Abstract A sharp negative δ13C excursion coincides with the end-Triassic mass extinction. This is followed by a protracted interval of 13C enrichment. These isotopic events occurred simultaneously with the emplacement of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP). Here we use a carbon cycle box model to explore the effects of episodic carbon release – constrained by recently developed high-resolution chronology – on atmospheric pCO2, ocean chemistry and the δ13C of the ocean–atmosphere carbon pool. Our results are consistent with previous modelling efforts in suggesting that the sharp negative δ13C excursion and acidification event associated with the extinction are best explained by the rapid release (<20 ka) of highly 13C-depleted carbon (−70‰). However, our model also indicates that the likely short duration of the excursion requires organic carbon burial to have closely followed carbon injection. The age within the Hettangian of the large positive δ13C excursion which follows is currently uncertain. If early Hettangian in age, then our modelling indicates that the interval of 13C enrichment was closely associated with the volcanic CO2 pulses and pCO2 peaks. If late Hettangian in age, then the 13C enrichment must have lagged the carbon input substantially (by hundreds of thousands of years) and was associated with CO2 drawdown and over-cooling. Our modelling highlights the need for improved age constraints on Hettangian stratigraphic sections in order to test between two distinct and contrasting possibilities: continuing carbon cycle instability due to recurrent perturbations from CAMP activity or a delayed recovery arising from internal biosphere dynamics.


Carbohydrates, sugar alcohols, and other hydroxy compounds were separated on a HPLC-column filled with dealuminated hydrophobic Y zeolite with water as eluent. Disaccharides show a greater retention and selectivity than monosaccharides. The selectivity for monosaccharides is in the same range compared with established stationary phases but significantly greater for disaccharides and trisaccharides. When a usual hydrophilic Y zeolite is used, either exchanged by K+ or Ca++, all disaccharides are excluded from the micropores and only monosaccharides can be separated. A hydrophobic MOR type zeolite with somewhat smaller pore geometry also excludes the disaccharides while an acceptable selectivity was observed for monosaccharides and other small hydroxyl compounds. The separation can be limited by diffusion of the solutes inside the micropores. Therefore, the separation can be improved by enhancing the temperature. The linear correlation of the dynamic separation process with the static adsorption equilibrium measured after 24 h is limited to low solute–zeolite interactions.


The Curwen Press, set up by the Reverend John Curwen in 1863, was initially concerned with printing sheet music, but made its name in the early 20th century as a printer of superb quality limited edition books. Using the newly developed technique of lithography, in the 1920s, the Press began encouraging young artists to illustrate their books and design end-papers and was soon commissioning such leading figures in the history of twentieth century British art as Paul Nash, Edward Bawden and Eric Ravilious to contribute artwork. Hugely influential in terms of book-design, many of these early editions are now highly sought after collector's items. Publicity brochures and press advertising decorated by these artists aimed, in the words of Harold Curwen, to 'put the spirit of joy into your printed work.'In 2008, The Curwen Studio celebrates its half-centenary. Set up in the late 1950s in response to a rising demand for original artists prints, the Curwen Studio was set up to work with artists and photographers in developing exciting new techniques in printmaking. Soon many of the most significant artists of the time were working at the studio. They included Barbara Hepworth, Patrick Heron, Henry Moore, John Piper and Graham Sutherland, who all produced prints under the management of Stanley Jones, whose skill and passion has continued to result in the production of truly unique prints and photographs at the Studio. His memories and experiences of working with a wide range of artists (from Paula Rego to the young Tracey Emin), demonstrate the potential of lithography as an expressive and experimental medium, and the skills required to maintain this freedom in a commercial environment."The Curwen story" is one of an extended collaboration between artists and craftsmen-printers, unique in the art of the twentieth century in Britain. Charting the history of both publishing and print-making at Curwen, leading author on twentieth century British design Alan Powers looks at the role the Press played in shaping ideas of book-design from the 1920s onwards, and how artists working alongside Stanley Jones at the Studio have created prints that have helped to change public perceptions about Modernism.


There are at least two types of response to stimuli: an automatic response that happens before conscious thought (a Type 1 response) and a deliberative, intentional response (a Type 2 response). These responses are related to behavior associated with the affective loading of the stimulus presented. Prior research has shown, for example, that a Type 1 tendency to spend more time looking at fear-provoking stimuli is associated with higher levels of general anxiety, while a Type 2 tendency to spend more time looking away from happy faces is associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms. Some stimuli categories elicit mixed responses, indicated by discrepant Type 1 and Type 2 responses. For example, alcoholics in recovery tend to look toward alcohol-themed pictures in the first 200 milliseconds, then look away. This suggests that alcoholics in recovery have an automatic draw to alcohol that is overridden by the conscious application of a cognitive schema to avoid alcohol. Sexual response studies to date have measured Type 1 and Type 2 responses separately; however, no study has yet measured both types of response within the same person. This study was the first to examine both Type 1 and Type 2 responses to erotic stimuli within the same individual as a test of within-individual variation of attentional responses to sexual stimuli. Results do not support a connection between either attentional bias or conflicting Type 1 and Type 2 responses and sexual desire or distress. Implications of these non-findings are discussed in theoretical and methodological contexts, and future research is suggested.


In low sloped roofing systems, poorly adhered roofing assemblies are unable to resist significant wind loads and are likely to be further damaged or destroyed by wind events well below the design wind pressures for the assembly. The design and installation of rigid insulation boards are a critical parameter in the service life of this roofing assembly in that, if the insulation boards become detached, there is increased risk for complete roofing assembly failure. Foamed adhesive is a common alternative to traditional hot-mopped asphalt adhesive in contemporary roofing assemblies. The proper design and installation of insulation board roofing assemblies in foamed adhesive is paramount to the successful performance of these roofing assemblies. Some of the critical parameters that could influence foamed adhesive performance are: insulation board adhesive pattern defects; insulation board adhesive quantity; inadequate insulation board adhesive contact; and failure to maintain insulation board contact with the substrate until the insulation adhesive is sufficiently set. The present paper discusses these critical parameters through case studies that clearly demonstrate how these parameters can lead to the failure of roofing assemblies, and discusses the lessons to be learned from these insulation board adhesion failures.


On low-lying, tropical and sub-tropical coastlines freshwater marshes may be replaced by salt‑tolerant mangroves in response to relative sea-level rise. Pollen analysis of radiocarbon‑dated sediment cores showed that such a change occurred in Hungry Bay, Bermuda during the late Holocene. This well-established paleoenvironmental trajectory provides an opportunity to explore if geochemical proxies (bulk-sediment δ13C and Rock-Eval pyrolysis) can reconstruct known environmental changes and relative sea level. We characterized surface sediment from depositional environments in Bermuda (freshwater wetlands, saline mangroves, and wrack composed of Sargassum natans macroalgae) using geochemical measurements and demonstrate that a multi-proxy approach can objectively distinguish among these environments. However, application of these techniques to the transgressive sediment succession beneath Hungry Bay suggests that freshwater peat and mangrove peat cannot be reliably distinguished in the sedimentary record, possibly because of post‑depositional convergence of geochemical characteristics on decadal to multi‑century timescales and/or the relatively small number of modern samples analyzed. Sediment that includes substantial contributions from Sargassum is readily identified by geochemistry, but has a limited spatial extent. Radiocarbon dating indicates that beginning at –700 CE, episodic marine incursions into Hungry Bay (e.g., during storms) carried Sargassum that accumulated as wrack and thickened through repeated depositional events until ~300 CE. It took a further ~550 years for a peat‑forming mangrove community to colonize Hungry Bay, which then accumulated sediment rapidly, but likely out of equilibrium with regional relative sea-level rise.


Rural communities across the world face at times a range of environmental, social and economic pressures that threaten their viability in their current form. The ability
of local actors to exercise agency in response to potential and emerging threats is of key interest in understanding their capacity to adapt. This paper argues that top-down narratives which focus on canonical organisations and formal institutions are at best a partial account of rural adaptation. More attention needs to be paid to the shadow system, the web of informal and often hidden relationships that permeate public and
private life. In the organisational and institutional literature, shadow systems have been discounted as either too complex to be tractable or an inevitable source of corruption and nepotism. Two case studies are presented to establish that neither claim is inexorably true: (i) the adaptation of dairy farmers to market and climate change in
Carmarthenshire, South Wales and (ii) NGO mediation of community/state interaction in Tamilnadu, South India. In conclusion, some theoretical and methodological themes are highlighted for further research. These hold the potential
to enable a better understanding of the shadow system, and its potential and pitfalls as a site of local agency in rural adaptation.
Acnowledgements: This paper draws on learning from two research projects: (i) 'Rapid climate change in the UK: towards an institutional theory of adaptation', funded by the UK Economic and Social Science Research Council's Environment and Human Behaviour Programme, and (ii) 'Thaan Vuzha Nilam Tharisu: The land without a farmer becomes barren', carried out by SPEECH, a Tamil NGO, as part of a larger International Institute for Environment and Development research programme – 'Policies that Work for Sustainable Agriculture and Regenerating Rural Economies.i?½ The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial and institutional assistance that made this research possible.


Helicobacter pylori infection is mainly acquired during childhood period. It is recognised as a cause of gastritis and peptic ulcer and it has been classified as a group A carcinogen by the World Health Organisation. There is emerging evidence in different populations including developing countries that the prevalence of H.pylori is declining in all age groups. Neither the treatment of the infection nor improvement in socioeconomic factors fully explains the decline. Most of the infected children are asymtomatic, and there is no specific clinical picture indicating a need to screen for H. pylori in pediatric age groups. Although there is abundance of invasive and non-invasive tests for the diagnosis of the infection, there is still no single noninvasive diagnostic test for the diagnosis of H.pylori in children, particularly in infants. Additionally, the real outcome of the infecion in children is still obscure. The scope of this review was to discuss the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnostic techniques, and management of H.pylori infection pediatric paitents.


Are profits and sustainability compatible? This book brings unique perspectives to this key debate by exploring the history of green entrepreneurship since the nineteenth century, and its spread globally in industries including renewable energy, organic food, natural beauty, ecotourism, recycling, architecture, and finance. The book uses the lens of the extraordinary and often eccentric men and women who defied convention and imagined that business could help save the planet, rather than consume it. The social and religious beliefs that drove many of these individuals are explored as the book looks at how they overcame huge obstacles to execute their strategies. The green entrepreneurs seen here are shown to have created new markets and industries, and driven innovations in sustainable practices, even at times when most consumers and governments marginalized the entire subject. The struggles of early pioneers appear to have been rewarded by the growth of environmental awareness among consumers, business leaders, and others in recent years, but the Earth's environmental health continues to deteriorate. If profits and sustainability have proved challenging to reconcile, the book argues that one reason was how they were both defined.


Sentences produced by abstractive summarization systems can be ungrammatical and fail to preserve the original meanings, despite being locally fluent. In this paper we propose to remedy this problem by jointly generating a sentence and its syntactic dependency parse while performing abstraction. If generating a word can introduce an erroneous relation to the summary, the behavior must be discouraged. The proposed method thus holds promise for producing grammatical sentences and encouraging the summary to stay true-to-original. Our contributions of this work are twofold. First, we present a novel neural architecture for abstractive summarization that combines a sequential decoder with a tree-based decoder in a synchronized manner to generate a summary sentence and its syntactic parse. Secondly, we describe a novel human evaluation protocol to assess if, and to what extent, a summary remains true to its original meanings. We evaluate our method on a number of summarization datasets and demonstrate competitive results against strong baselines.


Internet of Things (IoT) is a novel paradigm, which not only facilitates a large number of devices to be ubiquitously connected over the Internet but also provides a mechanism to remotely control these devices. The IoT is pervasive and is almost an integral part of our daily life. These connected devices often obtain user's personal data and store it online. The security of collected data is a big concern in recent times. As devices are becoming increasingly connected, privacy and security issues become more and more critical and these need to be addressed on an urgent basis. IoT implementations and devices are eminently prone to threats that could compromise the security and privacy of the consumers, which, in turn, could influence its practical deployment. In recent past, some research has been carried out to secure IoT devices with an intention to alleviate the security concerns of users. There have been research on blockchain technologies to tackle the privacy and security issues of the collected data in IoT. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the security and privacy issues in IoT systems. To this effect, the paper examines the security issues at each layer in the IoT protocol stack, identifies the under‐lying challenges and key security requirements and provides a brief overview of existing security solutions to safeguard the IoT from the layered context.


Double-crop systems have the potential to generate additional feedstocks for bioenergy and livestock utilization, and also to reduce NO 3 -N leaching relative to sole-crop systems. Field studies were conducted near Ames, IA, during 2005-2007 to evaluate productivity and crop and soil nutrient dynamics in three prototypical bioenergy double-crop systems, and in a conventionally managed sole-crop corn system. Double-cropping systems evaluated in the study included fall-seeded forage triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack), succeeded by one of three summer-adapted crops: corn (Zea mays L.), sorghum-sudangrass [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], or sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.). Total dry matter production by triticale/corn and triticale/sorghum-sudangrass was 25% greater than sole-crop corn, which in turn produced 21% more dry matter than triticale/sunn hemp. Potential ethanol yield was greatest for triticale/corn, which was estimated to have the capacity to produce 1080 L ha -1 more ethanol than sole-crop corn. Crop N uptake was greater in double-crop systems during April-June, greater in the sole-crop corn system during July-August, and greater again in double-crop systems during September-October. Relative to sole-crop corn, potentially leachable soil N was reduced in double-crop systems by 34 and 25%, respectively, in the spring (mid-April) and fall (late October). High nutrient density ofbiomass coupled with high productivity for triticale/corn and triticale/sorghum systems also resulted in the removal of 83, 41, and 177% more N, P, and K, respectively, compared with sole-crop corn. Sustained removal of large quantities of nutrient-dense biomass from double-cropping systems would necessitate increased fertilization or integration with nutrient recycling mechanisms.


Nonnegative matrix approximation (NNMA) is a popular matrix decomposition technique that has proven to be useful across a diverse variety of fields with applications ranging from document analysis and image processing to bioinformatics and signal processing. Over the years, several algorithms for NNMA have been proposed, e.g. Lee and Seung's multiplicative updates, alternating least squares (ALS), and gradient descent‐based procedures. However, most of these procedures suffer from either slow convergence, numerical instability, or at worst, serious theoretical drawbacks. In this paper, we develop a new and improved algorithmic framework for the least‐squares NNMA problem, which is not only theoretically well‐founded, but also overcomes many deficiencies of other methods. Our framework readily admits powerful optimization techniques and as concrete realizations we present implementations based on the Newton, BFGS and conjugate gradient methods. Our algorithms provide numerical results superior to both Lee and Seung's method as well as to the alternating least squares heuristic, which was reported to work well in some situations but has no theoretical guarantees 1 . Our approach extends naturally to include regularization and box‐constraints without sacrificing convergence guarantees. We present experimental results on both synthetic and real‐world datasets that demonstrate the superiority of our methods, both in terms of better approximations as well as computational efficiency. Copyright © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., A Wiley Company Statistical Analy Data Mining 1: 000‐000, 2007


As black box explanations are increasingly being employed to establish model credibility in high-stakes settings, it is important to ensure that these explanations are accurate and reliable. However, prior work demonstrates that explanations generated by state-of-the-art techniques are inconsistent, unstable, and provide very little insight into their correctness and reliability. In addition, these methods are also computationally inefficient, and require significant hyper-parameter tuning. In this paper, we address the aforementioned challenges by developing a novel Bayesian framework for generating local explanations along with their associated uncertainty. We instantiate this framework to obtain Bayesian versions of LIME and KernelSHAP which output credible intervals for the feature importances, capturing the associated uncertainty. The resulting explanations not only enable us to make concrete inferences about their quality (e.g., there is a 95% chance that the feature importance lies within the given range), but are also highly consistent and stable. We carry out a detailed theoretical analysis that leverages the aforementioned uncertainty to estimate how many perturbations to sample, and how to sample for faster convergence. This work makes the first attempt at addressing several critical issues with popular explanation methods in one shot, thereby generating consistent, stable, and reliable explanations with guarantees in a computationally efficient manner. Experimental evaluation with multiple real world datasets and user studies demonstrate that the efficacy of the proposed framework.


Transition zones between mountain forests and treeless tundra, i.e. treeline ecotones, are characterized by great regional variety. In this paper, we discuss the biodiversity in various trophic levels in treeline ecotones throughout Europe, with particular focus on recent changes in land use and climate in northern and central mountains. In northernmost Europe, mountain birch prevails, while conifers (spruce, pine, larch) are the dominating species further south. While at continent-wide to global scales, the ecotone position is largely controlled by heat deficiency, it depends on a multitude of partly interacting abiotic and biotic factors other than climate at smaller scales. Climate change is a driving factor in treeline ecotone change, including physiognomic structure and biodiversity, although the effects of climate and other factors often overlap. Historical legacy plays an important role in this respect, and human impacts are particularly important. The recent decline in pastoral use of many European treeline areas often strongly influences plant diversity and re-growth of trees and other woody species. Climate change together with changing tree cover may influence snow cover, moisture regime, and nutrient conditions. Subsequently changed site conditions influence plant−plant interactions, favoring some species and disfavoring others, and plant−animal interactions. Native animals may cause widespread or local disturbances in treeline ecotone areas. Mass outbreaks of leaf-eating insects, for example, usually affect comparatively large forested areas whereas mammalian herbivores and birds have more local impact. However, high numbers of wild or domestic mammalian herbivores may challenge the carrying capacity of treeline ecotone areas at the same time as they preserve an open pasture character. This calls for cross-disciplinary study approaches, addressing the complexity of the ecotone regarding both causal background and biogeographic diversity.


Pharmaceutical drug design is a long and expensive process. Early selection of promising molecules can dramatically improve this process, but this selection is often similar to searching for a needle in a haystack. In most cases, all that a chemist initially has is a small collection of molecules that exhibit enough desired activity to hypothesize that they share a 3D atomic substructure binding to the same receptor site. A key problem is to identify this substructure, which can then be used as a pattern to screen databases of molecules. This problem is complicated by the fact that a drug molecule is "flexible" and can achieve many low-energy (stable) states. We present search techniques that we have developed to find these low-energy states and to identify common 3D substructures that appear in at least one low-energy state of most molecules in a given collection. We also show experimental results obtained with a software system implementing these techniques.


THIS ARTICLE SUMMARIZES THE MAIN EVIDENCE TO date regarding links between the brain and music. Musical expertise, often linked to early and intensive learning, is associated with neuroanatomical distinctive features that have been demonstrated through modern neuroimaging techniques, especially magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). These distinctive features are present in several brain regions, all more or less involved either in gestural motor skill (therefore probably related to the use of an instrument) or auditory perception. There also is growing evidence that learning music has more general effects on brain plasticity. One important notion, related to this topic, is that of a probable "sensitive period," around 7 years of age, beyond which music-induced structural changes and learning effects are less pronounced. These data are discussed in the perspective of using music training for remediation in children with specific language and reading disorders.


This report constitutes the final output of research undertaken by the Southern
Research Centre to develop effective housing management policies to combat
problems of anti-social behaviour (ASB). Previous outputs from the research include: a
Positioning Paper - that provided a review of relevant literature and a summary of
existing policies used by State Housing Authorities in Australia; and a Work in Progress
Report - that outlined details of preliminary research findings.
The Final Report builds on the earlier outputs of the research by presenting the findings
from the two case study investigations undertaken in Christie Downs in South Australia
and Bridgewater in Tasmania. The report begins with a discussion of the policy context
and reiteration of the aims and methods of the research. Chapter Two summarises
relevant literature on the theme of anti-social behaviour and discusses the trends and
emerging policy themes in this area. Chapter Three explains the data collection
strategy that has been devised to answer the research questions for the project.
Chapters Four through Seven present the findings of the project and are organised
along thematic lines to show how each of the research questions have been answered.
The concluding chapter summarises the overall findings and sets out the key policy
issues arising from the project.


Seventy-five percent of swine (Sus scrofa) production systems in North America use anaerobic or liquid-slurry systems for waste holding or disposal. Accurate emissions data and emission factors are needed for engineering, planning, and regulatory agencies. These data are used for system design and evaluation of the effect of animal concentrations on the regional soil, surface and ground waters, and atmospheric environments. Noninvasive techniques were used to evaluate trace gases without disturbing the meteorology or lagoon system being measured. Micrometeorological and gas sensors were mounted on a submersible barge in the center of the lagoon for use with flux-gradient methodology to determine trace gas fluxes, without disturbing atmospheric transport processes, over extended periods. Collateral measurements included lagoon nutrient, dissolved gas concentrations, and sludge gas mass flux. Ammonia emissions varied diurnally and seasonally and were highly correlated with windspeed and water temperature. Nutrient loading measurements showed that mobile ions, which were nonvolatile, were constant throughout four successive lagoons. Immobile ions concentrated primarily in the sludge layer of the first lagoon. Measurements of denitrification N 2 losses suggest as much N 2 -N lost as from NH 3 -N. Ammonia gas emissions are not as large a percentage of total nitrogen input to the lagoons as previously thought but unaccounted-for nitrogen requires further research.


There is considerable interest in how students study and what skills best facilitate their academic performance. This paper reports on some of the key outcomes of a large individual differences study of student learning profiles at a regional Australian university. It examines how students' conceptions of knowledge, approaches to learning, and personality relate to academic success measured using grade point average (GPA). A total of 1078 students, 706 mature-age and 372 school leaver students, completed an online survey during their first semester of study at the University of Southern Queensland. The data were summarised using multivariate techniques (e.g., correlation and regression analyses) and first-year student profiles were built using standard descriptive statistics. Univariate analyses showed that mature-age students obtained higher GPAs and scored higher on the Deep and Strategic learning approaches than did school leavers. Conversely, school leavers scored higher on the Surface approach to learning. Regression analyses indicated that the Strategic approach positively predicted GPA. Intellect and Conscientiousness were each found to positively predict the Deep approach to learning; Conscientiousness was found to positively predict the Strategic approach to learning; and Emotional Stability and Intellect were each found to negatively predict the Surface approach to learning. These findings provide implications for curriculum design and delivery and for transition programs for both school leaver and mature-age students.


Previous work on the hydrogen-oxygen combination in vessels coated with alkali halides showed that with the iodides the temperature dependence of the reaction rate is abnormal. In iodide-coated vessels the whole mechanism of the reaction is now shown to be different: the greatly reduced rate is independent of [H2], proportional to a+b[O2] and independent of added nitrogen, all in sharp contrast with what is found in chloride-coated vessels. The normal reaction is thought to be completely suppressed by minute amounts of iodine liberated into the gas phase, a residual surface reaction being measured. The chemical actions which must be assumed to occur between the iodide and the gases provide indirect evidence for the probable mode of operation of the other halide salts in controlling the hydrogen-oxygen combination.


This article provides an overview of the nature and quality of research supervision and mentorship practices employed by supervisors and mentors of interns in a South African research council in an attempt to increase the pool and change the face of researchers in the country. Through a series of studies conducted by the research council, the success of this intervention is investigated. The article provides insight into the difficulties of attaining the goal of increasing researchers from this group through internships. The practices viewed as being generally successful in supervision and mentorship of master's and doctoral research interns inside and outside SA, are highlighted. From this analysis, models of effective supervision and mentorship of research interns are identified.


COMPUTATIONAL DEVELOPMENT FOR SECONDARY STRUCTURE DETECTION FROM THREE-DIMENSIONAL IMAGES OF CRYO-ELECTRON MICROSCOPY Dong Si Old Dominion University. 2015 Director: Dr Jing He Electron cryo-microscopy (cryo-EM) as a cutting edge technology has carved a niche for itself in the study o f large-scale protein complex. Although the protein backbone of complexes cannot be derived directly from the medium resolution (5-10 A) of amino acids from three-dimensional (3D) density images, secondary structure elements (SSEs) such as alpha-helices and beta-sheets can still be detected. The accuracy of SSE detection from the volumetric protein density images is critical for ab initio backbone structure derivation in cryo-EM. So far it is challenging to detect the SSEs automatically and accurately from the density images at these resolutions. This dissertation presents four computational methods SSEtracer, SSElearner, StrandTwister and StrandRoller for solving this critical problem. An effective approach, SSEtracer, is presented to automatically identify helices and Psheets from the cryo-EM three-dimensional maps at medium resolutions. A simple mathematical model is introduced to represent the P-sheet density. The mathematical model can be used for P-strand detection from medium resolution density maps. A machine learning approach, SSElearner, has also been developed to automatically identify helices and P-sheets by using the knowledge from existing volumetric maps in the Electron Microscopy Data Bank (EMDB). The approach has been tested using simulated density maps and experimental cryo-EM maps o f EMDB. The results of SSElearner suggest that it is effective to use one cryo-EM map for learning in order to detect the SSE in another cryo-EM map o f similar quality. Major secondary structure elements such as a-helices and P-sheets can be computationally detected from cryo-EM density maps with medium resolutions of 5-10A. However, a critical piece of information for modeling atomic structures is missing, since there are no tools to detect P-strands from cryo-EM maps at medium resolutions A new method, StrandTwister, has been proposed to detect the traces o f P-strands through the analysis of twist, an intrinsic nature o f P-sheet. StrandTwister has been tested using 100 P-sheets simulated at 10A resolution and 39 P-sheets computationally detected from cryoEM density maps at 4.4-7.4A resolutions. StrandTwister appears to detect the traces o f Pstrands on major P-sheets quite accurately, particularly at the central area o f a P-sheet. p-barrel is a structure feature that is formed by multiple P-strands in a barrel shape. There is no existing method to derive the P-strands from the 3D image of P-barrel. A new method, StrandRoller, has been proposed to generate small sets o f possible P-traces from the density images at medium resolutions of 5-10A The results of StrandRoller suggest that it is possible to derive a small set o f possible P-traces from the P-barrel cryo-EM image at medium resolutions even when it is not possible to visualize the separation o f Pstrands. Copyright, 2015, by Dong Si, All Rights Reserved.


Hysteresis is a rate-independent non-linearity that is expressed through thresholds, switches, and branches. Exceedance of a threshold, or the occurrence of a turning point in the input, switches the output onto a particular output branch. Rate-independent branching on a very large set of switches with non-local memory is the central concept in the new definition of hysteresis. Hysteretic loops are a special case. A self-consistent mathematical description of hydrological systems with hysteresis demands a new non-linear systems theory of adequate generality. The goal of this paper is to establish this and to show how this may be done. Two results are presented: a conceptual model for the hysteretic soil-moisture characteristic at the pedon scale and a hysteretic linear reservoir at the catchment scale. Both are based on the Preisach model. A result of particular significance is the demonstration that the independent domain model of the soil moisture characteristic due to Childs, Poulavassilis, Mualem and others, is equivalent to the Preisach hysteresis model of non-linear systems theory, a result reminiscent of the reduction of the theory of the unit hydrograph to linear systems theory in the 1950s. A significant reduction in the number of model parameters is also achieved. The new theory implies a change in modelling paradigm.


Android applications have a long history of being vulnerable to man-in-the-middle attacks due to insecure custom TLS certificate validation implementations. To resolve this, Google deployed the Network Security Configuration (NSC), a configuration-based approach to increase custom certificate validation logic security, and implemented safeguards in Google Play to block insecure applications. In this paper, we perform a large-scale in-depth investigation of the effectiveness of these countermeasures: First, we investigate the security of 99,212 NSC settings files in 1,335,322 Google Play apps using static code and manual analysis techniques. We find that 88.87% of the apps using custom NSC settings downgrade security compared to the default settings, and only 0.67% implement certificate pinning. Second, we penetrate Google Play's protection mechanisms by trying to publish apps that are vulnerable to man-in-the-middle attacks. In contrast to official announcements by Google, we found that Play does not effectively block vulnerable apps. Finally, we performed a static code analysis study of 15,000 apps and find that 5,511 recently published apps still contain vulnerable certificate validation code. Overall, we attribute most of the problems we find to insufficient support for developers, missing clarification of security risks in official documentation, and inadequate security checks for vulnerable applications in Google Play.


Reading is an essential skill towards literacy development, and should be provided so that children can master the skill at their early ages. For dyslexic children, mastering the skill is a challenge. It has been widely agreed that the theory behind such difficulties in reading for dyslexic lies in the phonological-core deficits.Support has been given in many ways to dyslexic children to teach them reading through using various multi-sensory methods and using computer-based applications that include animated characters and text-to-speech(TTS) technology. In such applications, although stimulating, it requires the children to call for help by clicking on the custom-made buttons on the computer screen, often, such an application requires the dyslexic children to be aware of their mistakes and be able to judge when help is needed. They are just reluctant to ask the computer for help. Hence, such technology does not provide immediate intervention to correct any reading failure. It is therefore worth to look at the promising automatic speech recognition (ASR)technology to provide such intervention. Hence, this paper gives an overview of the use of ASR to facilitate immediate reading intervention which is the key element of remediating reading among dyslexic children. For such intervention to work, data on reading mistakes and patterns are observed and collected in audio format. The data serve as training and testing samples for an ASR to train on. An observation was carried out in two public schools participated in the study to record dyslexic children's reading in Bahasa Melayu (BM) and observe error patterns and their behaviors toward reading. A total of 10 dyslexic children are involved and a total of 6384 utterances from a set of selected words have been gathered and analyzed. Data are grouped into error type categories and the analysis performed gives "vowel substitution" as the most frequent error made (20%). The significant findings can be of interest of special education teachers or parents to devise and use suitable approach to correct reading mistakes often made by dyslexic children. The findings also contribute to the development of a suitable and well-tuned ASR model
focusing on dyslexic children reading aloud in BM.


After the successes in macroeconomic stabilization, the Maghreb countries (Algeria, Lybia, Morocco and Tunisia) have pursued the implementation of economic and administrative reforms since the 1980s in order to liberalize the economic system and enter a phase of sustained growth acceleration. This has led to tensions between macroeconomic stabilization and modernization in the region. The present article focuses specifically on the prospects for economic policy reform in the Maghreb and the channels through which it could proceed in the presence of the major economic crisis we are experiencing. The article argues that under current economic circumstances, prospects for microeconomic reform in the Maghreb critically depend on the policy-makers capacity to maintain macroeconomic stability and to anchor microeconomic and institutional reforms. It also put forward that the most effective channel to anchor structural reforms may be to signal commitment to convergence towards the economic institutional setting developed by the European acquis communautaire. Finally, it underlines that the EU's role should be not just to avoid recurring to protectionism, but to deliver sufficient incentives to support economic reformist governments in completing the reform agenda. This also may prove much harder to introduce into EU Member States' preferences under the current negative economic expectations.


Coleoptera species composition and succession in downed woody debris habitats are poorly known in eastern North America. A photoeclector emergence chamber was used to concentrate Coleoptera that emerged from various decay classes of fine and coarse woody debris (FWD and CWD, respectively) collected in primary and secondary forest sites in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee, USA. A total of 5673 adult beetle specimens, representing 305 lowest identifiable taxa within 227 genera and 51 families, was collected. One hundred fifteen species (38%) were represented by single individuals. Many more specimens and species were collected from CWD (4129 and 247, respectively) than from FWD (1544 and 162, respectively), but species richness accumulation curves were not significantly different. Many more specimens but an equal number of species were collected from primary forest (3347 and 207, respectively) than from secondary forest (2326 and 207, respectively). Species accumulation curves indicated higher richness in secondary forests. Based on a subset of 71 species represented by 10 or more specimens, 27 species were associated with fresh fine woody debris, 11 species with weathered fine woody debris, four with coarse woody debris decay class I, 14 with coarse woody debris decay class II, and eight with coarse woody debris decay class III–IV. Sixteen species were associated with secondary forests, whereas 28 species were associated with primary forests. Coarse woody debris decay class II taken in primary forests had highest absolute species richness with 156 species. In coarse woody debris species overlap decreased with increased difference in decay indicating faunal succession. Published works related to the study of the ecology of downed woody material are briefly summarized. Recommendations on developing a database of legacy trees for future researchers are given. Notes on the biology and photographs of the 71 species represented by 10 or more specimens are given to provide an atlas of eastern U.S. beetle species most commonly encountered in these habitats.


A classification of diabetes and other categories of glucose intolerance, based on contemporary knowledge of this heterogeneous syndrome, was developed by an international workgroup sponsored by the National Diabetes Data Group of the NIH. This classification, and revised criteria for the diagnosis of diabetes, were reviewed by the professional members of the American Diabetes Association, and similar versions were circulated by the British Diabetic Association, the Australian Diabetes Society, and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. The ADA has endorsed the proposals of the international workgroup, and the Expert Committee on Diabetes of the World Health Organization has accepted its substantive recommendations. It is proposed that this classification be used as a uniform framework in which to conduct clinical and epidemiologie research so that more meaningful and comparative data will be obtained on the scope and impact of the various forms of diabetes and other classes of glucose intolerance. Medical treatment of diabetes is not considered in this paper, and the classification is not an attempt to define guidelines for therapy of patients. The salient changes proposed in the classification are that 1. The insulin-dependent, ketosis-prone type of diabetes, which is associated with increased or decreased frequency of certain histocompatibility antigens (HLA) on chromosome 6 and with islet cell antibodies, be considered a distinct subclass of diabetes [insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)]. This type of diabetes has been inappropriately termed juvenile diabetes. Since it can occur at any age, it is recommended that diagnosis based on age of onset be eliminated. 2. The noninsulin-dependent, nonketosis-prone types of diabetes, which are not secondary to other diseases or conditions, be considered a second distinct subclass of diabetes [noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)]. This subclass has been divided-according to whether or not obesity is present (obese NIDDM and nonobese NIDDM, respectively), and patients in this subclass can be further characterized by the type of treatment they receive (insulin, oral hypoglycemie agents, diet) or by other characteristics of interest to the researcher. It is believed that heterogeneity within this subclass, and also within IDDM, will be demonstrated by further research. 3. The types of diabetes caused by other conditions or found in increased frequency with other conditions (implying an etiologie relationship) be considered a third subclass of diabetes mellitus—diabetes associated with certain conditions and syndromes. This subclass has been divided according to the known or suspected etiologie relationships. 4. The class gestational diabetes be restricted to women in whom glucose intolerance develops or is discovered during pregnancy. 5. Individuals with plasma glucose (PG) levels intermediate between those considered normal and those considered diabetic [see (8)] be termed to have impaired glucose tolerance. It is proposed that the terms chemical, latent, borderline, subclinical, and asymptomatic diabetes, which have been applied to persons in this class, be abandoned, since use of the term diabetes invokes social, psychologic, and economic sanctions that are unjustified in light of the lack of severity of their glucose intolerance.


This paper applies concepts of member sovereignty (capability of people to create and effect decisions on how a system should operate and change) and equality (even distribution of articulation possibilities among members) to large agricultural cooperatives. Equality is reconceptualized to refer to elected member representativeness in large cooperatives. An elite interviewing technique was used to gather descriptions of control structures and mechanisms in five Western European countries. Interviews were conducted with decision makers in apex cooperative education organizations. Hierarchal membership structures are described, weaknesses are pointed out, and options to improve member sovereignty and elected member representativeness are discussed.


It is quite common that public policies take as benchmark mean values of relevant policy variables (average firm size, average productivity, average income, etc.). In such case the policy maker introduces incentives that should change individual behaviour in order to increase average values of the policy relevant variables. When this kind of policies are unsuccessful it is thought that the incentives are badly designed so that the entire problem is considered a problem of "mechanism design". In this paper the Authors maintain that policy makers should always take into account that incentives have an impact not only on individual behaviour but also on the distribution and law of motion of the aggregate phenomena that may be different from the sum of micro behaviours. Three different cases of proportional growth phenomena (firm's size growth, income distribuition and research production) are analyzed, in the paper, through simulations. Some tentative general principles for public policies are identified.


Resources to find drug information from professional sources. Also includes online books, pharmacology journals. laboratory protocols, databases and websites. Pharmacology is the science of drug action on biological systems; sources, chemical properties, Print and online sources to find drug information


The great diversity of adult morphologies that we can observe in nature is the product of millions of years of evolution of the underlying developmental programs. The genes that code for the transcription factors and signaling molecules that govern these processes are remarkably conserved across great phylogenetic distances. Thus, it is thought that gene expression divergence is the main driver of morphological evolution. The possibility to study genome-wide patterns of gene expression based on high-throughput transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) can provide unprecedented new insights into how the mechanisms that regulate gene expression have evolved to give rise to such outstanding variety in phenotypes.
Insects show a striking morphological diversity, especially in the size and shape of their head and eyes. To understand what parts of the gene regulatory networks that govern head and eye development can evolve to generate morphological differences without disturbing the fundamental developmental programs, a deeper knowledge of these networks is necessary. In the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, many transcription factors that govern compound eye development are known. However, few target genes of these regulators have been identified, and still little is known about the development of the other organs and cell types that are also part of the fly head. Here I have performed developmental transcriptomics on three key stages of D. melanogaster head development in order to obtain a more detailed description of these processes and all the implicated genes. Most interestingly, by gene co-expression analyses I found that the well-known transcription factor Hunchback may play a central role during late eye-antennal imaginal disc development. And indeed, subsequent functional analyses revealed a critical role of Hunchback in the development of a subtype of retinal glia cells that is involved in axon guidance and the formation of an intact blood-brain barrier. This finding and the additional identification of other transcription factors and target genes that I could validate, certify that genome-wide developmental gene co-expression analysis is a powerful tool to increase our knowledge on gene regulatory networks governing developmental processes.
Recent studies have identified significant differences in the size of the heads and compound eyes in the three closely related Drosophila species D. melanogaster, D. simulans and D. mauritiana. D. melanogaster has a wider face and smaller eyes than its sibling species, while D. mauritiana has the biggest eyes and a much narrower face. Therefore, these three species represent a good model to identify the nodes of the developmental networks that present divergent expression levels that could give rise to adult morphological differences.
Although genomic references are available for these species, the comparability of these resources varied greatly. In order to perform an unbiased inter-species analysis of differential gene expression, I first developed a pipeline to reciprocally re-annotate their genomes. A rigorous benchmarking of this new pipeline in comparison to previously available methods showed that my strategy increased the number of genes that I could compare and it resulted in the most unbiased results. Additionally, this analysis represents the first comprehensive evaluation of existing statistical methods in the context of inter-specific expression divergence.
The unbiased references allowed me to reliably perform a comprehensive transcriptomics analysis to identify all differentially expressed genes between D. melanogaster, D. mauritiana and D. simulans during key stages of head and eye development. By studying allele-specific expression of the viable F1 hybrids, I could identify the regulatory mechanisms underlying the divergent gene expression between these species. Interestingly, I have found that most gene expression differences in developing tissues are due to changes in the upstream regulatory genes, what is known as variation in trans. These results are different to what has been previously reported in adult Drosophila tissues and could indicate that different stages of an organism's life are subject to different evolutionary mechanisms influencing gene expression divergence.
Finally, it has been shown that the compound eyes of D. mauritiana are bigger than D. simulans eyes due to differences in facet size. I have combined available quantitative trait loci data with my genome-wide differential gene expression data to identify the genetic basis of these observed morphological differences. This unbiased strategy in combination with functional tests in D. melanogaster has led to the identification of a single gene, namely ocelliless, as being the most likely candidate for its regulatory region to have evolved to give rise to the observed morphological differences in eye size.
In conclusion, I could identify new regulatory interactions underlying Drosophila head formation. Additionally, I revealed some of the potential molecular changes that may have given rise to morphological diversity. All in all, this work shows how comprehensive transcriptomics analyses can greatly contribute to a better understanding of both developmental and evolutionary processes.


The index inhomogeneity and the microstructure of ZrO(2) films prepared by Ar-ion-assisted deposition are investigated. The results show that as the Ar-ion momentum transferred to the growing film increases, the average refractive index increases, the vacuum-to-air spectral shift becomes almost zero, the sign of relative inhomogeneity transits from negative to positive, and the void fraction of the top layer next to air becomes smaller than that of the bottom one. These optical properties result from the improved packing density and denser outer region next to air. The Ar-ion bombardment also induces the changes in microstructure of ZrO(2) films, such as the preferential (111) orientation of cubic phase, increase in compressive stress, and reduction of surface roughness.


Methane and hydrogen sulfide vent from a cold seep above a shallowly buried methane hydrate in a mud volcano located 24 km offshore southern California in 800 m of water. Bivalves, authigenic calcite, and methane hydrate were recovered in a 2.1 m piston core. Aragonite shells of two bivalve species are unusually depleted in 13C (to −19‰ δ13C), the most 13C-depleted shells of marine macrofauna yet discovered. Carbon isotopes for both living and dead specimens indicate that they used, in part, carbon derived from anaerobically oxidized methane to construct their shells. The δ13C values are highly variable, but most are within the range −12‰ to −19‰. This variability may be diagnostic for identifying cold-seep–hydrate systems in the geologic record. Authigenic calcite is abundant in the cores down to ∼1.5 m subbottom, the top of the methane hydrate. The calcite is depleted in 13C (δ13C = −46‰ to −58‰), indicating that carbon produced by anaerobically oxidized methane is the main source of the calcite. Methane sources include a geologic hydrocarbon reservoir from Miocene source rocks, and biogenic and thermogenic degradation of organic matter in basin sediments. Oxygen isotopes indicate that most calcite formed out of isotopic equilibrium with ambient bottom water, under the influence of gas hydrate dissociation and strong methane flux. High metal content in the mud volcano sediment indicates leaching of basement rocks by fluid circulating along an underlying fault, which also allows for a high flux of fossil methane.


Intima-media thickness (IMT) is now being considered as an indicator of atherosclerosis. Our group has developed several feature-based IMT measurement algorithms such as the Completely Automated Layer EXtraction (CALEX) (which is a class of patented AtheroEdge Systems from Global Biomedical Technologies, Inc., CA, USA). These methods are based on the hypothesis that the highest pixel intensities are in the far wall of the common carotid artery (CCA) or the internal carotid artery (ICA). In this paper, we verify that this hypothesis holds true for B-mode longitudinal ultrasound (US) images of the carotid wall. This patented methodology consists of generating the composite image (the arithmetic sum of images) from the database by first registering the carotid image frames with respect to a nearly straight carotid-artery frame from the same database using: (1) B-spline-based nonrigid registration and (2) affine registration. Prior to registration, we segment the carotid-artery lumen using a level-set-based algorithm followed by morphological image processing. The binary lumen images are registered, and the transformations are applied to the original grayscale CCA images. We evaluated our technique using a database of 200 common carotid images of normal and pathologic carotids. The composite image presented the highest intensity distribution in the far wall of the CCA/ICA, validating our hypothesis. We have also demonstrated the accuracy and improvement in the IMT segmentation result with our CALEX 3.0 system. The CALEX system, when run on newly acquired US images, shows the IMT error of about 30 μm. Thus, we have shown that the CALEX algorithm is able to exploit the far-wall brightness for accurate IMT measurements.


The use of personal, sensitive information, such as privileges and attributes, to gain access to
computer resources in distributed environments raises an interesting paradox. On one hand, in
order to make the services and resources accessible to legitimate users, access control
infrastructure requires valid and provable service clients' identities or attributes to make
decisions. On the other hand, the service clients may not be prepared to disclose their identity
information or attributes to a remote party without determining in advance whether the service
provider can be trusted with such sensitive information. Moreover, when clients give out
personal information, they still are unsure of the extent of propagation and use of the
information. This thesis describes an investigation of privacy preserving options in access
control infrastructures, and proposes a security model to support the management of those
options, based on extensible Access Control Markup Language (XACML) and Security
Access Markup Language (SAML), both of which are OASIS security standards. Existing
access control systems are typically unilateral in that the enterprise service provider assigns the
access rights and makes the access control decisions, and there is no negotiation between the
client and the service provider. As access control management systems lean towards being
user-centric or federated, unilateral approaches can no longer adequately preserve the client's
privacy, particularly where communicating parties have no pre-existing trust relationship. As a
result, a unified approach that significantly improves privacy and confidentiality protection in
distributed environments was considered. This resulted in the development of XACML Trust
Management Authorization Infrastructure (XTMAI) designed to handle privacy and
confidentiality mutually and simultaneously using the concept of Obligation of Trust (OoT)
protocol. The OoT enables two or more transaction parties to exchange Notice of Obligations
(NoB) (obligating constraints) as well as Signed Acceptance of Obligation (SAO), a proof of
acceptance, as security assurances before exchange of sensitive resources.


The type strains of Vi-phage types E1, M1 and A of Salmonella typhi, together with drug-resistant and drug-sensitive strains of phage types E1 and M1 isolated in 1992 from patients associated with India or Pakistan, and a drug-resistant strain of phage type A isolated in South Africa in 1991, were characterised with respect to the presence of plasmids conferring resistance to antimicrobial drugs and their chromosomal insertion sequence IS200 profiles. The three type strains, the drug-sensitive strains of Vi-phage types E1 and M1, and a strain of phage type M1 resistant to ampicillin and trimethoprim but not to chloramphenicol, did not contain plasmids. In contrast, for strains of phage types E1 and M1 resistant to chloramphenicol, ampicillin and trimethoprim, and for the drug-resistant strain of phage type A, the complete spectrum of resistance was encoded by high molecular mass plasmids belonging to the H1 incompatibility group. Characterisation of IS200 profiles demonstrated that at least 13 IS200 copies were distributed on the chromosome of all strains tested. Although the IS200 profiles of the type strains of Vi-phage types A, E1 and M1 were identical, it was possible to distinguish between drug-sensitive and drug-resistant strains of Vi-phage types E1 and M1 isolated from patients infected in India and Pakistan by this method. It was concluded that although IS200 typing is not as discriminatory as phage typing for the primary subdivision of S. typhi, it may be useful for certain epidemiological investigations and, in particular, for investigating the origins of strains with multiple drug resistance.


This book gives an overview of ghost towns in the state of Texas. Many of the towns are described with extended histories while others are simply noted with a statement of their locations.

The book is split into four parts, according to the table of contents: Part I -- Utopia (La Reunion, Kristenstad, Bettina, Sisterdale, Panna Maria); Part II -- Religious Havens (Zodiac, Burning Bush, Kelsey, Marietta, Fairchilds); Part III -- Industrial Meccas (Thurber, Minera, Trinity City, Salado, Gibtown, Geraldine, Kellyville, New Birmingham, Albuquerque, Shafter, Tenoxtitlan, Clarksville, Aiken, Charcoal City, San Luis Pass, Bevilport, Senterfitt, Old Larissa, Nashville, Childers' Mill, Shanklin Mill, McGough Springs, Texana, Boonville, Springfield, Cincinnati, Pulaski, Tarrant, Buckner, Dresden Settlement, Chambers' Creek, Viesca); and Part IV -- Also-Rans (Other Ghosts).

Bibliography starts on page 127; index starts on page 133.


YAMILE MORALES Parent-Infant Interaction in a Latino Family (Under the direction of John R. Lutzker, Ph.D.) Child maltreatment is a significant public health problem that increases when children live in homes in which intimate partner violence (IPV) is present. Child maltreatment and IPV often co-occur, and the sequelae of IPV frequently appear in both the victimized mother and her children. Home visitation programs, such as SafeCare, are used as intervention strategies to reduce the risk of child maltreatment, but rarely are these programs adapted for Latino populations. The importance of cultural sensitivity in parenting programs has been highlighted as a means of producing successful outcomes when working with Latino families. The present single-case research design study evaluated the efficacy of SafeCare's Parent-Infant Interaction (PII) module when delivered in Spanish to a Latino mother with prior experiences of IPV. Observational data were used to document changes in parenting behaviors, while self-report measures assessed exposure to IPV and changes in mental health, parenting stress, and the risk of child maltreatment. Qualitative data provided suggestions for culturally adapting PII for Latino families. Data from this study suggest that PII improves parent-infant interactions when delivered in Spanish and reduces the risk of child maltreatment. Additionally, selfreport measures indicate that IPV, parent mental health distress, and the risk of child maltreatment co-occur. This study also shares with the field the importance of providing culturally adapted programs when working with Latino families. INDEX WORDS: SafeCare, child maltreatment, intimate partner violence, culture, Latino


Threats arising from wireless hacking have been recently acknowledged both within academic literature and in the mainstream media. Additionally, it has been reported that many users of wireless networks make no attempt to activate security measures on their networks. This report replicates and expands upon research found in Woon, Tan and Low (2005) in order to ascertain characteristics of home wireless network users in New Zealand. The first research area asks the question: aside from the people who activate and those who do not, are there also people who are worried about wireless security and those who are not? This was proven to be true and that there is indeed a subgroup of wireless router users in New Zealand who are worried about wireless security. The second research area seeks to determine what factors affect a person's intention to enable or not enable security features on a home wireless network. The results showed that: The more people notice an increase in the degree of risk posed by wireless hacking, the more they feel like they could autonomously enable security features. The more people feel vulnerable to threats of wireless hacking, the more they feel that they would need help in setting up security features on their wireless network. The more people feel susceptible to wireless hacking, the more they feel that enabling security features would require extra efforts of time and money on their part. In order to get users to secure wireless networks, they must be convinced that enabling security features will deter hacker attacks. In order to get users to secure networks they need to feel that they could actually enable security features by themselves without some form of human assistance to help them do it.


Low pressure axial flow fans without stator blades or guide vanes are generally used in order to achieve light weight, low cost and a simple structure, and to conserve space when mounted for automobile cooling system. However, since flow resistances in front and back of the fan are very strong, air tends to flow diagonally at the fan outlet side. The fan does not operate as an axial flow fan. In this report, we describe work conducted on a motor fan, mainly from the standpoint that analysis and improved understanding of actual air flow conditions lead to improved design. As for the measurement of air flow at the outlet and inlet side of the fan, the five hole-pitot tubes were used. And the reverse flow area was visualized to adhere tracer particles which are in the air flow to the pressure surface of the blades. As a result, we could predict the air flow among fan blades and portion and shape of the reverse flow area. These data were useful for designing the mixed flow fan which has the structure of an axial flow fan.


Hybrid positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (PET/MR) scanners are one of the latest tools available in the field of medical imaging, and are expected to outperform the well-established PET/X-ray computed tomography (CT) scanners in a large range of fields. The perhaps largest challenge that has to be overcome before this can be achieved, is that of attenuation correction (AC) of the acquired PET images, as there is no direct relation between the MR image intensity of a tissue and its attenuating properties, as is the case in CT. This study investigated the performance of two PET AC methods provided with the biograph mMR PET/MR scanner installed at St. Olavs Hospital (Trondheim, Norway); one for head imaging based on an ultra-short echo-time (UTE) sequence, and one for whole-body imaging based on a Dixon sequence. These AC methods were compared to the `gold standard' of CT-based AC, based on activity concentrations in PET images from mMR examinations of lymphoma and lung cancer patients, corrected with the different AC methods (UTE, Dixon and CT). The results of the study show that the UTE-based AC method leads to an underestimation of PET activity in the brain of up to 9 \% in the investigated regions of interest. This is caused by underestimation of bone in the cranial region. The exclusion of bone in the Dixon-based AC method leads to underestimation of PET activity in the thorax/abdomen, indicated by an underestimation of 4 \% in the liver. The two MR-based AC methods are thus not sufficiently accurate to be utilised for quantification in PET imaging.


Purpose - – The purpose of this paper is to review the use of content analysis in social and environmental reporting (SER) research. It explores how the relevant literature has evolved over time and particularly how recent developments have affected the validity and reliability challenges that researchers face when executing the method. Design/methodology/approach - – The paper combines a quasi-systematic review of the literature employing content analysis (examining a sample of 251 studies published over the last 40 years in a wide array of journals with interest in the field), with a largely interpretive meta-analysis, using an index, considering the research questions asked and frameworks used as well as the specific content analysis decisions. Findings - – A number of issues of concern in the use of the method are identified, mainly over comparability and reliability of coding schemes. Potential explanations are developed and methodological refinements that could enhance the usefulness of content analysis methods in SER research are subsequently proposed. Research limitations/implications - – It should be acknowledged that, as 251 SER studies have been reviewed, there is always the possibility that some unique studies that could have contributed in the discussion have been ignored. Practical implications - – By reviewing the use of the method in a comprehensive sample of 251 SER studies published over the last 40 years in a wide array of journals with interest in the field, the paper also offers a guide for researchers (particularly in the SER field) wishing to employ content analysis in the future. Originality/value - – The paper contributes to the literature by offering a critical and comprehensive review of the method's theoretical underpinnings and application in SER research, and by describing changing patterns in content analysis, in order to help build a more secure foundation for future work.


The ferromagnetic exchange constant has been measured using spin wave resonance in a number of iron-nickel alloys covering the composition range 60% to 90% nickel. The exchange constant varies smoothly from a value of 1.3 (10-6) erg . cm-1at 60% Ni to an extrapolated value of 0.77 (10-6) at 100% Ni. The data are in significant disagreement with the values published by Rusov.


Aim: To explore and visualize the connectivity of suspected Ebola cases and surveillance callers who used cellphone technology in Moyamba District in Sierra Leone for Ebola surveillance, and to examine the demographic differences and characteristics of callers who make more calls as well as more likely to make at least one positive Ebola call. Methods: Surveillance data for 393 suspected Ebola cases (192 males, 201 females) were collected from October 23, 2014 to June 28, 2015 using cellphone technology. UCINET and NetDraw were used to explore and visualize the social connectivity between callers and suspected Ebola cases. Poisson and logistic regression analyses were used to determine the factors associated with the number of Ebola surveillance calls made and the likelihood of making at least one positive surveillance call respectively. Result: The entire social network structure was comprised of 393 ties with 745 nodes covering 253 villages. In multivariable analysis, holding other covariates in the model constant, female gender (AOR=0.33, 95% CI [0.14, 0.81]) was associated with decreased odds of making at least one positive Ebola surveillance call compared to male gender. Also, holding other variables in the model constant, female gender (IR= 0.63, 95% CI [0.49, 0.82]) was associated with making fewer Ebola surveillance calls compared to male gender. Conclusion: Social network visualization can be used to analyze syndromic surveillance data for Ebola collected by cellphone technology and can yield unique insights. This study show that men made more Ebola surveillance calls than women, and were also more likely to make at least one positive Ebola surveillance call than women.


In the context of hybrid HMM/MLP Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR), this paper describes an investigation into a new type of stochastic phone space transformation, which maps "source" phone (or phone HMM state) posterior probabilities (as obtained at the output of a Multilayer Perceptron/MLP) into "destination" phone (HMM phone state) posterior probabilities. The resulting stochastic matrix transformation can be used within the same language to automatically adapt to different phone formats (e.g., IPA) or across languages. Additionally, as shown here, it can also be applied successfully to non-native speech recognition. In the same spirit as MLLR adaptation, or MLP adaptation, the approach proposed here is directly mapping posterior distributions, and is trained by optimizing on a small amount of adaptation data a Kullback-Leibler based cost function, along a modified version of an iterative EM algorithm. On a non-native English database (HIWIRE), and comparing with multiple setups (monophone and triphone mapping, MLLR adaptation) we show that the resulting posterior mapping yields state-of-the-art results using very limited amounts of adaptation data in mono-, cross- and multi-lingual setups. We also show that "universal" phone posteriors, trained on a large amount of multilingual data, can be transformed to English phone posteriors, resulting in an ASR system that significantly outperforms a system trained on English data only. Finally, we demonstrate that the proposed approach outperforms alternative data-driven, as well as a knowledge-based, mapping techniques.


miR-7 (microRNA-7) has been characterized as a tumour suppressor in several human cancers. It targets a number of proto-oncogenes that contribute to cell proliferation and survival. However, the mechanism(s) by which miR-7 suppresses tumorigenesis in TSCC (tongue squamous cell carcinoma) is unknown. The present bioinformatics analysis revealed that IGF1R (insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor) mRNA is a potential target for miR-7. Ectopic transfection of miR-7 led to a significant reduction in IGF1R at both the mRNA and protein levels in TSCC cells. Knockdown of miR-7 in TSCC cells enhanced IGF1R expression. Direct targeting of miR-7 to three candidate binding sequences located in the 3'-untranslated region of IGF1R mRNA was confirmed using luciferase-reporter-gene assays. The miR-7-mediated down-regulation of IGF1R expression attenuated the IGF1 (insulin-like growth factor 1)-induced activation of Akt (protein kinase B) in TSCC cell lines, which in turn resulted in a reduction in cell proliferation and cell-cycle arrest, and an enhanced apoptotic rate. Taken together, the present results demonstrated that miR-7 regulates the IGF1R/Akt signalling pathway by post-transcriptional regulation of IGF1R. Our results indicate that miR-7 plays an important role in TSCC and may serve as a novel therapeutic target for TSCC patients.


ABSTRACT
 Here we present the bone histology of Gasparinisaura cincosaltensis, a basal ornithopod from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia, and discuss its biological implications. The sample includes axial and appendicular elements from several specimens of different ontogenetic stages. The cortex of most bones consists of fibro-lamellar tissue, with mainly longitudinally oriented vascular spaces, which suggests rapid osteogenesis and fast growth. However, the fibro-lamellar bone is commonly interrupted by lines of arrested growth and/or annuli composed of parallel-fibered bone that indicates that the rapid growth was periodic. Although a true outer circumferential layer was not recorded in any of the sampled elements, in several of the larger samples the woven-fibered matrix of the inner and middle cortex grades into a parallel-fibered tissue, which suggests that the attainment of sexual maturity occurred before skeletal maturity. The growth dynamics of Gasparinisaura are similar to those reported in other basal ornithopods. Inter-elemental, as well as intraspecific, variations in histology were observed in Gasparinisaura. Such variation could be the result of sexual dimorphism, or the effect of localized conditions of growth, or perhaps plasticity in growth in response to local environmental conditions.


This book provides a comprehensive analysis of the moral philosophy of Albert the Great (1200-1280) - the first and only such undertaking in English. It lays out what is, with rare exceptions, an unknown, ignored, or poorly-understood aspect of Albert's humanism. It also fills in a major lacuna in both the history of medieval philosophy and the wider history of moral theory.Prior to Albert, most medieval thinkers refused to acknowledge the very existence of natural moral goodness. They believed that one could not perform good acts without God's infused graces. Albert was the first to establish in a systematic fashion the value of naturally-acquired virtue, natural law, and the virtue-dependent states of friendship and natural happiness, and their importance in a human lifetime. To achieve this, he undertook the elaboration of a rigorous moral philosophy.These findings stand in contrast to an old cliche that Albert the Great was a scholar of enormous erudition, an impressive assembler of learning and scientific information, but deficient when it came to elaborating a systematic philosophical or theological theory of his own. This book deflates that myth. It demonstrates that Albert was very concerned to produce a rigorously organized philosophy of moral goodness, and for the most part succeeded in that aim.This book opens with a comprehensive introduction that is unprecedented in Albertinian scholarship. It uncovers certain parallels between the career of modern virtue-theory ethics and Albert's historical situation in such a way as to help the modern reader understand developments in the mid-thirteenth century. This book also makes possible a closer study of Thomas Aquinas' material dependence upon Albert's ethical concepts.


This paper argues that some Spanish syntactic structures contain lexically selected null wh- disjunctive operators, and that a number of apparent subordinate declarative clauses turn out to be hidden indirect questions. It also argues that these operators appear in sentential adjuncts as well, giving rise to a variety of so-called unconditional structures. It is shown that disjunctive phrases in structures with selected and unselected null wh- operators are subject to similar locality conditions. In the final section, new arguments are presented in favour of analyzing disjunctive expressions as a variant of free-choice phrases in certain contexts.


Plagiarism in textual documents is a widespread problem seen the large digital repository existing on the web. Moreover, it is difficult to make evaluation and comparison between solutions because of the lack of plagiarized resources in Arabic language publicly available. In this context, this paper describes automatic construction of a paraphrased corpus in order to deal with these issues and conduct our experiments, as follows: First, we collected a large corpus containing more than 12 million sentences from different resources. Then, we cleaned it up unnecessary data by applying a set of preprocessing techniques. After that, we used word2vec algorithm to create a vocabulary from the collected corpus. It extracted efficiently the semantic relationships between words to exploit. Subsequently, we replaced each word of the source corpus with the most similar vocabulary word based on an index used randomly to eventually obtain a suspect corpus. Different experiments are done. Thus, we varied the dimensions of vectors and window sizes to predict the correct context of words and identify the semantically closest words of the target.


[June – August 2008; Arusha, Tanzania; Global Service Corps] An often-unnoticed face of HIV in Tanzania is distinctly agrarian. For farming communities in the Arusha area of Tanzania, the connection between food security and HIV is hard to ignore. About 8 out of 100 people in Tanzania are living with the virus. Livelihoods claimed by the HIV epidemic are increasingly young men and women whose families depend on their labor on family-run gardens and farms. In the last ten years, young people have begun migrating from their rural communities to urban centers. This trend, combined with HIV infection rates among the young, have a crippling effect on food security in the isolated hills outside Arusha. Whole communities struggle with drops in local food production, loss of market opportunities, and high imported food costs. Women comprise the majority of Tanzanian food producers in rural settings – roughly 90% of women in Arusha district engage in subsistence farming and market activities every day. As the HIV epidemic reaches more and more rural areas, women bear newer roles as farmers, breadwinners, and caretakers to those family or community members with HIV. Global Service Corps (GSC) is a San Francisco-based non-profit that facilitates HIV education workshops and bio-intensive agriculture trainings for people in the Arusha area, making the critical connection between HIV prevention and sustainable farming. Trainings stress a multi-generational, family-centered approach to HIV prevention, and include discussions around sexual decision-making, negotiation, and condom use. Most recently, GSC has launched HIV-prevention day camps for secondary school students to help them stay HIV-free. Bio-intensive agriculture (BIA) trainings instruct on sack-gardening, crop rotation, companion planting, and other labor-saving farming techniques. These trainings also emphasize family nutrition and sustained crop yield. Numbers of people in the Arusha community receiving both BIA and HIV trainings are on the rise. Embracing an ecological perspective in the fight against HIV and food insecurity, Global Service Corps' operations set a sustainable example for integrating disciplines on the ground for improved quality of life.


A re-examination of fundamental concepts and a formal structuring of the waveform analysis problem is presented in Part I. eg. the nature of frequency is examined and a novel alternative to the classical methods of detection proposed and implemented which has the advantage of speed and independence from amplitude. Waveform analysis provides the link between Parts I and II. Part II is devoted to Human Factors and the Adaptive Task Technique. The Historical, Technical and Intellectual development of the technique is traced in a review which examines the evidence of its advantages relative to non-adaptive fixed task methods of training, skill assessment and man-machine optimisation. A second review examines research evidence on the effect of vibration on manual control ability. Findings are presented in terms of percentage increment or decrement in performance relative to performance without vibration in the range 0-0.6Rms'g'. Primary task performance was found to vary by as much as 90% between tasks at the same Rms'g'. Differences in task difficulty accounted for this difference. Within tasks vibration-added-difficulty accounted for the effects of vibration intensity. Secondary tasks were found to be largely insensitive to vibration except secondaries which involved fine manual adjustment of minor controls. Three experiments are reported next in which an adaptive technique was used to measure the % task difficulty added by vertical random and sinusoidal vibration to a 'Critical Compensatory Tracking task. At vibration intensities between 0 - 0.09 Rms 'g' it was found that random vibration added (24.5 x Rms'g')/7.4 x 100% to the difficulty of the control task. An equivalence relationship between Random and Sinusoidal vibration effects was established based upon added task difficulty. Waveform Analyses which were applied to the experimental data served to validate Phase Plane analysis and uncovered the development of a control and possibly a vibration isolation strategy. The submission ends with an appraisal of subjects mentioned in the thesis title.


Aristotle prized friendship. Kierkegaard judged it sinful. But from playground to grave, friendships play a critical role in our lives. Friendships define and even replace relationships with siblings and parents; they can last decades longer than some marriages, and be just as turbulent and passionate. With 'the big society' and social networking dominating the headlines, modern friendships and how we create and maintain them are very much under debate.

In The Book of Friendship, Josie Barnard explores this elusive and potent phenomenon. Moving seamlessly from Boudicca to Jennifer Aniston, from Nietszche to Morecambe & Wise, she examines how friendship is affected by class, gender and geography, and the circumstances that can turn a passing acquaintance into a lifelong friend. The Book of Friendship discusses with wit, intelligence and sparkling insight every aspect of this alluring, uplifting, vital relationship.


AbstractOral narratives are increasingly used in speech and language evaluations for measuring language skills, and to measure children's organizational skill within a broader communicative context. Because of this, oral-narrative analyses are applied to diverse age ranges and populations. However, there are few studies examining the production of narratives of child speakers of African American English (AAE), and these previous studies offer conflicting views on the nature of narratives in this population. Because of this, the purpose of this study was to investigate the production of narratives of AAE speaking children using elicitation procedures that were standard across participants. Fifteen partici-pants were selected from a predominantly African American low-income com-munity of Springfield, Massachusetts. Highpoint and story-grammar analyses-two analyses that are often applied narratives in previous studies- were applied to the samples gathered from these participants. The results indicated that (a) subjects produced a greater number of more advanced (com-plete and complex) structures than lower level structures within story grammar analysis at all age levels, and (b) the most advanced structure (classic structure) was observed more often than any other structures within highpoint analysis. (Speech/Hearing/Language Pathology)


Nowadays ships are usually equipped with a system of marine instruments, one of which is an Automatic Identification System (AIS) transponder. The availability of the global AIS ship tracking data opened the possibilities to develop maritime security far beyond the simple collision prevention. The research work summarized in this thesis explores this opportunity, with the aim of developing an intuitive and comprehensible method for traffic modeling and anomaly detection in the maritime domain. The novelty of the method lays in employing the technique of artificial potential fields. The general idea is for the potentials to represent typical patterns of vessels' behaviors. A conflict between potentials, which have been observed in the past, and the potential of a vessel currently in motion, indicates an anomaly. The developed potential field based method has been examined using a web-based anomaly detection system STRAND (for Seafaring TRansport ANomaly Detection). Its applicability has been demonstrated in several publications, examining its scalability, modeling capabilities and detection performance. The experimental investigations led to identifying optimal detection resolution for different traffic areas (open sea, harbor and river), and extracting traffic rules, e.g., with regard to speed limits and course, i.e., right-hand sailing rule. The map-based display of modeled traffic patterns and detection cases has been analyzed as well, using several demonstrative cases. The massive AIS database created for this study, together with a dataset of real traffic incidents, provides an abundance of challenges for future studies.


Despite significant recent advances in deep neural networks, training them remains a challenge due to the highly non-convex nature of the objective function. State-of-the-art methods rely on error backpropagation, which suffers from several well-known issues, such as vanishing and exploding gradients, inability to handle non-differentiable nonlinearities and to parallelize weight-updates across layers, and biological implausibility. These limitations continue to motivate exploration of alternative training algorithms, including several recently proposed auxiliary-variable methods which break the complex nested objective function into local subproblems. However, those techniques are mainly offline (batch), which limits their applicability to extremely large datasets, as well as to online, continual or reinforcement learning. The main contribution of our work is a novel online (stochastic/mini-batch) alternating minimization (AM) approach for training deep neural networks, together with the first theoretical convergence guarantees for AM in stochastic settings and promising empirical results on a variety of architectures and datasets.


We apply femtosecond pulse shaping to generate optical pulse trains that directly access a material's nonlinear refractive index (n2) and can thus determine time-resolved optical Kerr-effect (OKE) dynamics. Two types of static pulse trains are discussed: The first uses two identical fields delayed in time, plus a pump field at a different wavelength. Time-resolved OKE dynamics are retrieved by monitoring the phase of the interference pattern produced by the two identical fields in the Fourier-domain (FD) as a function of pump-probe-time-delay (where the probe is one of the two identical fields). The second pulse train uses three fields with equal time delays, but with the center field phase shifted by π/2. In this pulse scheme, changes on a sample's nonlinear refractive index produce a new frequency in the FD signal, which in turn yields background-free intensity changes in the conjugate (time) domain and provides superior signal-to-noise ratios. The demonstrated sensitivity improvements enable, for the first time to our knowledge, molecular imaging based on OKE dynamics.


Abstract This paper focuses on the use of rhythmic play in the compositional strategies of rock musicians. Such play is seen as both embodying an attitude on the part of the performer-composer in which music as pure structure tests one's skill and imagination in sonic reality, and as an attempt at a special kind of communication with his or her audience. In this latter capacity the musical work becomes an unspoken or hidden challenge to the listener as a kind of in-group or insider knowledge. Listening thus becomes a window into the creative act, bands and their audiences forming an extended community based on trust, respect and a sense of shared ownership.


As a society, we have been largely indifferent to the prevalence of male rape victimization. In the prison context, we dismiss it as par for the course, as "just deserts," or worse yet, as a rarely stated but widely known component of deterrence. We treat prisons as invisible zones, as zones without law, as zones that need not concern us. Outside the prison context, our response is no better. We tell ourselves male rape victimization is a rarity, or perhaps something that only happens to gay men. In short, we render male victim rape invisible, or at least un-articulable. This Article renders male victim rape visible. This Article is also a critique of unjust silence and unjust talk. It is a critique of the unjust silence surrounding male rape victimization that permeates legal scholarship about rape. And it is a critique of the unjust talk about the specter of male rape that permeates self-defense and provocation cases. The Article argues that re-conceptualizing rape as a gender-neutral crime might help advocates of rape law reform forge new alliances. It posits that addressing the reality of male victim rape can help us rethink the very real harm of rape. And it demonstrates that incorporating the reality of male victimization can have profound implications for rethinking the law of rape. What motivates this Article is the underlying belief that rape has been gendered for too long. Originally, it was gendered in a way that tilted the scales to benefit men: men as fathers, men as husbands, and men as rapists. Feminists were right to point out the sexism inherent in traditional rape laws in this country. Though many, including Catherine MacKinnon, were wrong to view rape as solely a mechanism of male domination of women. But the real problem is this: In arguing for reform, feminist scholars have legitimized and contributed to the very gender distinctions of which they have been so critical. In response to one form of subordination, they have entrenched another. Many rape statutes have been reformed so that they are gender neutral, but how we apply those laws is still very much gendered. As a consequence, male victims have suffered. But more broadly, the law of rape has suffered. And it shows.


Formation Flying control involves the computation of relative kinematics and dynamics among a number of orbiting platforms. Formations are not the only space application in which several components operate coordinately at the same time. "Multibody" is the scheme usually adopted to model the robotic arms of the space manipulators or large space platforms as the International Space station, and multibody can be also seen as a set of components orbiting together. A number of software codes have been developed during the years to represent and simulate this scheme, taking into account the differential forces acting on each member. This paper proposes to build on this effort to test a different way for evaluating the control of spacecraft formations. The formation spacecraft will be represented by the joints of the multibody. The links, represented as structural element with infinite stiffness, virtually reproduce the relative constraints in position and attitude among the platforms. The idea is to consider the orientation and the length of the links such that the joints (spacecraft) will actually assume the relative geometry which is the desired state at a given time. The forces and torques to be provided to the real spacecraft belonging to the formation are related to the reaction torques and forces which are provided at the joints in the corresponding multibody representation. These reactions can be easily computed by available multibody codes, and the values found can be applied to a standard orbital propagator to compute the dynamical behavior and to validate the approach. The advantage stays with the quick, easy computation of the inverse kinematics, which is routinely performed by multibody software. The solution should be useful to both the cases of keeping an already acquired configuration, like large distributed antennas virtually built by several spacecraft, as well as to the rigid reorientation of a formation, like in some astronomical missions.


The work presented in this paper will highlight selected artificial intelligence approaches as applied within an Integrated Vehicle Health Management (IVHM) system. The selected vehicle subsystem areas to be discussed include electro-mechanical actuators (EMAs), propulsion system performance, vehicle structural integrity and general signal anomaly detection. Artificial intelligence methods including neural networks, fuzzy logic and trained probabilistic classifiers are described within the context of the selected subsystem applications. In addition, discussion on individual subsystem health condition indicators as applied within an intelligent, model-based reasoning approach is presented that examines health state and functional availability of individual components, subsystems, and the overall vehicle. The AI implementations described herein illustrate the integration of detection, diagnostic, and prognostic reasoning capabilities from across critical subsystems on a vehicle platform. The examples provided illustrate how the selected AI technologies can be implemented throughout an end–to–end application, from data signal quality checks to off-board prognostic assessments.


Research to improve the performance of asphalt mixtures through the addition of crumb rubber using the dry process has continued worldwide because of its potential as a recycling option for used tires. For decades, dry mixed rubberised asphalt mixtures have performed inconsistently in field trials and laboratory evaluations. However, current research has revealed that the performance of asphalt mixtures is highly dependent on the characteristics of its internal structure or phase constituents. A comprehensive methodology has been developed in this study to characterise the microstructural properties of dry mixed rubberised asphalt mixtures and correlate them with the mixtures' macroscopic response to compression and fatigue. The proposed methodology combines a non-destructive imaging technique; X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) and image processing and image analysis procedures to quantify the properties of air voids and cracks as well as the rubber distributions within the rubberised asphalt specimen. A gap graded mixture of Hot Rolled Asphalt (HRA60/20) containing different percentages and gradings of crumb rubber particles was compared to a conventional mixture (unmodified or control mix). The results showed that the addition of crumb rubber affects the formation and distribution of air voids in an asphalt mixture. Correlations between the internal structural damage parameters and the mechanical behaviour of the asphalt mixtures were unanimous in concurring that adding rubber improves a mixture resistance to fatigue failure. The modulus of the asphalt mixtures at peak stress under compression reduced when the rubber was introduced into the mixture although in contrast, the image analysis showed less fracture within the tested specimen in comparison to the control mix. The imaging procedures developed in this text are recommended as a guide to characterise the internal structure of rubberised asphalt mixtures.