X-ray observations of synchrotron rims in supernova remnant (SNR) shocks show evidence of efficient electron acceleration and strong magnetic field amplification (a factor of ∼100 between the upstream and downstream medium). This amplification may be due to plasma instabilities driven by shock-accelerated particles or cosmic rays (CRs), as they propagate ahead of the shocks. One candidate process is the cosmic ray current-driven (CRCD) instability caused by the electric current of "unmagnetized" CRs (i.e., CRs whose Larmor radii are much larger than the length scale of the CRCD modes) propagating parallel to the upstream magnetic field. Particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations have shown that the back-reaction of the amplified field on CRs would limit the amplification factor of this instability to less than ∼10 in galactic SNRs (not including the additional field compression at the shock). In this paper, we study the possibility of further amplification driven near shocks by "magnetized" CRs, whose Larmor radii are smaller than the length scale of the field that was previously amplified by the CRCD instability. We find that additional amplification can occur due to a new instability, driven by the CR current perpendicular to the field, which we term the perpendicular current-driven instability (PCDI). We derive the growth rate of this instability and, using PIC simulations, study its non-linear evolution. We show that the maximum amplification of PCDI is determined by the disruption of CR current, which happens when CR Larmor radii in the amplified field become comparable to the length scale of the instability. We find that, in regions close to the shock, PCDI grows on scales smaller than the scales of the CRCD instability, and, therefore, it results in larger amplification of the field (amplification factor up to ∼45). One possible observational signature of PCDI is the characteristic dependence of the amplified field on the shock velocity, B2 ∝ v2sh, which contrasts with the one corresponding to the CRCD instability acting alone, B2 ∝ v3sh. Our results strengthen the idea of CRs driving a significant part of the magnetic field amplification observed in SNR shocks.


Consumers aware of a new benefit will often experience uncertainty about its personal relevance or usage value. This paper shows that the decision to deliberate further to resolve this uncertainty and reach a polarized judgment of personal relevance critically depends on the posted price. In particular, a price above the consumer's initial willingness to pay might be thought provoking and enhance the perception of relevance with a certain probability. This behavioral mechanism is introduced formally and by way of an experiment with reference to the purchase of organic lettuce and fair-trade coffee. Accounting for the effect of price as a stimulus to think, a monopolistic firm should either over price ("transgressive pricing") or under price ("regressive pricing") in comparison to the consumer's willingness to pay. Under certain circumstances, the firm should also empower consumers with means that reduce the effort of deliberation.


Lao PDR and the Philippines are among the Asian countries whose exposure to climate risks seriously threatens livelihood, particularly of those in the agriculture sector. The paper provides a comparative analysis of the adaptive capacity and current adaptation strategies of small-scale rice farm households in these countries. The analysis focused on two top rice-producing provinces in each country that are vulnerable to climate risks. It covered three rice production environments or ecozones - irrigated lowland, rainfed lowland and rainfed upland in two cropping seasons, wet and dry. Sources of data include survey of rice farmers; key informant interviews with local government officials; focus group discussions with farmer and village leaders and extension workers; and local government reports. Calculation of adaptive capacity index adopted the procedure applied by the United Nations Development Program (cited in Swanson et al. 2007) on the Human Development Index. It incorporates various bio-physical and socio-economic factors affecting adaptive capacity. The analysis shows specific interventions that could improve household adaptive capacity to a changing climate, particularly extreme events and draw comparative lessons for possible uptake of other countries. The losses and damages experienced by the households show that livelihood, particularly of the poor farmers, is largely natural resource-based which is highly vulnerable to climate risks. The impacts of extreme events such as drought and typhoon vary by location, ecozone and cropping season. Farmers, particularly in the rainfed areas, have limited access to adaptation technologies and alternative livelihood sources. In the Philippines, farmers expressed the need for improved farming technologies, funding, skills and knowledge on adaptation to changing climate and advance warning on climate events. In Lao PDR, farmers need support for flood resistant rice varieties and better infrastructure because of their farms' vulnerability to flooding and landslide.


In Shakespeare's "Hamlet, "when Ophelia tells King Claudius, "Lord, we know what we are, but know not what we may be," she implies more than that we can never know what will happen next, that we have no grounds on which to make significant decisions in the conduct of our lives. She herself had done little or nothing to bring about her present state. Now she is quite mad. Claudius, too, could never have guessed where he would end. Yet the rest of us, although not significantly more knowing than they, profess to think we can actually make Me decisions which genuinely good reasons will support. Experience seems to have convinced us that, deficient in self-knowledge though we may be, sometimes the arrow of decision reaches its mark. Kadish examines how decisions hi the conduct of our lives are possible, how they may be justified, and what the limits of that justification might be for a self that defines itself in a context of social change. Although the need for self-justification tends to be regarded as a weakness, this book suggests that it may also be regarded as the inevitable outcome of the desire to make justifiable decisions, those for which on reflection one can approve oneself. The prime problem of the conduct of life, according to Kadish, is to say when one can and when one cannot justify oneself for one's conduct not to others but to oneself. He proposes that through self judgment individuals develop that very self-interest in virtue of which they endeavor to choose one course of action rather than another. He proposes also that they justify and form themselves through their self-identification as members of communities in conflict and in process of transformation. From this difficult social and human condition the basic problems of ethical and social theory, together with the possibility of a theory of good reasons, are held to arise. In the present time of discontent and emphasis on change hi social, economic, and political life, "The Ophelia Paradox "has a particular pertinence to the prospects for resolving the basic issues of conduct. It should be of interest to philosophers, sociologists, and psychologists, and of special relevance to anyone concerned with the interrelationships of ethics, art, and law.


Loess deposits that are invariably small are scattered over southern and midland England. They can be examined within a simple, speculative geomorphological model. This allows the concentration of loess material to be predicted and explained and a distribution network relating to the whole system produced. A complex series of events in the Weald loess trap causes a concentration of loess material by rivers flowing through various gaps in the Downs. The Thames provides loessic estuarine deposits , and the Pegwell Bay loess was a feature of the R.Stour. South coast accumulations are related to rivers flowing south through Downs gaps, such as the Adur and the Arun. The geomorphological model assumes a modest loess fall (say 20-50 cm, derived from the northeast) over southern and midland Britain, and develops loess accumulations by logical geomorphological processes from this starting point. Palaeoclimatic studies suggest that interest in the British loess is growing; some overall sedimentological studies might be useful. Loess in Britain should be seen as a major landscape material; it is often not an obvious landscape component but it is of fundamental importance. The distribution tree within the geomorphological model accommodates all relevant loess deposits, with major deposits falling on the ''main-line' of significant events.


We present theoretical estimates for a low-loss, all-optical transistor using a microresonator device whose fields interact evanescently with rubidium vapor. We use a four-level, electromagnetically induced absorption scheme to couple the light fields of the transistor. We show results indicating that a weak control beam with less than single-photon intensities can switch a much stronger signal beam with switching contrast of greater than 25 dB and loss less than 0.5 dB.


For over a century, the consensus among legal commentators is that character evidence—when used to show that an individual behaved in accordance with her predisposition to commit some act—is an illegitimate form of fact-finding proof. This consensus is codified in the Federal Rules of Evidence, which forbids the use of most "propensity evidence" at trial. Defenders of the ban suggest, without empirical proof, that jurors would overvalue the probative worth of propensity evidence and that the public would balk at the inclusion of such evidence as a matter of legal procedure. This Article suggests that this view is misguided, its assumptions are incorrect, and policymakers should consider lifting the ban on propensity evidence.
This Article reports the results of three original experiments, which examine the conditions under which the public is willing to legitimize legal verdicts that rely on propensity evidence. The psychological literature suggests that two elements must be satisfied for the public to legitimize an evidentiary rule: (1) the public must perceive the rule as promoting decisional accuracy, such that it increases the likelihood that the fact finder reaches the correct verdict, and (2) the rule must promote "procedural justice," such that people believe that the fact finder has reached its decision according to notions of fair play. Social psychology research on "person perception" suggests that jurors might be more competent to evaluate character evidence than legal commentators believe, and research on procedural justice suggests that the inclusion of propensity evidence may increase the popular legitimacy of legal verdicts.
These experiments, which surveyed over 1,200 participants, support the position that propensity evidence is a legitimate form of trial proof. They suggest that jurors attend to propensity evidence when it is presented to them, but they afford such evidence significantly less weight than they do most other evidence at trial. Moreover, jurors demonstrate marked competency with propensity evidence: they discriminate between potential accuracy-enhancing and accuracy-diminishing features of such evidence, including the frequency of the defendant's behavior, the duration of the acts, and the similarity of those acts to the act of which the defendant is accused. Finally, these studies suggest that propensity evidence increases—not decreases—the public's perceptions of procedural fairness at trial. These findings have substantial implications for evidential policy and for attorneys who make ground-level decisions regarding the use of character evidence.


BACKGROUND
Psychosocial factors, including job demands and poor resources, have been linked to stress, health problems, and negative job attitudes. However, worksite based interventions and programs targeting psychosocial factors may change employees' perceptions of their work climate and work attitudes.

OBJECTIVE
This pilot study describes a newly developed worksite based participatory organizational intervention program that was tested in the social service sector. It is evaluated using participants' perceptions of the intervention to investigate its acceptability as a feature of feasibility and its short-term effects on work climate factors (job demands and resources) and work-related attitudes.

METHODS
Forty employees of a Swedish social service unit provided self-reports before, during, and after the intervention.

RESULTS
As for effects, quantitative role overload and social support decreased while turnover intention increased. Responses to an open-ended question showed that participants considered the intervention program valuable for addressing issues relating to the psychosocial work climate.

CONCLUSIONS
Although the findings are preliminary, it was possible to carry out this worksite based participatory organizational program in this particular setting. Also, the preliminary findings underscore the challenges associated with designing and implementing this type of intervention program, thus adding to the methodological discussion on implementation and evaluation.


In the design of highway drainage culverts there are many uncertainties involved in addition to the normally considered hydrologic uncertainty due to the randomness in flood and rainfall frequencies. Uncertainties can be contributed from many sources and are classified as hydrologic, hydraulic, structural, and economic with subtypes of uncertainties in each of these categories. This paper describes a procedure for systematically analyzing and incorporating the uncertainties into the optimal design of drainage culverts. The procedure is based upon the concepts of hydrologic risk, first-order analysis of uncertainties, evaluation of expected damages, and optimization. The optimization model is used to select the magnitudes of the design variables in order to minimize total expected project costs. Using such a design procedure, the proper trade-off analysis among the potential flood damages, the design uncertainties, and the cost of the project is performed in determining the design.


This chapter presents an introduction to scientific data and its relevance to librarians and libraries. The characteristics of science data in general, and in relation to a number of scientific disciplines, are identified. The disciplines discussed have been chosen because they demonstrate notable aspects of data management, either because of the type of data used or because of the requirements external agencies place on researchers. Federal funding agencies' requirements for data management and sharing are discussed, along with initiatives to promote sharing of data, and notable large datasets and repositories are identified. Though the chapter mainly focuses on United States (U.S.) funding agencies, it also lists some international archives. Broad discussion of data management in the sciences, and how libraries and librarians can embed themselves in the data lifecycle, are presented, along with specific examples of how libraries have become involved with research data services.


Sulfur is a widely distributed element on Earth and in the solar system. Its multiple valence states (S 2− to S 6+ ) allow it to participate in numerous geochemical and biochemical processes. It may be one of the light elements in the Earth9s core and may have been crucial in core formation. Sulfur is an essential component in all life on Earth and likely supported earliest life. Sulfur geochemistry is used to understand the early evolution of Earth9s atmosphere and hydrosphere, and serves as a monitor of volcanic SO 2 and H 2 S and as a tracer of anthropogenic sources of sulfur. Recent advances in the use of multiple sulfur isotopes ( 32 S, 33 S, 34 S, and 36 S) and in situ isotopic measurements will help to develop sulfur stable isotopes as a vital tracer in the Earth and planetary sciences and will provide applications for understanding inorganic and biogenic processes.


This volume contains revised and extended research articles written by prominent researchers participating in the ICF4C 2011 conference. 2011 International Conference on Future Communication, Computing, Control and Management (ICF4C 2011) has been held on December 16-17, 2011, Phuket, Thailand. Topics covered include intelligent computing, network management, wireless networks, telecommunication, power engineering, control engineering, Signal and Image Processing, Machine Learning, Control Systems and Applications, The book will offer the states of arts of tremendous advances in Computing, Communication, Control, and Management and also serve as an excellent reference work for researchers and graduate students working on Computing, Communication, Control, and Management Research.


Purpose

This study aims to provide a complete understanding of academic research into higher education for sustainable development (HESD).

Design/methodology/approach

This study utilizes a systematic review of four scientific literature databases to outline topics of research during the UN's Decade of Education for Sustainable Development (DESD).

Findings

This study compares research trends and United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization's (UNESCO's) strategic perspectives, worldwide topics and the number of studies. The results show that the research trends did not match UNESCO's perspectives well and that researchers' focus on popular events led to the variation between the numbers of articles each year. In summary, the findings indicate that most researchers base their topics on environmental issues, and research trends indicate the need for the integration of HESD.

Practical implications

This study provides a systematic review of higher education for academic research into sustainability, and it has implications for researchers and educators by identifying the gaps between the research conducted and the UN's policies during the DESD.

Originality/value

This study attempts to offer an integrated view of HESD and to understand the bias of research trends during the DESD.


Abstract Genetic markers are often used to designate population units for management and conservation, but widespread sharing of mitochondrial DNA control-region haplotypes defined from short (< 500 base-pair [bp]) sequences often limits inferences of population connectivity in marine turtles. Haplotype CM-A8, defined from 490-bp sequences, dominated the haplotype profiles of the 3 major green turtle (Chelonia mydas) rookeries in Brazil. Previous analyses based on 490-bp haplotypes did not detect differentiation between the northern rookeries of Atol das Rocas and Fernando de Norohna, but did indicate differentiation of the northern rookeries from Trindade Island in the south. We reexamined the stock structure of the Brazilian green turtle rookeries using 817-bp control region and mitochondrial short tandem repeat (mtSTR) sequences. Nine 490-bp haplotypes were subdivided into 41 haplotypes by combining 817-bp and mtSTR sequences. Eight of the 14 CM-A8 turtles from Fernando de Noronha carried mtSTR haplotypes that were not detected in the larger rookeries. Pairwise exact tests indicated that the northern Brazilian green turtle rookeries of the Rocas Atoll and Fernando de Noronha are discrete populations with respect to female natal homing. Moreover, several apparently endemic markers in the 3 Brazilian green turtle nesting populations should improve resolution of future mixed-stock analyses. Comparable data are needed from green turtle rookeries in the central and eastern Atlantic to assess structure and connectivity at the ocean basin scale.


In recent years, scholars have come to a general agreement about the relationship between partisan gerrymandering and racial redistricting. Drawing districts that contain a majority of minority voters, as is often required by the Voting Rights Act, is said to help minority voters in those districts but hurt the Democratic Party more broadly. This Article argues that this familiar claim is based on a mistaken assumption about how redistricters can best manipulate districts for partisan gain - an assumption grounded in the idea that all voters can be thought of as either Democrats or Republicans. Relaxing this assumption, and acknowledging that voters come in diverse ideological types, we highlight the fact that the optimal partisan gerrymandering strategy is quite different from the pack-and-crack strategy that is pervasive in the literature. Understanding this optimal strategy leads to a second insight - that the Voting Rights Act constrains Republicans' partisan ambitions, not Democrats', as is typically thought. We conclude by discussing some implications for the future of the Voting Rights Act and the next round of decennial redistricting.


Soil hydraulic properties are necessary for understanding water and solute movement in subsurface vadose zone environments. Previous statistical models of soil hydraulic properties have postulated a pore‐size distribution from the particle‐size distribution by assuming an empirical relationship between pore sizes and particle sizes. This pore‐size distribution has been used to develop the soil water retention curve and/or the relative conductivity curve. In this study, we develop soil water retention models from particle‐size distribution data based on the results obtained by Torquato and coworkers on polydisperse particle systems. We model soils as systems of randomly placed spheres of random sizes and derive expressions for the soil water retention curve based on the statistical description of the systems. Two special cases of homogeneous systems of polydisperse spheres are considered: fully penetrable spheres (FPS) and totally impenetrable spheres (TIS). A lognormal particle‐size distribution is assumed. More than 100 soils are used to corroborate the models. It is found that the TIS model works well for sand and loamy sand soils.


The Arabidopsis protein FPA controls flowering time by regulating the alternative 3′-end processing of the FLOWERING LOCUS (FLC) antisense RNA. FPA belongs to the split ends (SPEN) family of proteins, which contain N-terminal RNA recognition motifs (RRMs) and a SPEN paralog and ortholog C-terminal (SPOC) domain. The SPOC domain is highly conserved among FPA homologs in plants, but the conservation with the domain in other SPEN proteins is much lower. We have determined the crystal structure of Arabidopsis thaliana FPA SPOC domain at 2.7 Å resolution. The overall structure is similar to that of the SPOC domain in human SMRT/HDAC1 Associated Repressor Protein (SHARP), although there are also substantial conformational differences between them. Structural and sequence analyses identify a surface patch that is conserved among plant FPA homologs. Mutations of two residues in this surface patch did not disrupt FPA functions, suggesting that either the SPOC domain is not required for the role of FPA in regulating RNA 3′-end formation or the functions of the FPA SPOC domain cannot be disrupted by the combination of mutations, in contrast to observations with the SHARP SPOC domain.


This study was designed to investigate the effects of injection with a local anesthetic agent or dry needling into a myofascial trigger point (TrP) of the upper trapezius muscle in 58 patients. Trigger point injections with 0.5% lidocaine were given to 26 patients (Group I), and dry needling was performed on TrPs in 15 patients (Group II). Local twitch responses (LTRs) were elicited during multiple needle insertions in both Groups I and II. In another 17 patients, no LTR was elicited during TrP injection with lidocaine (9 patients, group Ia) or dry needling (8 patients, group IIa). Improvement was assessed by measuring the subjective pain intensity, the pain threshold of the TrP and the range of motion of the cervical spine. Significant improvement occurred immediately after injection into the patients in both group I and group II. In Groups la and Ib, there was little change in pain, tenderness or tightness after injection. Within 2-8 h after injection or dry needling, soreness (different from patients' original myofascial pain) developed in 42% of the patients in group I and in 100% of the patients in group II. Patients treated with dry needling had postinjection soreness of significantly greater intensity and longer duration than those treated with lidocaine injection. The author concludes that it is essential to elicit LTRs during injection to obtain an immediately desirable effect. TrP injection with 0.5% lidocaine is recommended, because it reduces the intensity and duration of postinjection soreness compared with that produced by dry needling


PurposeThe purpose of this paper is, first, to examine student perspectives of their university experience in terms of the soft employability skills they develop; second, how prepared those students feel for the future employment market and finally investigate whether there are differences in perceptions between Chinese and Malaysian students given their different educational experience.Design/methodology/approachIn this study, 361 predominantly Chinese undergraduate students at two universities, one in China and the other in Malaysia completed the 15-item Goldsmiths soft skills inventory using an online survey.FindingsThe results, analysed using factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis, indicated that the university curriculum develops student soft skills, particularly in the Malaysian university and supports the relationship between soft skill and student preparedness for employment. The results also indicate that compared with the respondents from the Chinese university, the Malaysian university respondents were more likely to be positive to statements concerning their respective university's ability to develop their soft skills.Research limitations/implicationsSuch findings have implications for education providers and business in that it is important for universities to embed soft skills into the curriculum in order to develop graduate work readiness.Originality/valueWhat this research contributes is not only consolidation of existing research in the contemporary context of a disruptive jobs market, it takes research forward through analysing student perceptions from two universities, one in Malaysia and the other in China, of the skills they develop at university and the importance of soft skills to them and their perceptions of future employment and employability. Such research will provide insight, in particular, into the role of education providers, the phenomena of underemployment among graduates in China, and be of practical significance to employers and their perception that graduates lack the necessary soft skills for the workplace (Anonymous, 2017a; Stapleton, 2017; British Council, 2015; Chan, 2015).


Abstract No Abstract Available. Presented at the reunion meeting of the Graduate Department of Orthodontia, University of Illinois, March 1956, Chicago, Illinois.


Archaeology of the Middle Green River Region, Kentucky. WILLIAM H. MARQUARDT and PATTY JO WATSON (eds.). Institute of Archaeology and Paleoenvironmental Studies, Monograph Number 5, Rorida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, 2005. xxii + 657 pp., editors' preface, 242 figures, 172 tables, index. $65.00 (cloth), ISBN 1-881448-14-2. Reviewed by Tanya M. Peres When I received the review copy of Archaeology of the Middle Green River Region, Kentucky, I quickly realized that I would not be taking it to Europe with me as reading material for the plane flight, as originally planned. For those that have not seen this monograph, it is an impressive 5 cm thick (half the standard excavation level!) and packed full of the history of archaeology in the Southeast as it relates to the Middle Green River Region; history of the interdisciplinary project that this book results from; generous amounts of archaeological, biological, and paleoenvironmental data; interpretations; synthesis; and recommendations for future research. The 24 chapters, 172 tables, and 242 figures in this volume are organized into three parts. Part 1 is an overview of the Shell Mound Archaeological Project (SMAP); part 2 focuses on the fieldwork and laboratory analysis of excavated remains from the Carlston Annis site, the eventual primary focus of SMAP; part 3 is the concluding chapter synthesizing the data presented in the preceding 23 chapters. Whether intentional or not, Marquardt and Watson have organized this volume to give primacy to the biological and environmental evidence that is often given second-class status in archaeology reports. The nature of the Green River Shell Mound Archaic sites is such that these types of data are paramount in successfully interpreting the history of occupation and use by people in this region. Materialists and fans of chert, lithics, and modified bone implements need not worry; these are the focus of chapters 17-19. There are no appendices, a statement to the equal importance of all data classes. Part 1 includes chapters 1 to 5, which focus on the regional setting of the SMAP, the history of archaeology in the area, and a chronology of research conducted as part of SMAP. In chapter 1, Watson and Marquardt recount not only the current and past environmental and economic settings of the region, but also synthesize oral history and conversations held with local families that lived and worked in the area for generations. This gives the reader a sense of temporal depth of the region, while becoming an important part of the ethnohistoric record. Additionally, the inclusion of oral histories in an archaeology book on the archaic culture period speaks to the importance of keeping detailed and thoughtful field notes; one can never predict what may or may not be of importance to subsequent analyses and interpretations. Chapter 2, also by Watson and Marquardt, provides a detailed timeline of the interdisciplinary research conducted as part SMAP. Chapter 3, written by geoarchaeologist Julie K. Stein, describes the modern and historic Green River through geological and pedological information. Stein's work on this topic is vital to understanding environmental processes that allowed the archaic peoples to flourish in this region. Marquardt and Watson provide a summary of the regional investigations as a principle component of SMAP in chapter 4. J. Alan May's chapter 5 is the last in this section, and it includes a proposed model for shell midden formation based on a synthesis of ethnographies from 20 shellcollecting societies. Part 2 focuses on the Carlston Annis site (15BT5), the site that became the research center of SMAP. Marquardt and Watson open the section with a chapter (6) detailing the investigations at Carlston Annis, beginning with a summary of WPA excavations at the site, followed by SMAP's preliminary Investigations and excavations of the site from 1972 to 1980. The chapter concludes with interpretations and a summary of site formation, use, and chronology. …


This paper covers, a novel scheme of protecting hidden transmission of biometrics using authentication watermarking. The proposed scheme uses watermark embedding algorithm. Compared with traditional personal identification techniques such as passwords and personal identification number codes, automated biometrics authentication provides a convenient and reliable method in diverse application but their validity must be guaranteed. Watermarking technique provides solution to ensure the validity of biometrics; proposed scheme is composed of three parts: watermark embedding, data embedding and data extraction. One of the applications of our proposed scheme is verifying data integrity for images transferred over the internet. Keywords—Authentication watermarking, Biometrics, Hidden transmission, New Fragile Watermarking Algorithm, Steganography.


The enzyme telomerase, a ribonucleoprotein complex, adds telomeric repeats of TTAGGG at the end of chromosomes, thus playing a key role in maintaining telomeric length in germ cells and immortalized cancer cells. Activation of the telomerase enzyme is important for continuous cellular growth and its escape from cellular senescence. Telomerase activity is not detected in most normal somatic cells. It has however been demonstrated in most cancer cells. Relatively few studies have been carried out on oral precancerous lesions like Leukoplakia and oral submucous fibrosis. This study was aimed at detection of telomerase activity in Leukoplakia and oral submucous fibrosis.


Background The elderly population in the world are increasing. Health promoting activities aiming at a long healthy life among the elderly is a central public health issue. Regular outdoor recreation physical activity is associated with physical and mental health benefits, also if starting late in life. We studied outdoor recreation physical activities and factors influencing such activities, among persons aged >60 years. Methods The study was performed within the longitudinal Swedish National Study on Aging and Care. Baseline data were collected between 2001 and 2003. Respondents completed a questionnaire about sex, age, outdoor physical activities during the last year, access to recreational areas, socioeconomic status, social network, anxiety of falling or being assaulted outdoors and capability to have a shower by themselves. A binary logistic regression was used to determine differences in variables constituting on factors enhancing the probability on performing outdoor recreation physical activities. Results In total, 999/1402 (71 %) respondents aged 60-96 years answered all the questions in the questionnaire. Of those, 659/999 (66 %) had performed outdoor recreation physical activities several times/week during the last year. The probability on performing activities was significantly higher among women when compared to men. The activities decreased significantly when becoming >80 years, especially among women. Also, being a woman with poor economy decreased the probability significantly compared to men in the same situation. Other factors which significantly increased the performance were; access to a recreational area, if respondents were not anxious of falling and if respondents were capable to have a shower by themselves. Conclusions To facilitate outdoor physical activities among elderly, extra support seems important for men 80 years. Also, those anxious of falling and women with a poor economy need support. Access to recreational areas is of importance.


Spore killing in ascomycetes is a special form of segregation distortion. When a strain with the Killer genotype is crossed to a Sensitive type, spore killing is expressed by asci with only half the number of ascospores as usual, all surviving ascospores being of the Killer type. Using population genetic modeling, this paper explores conditions for invasion of Spore killers and for polymorphism of Killers, Sensitives and Resistants (which neither kill, nor get killed), as found in natural populations. The models show that a population with only Killers and Sensitives can never be stable. The invasion of Killers and stable polymorphism only occur if Killers have some additional advantage during the process of spore killing. This may be due to the effects of local sib competition or some kind of "heterozygous" advantage in the stage of ascospore formation or in the short diploid stage of the life cycle. This form of segregation distortion appears to be essentially different from other, well-investigated forms, and more field data are needed for a better understanding of spore killing.


I. INTRODUCTION For a majority of Medicaid recipients, managed health carel is fast becoming a reality.2 As state governments seek to control Medicaid costs in a world of limited resources, unlimited reimbursement for any treatment a doctor deems necessary is no longer feasible.3 One major tool for cost containment has been the privatization of the delivery of Medicaid coverage into managed care organizations.4 The shift to a managed plan means that services will be rationed. This rationing occurs because capitated rates,5 for example, require that private managed care organizations6 ("MCOs") bear the risk of providing services to the Medicaid population and attempt to profit from a flat-rate fee system.7 The managed care trend is causing a paradigm shift for Medicaid.8 Medicaid originated in an era when the government was not as concerned about controlling health care costs.9 Today, Medicaid's mandates sometimes conflict with efforts to control health care costs.lo This conflict manifests itself in the Early and Periodic Screening, Diagnostic, and Treatment ("EPSDT") mandate of the Medicaid Act.ll The sT" in the EPSDT provides broad coverage. Treatment is available to Medicaid-eligible children under twenty-one years of age, and the EPSDT requires states to provide any service that Medicaid offers and a physician has deemed "medically necessary."12 Such treatment is required even if the state does not provide it to the adult Medicaid population.l3 This Note attempts to demonstrate how the EPSDT, as a broad mandate created before managed care, has the potential to diminish the effectiveness of managed care's cost saving efforts, particularly in the area of managed mental health care. Part II of this Note provides the background of Medicaid, describing the fiscal problems it has presented and the solution offered by Tennessee's attempt to control costs through managed care. Part III discusses Medicaid's EPSDT requirement and the challenges it may present to Medicaid managed care cost containment efforts. The Note then suggests two steps to reconcile the goals of the EPSDT with the goals of Medicaid managed mental health care. First, it encourages states seeking to meet the EPSDT's requirements to do so by adopting an incentive program for the screening portion of the EPSDT. Second, Part IV suggests that mental health care presents some unique challenges in a capitated system faced with full enforcement of the EPSDT. Therefore, in order to realize an active and willing enforcement of the EPSDT in the managed mental health care environment, Congress must allow states to define which services are "medically necessary" for purposes of a managed mental health care program. In addition, Congress clearly must allow that definition to apply to the EPSDT. Only then can a state ensure fulfillment of the EPSDT while meeting its goal of controlling costs in a managed care environment. Part V reviews Tennessee's "TennCare Partners" program for managed Medicaid mental health care in light of the two suggested steps. Tennessee has introduced its Medicaid mental health care coverage within a relatively unique system of "carving out" a separate mental health care delivery system.l4 This carve-out system allows this Note to focus on the EPSDT within managed mental health care, where unique concerns about effective and necessary diagnosis and treatment clash with efforts to save costs through managed care. The Note first addresses how the TennCare Partners program, like many other managed care programs, is fumbling its responsibility to execute the EPSDT, in part because the state did not properly contract for the EPSDT, and in part because MCOs are often not fully aware of the EPSDT's breadth. Second, the Note analyzes how TennCare Partners defines "medically necessary." It then explains how Tennessee's definition of medical necessity would operate if Congress allowed it to apply to the treatment portion of the EPSDT. …


The Harlem Courthouse has towered over East 121st Street since the late 1800s – stately and elaborate, with arched windows and soaring pinnacles. Until 1961, the courthouse housed the Municipal and Magistrate's Courts; after New York City's courts were centralized, the building fell into disuse and was largely forgotten. Decades later, when court planners were looking for a location for a new community court, the courthouse – with its ornate architecture and status as a once vital community institution – seemed an ideal location. Today, the Harlem Courthouse is again a vibrant neighborhood resource. Gone are the boarded up windows, empty courtrooms, and unused office space. Instead, the courthouse is home to an unusual experiment in neighborhood justice, the Harlem Community Justice Center. The center features a multi-jurisdictional courtroom that hears a mix of Family and Housing Court cases, along with an array of unconventional programs – including mediation, community service, and reentry initiatives – that extend the Justice Center's reach well beyond the courtroom doors. While a traditional court usually has one heartbeat, as the center's former director Raye Barbieri puts it, the Harlem court 'has dozens'. This paper tells the story of this unique experiment in community justice, from planning to ongoing operations. Along the way, it highlights the key lessons of the Harlem experience, offering vivid testimony that a court and community can work together to spur neighborhood renewal.


The purpose of this dissertation was to assess market orientation at TPC. It aimed to
assess whether TPC applies market orientation concept to meet customer expected
standards to organization better performance. The research was conducted to TPC
customers and to few selected experienced TPC staff. The main criteria for
measunng the level of expected standard were driven from the literature which
provided the backbone for market orientation dimensions. Data were gathered
through questionnaire, written documents and some unstructured interviews. In order
to achieve the objectives of the study, three hypotheses were formulated to link the
dimensions of market orientation (i.e. customer focus, inter-functional coordination
and competitor intelligence). Data analysis indicated that customer focus,
interfunctional coordination, competitor intelligence have an effect on performance,
while the level of expected standard has not affected business operations. A number
of factors that impede the achievement of market orientation included weak
organization commitment, staff capacity in business knowledge, staff involvement in
understanding the market, type of trainings conducted to staff etc. For a business
organization to be in a better performance, needs to carry out market orientation
concept. Therefore, it is recommended that more attention should be directed
towards enhancing its dimensions of customer focus, competitor intelligence and
inter-functional coordination. In this general assessment, market orientation has great
impact on business. The study concludes with a suggestion that market orientation
needs to be practiced at TPC.


Mountain regions are subject to a unique set of economic pressures: they act as collective enterprises which have to valorize rare resources, such as spectacular landscapes. While primarily rural in nature, they often border large cities, and the development of industries such as hydroelectric power and the rapid development of tourism can bring about sweeping socio-economic change and vast demographic alterations. The Spatial and Economic Transformation of Mountain Regions describes the socio-economic changes and spatial impacts of the last four decades, with the transformation of mountain areas held up as an example. Much of the real-world context draws on the Alps, spanning as they do the significant economies of France, Italy, Germany, Switzerland, and Austria. Chapters address academic discourse on regional development in these mountain areas and suggest alternative approaches to the liberal-productivist societal model. This book will be essential reading for professionals, institutions, and NGOs searching for counter-models to the existing marketing approaches for peripheral areas. It will also be of interest to students of regional development, economic geography, environmental studies, and industrial economics.


Amidst an ongoing debate surrounding the traditional dichotomy of whether video games are good or bad for children, in this paper we present Path of Trust, a novel, prosocial game that aims at helping children understand the importance of teamwork and learn how and when to express trustworthiness. We have created a colorful, non-violent digital game, in which children aged 7-10 can be exposed to prosocial content and develop specific prosocial attitudes, such as cooperation and trustworthiness, driven by the fact that video games with prosocial content can be used to improve social interactions. The game was designed to maintain an attractive and engaging nature, which is usually associated with games that are often vilified within social circles in terms of being packed with tons of action and violence. We conducted two separate studies to test our game's modeling of prosocial behavior, which demonstrate the potential of the game as a tool for teaching important prosocial behavior to children.


A frequency-addressed plasmonic switch was demonstrated by embedding a uniform gold nanodisk array into dual-frequency liquid crystals (DFLCs). The optical properties of the hybrid system were characterized by extinction spectra of localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs). The LSPR peak was tuned using a frequency-dependent electric field. A ∼4 nm blueshift was observed for frequencies below 15 kHz, and a 23 nm redshift was observed for frequencies above 15 kHz. The switching time for the system was ∼40 ms. This DFLC-based active plasmonic system demonstrates an excellent, reversible, frequency-dependent switching behavior and could be used in future integrated nanophotonic circuits.


Approximating optimal policies in reinforcement learning (RL) is often necessary in many real-world scenarios, which is termed as policy optimization. By viewing the reinforcement learning from the perspective of variational inference (VI), the policy network is trained to obtain the approximate posterior of actions given the optimality criteria. However, in practice, the policy optimization may lead to suboptimal policy estimates due to the amortization gap and insufficient exploration. In this work, inspired by the previous use of Hamiltonian Monte Carlo (HMC) in VI, we propose to integrate policy optimization with HMC. As such we choose evolving actions from the base policy according to HMC. First, HMC can improve the policy distribution to better approximate the posterior and hence reduces the amortization gap. Second, HMC can also guide the exploration more to the regions with higher action values, enhancing the exploration efficiency. Instead of directly applying HMC into RL, we propose a new leapfrog operator to simulate the Hamiltonian dynamics. With comprehensive empirical experiments on continuous control baselines, including MuJoCo, PyBullet Roboschool and DeepMind Control Suite, we show that the proposed approach is a data-efficient, and an easy-toimplement improvement over previous policy optimization methods. Besides, the proposed approach can also outperform previous methods on DeepMind Control Suite, which has image-based high-dimensional observation space.


Abstract. The acquisition of photogrammetric image data by means of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) has developed in recent years to an interesting new measurement method especially for small to medium sizes of objects. In addition the latest developments in the field of navigation systems (GNSS), of inertial sensors and other sensors in combination with powerful and easy to program microcontrollers have made a major contribution to this. In particular, the development of MEMS sensors has triggered the boom of the UAV and has given decisively influence and it is still going on. The integration of sensors on a single board not only enables a cost-effective manufacturing and mass production, but also the use in accordance with small, lightweight UAV. The latest developments on a 50 mm × 50 mm-sized circuit board combine the sensors and the microcontroller for the flight control and flight navigation. Both the board and the microcontroller are easy to program and maintain several interfaces for connecting additional sensors, such as GNSS, ultrasonic sensors and telemetry. This article presents the UAV system of the Bochum University of Applied Sciences, the used sensors and the obtained results for accurate georeferencing.


Although obsessive compulsive disorders (OCD) are psychological and behavioral by nature, we know that OCD is a full disease. The importance of an early diagnosis seams to be essential for an adapted medical care and a better prognosis. Florian's case report shows perfectly it exist a characteristic but not specific semiology of young patient OCD we'll have to pay attention to. For his treatment, the association of an antidepressant drug from serotonin reuptake inhibitors family (ISRS) and a psychotherapy is prescribed. Cognitive-behavioral therapy is the choice therapy in this case and sertraline the only one psychotrope which have a pediatric licence for patients under 15 years-old OCD. One more time, this case report underlines that molecule range used in pedopsychiatry is particularly limited.


One hallmark of natural organisms is their significant evolvability, i.e.,their increased potential for further evolution. However, reproducing such evolvability in artificial evolution remains a challenge, which both reduces the performance of evolutionary algorithms and inhibits the study of evolvable digital phenotypes. Although some types of selection in evolutionary computation indirectly encourage evolvability, one unexplored possibility is to directly select for evolvability. To do so, we estimate an individual's future potential for diversity by calculating the behavioral diversity of its immediate offspring, and select organisms with increased offspring variation. While the technique is computationally expensive, we hypothesized that direct selection would better encourage evolvability than indirect methods. Experiments in two evolutionary robotics domains confirm this hypothesis: in both domains, such Evolvability Search produces solutions with higher evolvability than those produced with Novelty Search or traditional objective-based search algorithms. Further experiments demonstrate that the higher evolvability produced by Evolvability Search in a training environment also generalizes, producing higher evolvability in a new test environment without further selection. Overall, Evolvability Search enables generating evolvability more easily and directly, facilitating its study and understanding, and may inspire future practical algorithms that increase evolvability without significant computational overhead.


Bogus refund schemes, i.e., schemes created to generate undeserved tax refunds, have long plagued the Internal Revenue Service ("IRS"). In 2011-2013, the IRS identified and stopped over $53 billion fraudulent refunds, yet paid over $10 billion in fraudulent refunds during the same period. Those bogus refunds, however, are not a new phenomenon: a 2005 report by the Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration ("TIGTA") to Congress noted that in that year, there were approximately 70,000 bogus claims for refund, totaling over $100 million. By 2007, the Joint Committee on Taxation (the "Joint Committee"), echoing TIGTA's concerns, told Congress that bogus refund claims had created "unnecessary burdens on both taxpayers and the IRS by straining IRS resources and impeding effective tax administration." In response to both TIGTA's and the Joint Committee's concerns, in 2007, Congress enacted Internal Revenue Code (the "Code") section 6676, which gives the IRS the power to penalize erroneous and fraudulent refund claims. Section 6676 was later amended by Congress in 2010, extending the section 6676 refund penalty to refund claims based on transactions lacking economic substance. While well-intentioned, section 6676 has been feckless. For the five years between May 2007 and May 2012, the IRS assessed only 84 section 6676 erroneous refund penalties, collecting roughly $1.9 million. However, TIGTA found that solely for the approximately one-year period between June 3, 2012 and May 25, 2013, "the IRS could have potentially assessed erroneous penalties totaling more than $1.5 billion." This Article explains why those potential penalties have not been assessed. Part of the blame for section 6676's ineffectiveness is the lack of guidance regarding implementation, and that blame falls squarely at the feet of both the IRS and the U.S. Treasury Department ("Treasury"). Since enactment, Treasury has failed to issue implementing regulations for section 6676, relying instead on the IRS to, in effect, make it up as they go along. That has not worked out so well. The IRS, in making it up, has gotten it wrong at least twice, and has left its employees largely in the dark about how the penalty should be implemented.


The present state of the economy places the nation's older worker in a perilous situation. Employers, motivated by either the appearance of economic incentives or age-related stereotypes, are apt to seek savings in cost via large-scale reductions-in-force. The factors relied upon in executing these internal restructurings often serve as functional proxies for age. The Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) provides relief for the victims of such discriminatory practices under the theory of disparate impact. Unfortunately, however, the standard currently employed by courts in evaluating these claims makes the prospects for recovery highly unlikely.This Note argues a balancing approach should replace the existing level of deference afforded to employers under the Reasonable Factor Other than Age (RFOA) defense. Beginning with an overview of the history of disparate impact under the ADEA, this Note observes that the present minimal threshold for invoking the RFOA defense results in a practical impossibility for recovery. It argues the current standard is ill-equipped in addressing both the economic situation faced by older workers, as well as the psychological nature of age discrimination itself. It proposes that a familiar standard in tort liability, Judge Hand's B > PL formula, should instead provide the normative model for balancing the interests necessary to determine the "reasonableness" of an employer's reliance upon a factor other than age. It concludes that such an approach would be more consistent with the fundamental premise of antidiscrimination law as a form of tort liability, coincide with a modern understanding of age discrimination's operation at an implicit level, and address the urgent economic concerns facing older workers.


Abstract Topological photonics emerged as a novel route to engineer the flow of light. Topologically protected photonic edge modes, which are supported at the perimeters of topologically nontrivial insulating bulk structures, are of particular interest as they may enable low-loss optical waveguides immune to structural disorder. Very recently, there has been a sharp rise of interest in introducing gain materials into such topological photonic structures, primarily aiming at revolutionizing semiconductor lasers with the aid of physical mechanisms existing in topological physics. Examples of remarkable realizations are topological lasers with unidirectional light output under time-reversal symmetry breaking and topologically protected polariton and micro/nanocavity lasers. Moreover, the introduction of gain and loss provides a fascinating playground to explore novel topological phases, which are in close relevance to non-Hermitian and parity-time symmetric quantum physics and are, in general, difficult to access using fermionic condensed matter systems. Here, we review the cutting-edge research on active topological photonics, in which optical gain plays a pivotal role. We discuss recent realizations of topological lasers of various kinds, together with the underlying physics explaining the emergence of topological edge modes. In such demonstrations, the optical modes of the topological lasers are determined by the dielectric structures and support lasing oscillation with the help of optical gain. We also address recent research on topological photonic systems in which gain and loss, themselves, essentially influence topological properties of the bulk systems. We believe that active topological photonics provides powerful means to advance micro/nanophotonics systems for diverse applications and topological physics, itself, as well.


In Canada, there has been a flurry of activity related to developing technological tools intended to be used directly by the public to address legal needs. For ease of reference, we refer to such tools as "DTP (direct-to-public) legal apps." As useful as they may be, DTP legal apps raise unique and important privacy issues. This article discusses a project we undertook with the goal of creating a set of privacy best practices for DTP legal apps. We obtained funding from the Office of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada (OPC) to carry out this project in 2017 which resulted in a final report, Improving Privacy Practices for Legal Apps: A Best Practices Guide, submitted in March 2019. A full copy of this final report can be found at Appendix A. In this article, we detail our work on this project, including the challenges faced in fulfilling our research mandate (to draft a model privacy sectoral code for DTP legal apps) and the lessons we learned in that process.

In writing this article, we had two goals. First, we hope to provide the foundations for future projects and conversations relating to the optimal provision of DTP legal apps in Canada, and the development of privacy guidance for DTP legal app developers; second, we provide critical reflection on the objective of creating a sectoral privacy code, particularly in a rapidly evolving technological context.

This article has six parts. In Part I, we outline the background and context of the project. In Part II, we discuss the feedback we received about privacy concerns and the best practices model from developers engaged in the creation of DTP legal apps. Part III considers how structuring the best practices guide through the lens of the Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act ["PIPEDA"] imposed specific, and sometimes problematic, constraints. In Part IV, we highlight some particular features of the DTP legal apps "sector" and identify how these realities impacted the development of what was initially conceived of as a sectoral privacy code. In Part V, we examine the role of law societies in relation to a privacy code of practice for DTP legal apps. In Part VI, we reflect on the final best practices guide we proposed.


Corneal ulcer, or ulcerative keratitis, is essentially an open wound to the eye. It is characterized by disruption of the corneal epithelium and stroma and can be either inflammatory or infectious.This teaching case report reviews the diagnosis and management of a specific contact lens-related corneal ulcer case and includes a discussion of the differential diagnosis, risk factors, and pharmacological treat ments for corneal ulcers. This topic is important because of the potentially severe ocular complications that can arise from overwear of contact lenses.


The Class Action Fairness Act of 2005 (CAFA) was the product of an extended and well-organized political campaign.The Class Action Fairness Act of 2005 (CAFA) was the product of an extended and well-organized political campaign. In Congress, its passage required a grinding eight-year effort, several modifications to the original proposal, numerous committee hearings, multiple reports by both Houses, political compromises that drew some Democratic support, two unsuccessful attempts to terminate debate in the Senate by imposing cloture, and strenuous efforts to amend in both the House and Senate when the bill came to the floor for a final vote. Passage also required Republican control of both Houses of Congress and the presidency as well.


Federal courts frequently make the mistake of treating factual elements of federal causes of action as going to the jurisdiction of the federal court; courts hold that the failure to prove some element requires dismissal of the civil action for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, rather than for failure to state a claim. This arises most frequently as to elements in three federal causes of action: the quantum-of-employees element in employment discrimination claims, the "affecting commerce" element under the Sherman Act, and the state action requirement in constitutional actions. Characterizing a factual issue as going to jurisdiction (the power or authority of a court to hear and resolve the dispute between the parties) or substantive merits of the cause of action (going to who should win the case and why) affects the time and manner in which that issue is adjudicated and resolved within the litigation process. It also implicates the basic positivist imperative of treating distinct legal conceptions in a distinct manner. The solution is a plain-language, positive-law approach to the separation of jurisdiction and merits. A court determines its subject matter jurisdiction by examining the language of the jurisdiction-granting statute, the statute enacted pursuant to Congress' structural power and empowering the court to hear and resolve civil actions. All other facts that may come into play in the case are relevant solely to the underlying substantive cause of action and to whether the plaintiff has established a violation of rights entitling her to relief. These facts, if disputed, await resolution at full trial on the merits.


The synthesis and characterization of one or two BODIPY fragments appended to four new chiral and one new achiral diamines is described. All of the examined BODIPY-appended diamines exhibit a quasireversible-irreversible reduction, with two reductions (separated by about 100 mV) observed in the case of diamines containing two BODIPY molecules. Only the BODIPY-appended ortho-phenylenediamines did not fluoresce under UV light. Computational analysis showed that the absence of fluorescence of the BODIPY-appended ortho-phenylenediamines is likely due to intramolecular quenching of the excited state electron within the phenylenediamine ligand. Computational analysis also showed that the incorporation of a BODIPY molecule greatly reduces the basicity of the amine center, by about 10–14 pKa units. The BODIPY moiety was found to be more electron withdrawing than a tosyl and a pentafluorophenyl group, suggesting why excess metals are needed in heavy metal sensor applications (heteroatom-appended BODIPYs = poor ligands). An improved procedure for the scalable synthesis (greater than three grams) of 8-methanethio-BODIPY, a common starting material for the generation of heteroatom-appended BODIPY molecules, is also described.


This article describes the background to the introduction of supervised community treatment (SCT) in the 2007 amendments to the Mental Health Act 1983 for England and Wales. The evidence base for the use of SCT in the UK and in other countries to date is considered, and guidance from the literature regarding the decision to impose it is reviewed. Early local experience of SCT is described, in part through a number of fictitious vignettes. Finally, we present a set of guidelines which may be used by clinicians when considering SCT.


The paper presents Science, Technology and Mathematics (STM) as the bedrock of the development of any nation. It emphasizes the role of women in national development. To achieve meaningful advancement in national development, the paper emphasizes the need to give priority to the education of women in STM. It recommended that deliberate efforts be made to vary the present University Matriculation Examination (UME) cut off score to favour female in admitting them into tertiary institutions in Science, Technology and Mathematics (STM) and related courses. ********** In the recent past, emphasis in Nigeria education has shifted to educating its citizens in Science, Technology and Mathematics (STM).This mode was reflected in the National policy on Education when it recommended an enrolment ratio of 60:40 in favour of STM and related courses in the tertiary institutions (Federal Republic of Nigeria (FRN), 2004). This guideline became necessary with a view to boost manpower development and researches in these professions. The role of STM in the development of a nation cannot be over emphasized. Imarhiagbe (1996) stated that if anything is important to any country in solving its problems, it is science, technology and mathematics. According to him, STM is the base for the overall development of a nation, the instrument, the orderly and ethical behaviour of its citizens. The place of STM in the development of any nation was echoed earlier by Professor Fafunwa in his keynote address to the 31st annual conference of the Science Teachers' Association of Nigeria (STAN) when he stated that we cannot hope to be self-reliant with other people's science and technology. If we must develop and be self-reliant, we must develop our own science and technology (Fafunwa, 1990). What then is National development? National Development refers to the ability to harness all the available resources, human, material or economic, to bring out the potentials of a nation. It may also imply the ability to flow along with other nations in terms of effective management and utilization of current development in science and technology. According to Abbe and Momodu (cited in Aguele and Uhumuavbi, 2003:4), development means "bringing a nation to an advance or a highly organized state, that is utilizing all the human and material potentials of a nation to bring about growth or advancement". Development has to do with improvement in human well-being, elimination of hunger and poverty and gainful and productive employment for all the citizens of a nation. Women constitute a large proportion of the citizens of any Nation. In Nigeria and most parts of Africa, women have been known to be marginalized on issues that borders on Science, Technology and Mathematics (STM) education and National development. This paper therefore seeks to address the issue of women and national development, status of women in science, technology and mathematics (STM) education and the challenges to national development. Women and National Development Women, in the recent past have become a serious factor of recognition in nation building. Their important contributions to countries' national economies and international trade stand out clearly and cannot be overemphasized. According to Commonwealth (1999a), women now constitute about one-third of all industrial sector of the labour force in export processing activities and service sectors such as banking and tourism. There are a number of international agreements/ mandates that bear upon the issue of gender equality and development. One of such is the Beijing Platform for Action on Women. The 1995 Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing provided a renewed global commitment to achieving gender equality and quality on national policy programmes. The final clause of the Beijing Declaration according to Commonwealth (2000:15) states "we hereby adopt and commit ourselves as government to implement the platform for Action, ensuring that a gender perspective is reflected in all our policies and programmes". …


Sponsorship studies have generally been focused on attitudinal measures of fan loyalty to understand the reactions to abstract sponsors. This study examines the relationships between both attitudinal and behavioral loyalty with sponsorship awareness, attitude toward two actual sponsors, and purchase intentions. Data were collected among fans of a professional soccer team, and the results of a structural equation model provide evidence that attitudinal loyalty impacts the attitude toward both sponsors and purchase intentions. Behavioral loyalty influences sponsorship awareness, and impacts differently the attitude and purchase intentions toward each sponsor. Sponsorship awareness influences significantly the attitude toward both sponsors, while the attitude toward the sponsor was the strongest predictor of purchase intentions. These findings highlight the importance of examining actual sponsors and suggest managerial implications, such as the need for sponsors to help attract fans to the stadium and to des...


Due to its comprehensive tool-set and great potential for 3D modeling, more and more architectural design and interior design firms are adapting Autodesk Maya and integrating it into their practice. There has been no book aimed at architects and designers who wish to harness the opportunities presented by this software, until now..... The book promotes parametric design. It integrates the theoretical research of computational design and Maya non-linear modeling techniques associated with simulation, animation, digital fabrication and form-finding within 2D & 3D design. Readers will learn: How to use Maya polygon and NURBS modeling tools to create non-linear procedural model. How to use Maya driver keys and relationship tools to generate parametrically negotiable solutions across various design professions. The design logic and generative processes, as well as the potential of parametric thinking as a resourceful tool for achieving diversity and complexity in form generation and fabrication. How to use Maya to prepare files for rapid prototyping and the integration of Maya into various fabrication techniques such as laser cutting, CNC milling, and 3D printing. How to create a digital simulation to simulate all aspects of surface properties and dynamic forces with Maya physics engine. How to use Maya skeleton system and animation tools to control complex architectural forms. How to create photo-realistic renderings with Maya lighting, material and texture mapping. Using several real projects as examples, the book will go through the entire rendering process step by step. How to combine Maya with various CAD/BIM tools to create an efficient design pipeline. How to use Maya MEL script to create customized tools and interface. The book includes case studies from Zaha Hadid Architects, Greg Lynn Form, Gage Clemenceau Architects, Tang & Yang Architects, as well as step by step exercises, demonstration projects and crucially a fantastic online resource which includes video tutorials, scripts, and Maya source files.


In recent years, there has been a critical shortage of teachers and medical workers in the Kyrgyz Republic. To address this problem, the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic substantially increased salaries of education and health care workers in 2011. The government doubled, and for some categories tripled, salaries of primary and secondary school teachers, medical nurses and doctors.
This paper examines the effect of this wage increase on the labour supply of workers employed in these sectors. The analysis is based on data from the Life in Kyrgyzstan longitudinal survey for 2010-2012. Panel data analysis was done using the Hausman-Taylor generalised method of moments methodology. Key findings include: the effect of the salary increases was uneven as female teachers and medical workers residing in the cities increased their weekly working hours by an average of 4.9 hours relative to their rural counterparts; the salary increase helped reduce 2010 teacher and medical worker shortages by 14.5 percent and 11.4 percent, respectively in 2011; the presence of young children and higher household income negatively affected the number of hours worked; on average, women worked 5.2 hours per week less than men; and individuals living in the cities and in the northern part of the country tended to work longer hours at official jobs compared to those in rural and southern regions of Kyrgyzstan.


This paper explores discourse features of Australian Sign Language (Auslan) and the need for sign language interpreting students to acquire an understanding of, and skills in, a range of discourse genres in Auslan in order to effectively carry out the work required in their profession. Discourse features of spoken English are outlined and compared with those of signed languages, and an overview of the curriculum and effective teaching approaches used for exploring discourse with sign language interpreting students at Macquarie University is given. The pedagogical process will be detailed in order to convey how Auslan interpreting students analyse, discuss and experience different discourse genres and relate them to their work as interpreters. By engaging in this process, Auslan interpreters are able to develop the necessary skills to effectively negotiate their way in the Deaf community and better understand its language and culture, and provide deaf people using a minority language with access to the majority language and vice versa.


SUMMARY We present experimental results on the preparation of a desired quantum state
in a two-level system with the maximum possible fidelity using driving
protocols ranging from generalizations of the linear Landau-Zener protocol to
transitionless driving protocols that ensure perfect following of the
instantaneous adiabatic ground state. We also study the minimum time needed to
achieve a target fidelity and explore and compare the robustness of some of the
protocols against parameter variations simulating a possible experimental
uncertainty. In our experiments, we realize a two-level model system using
Bose-Einstein condensates inside optical lattices, but the results of our
investigation should hold for any quantum system that can be approximated by a
two-level system.


Public relations in government instituions functioned to research, analyze,
and filter all critics, respond, attitude, and opinion from the employee. Public
Relations tried to keep goodwill by filtering attitude, opinion, or consideration,
whether from internal public (employee) another institution, or societies. Public
Relations target in internal public was individual inside or joined institution,
from staff to low employee. One media in internal communication in society
was by internal media or called house journal. In this research, the research
studied house journal media of City Government of Malang named Suluh Kota
Magazine. Suluh Kota is a magazine published by City Government of Malang,
containing information, publication of work, activities, general policy, planning,
and work program. The magazine targetted internal and external audience. The
magazine published monthly with 1000 exemplars.
Statement of problems from the research was how employee of City
Government of Malang opinion about Suluh Kota Magazine as publication
media. The purpose was describing employee of City Government of Malang
opinion about the existence of Suluh Kota magazine functioned as publication
media.
Opinion could be defined as "attitude or word" statement. Opinion was
respond given to somebody who was communicant to communicator who
previously had given question stimulus (Effendi,1990:87). Another suggest said
that opinion was an open answer to a problem or issue or answer stated by
words in written or oral (Soenarjo,1997:85). Opinion could be stated in verbal,
open, with clear words, or soft choice of words which could not be defined
directly (connotative). Corporation or organization media could be published in
several format, like newsletter, magazine, tabloid, or newspaper. Magazine
which was published by organization functioned as internal media had purpose as organization publication, especially government institution or company. This
publication was important to show image and plant public trust to the
organization or government institution.
The research done by the researcher was qualitative. Data collected was
employee opinion about existence and function of Suluh Kota Magazine as
publication media of City Government of Malang. From the concept, what the
researcher needed were information in descriptive form. Data collection
technique used observation, interview, documentation. In this research, the
researcher stated informers with criterias: (1) employee who read Suluh Kota
Magazine; (2) active employee of City Government of Malang; (3) minimum
education S1;
Informers amount stated by purpossive sampling technique,
which was sampling technique using certain consideration. The consideration
like whether the person (informers) considered as having knowledge about what
we hope, or authoritative person so that made the researcher easier to explore
objects or social situation researched ( Sugiyono, 2008: 5354
).
Conclusion found by the researcher from the research showed that the
existence and contain of Suluh Kota magazine was interesting to be accepted by
staff and employee of Malang City Government. The magazine functions as
publication media of inner works and next program by the government. But for
more optimum function, they should coordinate with another departments in
government to publish their work and program.


ABSTRACT

To explore fog water harvesting potential in California, we conducted long-term measurements involving three types of mesh using standard fog collectors (SFC). Volumetric fog water measurements from SFCs and wind data were collected and recorded in 15-minute intervals over three summertime fog seasons (2014–2016) at four California sites. SFCs were deployed with: standard 1.00 m2 double-layer 35% shade coefficient Raschel; stainless steel mesh coated with the MIT-14 hydrophobic formulation; and FogHa-Tin, a German manufactured, 3-dimensional spacer fabric deployed in two orientations. Analysis of 3419 volumetric samples from all sites showed strong relationships between mesh efficiency and wind speed. Raschel mesh collected 160% more fog water than FogHa-Tin at wind speeds less than 1 m s–1 and 45% less for wind speeds greater than 5 m s–1. MIT-14 coated stainless-steel mesh collected more fog water than Raschel mesh at all wind speeds. At low wind speeds of < 1 m s–1 the coated stainless steel mesh collected 3% more and at wind speeds of 4–5 m s–1, it collected 41% more. FogHa-Tin collected 5% more fog water when the warp of the weave was oriented vertically, per manufacturer specification, than when the warp of the weave was oriented horizontally. Time series measurements of three distinct mesh across similar wind regimes revealed inconsistent lags in fog water collection and inconsistent performance. Since such differences occurred under similar wind-speed regimes, we conclude that other factors play important roles in mesh performance, including in-situ fog event and aerosol dynamics that affect droplet-size spectra and droplet-to-mesh surface interactions.


Co-occurrence of several mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, T-2-toxin, HT-2 toxin) produced by field fungi, such as Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum, requires several analysis methods for their characterization. A reliable method for the determination of type A- and B-trichothecenes and zearalenone in cereal-based samples is presented. To achieve optimal mass spectrometric detection, electrospray ionization (ESI) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) were compared. Best results were obtained with ESI by implementing a two-period switching for the ionization polarity. The limit of quantification differs for each individual substance within the range 1-10 ppb. Mean recoveries using a standardized clean-up procedure were in the 54-93% range.


Reavey and Brown (2009), in their article 'The Mediating Role of Objects in Recollections of Adult Women Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse', make an interesting review of recollections of child abuse episodes in four women. They intend to give an account, in terms of agency, responsibility and integrity, of reports of past traumatic experiences in which particular objects are considered. The mediation of objects in recollection of past memories is discussed as a relevant contribution, positioning objects as semiotic resources for the apprehension of idiosyncratic experiences and personal sense-making. It is stated that objects also allow exchange with an external interlocutor mediating assessment and psychological elaboration being carried out with survivors. Also, as parts of a holistic phenomenon of memory, objects attached to emotion and meaning contribute to the robust aspect of the way in which past experiences can be apprehended. This last issue helps to orient the discussion of accuracy and validity in traumatic memory. Agency and ambivalence as parts of human experiencing are considered relevant, highlighting two aspects: theoretical and clinical implications.


Relative to other datasets, state-of-the-art tempo estimation algorithms perform poorly on the GiantSteps Tempo dataset for electronic dance music (EDM). In order to investigate why, we conducted a large-scale, crowdsourced experiment involving 266 participants from two distinct groups. The quality of the collected data was evaluated with regard to the participants' input devices and background. In the data itself we observed significant tempo ambiguities, which we attribute to annotator subjectivity and tempo instability. As a further contribution, we then constructed new annotations consisting of tempo distributions for each track. Using these annotations, we reevaluated two recent state-of-the-art tempo estimation systems achieving significantly improved results. The main conclusions of this investigation are that current tempo estimation systems perform better than previously thought and that evaluation quality needs to be improved. The new crowdsourced annotations will be released for evaluation purposes.


Wireless communication is today considered as a disruptive technology. Indeed, even if wired systems can easily achieve 100% of reliability, it induces high amount of wiring, which has non negligible impact on the mass and so on the lifetime. In order to save time and planning, wireless communicating sensors appear as a wiring optimization, allowing rapid installation without modification of the general electrical network. But such systems need embedded energy. In order to demonstrate the validity of wireless technology concept adapted to various environments including the space, the aeronautic or the building ones, the developments of miniature & autonomous Li-ion batteries are described in this paper. Their prototypes performances in space, aircraft flights, cold environments or harvesting conditions are discussed. New chemistries for higher energy density, above 250Wh/kg, or low temperature operating electrolytes, below -20°C, are also introduced.


The cement industry is one of the major energy consuming and CO2 emitting sectors in China. In 2010, 1,868 million tons of cement has been produced, which accounted for 56.1% of the world's total cement production. The 11th Five-Year Plan (FYP) (2006-2010) included policy measures for CO2 emission abatement in cement production. Based on the main governmental framework of CO2 mitigation policies at national level in the cement sector, key policies and technologies used during this period are identified and their effects on CO2 reduction are assessed. This paper calculates the reduction of CO2 emissions related to four main policies and technologies for efficient cement production in the 11th and the 12th FYP (2011-2015) with 2005 as a reference year. These are waste heat recovery, closing outdated facilities, substitution for clinker production and other technologies aiming to increase energy efficiency. Due to these measures, we estimate that a total CO2 emission reduction during the 11th FYP of 397 million tonnes could be saved, which is considerably different to 185.75 million tonnes estimated by Zeng (2008) and 303 million tonnes by the NDRC by using different calculation methods. Of the four technologies, the 4th group of energy efficiency increasing techniques was the most important policy and avoided the largest amount of CO2 emissions. Previous energy intensity reduction was mainly due to the outdated production closing and energy efficiency improving. Based on the assessment of technology performance, it appears that there is still a large emission reduction potential in cement production processes. The paper calculates this potential for the 12th FYP period (2011-2015) based on these four identified policy measures. The result is compared to the Chinese government targets in the 12th FYP and promising future CO2 mitigation policies and technologies are proposed, such as the use of alternative energy.


Petrogale lateralis lateralis (Black-flanked Rock-wallaby) has declined in its mainland distribution to a few isolated populations with extant populations known from six localities in the Wheatbelt, the Cape Range, the Calvert Range, and Barrow and Salisbury Islands (Pearson and Kinnear 1997). The conservation status of P. l. lateralis is classified as endangered. It is therefore extremely important that the threatening processes associated with this species are investigated to ensure appropriate management of the remaining populations. P. l. lateralis is a herbivore with a foraging range restricted to rocky outcrops; competition for resources from introduced herbivores has been implicated as a limiting factor to rock-wallaby populations. The aim of this study was to examine possible dietary overlap between P. l. lateralis and two co-occurring species Macropus robustus (euro) and Capra hircus (feral goat) at Cape Range National Park in order to determine if there is competition for food resources. Vegetation surveys combined with dietary analysis of plant epidermal fragments found in the faecal material of the three species and direct behavioural and feeding observations were carried out at two study sites Mandu Mandu Gorge and Pilgonaman Gorge in Cape Range National Park, Exmouth, Western Australia. A seasonal comparison of the diets of P. l. lateralis, M robustus and C. hircus at the study sites was conducted to highlight the time of year that competition for food resources is most prevalent.

Vegetation profiles and the vegetation surveys conducted within the Mandu Mandu Gorge and Pilgonaman Gorge show that plant species vary in abundance and occur in different areas within the gorges. Vegetation surveys showed that the vegetation structure between Mandu Mandu Gorge and Pilgonaman Gorge differed but contained an overlap of plant species. Mandu Mandu Gorge consisted of mainly Triodia grasslands with Acacia sp. The vegetation in Pilgonaman Gorge becomes increasingly dense the farther east into the gorge with the dominant species Ipomoea costata and Ficus brachypoda with a variety of herb and grass species. Hence, the plant species that herbivores forage on in Mandu Mandu Gorge and Pilgonaman Gorge are limited spatially due to changes in vegetation structure within the gorges, with dense patches occurring on the gorge floor and scattered plants occurring around P. l. lateralis refuge sites and on the rocks of the gorge walls.

The faecal analysis found that approximately 60% of P. l. lateralis diet consisted of dicotyledon species in summer with consistently higher proportions, (approximately 70% dicotyledons) in winter. The species occurring in the highest proportions in the P. l. lateralis diet at Pilgonaman Gorge in summer were Ficus platypoda (12.5 %), Ptilotus obovatus (11.5%) and Ipomoea costata (7.5%) F. platypoda comprised of (17.6%), I. costata (10.6%), P. obovatus (11.5%) and Plumbago zeylanica comprised (10.6%) of the diet in winter. The percentages of identified dicotyledon species in the summer diet at Mandu Mandu Gorge are as follows; F. brachypoda comprising of (15.7%), I. costata (11.8%), P. obovatus (11.8%), and Solanum sp. (2%) The main plant present in the P. l. lateralis diet in winter at Mandu Mandu Gorge was F. brachypoda (14.5%), followed by I. costata (13.3%), P. obovatus (7.2%), then Solanum sp. (3.6%), P. zeylanica (2.4%) and Achyranthes aspera (2.4%)

 The proportion of monocotyledon and dicotyledon species for M robustus remained constant between both summer and winter in both gorges. There was little variation in the proportion of monocot species consumed between summer and winter in Mandu Mandu Gorge and Pilgonaman Gorge. Approximately 25 % of the diet consisted of dicotyledon species. M robustus consumed Myrtaceae sp., Sida sp. Ptilotus obovatus and Ipomoea costata in Pilgonaman Gorge in summer and Myrtaceae sp., Sida sp., P. obovatus and Ficus brachypoda in winter. In Mandu Mandu Gorge, M robustus consumed Myrtaceae sp., Sida sp. and P. obovatus in summer and Sida sp and P. obovatus in winter.

A high proportion of the C. hircus diet in this study consisted of dicot species. There was little variation in the percentage of dicot species consumed in summer and winter for C. hircus in both Mandu Mandu Gorge (63% in summer and 65% in winter) and Pilgonaman Gorge (67% in summer and 69% in winter). The identified dicot species in the C. hircus diet in the winter months at Pilgonaman Gorge comprised of I. costata (12.4%), P. zeylanica (9%), P. obovatus (9%), Sida sp. (5.6%), F. brachypoda 4.5%, Solanum sp. 3.3%, A. aspera (2.3%) and Myrtaceae sp. (1 %). The dicot species consumed by C. hircus at Mandu Mandu Gorge include Sida sp. (3.5 %), P. obovatus (17.5%), I. costata (8.8%), F. brachypoda (7%) and Solanum sp. (5.3%) of the summer diet. The winter diet for C. hircus at Mandu Mandu Gorge comprised of P. obovatus (15.1%), I. costata (8.1%) F. brachypoda (10.5%) and Solanum sp. (4.7%)

Direct observations of P. l. lateralis eating support the identification of plant species found within their faeces during the scat analysis of this study. Furthermore, physical evidence of grazing on leaves within Pilgonaman Gorge suggests that herbivores are actively grazing upon F. brachypoda, Malvaceae sp., Solanum sp., I. costata, Sida sp., P. zeylanica and Cenchrus ciliaris. P. l. lateralis, M robustus and C. hircus were found to consume a selection of these species in various proportions in the scat analysis.

A significant dietary overlap of plant species was found to occur between C. hircus, M robustus and P. l. lateralis in Pilgonaman Gorge and Mandu Mandu Gorge. P. l. lateralis, M robustus and C. hircus had a dietary overlap consuming the same plant species; Myrtaceae sp., Sida sp. C. ciliaris, I. costata and F. brachypoda and P. obovatus at differing percentages. C. hircus was found to forage on the following species in common with P. l. lateralis; Myrtaceae sp. Sida sp. C. ciliaris, I. costata and F. brachypoda, P. obovatus, Solanum sp., P. zeylanica and A. aspera. M robustus consumed Myrtaceae sp., Sida sp. C. ciliaris, I. costata and F. brachypoda, P. obovatus and E. caevuless in common with P. l. lateralis. The dietary overlap between C. hircus, M robustus and P. l. lateralis in Pilgonaman Gorge in summer was found to be significant with a probability of N= 22 W= 43.46 and P < 0.01. The dietary overlap between the species was consistent in winter N=22 and W= 41.02 and had the same probability value of P < 0.01. A significant dietary overlap occurred in summer with a probability of N=ll, W= 20.8 and P < 0.05 and winter N= 12, W= 24.25 and P < 0.02 in Mandu Mandu Gorge.

Finally, behavioural observations on interactions between feral goats and the rockwallabies indicate that when feral goats are at close range they are disruptive to the normal activities of rock-wallabies. This suggests that the goats are not only competing for food resources but that they may also elicit a form of interference competition. Implications of competition are discussed and recommendations for further research and management are considered.


Artificial electromagnetic materials (AEMs), including metamaterials, derive their electromagnetic properties from geometry rather than chemistry. With the appropriate geometric design, AEMs have achieved exotic properties not realizable with conventional materials (e.g., cloaking or negative refractive index). However, understanding the relationship between the AEM structure and its properties is often poorly understood. While computational electromagnetic simulation (CEMS) may help design new AEMs, its use is limited due to its long computational time. Recently, it has been shown that deep learning can be an alternative solution to infer the relationship between an AEM geometry and its properties using a (relatively) small pool of CEMS data. However, the limited publicly released datasets and models and no widely-used benchmark for comparison have made using deep learning approaches even more difficult. Furthermore, configuring CEMS for a specific problem requires substantial expertise and time, making reproducibility challenging. Here, we develop a collection of three classes of AEM problems: metamaterials, nanophotonics, and color filter designs. We also publicly release software, allowing other researchers to conduct additional simulations for each system easily. Finally, we conduct experiments on our benchmark datasets with three recent neural network architectures: the multilayer perceptron (MLP), MLP-mixer, and transformer. We identify the methods and models that generalize best over the three problems to establish the best practice and baseline results upon which future research can build.


This second edition brings up to date a thorough review of all economic aspects of the UK's relationship with the EU, which also puts it in the political context of the upcoming referendum. It notes the intention of the EU to move to 'ever closer union' and the nature of the regulatory and general economic philosophy of the dominant countries of the EU whose writ is enforced by qualified majority voting. The book highlights the UK dilemma that, while extending free markets to its local region is attractive, this philosophy and intended union are substantially at odds with the UK's traditions of free markets and freedom under the common law. BOOK LAUNCH: http://www.iea.org.uk/events/launch-new-edition-of-should-britain-leave-the-eu


Thalassinoides isp. burrow networks filled with green to dark bluish-gray glauconite pellets occur in the Cretaceous to Paleogene Hornerstown Formation and in the uppermost 1–2 m of the underlying Upper Cretaceous Navesink and New Egypt Formations at many central New Jersey Cretaceous–Paleogene (K/Pg) boundary sections. Near the base of the Hornerstown Formation is a renowned bonebed, the Main Fossiliferous Layer (MFL), which contains isolated to articulated Cretaceous marine reptiles, turtles, birds, and crocodiles interpreted as a thanatocoenosis. We investigated the bulk chemical composition of the burrow fill and surrounding matrix in the largely unconsolidated sections of the K–Pg interval at two sites, Inversand and Walnridge (Meirs) Farm, New Jersey, using a Niton XL3t XRF analyzer to place them in proper stratigraphic context. Bulk matrix Zr and Ti concentrations decrease up section as a result of transgression, deepening, and increased distance from source areas. In contrast, an increase in K is attributed to greater amounts and maturity of the glauconite, due to decreasing sedimentation rates. Zr and Ti concentrations in burrow fills below the MFL are virtually the same as in overlying sediments above the MFL and much less than in the surrounding matrix. This suggests that burrows in the Cretaceous strata were passively filled with Paleogene sediments. K concentrations of burrow fills are generally intermediate between the high values encountered in the Paleogene matrix and the lower values of the Cretaceous matrix. Although this may have resulted from removal of glauconite during bioturbation and burrow filling, it is more likely that immature glauconite was sequestered in the burrow fills below the depth of glauconitization before it could attain full maturity. Therefore, burrows originating above the formational contact at or above the MFL penetrate as much as two meters into underlying Cretaceous sediments, and are passively filled with Paleogene sediment. Burrows originating above the MFL may translocate diagnostic Danian microfossils, shocked quartz, and Ir, effectively diffusing the K–Pg boundary. This research demonstrates that care must be taken in sampling pervasively bioturbated strata to avoid incorporating stratigraphically younger burrow-fill sediments.


This work analyses in a historical and comparative perspective the relationship between the family and the welfare state in two Mediterranean countries: Italy and Spain. Two aims form the focus of the book. Firstly, to open the black box of the family in welfare state analysis, introducing a focus on inter-generational and kin relations. Secondly, to explain why the southern welfare states have offered very low support to families with children by taking into account several factors: the legacy of fascism, the role of the Church, and the specific role played by leftist parties in defining family policy as labour policy.