Since 2010, the United States has witnessed a dramatic expansion of state-based restrictions on abortion. The most common of these are informed consent statutes, which require that a woman seeking an abortion receive a state-authored informational packet before the abortion procedure can be performed. These laws, in addition to requiring the provision of information about alternatives to and risks of abortion, all also require details of embryological and fetal development. This article presents the findings of a comprehensive study of state-authored informed consent materials regarding embryological and fetal development. To conduct this study, we recruited a panel of experts in human anatomy to assess the accuracy of these materials in the context of the constitutional standard established inPlanned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania et al. v. Robert P. Casey et al.(505 U.S. 833 (1992)): that such information must be "truthful" and "nonmisleading." We find that nearly one-third of the informed consent information is medically inaccurate, that inaccurate information is concentrated primarily in the earlier weeks of pregnancy and is clustered around particular body systems. We discuss the implications of our findings for the question of the constitutionality of informed consent laws as they have been implemented in practice.


The False Bay Dyke Swarm represents igneous activity associated with the opening of the South Atlantic during the early Cretaceous, and can be considered a distal component of the Etendeka-Parana Large Igneous Province. In contrast to the intense magmatism in Namibia and Brazil, with the Parana-Etendeka continental flood basalts and huge dyke swarms, the False Bay swarm is considered to be the product of a relatively low magma-flux in a passive rift setting. Previous work suggested that the False Bay dykes consist of a single magma type, with a marked differentiation from olivine-tholeiite basalt to ferro-tholeiitic andesite, accompanied by crustal contamination. This study uses new trace element and radiogenic Sr and Nd isotope analyses to better constrain the processes of magma evolution in the dykes. Combined assimilation − crystal fractionation (AFC) modelling suggests a first stage of nearly closed system fractionation of a gabbroic assemblage (olivine + clinopyroxene + plagioclase + magnetite), accompanied by progressively larger amounts of crustal assimilation at intermediate and late stage. The AFC models show that the exposed country rocks, including Cape Granites and Malmesbury Group metasediments, are compositionally unfavorable for producing the observed assimilation trends in the dykes. Instead, a more suitable crustal assimilant would be Mesoproterozoic granitic gneisses similar to those exposed in the neighbouring Namaqua Province, which may underly the Cape Peninsula.


The purpose of this paper is to introduce the Gentyll online glossaries: non-sexist bilingual English-Spanish glossaries of terms relating to human naming in various subject areas (agentives). Our team has being working for several years in the study of the penetration of non-sexist language policies in the language used in various sectors of social and professional activity. After close inspection of a good number of printed and online lexicographic and terminological resources we came to the conclusion that almost all of them ignore non-sexist language policies and recommendations, both in their structure and in their actual data. Being aware of this lack of gender-aware resources we have tackled the publication of a series of non-sexist glossaries which cover a number of fields of activity. We do not intend to devise neither a new theory nor a new methodology. Our objective, far more modest, is to unveil a new, gender-aware, perspective which, in our view, should inspire lexicography and terminology in the 21st century. In this presentation we will start by summarising the principles underlying our glossaries together with the pre-requisites we bore in mind in their conception. Later we will detail the contents of the databases together with the methodology adopted in their compilation, to end with a sketchy enumeration of the main features of the query system we have developed in order to streamline online searches. We firmly believe our glossaries are a contribution, modest indeed, to a new perspective that wishfully will inspire more ambitious works to come.


The Dynasty Years documents and analyses in detail 'the Dynasty phenomenon', the hotly debated success of the Hollywood-made 'Rolls Royce of a primetime soap' which heralded a profound transformation of European television. From the operatic camp of Krystle and Alexis' fight in the lilypond or the Moldavian wedding massacre to the unprecedented gay sub-plot, Dynasty represented, in the words of co-producer Esther Shapiro, "the ultimate dollhouse fantasy for middle-aged women". Using evidence from audience survey results, newspaper and magazine clippings and letters to broadcasters and drawing on semiotics, psychoanalysis, feminism and critical social theories, Jostein Gripsrud examines every aspect of Dynasty's production, reception and context. The result is a groundbreaking critical study. Jostein Gripsrud offers a theoretical but empirically grounded critique of many central positions in media studies, including notions of 'audience resistance' and the 'sovereign' audience and its freedom in meaning-making, arguing against what he perceives as the uncritical celebrations of the soap-opera genre in much contemporary media criticism.


Previous physiological studies have identified a tonotopically organized primary auditory cortical field (AI) in the rat. Some of this prior research suggests that the rat, like other mammals, may have additional fields surrounding AI. We, therefore, recorded in the Sprague‐Dawley rat extracellular responses of single neurons throughout AI, and continued posteriorly to verify the existence of a posterior field (P) and to compare the neuronal properties in the two regions. Acoustic stimuli, including tones, bandpass noise, broadband noise, and temporally modulated stimuli, were delivered dichotically via sealed systems. Consistent with previous findings, AI was characterized by an anterior‐to‐posterior tonotopic progression from high to low frequencies (ranging from >40 kHz to <1 kHz). A frequency reversal at the posterior border of AI marked entry into a second core tonotopic region, P, with progressively higher frequencies encountered further posteriorly, up to a point (approximately 8 kHz) where cells were no longer tone responsive. Nevertheless, bandpass noise was an effective stimulus in P, enabling characterization of cells up to 15 kHz. Compared with AI, the frequency tuning of response areas was relatively broader in P, the response latency was often longer and more variable, and the response magnitude was more commonly a nonmonotonic function of stimulus level. In both fields, most neurons were binaurally influenced. The presence of multiple auditory cortical fields in the rat is consistent with auditory cortical organization in other mammals. Moreover, the response properties of P relative to AI in the rat also resemble those found in other mammals. Finally, the physiological data suggest that core auditory cortex (temporal area TE1) is composed not only of AI as previously thought, but also of at least two other subdivisions, P and an anterior field (A). Furthermore, our physiological characterization of TE1 reveals that it is larger than suggested by previous anatomical characterizations. J. Comp. Neurol. 453:345–360, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


Women in Israel are required by law to serve in the national army. While disabled women veterans constitute about 6% of the total disabled veteran population, their injuries during service are similar to those of men, and include injuries sustained during combat, in training, or in traffic accidents. To date, no attempt has been made to study this unique population. The current research employs the social model of disability and examines gender differences among Israeli Defense Forces veterans who became disabled during their military service, in the areas of mental and physical health, perceived stigma, and social support. Findings show that disabled women veterans report significantly lower social support, lower monthly salaries, and experience more discrimination than their male counterparts. No differences were found in other variables. This research is an important step toward raising the awareness of gender differences, and its findings stress the need for additional studies which will provide further information regarding this distinctive population.


Abstract Five new compounds, three iridoid glycosides (1-3) and two triterpenoid saponins (4, 5), along with thirty-two known compounds were isolated from the methanolic extract of the leaves of Dolichandrone spathacea. This traditional medicinal plant is widely used in Asia and India as antiseptic, for bronchitis and thrush treatment, and the methanolic extract has been shown to possess antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The new iridoids were esterified derivatives of 6-ajugol and 6-catalpol, and the new saponins were glucosides of two polyhydroxy triterpenes with ursan skeleton. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, including 1D and 2D NMR experiments and HR-ESI-MS analysis, and from comparison with the literature. This study aimed at investigating extracts and isolated compounds for their antimicrobial activities against bacterial and yeast strains, in order to validate the uses of the plant in folk medicine. The 6-O-esterified iridoids had weaker antibacterial activity; verbascoside and p-methoxycinnamic acid, the major compounds of the methanol extract, possessed strong antibacterial activity, which could account for the traditional antiseptic and anti-infectious uses of the leaves of D. spathacea.


Knowledge and Technology Adoption, Diffusion, and Transfer: International Perspectives is filled with original scientific and quality research articles on management information systems, technology diffusion, and business systems application aspects of e-commerce, e-government, and mobile application. As a forum of multi-disciplinary and interdisciplinary dialogue, it addresses research on all aspects of innovation diffusion in the field of business computing technologies and their past, present, and future use. This title serves as a vital source of information for researchers and practitioners alike.


As the United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR), prepares to celebrate twenty years of its presence in Mexico, this paper examines its work there, with special focus on the programs for Guatemalan refugees. Despite restrictions linked to the manner of its initial entry in Mexico as well as to the position adopted by the authorities towards refugees and the Geneva Convention, the UNHCR's activities were made easy because of its role as a source of financing. Consequently, we are able to mention some activities of the UNHCR in favour of Guatemalan refugees where its direct and/or indirect intervention proved crucial.


Factors that influence reception and use of information are represented in this koru model of science communication using the metaphor of a growing plant. Identity is central to this model, determining whether an individual attends to information, how it is used and whether access to it results in increased awareness, knowledge or understanding, changed attitudes or behaviour. In this koru model, facts are represented as nutrients in the soil; the matrix influences their availability. Communication involves reorganisation of facts into information, available via channels represented as roots. When information is taken up, engagement with it is influenced by external factors (social norms, support and control) and internal factors (values, beliefs, attitudes, awareness, affect, understanding, skills and behaviour) which affect whether the individual uses it to form new knowledge. Abstract


Mechanical spectroscopy measurements were performed on decagonal quasicrystalline Al–Cu–Fe–Cr coatings of three different thicknesses deposited on a mild steel substrate. The mechanical loss spectra indicate that the internal friction is mostly caused by the quasicrystalline coating and that the contributions of both the steel substrate and the interface are small. The shear modulus measured in torsion increases with temperature, while the Young's modulus measured in flexion behaves normally. This shear modulus anomaly is interpreted as being due to solid friction between cracked segments of the quasicrystalline coating. This phenomenon also explains the broad athermal maximum found to occur in isochronal internal friction measurements. A quantitative model successfully reproducing the observed behaviour has been developed. Finally, the reversible high-temperature exponential background was interpreted as being due to the onset of the brittle-to-ductile transition in the quasicrystalline coating. The measured activation enthalpy is similar to the value that was deduced from compression tests performed at high temperatures on icosahedral Al–Cu–Fe bulk material.


ABSTRACT Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is a well-established, non-destructive method of obtaining chemical information from biological samples such as tissues and cells. This review focuses specifically on the development of infrared spectroscopic microanalysis at the single-cell level. Technological developments, including that of the infrared microscope, synchrotron radiation FTIR, and focal plane array detectors, and their impact on the field are discussed along with the various data processing procedures that are currently used to extract meaningful information. There is then an emphasis on live cell infrared (IR) imaging, including developments in water correction and microfluidic device design. The review concludes with look to future directions, highlighting the potential impact of quantum cascade lasers.


This paper describes research on automating scientific and engineering computing by combining domain knowledge, mathematical theory, artificial intelligence techniques, and numerical software. We present two case studies: kinematic analysis of mechanisms and phase space analysis of dynamical systems. The case studies illustrate our general strategy of identifying an important task domain, formalizing the domain knowledge and analysis tools of experts, and incorporating the formalization into a l~seful problem solver. The problem solvers could not work without a robust, highlevel interface to conventional numerical software. We describe an initial interface that manages a root finder, a continuation package, an ordinary differential equation integrator, and a Lyapunov exponent calculator.


Annual estimates of pension coverage for wage and salary workers are not well documented. Two supplements to the U.S. Census Bureau's Current Population Survey (CPS)--one conducted annually in March and the other every other year in February--include questions pertaining to pension coverage. These surveys ask different questions, and neither examines pension plan types (defined benefit or defined contribution). However, they provide some insight into overall pension coverage on an annual basis across various demographic and employer characteristics. This article uses both CPS supplements to estimate pension coverage for all wage and salary workers. The March 1993-1999 surveys provide pension coverage estimates across various demographic and employer categories. The February surveys from 1995, 1997, and 1999 provide overall pension coverage estimates as well as data on why a worker is not covered (ineligible versus choosing not to participate) when working for an employer that sponsors a plan. The PDF for the above title, published in the September 2000 issue of EBRI Notes, also contains the fulltext of another September EBRI Notes article abstracted on SSRN: "Prescription Drugs: Continued Rapid Growth."


During the adolescent years, teens learn to grow more independent of their parents and families and focus instead on social development. But millions of teens with social anxiety and shyness would much rather bypass this critical stage. Shy teens may want to break out of their shell but feel uncertain how to do so, or may be anxious about being judged by their peers. The Shyness and Social Anxiety Workbook for Teens offers a complete program based in cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) for helping teens break free from social anxiety and stop worrying about what others think. This book helps teens come to see that painful emotions, such as embarrassment, are inevitable and survivable. The comic-strip-style illustrations, exercises, and worksheets in this book address all aspects of social anxiety, from missing out on high school dances to going to job interviews. It also includes help for teens who have anxiety about blushing in public and speaking up in class.


Osteoarthritis results from progressive catabolic loss of cartilage proteoglycans due to imbalance between synthesis and degradation. The availability of glucosamine, an intermediate in mucopolysaccharide synthesis, can be rate-limiting for proteoglycan production in cartilage tissue culture. 57 patients suffering from osteoarthritis of the knee were randomized into a group treated for 4 weeks with daily i.v. glucosamine sulfate (GS) together with 800 mg chondroitin sulfate, and a placebo group. Knee pain at rest, on movement and on palpation, as well as range of knee motion were then recorded. In the GS group, there was significant reduction of clinical symptoms (p < 0.01), but no significant reduction in the placebo group. Physicians' assessment of tenderness and range of motion were significantly in favor of the GS group (p < 0.01). In those treated with glycosamine there were no adverse reactions and no changes in laboratory blood tests. We conclude that GS can be considered the drug of choice for prolonged treatment of osteoarthritis.


In this paper, the compressive performance of short concrete columns reinforced with glass fiberreinforced polymer (GFRP) composite rebars is evaluated. A total of fourteen 500 mm long concrete specimens with square cross-section (150×150 mm) were prepared and tested under concentric and eccentric compressive loading up to failure. Nine of the specimens were reinforced with six GFRP rebars (16 mm diameter), longitudinally. Different eccentricities, namely, 0, 10, 20, and 30 percent of the width of the specimens were considered. Strain of GFRP rebars were monitored during the tests to evaluate the usable level of strain and mode of failure of rebars. It was observed that the GFRP rebars were able to withstand the peak concentric and eccentric loads without crushing and local buckling. It was concluded that the maximum usable strain of the GFRP rebars in compression was larger than the ultimate compressive strain of concrete, 0.0035, defined by CSA A23.3 and the compressive contribution of GFRP rebars in column capacity is not negligible. This is an ongoing research and more results regarding compressive behavior of GFRP rebars and their contribution to the axial-bending interaction diagram will be presented at the time of the conference.


Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Most targeted drugs approved for lung cancer treatment are tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) directed against EGFR or ALK, and are used mainly for adenocarcinoma. At present, there is no effective or tailored targeting agent for large cell carcinoma (LCC) or small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Therefore, we aimed to identify targeting peptides with diagnostic and therapeutic utility that possess broad subtype specificity for SCLC and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We performed phage display biopanning of H460 LCC cells to select broad-spectrum lung cancer-binding peptides, since LCC has recently been categorized as an undifferentiated tumor type within other histological subcategories of lung cancer. Three targeting phages (HPC1, HPC2, and HPC4) and their respective displayed peptides (HSP1, HSP2, and HSP4) were able to bind to both SCLC and NSCLC cell lines, as well as clinical specimens, but not to normal pneumonic tissues. In vivo optical imaging of phage homing and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of peptide-SPIONs revealed that HSP1 was the most favorable probe for multimodal molecular imaging. Using HSP1-SPION, the T2-weighted MR signal of H460 xenografts was decreased up to 42%. In contrast to the tight binding of HSP1 to cancer cell surfaces, HSP4 was preferentially endocytosed and intracellular drug delivery was thereby effected, significantly improving the therapeutic index of liposomal drug in vivo. Liposomal doxorubicin (LD) conjugated to HSP1, HSP2, or HSP4 had significantly greater therapeutic efficacy than non-targeting liposomal drugs in NSCLC (H460 and H1993) animal models. Combined therapy with an HSP4-conjugated stable formulation of liposomal vinorelbine (sLV) further improved median overall survival (131 vs. 84 days; P = 0.0248), even in aggressive A549 orthotopic models. Overall, these peptides have the potential to guide a wide variety of tailored theranostic agents for targeting therapeutics, non-invasive imaging, or clinical detection of SCLC and NSCLC.


The authors were asked to comment as legal experts upon the proposed amendments to a set of key EU Directives governing telecommunications and related services, and known as the "Telecoms Package". In particular we were asked to clarify whether its provisions might by stealth give legal grounding to national measures, such as the law recently proposed by Sarkozy in France, which permit summary disconnection of a user's Internet access, without initial recourse to a court, in response to allegations of infringement of copyright (ie, file-sharing and downloading of copyright music and movies). Such measures have been popularly referred to as 'graduated response' or 'three strikes and you're out' and have already been condemned by the European Parliament as in breach of fundamental freedoms and due process rights..On the basis of our analysis, we argue that it is clear that the package does, or at least can, provide a mandatory basis for the "warnings" part of a French-style connection sanctions law (the "strikes") (see para 12 of brief), and also potentially provides a means by which public CSPs (ISPs and the like) can be compelled by the national regulator to work with rightsholders to implement a disconnection scheme ("promoting cooperation") - the "you're out" - see para 19 of brief. Furthermore, crucial safeguards for due process and orther fundamental rights such as privacy and freedon of expression, inserted into the text by the European Parliament, have been deleted by the Council of Ministers, and are still the subject of horse trading among political interests at time of writing.Finally we identify other threats to human rights which might possibly emerge from the text in its current state of ambiguity ; including the threat of sanctions such as traffic slowing and filtering imposed by ISPs, also without due court process; and the possibility of unlimited length of time retention of traffic data by ISPs and telcos, under the figleaf of "network security".The political process of the Telecoms Package is not yet concluded as of this brief's publication on 12 November 2008; this brief is being published now to assist legislators and lobbyists in focusing on what are (and are not) the true potential threats to justice and human rights in the Package. Good European law cannot be made when sectoral agendas are hidden within nested sets of amendments, obscure definitions by reference, and overly wide and vague terminology. The purpose of this brief has been to open up these obfuscated agendas to the light of day.


At the heart of the last financial crisis stood the shadow banking system, a mesh of financial activities and entities that grew outside of bank balance sheets but with the support of the banking sector. These activities were not regulated or supervised like banks, and they were characterized by high maturity mismatches and leverage. Two prime elements were Money Market Mutual Funds and Asset-Backed Commercial Papers, which jointly performed bank-like functions. This paper sheds light on the fate of these entities post-crisis and the regulatory dynamics at play as policymakers shifted their focus from constraining their activities to drafting a European regulatory infrastructure that delivers both stability and growth. Based on expert interviews and document analysis, we show how European policymakers opened up to private experts during this shift to learn about the technical complexity of Money Market Mutual Funds and Asset-Backed Commercial Papers, but in the end were restricted in their efforts to craft such regulation due to competing national factions and the legislative time pressure at the European level. We argue that the process was heavily influenced by, first, nationally held visions about the future role of financial markets that came to the fore at pivotal moments during the negotiations, and, second, the specific European institutional set-up and its electoral cycle.


This paper investigates the resistive power losses that are incurred in keeping a network of synchronous generators in a synchronous state. These losses arise due to the transient powerflow fluctuations that occur when the system is perturbed from a synchronous state by a small transient event or in the face of persistent stochastic disturbances. We call these losses the "price of synchrony," as they reflect the real power-flow costs incurred in resynchronizing the system. In the case of small fluctuations at each generator node, we show how the total network's resistive losses can be quantified using an H2 norm of a linear system of coupled swing equations subject to distributed disturbances. This norm is shown to be a function of transmission-line and generator properties, to scale unboundedly with network size, and to be weakly dependent on the network topology. This conclusion differentiates the price of synchrony from typical power systems stability notions, which show highly connected networks to be more coherent and, thus, easier to synchronize. In particular, the price of synchrony is more dependent on a network's size than its topology. We discuss possible implications of these results in terms of the design of future power grids, which are expected to have highly distributed generation resources leading to larger networks with the potential for greater transient losses.


The durations of phonemes varies for different speakers. To this end, the correlations between phonemes across different speakers are studied and a novel approach to predict unknown phoneme durations from the values of known phoneme durations for a particular speaker are presented, based on the maximum likelihood criterion. Several interesting patterns are observed. Phonemes from the same broad phonetic class tend to covary most strongly (and therefore intra-class predictions of unknown phoneme durations are most accurate), but significant cross-class correlations are also present. Consequently, knowledge of only a few highly-correlated phonemes' durations is necessary to make a good duration prediction.


Google and Bing have emerged as the diarchy that arbitrates what documents are seen by Web searchers, particularly those desiring English language documents. We seek to study how distinctive are the top results presented to the users by the two search engines. A recent eye-tracking has shown that the web searchers decide whether to look at a document primarily based on the snippet and secondarily on the title of the document on the web search result page, and rarely based on the URL of the document. Given that the snippet and title generated by different search engines for the same document are often syntactically different, we first develop tools appropriate for conducting this study. Our empirical evaluation using these tools shows a surprising agreement in the results produced by the two engines for a wide variety of queries used in our study. Thus, this study raises the open question whether it is feasible to design a search engine that would produce results distinct from those produced by Google and Bing that the users will find helpful.


This paper develops an analogy between the cycle structure of, on the one hand, random permutations with cycle lengths restricted to lie in an infinite set $S$ with asymptotic density $\sigma$ and, on the other hand, permutations selected according to the Ewens distribution with parameter $\sigma$. In particular we show that the asymptotic expected number of cycles of random permutations of $[n]$ with all cycles even, with all cycles odd, and chosen from the Ewens distribution with parameter $1/2$ are all ${1 \over 2} \log n + O(1)$, and the variance is of the same order. Furthermore, we show that in permutations of $[n]$ chosen from the Ewens distribution with parameter $\sigma$, the probability of a random element being in a cycle longer than $\gamma n$ approaches $(1-\gamma)^\sigma$ for large $n$. The same limit law holds for permutations with cycles carrying multiplicative weights with average $\sigma$. We draw parallels between the Ewens distribution and the asymptotic-density case and explain why these parallels should exist using permutations drawn from weighted Boltzmann distributions.


The U.S. Geological Survey
 (USGS), in cooperation with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
 Administration (NOAA) and the Connecticut Department of Energy and
 Environmental Protection (CT DEEP), is producing detailed geologic
 maps of the coastal sea floor. Bathymetry and sidescan-sonar
 imagery, originally collected by NOAA for charting purposes,
 provide a fundamental framework for research and management
 activities in Long Island Sound, shows the composition and terrain
 of the seabed, and provides information on sediment transport and
 benthic habitat. During April-May 2009 NOAA completed hydrographic
 survey H12013 offshore of the entrance to the Connecticut River,
 and during November 2009 and April 2010 bottom photographs and
 surficial sediment data were acquired as part of two ground-truth
 reconnaissance surveys of this area. Two interpretive data layers
 were derived from the multibeam echo-sounder and the ground-truth
 data used to verify them. For more information on the ground-truth
 surveys see:
 http://woodshole.er.usgs.gov/operations/ia/public_ds_info.php?fa=2009-059-FA
 and
 http://woodshole.er.usgs.gov/operations/ia/public_ds_info.php?fa=2010-010-FA


As computation continues to move into the cloud, the computing platform of interest no longer resembles a pizza box or a refrigerator, but a warehouse full of computers. These new large datacenters are quite different from traditional hosting facilities of earlier times and cannot be viewed simply as a collection of co-located servers. Large portions of the hardware and software resources in these facilities must work in concert to efficiently deliver good levels of Internet service performance, something that can only be achieved by a holistic approach to their design and deployment. In other words, we must treat the datacenter itself as one massive warehouse-scale computer (WSC). We describe the architecture of WSCs, the main factors influencing their design, operation, and cost structure, and the characteristics of their software base. We hope it will be useful to architects and programmers of today's WSCs, as well as those of future many-core platforms which may one day implement the equivalent of today's WSCs on a single board. Table of Contents: Introduction / Workloads and Software Infrastructure / Hardware Building Blocks / Datacenter Basics / Energy and Power Efficiency / Modeling Costs / Dealing with Failures and Repairs / Closing Remarks


Sir Edward Peacock Professor of Political Studies, Queen's University, Kingston. The author is grateful to the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada and the Security and Defence Forum of Canada' Department of National Defence for research funding.INTRODUCTIONArecent report from the Standing Senate Committee on National Security and Defence has tarred Canada with an unusual brush, one bearing a trademark more commonly associated with the country's southern neighbour. The committee members, seeking to mobilize support for a significant increase in defence spending, do not mince words, for they believe that, as a result of a long and sorry period of underfunding of Canada's military, the country has reached a point at which it is appropriate to ask: 'are we the isolationists?'(1)There are two ironies in their cri de coeur. The first is evident in the italicization of the question's pronoun. Normally, it is the United States that is so often viewed suspiciously by those who worry about an inward turn in foreign policy in North American (I will exclude Mexico from the discussion here, though when it comes to playing the ostrich in foreign and security policy, if that is what is implied by isolationism, it needs no instruction from either of its partners in the North American Free Trade Agreement) accompanied by a rejection of the burdens of multilateralism. Note the senators: 'Many citizens - including Canadians - have found cause to worry over the years that U.S. leaders might back away from this team responsibility, bending to the strong strain of isolationism that has always run through American political thought. It would be more useful if thoughtful Canadians started directing their anxiety at the strong strain of isolationism that has been running through Canadian political practice in recent years.'(2)The second irony inheres in the senators' remedy for the problems stemming from chronic underspending on defence: the withdrawal of all Canadian military personnel from duty overseas effective upon the completion of current tours, after which there should be a moratorium on any further overseas deployments for at least two years. The Canadian forces currently deploy about 2900 personnel in a variety of coalition, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and United Nations missions outside North America. The single largest commitment is some 1600 troops serving as part of NATO's Stabilization Force (SFOR) in Bosnia-Herzegovina, under the Canadian designation of 'Operation Palladium.' The irony here is that one historical hallmark of (North) American isolationism was an unwillingness or inability (or both) to make a commitment to a security presence overseas, particularly in Europe; thus the senators would perforce implement that which they denounce.The committee members are not oblivious of this second irony, but they believe that a failure to retrench and recover will render the forces even less able to function as a factor in international security in years ahead. They liken the means by which such recovery can begin to a tactic popularized by former heavyweight boxing champion Muhammed Ali, the 'Rope-a-Dope,' which saw the fighter cunningly retrench into the ropes, whence he would bob and weave, avoiding the punches of his hapless and tiring adversary, all the while restoring his own strength for his next, usually decisive, sally of punches. The committee members advocate a similar 'strategic retreat,' acknowledging that in the past it would have been taken as conclusive proof that the country had, indeed, gone isolationist.(3)Absent from this controversial and strongly worded report, which restates an earlier call by the committee for an immediate injection of $4 billion in defence spending (in addition to the current amount of nearly $12 billion), is any inquiry into what, presumably, the new money is supposed to prevent or, in the extreme case, reverse - namely, the danger of Canada becoming (or remaining, as the case may be) 'isolationist. …


In this article I wish to re-examine the vexed issue of the possibility of idealism in ancient and medieval philosophy with particular reference to the case of Johannes Scottus Eriugena (c. 800–c. 877), the Irish Neoplatonic Christian philosopher. Both Bernard Williams and Myles Burnyeat have argued that idealism never emerged (and for Burnyeat, could not have emerged) as a genuine philosophical position in antiquity, a claim that has had wide currency in recent years, and now constitutes something of an orthodoxy. 1. Myles Burnyeat, "Idealism and Greek Philosophy: What Descartes Saw and Berkeley Missed," Philosophical Review 91 (1982): 3–40, repr. in Godfrey Vesey, ed., Idealism—Past and Present (Cambridge: Cambridge U.P., 1982), pp. 19–50. Hereafter this essay will be cited in the version printed in Vesey, ed. Richard Sorabji (instancing Gregory of Nyssa) and Werner Beierwaltes (citing Proclus and Eriugena), and Eyjolfur Kjalar Emilsson (discussing Plotinus), on the other hand, have all argued that idealism is to be found in the Neoplatonic tradition, a tradition neglected by Burnyeat. Richard Sorabji, "Gregory of Nyssa: The Origins of Idealism," in Time, Creation and Continuum. Theories in Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages (London: Duckworth, 1983), pp. 287–96; Werner Beierwaltes, Denken des Einen. Studien zur neuplatonischen Philosophie and ihrer Wirkungsgeschichte (Frankfurt: Klostermann, 1985). See also Beierwaltes, "Die Wiederentdeckung des Eriugena im Deutschen Idealismus," in Platonismus und Idealismus (Frankfurt: Klostermann, 1972), pp. 188–201, and his "Zur Wirkungsgeschichte Eriugenas im Deutschen Idealismus und danach. Eine kurze, unsystematische Nachlese," in Eriugena. Grundzuge seines Denkens (Frankfurt: Klostermann, 1994), pp. 313–330. Eyjolfur Kjalar Emilsson, "Cognition and its Object," in Lloyd P. Gerson, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Plotinus (Cambridge: Cambridge U.P., 1996), pp. 217–49, esp. pp. 245–49. But see, Lloyd P. Gerson, Plotinus (London: Routledge, 1994), p. 227, n.3, who maintains that Plotinus is not an idealist. Similarly, in a 1989 study, I argued not only that idealism was a genuine possibility in late classical and in medieval philosophy, but that that the ninth-century Carolingian philosopher Johannes Eriugena presents a striking example of an extremely radical, almost fantastical, idealism. Dermot Moran, The Philosophy of John Scottus Eriugena. A Study of Idealism in the Middle Ages (Cambridge: Cambridge U.P., 1989). Of course, the whole discussion depends entirely on what is meant by 'idealism'. Burnyeat uses Berkeley's immaterialism as his standard for idealism, and it is this decision, coupled with his failure to acknowledge the legacy of German idealism, which prevents him from seeing the classical and medieval roots of idealism more broadly understood.


Firms' contemporary selling practices often not only demand that salespeople meet sales quotas, but also that they build strong, profitable relationships with customers. Given the belief that relationship-building activities can develop closer customer ties and improve sales performance, scholars have increasingly studied salesperson behaviors aimed at nurturing buyer-salesperson relations. However, while previous sales research has investigated the effects of a number of relational activities on performance outcomes in isolation, knowledge about their effectiveness in comparison to other important performance drivers is virtually absent. The present study provides some first theoretical and empirical insights into this research gap by simultaneously examining the role of specific salesperson relationship-building activities, and product-focused variables, in retail buyers' new product purchase decisions. Following an extensive literature review, a two-part qualitative field study was conducted to explore salesperson relationship-building activities that are regarded as important by retail buyers. Two key relational behaviors were suggested by the customer-centric and retail industry-specific data; salesperson consultation (communication-based) and salesperson helping behavior (action-based). Drawing on this as well as extant literature, a conceptual framework was developed concerning the influences of these relationship-building activities and other product-focused factors on retail buyers' new product acceptance. The study's quantitative component contained a mail and web survey of U.S. retail buyers, resulting in a total dataset of 192 responses. After a comprehensive measure validation process, the theoretical hypotheses were tested using logistic regression analysis. Contrary to existing assertions, the results suggest that salesperson relationship-building activities themselves do not directly and/or indirectly influence purchase decisions, but instead can moderate the effects of product-focused determinants on retail buyers' new product selections. Data on actual purchase decisions provide a high level of external validity to the findings. The study closes with a concluding discussion, including theoretical and managerial implications of the findings, limitations of the research, and directions for future inquiry.


Biomethane potential (BMP) tests are used to determine the amount of methane that can be produced from organic materials in order to design different components of full-scale anaerobic digestion plants such as size of the digesters and units exploiting the produced biogas. However, little is known on how well BMPs compare with biogas production from the same organic materials in full-scale installations. In this study, two anaerobic digestion plants were chosen to carry out such comparisons, a dry anaerobic digestion (AD) plant treating green waste from urban areas and food waste from restaurants and supermarkets, and a liquid AD plant treating waste sludge from wastewater treatment and seven additional organic wastes. The BMPs of multiple samples of the individual organic materials collected during a period of seven to nine months were determined. Separate tests of mixtures of organic materials confirmed that the BMP of the mixtures can be calculated by adding the BMPs of the individual materials. The weekly methane production during the investigated periods was calculated from the full-scale installation data on the feeding of the digesters and the BMP's of each substrate fed into the digesters and compared with the weekly methane production measured on-site. The latter was calculated from the most accurately measured entity, either the electricity or the volume of purified biomethane injected into the grid. The weekly methane production rates calculated from BMPs and the one measured on-site were very similar and followed the same pattern. Some exceptions could be explained by e.g. an overload of the full-scale installation. The measured weekly methane production accounted for 94.0±6.8% and 89.3±5.7% of the calculated weekly methane production for the wet and dry AD plant, respectively. For 26 out of 29 weeks, the calculated weekly methane production overestimated the measured one in the case of the wet AD plant and for 37 out of 39 weeks for the dry AD plant. Based on these results, it is proposed using an extrapolation coefficient of 0.8 to 0.9 to estimate the methane production of full-scale AD plants from BMPs of the substrates to be digested and their specific organic loads.


This chapter begins by outlining the importance of poltical culture in structuring, but not determining, the behaviour of actors within individual political systems. It illustrates the persistence of its impact with the failure of Mao Zedong to eliminate traditional Chinese ways of thinking and create a wholly new political culture in the Cultural Revolution. On the other hand it cites fluctuations in Russian political culture over centuries to show that the perceived content of a particular political culture can be fundamentally contested and malleable, so that it does evolve. And it notes the recent claims of political leaders in Russia, China and India, amongst others, that their nations' historical achievements raise them to the status of 'civilization states'. One feature of a nation's political culture is the recurring trends of issues and preoccupations in political thinking there. Then it goes on to examine issues in thinking in non-Western countries, that structure political attitudes and political behaviour differently from the West. It begins by looking at traditional notions of legitimate political authority in other regions of the world, particularly Asia, that preceded the arrival of Western colonialists. These often assumed more 'organic' and more segmented communities than would be associated with Western individualist ones influenced by the legacy of the French revolution. Then it considers more recent non-Western political thinking.


Crowdsourcing is traditionally defined as obtaining data or information by enlisting the services of a (potentially large) number of people. However, due to recent innovations, this definition can now be expanded to include 'and/or from a range of public sensors, typically connected via the Internet.' A large and increasing amount of data is now being obtained from a huge variety of non‐traditional sources – from smart phone sensors to amateur weather stations to canvassing members of the public. Some disciplines (e.g. astrophysics, ecology) are already utilizing crowdsourcing techniques (e.g. citizen science initiatives, web 2.0 technology, low‐cost sensors), and while its value within the climate and atmospheric science disciplines is still relatively unexplored, it is beginning to show promise. However, important questions remain; this paper introduces and explores the wide‐range of current and prospective methods to crowdsource atmospheric data, investigates the quality of such data and examines its potential applications in the context of weather, climate and society. It is clear that crowdsourcing is already a valuable tool for engaging the public, and if appropriate validation and quality control procedures are adopted and implemented, it has much potential to provide a valuable source of high temporal and spatial resolution, real‐time data, especially in regions where few observations currently exist, thereby adding value to science, technology and society.


Damselfish neurofibromatosis (DNF) is a naturally occurring, neoplastic disease affecting bicolor damselfish (Pomacentrus partitus) living on coral reefs in southern Florida, USA. The disease consists of multiple neurofibromas, neurofibrosarcomas and chromatophoromas and has been proposed as an animal model for neurofibromatosis type 1 in humans. DNF is transmissible by injection of crude tumour homogenates, cell-free filtrates of homogenates or cells from tumour cell lines. An analysis of tumorigenic cell lines derived from fish with spontaneous or experimentally induced DNF revealed virus particles budding from cells and present in conditioned media. The 90-110 nm particles resembled type C retroviruses. This virus exhibited a buoyant density of 1.14-1.17 g/cm2 in sucrose, at least six virus proteins of 15 to 80 kDa and reverse transcriptase (RT) activity. RT activity was maximized with a poly(rC).oligo(dG) template.primer combination and Mn2+ at a concentration of 0.5-1.0 mM. The optimum temperature for RT was determined to be 20 degrees C, a finding consistent with the ambient temperatures encountered by this species. This retrovirus, tentatively named damselfish neurofibromatosis virus (DNFV) may be the aetiological agent of DNF. Whether DNFV or another, as yet unidentified, virus is the cause of DNF, this agent may be unique in virus oncogenesis; neoplastic transformation of the cell types involved in DNF, Schwann cells and chromatophores, has not been documented in any other transmissible tumour.


Abstract Mountains and highlands are often called the world's natural "water towers" because they provide essential freshwater for populations both upstream and downstream. Despite this, knowledge about the significance of mountains in the hydrological cycle is still uncertain. The present article takes a regional approach, using case studies to assess and compare the hydrological significance of mountains. Methods are developed based on the experience gained in the Rhine River catchment and then applied to 19 additional selected catchments worldwide, with the river Euphrates serving as an example. The resulting comparative assessment serves as an elaboration on the hydrological significance of the world's mountains and underscores their function as sources of large, reliable, and compensatory discharge. The mean annual mountain contribution to total discharge in the river basins included in our case studies is disproportionately high, at 63%, with a mean relative mountain area of only 32%. Furthermore, distinctions can be made according to climatic regions, clearly highlighting the vital role of mountain runoff in lowlands in arid and semiarid areas. This means taking mountains and highlands more carefully into account in terms of monitoring and scientific research and especially in terms of watershed management and conflict management.


The Mean Square Error (MSE) has shown its strength when applied in deep generative models such as Auto-Encoders to model reconstruction loss. However, in image domain especially, the limitation of MSE is obvious: it assumes pixel independence and ignores spatial relationships of samples. This contradicts most architectures of Auto-Encoders which use convolutional layers to extract spatial dependent features. We base on the structural similarity metric (SSIM) and propose a novel level weighted structural similarity (LWSSIM) loss for convolutional Auto-Encoders. Experiments on common datasets on various Auto-Encoder variants show that our loss is able to outperform the MSE loss and the Vanilla SSIM loss. We also provide reasons why our model is able to succeed in cases where the standard SSIM loss fails.


Objective To estimate the direct healthcare cost of being overweight or obese throughout pregnancy to the National Health Service in Wales. Design Retrospective prevalence-based study. Setting Combined linked anonymised electronic datasets gathered on a cohort of women enrolled on the Growing Up in Wales: Environments for Healthy Living (EHL) study. Women were categorised into two groups: normal body mass index (BMI; n=260) and overweight/obese (BMI>25; n=224). Participants 484 singleton pregnancies with available health service records and an antenatal BMI. Primary outcome measure Total health service utilisation (comprising all general practitioner visits and prescribed medications, inpatient admissions and outpatient visits) and direct healthcare costs for providing these services in the year 2011–2012. Costs are calculated as cost of mother (no infant costs are included) and are related to health service usage throughout pregnancy and 2 months following delivery. Results There was a strong association between healthcare usage cost and BMI (p<0.001). Adjusting for maternal age, parity, ethnicity and comorbidity, mean total costs were 23% higher among overweight women (rate ratios (RR) 1.23, 95% CI 1.230 to 1.233) and 37% higher among obese women (RR 1.39, 95% CI 1.38 to 1.39) compared with women with normal weight. Adjusting for smoking, consumption of alcohol, or the presence of any comorbidities did not materially affect the results. The total mean cost estimates were £3546.3 for normal weight, £4244.4 for overweight and £4717.64 for obese women. Conclusions Increased health service usage and healthcare costs during pregnancy are associated with increasing maternal BMI; this was apparent across all health services considered within this study. Interventions costing less than £1171.34 per person could be cost-effective if they reduce healthcare usage among obese pregnant women to levels equivalent to that of normal weight women.


Many research questions of interest to the accounting community cannot be adequately addressed in the absence a valid proxy for expected cost of equity capital. As "true" r is inherently unobservable, the ability of empirical research in this area to produce useful inferences depends on whether the proxies for r employed in the analysis measure what they purport to measure. Empirical evidence regarding the validity of various proxies employed in the literature is limited. Instead it is often assumed that these proxies reliably capture cross-sectional variation in r with little evidence provided to support this conjecture. In this paper we assess the construct validity of four alternative proxies for r using a standard statistical approach to construct validation. The four proxies for r selected for analysis in this study are ones used in existing empirical research and are derived from well-accepted asset pricing methodologies. We first assess the extent to which the estimates produced by these four proxies are correlated with CAPM beta and firm size in the manner predicted by theory. We then examine the robustness of our results to the inclusion of expected earnings growth, a potential correlated omitted variable. Finally, we undertake three additional analyses: (1) examining the stability of the estimates produced (2) assessing the robustness of our primary results to the inclusion of additional firm characteristic variables and (3) examining the robustness of the relationships between the proxies and our risk factors for subsets of the sample. In general, we find that two of these proxies, one based on an internal rate of return derived from estimating the classic dividend discount model (DIV) and one based on the price-earnings-growth relationship (PEG), appear to capture cross-sectional variation in r. By providing evidence of the extent to which various proxies for r measure what they purport to measure, the analysis presented in this paper makes an important contribution to the accounting literature.


Estuaries are biologically productive transition zones between land and sea that play a vital role in transforming, recycling, and sequestering nutrients and organic matter, thus influencing nutrient loading to coastal systems. Yet, the processes involved in phosphorus (P) transformation and cycling among inorganic and organic P forms are poorly known in estuaries. To better understand the potential for P transformation and sequestration, we identified P forms and estimated their contributions to total P in intertidal wetland sediments of a river-dominated estuary (Columbia River, Oregon, USA) using solution 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (P-NMR). Inorganic P forms dominated sediment P extracts throughout the estuary, with orthophosphate accounting for 71–84% of total extracted P. However, biologically-derived inorganic and organic P forms were also detected. Polyphosphates were found in sediment extracts throughout the estuary, contributing as much as 10% of extracted P. Similar to other wetlands, orthophosphate monoesters and diesters made approximately equal contributions (~ 20%) to total extracted P. However, monoesters (e.g., phytate) were more abundant in sedimentary environments characterized by low organic matter content, while diesters (e.g., DNA) were more abundant in sedimentary environments with high organic matter, regardless of salinity. Collectively, the data show strong evidence for P transformation in sediments of a large, river-dominated estuary, which influences its transport to the coastal Pacific Ocean via the expansive Columbia River plume.


Membrane technology has attracted tremendous attention in the field of gas separation due to its low cost and energy consumption. Polymer membranes are used in some industrial-scale gas separation processes, however, they often suffer a trade-off between permeability and selectivity. To overcome this limitation, porous materials with molecular sieve properties have been combined with polymers to give membranes with enhanced gas separation performance. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are nanoporous materials possessing ultrahigh porosity, large surface area, structural diversity and rich functionalities, which make them promising candidates for gas separation. This review primarily focuses on the fabrication methods of MOF–polymer composite membranes including MOF-based mixed-matrix membranes (MMMs) and polymer supported MOF membranes. Recent progress in MOF membrane fabrication, incorporating the challenges and difficulties faced, are presented. Furthermore, corresponding solutions and strategies are given in detail to offer instructions to fabricate membranes with ideal morphology and performance.


This paper addresses, both theoretically and empirically, the sectoral patterns of job creation and job destruction in order to distinguish the alternative effects of embodied vs disembodied technological change operating into a vertically connected economy. Disembodied technological change turns out to positively affect employment dynamics in the "upstream'' sectors, while expansionary investment does so in the "downstream'' industries. Conversely, the replacement of obsolete capital vintages tends to exert a negative impact on labour demand, although this effect turns out to be statistically less robust.


No longer willing to accept naval blockades, the impressment of American seamen, and seizures of American ships and cargos, the United States declared war on Great Britain. The aim was to frighten Britain into concessions, and if that failed, to bring the war to a swift conclusion with a quick strike at Canada. But the British refused to cave in to American demands, the Canadian campaign ended in disaster, and the U.S. government had to flee Washington, D.C., when it was invaded and burned by a British army. By all objective measures, the War of 1812 was a debacle for the young republic, and yet it was celebrated as a great military triumph. The American people believed they had won the war and expelled the invader. Oliver H. Perry became a military hero, Francis Scott Key composed what became the national anthem and commenced a national reverence for the flag, and the U.S.S. Constitution, "Old Ironsides," became a symbol of American invincibility. Every aspect of the war, from its causes to its conclusion, was refashioned to heighten the successes, obscure the mistakes, and blur embarrassing distinctions, long before there were mass media or public relations officers in the Pentagon. In this entertaining and meticulously researched book by America's leading authority on the War of 1812, Donald R. Hickey dispels the many misconceptions that distort the view of America's second war with Great Britain. Embracing military, naval, political, economic, and diplomatic analysis, Hickey looks carefully at how the war was fought between 1812 and 1815, and how it was remembered thereafter. Was the original declaration of war a bluff? What were the real roles of Canadian traitor Joseph Willcocks, Mohawk leader John Norton, pirate Jean Laffite, and American naval hero Lucy Baker? Who killed the Shawnee chief Tecumseh and who shot the British general Isaac Brock? Who actually won the war, and what is its lasting legacy? Hickey peels away fantasies and embellishments to explore why certain myths gained currency, and how they contributed to the way that the United States and Canada view themselves and each other.


During B cell maturation within the germinal centers of lymph nodes, genetical alterations, such as chromosomal translocations and mutations are introduced into the genome in order to increase the B cell receptor (BCR) specificity. Errors occurring during these processes, namely class switch recombination and somatic hypermutation, can affect the expression of
tumor suppressors and proto-oncogenes, resulting in lymphomagenesis. Two major subtypes of germinal center derived aggressive Non-Hodgkin B cell lymphoma are Burkitt lymphoma (BL) and Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL). The MIR23A cluster, coding for miR-23a, miR-27a and miR-24-2 is induced during normal germinal center reaction. While the MIR23A
cluster expression is low in germinal center B cells, it is upregulated in mature memory B cells. However, BL and DLBCL tumors have aberrantly high MIR23A expression levels compared to healthy controls, indicating that the cluster is de-regulated during lymphomagenesis. This study identified the BCR signaling, which plays a key role during germinal center reaction, as
a general mechanism responsible for the induction of the MIR23A cluster in BL and DLBCL cell lines. MEK/ERK signaling was shown to be the major signaling cascade mediating this effect. Downstream transcription factors ELK1 and c-MYC are not involved in activation of the MIR23A cluster in DLBCL. Since the MIR23A cluster could not be induced by BCR signaling
in normal germinal center B cells, this study hypothesizes that aberrant BCR signaling in BL and DLBCL is responsible for the increased MIR23A cluster levels. The MIR23A cluster is involved in many different solid cancers as well as leukemia and lymphoma. Its cellular function is discussed controversially among the different cancer entities, indicating that it is cell type and context specific. One study reported that DLBCL patients with high miR-23a levels
show worse overall survival rates, suggesting an onco-miR function for the MIR23A cluster in DLBCL. However, the processes that are regulated by the MIR23A cluster in DLBCL remain unknown. In order to elucidate the biological function of the MIR23A cluster in the B cell lymphoma context, the targetomes of miR-23a and miR-27a were identified via Ago2-RNA immunoprecipitation in a DLBCL cell line stably overexpressing miR-23a, miR-27a or a non silencing control. By this approach 46 novel direct miR-23a and miR-27a targets in DLBCL were identified. LIMK1 and PUMA were validated as miR-27a targets on protein level. Furthermore, functional analyses demonstrated that miR-23a and miR-27a attenuate the ability of DLBCL cells to undergo apoptosis in response to DNA damage. This might be one plausible explanation why DLBCL patients with high miR-23a expression levels have a worse overall
survival rate than patients with low levels, supporting the onco-miR hypothesis for the MIR23A cluster.


One of a series aimed at busy managers, and based on a belief that most managers do not have the time - or possibly the inclination - to read heavyweight tomes. The reports are written in a straightforward style, so that the information can be quickly and easily absorbed.


This guide is intended to help faculty members at Phillips Academy efficiently identify and ethically use information in support of teaching and learning.


In this study, flash method was employed in determining thermal diffusivity of solids at room temperature. This method is applicable to any flash apparatus (in this study we used Minolta Photoflash) using a setup similar to the one presented by Parker et al.. The first part of the study is undertaken to calibrate the setup with a sample of known thermal diffusivity. The results clearly indicate that the thermal diffusivity of the calibration sample correlated well with the results from literature. Apart from that, a data acquisition system that simulate the front panel of an oscilloscope is developed using LabView RT 5.1, a graphical programming language for acquiring experimental data. For practical purposes, we assume that the boundary conditions of the method are obeyed. Two data reduction methods, the conventional method and the iterative procedure were employed in determining the thermal diffusivity. The conventional method (correction of finite pulse time effect, non-uniform heating and heat loss) was the commonly used method to determine the thermal diffusivity. However, the latter was found to allow one to determine thermal diffusivity with good accuracy without the need to normalize the non-dimensional curve and determine the t1/2 manually. The second part of the study involves the testing of the setup with rubber and superconductor sample. The effect of carbon black was investigated in SMR-5, ENR-25 and ENR-50. It is found that the thermal diffusivity increase with the increased in carbon black content for all three rubber samples. Study on the effect of epoxidation was also carried out. Since, the variation of thermal diffusivity cannot be concluded, an attempt to determine the crystallinity from the X-ray diffraction was carried out to assist in explaining the changes. The experimental results indicate that as the level of epoxidation increases the thermal diffusivity decreases for rubber without carbon black and the thermal diffusivity increases for rubber with carbon black as suggested by its crystallinity. In addition, the role of samarium doping in causing differences in the nature of thermal diffusivity for Bi-based superconductor was also reported. It is found that thermal diffusivity decrease with the increase in samarium. It is recommended that future research and development be carried out to fully automate the whole sequence of thermal diffusivity measurements for both room and high temperature.


By its emissions of greenhouse gases, economic activity is the source of climate change which affects pandemics that in turn can impact badly on economies. Across the three highly interacting disciplines in our title, time-series observations are measured at vastly different data frequencies: very low frequency at 1000-year intervals for paleoclimate, through annual, monthly to intra-daily for current climate;weekly and daily for pandemic data;annual, quarterly and monthly for economic data, and seconds or nano-seconds in finance. Nevertheless, there are important commonalities to economic, climate and pandemic time series. First, time series in all three disciplines are subject to non-stationarities from evolving stochastic trends and sudden distributional shifts, as well as data revisions and changes to data measurement systems. Next, all three have imperfect and incomplete knowledge of their data generating processes from changing human behaviour, so must search for reasonable empirical modeling approximations. Finally, all three need forecasts of likely future outcomes to plan and adapt as events unfold, albeit again over very different horizons. We consider how these features shape the formulation and selection of forecasting models to tackle their common data features yet distinct problems. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.


Abstract Purpose: Clinical trials are expensive and lengthy, where success of a given trial depends on observing a prospectively defined number of patient events required to answer the clinical question. The point at which this analysis time occurs depends on both patient accrual and primary event rates, which typically vary throughout the trial's duration. We demonstrate real-time analysis date projections using data from a collection of six clinical trials that are part of the IDEA collaboration, an international preplanned pooling of data from six trials testing the duration of adjuvant chemotherapy in stage III colon cancer, and we additionally consider the hypothetical impact of one trial's early termination of follow-up. Patients and Methods: In the absence of outcome data from IDEA, monthly accrual rates for each of the six IDEA trials were used to project subsequent trial-specific accrual, while historical data from similar Adjuvant Colon Cancer Endpoints (ACCENT) Group trials were used to construct a parametric model for IDEA's primary endpoint, disease-free survival, under the same treatment regimen. With this information and using the planned total accrual from each IDEA trial protocol, individual patient accrual and event dates were simulated and the overall IDEA interim and final analysis times projected. Projections were then compared with actual (previously undisclosed) trial-specific event totals at a recent census time for validation. The change in projected final analysis date assuming early termination of follow-up for one IDEA trial was also calculated. Results: Trial-specific predicted event totals were close to the actual number of events per trial for the recent census date at which the number of events per trial was known, with the overall IDEA projected number of events only off by eight patients. Potential early termination of follow-up by one IDEA trial was estimated to postpone the overall IDEA final analysis date by 9 months. Conclusions: Real-time projection of the final analysis time during a trial, or the overall analysis time during a trial collaborative such as IDEA, has practical implications for trial feasibility when these projections are translated into additional time and resources required.


Although trade unionism has been declining in virtually every part of the world, its continued demise is not a foregone conclusion. As it has throughout its history, trade unionism has demonstrated a capacity to adapt, to make its voice heard, to reassert its power. The scale and scope of experimentation taking place in the labour movement today is testimony not just to the depth of the crisis but also to the possibility of resurgence in the years ahead. This book is an essential resource for anyone wishing to know about contemporary labour issues. It offers a comprehensive introduction to the state of trade unionism in the world today, and the often innovative strategies and tactics trade unionists are using to revive their organisations in each of the major nations of the world. Leading labour scholars discuss, in clear prose, the health of the trade union movement, the present political and economic climate for trade union advancement, the dominant revitalisation strategies, and future prospects in each nation. Each chapter includes an up-to-date guide to further reading.


All theories of statutory interpretation rely on an idea of how Congress operates. A commonly held supposition among scholars is that the procedures used in the creation of legislation are unsophisticated and almost anarchic. This supposition exists because scholars generally give little consideration to the underlying actors and their evolving roles in the drafting process. This Article deconstructs the many steps of, and actors involved in, the statutory-drafting process. It reveals an evolving process that is the opposite of what scholars generally believe: While Congress historically did not have the capacity or resources to draft statutes well, it has evolved through the last forty years to arrive at a point where modern statutes are carefully researched by professional researchers and clearly drafted by nonpartisan professional legislative drafters, with the entire process overseen by hundreds of specialized committee staff and countless lobbyists.This Article uses this better understanding of the evolution of Congress's institutional competence to explain how the rise of judicial textualism over the last few decades should be viewed at least partially as a response to Congress's improved drafting process. And not only do these practical findings provide a descriptive account of judicial behavior, they also provide a basis from which to make normative judgments about how to undertake statutory interpretation based on the era in which a statute was drafted, a method that this Article terms "intertemporal statutory interpretation." This Article demonstrates how consideration of the evolution of the real-world legislative process can allow for more fully developed theories of statutory interpretation.


During the past two decades, empowerment practice in the human services has emerged from efforts to develop more effective and responsive services for women, people of color, and other oppressed groups. The goal of this method of practice is to address the role powerlessness plays in creating and perpetuating personal and social problems. It can be distinguished by its focus on developing critical awareness, increasing feelings of collective and self-efficacy, and developing skills for personal, interpersonal, or social change (Bricker-Jenkins & Hooyman, 1991; Freire, 1973; Gutierrez, 1990; Pinderhughes, 1989; Rappaport, 1981; Solomon, 1976; Staples, 1991). Within our increasingly diverse society, empowerment has emerged as one perspective on practice that can be inclusive and supportive of diversity. The literature describing empowerment practice is based primarily on empowerment theory and case examples of empowerment practice. The focus of this literature has been on definitions of empowerment practice (Parsons, 1991; Rappaport, 1981; Simon, 1990; Staples, 1991; Swift & Levin, 1987) and the description of specific methods (Freire, 1973; Solomon, 1976) and outcomes (Gutierrez & Ortega, 1991; Maton & Rappaport, 1984; Zimmerman & Rappaport, 1988). Less attention has been paid to how the structure, culture, and management of human services organizations can support the empowerment of workers and consumers. Yet some have argued that if clients and consumers of services are to gain power, some modifications may be required in the administration of organizations that serve them (Gerschick, Israel, & Checkoway, 1989; Mathis & Richan, 1986; Pinderhughes, 1989; Sherman & Wenocur, 1983; Zimmerman, in press). This article begins to address this gap by identifying issues experienced by workers and administrators in organizations that focus on the empowerment of consumers. Empowerment Practice in Social Work The term "empowerment" is ubiquitous, used by presidents and poets alike, yet its meaning often seems hazy and undeveloped. In the field of social work, a similar lack of clarity prevails. The concept of empowerment has been unevenly developed and has been used in different ways. Some describe empowerment primarily as a goal, others as a process, others as a form of intervention. This lack of clarity has contributed to considerable confusion in the field regarding the use of the term "empowerment" and the degree to which empowerment represents a particular type of practice (Simon, 1990; Staples, 1991). Yet a review of the literature suggests that a working definition of empowering social work practice can be developed (Bricker-Jenkins & Hooyman, 1987; Gutierrez, 1990; Solomon, 1976). The goal of effective practice is not coping or adaptation but an increase in the actual power of the client or community so that action can be taken to change and prevent the problems clients are facing. Because the effects of powerlessness can occur on many levels, efforts toward change can be directed at any level of intervention or can include multiple levels of intervention. Most scholars would agree that the empowerment of a group or community is the ultimate goal and that this requires change on multiple levels. Research with practitioners concerning their definition of empowerment suggests ways in which this method is being integrated into practice. When asked to define empowerment, practitioners describe a psychological process of change. One critical element of this change is gaining awareness of the power that exists within any individual, family, group, or community. This focus on empowerment as a process is emphasized by practitioners involved in different levels of practice (for example, individual, group, or community work) and with different populations. The applicability of empowerment to varying foci of practice suggests an underlying unity to the concept: Although practitioners may work with individuals, groups, or communities that have different goals, empowerment is described as a method for developing personal and interpersonal power through a process of self-awareness. …


Recent studies on self-learning have emphasized the importance of the cognitive and motivational elements of the classroom environment. Most of these studies have explored these elements by considering the potential for contextual variation. The current study examined inequalities in students' average assignment scores in social studies, math, and English education, as well as several non-cognitive variables, namely self-efficacy, exam anxiety, the use of cognitive strategies, the use of regulatory strategies, and academic success in the class. Employing an in-subject correlational design, students of mathematics, social sciences, and English were divided by gender. Multivariate regression was used to evaluate the relationships among performance, strategy utilization, and motivation indicators. The participants in the study were 545 students in the seventh and eighth grades of a secondary school (51 percent girls) who were asked to complete a self-report questionnaire. The results of the study showed that factors involving motivation and cognitive strategies varied by gender and subject, but not the use of regulatory approaches or academic achievement. However, according to the data, the relationships between these constructs appear to be relatively similar across the three subject areas studied. The importance of the findings to understanding the context-specificity of students' self-learning is highlighted.


By considering separately the two terms of the Sommerfeld solution of wave diffraction behind a semi-infinite breakwater, the influence of the wave reflection from the structure can be evaluated The diffraction coefficient at any point can be obtained from a graph or table for full, partial or no reflection by the simple addition of two coefficients From the similarity of the energy-spreading process to the dam-burst problem, it was found that wave heights decreased consistently along the near circular crests for all distances from the breakwater tip For a workable range of incident angle and distance from the breakwater, wave heights could be defined by this arc distance from the shadow line expressed in wave lengths These relationships have been verified experimentally for all but the smallest incident angle in proximity to the breakwater This can be likened to the dam model in which the dam is moving too slowly to permit normal spreading. The several theoretical solutions for the breakwater gap, when graphed on the same basis, are shown to be very similar, diverging only for small incident angles New parameters are provided which greatly simplify the presentation of information The scatter of past experimental data precludes the verification of this theory and indicates the need for further tests.


The leaves of woody plants at Harvard Forest in Central Massachusetts, USA, changed color during senescence; 70% (62/89) of the woody species examined anatomically contained anthocyanins during senescence. Anthocyanins were not present in summer green leaves, and appeared primarily in the vacuoles of palisade parenchyma cells. Yellow coloration was a result of the unmasking of xanthophyll pigments in senescing chloroplasts. In nine red-senescing species, anthocyanins were not detectable in mature leaves, and were synthesized de novo in senescence, with less than 20 µg cm−2 of chlorophyll remaining. Xanthophyll concentrations declined in relation to chlorophyll to the same extent in both yellow- and red-leaved taxa. Declines in the maximum photosystem II quantum yield of leaves collected prior to dawn were only slightly less in the red-senescing species, indicating no long-term protective activity. Red-leaved species had significantly greater mass/area and lower chlorophyll a/b ratios during senescence. Nitrogen tissue concentrations in mature and senescent leaves negatively correlated to anthocyanin concentrations in senescent leaves, weak evidence for more efficient nitrogen resorption in anthocyanic species. Shading retarded both chlorophyll loss and anthocyanin production in Cornus alternifolia, Acer rubrum, Acer saccharum, Quercus rubra and Viburnum alnifolium. It promoted chlorophyll loss in yellow-senescing Fagus grandifolia. A reduced red : far-red ratio did not affect this process. Anthocyanins did not increase leaf temperatures in Q. rubra and Vaccinium corymbosum on cold and sunny days. The timing of leaf-fall was remarkably constant from year to year, and the order of senescence of individual species was consistent.


A growing global awareness of climate change threats to cultural heritage sites (cultural sites) has seen the recent emergence of multiple management methodologies. However, none of these are amenable to use by local, non-specialist groups using participatory planning processes, such as Indigenous ranger groups. This research aimed to develop a Cultural Site Adaptation Guide (the Guide), a decision support tool to assist non-specialists undertaking participatory, climate change adaptation planning for cultural sites. A preliminary version of the Guide was created by synthesising elements from generic, bottom-up climate change adaptation planning tools on the one hand, and a risk analysis methodology that combined and built on archaeological approaches pioneered in the United Kingdom and France on the other. The first three steps of the five-step Guide are steps for Scoping, Risk analysis, and Options analysis. The research engaged two Indigenous ranger groups in Australia's Northern Territory with strong perceptions of climate change impacts on cultural sites and a strong view that managing these impacts is a priority need. The preliminary Guide was tested and further refined by the Indigenous rangers, using a Participatory Action Research methodology. The Scoping step allowed rangers to undertake: a detailed problem analysis that identified types and general locations of vulnerable cultural sites and the nature of impacts; planning goals and appropriate methodological approaches; and resource deficiencies and planning barriers. The Risk analysis step allowed rangers to allocate a management priority rating to 126 cultural sites. The Options step found rangers were able to identify, appraise and rank a diverse range of adaptation options, including ones aimed at direct cultural site intervention, building ranger adaptive capacity, and building cultural site resilience. The Option step also allowed rangers to generate their own preliminary cultural site adaptation plan. The research found that practical and rigorous approaches can be taken to climate change adaptation of cultural sites by nonspecialists, even where resources are likely to be severely constrained.


Background Many oncology patients want naturopathic treatment. Physicians are doubtful about this kind of treatment because of the lack of evidence. Patients getting chemotherapy containing an anthracycline or taxol might suffer from hand-foot syndrome, which causes pain, redness and swelling. Bathing the hands or feet with linseed boiled with water to a viscid pulp can relieve the symptoms and leads to a subjectively improved feeling of well-being. The patients are able to walk and use their hands in everyday life. Purpose To achieve acceptance of linseed bath treatment by a multidisciplinary group in a university hospital. Material and methods An interdisciplinary work group developed a guideline for applying this treatment under scientific criteria. A data entry form was developed to document the effects systematically. All ambulant patients of the Medical Highschool Hannover, treated with this kind of chemotherapy, get this guideline and are asked to fill in the form one hour before and one hour after taking the linseed bath. The results were catalogued in a database and evaluated. Results The different perspectives of the experts involved, including the clinical pharmacist, and the scientific approach, led to high acceptance and support of physicians and nurses. Practicability, the quality of the products, indications and contraindications were carved out optimally. The method is simple, cheap, easy to handle and the response rate was positive (N-25). Up till now we have demonstrated the benefit of this treatment in more than 200 cases. Conclusion Acceptance of naturopathic treatment in an university hospital could only be achieved if developed under scientific criteria. Because of the systematic documentation we could show the positive effects of the linseed-bath. Physicians and nurses could be assured of the benefit and the oncology patients learned a method to help themselves. References and/or acknowledgements Because of the good results every ambulant patient, who is treated with anthracycline or taxol based chemotherapy, is recommended to try linseed baths. No conflict of interest.


In the first decade of this millennium, rising food prices returned as a concern for policy makers, especially in developing economies. This paper examines how supply shocks, both domestic and foreign, impacted imports and consumption in the world rice market between 1960 and 2010. Such an investigation is important in assessing the role of trade in compensating for domestic shocks. If shortages lead economies to impose trade restrictions, then trade may not be allowed to play an important role in stabilizing consumption. The existing literature has highlighted the importance of these policy shocks in the world rice market and how they have worked to increase the volatility of prices and trade flows. Although trade cannot be expected to play a strong role when the major producing and consuming economies are simultaneously hit by negative yield shocks, such a scenario has occurred in only about 3% of all observed cases. We also find that consumption fails to stabilize even when domestic shocks are negative and foreign shocks are positive; however, imports do peak. Thus, while trade does help in coping with domestic risks, it is unable to achieve full risk sharing. Therefore, no matter the nature of foreign shocks, the principal concern is to stabilize consumption when an economy is hit by negative domestic yield shocks. The frequency of such shocks is about 12% in all observed cases, highlighting the importance of domestic responses. We find that domestic rice stocks have been important in stabilizing consumption. The reliance on domestic policies has, in turn, kept the rice market thin.


PURPOSE
To determine if intensity optimized beams for SBRT can be accurately measured using a commercially available 2D detector array at extended SSD in order to increase the area of the detector exposed at any given time.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Five patients (n=5) with forty five (n=45) fields have been analyzed in this study. The plans were optimized for the following clinical sites: two liver, two lung and one spine. The detector array used for the measurements is the PTW Seven29 array. All plans have been optimized and calculated using Eclipse v8.9. The center of the array was setup 215cm from the source and all fields were measured and analyzed one by one. All measurements were performed on a NovalisTX linear accelerator equipped with high definition multileaf collimator. The evaluation was based mainly on gamma index passing rates using 2mm DTA and 2%.

RESULTS
The accuracy of the Eclipse TPS at extended SSDs using an ionization chamber was measured to be within 1.5%. All field measurements were performed and analyzed individually. The percent of the points that had a gamma index of less than 1 using 3%/3mm was >98% for all measurements. In order to better evaluate our process and distinguish smaller differences a new set of gamma index tolerances of 2%/2mm. In this case, the gamma index passing rates ranged from 90.8 to 100% (95.5%+/-3%). The profile comparison showed that the detector array measurements followed closely the calculated profiles, even for fields optimized with multiple peaks and valleys.

CONCLUSION
The PTW Seven29 detector can be successfully used for SBRT patient specific QA when small fields are used by increasing the distance to approximately 200cm from the source. Very good agreement between measured and calculated planar doses was achieved using this setup geometry.


Purpose
Literature practices represent the process leading up to the citation of a source, and consist of the selection, reading and citing of sources. The purpose of this paper is to explore possible factors that might influence researchers during this process and discover possible consequences of researchers' citation behaviours.

Design/methodology/approach
In this exploratory study, various factors which could influence literature practices were explored via a questionnaire amongst 112 researchers. Participants were first authors of articles published in 2016 in one of five different journals within the disciplines of experimental psychology, educational sciences and social psychology. Academic positions of the participants ranged from PhD student to full professor.

Findings
Frequencies and percentages showed that researchers seemed to be influenced in their literature practices by various factors, such as editors suggesting articles and motivation to cite. Additionally, a high percentage of researchers reported taking shortcuts when citing articles (e.g. using secondary citations and reading selectively). Logistic regression did not reveal a clear relationship between academic work experience and research practices.

Practical implications
Seeing that researchers seem to be influenced by a variety of factors in their literature practices, the scientific community might benefit from better citation practices and guidelines in order to provide more structure to the process of literature practices.

Originality/value
This paper provides first insights into researchers' literature practices. Possible reasons for problems with citation accuracy and replicating research findings are highlighted. Opportunities for further research on the topic of citation behaviours are presented.


This paper applies the SIAMPI approach, which focuses on the concept of productive interactions, to the identification of the social impact of research in the social sciences. An extensive interview programme with researchers in a Welsh university research centre was conducted to identify the productive interactions and the perceived social impacts. The paper argues that an understanding of and focus on the processes of interaction between researchers and stakeholders provides an effective way to study social impact and to deal with the attribution problem common to the evaluation of the social impact of research. The SIAMPI approach thereby differentiates itself from other forms of impact assessment and evaluation methods. This approach is particularly well-suited to the social sciences, where research is typically only one component of complex social and political processes. Copyright , Beech Tree Publishing.


We propose a new correction method for the splicing dislocation of sub-holograms in synthetic aperture digital holography. By adjusting the splicing distances between sub-holograms during the numerical reconstruction process using the convolution approach, the influence of non-paraxial aberration for the quality of the synthetic reconstructed image is avoided and synthetic reconstructed images corresponding to different splicing distances are obtained. Then, the accurate splicing distance between sub-holograms is determined by evaluating the quality of the corresponding synthetic reconstructed images. Accurate correction for the splicing dislocation of sub-holograms is achieved and high-quality reconstructed images without nonparaxial aberration are obtained.


There is No Such Thing as Natural Beauty": Dolly Parton's Cinematic Performances and Concepts of Southern Womanhood Despite the influx of scholarship surrounding popular film and gender in recent years, little to no studies focus on one star's impact on concepts of identity. The existing scholarship tends to investigate how types of films influence spectators' understanding of the identities represented on screen. For instance, a study of female friendship films would argue that the spectators' concepts of relationships and female to female interaction would be influenced. This paper aims to study one actress whose multiple representations of the same identity, both on and off screen, then influenced viewer's perceptions of that identity's power, sexuality, and place in society. The actress, Dolly Parton, starred in three major films throughout the 1980s that told the stories of southern women. The first of these movies, 9 to 5, conveys a feminist message regarding women in the workplace and this paper argues that Dolly's personal life and reputation influenced how southern women reacted to that message. The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas and Parton's comments in the press provide contradicting and racialized images of female sexuality which this paper analyses and investigates viewer reception. Finally, this paper discusses the questions raised about the value of female life, reproduction and the boundaries of the domestic sphere in Steel Magnolias. "A Southerner Talking": The Intersections of Race, Respectability, and Sexuality in the Mid-Century South as Revealed by the Content and Reception of Lillian Smith's Novel Strange Fruit Lillian Smith was a controversial author and social activist whose work and life have long been studied. However, the mountain of academic work done about Smith seems to consistently overlook several important factors about her first novel Strange Fruit. For instance, the bulk of the existing scholarship limits the thematic importance of the novel's content and Smith's life to her arguments against racism and segregation. The novel also conveys Mid-Century perceptions of female sexuality and homosexuality. Drawing on Siobhan Somerville's theory of the parallel development of categories of difference, this paper analyzes the ways in which Smith used discussions of miscegenation to subliminally discuss same sex love. Furthermore, this paper explores the critical receptions of this novel to demonstrate the racialized views of respectability that existed at the time of its release in 1944.


Earth is currently experiencing the sixth mass extinction of complex multi‐cellular life, the first at the hands of a single species. The documented extinctions of iconic (mostly vertebrate and plant) taxa dominate the discourse, while poorly known invertebrate species are disappearing 'silently', sometimes without having ever been described. Here, we highlight the decline of elements of the trapdoor spider (Mygalomorphae: Idiopidae) fauna of southern Australia – a taxonomically poorly documented yet diverse assemblage of long‐lived fossorial predators. We show that a number of trapdoor spider species may be threatened after a century of intensive land clearing and stocking, and that remaining populations in some areas may be experiencing serious contemporary population declines. So, how do we conserve this fauna? We suggest that baseline systematic studies are crucial, and that follow‐up surveys, including integrative citizen science solutions, should be used to assess where remnant populations still exist, and whether they can persist into the future. Detailed population genetic research on a handful of carefully chosen taxa could be broadly informative, and ongoing natural history studies remain invaluable. Although solutions may be limited in the face of ongoing habitat degradation and other threats, urgently quantifying declines has implications not just for spiders but for mitigating against the mass extinction of poorly known invertebrate taxa across the globe.


Abstract:  Fishes include more than half of all living animals with backbones, but large‐scale palaeobiological patterns in this assemblage have not received the same attention as those for terrestrial vertebrates. Previous surveys of the fish record have generally been anecdotal, or limited either in their stratigraphic or in their taxonomic scope. Here, we provide a broad overview of the Phanerozoic history of fish diversity, placing a special emphasis on intervals of turnover, evolutionary radiation, and extinction. In particular, we provide in‐depth reviews of changes during, and ecological and evolutionary recovery after, the end‐Devonian (Hangenberg) and Cretaceous–Palaeogene (K–Pg) extinctions.


The article highlights the need to rethink and reconceptualise the accepted concepts of smart cities and villages by shifting the attention from technology and technological solutions and moving it towards understanding the significance of communities and sustainability. The conceptual framework combines four essential features—community, village, city and sustainability—and analyses the links and relationships between them. A new community-centred approach to development is suggested in order to emphasise that sustainable living cannot be achieved only through technological solutions. Instead, we suggest that to ensure social sustainability, appropriation, and effectiveness of new solutions in the long term, the process has to start, be adapted and led by people and their needs. In this light, the article analyses three dimensions of smart living—energy, mobility, waste—through the prism of rural–urban linkages and the role of ICT. Core principles and recommendations (calm technology, community size, identification of community leaders, surveillance and control issues, community building) for designers of ICT solutions and developmental projects in smart cities and villages are presented. These principles take into account people and communities and combine findings of engineering and social sciences, especially anthropology, psychology, and sociology.