Recent investigations demonstrated that porosification of LTCC enables a local modification of material properties, in particular of the effective permittivity. These studies revealed that the electric field strength is highest at the lower conductor track edges on the porosified substrate. The local field strength peaks cause substantial influence on the effectiveness of permittivity reduction due near-surface material abrasions. In this paper, the influences of these randomly fringed boundaries on electromagnetic properties are investigated for different degrees of fraying. The gained results are compared to measured screen print edges by scanning electron microscope image analysis of co-fired and post-fired gold conductors, and will contribute for reliable circuit design on porous LTCC in the future.


Navigating the current e-book market is no small feat and has librarians confused, frustrated, infuriated, discouraged, and in some cases ready to throw in the towel. Yet librarians still need to provide patrons, including teens, with the same resources they did prior to the e-book craze, and potentially provide access to richer resources made possible through technological advances. Why Is It Such a Challenge? These are uncharted waters for all of the players in the e-book ecosystem. Publishers are reinventing publishing for the digital world; libraries have to rethink their traditional models of service. Distributors and authors are also carving out different niches. Each player has a tremendous amount at stake, and with new twists occurring sometimes daily, it's understandable that we all want to hold onto the familiar territory of the traditional print world. (Un)fortunately, this is not an option as e-books find their way into more and more readers' hands. The e-book environment is in seemingly constant flux as publishers test new business models, self-publishing becomes a true contender in the book world, and competing vendors vie for the largest e-book catalog. Because of the rapid and sometimes surprising changes, librarians have found themselves in an uncomfortably reactive state rather than as a force that can help shape the e-book market--at least as it pertains to libraries. Why Should We Care? Librarians must get reading materials into the hands of their patrons. We want to support a nation of readers, and we strongly believe that our patrons should have access to the reading materials they want regardless of content or format. We want to connect readers to authors. The library is a place for discovering new authors and experimenting with new genres. If our patrons want to read a book in print, that's fine. If they prefer a digital format, that's fine, too. However, for the young adult reader looking for one of the the House of Night series or the Hunger Games series in digital form, the librarian has to say, "Sorry, we don't have that here." According to a recent Pew Internet Project report, "Younger Americans' Reading and Library Habits," high school students aged sixteen and seventeen are the most reliant on the library for reading materials and more likely than other age groups to be interested in checking out preloaded e-readers from the library. (1) To continue to support the reading habits of young adults, it behooves librarians to be a strong voice for their young patrons and provide fair library access to e-books. It is a conundrum that many patrons are not aware they can get their e-book fix at the library; most libraries offer e-books, and many have plans to increase their e-book offerings. Though libraries do have some e-books, a number of factors do not make it easy for the patron to borrow them. Between complete unavailability--the library can't get it--to costs that prevent the library from purchasing a title or purchasing enough e-books so there is not a 100-person waitlist, to difficulty in actually finding and downloading a title, librarians have much work ahead. In this climate of uncertainty and volatility, librarians must articulate their needs in providing services and the value they bring to publishers, distributors, authors, and readers, as well as funders and taxpayers. Change and controversy are also a time of opportunity. Librarians must take advantage of the current volatility and shape the unknown into models that work for libraries. Furthermore, in an age of constant budget cuts, if libraries don't keep up with current demands, they risk being seen as irrelevant or out of touch with user needs. Looking into the future of e-books and digital content, we are in the nascent stages of what could be possible through technology, such as enhanced or interactive e-books. Libraries need to take charge now and in the coming years as e-books become more and more advanced, sophisticated, and integrated with other information services. …


As prison populations increase in Australia and worldwide, Corrections Criminology is a timely stocktake of what we know about corrections. The book encompasses corrections in the community as well as private and public prisons, and is written by leading academics and senior practitioners.

The book covers seven main themes:
Trends in Correctional Populations (in Australia and worldwide)
The Objectives, Standards and Efficacy of Imprisonment, including key issues such as accountability, treatment of prisoners, security and privatisation
Special Prison Populations, such as Indigenous, female and ageing prisoners
Prisoner Health, including mental health and strategies for minimising self-harm
Rehabilitation and Reparation, including consideration of "what works?" and post-release support
Correctional Officers, particularly considering the changing career of corrections staff and
Future Directions in corrections.


Spurred by the federal Race to the Top competition, the state of Tennessee implemented a comprehensive statewide educator evaluation system in 2011. The new system is designed to increase the rigor of evaluations and better differentiate teachers based on performance. The use of more differentiated ratings represents a significant shift in education policy. We merge teacher performance evaluations from the new system with data from post-evaluation teacher surveys to examine the effects of the differentiated ratings on job satisfaction for teachers. Using a regression-discontinuity design, we show that higher ratings under the new system causally improve teachers' perceptions of work relative to lower ratings. Our findings offer the first causal evidence of which we are aware on the relationship between performance ratings and job satisfaction for individual teachers.


The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of plant extracts and fungal antagonists in managing pests and diseases of tomato under field conditions. The extracts and the antagonists were evaluated for efficacy against synthetic pesticides under field conditions. Plant extracts reduced the population of whiteflies and Tutaabsoluta by 63% and 55%, respectively. Plant extracts and antagonistic fungi reduced the intensity of early blight by 34% and 23% respectively; and late blight levels by 53% and 70% respectively. The plant extracts reduced pest and disease damage on fruits by up to 40% and 65% respectively. Effectiveness of plant extracts and the antagonistic fungi compared favourably with that of the synthetic pesticides. The results showed that plant extracts and antagonistic fungi from natural environments can be incorporated in integrated pest and disease management in tomato and can help reduce overuse of synthetic pesticides.


Objective – To describe the self-perceived role of librarians in developing evidence based medicine (EBM) curricula and identify their current and desired level of training to support these activities.

Design – Multi-institutional qualitative study.

Setting – Nine medical schools in Canada and the United States of America.

Subjects – Nine librarians identified by medical school faculty as central to the provision of EBM training for medical students at their institution.

Methods – The researchers designed a semi-structured interview schedule based on a review of the literature and their own experiences as librarians teaching EBM. The topics covered were; librarians' perceptions of their roles in relation to the curriculum, the training required to enable them to undertake these roles, and their professional development needs. The interviews were conducted by telephone and then audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. The authors present five main themes; curricular design, curricular deployment, curricular assessment, educational training, and professional development. Profiles were developed for each participant based on the latter two themes and from this information common characteristics were identified.

Main Results – The participants described the importance of collaboration with faculty and student bodies when designing a curriculum. Information literacy instruction and specifically literature searching and forming a research question were taught by all of the participants to facilitate curricular deployment. Some of the librarians were involved or partly involved in curricular assessment activities such as formulating exam questions or providing feedback on assignments. Educational training of participants varied from informal observation to formal workshops offered by higher education institutions. All librarians indicated a willingness to partake in professional development focused on teaching and EBM.

The subjects' perceptions of their roles are supported by Dorsch and Perry's themes of the librarian's role in curricular design, deployment, and assessment. The educational training received by participants included formal training and experiential and self-directed learning activities.

Finally, the librarians identified their professional development needs going forward. The majority of participants indicated that they would like to attend workshops run by universities or the Medical Library Association. Others wanted to invite and host guest speakers at their own institutions. Librarians identified financial restraints and geographic location as barriers to attending professional development events.

Conclusion – Librarians can be actively involved in the delivery of EBM instruction in medical schools. However, they require additional educational opportunities to enable them to develop in this role. Online training could be a viable option for self-directed learning to overcome financial and geographic constraints.


Publication Date 10-1-1981 Abstract Numerous children's books are available to enhance language growth and to develop reading and writing skills. These books can be coordinated with basal reader programs and are appropriate for use with both small and large groups and with individual students. We will discuss ideas in these categories: multiple meanings, skills reinforcement, repetition of sounds, patterned language, and interest in words. A number of the recommended books, however, are representative of more than one area. A bibliography, by category, is included at the end of this article. Recommended Citation Hawkins Wendelin, K. (1981). Using Children's Books to Develop Reading Skills. Reading Horizons, 22 (1). Retrieved from https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/reading_horizons/vol22/iss1/3  Download


In this policy brief, we use the case of California's Local Control Funding Formula (LCFF) to provide policy makers and educators guidance on how to involve the public in goal setting and resource distribution decisions. We provide clarity around who is and is not participating, why, and what broader lessons we can draw for implementing federal and state education policies mandating public engagement. Our findings indicate tremendous room for improvement. LCFF's target populations (e.g., low-income, English learners) are not more likely to be aware of or participate in decisions than nontargeted groups, which suggests weak accountability for the use of public funds by the policy's target populations. Although LCFF has defined a broad set of stakeholders, only a narrow segment of the public (i.e., individuals with stronger ties to and positive views of schools) is aware of and engaging with the policy. Finally, we find a substantial gap between actual participation in LCFF and interest in participation, which may relate to a lack of self-efficacy, time, trust, perceived appropriateness, and information. As states and districts respond to mandates for engagement, these results suggest the need for greater investments in: (1) communication, (2) targeting a range of stakeholders, and (3) capacity building.


Abstract Transitional justice and security sector reform are critical in post-conflict settings, particularly regarding the reform of judicial systems, intelligence services, police, correctional systems, the military, and addressing systemic massive human rights abuses committed by individuals representing these institutions. Accordingly, the relationship between security sector reform and transitional justice mechanisms, such as vetting, the representation of ethnic minorities in key institutions, the resettlement and reintegration of the former combatants deserve special attention from scholars. This article presents a comparative analysis of the reform of police and security forces in Kosovo, and explores the causes of different outcomes of these two processes.


Background: The current procedures and guidelines for testing medical devices require that conservative testing be carried-out using the "worst-case" device or device configuration for each interaction (force, torque, heating, et cetera) of importance, and the results of those tests be used to inform regulatory labeling for that device. One of the most difficult elements of carrying out the above procedure is the determination of what represents a "worst-case" device or device configuration. A simulation "pipeline" would enable a systematic procedure for identification of the worst-case device or device configuration for magnetic force from an otherwise impossibly large set of options. Methods: Using a combination of computational and analytic methods, a comprehensive capacity to simulate and predict the static magnetic field interactions, specifically magnetic force, experienced by any medical device in any MRI-relevant environment is developed. This computational model is validated through comparison to derived analytic solutions and experimental testing performed in accordance to ASTM F2052-15. Results: Through analytic validation, it is found that the computational model of magnetic force is ideal for use on materials with magnetic susceptibility less than 10 ppm, such as medical implant-grade metals. Experimentally, the computational model of force correctly predicted the force on two steels of magnetic susceptibility <10 ppm within less than 1% difference than the current testing procedure. Conclusion: The computational model of force is recommended for use in medical device testing applications as a way to identify what represents a "worst-case" device or device configuration.


When legal ethics developed as an academic discipline in the mid-1970s, its theoretical roots were in moral philosophy. The early theorists in legal ethics were moral philosophers by training, and they explored legal ethics as a branch of moral philosophy. From the vantage point of moral philosophy, lawyers' professional duties comprised a system of moral duties that governed lawyers in their professional lives, a "role-morality" for lawyers that competed with ordinary moral duties. In defining this "role-morality," the moral philosophers accepted the premise that "good lawyers" are professionally obligated to pursue the interests of their clients all the way to the arguable limits of the law, even when doing so would harm third persons or undermine the public good. More recent scholarship in legal ethics has rejected the moral philosophers' premise that lawyers' ethical duties demand instrumentalist partisan interpretation of the "bounds of the law." In what I call the "jurisprudential turn" in legal ethics, legal scholars are now increasingly looking to jurisprudential and political theory to explore the interpretive stance that it is appropriate for lawyers to take with respect to the "bounds of the law" that limit their partisan advocacy. Just as jurisprudential theories of adjudication ground judges' duties of legal interpretation in the role of judges in a democratic society, jurisprudential theories of lawyering ground lawyers' interpretive duties in analysis of the role lawyers play in a democratic system of government. This Article critically examines the emerging uses of jurisprudential theory in legal ethics. It argues that jurisprudential theory presents an attractive alternative to moral theory in legal ethics because it provides a rubric for limiting lawyers' no-holds-barred partisan manipulation of law that springs directly from the lawyer's professional duties rather than competing with them. It critiques the two major schools of thought in the "jurisprudence of lawyering" based on Dworkian and positivist jurisprudence. And it questions the common framework within each jurisprudential school, which assigns lawyers a role as case-by-case lawmakers, suggesting that this framework imposes an inappropriately lawyer-centered focus on assessments of the legitimacy of law that more properly belong to clients.


We present an architectural approach based on parallel data streaming to enable visualizations on a parallel cluster. Our approach requires less memory than other visualizations while achieving high code reuse. We implemented our architecture within the Visualization Toolkit (VTK). It includes specific additions to support message passing interfaces (MPIs); memory limit-based streaming of both implicit and explicit topologies; translation of streaming requests between topologies; and passing data and pipeline control between shared, distributed, and mixed memory configurations. The architecture directly supports both sort-first and sort-last parallel rendering.


Argumentation Mining addresses the challenging tasks of identifying boundaries of argumentative text fragments and extracting their relationships. Fully automated solutions do not reach satisfactory accuracy due to their insufficient incorporation of semantics and domain knowledge. Therefore, experts currently rely on time-consuming manual annotations. In this paper, we present a visual analytics system that augments the manual annotation process by automatically suggesting which text fragments to annotate next. The accuracy of those suggestions is improved over time by incorporating linguistic knowledge and language modeling to learn a measure of argument similarity from user interactions. Based on a long-term collaboration with domain experts, we identify and model five high-level analysis tasks. We enable close reading and note-taking, annotation of arguments, argument reconstruction, extraction of argument relations, and exploration of argument graphs. To avoid context switches, we transition between all views through seamless morphing, visually anchoring all text- and graph-based layers. We evaluate our system with a two-stage expert user study based on a corpus of presidential debates. The results show that experts prefer our system over existing solutions due to the speedup provided by the automatic suggestions and the tight integration between text and graph views.


This dissertation explores business interaction with peace and conflict in Central Africa. In the past few decades, the role of business in fueling conflict has received much attention from academics and practitioners. More recently, the debate on the role of business in conflict has broadened to include attention for the ways in which companies can help contribute to peace. To shed light on this topic, this dissertation looks at how different types of international companies perceive the opportunities and the challenges of doing business in conflict-affected areas in Central Africa. It also examines whether and how international companies participate in multistakeholder partnerships to help further peace and reconciliation. The findings indicate that companies are more inclined to report on their economic and social impacts than on conflict-related issues and that CSR activities in Central Africa are rather generic. The findings also suggest that hybrid organizational forms, which combine a social mission with commercial activities, seem well suited to tackle issues found in (post-)conflict settings because they have a clear social agenda embedded in their organizational objectives, they are keen to engage positively with all stakeholders, they promote a sense of togetherness, and they are directly involved in development work at community level. The findings also suggest that transformative partnerships that have a high level of community participation, take into consideration issues directly related to conflicts such as ethnic divides, community-government relations, artisanal mining, and transparency, or tackle root causes of conflicts are more likely to contribute to peace and reconciliation.


Seismic acquisition and processing for imaging the subsurface is an important workflow in the petroleum industry. Complex geological settings such as tectonic thrust belts are a major challenge. The Sierra de Reyes 3D (SR3D) seismic survey in western Argentina is an example of where rough terrain land acquisition is combined with complex structural geology.
These two problems have to be solved concurrently during the depth imaging steps. The SR3D land seismic project (270 km2) is located in the SE part of the Ranquil Norte concession (Neuquen Basin, Figure 1). The area lies in the Southern Central Andes, in the external Malargue fold and thrust belt (FTB). The FTB is characterized by the coexistence of thick and thin skin thrusting. This compressive regime has produced the structural traps of several main oil and gas fields of the northern Neuquen Basin. The further exploration of this hydrocarbon play has driven the development of the SR3D project (Figure 2).


Purpose of this study was to check the significance of nutritional component (Vitamins, Protein, Iron, Calcium, Magnesium, and Phosphorous) in myopic and non myopic students. The study was conducted in the month of October 2008. This cross sectional study included 200 students. Visual acuity of all 200 students were recorded and questionnaire of all myopic and non myopic students was filled excluding students with other refractive errors and eye problems. Out of total 200 students included in study 105(52.5%) were male and 95(47.5%) were female.One hundred and nineteen,119, (59.5%) students were non-myopic and 81(40.5%) were myopes. Six nutritional components (calcium, protein, vitamin, iron, phosphorus and magnesium) were studied to check their significance in myopic and non- myopic students. Deficiency of protein, iron and phosphorous has significant association with myopia whereas that of vitamin, calcium and magnesium showed no significant association. Myopia has significant association with diet poor in iron, protein and phosphorus. There was no or little significant association of calcium, magnesium and vitamin with myopia.


A considerable percentage of morbidity and mortality after oesophagectomy is due to leakage of oesophagogastrostomy, which is mainly caused by ischaemia of the gastric tube. Therefore, we performed laparoscopic real-time vessel navigation (LRTVN) using indocyanine green fluorescence (ICG) during laparoscopy-assisted gastric tube reconstruction (LAGR) to evaluate gastric tube blood flow and avoid vascular injury. This study included five oesophageal cancer patients who underwent video-assisted thoracoscopic oesophagectomy and LAGR. We confirmed the presence of the left gastroepiploic artery (LGEA) in all cases, and no findings such as post-operative gastric tube ischaemia were observed. In all cases, no vascular injury was observed, and the vascularization of LGEA was confirmed. This report is the first to consider the usefulness of LRTVN using ICG during LAGR. LRTVN using ICG during LAGR was considered to be useful for evaluating gastric tube blood flow and avoiding vascular injury around the splenic hiatus.


Introduction: Children of divorce are exposed to numerous psychological problems because of negative experience of parental divorce, thus they are in need of psychological empowerment and increasing their resilience through different treatment methods including narrative therapy. Aim: The purpose was an investigation of the effectiveness of group narrative therapy on adjustment with parental divorce, resiliency and emotional-behavioral problems of divorced parent's girls in Isfahan elementary schools. Materials and Methods: The research procedure was quasi-experimental design with pretest, post-test and control group. The statistical population consisted of all the girls between 7 to 12 years old whose parents were divorce and they were studied in Isfahan elementary schools. 24 girls of divorce that had entrance criteria were selected through availability and assigned into experimental and control groups randomly. Materials were included of The Divorce Adjustment Inventory-Revised Scale, Social Emotional Assets and Resiliency Scale and Child Behavior Checklist. The subjects of experimental group were exposed to group narrative therapy in nine sessions (one 90 minutes session per week). Data analyzed with covariance analysis. Results: Group narrative therapy had significantly affected on the girls' adjustment with parental divorce, resiliency and emotional-behavioral problems (p<0.05). Conclusion: Group narrative therapy is an effective approach which could reduce children's negative feelings and beliefs towards their parental divorce and their emotional-behavioral problems. This type of treatment also could increase children's positive feelings and attitudes towards their parents, their resiliency and it finally lead to increase the girls' adjustment with


Synaesthesia is an unusual phenomenon, in which additional sensory perceptions are triggered by apparently unrelated sensory or conceptual stimuli. The main foci of this thesis lie in speech sound - colour and voice-induced synaesthesia. While grapheme-colour synaesthesia has been intensively researched, few studies have approached types of synaesthesia based on vocal inducers with detailed acoustic-phonetic and colorimetric analyses. This approach is taken here.

First, a thorough examination of speech-sound - colour synaesthesia was conducted. An experiment is reported that tested to what extent vowel acoustics influence colour associations for synaesthetes and non-synaesthetes. Systematic association patterns between vowel formants and colour measures could be found in general, but most strongly in synaesthetes. Synaesthetes also showed a more consistent pattern of vowel-colour associations. The issue of whether or not speech-sound - colour synaesthesia is a discrete type of synaesthesia independent of grapheme-colour synaesthesia is discussed, and how these might influence each other. Then, two experiments are introduced to explore voice-induced synaesthesia. First, a comprehensive voice description task was conducted with voice synaesthetes, phoneticians and controls to investigate their verbal voice quality descriptions and the colour and texture associations that they have with voices. Qualitative analyses provided data about the nature of associations by the participant groups, while quantitative analyses revealed that for all groups, acoustic parameters such as pitch, pitch range, vowel formants and other spectral properties influenced colour and texture associations in a systematic way. Above all, a strong connection was found between these measures and luminance. Finally, voice-induced synaesthetes, other synaesthetes and controls participated in a voice line-up, of the kind used in forensic phonetic case work. This experiment, motivated by previous findings of memory advantages in synaesthetes in certain areas, tested whether synaesthetes' voice memory is influenced by their condition. While no difference in performance was found between groups when using normal speech, voice-induced synaesthetes outperformed others in identifying a whispering speaker.

These are the first group studies on the otherwise under-researched type of voice-induced synaesthesia, with a focus on acoustic rather than semantic analysis. This adds knowledge to the growing field of synaesthesia research from a largely neglected phonetic angle. The debate around (re)defining synaesthesia is picked up. The voice description experiment, in particular, leads to a discussion of a synaesthesia spectrum in the population, as many common mechanisms and associations were found. It was also revealed that less common types of synaesthesia are often difficult to define in a rigid way using traditional criteria. Finally, the interplay of different types of synaesthesia is discussed and findings are evaluated against the background of the existing theories of synaesthesia.


BACKGROUND
Within randomized clinical trials (RCTs), coiling of the ruptured aneurysm to prevent rebleeding results in better outcomes than clipping in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH).

OBJECTIVE
To study the association of coiling and clipping with outcome after aSAH in daily clinical practice.

METHODS
In this controlled, nonrandomized study, we compared outcomes after endovascular coiling and neurosurgical clipping of ruptured intracranial aneurysms in an administrative dataset of 7658 aSAH patients (22 tertiary care hospitals from Europe, USA, Australia; 2007-2013). Because the results contradicted those of the randomized trials, findings were further explored in a large clinical dataset from 2 European centers (2006-2016) of 1501 patients.

RESULTS
In the administrative dataset, the crude 14-d case-fatality rate was 6.4% (95% confidence interval [CI] 5.6%-7.2%) after clipping and 8.2% (95% CI 7.4%-9.1%) after coiling. After adjustment for age, sex, and comorbidity/severity, the odds ratio (OR) for 14-d case-fatality after coiling compared to clipping was 1.32 (95% CI 1.10-1.58). In the clinical dataset crude 14-d case fatality rate was 5.7% (95% CI 4.2%-7.8%) for clipping and 9.0% (95% CI 7.3%-11.2%) for coiling. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, the OR for 14-d case-fatality after coiling compared to clipping was 1.7 (95% CI 1.1-2.7), for 90-d case-fatality 1.28 (95% CI 0.91-1.82) and for 90-d poor functional outcome 0.78 (95% CI 0.6-1.01).

CONCLUSION
In clinical practice, coiling after aSAH is associated with higher 14-d case-fatality than clipping and nonsuperior outcomes at 90 d. Both options need to be considered in aSAH patients. Further studies should address the reasons for the discrepancy between current data and those from the RCTs.


Although sulfonylurea agents have been used in the clinical management of type II diabetes (non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, NIDDM) for over two decades, the mechanisms responsible for their hypoglycemie action remain controversial. We have quantitated glycemie control, endogenous insulin secretion in response to mixed meals, adipocyte insulin binding, insulin-mediated peripheral glucose disposal, and basal hepatic glucose output in 17 type II diabetic subjects before and after 3 mo of therapy with the second-generation, sulfonylurea compound glyburide in an attempt to identify the factors responsible for the clinical response to the drug. In addition, 9 subjects were treated for an additional 15 mo to see if the response to the drug changed with time. The mean fasting serum glucose level fell from an initial value of 264 ± 17 mg/dl to 178 ± 16 mg/dl after 3 mo of drug therapy. Endogenous insulin secretion increased in all subjects, but the increase was most marked in those subjects who continued to exhibit fasting hyperglycemie (fasting serum glucose > 175 mg/dl) after 3 mo of therapy. Adipocyte insulin binding was unchanged after 3 mo of therapy, while the maximal rate of peripheral glucose disposal was increased by 23%, indicating enhancement of peripheral insulin action at a postreceptor site(s). Basal hepatic glucose output showed a significant correlation with the fasting serum glucose level both before and after therapy (r = 0.86, P < 0.001) and fell from 141 ±12 mg/m2/min before therapy to 107 ± 11 mg/m2/min after 3 mo of therapy. A significant correlation was also found between the decrease in the fasting glucose level and both the reduction in basal hepatic glucose output (r = 0.81, P < 0.001) and the enhancement of postreceptor function in peripheral tissues (r = 0.68, P < 0.005). After 18 mo of therapy, those subjects exhibiting an initial good response to the drug demonstrated a slight decrease in endogenous insulin secretion compared with the levels seen at 3 mo, adipocyte insulin binding had increased to the normal range, postreceptor function was further enhanced, and basal hepatic glucose output remained unchanged from the levels observed after 3 mo of therapy. We conclude that (1) glyburide therapy increases endogenous insulin secretion, increases adipocyte insulin binding after 18, but not 3, mo of therapy, enhances peripheral insulin action by acting primarily at a post-receptor site, and reduces basal hepatic glucose output; (2) the increase in postreceptor function and the reduction of basal hepatic glucose output appear to be the crucial determinants of the clinical response to the sulfonylurea agent; and (3) the response pattern to sulfonylurea compounds in terms of these various parameters can vary as a function of the duration of treatment.


In many varieties of American Spanish, the temporal preposition hasta 'until' is able to modify telic predicates in the absence of negation. Previous analyses argue for either a hidden negation or a special punctual reading of this preposition. We show that these analyses make a number of wrong predictions, and should be abandoned. Our account hinges on the idea that hasta licenses a temporal phase previous to the telic predicate, somehow similar to the one that in PP complements (in one hour) create in English and many other languages in similar structures. We also show that desde ('since') is able to behave in a parallel way in some varieties of American Spanish, thus licensing intervals subsequent to temporal points. Several arguments are presented favoring compositional analyses of these (and some other) temporal prepositions subject to Aktionsart restrictions, as opposed to approaches which introduce multiplication of senses.


In this thesis lateralization of olfactory functions was investigated by both behavioral and electrophysiological assessment, the latter with the olfactory event-related potential (OERP) technique. The olfactory sense is primarily ipsilateral in that a stimulus that is presented to one nostril is initially processed in the same hemisphere. This makes it possible to observe differences between stimulated nostrils as an indication of hemispheric difference. Study I explored differences in olfactory cognitive functions with respect to side of rhinal stimulation and demonstrated that familiarity ratings are higher at right- compared to left-nostril stimulation. No differences were found in episodic recognition memory or free identification, possibly reflecting inter-hemispheric interactions in higher cognitive functions. Effects of repetition priming were present in odor identification and tended to be more pronounced when tested via left nostril. Study II further investigated the effect of previous exposure in odor identification by a different experimental set-up, and demonstrated effects of repetition priming when tested via left- but not right-nostril stimulation. This finding indicates the importance of reconsidering possible sequential effects in olfactory research. Study III examined methodological aspects of an OERP protocol with respect to stimulus duration, which was used in Study IV. No differences in amplitudes or latencies where found between the stimulus durations of 150, 200 and 250 ms, suggesting the commonly used duration of 200 ms in a standard protocol. Study IV investigated laterality effects in OERPs with respect to side of stimulation and electrode site. The results showed consistent amplitudes and latencies regardless of rhinal side of stimulation. Larger amplitudes were demonstrated on left hemisphere and midline compared to right hemisphere, possibly explained by smaller N1/P2 amplitudes at the right-hemisphere sites at left-nostril stimulation. Apart from a proposed OERP protocol, the findings support the notions of a right-hemisphere predominance in processes related to olfactory perception and indicate, in accordance with other findings, a left-side advantage in conceptual repetition priming.


In wireless communications, the channel can often be modelled as a time-selective frequency-selective fading channel with line-of-sight (LOS) component. Although multicarrier systems are developed to cope with the frequency selectivity of the channel, they will suffer from interference caused by the time-varying character of the channel, present in particular in the LOS component, when the number of carriers increases. A proper selection of the system parameters, such as the number of carriers and the length of the cyclic prefix, can alleviate the effect of the doubly-selective channel on the system performance. In this paper, we investigate analytically the effect of the aforementioned system parameters on the performance, and determine the optimum values of the system parameters. Further, we study the effect of deviations from the optimum parameters on the system performance


With a unique cultural background and fast economic development, China's adoption of corporate social responsibility (CSR) has become the center of discussion worldwide, and its successful implementation will have great significance for global sustainability. This paper aims to explore how CSR has given way to economic growth in China since the start of economic transition and its cultural, historical and political background, and how this has affected or been affected by the economic performance of firms. Thus, the recent calls for China to adopt CSR in its industries follow a period where the country arguably had one of the strongest implementations of CSR approaches in the world. This transition is considered in the context of a case study of a Chinese state-owned enterprise (SOE) and a group of small private firms in the same industrial sector in Zhengzhou City, Henan Province over a time span of eight years. While the CSR of the SOE has been steadily decreasing along with the change of ownership structure, its economic performance did not improve as expected. On the other hand, with a steady improvement in economic performance, the small private firms are showing a great reluctance to engage in CSR. The results indicate that implementation of CSR in China needs both the manager's ethical awareness and the change of institutional framework. The results also raise the question as to whether CSR is a universal concept with a desired means of implementation across the developed and developing world.


The recently reported high power conversion efficiencies achieved in fluorinated polymer:fullerene solar cells have been accounted for by the presence of face-on oriented polymer backbones that enable charge transport towards the collecting electrodes. In this work, we demonstrate that, in contrast to the results of a number of reports, the face-on polymer orientation is due to the bulky side chains, rather than to aggregation in solution. This conclusion is supported by a comparative study of polymers having similar conjugated backbones but different number of fluorine atoms and different number and type of alkyl side chains. While the latter are primarily introduced to tune polymer solubility, the present in-depth thin-film morphology investigation shows that increasing the chain bulkiness favors formation of crystalline lamellae with face-on oriented backbones, independently of the degree of fluorination. By contrast, introduction of fluorine atoms is found to substantially enhance the π-stacking interactions that remain invariably strong upon blending of the polymer with fullerene. Our results demonstrate that, for the polymer family under investigation, fluorination and functionalization by bulky alkyl side chains are both needed for reaching power conversion efficiencies above 10%.


Many-Core System-on-Chips (MCSoCs) require efficient task migration approach in order to reach system performance objectives such as load balancing, communication optimization, fault tolerance, and temperature control. In this paper an efficient self-aware migration approach is introduced for NoC-based MCSoCs using a centralized feedback controller in order to control the congestion over the system. The proposed approach is divided into four main steps: predicting behavior of the application, defining reliable triggers to initiate task migration, introducing cost comparison functions, and presenting a streamlined controlling mechanism to migrate tasks. The experimental results affirm that the proposed self-aware migration approach can help achieving significant throughput and system utilization while efficiently controlling system congestion.


Legal scholarship regarding tax exempt nonprofit entities is meager at best. Although some excellent treatises, book chapters, and journal articles have been written, the body of scholarship relating to these entities is not nearly as healthy and robust as the scholarship relating to their for-profit companions. This is especially troubling considering that nonprofit entities help to improve our society in a myriad of different ways.This Article seeks to fill a void in the existing scholarship by offering an essentialist theory for charitable tax exempt nonprofit corporations that helps to explain the essence of these entities. Beyond the purely academic metaphysical inquiry into what is a corporation, understanding the essential nature of these corporations is important because it helps to determine how they should interact with society, what rights they should have, and how they should be governed by the law. This discussion is especially timely because the recent opinions by the Supreme Court of the United States in Citizens United and Hobby Lobby have reinvigorated the debate over the essence of the corporation.This Article breaks new ground by offering a new essentialist theory of the corporation, which shall be termed "collaboration theory." The decades of debate over the essence of for-profit corporations has coalesced into three prevailing theories of the corporation, i.e., the artificial entity theory, the real entity theory, and the aggregate theory. The problem is that none of these prevailing theories fully answers the question of what is a corporation.Collaboration theory suggests that charitable tax exempt nonprofit corporations are collaborations among the state governments, federal government, and individuals to promote the public good. Unlike the prevailing theories of the corporation, collaboration theory explains both how and why charitable tax exempt nonprofit corporations exist, which provides a fuller and more robust understanding of these corporations. Collaboration theory advances the existing scholarship by finally offering an essentialist theory for nonprofit corporations, and it shows remarkable promise for understanding the essential nature of for-profit corporations as well.


Lactococcus lactis is widely used in the dairy industry for the production of fermented food. During industrial process, L. lactis is often exposed to various environmental stresses such as oxidative stress. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) plays an important role in protecting living organisms from oxidative stress by catalyzing the dismutation of superoxide radical to oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. Hence, it is essential to study the SOD from L. lactis in details. A full-length superoxide dismutase gene (sod) was amplified from a locally isolated Lactococcus lactis M4 strain by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The gene was first cloned in pCR®-BluntII-TOPO® vector and then subcloned into pRSET A expresion vector. The construct was transformed into Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3)pLysS for protein expression. Restriction enzyme digestion of the construct indicated the presence of the sod gene. BLASTN analysis showed the DNA sequence of the query gene was 98% homologous to the published sodA nucleotide sequence of L. lactis subsp. lactis IL1403. This SOD gene composed of 621 nucleotides that could encode a protein of 206 amino acids. It was predicted to be a manganese-SOD (MnSOD) based on homology comparison with amino acid sequences of MnSOD from other organisms. Expression of the recombinant protein was induced by isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside. The recombinant superoxide dismutase was purified to homogeneity by immobilised ion affinity chromatography and gel filtration chromatography. Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and western blot analysis showed that the recombinant SOD had a molecular mass of approximately 27 kDa. However, the molecular mass of native enzyme was estimated to be 114.8 kDa by gel filtration chromatography, implying that the recombinant SOD is a tetramer. The purified recombinant enzyme had a pI of 4.5, exhibited maximal activity at 25°C and pH 7.2, respectively. It was also thermostable up to 45°C. SOD activity was inhibited by sodium azide, ethylene diamine tetracetic acid and sodium dodecyl sulphate. The insensitivity of this recombinant SOD to cyanide and hydrogen peroxide confirmed that it was a MnSOD. In conclusion, a gene coding for MnSOD in L. lactis M4 was cloned and expressed in E. coli as an active enzyme. The expressed recombinant MnSOD was purified to homogeneity and characterized.


"Many major accounting problems deal with aspects of
income measurement. In the analysis of these problems
accounting suffers from the lack of a clear-cut,
operational definition of income based on a well-defined
objective."
One such problem with which accounting must deal is the
measurement of the profitability of an enterprise for the purpose of
prices investigation by Governmental regulatory authorities. The
aim of this project is to examine profitability assessment by the
Australian Prices Justification Tribunal in its public inquiries.
The project commences with a review of the methods of
profitability assessment used by price regulatory authorities in the
United Kingdom, the United States of America, New Zealand and
Australia. The most popular indicators of a company's profitability
are found to be accounting rates of return.
The accounting rate of return is examined with the aim of
establishing the most appropriate definition of the ratio for the
purpose of prices justification. There are important differences
between various definitions of the rate of return, and no single
definition will suffice for the one purpose. The analysis suggests
that four major ratios, with specific definitions of the numerator
and denominator, should be examined for any one company.
The use and interpretation of the accounting rate of return is
investigated in each of the public inquiries held by the Tribunal in
its first seventeen months of operation (until the end of 1974). It
is found that the Tribunal utilises the Industries Assistance
Commission and Reserve Bank profitability ratio series for comparisons
with a company's level of profits. However, the Tribunal's reliance
on companies' definitions of the rate of return results in a diverse
set of ratios being accepted for the one purpose - prices
justification. This research shows that the Tribunal is
inconsistent in its use of the Industries Assistance Commission
and Reserve Bank series, and in several comparisons, the definitions
of the companies' rate of return do not conform with those of the
guidepost series.
Comparisons using a rate of return measure can be severely
distorted by traditional historical cost accounting conventions, and
by the irregular patterns of asset revaluations carried out by
companies in Australia. The Industries Assistance Commission and
Reserve Bank series are distorted by these factors, and the Tribunal
does not attempt to adjust either series to eliminate the distortion.
A method is devised to restate on a "current-value basis" the
accounting data of several companies that have appeared before the
Tribunal. These current-value results are compared with the ratios
that would be presented, to the Tribunal, from company annual reports.
Additionally, a current-value guidepost series is developed from
Reserve Bank data, and compared with the companies' adjusted current-value
ratios. This analysis shows that the use of current-values in
profitability ratios may change, to a considerable extent, the
pricing decisions made by the Tribunal.
The "internal rate of return" (IRR) is examined as an alternative
measure of profitability for prices justification. The conceptual
relationship between the accounting rate of of return (AM) and the
IRR is investigated, and it is concluded that, under some conditions,
the ARR will approach the IRR. However, more empirical research is
necessary if appropriate adjustments to the ARR are to be discovered
that will assist in estimating the IRR from accounting data.
 Chapter six summarises the main findings of the project and
outlines several recommendations on profitability assessment for
prices justification that arise from the research.
It is hoped that at least a small part of accounting will be
improved by this analysis of one of the problems with which
accounting must deal.


Abstract. Digital modelling archaeological and architectural monuments in their current state and in their presumed past aspect has been recognized not only as a way for explaining to the public the genesis of a historical site, but also as an effective tool for research. The search for historical sources, their proper analysis and interdisciplinary relationship between technological disciplines and the humanities are fundamental for obtaining reliable hypothetical reconstructions. This paper presents an experimental activity defined by the project Cultural Heritage Through Time – CHT2 ( http://cht2-project.eu ), funded in the framework of the Joint Programming Initiative on Cultural Heritage (JPI-CH) of the European Commission. Its goal is to develop time-varying 3D products, from landscape to architectural scale, deals with the implementation of the methodology on one of the case studies: the late Roman circus of Milan, built in the era when the city was the capital of the Western Roman Empire (286-402 A.D). The work presented here covers one of the cases in which the physical evidences have now been almost entirely disappeared. The diachronic reconstruction is based on a proper mix of quantitative data originated by 3D surveys at present time, and historical sources like ancient maps, drawings, archaeological reports, archaeological restrictions decrees and old photographs. Such heterogeneous sources have been first georeferenced and then properly integrated according to the methodology defined in the framework of the CHT2 project, to hypothesize a reliable reconstruction of the area in different historical periods.


This study focused on investigating the effectiveness of jigsaw cooperative learning instruction on first-year undergraduates' understanding of acid–base theories.Undergraduates' opinions about jigsaw cooperative learning instruction were also investigated. The participants of this study were 38 first-year undergraduates in chemistry education department in an education faculty in Izmir, Turkey. A prerequisite knowledge test was applied to both experimental (N = 18) and control groups (N = 20) before the treatment in order to identify undergraduates' prerequisite knowledge about 'acids and bases'. Independent t-test was conducted to compare the prerequisite knowledge test scores for groups and no significant difference was found in terms of mean scores (t = 0.42, p > 0.05). The subject of "Acid–Base Theories" (Arrhenius, Bronsted–Lowry and Lewis Theories) was taught using jigsaw cooperative learning in the experimental group and with regular teacher-centered approach in the control group. After the instruction, the acid–base theories concept test was administrated to investigate undergraduates' conceptual understanding. Independent t-test results showed significant difference in terms of mean scores (t = 4.65, p < 0.05).The results also indicated that undergraduates in the experimental group had fewer misconceptions and understood the concepts more meaningfully than undergraduates in the control group. In addition, individual interviews reflected that undergraduates had positive opinion about jigsaw, and they believed jigsaw is an effective cooperative learning technique that promotes positive attitudes and interest, develop inter personal skills as well as their learning achievements.


Density functional theory (DFT) is a popular approach to solving the many-electron Schrodinger equation, in order to investigate the properties of matter from first principles. While DFT can give the exact ground state electronic density of a system, in practice, an approximation is required for the many-body effects contained in the exchange-correlation functional. The accuracy of calculations performed using DFT is strongly related to the choice of approximation. In this thesis we will investigate and build upon a fully non-local approach to modeling exchange-correlation in the form of the weighted density approximation (WDA). Central to the WDA is the model function chosen for the coupling-constant averaged pair-correlation function (PCF). We show that a model PCF can be selected from a set to give excellent bulk properties for a particular system. However, this model is not necessarily transferable to other systems and there is no method of selecting an appropriate model from this set a priori. We suggest that the model PCF can be improved systematically by satisfying known physical constraints. One such constraint is the Kimball cusp condition, which we include in our model and implement. We demonstrate that surfaces are systems that require a non-local treatment of exchange-correlation by applying the WDA to metal surfaces and investigate the dissociative adsorption of H2 on the Cu(100) surface. A new framework for a model PCF with spin resolution is developed, providing a route for more physical constraints to be satisfied within a weighted spin density approximation (WSDA). A simple model is suggested and implemented and comparisons are made to the coupling-constant averaged PCF in the homogeneous electron gas. We then apply a selection of our new models to a number of materials and show that our model for the WSDA gives improved band gaps over the local density approximation. Application of the WSDA to spin polarised materials reveals shortcomings in our simple model. We then suggest further refinements to our implementation of the WSDA. It is expected that the inclusion of additional physical constraints will systematically improve results given in a weighted-density based approximation to exchange-correlation.


Recent analyses of the whole genome sequencing data enable us to predict cancer inci- dence for healthy people at present. In addition, metabolome analyses rediscovered that "cancer is a metabolic disease". Importantly, it has been suggested that mitochondrial dysfunction might precede the metabolic change. In this chapter, we would discuss if "cancer is a transcriptional disease". Analyzing 5′-upstream non-protein-encoding regions of the human mitochondrial function-associated genes, we speculate that mitochondrial functions could be recovered or improved at a transcriptional level. In the near future, novel chemo-/gene-therapies might be applied to treat cancer patient converting cancerous cells into normal differentiated cells. communication system. In order to establish a gene therapy, it is necessary to reveal the molecular mechanisms that control the transcription of the mitochondrial function-associated genes.


The dynamics of nonlinear processes in quantum dot (QD) semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) are investigated. Using small-signal measurements, the suitabilities of cross-gain and cross-phase modulation as well as four wave mixing (FWM) for wavelength conversion are examined. The cross-gain modulation is found to be suitable for wavelength conversion up to a frequency of 40 GHz.


To investigate the effects of N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide (4HPR) on the proliferation and apoptosis of Hela cells, the cell growth was observed by SRB test, colony-forming test and nude mice carcinogenic test. Morphologic changes of apoptosis were observed under microscopes and the normal, apoptotic and necrotic cells were identified by fluorescence staining. The biochemical features and percentage of apoptosis were performed by flow cytometry (FCM) and DNA agarose gel electrophoresis. The results of SRB test, colony-forming test and nude mice carcinogenic test showed that 4HPR could inhibit the cells proliferation in vitro and in vivo (P<0.01). The apoptotic changes and apoptosis bodies could be observed under microscopes. The fluorescence staining revealed that 4HPR could induce the cells apoptosis, not necrosis. Typical DNA ladder appeared in 4HPR-treated cells and detected by FCM, the subdiploid nuclear peak appeared on the left of G1 peak and the apoptotic percentage was correlated with 4HPR in a dose and time dependent manner(P<0.01). All these results indicated that 4HPR could inhibit the proliferation of Hela cells and induce the cells apoptosis.


For the past 60 years, Canada has remained a stalwart supporter of the United Nations (UN). Canada's performance at the UN today is predicated on its long history of participation in that body, and knowledge of this history is essential to a thorough understanding of current developments. This article draws lessons from Canada's involvement with the UN, beginning in the early 1940s when plans for the UN were first being discussed and ending in the late 1980s as the Cold War era was drawing to a close. These lessons have policy relevance today.Multilateralism has been a defining characteristic of Canadian foreign policy for the past six decades. The most important factor differentiating today's world from the period on which the paper focuses is the absence of the Cold War. The latter's influence was ubiquitous during virtually all of the UN's first 45 years, when east-west tensions pervaded all areas of endeavour. Although the permanent members of the security council continue to disagree on many issues, the council's functioning has progressed a long way from the Cold War days in which it was frequently stalemated as the great powers regularly used their vetoes in their pursuit of geopolitical, military, and ideological dominance.In today's international structure, the US is the world's only remaining superpower and it dominates on a wide spectrum of political and economic issues. The 1990s marked a period of economic expansion that consolidated US economic hegemony. The terrorist attacks of 9/11 changed the US's view of its place in the world and it has become more deliberatively assertive of its positions, as exemplified by its attacks on regimes it opposed in Iraq and Afghanistan. These wars have had and continue to have dire consequences for the United Nations. The transformations of the past decade have altered the environment for all, but for none more than Canada, which is more closely tied economically to the one remaining superpower than ever before.In today's unilateral world, the UN is, for Canada, the major counter-weight to US power. The UN is the only international organization with virtually universal membership and a mandate to address almost any multilateral problem. It plays an important role in the promotion of international peace, security, justice, and sustainable development. Many issues on the UN agenda are of great importance to Canada. Canada's macro-level priority relating to the UN is to ensure that the organization functions effectively, with the US as a cooperative participant. While today's context differs markedly from that of either the Second World War or the Cold War, the lessons learned from the previous periods have currency in the new millennium, as is seen below.LESSONSThe great powers exercised predominant influence and they had to be accommodatedPlans for the UN-its structure, objectives, principles, and decision-making procedures-were developed by the great powers at a series of private conferences. These meetings culminated in the autumn of 1944, when the major allied powers of the Second World War-the United Kingdom, Soviet Union, United States and China-met at Dunbarton Oaks, near Washington, DC, to develop a draft UN charter. After agreeing on the essential principles, objectives, and structure of the proposed organization among themselves, these major allied powers presented their draft proposals to their other wartime allies and a few neutral states at the 1945 UN conference on the international organization, which was held in San Francisco.From the Dunbarton Oaks proposals, it was dear that the drafting powers expected to retain firm control over the new organization. In keeping with their interests and priorities, the new organization's primary objective was the maintenance of international peace and security. Each of the great powers was to have a permanent seat on the security council-the executive organ for ensuring international peace and security. …


The most cogent feature of the 1974 Manitoba flood response was the highly developed nature of the disaster sub-culture which exists within a wide spectrum of government organizations and departments within the province. While this can be seen as being, in large part, a function of
a continuing yearly flood threat, nevertheless the Manitoba response was not only particularly well organized, but was developed on an anticipatory rather than an emergent basis. The Manitoba response was especially notable in five areas: 1)careful monitoring of weather and water level and flow conditions, 2)adequate warning to threatened municipalities, 3)precise definition of flood tasks per an explicit disaster plan, 4)pre-existing lists of resources available
during a time of emergency, and 5) provision of a high level of autonomy and financial resources for the flood control operation. The Flood Forecast Committee was found to carefully monitor the environment each spring to determine the possibilities of flooding that year. As required, various levels of flood response activity correspond with the gravity of the threat as determined by the Committee's forecasts. In 1974, this allowed serious preparations for flooding to begin a month in advance of the actual event, and the flood headquarters to be set up
three weeks in advance.


Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) is a well-known
agronomic crop of global importance. The demand for sorghum as a food crop
makes it the fifth most important cereal in the world. The grain of sorghum is
utilized for food and feed, whereas the sorghum biomass may have many other
uses such as for fodder, bioenergy or even for construction. Globally, sorghum
is consumed as a food crop and used for home construction primarily in the
developing world. The grain and biomass
yield of sorghum is drastically reduced by the parasitic plant Striga hermonthica which is endemic to
Sub-Saharan Africa. To date, only one sorghum gene, LGS1, has been characterized as a genetic mechanism that reduces S. hermonthica parasitism by altering
the strigolactone composition of the host root exudates which results in a
reduction of the parasites ability to germinate. To establish more durable
resistance additional genetic variation needs to be identified that reduces the
S. hermonthica parasitism in sorghum,
but also reduces the parasitic weed seed bank by promoting suicidal
germination. To that end, the PP37 multi-parent advanced generation inter-cross
(MAGIC) population was developed, originally as a recurrent selection
population that was developed to recombine sorghum accessions with different
putative resistance mechanisms to S.
hermonthica. Whole genome sequences were developed for approximately 1,006
individuals of the PP37 MAGIC population. The population was phenotyped for S. hermonthica resistance during the
2016 and 2017 growing season in Northwestern Ethiopia. There was significant
spatial variation in the S. hermonthica natural
infestations that were partially attenuated for with artificial inoculation.
The data was used to conduct a genome-wide association study that detected
several subthreshold peaks, including the previously mapped LGS1. The highly quantitative nature of S. hermonthica resistance confounded
with the complex spatial variation in the parasite infestations across a given
location make it difficult to detect highly heritable variation across years
and environments. In
addition to S. hermonthica resistance,
the plant architecture of the PP37 MAGIC was also assessed at a location in
Northwestern Ethiopia that is free of the parasite, as it significantly reduces
plant height. To asses plant architecture the total plant height, the height of
the panicle base, flag leaf height, and pre-flag leaf height were collected
using a relatively high-throughput barcoded measurement system. Sorghum head
exertion and panicle length were derived from this data. The actual measures of
plant architecture and the derived traits were used to conduct a genome-wide
association study. The high heritability of this trait demonstrated the
statistical power of the PP37 mapping population. Highly significant peaks were
detected that resolved the dwarf3
locus and an uncharacterized qHT7.1 that had only been previously resolved
using a recombinant inbred line population. Furthermore, a novel significant
locus was associated with exertion on chromosome 1. The random mating that was
utilized to develop the PP37 MAGIC has broken the population structure that
when present can hinder our ability associate regions of the genome to a given
phenotype. As a result, novel candidate gene lists have been developed as an
outcome of this research that refined the potential genes that need to be
explored to validate qHT7.1 and the novel association on chromosome 1.

This research
demonstrated the power of MAGIC populations in determining the genomic regions
that influence complex phenotypes, that facilitates future work in sorghum
genetic improvement through plant breeding.
This research however also demonstrates a large international research
effort. The nuisances and lessons learned while conducting this international research
project are also discussed to help facilitate and guide similar research
projects in the future. The broader impacts of this research on the society at
large are also discussed, to highlight the unique potential broader impacts of
international research in the plant sciences. The broader impacts of this
research include germplasm development and extensive human capacity building in
plant breeding genetics for developing country students and aspiring
scientists. Overall this research attempts to serve as a model for highlighting
the interdisciplinary nature and complexity of conducting international plant
science research, while also making significant strides in improving our understanding
the genetic architecture of quantitative traits of agronomic importance in
sorghum.


The UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration (2021–2030) frames restoration as a momentous nature-based solution for achieving many of the ecological, economic, and social objectives outlined in the Sustainable Development Goals. Yet, a critical void lies at the heart of this agenda: the lack of attention to social and political dimensions of nature and restoration initiatives. At this critical juncture, urgent attention is needed to the power and politics that shape the values, meanings, and science driving restoration; and to the uneven experiences of these processes as national restoration pledges touch down in diverse and unequal contexts. In this introduction to the special issue on "Restoration for Whom, by Whom?", we critically examine the social inclusivity of restoration agendas, policies, and practices as these unfold across ecological and geographic scales. We argue that feminist political ecology (FPE), with its focus on gendered power relations, scale integration, and historical awareness, and its critique of the commodification of nature, offers a valuable lens through which to examine the socio-political and economic dynamics of restoration. Taking an FPE perspective, we elucidate how the ten papers comprising the special issue challenge mainstream narratives of environmental sustainability and suggest more grounded and nuanced ways forward for inclusive restoration initiatives. In conclusion, we highlight the urgency of addressing the systemic fault lines that create exclusions in restoration policies and practice; and the need to legitimize the plural voices, values, situated knowledges, and paths to sustainably transform degraded landscapes.


"For over a thousand years Roman conquerors returning from the wars enjoyed the honor of triumph, a tumultuous parade. In the procession came trumpeters, musicians and strange animals from conquered territories, together with carts laden with treasure and captured armaments. The conquerors rode in a triumphal chariot, the dazed prisoners walking in chains before him. Sometimes his children robed in white stood with him in the chariot or rode the trace horses. A slave stood behind the conqueror holding a golden crown and whispering in his ear a warning: that all glory is fleeting." - Gen. George C. Patton


Abstract : The United States Department of Defense (DoD) has a specific legislative mandate to increase its conservation of water and energy. It also is interested in improving the effectiveness of open-loop, cooling water treatment processes at its installations worldwide, for purposes of extending the useful life of evaporative cooling equipment and reducing energy use/costs. A Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA) was approved to demonstrate that, without using chemical additives, a capacitor-based water treatment system is capable of (1) providing equivalent protection to a chemical treatment program in preventing scale, corrosion, and bio-fouling; (2) allowing cooling systems to be operated in an enhanced water conservation mode; (3) delivering measurable reductions in water usage over conventional methods; and (4) providing control, monitoring, and wireless data transfer via the Internet. Results documented in the subsequent demonstration and evaluation project showed the technology was able to meet every objective and also was able to deliver a 20% reduction in cooling water use over standard chemical treatment methods. Application of this technology would allow the DoD to (1) reduce chemical usage, exposure, and disposal expenses; (2) conserve water and energy; (3) facilitate water re-use; and (4) meet new goals for conservation of resources.


This paper examines Ute clitic pronouns and contrasts them with other reference-coding devices, such as demonstratives, independent pronouns, zero anaphora, and flexible word-order. It concludes that most independent pronouns are used in contexts of referential discontinuity and most zero and clitic pronouns show extreme referential continuity–a one-clause anaphoric gap. This shows evidence of a typical cycle having taken place: as pronouns weaken into clitics and affixes, they lose referential independence which then needs to be expressed by demonstratives. In addition, the fronting of pronouns and nominal groups is strongly associated with referential or thematic discontinuity whereas the post-posing of pronouns and nominals goes with referential continuity. The chapter also contributes to structural questions: why do pronouns cliticize to verbs and why do they do so in certain positions.


This study shows how people use the Internet in the structuring of daily life, based on qualitative data from 17 U.S. participants, collected through an interview-diary-interview method. I argue that the Internet has the capacity to collapse off-line contexts, essentially making it possible to perform several practices in previously unrelated settings. After introducing practice theory as a lens through which to understand everyday practices, I outline 4 different ways people valuate this capacity in relation to the organizing of their daily lives. I further discuss how these valuations are manifested differently in people's actual uses of the Internet, and conclude that the valuations and their manifestations bear witness to both wanted and unwanted off-line context collapses.


Structured records - data with a fixed number of descriptive fields (or attributes) - are often represented by one-hot encoded or term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF) weighted vectors. These vectors are typically sparse and long, and are inefficient in representing structured records. Here, we introduce Record2Vec, a framework for generating dense embeddings of structured records by training associations between attributes within record instances. We build our embedding from a simple premise that structured records have attributes that are associated, and therefore we can train the embedding of an attribute based on other attributes (or context), much like how we train embeddings for words based on their surrounding context. Because this embedding technique is general and does not assume the availability of any labeled data, it is extendable across different domains and fields. We demonstrate its utility in the context of clustering, record matching, movie rating and movie genre prediction.


Most would agree that the Delaware courts are the leading jurists in the resolution of corporate conflicts, particularly in the Mergers & Acquisitions (M&A) context. Arguably a greater role that Delaware plays is that of a norm setter, both with respect to the expectations of management con-duct in the M&A process and with respect to deal terms, particularly deal protection devices. Like in any relationship, there is a "give and take" between practitioners and Delaware. That is, practitioners are "on the front lines," often innovating with respect to new deal structures and deal terms. After some time, Delaware has the opportunity to review these innovations. As the Delaware courts render decisions, they comment on behavior in the deal process and on the legality of contractual provisions. In turn, practitioners take heed. They not only comply with these deal norms but, at least in the context of deal protection devices, they slowly push the boundaries. Delaware tends not to take issue with this boundary pushing as practitioners are largely complying with deal norms. This Article examines this relationship between practitioners and Delaware and argues that this circular effect has had the result of eroding the very enhanced scrutiny standards which the courts have announced.


The size, number and application of offshore pipelines are steadily increasing. At the same time, the incidence of reported pipeline failures is also increasing. There appear to be several reasons for these failures, and they can be placed in two basic categories: 1. inadequate cover, and 2. low "specific gravity" of the pipeline. Under the first category the depth of burial may be insufficient, the type of burial material may be inferior to the material alongside the trench, or the compaction of cover material may be inadequate. Under the second category the pipe may actually float up to the surface from the ocean bottom as material around the buried pipe liquifies. An extensive literature search revealed that many studies were conducted by Meyers (1936), Waters (1939), Johnson (1940), W.E.S. (1940), Rector (1954), Wiegel, et al (1954), Saville (1957), Iwagaki and Noda (1962), Nayak (1972), Noda (1972), and Earattupuzha (1974). In general, two types of "equilibrium profiles" were developed in the laboratory flumes, the "ordinary" and the "storm" (sometimes referred to as summer and winter profiles). Despite numerous previous investigations, knowledge of the "scale effects" involved in equilibrium beach profiles is inadequate. Many authors have analyzed model data without stating the relation between model and prototype dimensions. In addition, many have claimed certain phenomena observed in the model to be independent of initial slope. An extensive laboratory study was conducted to evaluate the development of underwater bars and scour patterns with the pipeline buried at various depths below the ocean bottom. Pictures of the beach profile were taken at specific time intervals through the glass wall of the wave tank. Attempts were made to correlate equilibrium profile geometric quantities, such as depth of offshore bar, scour depth and berm height with the wave characteristics. Qualitative agreement between laboratory and natural beach profiles were demonstrated by trial and error fitting of one to the other.


We show that an external coupled cavity containing a nonlinear quantum-well reflector can continuously selfstart a dispersion-compensated Ti:sapphire laser, which produces stable time-transform-limited pulses as short as 70 fs in a TEM(00) mode. In this mode of operation, the quantum wells do not control the mode-locking process, as in previous research on the resonant passive mode-locked laser. By separating the mode-locking and starting processes, we show that the presence of higher-order spatial modes is not required to start or sustain mode locking.


Recent models of black hole growth in a cosmological context have forwarded a paradigm in which the growth is self-regulated by feedback from the black hole itself. Here we use cosmological zoom simulations of galaxy formation down to z = 2 to show that such strong self-regulation is required in the popular spherical Bondi accretion model, but that a plausible alternative model in which black hole growth is limited by galaxy-scale torques does not require self-regulation. Instead, this torque-limited accretion model yields black holes and galaxies evolving on average along the observed scaling relations by relying only on a fixed, 5% mass retention rate onto the black hole from the radius at which the accretion flow is fed. Feedback from the black hole may (and likely does) occur, but does not need to couple to galaxy-scale gas in order to regulate black hole growth. We show that this result is insensitive to variations in the initial black hole mass, stellar feedback, or other implementation details. The torque-limited model allows for high accretion rates at very early epochs (unlike the Bondi case), which if viable can help explain the rapid early growth of black holes, while by z ∼ 2 it yields Eddington factors of ∼1%–10%. This model also yields a less direct correspondence between major merger events and rapid phases of black hole growth. Instead, growth is more closely tied to cosmological disk feeding, which may help explain observational studies showing that, at least at z ≳ 1, active galaxies do not preferentially show merger signatures.


We propose DecaProp (Densely Connected Attention Propagation), a new densely connected neural architecture for reading comprehension (RC). There are two distinct characteristics of our model. Firstly, our model densely connects all pairwise layers of the network, modeling relationships between passage and query across all hierarchical levels. Secondly, the dense connectors in our network are learned via attention instead of standard residual skip-connectors. To this end, we propose novel Bidirectional Attention Connectors (BAC) for efficiently forging connections throughout the network. We conduct extensive experiments on four challenging RC benchmarks. Our proposed approach achieves state-of-the-art results on all four, outperforming existing baselines by up to 2.6% to 14.2% in absolute F1 score.


The 2017 tax legislation brought sweeping changes to the rules for taxing individuals and business, the deductibility of state and local taxes, and the international tax regime. The complex legislation was drafted and passed through a rushed and secretive process intended to limit public comment on one of the most consequential pieces of domestic policy enacted in recent history.

This Article is an effort to supply the analysis and deliberation that should have accompanied the bill's consideration and passage and describes key problem areas in the new legislation. Many of the new changes fundamentally undermine the integrity of the tax code and allow well-advised taxpayers to game the new rules through strategic planning. These gaming opportunities are likely to worsen the bill's distributional and budgetary costs beyond those expected in the official estimates. Other changes will encounter legal roadblocks, while drafting glitches could lead to uncertainty and haphazard increases or decreases in taxes. This Article also describes reform options for policymakers who will inevitably be tasked with enacting further changes to the tax law in order to undo the legislation's harmful effects on the fiscal system.


Charles Beitz's Political Theory and International Relations has had an enormous impact on analyses of the ethical issues raised at the global level. It was the first systematic discussion of such ethical issues in the last 50 years if not more. It remains a landmark for a number of different reasons. First, it stands out for the sophistication of its philosophical argument and the meticulous argumentation throughout. The latter is deployed not simply to provide powerful critiques of other perspectives (such as realism and the morality of states). It also puts forward and defends with considerable ingenuity a cosmopolitan theory of distributive justice. A second striking and impressive feature of the book is that it successfully integrates philosophical argument with a deep grasp of the nature of world politics and the empirical and theoretical literatures on salient aspects of world politics.


Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the historical construction and empirical support of two child and adolescent behaviorally based mental health disorders: oppositional defiant and conduct disorders. Method: The study utilized a historiography methodology to review, from 1880 to 2012, these disorders' inclusion in psychiatric nosology systems, related historical and medical system material, and published empirical literature. Results: Analysis found limited reliability support and almost no construct or criterion validity support for either early dynamic classification diagnoses or today's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder's (DSM's) descriptive symptomology categories. Conclusion: This is cause for concern because of the high diagnostic prevalence rates for these child and adolescent disorders, diagnostic-driven practice within the field, and the inordinate influence of the DSM on the clinical social work profession.


Sales of extrusion 3D printers have seen a rapid growth and the market value is expected to triple over the next decade. This rapid growth can be attributed to a step change in capability and an increase in demand for 3D printed parts within mechanical, industrial and civil engineering processes. Correspondingly, a new technical prototyping platform – commonly referred to as Fabrication Laboratories – has emerged to provide a stimulus for local education, entrepreneurship, innovation and invention through the provision of on-demand 3D printing and prototyping services. Central to the effectiveness of the on-demand 3D printing and prototyping services – hereby referred to as 3D managed print services – is their ability to handle multiple users with varying knowledge and understanding of the manufacturing processes and scaling numbers of 3D printers in order to maximise productivity of the service. It is this challenge of productivity and more specifically the scalability and scheduling of prints that is considered in this article. The effect of scale and scheduling strategies on productivity is investigated through the modelling of four scheduling strategies for 3D managed print service of varying scales by altering the number of available printers and level of user demand. The two most common approaches (first-come first-serve and on-line continuous queue) and two alternatives based on bed space optimisation (first-fit decreasing height and first-fit decreasing height with a genetic algorithm) have been considered. Through Monte-Carlo simulation and comparison of the strategies, it is shown that increasing the scale of 3D managed print service improves the peak productivity and range of user demands at which the 3D managed print service remain productive. In addition, the alternative strategies are able to double the peak productivity of 3D managed print service as well as increase the user demand range where the 3D managed print service remains productive.


Abstract. The present study aimed to determine the impact of a gradual and lineal increase of the air duct leakage factor on various indoor air stability parameters in ventilation systems across the following scenarios: 1) air leakage effect on the air pressure and volume; 2) air leakage effect on the indoor air parameters when the ductwork passes through an uninsulated and unheated premise. A galvanized steel air duct was used for the air leakage measurement sessions, and orifices were cut in the duct before each subsequent measurement session, thus, consecutively decreasing the air tightness factor of the duct over the measurement sessions. The results indicated that the ductwork air tightness affects the stability of the air parameters such as air temperature, relative humidity and CO2 concentration, however, up until certain point, the impact was either non-detectable or negligible. The transition in the behavior of the air stability parameters occurred in line with the introduction of orifices 4→5, resulting in perceptible effects on air pressure, volume etc. Although, this factor may be attributed to the errors caused by low instrument sensitivity or by relatively small number and size of the orifices, authors suggest that minor air duct leakage such as presented in this study may result in the disruption of air stability parameters, which in certain instances is critical.


In this work, coal residue (pitch) was used to produce an inexpensive protective coating. The residue is primarily rehabitated for just to be suitable for use as a coating material (reference coat) by dissolving it in benzene in a ratio of Pitch/Solvent (P/S) = 3:1 by weight. The reference coating was then mixed with polyurethane (commercial type) in percentages ranging from 5 to 15 % by weight of the solid tar pitch. Well mature mortar cubes (7x7x7cm) with a (w/c =0.4) and sand-cement (s/c= 2.75) were cast and covered with the prepared coatings. The cubes were then soaked individually in tap water, MgCl2-5% conc. and H2SO4- 3.0% conc. for different periods of time. The last two reagents represent sea water and 5 years complete immersion in sewage water respectively. The effect of reagents on the compressive strength, water retention and weight was measured for the cubes. The results revealed that, all prepared coatings gave satisfied physical characteristics. Addition of PUR up to 10% by weight of coal residue produced coating materials with the most favorable physical and chemical behavior.


Social scientists are often at a disadvantage in interdisciplinary conferences for several reasons. Some of those disadvantages relate to the role which others perceive they should play and other disadvantages relate to style of presentation. First, in reference to style, social scientists, in general, do not use slides and other visual imagery in their presentations. The reasons for this are not clear. I have observed, however, that ineptness with slide projectors is rather universal and not discipline related. But sides to provide a sense of "hard" reality to audiences when words seldom do. Therefore, slides give the audience a sense of apparent truth which perhaps is not deserved. I am not suggesting that pictures distort truth, although they can, but I am suggesting that they can capture well physical reality but reveal little of social reality.


Part of the Aquaculture and Fisheries Commons, Comparative and Foreign Law Commons, Environmental Health and Protection Commons, Environmental Policy Commons, Hydrology Commons, Indian and Aboriginal Law Commons, Law and Society Commons, Natural Resource Economics Commons, Natural Resources and Conservation Commons, Natural Resources Management and Policy Commons, Other International and Area Studies Commons, Property Law and Real Estate Commons, Social Policy Commons, and the Water Resource Management Commons


Compressive stress has been used to continuously wavelength tune a single-frequency Bragg grating fiber laser over 32 nm without mode hopping. A master-oscillator/power-amplifier configuration and active noise reduction were implemented to maintain a constant, low-noise, 3-mW lasing power over the tuning range.


ABSTRACT Rapid upregulation of interferon beta (IFN-β) expression following virus infection is essential to set up an efficient innate antiviral response. Biological roles related to the antiviral and immune response have also been associated with the constitutive production of IFN-β in naive cells. However, the mechanisms capable of modulating constitutive IFN-β expression in the absence of infection remain largely unknown. In this work, we demonstrate that inhibition of the kinase glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) leads to the upregulation of the constitutive level of IFN-β expression in noninfected cells, provided that GSK-3 inhibition is correlated with the binding of β-catenin to the IFN-β promoter. Under these conditions, IFN-β expression occurred through the T-cell factor (TCF) binding sites present on the IFN-β promoter independently of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3). Enhancement of the constitutive level of IFN-β per se was able to confer an efficient antiviral state to naive cells and acted in synergy with virus infection to stimulate virus-induced IFN-β expression. Further emphasizing the role of β-catenin in the innate antiviral response, we show here that highly pathogenic Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) targets the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and the formation of active TCF/β-catenin complexes at the transcriptional and protein level in RVFV-infected cells and mice.


BACKGROUND
Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) due to Escherichia coli is one of the most common diseases encountered in clinical practice. Most common recognised pathogenic factor in E.coli is adhesion. There is accumulating evidence that through subinhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs) of many antibiotics do not kill bacteria, they are able to interfere with some important aspects of bacterial cell function.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
A study was conducted to investigate the effect of sub MICs (1/2-1/8 MIC) of ciprofloxacin, ceftazidime, gentamicin, ampicillin and co-trimoxazole on E. coli adhesiveness to human vaginal epithelial cells using three strains ATCC 25922, MTCC 729 and U 105.

RESULTS
The 1/2 MIC of all the antibiotics tested produced the greatest inhibition of bacterial adhesion. Morphological changes were observed with ciprofloxacin, ceftazidime and ampicillin at 1/2 MIC and to a lesser extent at 1/4 and 1/8 MIC. Co-trimoxazole caused the greatest suppression of adhesion at 1/2 MIC of E. coli strain MTCC 729 when compared with the controls, followed by ceftazidime.

CONCLUSION
These results suggest that co-trimoxazole is the most effective antibiotic in the treatment of urinary tract infections caused by uropathogenic E. coli.


The focus of this research is to explore the issues surrounding traditional approaches towards understanding the safety culture of an organisation operating in a high risk environment and to identify an effective technique to educate corporate management in how to measure and evaluate the underlying safety culture of their own organisations. The results of the first part of the research highlight the concerns being expressed by both academic and industrial communities that current safety culture survey questionnaire techniques exhibit significant flaws and that a new approach to more accurately identify safety culture is necessary. It has been demonstrated that sufficient data are available to any organisation which cares to record it and that this information can be used to model safety culture without the need to continually disrupt the organisation with intrusive surveys. Part two of the project involves the development of a learning environment based on an expert model of an oil company which is designed to educate management in this approach to safety culture evaluation. Constructed using a rapid prototyping approach, the learning environment is presented individually to a group of volunteers from a variety of industrial disciplines and experiences who undertake the full training programme. A case study methodology is used to examine the data collected and this demonstrates that participating in the learning environment experience results in improved awareness of how to uncover safety culture issues. The outcome of this research is a paradigm shift in how to measure and evaluate safety culture. From the analysis of the data, supported by feedback from the participants, it is shown that this is an effective solution to fulfilling both of the aforementioned requirements. Work has begun to adapt the tool so that it can be used in other industries such as mining, construction and nuclear energy.


On the basis of the empirical evidence concerning the role of emotions in moral judgments, new sentimentalist approaches to metaethics have been proposed. Nichols' theory of sentimental rules, in particular, associates the emphasis on emotive reactions to the relevance of a normative body of rules that guide our judgment on actions. According to Nichols, the emotive mechanism of concern explains the acquisition of the moral capacity and, together with the evidence on psychopaths and autistic children, shows the implausibility of a) moral rationalism, both as a conceptual and as an empirical thesis; b) motivational internalism; and c) moral objectivism. However, if we distinguish between i) the initial acquisition of morality in children and ii) the adult experience of it, we can see that to accept a central role of the emotive mechanisms in the first is not to have shown their centrality in the second. In particular, it is not possible to account for the normative theory in purely emotive terms, even though we accept that their emotive connotation favours the evolutive success of the norms. A moderate rationalist view, grounded on the notion of reflective endorsement and on the cooperation between emotions and rational capacities seems quite compatible with the empirical evidence and can justify plausible forms of internalism and objectivism.


The relative rates of carbon fixed by primary producers vs. consumption by primary consumers shape the community of organisms in ecosystems. On coral reefs, it is important to understand the demography of algae, given known competitive dynamics with reef-building corals. Numerous studies have shown that fleshy algal abundance is enhanced in the absence of top-down control by herbivores on coral reefs. However, fewer studies have quantified and compared rates of production by the benthic fleshy algal community and consumption by herbivores. Here, we estimate a budget for fleshy algal growth and herbivorous fish consumption on a Hawaiian coral reef based upon integration of field-measured and taxonomically specific variables. Data were collected at Kahekili Herbivore Fisheries Management Area, Maui, established in 2009, in which taking of herbivorous fish and urchins is prohibited. Daily algal production was determined by quantifying benthic community composition, standing stock of algal biomass, and growth rates of common algal components. Consumption was determined using distributions of biomass and size classes of herbivorous fish species, consumption rates of herbivores on different algal species, and herbivore bite sizes. Our results show that throughout the first five years of herbivore protection, algal production consistently exceeded the grazing capacity of the herbivorous fish assemblage, but by a diminishing margin since 2010 (consumption 20.8% of production) to the end of the study in 2014 (consumption 67.0% of production). Further, larger size classes of herbivorous fishes in the scraper/excavator herbivore guild contributed more to consumption in later years, which could have additional feedbacks that promote reef-building taxa. Projecting the budget using data from a neighboring decades-long protected herbivorous fish assemblage indicated that the production and consumption budget for Kahekili could become balanced in future with continued management.


For curator Hurtig, Sawchuk's site-specific sculptures, incorporating found objects and the natural, often living material of his forested back yard, encompass postmodern critical strategies of appropriation, ironic juxtaposition and impermanence. Ron Glowen compares the artist's intentions and concerns with those of H.C. Westermann, David Nash, Edward Kienholz, Joseph Beuys and Jannis Kounellis. Biographical notes. 15 bibl. ref.


The United States Constitution imposes a variety of constraints on the imposition of punishment, including the requirements that the punishment be authorized by a preexisting penal statute and ordered by a lawful judicial sentence. Today, prison administrators impose solitary confinement on thousands of prisoners despite the fact that neither of these requirements has been met. Is this imposition a "punishment without law," or is it a mere exercise of administrative discretion? In an 1890 case called In re Medley, the Supreme Court held that solitary confinement is a separate punishment subject to constitutional restraints, but it has ignored this holding in recent decades, treating the imposition of solitary confinement as though it were a mere act of administrative discretion. This Essay asks whether the Medley Court or the modern Court is correct as a matter of constitutional law and concludes that the Medley Court is correct.