. The study also sought to determine the influence of preferred methods of teaching and learning, study skills and approach to examinations on academic performance. The researchers conducted a survey on a stratified sample of 75 students out of a possible population of 139 students from the departments of Accounting, Business and Computing at Botho University, Francistown campus. Data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. One-way ANOVA and multiple linear regressions were used to investigate the association between students' GPA (dependable variable) and the students' background characteristics which served as predictor variables. The ANOVA results indicated a significant effect on GPA for students who reported having parental support and for those who reported high frequency of class attendance in comparison to those who reported otherwise. The results from the stepwise multiple regression analysis indicated a significant coefficient for composite variable "general study skills" with GPA as the outcome variable. There was no significant difference in the performance of males when compared to females and most students did not subscribe to the traditional notion of pedagogical preferences. Based on the results it is recommended that lecturers and educationists have to take into account the changing habits of 21 st century students if they are to be truly student centered in their practices.


In this article, some optical and thermal applications in grapevine research are reviewed and methods to quantify the light and temperature regime around a grape bunch are discussed. This includes temperature measurement techniques (thermocouples and thermal imaging) as well as methods to quantify light quantity (hemispherical photography) as well as light quality (spectroradiometric applications) around a grape bunch. Available methods for real-time quantification of grapevine canopy size and density for application in variable rate technology sprayers are discussed, and a novel and simple approach of using opto-electronic sensors for quantification of grapevine canopy thickness and density is presented. Some scientific as well as practical applications of these individual techniques are discussed, along with their potential integration to improve knowledge of the grape bunch and canopy interaction with the environment. Abstract: In this article, some optical and thermal applications in grapevine research are reviewed and methods to quantify the light and temperature regime around a grape bunch are discussed. This includes temperature measurement techniques (thermocouples and thermal imaging) as well as methods to quantify light quantity (hemispherical photography) as well as light quality (spectroradiometric applications) around a grape bunch. Available methods for real-time quanti cation of grapevine canopy size and density for application in variable rate technology sprayers are discussed, and a novel and simple approach of using opto-electronic sensors for quanti cation of grapevine canopy thickness and density is presented. Some scienti c as well as practical applications of these individual techniques are discussed, along with their potential integration to improve knowledge of the grape bunch and canopy interaction with the environment.


We present a deterministic (global) mincut algorithm for weighted, undirected graphs that runs in m1+o(1) time, answering an open question of Karger from the 1990s. To obtain our result, we de-randomize the construction of the skeleton graph in Karger's near-linear time mincut algorithm, which is its only randomized component. In particular, we partially de-randomize the well-known Benczur-Karger graph sparsification technique by random sampling, which we accomplish by the method of pessimistic estimators. Our main technical component is designing an efficient pessimistic estimator to capture the cuts of a graph, which involves harnessing the expander decomposition framework introduced in recent work by Goranci et al. (SODA 2021). As a side-effect, we obtain a structural representation of all approximate mincuts in a graph, which may have future applications.


We report the organization of the human genes encoding the complement components C4-binding protein (C4BP), C3b/C4b receptor (CR1), decay accelerating factor (DAF), and C3dg receptor (CR2) within the regulator of complement activation (RCA) gene cluster. Using pulsed field gel electrophoresis analysis these genes have been physically linked and aligned as CR1-CR2-DAF-C4BP in an 800-kb DNA segment. The very tight linkage between the CR1 and the C4BP loci, contrasted with the relative long DNA distance between these genes, suggests the existence of mechanisms interfering with recombination within the RCA gene cluster.


Stroke is a severe disease of the brain, which leads to cell death and loss of function. Neuroprotective therapy to prevent neuronal loss has not been effective in human stroke patients. Therefore, new therapeutic strategies are needed. Spontaneous recovery can be observed in some patients. However, the basis of this phenomenon is not completely understood yet. Several endogenous regenerative processes have been observed following cerebral ischemia, which may be the reason for functional recovery and can be used as a basis for new therapeutic strategies. Shortly after the insult, endothelial cells start to proliferate and eventually lead to revascularization of ischemic brain tissue (angiogenesis). Furthermore, resident neural progenitor cells increase their proliferative activity, migrate towards the ischemic tissue and even differentiate into new neurons (neurogenesis). Detailed knowledge about the molecular mechanisms and interactions between angiogenesis and neurogenesis in response to stroke is needed in order to reveal new therapeutic targets. This PhD thesis established novel non-invasive imaging strategies to followed post-stroke angiogenesis and neurogenesis with particular regard to their dynamic temporal profiles. Bioluminescence imaging and magnetic resonance imaging were chosen for this purpose. The vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 was used as a molecular marker for angiogenesis, and for the first time the molecular basis of post-stroke vascular remodelling was observed non-invasively with bioluminescence imaging in an angiogenesis-specific reporter mouse. Structural changes of the vascular system were monitored with a magnetic resonance imaging strategy. Initial pronounced decrease of vessel density in ischemic tissue was followed by vessel density normalization. Non-invasive observation of endogenous neurogenesis is limited by the small number of neural progenitor cells within the adult brain. This work established the first bioluminescence protocol optimized for highly sensitive bioluminescence imaging of neurogenesis in a neurogenesis-specific reporter mouse. For the first time, increased proliferation of neural progenitor cells after stroke was observed with bioluminescence imaging. As post-stroke angiogenesis and neurogenesis may lead to regeneration of brain function, this PhD thesis established the first functional magnetic resonance imaging protocol for the specific application in mice. First investigations of brain function after stroke were performed and future studies will have the opportunity to follow functional recovery in transgenic mouse models. All methods used in this thesis bear the exceptional potential to be combined into a multimodal approach. Screening for new therapeutic targets within the brain endogenous regenerative capacity will be possible non-invasively. Furthermore, the effect of new therapies on angiogenesis, neurogenesis or functional recovery can be quickly tested.


Historical, social and cultural understanding of public relations in Australia is limited because most histories of PR examine practices specifically labelled 'public relations' and almost all study PR from 'inside out' – that is, from the subjective perspective of PR practitioners. This article reports an alternative approach to PR history which applies historical analysis of major events, icons, and institutions in society to identify the methods of their construction politically, culturally and discursively. This article specifically reports historical and critical analysis of the creation and celebration of Australia's national day, Australia Day from soon after the British flag was hoisted in Sydney on 26 January 1788 to the sophisticated pageantry of the nation's bicentenary in 1988 and its entry to the new millennium in 2000. This research challenges a 'blind spot' in social science and humanities disciplines in relation to public relations by showing that the practices of PR are deeply embedded in the social and cultural construction of societies. This study confirms Taylor and Kent's claim that "all nation building campaigns include large communication components that are essentially public relations campaigns".


Naturally occurring DNA is encoded by the four nucleobases adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine. Yet minor chemical modifications to these bases, such as methylation, can significantly alter DNA function, and more drastic changes, such as replacement with unnatural base pairs, could expand its function. In order to realize the full potential of DNA in therapeutic and synthetic biology applications, our ability to 'write' long modified DNA in a controlled manner must be improved. This review highlights methods currently used for the synthesis of moderately long chemically modified nucleic acids (up to 1000 bp), their limitations and areas for future expansion.


This study highlights how firm reputation both enables and constrains engagement in novel actions that fall outside established business practices. In a study of venture capital (VC) investment in the emerging clean energy sector, we find that VC firms with medium reputation are more likely to engage in novel action and tend to do so earlier than either their high or low reputation peers. However, VCs with either low or high reputation exhibit greater commitment to the novel actions. Together, these findings suggest that firms with medium level of reputation devise an "early entry-low level of commitment" strategy, whereas the most reputable firms and those still in process of developing their reputation tend to engage in later but more significant commitment to novel action.


Unraveling physico-chemical properties of molecule based architectures across a wide range of length scales represents one of the major goals of materials science. Scanning Probe Microscopies (SPMs) permit not only the imaging of surfaces, but most interestingly they also make it possible to gain insight into a variety of physical and chemical properties of molecule-based structures occurring in scales ranging from the hundreds of micrometers down to the sub-nanometer regime. Moreover they allow the manipulation of objects with a nanoscale precision, thereby making it possible to nanopattern a surface or to cast light onto the nanomechanics of complex assemblies. Thus, they can provide crucial information for the optimisation of functional materials. This Feature article reviews recent progress in the use of SPMs beyond imaging on soft materials, with a particular emphasis on the chemical discrimination, mechanical properties of macromolecules, tip induced reactions and manipulations as well as on the study of electrical properties of materials on the nanoscale.


In this study, MCM-41 stabilized nano zero-valent iron (M-NZVI) is synthesized using the rheological phase reaction method. Characterization with transmission electron microscopy validates the hypothesis that the introduction of MCM-41 leads to a decrease in aggregation of iron nanoparticles. X-ray diffraction confirms the existence of Fe and the strong antioxidant activity of Fe nanoparticles. Batch Cr(VI) reduction experiments exhibit that solution pH, M-NZVI dosage, and reaction time have significant effects on Cr(VI) removal. A high removal efficiency of Cr(VI) (84.5%) is obtained within 60 min for 100 mg/L of Cr(VI) solution at an initial pH of 6.0 and M-NZVI dosage of 0.5 g/L at 35 °C. The Cr(VI) removal rates follow modified pseudo-first-order kinetic equations. The observed removal rate constant was 0.0168/min for the M-NZVI dosage of 1.0 g/L. Our study suggests that the introduction of an innocuous stabilizer such as MCM-41 can significantly improve the performance of Fe nanoparticles for environmental remediation applications.


Purpose To evaluate optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) characteristics of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in eyes requiring different treatment frequency of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (NVAMD). Design Prospective observational case series. Methods Subjects who had undergone anti-VEGF treatment for NVAMD in the AVATAR study were subdivided into 3 groups depending on required anti-VEGF dosing: (i) treat-and-extend requiring every 4–6 weeks dosing (TEq4-6w), (ii) treat-and-extend requiring every 7–12 weeks dosing (TEq7-12w), (iii) eyes not requiring injection within last 12 months (PRN >12mo). OCTA images were evaluated for the morphological characteristics of CNV and the choriocapillaris flow void. Results Study consisted 40 eyes of 31 patients with a mean age of 79.9 ± 6.2 years. CNV morphology analysis on OCTA was feasible in 29 (73%) eyes. Ninety percent of CNVs in TEq7-12w group were irregular in shape involving foveal center, while 67% of CNVs in PRN>12mo group were circular in shape sparing foveal center. Among three groups, statistical difference was found in CNV shape (P = .012) and CNV location (P = .003), while no statistical difference was found in the CNV area (P = .14), vessel density (P = .19), presence of core vessels (P = .23), the presence of small margin loops (P = .20), large margin loops (P = .14), CNV maturity (P = .40), or the mean percentage of choriocapillaris area with flow void (P = .66). Conclusion The combination of CNV sparing the foveal center with higher circularity may suggest a clinically inactive CNV following initial anti-VEGF therapy. We found minimal distinguishing OCTA characteristics between those eyes that required ongoing therapy with the treat-and-extend regimen. More research is needed to identify specific CNV characteristics on OCTA that may become a useful tool for the management of NVAMD and timing of treatment.


HTTP Adaptive Streaming (HAS) has been becoming a de facto standard for Over-the-top (OTT) video services. Typically, by adapting to network conditions, it provides smoother video quality perceived by the end users. However, when the network condition always fluctuates due to some reasons (e.g. bandwidth competition among HAS player or between HAS player and other applications), the perceived video quality might be deteriorated. This demands an effective approach to maintain specific Quality of Experience (QoE) level for the users. To do so, available bandwidth allocation is chosen as a common QoE control method. However, accurately allocating available bandwidth is still a challenge. In this paper, bandwidth allocation based on the relation between subjective Mean Opinions Score (MOS) and requested bitrate is proposed. The relation is captured by a regression model, which is applied to estimate the needed available bandwidth for the users. As the result of controlling the bandwidth, the users start to request the encoding bitrate equal to target bitrate after several requests, resulting in higher perceived video quality.


Douglass North is known largely for his work on institutions (1981; 1990; 1991; 2005; North and Thomas 1973; North, Wallis and Weingast 2009). This legitimate emphasis on this segment of his work overshadows his earlier contributions regarding the empirical measurement of the past. Yet, when awarding him the Nobel Prize in economics in 1993 (jointly with Robert Fogel), the Nobel committee justified itself by pointing to his "explanatory model for American economic growth before 1860" and his research on "productivity in ocean shipping". Throughout his early career, North dedicated numerous articles and books to the topic of measuring economies in the past. Over time, these articles have been supplanted with richer empirical works, but it is necessary to realize how important these earlier works, especially the 1968 article on shipping productivity, were to shaping North's later research agenda on institutions.


Chapter one contains a literature survey of the relevant organometallic chemistry and the current understanding of the bonding in these systems, along with a theoretical description of the electronic structure of ferrocene. A brief outline of the techniques used to characterise the photochemical intermediates in this research is presented. The main part of the chapter consists of a literature review of the photo and thermal chemistry o f half sandwich complexes, such as the rj6-arene-chromium tricarbonyl system.

Chapter two opens with a review of the photochemistry of ferrocene, (^-CsHs^Fe and goes on to detail the results of the investigation into the photochemistry of azaferrocene, (775-C5H5)(775-GiH4N)Fe. The photochemistry of azaferrocene is then described in alkane solvents at room temperature using both steady-state photolysis and laser flash photolysis. The matrix photochemistry monitored by ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy is also presented. Room temperature photolysis using broad band irradiation ( \ xc. > 500 nm) in carbon monoxide saturated cyclohexane produced cyclopentadienyliron dicarbonyl ij'-pyrrolyl, while monochromatic irradiation (\ xc. = 532 nm) also produced an allyl monocarbonyl complex, e*o-(ij5-C5H5)Fe(CO)(?73-C-C4H4N), as identified by FT-IR. In carbon monoxide doped argon matrixes at 12 K, both (^-CsHs^etCOMr/'-vV^I^N), and (rj5- C5H5)Fe(CO)(771-ALC4H4N) were observed following broad band irradiation (Kxc. > 495 nm) of azaferrocene in a ratio dependent on the concentration of carbon monoxide in the matrix. Initial photolysis with monochromatic irradiation (XeXC. = 538 nm) followed by broad band irradiation (XeXC. > 495 nm) in carbon monoxide doped matrixes formed an additional monocarbonyl complex, assigned to an azaallyl complex, (rj5-C5H5)Fe(CO)()?3-AA-C4H4N).

Chapter three reviews the photochemistry of (r/5-C5Hs)Fe(CO)2X, (X = Cl, Br, I or CH3, C3H5, C6H5 etc.). In addition, photochemical studies o f (7y5-C5H5)Fe(CO)2(ij1-Af-C4H4N) and (jj5-C5H5)Fe(CO)2(i?1-A^-C8H6N) are detailed. Steady-state photolysis, laser flash photolysis and in the case of (ij5-C5H5)Fe(CO)2(i71-iV-C4H4N), matrix isolation techniques were employed to detect and identify the photochemical intermediates. These results suggest that carbon monoxide loss is the dominant photoprocess. The activation parameters were also measured for the reaction o f the monocarbonyl, (r/5- C5H5)Fe(CO)(?71 -/V-C4H4N) with carbon monoxide to regenerate (i]5-C5H5)Fe(CO)2(r?'- N-C4H4N) in carbon monoxide saturated cyclohexane at \ xc. = 355 nm. No significant variation in the rate constant was observed for the reaction o f (?j5-C5H5)Fe(CO)(rj1-A^- C4H4N) with carbon monoxide to reform -(^-CsHs^eiCO^CV-N^HUN), irrespective of the solvent used.

The results of an investigation into the photochemistry of 2,5-dimethylazaferrocene, (r/5-C5H5)(i]5-2,5-C4(CH3)2H2N)Fe are presented in chapter four. High energy photolysis (Xexc. > 410 or = 355 nm) of 2,5-dimethylazaferrocene in carbon monoxide saturated solutions leads to predominantly to the formation of the (r/5-C5H5)Fe(CO)2(ij1- yV-2,5-C4(CH3)2H2N) and the iron dimer [(r/5-CsH5)Fe(CO)2]2- Low energy photolysis (^exc. > 500 or = 532 nm) on the other hand, leads to the formation of two more carbonyl containing complexes in addition to the dicarbonyl complex and the dimer described above. Matrix isolation studies in carbon monoxide doped argon matrixes revealed evidence o f intramolecular C-H activation occurring.

The final chapter contains the experimental details of the complexes synthesised, the method used for sample preparation for the flash photolysis experiments. Details of the equipment used for the laser flash photolysis and matrix isolation experiments is also outlined.