This Article focuses on traditional FCC regulation of the content of broadcast entertainment television. Recent litigation involving Fox Television and other broadcasters has raised a number of constitutional issues. This Article, however, makes a fundamental and largely practical point: the basic assumptions underlying traditional FCC regulatory policies have been rendered technologically obsolete. The Article simply assumes, for the sake of argument, that the basic FCC policies are in some respects constitutionally sound. In particular, the Article assumes that the federal government has a sufficient interest in regulating the broadcast entertainment material to which children and young adults are exposed, and in supporting parents' efforts to control their child's exposure to such material. The crucial constitutional problem, though, is that the FCC must show that its regulations sufficiently advance the cited interests. This, it turns out, the FCC can no longer do, in light of recent widespread technological developments. Realistically, children and young adults now have convenient alternative forms of access to the sorts of content the FCC continues to seek to regulate. Typically, alternative access can be gained through time-shifted viewing, or through an increasing variety of mainly Internet-based alternatives to real-time television broadcasting received on a TV set. Typical FCC regulations thus now burden broadcaster speech without adequately promoting any sufficient government interest, and are thus in at least this respect unconstitutional.


Using census-type data of Hungarian firms, we test major hypotheses of spatial economic theories focusing on the impact of industrial and market concentrations on regional economic growth. Our empirical evidence confirms that both industrial and market concentrations have a significant positive impact on production growth. This finding strongly supports the Marshall- Arrow-Romer model of local knowledge externalities, suggesting that investment-driven regional development prevails in Hungary.


The present study was designed to test whether administration of single strain probiotic during early reaing could improve the survival and growth of rohu, L.rohita. Seventy days experiment was conducted in replicate of three and twelve hundred postlarvae (average wet body weight, 0.60 ± 0.05 mg) were equally distributed in two groups , control and treated (n=200 postlarvae /fiberglass tank). Both groups received similar feed except addition of probiotic,Geotrichum candidum,QAUGC01 in the rearing water of treated group. Postlarvae raised in the presence of probiotic showed significantly higher (P<0.05) survival rate, improved growth performance (weight gain and specific growth rate), enhanced intestinal protease, amylase and cellulase activity and significantly lower mortality (P = 0.003) after challenge with Staphylococcus aureus. Moreover, proximate composition also showed significantly (P<0.05) higher values of crude protein and considerably lower levels of ash content in muscle of fry reared on probiotic supplementation. This study is the first report on the beneficial effects of single locally isolated strainof G. candidum as probiotic on early life stages of L. rohita and suggests an economically viable way to boost fish production.


Approximately 20 years ago, Peter Diamond and I wrote an article for this journal analyzing contingent valuation methods. At that time Peter's view was that contingent valuation was hopeless, while I was dubious but somewhat more optimistic. But 20 years later, after millions of dollars of largely government-funded research, I have concluded that Peter's earlier position was correct and that contingent valuation is hopeless. In this paper, I selectively review the contingent valuation literature, focusing on empirical results. I find that three long-standing problems continue to exist: 1) hypothetical response bias that leads contingent valuation to overstatements of value; 2) large differences between willingness to pay and willingness to accept; and 3) the embedding problem which encompasses scope problems. The problems of embedding and scope are likely to be the most intractable. Indeed, I believe that respondents to contingent valuation surveys are often not responding out of stable or well-defined preferences, but are essentially inventing their answers on the fly, in a way which makes the resulting data useless for serious analysis. Finally, I offer a case study of a prominent contingent valuation study done by recognized experts in this approach, a study that should be only minimally affected by these concerns but in which the answers of respondents to the survey are implausible and inconsistent.


The objective of industrial cell culture technology is to produce high value-added therapeutic proteins that are well suited for the treatment of infectious diseases, cancer, and autoimmune diseases. Nowadays, an important focus is the reduction of the time and costs from the discovery of the candidate molecule to the full-scale production. Relying on enabling technologies is critical for meeting this objective. Simultaneously, novel technologies are expected to increase the clinical and commercial success rates. In recent years, new concepts based on innovative disposable materials emerged and appeared to be promising alternatives to standard bioprocessing equipment. This thesis work was focused on the use of such disposable compounds in mammalian cell culture applications, particularly for the containment of the cells, and was aimed at demonstrating their benefit in terms of cost-effectiveness, ease-of-use and flexibility. First, a novel disposable packed cell volume tube was shown to be ideal for the quick and reliable assessment of biomasses. A characterization and validation of the measurement system demonstrated that it could replace time-consuming and less accurate cell counting methods. Then, to determine the appropriate growth conditions for cells in culture, small-scale single-use tubes were orbitally agitated with conventional lab shakers. This approach was found to be well-suited for multi-parameter optimization strategies. A systematic characterization of the liquid mass transfer in shake tubes proved that sufficient oxygen was available even at cell densities beyond 1 ×107 cells mL-1. Non-invasive optical methods were used to assess the dissolved oxygen variations in various orbital shake vessels, from the milliliter to the multi-liter scale. This simple and yet powerful cultivation principle, orbital shaking, was scaled-up to pilot and production scales. To match the requirements in terms of oxygen transfer at larger scales, a given airflow was provided to replace the gas in the headspace. When required, the airflow was enriched with oxygen. At scales above 20 L, sterile disposable cell cultivation bags were used to contain the cells. Combining orbital shake technology and disposable cell culture bags with a cylindrical shape was promising, both in terms of efficiency and ease-of-use. Prototype shake bioreactors of 200 L and 1'500 L were designed, constructed and operated with maximal cell densities up to 5-7 ×106 cells mL-1 in batch cultivations of CHO cells. The benefits in terms of time and cost savings were even more obvious when novel shake bioreactors were compared with standard stirred-tank bioreactors. This was shown in a realistic optimization, scale-up and production sequence. Most importantly, this work established that orbital shake technology, unlike other disposable cell cultivation systems, can be used for a wide range of operating scales, from only a few milliliters for optimization purposes up to production scale.


For some decades western institutions have shared an enormous enthusiasm for Information and Communication Technologies for Development (ICT4D). Nevertheless, despite the field's ever-increasing importance, research on it remains fragmented and lacks a theoretical foundation. By establishing a link between ICT4D and Modernization theory as one of the major development models, this paper aims to add some theoretical reflections to the body of existing research. Initially, a literature review of the most significant authors of Modernization theory serves as a theoretical base. Subsequently, empirical findings are systematized and embedded in the theoretical framework. The leading question is, whether ICT4D is connected to Modernization theory's main lines of thought, both in theory and in the field. Modernization theory was chosen as a reference point, as even though it has frequently been marked as outdated, some argue that ICT4D has brought about its revival: Led by a technocratic mindset, actors in the field have indeed assumed ICTs to be context-free tools, which is one of the reasons why ICT4D has so far not been an unmitigated success. As there is a lack of systematic research on ICT4D, this paper is explorative in nature. It is certainly beyond the author's scope to make any definite statements on how development cooperation has hitherto handled ICT4D, as the field is too complex. Instead, light will be shed on some trends that can be identified in the field of ICT4D to date.


Summary
Certain properties of Machupo virus are reported. These include presence of RNA, pH stability in the range of 6.0 to 9.0, rapid thermal inactivation at temperatures of 25°C and higher, and more effective stabilization of infectivity titers after prolonged storage (1 year) at -70°C in media containing protein supplements.
Parenteral inoculation of infant hamsters and mice with Machupo virus resulted in observable illness and death, or both, the LD50 and ID50 being roughly comparable. Inapparent infection in adult animals was detected by the presence of CF and N antibody. A variety of domestic and wild animals proved to be either resistant to the virus or susceptible only in a clinically inapparent manner. The Central American marmoset, Saguinus geoffroyi, was found to be a clinically susceptible animal. Illness and death occurred after administration of virus subcutaneously or by scarification.


Bayesian networks and their associated methods are especially suited for capturing and dealing with uncertainty. They can be successfully applied both in engineering sciences and in reliability analyses of water distribution systems. In this paper we propose an interactive Bayesian network and a decision-theoretic system which intend to monitor water loss, predict likely outcome and select appropriate decisions.


Abstract The infrared spectra of hydroxyl in synthetic hydrous wadsleyite (β-Mg2SiO4) and ringwoodite (γ-Mg2SiO4) were measured at room temperature up to ∼18.8 GPa for wadsleyite and up to ∼21.5 GPa for ringwoodite. High-temperature spectra were measured in an externally heated diamond-anvil cell up to 650 °C at ∼14.2 GPa for wadsleyite and up to 900 °C at ∼18.4 GPa for ringwoodite. The synthetic samples reproduce nearly all the important OH bands previously observed at ambient conditions. Only subtle changes were observed in the infrared spectra of both minerals, both upon compression at room temperature and upon heating at high pressure. For wadsleyite, upon compression to ∼18.8 GPa, the frequencies of the bands at ∼3600 cm-1 remain almost unchanged, while the main bands at 3200-3400 cm-1 shift to lower frequencies. During heating at 14.2 GPa to 650 °C the bands at 3200-3400 cm-1 broaden and shift to slightly lower frequencies. For ringwoodite, upon compression to ∼21.5 GPa, the main bands at 3115 cm-1 progressively shift to lower frequencies. During heating at 18.4 GPa to 900 °C, no frequency shift was observed for the band at ∼3700 cm-1, but the band initially at ∼3115 cm-1 shifts very slightly to higher frequencies, which should yield almost the same band positions at 1300-1400 °C as those measured at ambient conditions. Our data suggest that water speciation in hydrous wadsleyite and ringwoodite at ambient conditions may be comparable to that under mantle conditions, except perhaps for subtle changes in hydrogen bonding. The low OH-stretching frequencies in wadsleyite and ringwoodite under transition zone conditions imply a large H/D fractionation during degassing of the deep mantle. This may explain the apparent disequilibrium between the hydrogen isotopic composition of the upper mantle and the ocean.


The relationships among the quantity theory of money, monetarism and policy regimes based on money-growth and inflation targeting are briefly discussed as a prelude to an exposition of alternative views of money's role in the transmission mechanism of monetary policy. The passive-money view treats the money supply as an endogenous variable that plays no role in that mechanism. In contrast the active-money view, while recognizing money's endogeneity, nevertheless treats it as having causative significance for the behaviour of output and inflation. It is argued that the active view is more plausible, on both theoretical and empirical grounds. It is further suggested that, notwithstanding the effects of institutional change in the Canadian financial system on the stability of relationships involving the quantity of money, the active view implies the desirability of the Bank of Canada's paying more systematic attention than it now does to the behaviour of monetary aggregates, particularly narrow ones, in the design and implementation of monetary policy.


Abstract India–Japan defence ties that began less than a decade ago have witnessed unprecedented progress. Until recently they were dominated by military exercises, training and regular dialogues, but now they are entering a new and crucial phase as they embark on ambitious joint research on advanced technologies and development of systems which will have considerable implications for their strategic partnership as well as to Indo-Pacific security. It is imprudent to surmise that this is entirely due to China; rather, a variety of factors are contributing to the burgeoning defence relations. The strategy for consolidating defence links is to create institutional mechanisms at various levels and constantly scale-up cooperation.


Although there is little argument about the fact that climate change and the digitalisation of the economy are the two main trends that will matter most over the coming decades, to date they have predominantly been considered separately rather than together. The first step towards shaping our future is being able to think about it, however, and the compartmentalisation of research efforts (climate change on the one hand and digitalisation on the other) is unhelpful in this respect. Yet cross-cutting investigations present a challenge since the academic communities and social dynamics underlying both fields of research are entirely distinct. The aim of this Foresight Brief is therefore merely to initiate a debate by analysing the different versions of these two narratives. The author then examines the potential interrelation and ranking of these narratives and explores the emergence of digital and green capitalism and its consequences. The publication concludes by proposing a scenario involving a two-step approach to change.


This thesis investigates taking words from around citations to scientific papers in order to create an enhanced document representation for improved information retrieval. This method parallels how anchor text is commonly used in Web retrieval. In previous work, words from citing documents have been used as an alternative representation of the cited document but no previous experiment has combined them with a full-text document representation and measured effectiveness in a large scale evaluation. The contributions of this thesis are twofold: firstly, we present a novel document representation, along with experiments to measure its effect on retrieval effectiveness, and, secondly, we document the construction of a new, realistic test collection of scientific research papers, with references (in the bibliography) and their associated citations (in the running text of the paper) automatically annotated. Our experiments show that the citation-enhanced document representation increases retrieval effectiveness across a range of standard retrieval models and evaluation measures. In Chapter 2, we give the background to our work, discussing the various areas from which we draw together ideas: information retrieval, particularly link structure analysis and anchor text indexing, and bibliometrics, in particular citation analysis. We show that there is a close relatedness of ideas between these areas but that these ideas have not been fully explored experimentally. Chapter 3 discusses the test collection paradigm for evaluation of information retrieval systems and describes how and why we built our test collection. In Chapter 4, we introduce the ACL Anthology, the archive of computational linguistics papers that our test collection is centred around. The archive contains the most prominent publications since the beginning of the field in the early 1960s, consisting of one journal plus conferences and workshops, resulting in over 10,000 papers. Chapter 5 describes how the PDF papers are prepared for our experiments, including identification of references and citations in the papers, once converted to plain text, and extraction of citation information to an XML database. Chapter 6 presents our experiments: we show that adding citation terms to the full-text of the papers improves retrieval effectiveness by up to 7.4%, that weighting citation terms higher relative to paper terms increases the improvement and that varying the context from which citation terms are taken has a significant effect on retrieval effectiveness. Our main hypothesis that citation terms enhance a full-text representation of scientific papers is thus proven. There are some limitations to these experiments. The relevance judgements in our test collection are incomplete but we have experimentally verified that the test collection is, nevertheless, a useful evaluation tool. Using the Lemur toolkit constrained the method that we used to weight citation terms; we would like to experiment with a more realistic implementation of term weighting. Our experiments with different citation contexts did not conclude an optimal citation context; we would like to extend the scope of our investigation. Now that our test collection exists, we can address these issues in our experiments and leave the door open for more extensive experimentation.


INTRODUCTION (1) Over the past decade, countries from the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) have been working through the United Nations system to advance the problematic idea that there should be laws against the so-called "defamation of religions." (2) Although touted as a solution to the very real problems of religious persecution and discrimination, the OIC-sponsored U.N. resolutions on religious defamation instead provide justification for governments to restrict religious freedom and free expression. They also provide international legitimacy for existing national laws that punish blasphemy or otherwise ban criticism of a religion, which often have resulted in gross human rights violations. (3) These resolutions deviate sharply from universal human fights standards by seeking to protect religious institutions and interpretations, rather than individuals, and could help create a new international anti-blasphemy norm. Since 2008, support at the U.N. for these flawed resolutions has been declining. (4) In fact, in 2010 defamation of religions resolutions received the fewest yes votes and the most no votes ever cast on this issue in both the U.N. Human Rights Council and the U.N. General Assembly, coming within, respectively, four (5) and thirteen votes of defeat. (6) This trend is encouraging. The United States and other U.N. member states that make protecting individual human rights an important objective should now redouble their efforts finally to defeat the defamation of religions resolution at the March 2011 Human Rights Council session. In addition to seeking a new norm through these resolutions, OIC countries have argued in various U.N. contexts that existing international standards prohibiting advocacy of hatred and incitement already outlaw defamation of religions. (7) The provisions on which they rely--Article 20 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and Article 4 of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD)--provide only limited exceptions to the fundamental freedoms of expression and religion. (8) These provisions were intended to protect individuals from violence or discrimination, not to protect religious institutions or ideas from criticism. (9) They should not be expanded to cover alleged religiously defamatory speech. Such an expansion--which unfortunately may have gained support from new language on negative religious stereotyping and incitement in a fall 2009 U.N. Human Rights Council freedom of expression resolution--would undermine international human rights guarantees, including the free of thought, conscience, and religion. It would also undermine the institutions that protect universal human rights worldwide. I. ANALYSIS A. The Flawed Defamation of Religions Concept Since 1999, the OIC--a regional organization comprised of fifty-seven nations with Muslim majorities or significant Muslim populations--annually has sponsored resolutions in the U.N. Human Rights Council and its predecessor, the U.N. Commission on Human Rights, calling on U.N. member states to outlaw the so-called defamation of religions. (10) Similar resolutions have been adopted at the U.N. General Assembly each year since 2005. At the Human Rights Council in Geneva, Pakistan has led these efforts; at the General Assembly in New York, Egypt also has played a leading role. (11) The OIC has indicated that the goal of its efforts is the adoption of a binding international covenant against the defamation of religions. (12) Although these resolutions purport to seek protection for religions in general the only religion and religious adherents that are specifically mentioned are Islam and Muslims. (13) Aside from Islam, the resolutions do not specify which religions, other than Islam, would deserve protection, nor explain how or by whom such a determination would be made. (14) The resolutions also do not define religiously defamatory speech, or explain who has authority to make that determination. …


The effects of Sclerotinia stem rot, caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, on yield of soybean were evaluated in the field with two cultivars in maturity group 0. Plants were inoculated at two growth stages, R3 and R5, using two inoculation methods. Seed weight, seed and pod numbers, seed protein, and oil content were measured. The effects of disease on yield were variable. Disease resulted in significant seed weight loss, with reductions per diseased plant ranging from 18.8 to 38.6%. The estimated yield loss per 10% disease incidence ranged from 83.2 to 229.0 kg/ha, with an average loss of 136.6 kg/ha for four field experiments. A reduction in the number of seeds and pods per plant and seed oil content occurred in some, but not all, experiments. Seed protein was not affected. When disease reduced seed weight, seed and pod numbers, or oil content, there was no growth stage × treatment interaction in the experiments, indicating that inoculation at R5 compared with R3 had a similar effect on yield.


This dissertation explores Bayesian model selection and estimation in settings where the model space is too vast to rely on Markov Chain Monte Carlo for posterior calculation. First, we consider the problem of sparse multivariate linear regression, in which several correlated outcomes are simultaneously regressed onto a large set of covariates, where the goal is to estimate a sparse matrix of covariate effects and the sparse inverse covariance matrix of the residuals. We propose an Expectation-Conditional Maximization algorithm to target a single posterior mode. In simulation studies, we find that our algorithm outperforms other regularization competitors thanks to its adaptive Bayesian penalty mixing. In order to better quantify the posterior model uncertainty, we then describe a particle optimization procedure that targets several high-posterior probability models simultaneously. This procedure can be thought of as running several ``mutually aware'' mode-hunting trajectories that repel one another whenever they approach the same model. We demonstrate the utility of this method for fitting Gaussian mixture models and for identifying several promising partitions of spatiallyreferenced data. Using these identified partitions, we construct an approximation for posterior functionals that average out the uncertainty about the underlying partition. We find that our approximation has favorable estimation risk properties, which we study in greater detail in the context of partially exchangeable normal means. We conclude with several proposed refinements of our particle optimization strategy that encourage a wider exploration of the model space while still targeting high-posterior probability models. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Statistics First Advisor Edward I. George


TFEB suppresses oxidative stress and inflammation in endothelial cells to decrease atherosclerosis. Protected from atherosclerosis by TFEB Atherosclerosis, or the buildup of fatty plaques in blood vessels, can lead to high blood pressure and heart attacks. Lu et al. found that, in cultured endothelial cells, the transcription factor TFEB reduced oxidative stress and inflammation, two processes thought to contribute to the development of atherosclerosis. When fed a high-fat diet, mice that overexpressed TFEB in endothelial cells developed smaller atherosclerotic lesions than their control littermates on the same diet. Thus, treatments that enhance the activity of TFEB in endothelial cells could reduce the development of atherosclerosis. Furthermore, because the anti-inflammatory effect of TFEB in endothelial cells was independent of its role in autophagy, a process in which cells digest macromolecules and organelles, these results highlight new roles for this transcription factor. Transcription factor EB (TFEB) is a master regulator of autophagy and lysosome biogenesis. We investigated the function of TFEB in vascular biology and pathophysiology and demonstrated that TFEB in endothelial cells inhibited inflammation and reduced atherosclerosis development. Laminar shear stress, which protects against atherosclerosis, increased TFEB abundance in cultured primary human endothelial cells. Furthermore, TFEB overexpression in these cells was anti-inflammatory, whereas TFEB knockdown aggravated inflammation. The anti-inflammatory effect of TFEB was, at least, partially due to reduced oxidative stress because TFEB overexpression in endothelial cells decreased the concentrations of reactive oxygen species and increased the expression of the antioxidant genes HO1 (which encodes heme oxygenase 1) and SOD2 (which encodes superoxide dismutase 2). In addition, transgenic mice with endothelial cell–specific expression of TFEB exhibited reduced leukocyte recruitment to endothelial cells and decreased atherosclerosis development. Our study suggests that TFEB is a protective transcription factor against endothelial cell inflammation and a potential target for treating atherosclerosis and associated cardiovascular diseases.


In recent years, the performance-based approach to contracting for medical services has been gaining popularity across different healthcare delivery systems, both in the United States (under the name of "pay for performance") and abroad ("payment by results" in the United Kingdom). The goal of our research is to build a unified performance-based contracting (PBC) framework that incorporates patient access-to-care requirements and that explicitly accounts for the complex outpatient care dynamics facilitated by the use of an online appointment scheduling system. We address the optimal contracting problem in a principal–agent framework where a service purchaser (the principal) minimizes her cost of purchasing the services and achieves the performance target (a waiting-time target) while taking into account the response of the provider (the agent) to the contract terms. Given the incentives offered by the contract, the provider maximizes his payoff by allocating his outpatient service capacity among three patient groups: urgent patients, dedicated advance patients, and flexible advance patients. We model the appointment dynamics as that of an M/D/1 queue and analyze several contracting approaches under adverse selection (asymmetric information) and moral hazard (private actions) settings. Our results show that simple and popular schemes used in practice cannot implement the first-best solution and that the linear performance-based contract cannot implement the second-best solution. To overcome these limitations, we propose a threshold-penalty PBC approach and show that it coordinates the system for an arbitrary patient mix and that it achieves the second-best performance for the setting where all advance patients are dedicated.


Were rebel movements that adopted a Marxist ideological agenda different from those that did not? We find that a Marxist profile made a difference, both in civil wars featuring Marxist rebels (compared to those with non-Marxist ones), but also (and maybe more surprisingly) for nationalist or ethnic insurgents that adopted a Marxist political agenda, often known as national liberation movements. More specifically, we find that civil wars where insurgents sported a Marxist outlook were longer, more lethal, and more likely to end in a negotiated compromise, compared to non-Marxist ones. We also find that, for the most, civil wars featuring Marxist National Liberation movements resemble civil wars with Marxist non-ethnic rebels much closer compared to wars with non-Marxist ethnic rebels, i.e. ethnic civil wars. Theoretically, our findings call for both a rethinking of the role of Marxism in civil wars and of the category of "ethnic war." From a policy perspective, our findings provide a measure of optimism, insofar as the disappearance of Marxist ideology is associated with shorter and less severe conflicts, but also of pessimism given the demise of highly disciplined Marxist insurgents who were more likely to compromise (or perhaps stick by it) appears to lower the likelihood of negotiated agreements. More generally, our paper contributes to the historicization of the study of civil wars.


"Identity Tourism: Imaging and Imagining the Nation" examines the role of tourism in the construction of national identity. To imagine a nation, nationalists must construct a national story about their history and culture that defines them as a people, and counters the negative story circulated by their enemies. One of the objectives of this book is to identify the necessary historical and cultural components of a compelling national story. Yet, a story is of no use unless it is heard, so nationalists need media through which the national narrative can be told.The principal objective of this book is to show that identity tourism is a medium that can be used to tell the national story, both to group members and outsiders. As such, it is particularly useful in the construction of a sense of national identity. Identity tourism, which incorporates both ethnic and heritage tourism, includes museums, heritage centers, performances, and other attractions in which collective identities are represented, interpreted, and potentially constructed through the use of history and culture.One of the strengths of tourism is that it can convey a message to a broad, mass audience, and it can present that message in a vivid and lively way. A weakness of tourism is that vivid and lively presentations can degenerate into trivializing history, culture and politics to the point that any meaningful message is lost.Thus one of the main challenges in identity tourism is to balance educational goals against the entertainment imperatives of the medium. This book explores these and other issues using observational and interview data primarily from Wales, where nationalism, identity and tourism have long been heatedly contested. A comparative perspective is provided through the use of secondary case studies examining Native American tourism in the United States and Canada, and tourism in Brittany and South Africa.


Contemporary artist Mariko Mori (b. 1967) has transformed herself many times since her memorable debut onto the international art scene in the mid-1990s. Over the past two decades, Mori has made a significant shift in the focus of her work, moving away from self-obsessive motifs and performance pieces to a diametrically opposite approach of self-effacement. Her own image has disappeared from her Pop-oriented work, and her interest now inclines toward the prehistoric world in which everything existed in an amorphous state without text, religion, nation, or division between humankind and nature. Accompanying a major solo exhibition at Japan Society Gallery in New York, this fascinating book features over 35 immersive installations, sculptures, drawings (including many unpublished works), and videos produced by the artist between 2003 and 2012. It presents not only Mori's artistic evolution during the last decade, but also defines her current work relating to rebirth in an age of endangered environment and a lost connection between man and nature.


This essay proposes a set of non-econometric tests using data on wage structure, school resource costs, public expenditures, taxes, and rates of return to explain anomalies in which richer political units deliver less education than poorer ones. Both the anomalies of education history, and its less surprising contrasts, fit broad patterns that can be revealed and partially explained using low-tech methods. Over most of human history, contrasts in the output of education were driven mainly by contrasts in the supply of tax support for mass education. Exogenous influences on the demand for, and the private supply of, education played only lesser roles. Pro-growth public education could have emerged a century or two earlier than it did, had the leading countries of Western Europe mustered the political will to fund it. Government underinvestment in mass education is demonstrated for England and Wales between 1717 and 1891. Differences in political support still account for most of today's education anomalies where the contrasts involve less developed regions. In today's highest-income settings, however, differences in tax funding lose their previous explanatory power. The postwar shift away from strong effects of school resources calls for a renewed introduction of historical context into the "does money matter" debate.


Over the last four decades, the rise of the socio-political formation widely referred to as neoliberalism has seen a particular model of freedom – the freedom of free markets, property rights, and entrepreneurial self-ownership – gain prominence in a variety of ways around the globe. More recently, there has been a surge in critical activity around neoliberalism, which has led to the emergence of an increasingly settled understanding of its political, economic, and cultural mechanics. Most critiques, however, have proven reluctant to engage neoliberalism on the territory that it has conspicuously made its own: namely, freedom. This special collection aims to rethink, re-evaluate, and renovate the many meanings of freedom beyond its limited economic function in neoliberal theory and practice, and to imagine what freedom might look like in a world beyond neoliberalism. The introduction provides an overview of the current conjuncture, in which there is a growing realisation that neoliberal governance has failed to deliver on its promises of freedom. We argue that this realisation has made possible, and necessary, the exploration of new histories and new futures of freedom. The introduction concludes with a brief summary of the articles that comprise this special collection.


In March 2010, a New York federal district court granted summary judgment invalidating a number of biotechnology patents directed to the BRCA1 and BRCA2 human breast cancer genes. One of the most highly publicized patent disputes in recent memory, Association for Molecular Pathology (AMP) v. United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) and Myriad Genetics, Inc. pits patient care advocates against the patent-owning biotechnology industry. The Myriad decision is now under review by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. Neither the Federal Circuit (nor the U.S. Supreme Court, if it were to grant review) should prohibit the patenting of genetic material through judicial decision; such a drastic change in patent law requires due deliberation by Congress. Despite the critical importance to society of facilitating patient access to genetic testing, dismantling patent protection for this important technology is not the right approach; instead, modifying approaches to licensing gene patents is. This essay concludes that the district court's decision in Myriad should not stand. The essay also evaluates the recommendations of a Department of Health and Human Services Advisory Committee for facilitating access to patented genetic testing and offers a modification of the committee's proposed framework.


This year marks the 15thanniversary of the dialogue relationship between China and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), and is also the Year of China-ASEAN Friendly Cooperation. Under an agreement reached at the Ninth China-ASEAN Summit held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, in 2005, the two sides endorsed a list of commemorative activities to celebrate the anniversary, one of which is a summit in Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, on October 30, which will be attended by Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao and leaders of ASEAN member states. At that time, the Third China-ASEAN Expo and the China-ASEAN Business and Investment Summit will also be held in the city.


Purpose: Although most human cancers display a single histology, there are unusual cases where two or more distinct tissue types present within a primary tumor. One such example is metaplastic breast carcinoma, a rare but aggressive cancer with a heterogeneous histology, including squamous, chondroid, and spindle cells. Metaplastic carcinomas often contain an admixed conventional ductal invasive or in situ mammary carcinoma component, and are typically triple-negative for estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and HER-2 amplification/overexpression. An unanswered question is the origin of metaplastic breast cancers. While they may arise independently from their ductal components, their close juxtaposition favors a model that postulates a shared origin, either as two derivatives from the same primary cancer or one histology as an outgrowth of the other. Understanding the mechanism of development of these tumors may inform clinical decisions. Experimental Design: We performed exome sequencing for paired metaplastic and adjacent conventional invasive ductal carcinomas in 8 patients and created a pipeline to identify somatic variants and predict their functional impact, without having normal tissue. We then determined the genetic relationships between the histologically distinct compartments. Results: In each case, the tumor components have nearly identical landscapes of somatic mutation, implying that the differing histologies do not derive from genetic clonal divergence. Conclusions: A shared origin for tumors with differing histologies suggests that epigenetic or noncoding changes may mediate the metaplastic phenotype and that alternative therapeutic approaches, including epigenetic therapies, may be required for metaplastic breast cancers. Clin Cancer Res; 23(16); 4875–84. ©2017 AACR.


It is said that we are what we eat. It is advertised that vitamin supplements, of one kind or another, may invigorate us, our lives, and our health. Advertising has been so effective that in the year 2000, more than half of the adult population in the United States was taking dietary vitamin supplements.1 This review examines the evidence linking vitamin supplementation with the incidence and prevention of stroke.


Software that is incorporated into a medical device, or which is a standalone medical device in its own right, is of a safety critical nature and subject to regulation from various jurisdictions (principally the EU and the US). In order to satisfy jurisdictional regulations, developers of medical device software generally implement standards and guidance provided by international standards bodies and national administrative departments. However, the various standards and guidance documents are not developed as a single cohesive set but often as separate resources addressing distinct areas of concern. The result for medical device software developers is that integration of these various sources represents a challenging undertaking. The aim of this paper is to describe the integration of the several process models and regulatory standards, first, into a process reference model and then into a process assessment model for medical device software development. The focus is on the integration of regulatory standards from the medical device domain with generic software development process models, resulting in a unified best practice framework for medical device software development. The process reference model for medical device software development is going to be published this year as IEC TR 80002-3, and the process assessment model for medical device software development is currently being validated through pilot studies in medical device industry. This best practice framework will help small software developers in their adoption of regulations-compliant best practices while reducing the overhead associated with understanding the long list of regulations and standards they need to adhere to when developing software for medical devices. This framework will also help the manufacturers in selecting their software suppliers assuring that the suppliers have adopted the best practices and are compliant with the medical device standards and regulations.


As the significant role of the software platform in the smart phone is now propagating beyond the mobile industry, the software platform is evolving to provide unified multi-screen service facilities over different types of devices such as digital TV and Set-Top Box (STB). However, the application-specific hardware architectures impose difficulties for providing unified software platform for heterogeneous devices. This paper analyzes the differences between mobile and TV/STB System-On-Chip (SoC) architecture and proposes a unified hardware abstraction layer (HAL) to support integration of the software platform on different devices. For the evaluation and demonstration of the proposed design, the unified HAL is applied to the mobile Android platform to implement multi-screen services.


In Caught Between Jazz and Pop, I challenge the prevalent marginalization and malignment of smooth jazz in the standard jazz narrative. Furthermore, I question the assumption that smooth jazz is an unfortunate and unwelcomed evolutionary outcome of the jazz-fusion era. Instead, I argue that smooth jazz is a long-lived musical style that merits multi-disciplinary analyses of its origins, critical dialogues, performance practice, and reception. Chapter 1 begins with an examination of current misconceptions about the origins of smooth jazz. In many jazz histories, the origins of smooth jazz are defined as a product of the jazz-fusion era. I suggest that smooth jazz is a distinct jazz style that is not a direct outgrowth of any mainstream jazz style, but a hybrid of various popular and jazz styles. Chapters 2 through 4 contain eight case studies examining the performers of crossover jazz and smooth jazz. These performers have conceived and maintained distinct communicative connections between themselves and their audiences. In the following chapter, the unfair treatment of popular jazz styles is examined. Many early and influential jazz critics sought to elevate jazz to the status of art music by discrediting popular jazz styles. These critics used specific criteria and emphasized notions of anti-commerciality to support their theoretical positions. In Chapter 6, the studio recordings and live performances of smooth jazz are discussed. Critics frequently complain that most smooth jazz recordings feature glossy packaging and pristine studio editing, resulting in a too-perfect product. Although this aesthetic is the result of a unique series of interactions, recordings do not represent the complete musical nature of smooth jazz. Live performances contain important, but typically neglected aspects of smooth jazz. Live performances enable performers to extend solos, interact, and communicate directly to the audience. While recordings are a useful source for musical analysis, smooth jazz, like other styles of jazz, is an improvisatory music that utilizes multiple sites of production and cannot be accurately judged on recordings alone.


To assess the implementation of WHO guidelines for managing severely malnourished hospitalized children, a case-series study was performed with 117 children from 1 to 60 months of age. A checklist was prepared according to steps in the guidelines and applied to each patient at discharge, thus assessing the procedures adopted during hospitalization. Daily spreadsheets on food and liquid intake, clinical data, prescribed treatment, and laboratory results were also used. 36 steps were evaluated, 24 of which were followed correctly in more than 80% of cases; the proportion was 50 to 80% for seven steps and less than 50% for five steps. Monitoring that required frequent physician and nursing staff bedside presence was associated with difficulties. With some minor adjustments, the guidelines can be followed without great difficulty and without compromising the more important objective of reducing case-fatality.


In most experimental auctions, it is a common practice to carry out several bidding rounds for the same product and to post the winning price at the end of each round. This practice can lead to an affiliation of participants' bids and biased value estimates if bids between subjects are inter-dependent. In this paper, the effect of posted prices on bidders' willingness to pay for a good using a random nth price auction is examined. The auctioned good was one kilogram of the Protected Designation Origin (PDO) 'Mongeta del Ganxet Valles Maresme' white bean, stored in a cloth bag. In general, results indicate that bid affiliation is not an issue in the random nth price mechanism. However, consumers' experience of the auctioned product matters. Experienced subjects are positively influenced by high posted prices while inexperienced subjects tend to decrease their bids when the posted price is low. Interestingly, low posted prices do not influence bids of experienced subjects and high posted prices do not influence bids of inexperienced subjects.


George Evelyn Hutchinson, born on 13 January 1903 in Cambridge, is considered by many to be the father of modern ecology because he infused the science with theory that was anchored in natural history. When called the father of ecology in 1973 on receiving the very first Tyler Prize, he instantly demurred, saying that credit should go to Darwin and Charles Elton, and further that what he was really proud of was the string of wonderfully bright students who had studied with him. Nonetheless in many senses and to a major extent Hutchinson can be credited with transforming natural history into a science. He spent most of his professional years at Yale and returned to England in 1991 for the last months of his life.


Speech-based biometrics is one of the most effective ways for identity management and one of the
preferred methods by users and companies given its flexibility, speed and reduced cost. In speaker
recognition, the two most popular tasks are speaker identification (SI) and speaker verification (SV).
Commonly, SV exhibits greater practical applications related to SI, especially in access control and
identity management applications. Current state-of-the-art SV systems are known to be strongly
dependent on the condition of the speech material provided as input and can be affected by unexpected
variability presented during testing, such as environmental noise or changes in vocal effort.
In this thesis, SV using whispered speech is explored, as whispered speech is known to be a natural
speaking style that despite its reduced perceptibility, still contains relevant information regarding
the intended message (i.e., intelligibility), as well as the speaker identity and gender. However,
given the acoustic differences between whispered and normally-phonated speech, speech applications
trained on the latter but tested with the former exhibit unacceptable performance levels. Within
an automated speaker verification task, previous research has shown that i) conventional features
(e.g., mel-frequency cepstral coefficients, MFCCs) do not convey sufficient speaker discrimination
cues across the two vocal efforts, and ii) multi-style training, while improving the performance for
whispered speech, tends to deteriorate the performance for normal speech. Moreover, by exploring
the performance boundaries achievable with whispered speech for speaker verification, it was found
that the lack of sufficient data to train whispered speech speaker models is a major limiting factor.
As such, this thesis aims to address these three shortcomings and proposes i) innovative features
that are less sensitive to changes from normal to whispered speech, thus helping to reduce the mismatch
gap, ii) fusion strategies that improve accuracy for both normal and whispered speech, and
iii) machine learning principles that overcome the limited resources/data problem.
To properly address the task at hand, we first perform a comparative analysis among some
of the most common feature based approaches and training techniques reported in related fields
that have shown benefits in the mismatch problem induced by vocal effort variations, including
whispered speech. This allowed us to narrow down candidate solutions and strategies that could be
useful for whispered speech speaker verification after some careful fine tuning. Next, by combining
these insights, with those previously reported in the literature, as well as statistical analysis tools,
innovative features are proposed that provide not only invariant information across the two vocal
efforts, but also features that provide complementary information. Subsequently, in order to take
advantage of the complementary information extracted from the different feature representations,
we explore fusion schemes at different levels. When using a combination of normal and whispered
speech data during parameter estimation, improved multi vocal effort speaker verification is achieved
and relative improvements as high as 68% and 70% for normal and whispered speech, respectively,
could be seen relative to a baseline system based on MFCC features. When including whispered
speech during enrollment, further improvements are achieved for whispered speech without severely affecting performance for normal speech. These results show that the proposed strategies allow to
efficiently use the limited resources available, and achieve high performance levels for whispered
speech inline with performance obtained for normal speech.


Readiness is the prerequisite for the effective learning process among school students. Its absence can hinder the learning of the students and schooling as a whole. The purpose of this study is to examine the contributions of gender in learning readiness.  This study is based on the cross-sectional survey design and it employed purposive sampling to gather data from 400 students via questionnaire. Then, the data were analyzed employing both descriptive and parametric statistical measures, particularly independent sample t-test.  In the meantime, the researcher has incorporated the social capital theory for discussing the results. The derived result reveals that all dimensions (student, school, and family) elucidated the high level of learning readiness among students.  Likewise, gender makes significant contributions in learning readiness and its dimensions due to variation in the influences related to the existing social capitals among students.  Finally, it is wrapped up that without gender equality, the enhancement of learning readiness is not possible.


Numerous satisfaction studies have been conducted in both tourism and marketing which have examined various aspects of travelers and/or consumers. Quality of life satisfaction studies look beyond the types of satisfaction experiences that endure for only a short time to those that "spill over" into individuals' life domains thus enhancing their overall life satisfaction. Many research studies in the discipline of marketing have revealed that the overall quality of life of consumers may be affected by the marketing efforts of organizations for all of the marketing mix elements. Although it logically follows that the marketing endeavors of tourism organizations would likely have the same impact on their consumers (i.e., travelers), little research has been done to date to determine the validity of this premise. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of leisure tourism on the traveler's quality of life. A model and measurement instrument which help to explain the role of satisfaction with leisure tourism services and experiences in satisfaction with leisure life and overall life were designed for use in this study. The model was based on the hierarchy of life satisfaction model and speculated that overall life satisfaction is derived from satisfaction with the major life domains (e.g., leisure life). Lasting satisfaction or dissatisfaction experienced within the leisure life domain spills up vertically to the most superordinate domain (life in general), thus affecting the overall life satisfaction or dissatisfaction of the traveler. Both the model and the measurement instrument were validated, refined, and extended in this study. A survey of 815 consumers of travel/tourism services who reside in Southwest Virginia was conducted. Structural Equation Modeling (i.e., LISREL) analysis was performed to test the goodness of fit of the model. The results indicated a good model fit. That is, no revisions to the hypothesized model were needed, thus confirming the belief leisure travel does contribute to travelers' overall quality of life satisfaction. Additional analyses were conducted to test the moderating effects of personality type, length of stay, and type of trip on select relationships in the model. Differences of effects for some of the relationships in the model were identified for length of stay and type of trip, but not for the traveler's personality type. Among the key findings of this work are the establishment of those factors which contribute to the overall life satisfaction of travelers, the validation of a measurement instrument which could be used periodically by industry experts to gauge the "health" of the industry in its contribution to the overall life satisfaction of tourism consumers, and the revelation that the length of stay moderates several of the relationships in the model, thus suggesting differences in the way the various identified components influence the overall life satisfaction of short-term versus long-term visitors.


Abstract The success of fair trade labels for food products imported from the Global South has attracted interest from producers and activists in the Global North. Efforts are under way to develop domestic versions of fair trade in regions that include the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom. Fair trade, which is based on price premiums to support agricultural producers and workers in the Global South, has enjoyed tremendous sales growth in the past decade. Will consumers also pay a price premium to improve the conditions of those engaged in agriculture closer to home? To address this question, consumer willingness to pay for food embodying a living wage and safe working conditions for farmworkers was assessed with a national survey in the United States. The question format was a discrete choice (yes/no) response to one of four randomly selected price premiums, as applied to a hypothetical example of a pint of strawberries. Multilevel regression models indicated that respondents were willing to pay a median of 68% more for these criteria, with frequent organic consumers and those who consider the environment when making purchases most willing to pay higher amounts. Although the results should be interpreted with caution, given the well-known gap between expressed attitudes and actual behaviors, we conclude that there is a strong potential market opportunity for domestic fair trade.


Abstract Since the late 1980s, sci-fi fans and machinery aficionados in Japan have expressed their fascination with factories, projecting an imagination that sites of industrial facilities are simulacra of futuristic urban technoscape portrayed in Hollywood films. Although factory watching used to be an activity for a limited population, in the past decade organized factory night tours are becoming increasingly popular in Japan. This type of tour has expanded public interest in factories located on coastal industrial zones as a form of popular leisure-time activity. Widely known as kōjō moe ('factory infatuation'), fans have elevated plants to objects for aesthetic appreciation. This mutation of value corresponds to an emergence of metaphysical durability of social objects as theorized by Michael Thompson's (1979) Rubbish Theory. In the context of postwar Japan, those industrial factories have become, in Marilyn Ivy's (1995) term, a significant form of cultural industry that complements the absence of local identity. A second driving force of kōjō moe is the contemporary digital technology that has altered the viewer's experience of industrial factories. The circulation of digitally manipulated images provokes nostalgic sentiments and attracts the viewer to factory night tours. In the context of economic demise and gradual transition to postindustrial society, industrial factories represent the previous age of material grandeur. Alongside, kōjō moe has set forth long-lasting artistic values of them as cultural capital.


We report, for the first time, correlations between crystal structure, microstructure and magnetofunctional response in directionally solidified [110]-textured Fe83Ga17Erx (0 < x < 1.2) alloys. The morphology of the doped samples consists of columnar grains, mainly composed of a matrix phase and precipitates of a secondary phase deposited along the grain boundary region. An enhancement of more than ~275% from ~45 to 170 ppm is observed in the saturation magnetostriction value (λs) of Fe83Ga17Erx alloys with the introduction of small amounts of Er. Moreover, it was noted that the low field derivative of magnetostriction with respect to an applied magnetic field (i.e., dλs/dHapp for Happ up to 1000 Oe) increases by ~230% with Er doping (dλs/dHapp,FeGa= 0.045 ppm/Oe; dλs/dHapp,FeGaEr= 0.15 ppm/Oe). The enhanced magnetostrictive response of the Fe83Ga17Erx alloys is ascribed to an amalgamation of microstructural and electronic factors, namely: (i) improved grain orientation and local strain effects due to deposition of Er in the intergranular region; and (ii) strong local magnetocrystalline anisotropy, due to the highly anisotropic localized nature of the 4f electronic charge distribution of the Er atom. Overall, this work provides guidelines for further improving galfenol-based materials systems for diverse applications in the power and energy sector.


There is an active global debate on corporate governance. A few years ago, there was serious concern about whether US companies would be able to compete against the powerful corporate groupings supported by closely involved banks in the Far East. Now, following the collapse of the East Asian economies, and in particular Japan, 'shareholder value' oriented companies, operating in the stock market-dominated financial system of the US, are increasingly seen to be enjoying a competitive advantage over their foreign rivals. The corporate and financial systems of the Far East are currently believed to have resulted in serious misallocation of resources, while US companies and institutions have backed high tech, fast growth industries. In Europe, the main contrast is between UK and Continental European financial markets. Until recently, there was considerable concern that UK companies were disadvantaged by a preoccupation with short-term returns for shareholders while Continental European companies could enjoy longer term support from their banks and corporate allies. Now, the prevailing view is that Continental systems will have to adapt to market-oriented conditions and that lack of transparency, illiquidity of shares and poorly functioning financial markets have impeded the growth and restructuring of European industry. This is most clearly reflected in the immature state of the European venture capital industry. While the UK and US financial systems were until recently regarded as being seriously deficient in promoting corporate activity, they are now viewed as being in the vanguard of corporate development. This article will argue that this debate will bear crucially on the way in which financial markets will develop in Europe.


Purpose: Previous studies have observed cognitive inflexibility in depressed patients may be associated with suicide risk, gaps exist in knowledge of cognitive flexibility in different gradations of suicidal ideation (SI). This study examined whether cognitive flexibility differed between depressed patients with passive and active SI. Methods: Depressed patients currently experiencing a major depressive episode with either passive (n = 35) or active (n = 18) SI completed assessments of cognitive flexibility using perseverative errors of Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST-PE). Multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) for cognitive flexibility (WCST-PE) between active and passive SI patients after adjustment for gender, age, diagnostic composition, and depression severity. Results: Patients with active SI are associated with greater cognitive inflexibility compared to passive SI after adjusting for other covariates (OR: 1.26, 95% confidence interval: 1.01-1.58, p=0.04). Conclusions: This study found that patients with active SI are associated with greater cognitive inflexibility than those with passive SI, which can provide insight into improved prevention.


4-Methylmethcathione (4-MMC or mephedrone) is a prevalent drug of abuse globally. 4-MMC is often marketed as 'bath salts' and is readily available over the internet. The need for a rapid universal technique capable of detecting an extensive range of drug compounds has become increasingly important with the continued emergence of novel drug analogues. Desorption electrospray ionisation - mass spectrometry (DESI-MS) is a mass spectrometry technique that allows for the analysis of compounds directly from ambient surfaces, reducing or eliminating the need for sample preparation. Although 4-MMC has gained significant attention in recent years, the application of the DESI-MS technique to the fast presumptive detection and chemical analysis of this analogue has not been presented. In the present study, DESI-MS was applied to the rapid qualitative analysis of 4-MMC. A particularly suitable surface, semi-porous polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE, Teflon) was utilised, as it generated the least variable signal and reproducibility compared to other surfaces (polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC)). Selectivity of the technique to the detection of 4-MMC was evaluated by analysing a range of adulterated samples including mixtures containing caffeine, methylamphetamine, cathinone and paracetamol. Specificity based on tandem MS (MS/MS) was also demonstrated by analysing substances with the same molecular formula as 4-MMC. Accuracy (% RE) and precision (% RSD) of the method were found to be within 13% and 38%, respectively; and therefore the quantitative data provided by the DESI-MS method is limited compared to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS; accuracy < 13% and precision < 12%). The results suggest that DESI-MS can greatly aid in the rapid presumptive identification of 4-MMC and other similar novel drug analogues.


Students' spending and levels of debt have already been researched both within the marketing arena (e.g. Prince [1]; Palmer, Pinto and Parente [2]) and other disciplines - in particular, economic psychology (see, for example, Scott, Lewis and Lea [3]; Webley et al. [4]). This current research extends previous studies to include a broader sample of young people in the UK aged between 17 and 21 years, exploring how they spend their money and how they manage their finances. Findings from depth interviews and focus groups suggest that for all these participants there is recognition of the importance of structured financial planning and money management, but that in reality any such planning is via mental budgeting which may lead to over- and under-consumption patterns. This in turn may result in some younger consumers accruing significant and disorganised personal debt. For the providers of financial services, this presents opportunities to attract and educate new or switching customers, but at the same time, the reality that many younger consumers are setting themselves up for several years of extensive personal debt


The energy resources being scarce, their efficient utilization and over use remained a heated topic on International forums. The average energy consumption per person per annum is expected to cross the value of 2000 kilograms of energy/fuel resources figure. The gauged estimations are limited. There is no mechanism for regular checks on idle losses. The estimation/ predication of consumptions have been neglected for years, resulting in huge financial losses. In view of the arising problems, the paper proposes a model design based on Image Processing, Wireless Sensors Networks and Artificial Neural Networks. The model has low design cost and is ideal for miscellaneous gauged analog estimations in close-spaced industrial environments.


A sixth great mass extinction is ongoing due to the direct and indirect effects of human pressures. However, not all lineages are impacted equally. As humans, we frequently believe that we hold a unique place on Earth. Here, we show that our current impacts on the natural world risk to heighten that expectation. Evolutionary proximity to Homo sapiens emerges as a powerful predictor of extinction risk among mammals. Our analysis shows that the species most closely related to H. sapiens are exposed to a large variety of threat types and that they may also have greater intrinsic sensitivity to threats. Pruning back the tree of life around us will lead to our species being among those with the fewest close relatives. We will erase our evolutionary history, forcing its uniqueness. If no action is taken, we will lose crucial biodiversity for the preservation of Earth ecosystems, and a key reference to what makes us human.


Interview with former state senator, lieutenant governor, and governor of Texas (1950-57), Allan Shivers from Lufkin, Texas. The interview includes Shivers' observations on his career in the Texas Senate (1934-45), liquor control issue, pari-mutuel betting, lobbyists, oil politics, labor relations, comments about Governors James Allred and W. Lee O'Daniel, race for lieutenant governor in 1946, views on the operation of state government, education, Truman presidential race of 1948, tidelands oil, death of Governor Jester in 1949 and succession to governorship, gubernatorial election in 1950 and the Stevenson-Eisenhower campaign of 1952.


The enormous Nazi voting literature rarely builds on modern statistical or economic research. By adding these approaches, we find that the most widely accepted existing theories of this era cannot distinguish the Weimar elections from almost any others in any country. Via a retrospective voting account, we show that voters most hurt by the depression, and most likely to oppose the government, fall into separate groups with divergent interests. This explains why some turned to the Nazis and others turned away. The consequences of Hitler's election were extraordinary, but the voting behavior that led to it was not.


Most measurements of udder pressure are based on devices connected to the gland cistern via cannulas. These devices are either inserted in the teat canal or surgically implanted into the udder tissue. In this study, instead of invasively measuring intramammary udder pressure, we measured the udder firmness noninvasively on the udder surface via a dynamometer. These are commonly used in food research to determine crispiness and firmness of fruits. The objective of this study was to validate a hand-held dynamometer for measuring udder firmness in dairy cows. Specifically we set out to determine inter-investigator repeatability considering potential confounders such as investigator, location, and cow. Through modifications in the standard operating procedure for the measurements, inter-investigator repeatability increased from correlation coefficient=0.80 (n=275) to correlation coefficient=0.94 (n=634). Measurements in different locations within the left hind quarter revealed a firmness gradient from the upper to the lower measuring point. Measurements between the 4 quarters within a cow displayed differences, except between both hind quarters. In 94.8% of the udders, firmness decreased due to milking. The correlation coefficient, however, between firmness changes and milk yield was low (r=0.42, n=153). Our data provide evidence that the dynamometer, although imperfect, does provide a reasonable measure of udder firmness and can be a useful tool in research related to animal health and welfare. However, a standardized operating protocol should be followed to minimize confounding by investigator, location, and quarter.


Fin and tube heat exchangers are used widely in residential, commercial and industrial HVAC applications. Invariably, indoor and outdoor air contaminants foul these heat exchangers. This fouling can cause decreased capacity and efficiency of the HVAC equipment as well as indoor air quality problems related to microbiological growth. This paper describes laboratory studies to investigate the mechanisms that cause fouling. The laboratory experiments involve subjecting a 4.7 fins/cm (12 fins/inch) fin and tube heat exchanger to an air stream that contains monodisperse particles. Air velocities ranging from 1.5-5.2 m/s (295 ft/min-1024 ft/min) and particle sizes from 1--8.6 {micro}m are used. The measured fraction of particles that deposit as well as information about the location of the deposited material indicate that particles greater than about 1 {micro}m contribute to fouling. These experimental results are used to validate a scaling analysis that describes the relative importance of several deposition mechanisms including impaction, Brownian diffusion, turbophoresis, thermophoresis, diffusiophoresis, and gravitational settling. The analysis is extended to apply to different fin spacings and particle sizes typical of those found in indoor air.


ABSTRACT In the education sector, media outlets have been increasingly active in reporting on standardized testing. The purpose of this paper is to identify the most recurrent discursive frames used by the Norwegian regional and local press when informing their readers about national standardized testing, and to explore whether differences over time and across geographical localities exist in the pervasiveness of frames. Our analysis is guided by framing theory, and builds on a corpus of 3,046 articles that focus on national testing, published by 155 Norwegian regional and local newspapers between 2004 and 2018. The analysis identifies four different discursive frames within Norwegian press coverage, namely the frame of 'performance', 'transparency and empowerment', 'misinterpretation and misuse', and 'criticism'. The four frames convey highly distinct causal and normative beliefs and realities about national standardized testing. While the dominance of the frames varies over time and across Norwegian counties, the frame of 'performance' is increasingly pervasive, something that potentially contributes to naturalize performative-oriented reporting and competition in education. The study highlights the importance of systematic media analyses to identify circulating principle beliefs on education, and of not limiting research to national newspapers in order to grasp geographical variation in media coverage.


Dimensionality reduction is the process by which a set of data points in a higher dimensional space are mapped to a lower dimension while maintaining certain properties of these points relative to each other. One important property is the preservation of the three angles formed by a triangle consisting of three neighboring points in the high dimensional space. If this property is maintained for those same points in the lower dimensional embedding then the result is a conformal map. However, many of the commonly used nonlinear dimensionality reduction techniques, such as Locally Linear Embedding (LLE) or Laplacian Eigenmaps (LEM), do not produce conformal maps. Post-processing techniques formulated as instances of semi-definite programming (SDP) problems can be applied to the output of either LLE or LEM to produce a conformal map. However, the effectiveness of this approach is limited by the computational complexity of SDP solvers. This paper will propose an alternative post-processing algorithm that produces a conformal map but does not require a solution to a SDP problem and so is more computationally efficient thus allowing it to be applied to a wider selection of datasets. Using this alternative solution, the paper will also propose a new algorithm for 3D object classification. An interesting feature of the 3D classification algorithm is that it is invariant to the scale and the orientation of the surface.


Now more than ever, policy evaluation is an important component in addressing the world's economic crisis. Before it can do so, the discipline must adapt to changing economic and political environments. The contributors address a basic question: What impact do crises have on evaluation and how can evaluation contribute in times of turbulence? Examining the state of evaluation today, the volume's editors cover a broad range of topics, including post-hoc evaluation; shifting economic paradigms; the World Bank Group's response to the global economic crisis; challenges in evaluating financial literacy; evaluating counter-terrorism programmes; evaluation in the context of humanitarian crises; and why civil society organisations in sub-Saharan Africa matter in evaluating poverty interventions. The contributors explore the role of evaluation in the search for solutions to global instability. They recognise, however, that in order to address unprecedented crises, evaluation itself needs to be evaluated and updated as part of the process of change and reform. This volume is the latest in Transaction's well-respected Comparative Policy Evaluation series.


Warren Buffett, Bill Gates, and sixty-seven other billionaires have pledged to give a majority of their wealth for charitable purposes. The total dollar amount of potential funding for charitable activities is staggering. So is the potential loss of tax revenue. Because of past, current, and future tax benefits, U.S. taxpayers have funded and will fund a substantial portion of these charitable activities without any input in how the money is spent. These billionaires are not just being generous with their own money, but with the money of the American people.Should we allow tax benefits to subsidize charitable activities and allow donors to dictate how funds are spent? This Article seeks to contribute to the debate on the desirability of charitable tax deductions by focusing on a smaller part of the charitable tax world: charitable deductions for foreign assistance. Tax benefits for foreign assistance raise several of the same issues that arise in the purely domestic context, as well as issues that may be less important or absent in the subsidizing of domestic charitable activities.Recent scholarship has argued for continuing to allow tax benefits to foreign charitable activities, and for extending charitable tax benefits to foreign charities and to for-profit entities engaged in charitable activities. These arguments rest partly on the notion that there is no meaningful way to distinguish these activities or entities from domestic charities engaged in domestic charitable activities. These scholars may be right in arguing for consistent tax treatment for domestic and foreign charitable activity, but they may be wrong in their conclusions. The best approach may be to consider changes to the current charitable-deduction regime for both domestic and foreign charitable activities and to consider other alternatives for the government to provide financial support and other incentives for charitable activities.


This paper examines the strategies and theories involved in the creation of a virtual habitat; the island Syncretia located in the virtual world of Second Life®. The island is comprised of a series of narrative/play installations, which can also be considered as "artistic environments". Syncretia should be seen as an endeavor for providing a context for play, storytelling and metaphor; involving an examination of virtual geographies, cyberpsychology/Presence studies, ludology and their relationship to objets trouve or ready-made art/architectural objects which have been utilized to a substantial degree in the structuring of the visual/narrative language of Syncretia.


The body of scientific research corroborates that reducing energy consumption alongside other environmental impacts can help reduce climate change effects. Existing buildings are major contributors to energy consumption and carbon/GHG emissions. Even more so is the housing stock, and more specifically, the dwellings of some cultural value or heritage merit. In the case of historic dwellings, because of constraints imposed by their heritage value, improvements are not as easy as for the rest of the existing building stock. The UK must address retrofit measures in this sector as it inherits one of the oldest, most culturally-rich yet most poorlyperforming housing stocks in Europe. This paper sets out to elaborate on the methodology developed for a research project aimed at devising a framework for interventions in traditional listed dwellings to improve the environmental impact at reasonable cost, in order to shape a more future-proof heritage by providing decision support structures for stakeholders groups. The paper concentrates on the proposed mixed methodology, which is centred on a selection of C.19th case study dwellings in Brighton, South East of England. Following a critical literature review, secondary data collection and analysis, interviews/questionnaires, measured surveys, data logging, thermal imaging and energy simulations are proposed in order to investigate the current energy performance and the possible improvements to suggest responsive and cost-effective energy retrofits of the selected dwellings.


The effect of phenolic hydroxyl bearing naphthoxazines as catalysts for the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of simple 1,3-benzoxazines was investigated. The latent catalytic role of napthoxazines in the curing process of the mixtures was demonstrated by DSC and FT-IR investigations. It was found that phenolic naphthoxazines cause clear reduction in ROP temperature, particularly when electron-withdrawing groups are attached and an onset ROP temperature as low as 169 °C is attained. Thermal properties of the final polymers were also analyzed, and no significant effect of naphthoxazines on the thermal stability of the cured polybenzoxazines was observed.


The aim of the work was an analysis of frequency of consumption of basic dairy products and places of their purchase by examined consumers beetwen years 2006 and 2012. Research were carried out in 2006 on the test 1000 persons and in 2012 on the test 1100 consumers. The test had a character all-Polish, random and representative. The results showed a growth in the participation in the trade of dairy products by modern types of shops, mainly discounts, and a decrease in this participation of traditional groceries. Furthermore, research shows that the participation of persons consuming dairy products at all increased on average from about 17.2% (from 56.4% to 73.6%). However, frequency of consumption of these products depending on their kinds was subject to large differentiations between the examined years.


The paper reviews the arrival of Islam in Suriname in 1873 and subsequent Muslim participation in this plural society of many races and religions, Africans, Amerindians, Chinese Dutch, Indians, Indonesians, Hindus, Christians, and Jews. Muslims, who originated mainly from Hindustan (India) and from the Island of Java, Indonesia, have assimilated with ease in Suriname. This paper summarizes the social and political history of Surinamese Muslims in negotiating with the secular state to meet the needs of their community in their new homeland. The paper examines the intricate relationship of the Muslim community with the state and with other ethnic and religious groups, and highlights the triumphs and challenges they face in a plural society. An attempt is made to analyze Hindu/Muslim relations outside of the motherland, Hindustan (India), which has been characterized by mutual respect, and cooperation, but was sometimes antagonistic, mainly due to external factors such as the arrival of the Arya Samajis from North India who brought discriminatory practices. After a turbulent period, the relationship between the two communities today is cordial as the local Muslims and the state were keen to prevent communalism engulfing Suriname. Further, this paper exposes the schism that exists among the Islamic organizations in Suriname, and finally concludes that Islam has now become part of the social and political fabric of the country.


Metaprogramming is a powerful technique of software development, which allows to automate program generation. Applications of metaprogramming range from improving expressiveness of a programming language via deep embedding of domain-specific languages to boosting performance of produced code by providing programmer with finegrained control over compilation. In this report we introduce macros, facility that enables compile-time metaprogramming in the Scala programming language.


Pre-construction treatment of soft and weak deposits is necessary to ensure safety and stability of the building or infrastructure. A common treatment of such soft soils is the stabilization method, with cement and/ or lime addition to the soil to form stabilized column or platforms through mixing. This paper focuses on the 1-D compressibility characteristics of kaolin as base clay, admixed with cement as the binder and rubberchips as an additive. This approach in engineering application is also aimed at reducing the huge stockpile of the waste tyres and its potential impact on the environment. In the study, cylindrical stabilized clay specimens were prepared with various rubberchips contents and cement, and then aged for 28 days before being tested in an automated one-dimensional compressibility apparatus (i.e. Geocomp LoadTrac-II). Analysis was carried out by relating the effects of 0, 2 or 4 % cement as well as 0, 5, 10 and 15 % rubberchips addition to the base clay. The compressibility was found to decrease significantly with small quantities of cement-rubberchips addition, though the main contributor of strength came from the cement. Also, comparison of the gradient of the reloading curves for stress levels less than the preconsolidation stress and also beyond that stress is presented. The prediction of the yield stress or settlement with higher or lower cement or rubberchips content was also analyzed. Overall, the cement-rubberchips proved to effectively increase the1-D stiffness and therefore reduce the settlements.Keywords:


ESSENTIALS OF INTENTIONAL INTERVIEWING offers you and your students a shorter, more incisive version of the Iveys' best-selling INTENTIONAL INTERVIEWING AND COUNSELING-one in which every sentence and concept has undergone a thorough review to ensure both relevance and clarity for beginning helpers. This text is designed to be accessible to every student of the helping professions, with an active voice, a modular style that allows more flexibility, and a multicultural focus that reflects the diverse nature not only of your classroom, but of society today. And perhaps most importantly, the authors have retained their renowned Microskills model of teaching students vital interviewing skills step-by-step. Offer your students a text that truly meets their needs, with ESSENTIALS OF INTENTIONAL INTERVIEWING.


Substance abuse is, and has always been, an indisputable fact of life. People - especially young people - abuse various legal and illegal substances for any number of reasons: to intensify feelings, to achieve deeper consciousness, to escape reality, to self-medicate. And as substance-abusing teenagers mature, they pose particular challenges to the professionals charged with keeping them clean and sober and helping them maintain recovery into adulthood. Adolescent Substance Abuse: Evidence-Based Approaches to Prevention and Treatment offers clear, interdisciplinary guidance that grounds readers in the many contexts - developmental, genetic, social, and familial among them - crucial to creating effective interventions and prevention methods. Its contributors examine current findings regarding popularly used therapies, including psychopharmacology, residential treatment, school- and community-based programs, group homes, and specific forms of individual, family, and group therapy. Accessible to a wide professional audience, this volume: â?¢ Presents evidence-based support for the treatment decision-making process by identifying interventions that work, might work, and don't work. â?¢ Identifies individual traits associated with susceptibility to substance abuse and addiction in youth. â?¢ Provides a biogenetic model of the effects of drugs on the brain (and refines the concept of gateway drugs). â?¢ Evaluates the effectiveness of prevention programs in school and community settings. â?¢ Adds historical, spiritual, and legal perspectives on substance use and misuse. This volume is an all-in-one reference for counseling professionals and clinicians working with youth and families as well as program developers in state and local agencies and graduate students in counseling and prevention.


Symmetry detection is a promising approach for reducing the search tree of games. In General Game Playing (GGP), where any game is compactly represented by a set of rules in the Game Description Language (GDL), the state-of-the-art methods for symmetry detection rely on a rule graph associated with the GDL description of the game. Though such rule-based symmetry detection methods can be applied to various tree search algorithms, they cover only a limited number of symmetries which are apparent in the GDL description. In this paper, we develop an alternative approach to symmetry detection in stochastic games that exploits constraint programming techniques. The minimax optimization problem in a GDL game is cast as a stochastic constraint satisfaction problem (SCSP), which can be viewed as a sequence of one-stage SCSPs. Minimax symmetries are inferred according to the microstructure complement of these one-stage constraint networks. Based on a theoretical analysis of this approach, we experimentally show on various games that the recent stochastic constraint solver MAC-UCB, coupled with constraint-based symmetry detection, significantly outperforms the standard Monte Carlo Tree Search algorithms, coupled with rule-based symmetry detection. This constraint-driven approach is also validated by the excellent results obtained by our player during the last GGP competition.


CONTEXT
Newly available data show large differences in rates of unintended pregnancy across states. Because key policy and program decisions that could affect these rates are made by state governments, it is important to assess whether characteristics of the states are associated with this variation.

METHODS
Regression analysis was used to assess the relationship between the variation in state unintended pregnancy rates in 2006 and state-level aggregate measures of demographic composition, socioeconomic conditions, contraceptive use, and funding of and access to family planning services.

RESULTS
State unintended pregnancy rates were positively associated with the proportion of resident women who were black or Hispanic. However, these associations were almost entirely accounted for by differences in the age and marital status of women, the proportion without health insurance and the proportion receiving Medicaid. In addition, these last two measures were strongly associated with state unintended pregnancy rates after the other measures were controlled for: An increase in the proportion of women uninsured was associated with elevated unintended pregnancy rates, and an increase in the proportion receiving Medicaid coverage was associated with reduced rates.

CONCLUSIONS
State programs and policies should pay particular attention to increasing support for family planning services for minority groups. Findings also suggest that insurance coverage and receipt of Medicaid among women of reproductive age deserve further exploration as potentially important mechanisms for reducing state unintended pregnancy rates.


Background: Iron-deficiency anemia is the most common form of malnutrition, early intervention during adolescence (girls) can prevent high morbidity and mortality of these future mothers. Objectives: To study prevalence & factors contributing to anaemia among adolescent school girls. Material and Methods: Area or region addressed – Iron deficiency anemia in adolescent girls. Present study was conducted among 317 adolescent (10-19Yrs) government schoolgirls of Bhopal city from June2005-July2006. Three study groups were selected from three different girls' school by random sampling method. Statistical analysis was done with SPSS. Result & Conclusion: Overall prevalence was 58.4% among adolescent schoolgirls. Prevalence of anemia was dependent on the knowledge about prevention of anemia, literacy level, food habits, birth order & also frequency of Iron rich source viz. green leafy vegetable & non vegetarian diet. While there was no significant relation of anemia with duration of menstrual flow but there was significant (P<0.05) difference in number of anaemic cases with age at menarche i.e. with higher age at menarche; there was more chances of anemia. Level of anemia was higher (p<0.05) in early adolescent (10 -13 Years) age group (81%) as compared to middle (58.3%) and late adolescent (17-19 years) age group girls (48.7%).


Roman archaeology is in good shape, institutionally, financially, and in terms of the high quality of current research. Both fieldwork and publication have increased in quality in the last few decades and the discipline is better at disseminating information widely, albeit through fairly traditional media. The discipline is fortunate in the quality and commitment of its academic leaders and the energy and creativity of many other researchers, in universities, museums, and archaeological companies and units. The increase of activity has, however, led to a marked degree of specialization. The effects are more obvious in some national traditions than others. Anglophone scholars in particular have not produced the same works of analytical synthesis as have either their Hellenist colleagues or some of their European counterparts. The pressures leading to this situation are discussed. The prospect for Roman archaeology in the next few decades nevertheless looks very promising indeed.


A 28-year-old woman, with no previous skin disease but with Type I allergy to nuts, had not eaten banana since childhood or kiwi since the age of 13 because of tingling of the lips and tongue when eating them. She had been working in a sports shop for 8 years when she started to get tingling sensations on the lips and oral mucosa when near rubber objects. She noticed this for the first time when she was in a room where 60 rubber car tyres were stocked. During this period, she had had to be anaesthetized at her local hospital and, when a black rubber mask was placed over her mouth, she had immediately felt tightness of breath and was given systemic corticosteroids. At other times, she felt tingling sensations on the lips and oral mucosa when she had to go down to the basement of the shop where the proprietor kept new bicycles, when she accidentally bought a latex pacifier for her baby and when blowing up a balloon. At home, she had never worn rubber gloves. After 1.5 years of parental leave, she was due to return to work. By this time, the sports shop owner had stored all the new bicycles on the ground floor, the room in which the patient was to work. Because she feared anaphylaxis on return to work, she underwent medical investigation at the local hospital with latex prick tests, using a commercial allergen (Soluprick, ALK Abelló, Hörsholm, Denmark), radioallergosorbent test (RAST) (Pharmacia Diagnostics, Uppsala, Sweden) for latex, and patch testing with the Swedish standard series supplemented with a piece of latex glove, without latex Type I or IV allergy being detected. There was, however, erythema with pruritus, the size of a palm, on the back under the piece of latex glove when this was removed after 2 days. She was referred to us for further investigation, when patch testing with our standard series and a rubber additives series including several accelerators, and a series of immediate tests including prick tests (Stallergènes S.A., Antony, France) and scratch tests with latex and extracts of rubber products were performed. Tests were performed on 2 occasions within a month. Patch tests were all negative and the results of the immediate tests are summarized in Tables 1 and 2. Despite several negative prick tests to commercial latex allergens, the patient gave an immediate reaction to a prick test with an aqueous extract of a rubber tyre from the sports shop. Surrounding erythema was 10 cm in diameter and infringed on the other tests, making us repeat testing on another part of the arm, but even then the erythematous macules around the aqueous extract were close to the ethanol test. 45min after an oral antihistamine, cetirizine 10mg (Zyrlex, UCB, Malmö, Sweden), a 4th prick test with the aqueous extract of the rubber tyre gave a negative reaction where the prick was placed, though to the left of this area erythema was seen (Fig. 1). Throughout testing, the patient was symptomless from the lips, oral mucosa and respiratory system. 22 controls were prick tested with the aqueous extract from the rubber tyre with negative results. 3 patients previously shown to be Type I allergic to latex by prick tests with commercial allergen went through the same procedure with negative results. Serum from the patient and a piece of the rubber tyre to which the patient had reacted were sent to the Allergen Laboratory, Skin and Allergy Hospital, Helsinki, Finland, for immunospot analysis and latex RAST inhibition test. Results were negative for both. The patient declined to return to the shop and found other work in an office, where she remained well. 2 years after her 1st visit to us, she returned for additional immediate tests, including closed, scratch chamber and prick tests to some rubber additives, viz. black rubber mix, thiuram mix, tetramethylthiuram disulfide, tetramethylthiuram monosulfide, zinc diethyldithiocarbamate, zinc dibutyldithiocarbamate, diphenylguanidine and mercaptobenzothiazole. All these tests were negative. A prick test with banana on the arm was also negative after 20min, as was a provocation test with banana held inside the lower lip for 20min. The patient told us that she had been symptomless since her last visit to us.


BACKGROUND
We evaluated the efficacy and safety of oral posaconazole for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected subjects with oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC) and/or esophageal candidiasis (EC) who were clinically refractory to treatment with oral fluconazole or itraconazole.

METHODS
Subjects with confirmed OPC or EC who did not improve after receiving standard courses of fluconazole or itraconazole treatment were eligible for study enrollment. Subjects received either oral posaconazole (400 mg twice daily) for 3 days followed by oral posaconazole (400 mg once daily) for 25 days (regimen A; 103 patients) or oral posaconazole (400 mg twice daily) for 28 days (regimen B; 96 patients). The primary end point was cure or improvement after 28 days. Primary efficacy analyses were performed on the subset of treated subjects with refractory disease (e.g., baseline culture positive for fluconazole- or itraconazole-resistant Candida species or persistent or progressive clinical signs or symptoms consistent with treatment failure).

RESULTS
Of the modified intent-to-treat population, 132 (75%) of 176 subjects achieved a clinical response to posaconazole treatment. Clinical response rates were similar between regimen A recipients (75.3%) and regimen B recipients (74.7%). Clinical responses occurred in 67 (73%) of 92 subjects with baseline isolates resistant to fluconazole, 49 (74%) of 66 subjects with baseline isolates resistant to itraconazole, and 42 (74%) of 57 subjects with isolates resistant to both. Clinical response was achieved in 32 (74.4%) of 43 subjects with endoscopically documented EC. The most common treatment-related adverse events were diarrhea (11%), neutropenia (7%), flatulence (6%), and nausea (6%). Eight subjects (4%) discontinued therapy as a result of a treatment-related adverse event.

CONCLUSIONS
Posaconazole offers a safe and effective treatment option for HIV-infected subjects with azole-refractory OPC and/or EC.