Purpose: To assess the prognostic value of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) molecular characteristics of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Patients and Methods: HNSCC tumors from patients prospectively enrolled in either an Early Detection Research Network (EDRN) study and treated with surgery without an EGFR-targeted agent (N = 154) or enrolled in a chemoradiation trial involving the EGFR-targeted antibody cetuximab (N = 39) were evaluated for EGFR gene amplification by FISH and EGFR protein by immunohistochemical staining. Fresh-frozen tumors (EDRN) were also evaluated for EGFR protein and site-specific phosphorylation at Y992 and Y1068 using reverse-phase protein array (n = 67). Tumor (n = 50) EGFR and EGFRvIII mRNA levels were quantified using real-time PCR. Results: EGFR expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC) was significantly higher in the EDRN tumors with EGFR gene amplification (P < 0.001), and a similar trend was noted in the cetuximab-treated cohort. In the EDRN and cetuximab-treated cohorts elevated EGFR by IHC was associated with reduced survival (P = 0.019 and P = 0.06, respectively). Elevated expression of total EGFR and EGFR PY1068 were independently significantly associated with reduced progression-free survival in the EDRN cohort [HR = 2.75; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.26–6.00 and HR = 3.29; 95% CI = 1.34–8.14, respectively]. Conclusions: In two independent HNSCC cohorts treated with or without cetuximab, tumor EGFR levels were indicative of survival. Tumor EGFR PY1068 levels provided prognostic information independent of total EGFR. Clin Cancer Res; 18(8); 2278–89. ©2012 AACR.


In lake-outlet streams, large zooplankton taxa are often reduced at a higher rate than smaller taxa. Laboratory experiments and a field study were performed to test the importance of abiotic factors and predation by fifth instar Hydropsyche siltalai (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) larvae, in creating this pattern. Mortality caused by hydraulic stress was low and not significantly higher in Cyclops than in Bosmina, and no evidence of sedimentation was found. However, traps were used as flow refugia by copepods and Latona setifera (Sididae). No differences among taxa in the probability of entering a hydropsychid net were found. Once in a net, though, the risk of being attacked was higher for Cyclops and Daphnia than for Bosmina when all taxa were present. Zooplankton trapped in a hydropsychid net sometimes escaped, and in Bosmina, the proportion of successful escapes increased in the presence of alternative prey. These results suggest that predation by hydropsychids has the potential to cause longitudinal changes in zooplankton species composition, whereas the impact of abiotic factors for zooplankton reduction in lake-outlet streams needs further investigation.


Written by a leading authority on Roman military history, this fascinating volume spans over a thousand years as it offers a memorable picture of one of the world's most noted fighting forces, paying special attention to the life of the common soldier. Southern here illuminates the Roman army's history, culture, and organization, providing fascinating details on topics such as military music, holidays, strategy, the construction of Roman fortresses and forts, the most common battle formations, and the many tools of war, from spears, bows and arrows, swords, and slingshots, to the large catapulta (which fired giant arrows and bolts) and the ballista (which hurled huge stones). Perhaps most interesting are the details Southern provides about everyday life in the Roman army, everything from the soldiers pay (they were paid three times per year, but money was deducted for such items as food, clothing, weapons, the burial club, the pension scheme, and so on) to their often brutal life-if whole units turned and ran, about one-tenth of the men concerned were chosen by lot and clubbed to death and the rest were put on barley rations instead of wheat. Moreover, soldiers who lost weapons or their shields would fight savagely to get them back or would die in the process, rather than suffer the shame that attached to throwing weapons away or running from the battle. Attractively illustrated, this book offers a fascinating look at the life of the Roman soldier, drawing on everything from Rome's rich historical and archaeological record to soldier's personal correspondence to depictions of military subjects in literature and art.


Colloidal probe atomic force microscopy is a very useful tool in the study of colloidal interactions. Although this technique has been applied to study interactions between a particle and a polarized electrode during electrodeposition, it has never been used to study interactions in high electric fields as encountered in electrophoretic deposition. In this work, a preliminary study was undertaken to verify whether colloidal probe AFM could be used to measure the electrophoretic force on a particle. It was found that the electrophoretic force could be detected by colloidal probe AFM under certain circumstances. In order to prevent that the contribution of the cantilever on the measurement of the electrophoretic force becomes large, the charge on the cantilever should be small compared to the charge of the particle, which is attached to the cantilever. Moreover, the area of cantilever surface which is oriented parallel to the electric field should be small to minimize the contribution of the cantilever.


In recent years, the combinatorics of argumentation with arguments that can attack each other has been studied extensively. Especially, attack graphs (put in the focus of attention by Dung's seminal work 1995) have proven to be a productive tool of analysis. In this paper a new style of algorithm is presented that computes the minimal admissible sets containing or attacking the argument. It is a breadth-first algorithm using labelings. The algorithm is applied to the computation of the preferred and stable extensions of a given attack graph.


In the genre of residential school narratives for children, Not My Girl (2014) stands out for the determination, courage, and resilience of its narrator, a young girl who chooses to go to a Catholic boarding school, and then draws on both her culture and a British novel, Alice in Wonderland , about a brave girl for strength and resilience. This article traces Olemaun's journey as she follows Alice into literacy but finds her own methods of resisting colonial oppression and asserting Indigenous agency.


Voice Assistants (VAs) such as Amazon Alexa or Google Assistant rely on wake-word detection to respond to people's commands, which could potentially be vulnerable to audio adversarial examples. In this work, we target our attack on the wake-word detection system. Our goal is to jam the model with some inconspicuous background music to deactivate the VAs while our audio adversary is present. We implemented an emulated wake-word detection system of Amazon Alexa based on recent publications. We validated our models against the real Alexa in terms of wake-word detection accuracy. Then we computed our audio adversaries with consideration of expectation over transform and we implemented our audio adversary with a differentiable synthesizer. Next we verified our audio adversaries digitally on hundreds of samples of utterances collected from the real world. Our experiments show that we can effectively reduce the recognition F1 score of our emulated model from 93.4% to 11.0%. Finally, we tested our audio adversary over the air, and verified it works effectively against Alexa, reducing its F1 score from 92.5% to 11.0%. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first real-world adversarial attack against a commercial grade VA wake-word detection system. Our demo video is included in the supplementary material.


It has been shown previously that the reaction of diazomethane with 5-benzylidene-3-phenylrhodanine (1) in THF at −20° occurs at the exocyclic CC bond via cyclopropanation to give 3a and methylation to yield 4, respectively, whereas the corresponding reaction with phenyldiazomethane in toluene at 0° leads to the cyclopropane derivative 3b exclusively. Surprisingly, under similar conditions, no reaction was observed between 1 and diphenyldiazomethane, but the 2-diphenylmethylidene derivative 5 was formed in boiling toluene. In the present study, these results have been rationalized by calculations at the DFT B3LYP/6-31G(d) level using PCM solvent model. In the case of diazomethane, the formation of 3a occurs via initial Michael addition, whereas 4 is formed via [3+2] cycloaddition followed by N2 elimination and H-migration. The preferred pathway of the reaction of 1 with phenyldiazomethane is a [3+2] cycloaddition, subsequent N2 elimination and ring closure of an intermediate zwitterion to give 3b. Finally, the calculations show that the energetically most favorable reaction of 1 with diphenyldiazomethane is the initial formation of diphenylcarbene, which adds to the S-atom to give a thiocarbonyl ylide, followed by 1,3-dipolar electrocyclization and S-elimination.


Bransfield Basin is an actively extending marginal basin separating the inactive South Shetland arc from the northern Antarctic Peninsula. Rift-related volcanism is widespread throughout the central Bransfield Basin, but the wider eastern Bransfield Basin was previously unsampled. Lavas recovered from the eastern subbasin form three distinct groups: (1) Bransfield Group has moderate large-ion lithophile element (LILE) enrichment relative to normal mid-ocean ridge basalt (NMORB), (2) Gibbs Group has strong LILE enrichment and is restricted to a relic seamount interpreted as part of the South Shetland arc, and (3) fresh alkali basalt was recovered from the NE part of the basin near Spanish Rise. The subduction-related component in Bransfield and Gibbs Group lavas is a LILE-rich fluid with radiogenic Sr, Nd, and Pb isotope compositions derived predominantly from subducting sediment. These lavas can be modeled as melts from Pacific MORB source mantle contaminated by up to 5% of the subduction-related component. They further reveal that Pacific mantle, rather than South Atlantic mantle, has underlain Bransfield Basin since 3 Ma. Magma productivity decreases abruptly east of Bridgeman Rise, and lavas with the least subduction component outcrop at that end. Both the eastward decrease in subduction component and occurrence of young alkali basalts require that subduction-modified mantle generated during the lifetime of the South Shetland arc has been progressively removed from NE to SW. This is inconsistent with previous models suggesting continued slow subduction at the South Shetland Trench but instead favors models in which the South Scotia Ridge fault has propagated westward since 3 Ma generating transtension across the basin.


Background: Colonizers usually present their agenda in positive terms–theirs is a civilizing mission and they pretend to be healers. For the colonized people, on the other hand, colonialism represents poverty and disease or at least disease-causing agents. In Oromia, the rinderpest virus (RPV) epidemic is one of the pathways by which colonialism and racist mindsets caused famine, poverty, diseases and millions of deaths.
Objective: The objective of this paper is to learn from the past, envision a better future by preventing infectious diseases, diversify the economy, develop public health institutions, promote healthy public policy and guarantee food security.
Methods: In this paper, using documents and oral narrative analyses, I explore the origin of RPV and its impacts on human lives and natural environments in Oromia.
Findings: In 1887, the Italian army stationed in Massawa-the Red Sea port had brought cattle infected with RPV. The Abyssinian army seized the cattle and unwittingly introduced this infectious disease to the highlands of the present state of Eritrea. In the 1880s, Abyssinia- supported by the European empire builders was expanding its colonial territories and in the process annexed Oromia and introduced RPV. RPV epidemics, compounded with the Abyssinian colonial war and widespread looting, caused famine in Oromia and accounted for the deaths of two-thirds of the Oromo people.
Conclusion: The RPV epidemic made the Oromo people easily succumb to Abyssinian rule and hindered their aspirations to rebel against the siege. RPV persisted in Oromia for over 120 years and severely harmed Oromo social, cultural and political institutions. Public health students and policy makers need to learn from the past and oppose all forms of racist views and promote social justice as a means of granting better public health.


The issue of term structure of interest rates has been a much-researched area in
economics and finance in several developed economies for over a century. It is
argued that the term spread between long and short rates contain useful
information about future interest rates, inflation, and real economic activity
which is of great importance to policy makers.
This study attempts, first, to determine whether there is a time-varying risk
premium in the short-term interest rate, and secondly, to provide an in-depth
study on the term structure of interest rates and its impacts on the movements
of short-term interest rates, inflation rates and real output in the five selected
East Asian countries via an extended model of Expectation Hypothesis Theory
of Term Structure. The five selected Asian countries are Japan, South Korea,
Malaysia, Thailand and the Philippines. These objectives are achieved through
the employment of the Generalized Method of Moment and Ordinary Least Square with Newey-West standard errors and Heteroskedasticity and
autocorrelation consistent covariance correction.
One interesting finding of this analysis is that there is a small risk premium in
the short-term interest rates of Japan and Thailand, whereas there is none in
those of Korea, Malaysia and the Philippines. This implies the stability of the
short-term interest rates in the latter. In all the five cases, regardless of a timevarying
risk premium in the interest rate, the term spreads of all these countries
seem to contain useful information for predicting movements in the short-term
interest rates. On the other hand, for the case of predicting the path of inflation
rate, only three countries, namely, Japan, Korea and Malaysia, indicate a
possible increase in future inflationary pressure. The two other countries, the
Philippines and Thailand, did not benefit any useful information regarding the
future inflation rates from term spreads, Similarly, the term spread also does not
provide any relevant information on the real output of Malaysia, the Philippines
and Thailand. However, it does provide relevant information for the case of
Japan and Korea.
The estimated results and findings of this study provide some very useful
insight on the information contained in interest rate term spreads of the five
countries. This useful information on interest rate, inflation and economic
activity can benefit both the government and private sectors of the five countries in developing macroeconomic policies and gaining competitiveness in the
global market.


This briefing paper provides preliminary analysis of two leaked U.S. proposals for an intellectual property chapter in the Trans Pacific Partnership (TPP) agreement. The U.S. proposal, if adopted, would create the highest intellectual property protection and enforcement standards in any free trade agreement to date. Its provisions are primarily based on, and frequently go beyond, the maximalist and controversial standards of the Korea-US Free Trade Agreement (KORUS), the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA) and US law, while negating the development-oriented flexibilities required by the 2007 New Trade Deal for developing countries and included in the US-Peru Free Trade Agreement. If adopted, the provisions would predictably lead to higher prices and decreased access to a broad range of consumer products in many TPP member countries, from medicines to textbooks to information on the internet, with little or no benefit from increased innovation, creativity or local economic activity. No country, including the US, has an interest in ceding this much policy flexibility to an international agreement. The proposal is particularly inappropriate for developing countries where the risks and effects of exclusionary pricing by monopolists are most acute.


This study aims to find the implementation of hypnoteaching method in fiqh (Islamic law) learning in Madrasah Tsanawiyah NU Sunan Kalijaga, Adiwerna Tegal, Central Java. This research is a qualitative research, which is a case study. Data sources of this research are interviews and varius literature on hypnoteaching. There are two big conclusions in this research. First, the hypnoteaching method is a learning method that involves cognitive, affective and psychomotor aspects of students through positive suggestions. Second, the application of hypnoteaching fiqh learning in the field works effectively related to the synergy between the principles of hypnoteaching and the existing implementation plan of learning. However, there are still inhibiting factors, namely the minimum number of teachers who have competence in the application of hypnoteaching.


Abstract. The Sunset semi-continuous carbon analyzer (SCCA) is an instrument widely used for carbonaceous aerosol measurement. Despite previous validation work, in this study we identified a new type of SCCA calculation discrepancy caused by the default multipoint baseline correction method. When exceeding a certain threshold carbon load, multipoint correction could cause significant total carbon (TC) underestimation. This calculation discrepancy was characterized for both sucrose and ambient samples, with two protocols based on IMPROVE (Interagency Monitoring of PROtected Visual Environments) (i.e., IMPshort and IMPlong) and one NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health)-like protocol (rtNIOSH). For ambient samples, the IMPshort, IMPlong and rtNIOSH protocol underestimated 22, 36 and 12% of TC, respectively, with the corresponding threshold being ~ 0, 20 and 25 μgC. For sucrose, however, such discrepancy was observed only with the IMPshort protocol, indicating the need of more refractory SCCA calibration substance. Although the calculation discrepancy could be largely reduced by the single-point baseline correction method, the instrumental blanks of single-point method were higher. The correction method proposed was to use multipoint-corrected data when below the determined threshold, and use single-point results when beyond that threshold. The effectiveness of this correction method was supported by correlation with optical data.


ABSTRACT The substantial increase in economic inequality in favor of the upper income group in the United States and many other developed and developing nations during the past 30 years has become a major concern in public policy. Modifications of the standard measures of inequality, the Lorenz curve and Gini index, are proposed that better reflect the decline in the share of income received by the poor and middle portions of the income distribution relative to the upper end. A second pair of curves based on the fractions of either the middle or lower portion of the income curve that has the same share as the top u% and the areas between them and the line of equality are introduced. The proposed curves and related measures indicate that a noticeably greater change in the U.S. income distribution occurred during the 1967–2013 time period than are observed in the Lorenz curve and Gini index. The maximum difference between the proposed curves for the income and wealth data in the United Kingdom's 2010–2012 survey are greater than that of the Lorenz curve.


In order to be able to help students to read nature and to get an ability to discern both biodiversity in different contexts and changes in the environment we need to investigate how they experience biodiversity and how they discern different components in an ecosystem. Therefore, we undertook an interview-study of fifteen 10-12 year old students' experiences of biodiversity and how they discerned organisms in different ecosystems. We analysed how they described the organisms and how they referred to experiences from everyday life. After two years we interviewed the students about what they said in the initial interview. Experiences of biodiversity at an early age seemed to be important for the future development of their understanding. It is important, both to give children early experiences of biodiversity in nature and to take students' early ideas into consideration in teaching for lifelong learning and for a sustainable future.


The 21st century saw a shift in the cholera burden from Asia to Africa. The risk factors for cholera outbreaks in Africa are incompletely understood, and the traditional emphasis on providing safe drinking water and improving sanitation and hygiene has proven remarkably insufficient to contain outbreaks. Current killed whole-cell oral cholera vaccines (OCVs) are safe and guarantee a high level of protection for several years. OCVs have been licensed for >20 years, but their potential for preventing and control cholera outbreaks in Africa has not been realized. Although each item in the long list of technical reasons why cholera vaccination campaigns have been deferred is plausible, we believe that the biggest barrier is that populations affected by cholera outbreaks are underprivileged and lack a strong political voice. The evaluation and use of OCVs as a tool for cholera control will require a new, more compassionate, less risk-averse generation of decision makers.


Participants were asked to generate a single sequence of numbers in between two bounds. By varying the requested sequence length and way in which the question is posed, this paradigm enables assessment of the contributions to central executive functioning of schema, focus of attention, and load. With sequences of three or four numbers, a quarter of the sample failed fully to comply with the instructions. They generated an incorrect number of numbers or went outside the specified bounds. With sequences of six numbers, more than half of the sample infringed one or more of the constraints. Participants consistently generated sequences with particular generic properties. The overall frequency and patterns of infringements suggest that a substantial proportion of participants focused their conceptual attention on sequence content and often neglected the problem of how the length and boundary constraints were going to be evaluated either before or during response delivery.


Notwithstanding suggestions to the contrary, the branchiopod carapace primitively originates as a fold that arises at the posterior margin of the head. This is generally from the maxillary segment but this region has sometimes been so modified during the radiation of the group that it is not always possible to be so precise. Fusion of any part of the carapace with the thorax is rare and does not negate the origin of the carapace fold. Although this has been denied, the Cambrian Rehbachiella displays the primitive pattern to perfection. In at least some notostracans there is a minor connection with the anterior part of the first thoracic segment which is interpreted as a secondary association. Notwithstanding differences in early ontogeny in the Spinicaudata and Laevicaudata, the carapace is clearly of maxillary origin and, although their ontogeny is again different, this is so also in the Anomopoda and Ctenopoda. In the Haplopoda the carapace lies topographically posteriorly on what appears to be a thorax made up of six fused segments. Nevertheless it is of anterior origin. To facilitate the efficient use of its grasping limbs and to enable the highly modified thoracic musculature to be anchored on the extremely thin cuticle, the thorax of Leptodora (the only extant haplopod) has elongated dorso-ventrally and rotated. This directs the limbs forward and has carried the carapace posteriorly, though it still lies in a morphologically anterior position. Developmental studies reveal that it originated from the maxillary segment. The most highly modified branchiopod carapaces are found in the Onychopoda. Here they form a specialized brood chamber, always provided with a nutrient-secreting Nahrboden (or \`placenta'). Most specialized of all are those of the podonids where what Claus called an \`uterus' holds the eggs and developing young. These specialized structures are also derived from a classical carapace fold. There is no such thing as a `secondary shield', a term that has been used instead of carapace in the Spinicaudata, Laevicaudata, Anomopoda, Ctenopoda, Haplopoda and Onychopoda. As no such character exists, to use its alleged common possession as a synapomorphy which unites all these disparate orders into one phyletic lineage has no meaning. The Anostraca lack a carapace, as did the Devonian Lipostraca, and there is nothing to indicate that they ever had one.


Abstract The quality of raw materials used for primary aluminium production vary depending on the location they originate from. Consequently, the level of trace elements found in the raw materials varies from location to location and so does the chemistry of the final product. While the effect of trace elements is difficult to quantify, they may have a significant impact on both process ability and the properties of the final product. The raw materials used in the aluminium production at the Qatalum facility in Qatar might have quantities of some chemical elements above that seen at other production facilities around the world. Therefore, the present project aims at (i) discovering the effects of aluminium alloy constituent calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) on segregation in ingot castings and (ii) revealing the influence of trace elements such as vanadium (V) and nickel (Ni) on extrusion performance and properties. Typical ingot castings from Qatalum have been characterized and compared to castings from the Hydro Sunndal production facility in Norway. Moreover, extrusions from billets cast at Qatalum have been subjected to a series of analyses with respect to the influence of the trace elements mentioned above. Again, for comparison extrusions of billets cast at Hydro Sunndal will be used for reference.In achieving these goals a series of advanced techniques in metallography and elemental analysis as well as mechanical tests were employed to reveal the characteristics of the Qatalum special alloy compositions and benchmark castings and extrusion profiles microstructures and properties against fully controlled reference materials.


We continue the work by Huck et al. [ J. Opt. Soc. Am. A2, 1644 ( 1985)] to assess image gathering and processing in terms of the information density of the acquired signal and of the fidelity of representations reproduced from this signal. The assessment is constrained by the assumptions that the system is linear and isoplanatic and that the signal and noise amplitudes are Gaussian, wide-sense stationary, and statistically independent. Within these constraints, it is found that (1) the combined process of image gathering and reconstruction (which is intended to reproduce the output of the image-gathering system) behaves as optical, or photographic, image formation in that the informationally optimized design of the image-gathering system ordinarily does not maximize the fidelity of the reconstructed image; (2) the combined process of image gathering and restoration (which is intended to reproduce the input to the image-gathering system) behaves more as a communication channel in that the informationally optimized design of the image-gathering system tends to maximize the fidelity of a variety of optimally restored representations ranging from images to edges; and (3) there exists an intuitively satisfying relationship among the informationally optimized design of image-gathering systems, the response and sensitivity of natural vision, and the reliable detection of edges.


Problem statement: Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) was a serious threat to the internet world that denies the legitimate users from being access the internet by blocking the service. Approach: In this study, we proposed a novel approach, Geographical Division Traceback (GDT) for efficient IP traceback and DDoS defense methodology. DDoS attack was one of the most serious and threatening issue in the modern world web because of its notorious harmfulness and it causes the delay in the availability of services to the intended users. Results: Unless like a traditional traceback methodology, GDT proposes a quick mechanism to identify the attacker with the help of single packet which imposes very less computational overhead on the routers and also victim can avoid receiving data from the same machine in future. This mechanism for IP Traceback utilizes the geographical information for finding out the machine which was responsible for making the delay was proposed. The IP packet consists of the subspaces details in which the path denotes. It helps to make sure whether the packet travels in the network and falls within any one of the subspaces. The division of subspaces leads to the source of attack system. Conclusion/Recommendations: This method possesses several advantageous features such as easy traversing to the attacker and improves the efficiency of tracing the attacker system.


3D city models are getting more important as a field of research and business and received an increasing amount of attention from both the scientific community and the professional field. 3D city models are one of the new tools for sustainable city development. Since development questions occur repeatedly, the used city models should be maintainable, i.e. the system should be kept up-to-date and not be created new for each decision. This is a challenge. Creating a model representing the current status of a city has been addressed in research literature. The major challenge is the vast amount of data to be collected, processed and visualised. However, keeping the resulting model up-to-date has not been discussed yet. Updating requires the introduction of a suitable concept of time in the model. This would then allow representing historic and current status of the city as well as future scenarios. Processes provide the connection between different points in time. Processes also change the appearance of the city and need to be represented in the model for change detection. In this paper, we discuss the challenges and show necessary properties for city models and systems maintaining them to reach a reasonable level of maintainability.


A web-based collaborative design advisory system for designing micro products is being developed, which is based on use of both knowledge and rules. The system is aimed at helping designers to assess/optimise the design of micro products to be manufactured with micro-forming. The Microsoft C# programming language, ASP.Net technique and Microsoft Access database system have been used to develop this system. The system is composed of various assessment modules such as product geometry features, forming processes, materials, machines, tools and cost assessment modules. Clients can use/browse the user interface of the integrated system through the internet to import a CAD design model and define design parameters. The system is not only able to assess the client's design but also to generate preliminary process plans for the selected micro-forming processes. A micro-pin design is used as an example to test the capability of the 1st prototype system. With such a system, some advantages such as increasing the design efficiency in the web-based collaborative design environment have been identified.


We quantify the effect of exchange rate fluctuations on firm leverage. When home currency appreciates, firms who hold foreign currency debt and local currency assets observe higher net worth as appreciation lowers the value of their foreign currency debt. These firms can borrow more as a result and increase their leverage. When home currency depreciates, the reverse happens as firms have to de-lever with a negative shock to their balance sheets. Using firm-level data for leverage from 10 emerging market economies during the period from 2002 to 2015, we show that firms operating in countries whose non-financial sectors hold more of the debt in foreign currency, increase (decrease) their leverage relatively more after home currency appreciations (depreciations). Combining the leverage data with firm-level FX debt data for 4 emerging market countries, we further show that our results hold at the most granular level. Our quantitative results are asymmetric: the effects of depre-ciations, that are generally associated with sudden stops, are quantitatively larger than those of appreciations, which take place at a slower pace over time during capital inflow episodes. As our exercise compares depreciations and appreciations of similar size, these results are suggestive of financial frictions being more binding during depreciations than a possible relaxation of such frictions during appreciations. JEL Classification Numbers: E0, F0, F1


This paper outlines the fundamental economic forces that have led to the decline in traditional banking, that is the process of making loans and funding them by issuing short-dated deposits. The declining competitiveness of traditional banking may threaten financial stability by increasing bank failures and by increasing the incentives for banks to take on more risk, either by making more risky loans or by engaging in 'nontraditional' financial activities that promise higher returns but greater risk. This paper argues that most nontraditional activities, such as banks acting as derivatives dealers, expose banks to risks and moral hazard problems that are similar to those associated with banks' traditional activities, and that these activities can be regulated as effectively as can traditional activities. One regulatory approach to maintain financial stability and strengthen the banking system is to adopt a system of structured bank capital requirements with early corrective action by regulators. An important element in this approach is that market- value accounting principles would be applied to banks and there would be increased public disclosure by banks of the risks associated with their trading activities. With this regulatory structure in place, banks could be permitted greater freedom to expand into nontraditional activities.


U.S. schools are experiencing rapid demographic change due to high levels of immigration, while they at the same time they are implementing the federal No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act. NCLB holds schools accountable for the performance of limited English proficient (LEP) children and other groups that include many children of immigrants. This report describes the demographics of children of immigrants, and the considerable overlap among NCLB's protected groups: LEPs, low-income students, blacks, Hispanics and Asians. The report describes variations in characteristics among children with parents born in different countries, and discusses implications for NCLB implementation in high-LEP schools and districts. [View the corresponding press release ]


The aim with this paper is to discuss play as an arena for mathematical learning and children's everyday mathematics in preschool. The study focuses on what the children are doing in the play activities and how they express their everyday mathematics. Play can be a mathematical activity (Bishop, 1992) and children's mathematical formation in play shows their everyday mathematics (Ginsburg, 2006). This paper discusses play and everyday mathematics from a sociocultural perspective (Vygotskij, 1990) and in relation to curriculum (National Agency, 2010, 2012). The empirical data is drawn from a larger study in Sweden (Backman, 2015) and video observation is used as a method to explore 4 year old children's play and everyday mathematics. The examples used in this paper were chosen because they are common play situations in the participating preschools. The ethical considerations follow the rules from The Swedish Research Council (2011). The parents have given permission for the video observations and research to be conducted. The results of the analysis of children's mathematical formation show two main categories: Exploring mathematics through play and children comparing mathematical experiences. Exploring mathematics through play consists of five sub-categories: experiencing volume, exploring geometrical shapes, discerning weight, discerning quantity and acting for positioning. The category children comparing mathematical experiences consists of four sub-categories: experiencing and comparing size, creating and comparing patterns, comparing proportions and counting and pair production. Implications for practice is that the preschool teachers should have knowledge to design a learning environment that support children's mathematical exploring and learning through play.


Described by "The Times" as 'the national children's dramatist', David Wood has been writing, adapting, directing and acting in plays for children for more than twenty-five years. His best known work, from his play "The Gingerbread Man" to his adaptations of Roald Dahl's "The BFG" and "The Witches" have enjoyed national and international professional success and entered the repertory of amateur companies and school dramatic societies. Now David has written the definitive book on theatre for children. He analyses the skills involved in entertaining audiences of children everywhere and reveals his special techniques for catching and holding a child's attention. This practical, step-by-step comprehensive guide is essential reading for professionals and amateurs alike, and anyone wanting to be involved in theatre for children.


Employees learn not only expertise on a given problem but also how to solve problems collectively and collaboratively together with others leading to innovation. When they perform innovative activities, they demonstrate collective creativity and perception on the basis of communication. This paper proposes a soft systems approach to cultivate such collective creativity and perception of employees. This approach assumes the use of the soft systems methodology or the design thinking methodology; both consist of the inquiry and learning cycle equipped with the function of double loop learning. An innovation process is viewed as a nexus of self-referential communications by the selectivity of information. It can be said that the selection is performed unconsciously, based on one's norm which is the basis of creativity and perception and is born of experiences. It is shown that management of motivation, intellectual curiosity, and spirit of inquiry is required to strengthen one's long-term memory and hence creativity and perception according to results in brain science. In cooperation with such management, rich experiences of innovative activities are required to strengthen creativity and perception, and for the requirement the soft systems approach proposed in this paper plays the role to share rich experiences among employees.


Despite considerable expenditure by school systems on ICT in terms of hardware, software, and related professional development programs, the impact on classroom practice remains disappointing to many. Current models of teacher professional learning in ICT appear to have had minimal impact. Based in the interpretative paradigm, this thesis describes the experience of the participants in a unique professional development program in which students in Grades 3 and 4 mentored teachers in their school in the use of ICT. The study was undertaken in two schools in Melbourne, Australia, and involved the professional development of teachers in the use of digital cameras and related software. Following their initial training with the researcher in one school and a focus teacher in another, the children worked in pairs to conduct three semi-structured sessions with a teacher, mentoring them in the use of the technology. The children were also available to the teachers for further consultation or assistance. It was intended that the mentoring program would enhance teachers' knowledge of the technology and also their classroom practice. This thesis reports the benefits of student mentors in ICT as seen by teacher mentees involved in the project. In particular, the focus of this study is on the teachers' perceived effect of the student mentoring approach to professional development in relation to their skills and confidence with ICT, their classroom practice with ICT and their recognition of other values inherent in the program. Data were collected throughout the project in the form of surveys, interviews, observations and student and teacher journals. Using NVivo, these data were analysed into themes to ascertain teachers' reported benefits of the program in relation to their skills, confidence and classroom practice with ICT. Findings of the project included the improvement in teachers' skills and confidence and an impact on their thinking and practices with technology in the classroom. As well as these intended outcomes, teachers also reported a greater knowledge of their personal learning preferences, which influenced the way they saw the children's learning and therefore their classroom practice. Child mentors flourished in the mentoring relationships, showing their prowess in mentoring teachers with ICT, with several surprising their teachers with their capabilities. Overall, the teachers were very positive about the mentoring experience and the influence it had on their confidence, skills and classroom practice. This study showed the potential impact of children as mentors of teachers in ICT, and offers a model for consideration by schools and school systems in the way in which they approach professional learning in ICT of their teachers.


Zhubajie/Witmart and other online crowdsourcing platforms have proliferated in China, and researchers have increasingly used them for subject recruitment. One critical question remains, however: what is the generalizability of the findings based on these online samples? In this study, we benchmark the demography of an online sample from Zhubajie to nationally representative samples and replicate commonly asked attitudinal questions in national surveys. We find that online respondents differ from the general population in many respects. Yet, the differences become smaller when comparison is made with the internet users in benchmark surveys. Importantly, when predicting attitudes, our online sample with post-stratification weights is able to produce similar coefficients in most cases as these internet-active subsamples. Our study suggests that online crowdsourcing platforms can be a useful tool for subject recruitment, especially when researchers are interested in making inferences about Chinese netizens. We further analyze the political and social desirability issues of online subjects. Finally, we discuss caveats of using crowdsourcing samples in China.


The Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) region is faced with limited medical personnel and healthcare services to address the many healthcare problems of the region. Poor health indicators reflect the overall decline in socio-economic development. Shortages of access to health services in the region is further complicated by the concentration of health services in urban areas, the region's multiple medical problems (over 70% of HIV/AIDS cases in the world); and the brain drain phenomenon – it is estimated one-third of African physicians emigrate to North America and Europe. The result is that the SSA region is left with about 10 physicians, and 20 beds, per 100,000 patients. Telemedicine has been found to offer socio-economic benefits, reduce costs, and improve access to healthcare service providers by patients, but previous attempts to move various information technologies from developers in the industrial world to the developing world have failed because of a clear neglect of infrastructural and cultural factors that influence such transfers. The objective of this study is to address key factors that challenge the introduction of telemedicine technology into the health sector in SSA in particular, and by extension, other developing countries with similar socio-economic structures. This research offers a distinctive perspective, focusing on visually-based clinical applications in the SSA region, and considerable attention to the national infrastructure and cultural impact of telemedicine transfer (social and value) outcomes. Two research models and its associated hypotheses are proposed and empirically tested using quantitative data collected from SSA physicians and other health professionals. The study also contributes to the ongoing debate on the potential of telemedicine in improving access and reducing costs. This research can help to understand the socio-economic impact of telemedicine outcomes in a comprehensive way. The finding from the survey shows the rapid advances in telemedicine technology specifically, visual clinical applications may become an essential healthcare tool in the near future within SSA countries.


The political activism of Christians in Malaysia is in an emergent phase. Despite significant advances, especially after the milestone general elections of March 2008 (where the ruling National Alliance regime lost its two-thirds majority in parliament), many Christians hesitate to engage politically and when they do, their engagement is incoherent. Based upon a survey and critical analysis of media statements by leading Christian organizations, this article argues that Christian activism remains anemic in part due to political theologizing which suffers from incoherency, inconsistency, a diminished view of the political, and an over-reliance on the rational. The article intimates that the kind of political discourse and theologizing adopted by the church would benefit from an application of psychoanalytical categories. It concludes by suggesting that psychoanalysis cannot only provide new categories with which to re-imagine political issues in Malaysia but also reinvigorate the Christian political imagination itself.


Background. Creating the visual illusion of touch can improve tactile perception in healthy subjects. Objective. We were interested in seeing if creating the illusion of touch in an insensate area could improve sensation in that area. Methods. Fourteen people with chronic numbness participated in a randomized crossover experiment. The 4 conditions were the following: (a) stimulation over the unaffected limb with mirror visual feedback (experimental condition), (b) stimulation over the affected limb with mirror visual feedback, (c) stimulation over the unaffected limb without mirror visual feedback, and (d) stimulation over the affected limb without mirror visual feedback. Participants were assessed before and after each condition using the Ten-Test and mechanical detection thresholds. Data were analyzed using linear mixed models. Result. Only the experimental condition produced a change in the Ten-Test (mean difference = −1.1; 95% confidence interval = −1.8 to −0.4; P = .003), corresponding to a 24% improvement in sensation. No differences were observed for any condition in mechanical detection thresholds. Conclusion. Creating the illusion of touch may improve sensory function in areas of chronic numbness. This preliminary finding adds to the growing body of evidence supporting the use of techniques that directly target cortical function in people with peripheral nerve injury.


Three-dimensional conditions in underground construction occur at the face of a tunnel, at intersections of underground openings and around roughly equidimensional openings. As long as the shapes are simple, two-dimensional approximations are often adequate. Such approximations consider intersecting openings through intersecting cross-sectional planes, while for the conditions of the advancing tunnel face a number of solutions exist in which the displacements ahead of the face are simulated. The development of reliable numerical techniques has led to their applications in this field including some 3-dimensional finite element and boundary element computer codes specifically aimed at underground openings. A relatively recent survey on the state of the art of numerical modelling, which also discusses applications to underground openings, can be found in the Report of the U. S. National Committee on Rock Mechanics (1981). Refs.


Some young people who have been homeless during their secondary schooling manage to obtain a university place. These young people, and others who become homeless during their university courses, have the opportunity to build a sustainable exit from homelessness through education and support. Very little is known about how many young Australians are in this situation, or what can be done to assist them to complete their degrees. This article reports on research that aimed to document the experiences of 11 university students who had experienced homelessness. The research focussed on the difficulties that these young people faced, and the types of environments and service responses that can make a difference for them. The students were part of a larger study of a foyer-type service. The research found that these young people took longer than the standard duration to complete their degrees. Their study was facilitated by provision of stable, safe accommodation and support when they were acutely homeless, relief from other pressures such as family conflict, protection while maturing, time for overseas born including refugee young people to develop language, skills, and resources, support to heal from past damaging experiences and improve their health, assistance to gain entry to preferred university courses, and pathways into stable housing for the duration of their study.


This paper introduces the concept of homogeneous non-causality in heterogeneous panels. This concept is used to examine a panel of data for evidence of a causal relationship between GDP and carbon emissions. The technique is compared to the standard test for homogeneous non-causality in homogeneous panels and heterogeneous non-causality in heterogeneous panels. In North America, Asia and Oceania the homogeneous non-causality hypothesis that CO2 emissions does not Granger cause GDP cannot be rejected if heterogeneity is allowed for in the data-generating process. In North America the homogeneous non-causality hypothesis that GDP does not cause CO2 emissions cannot be rejected either.


Relationships with supervisors are a major source of negative emotions at work, but little is known about why this is so. The aim of the research was to use attachment theory (Bowlby, 1969, 1973; 1980) as a framework for investigating the nature and causes of employee negative emotional experiences, in the context of their supervisory relationships. The research was conducted in three stages. In Stage 1 two studies were conducted to develop a measure of employee perceptions of supervisor caregiving (SCS). Results indicated that the 20-item scale had good reliability and validity. Stage 2 required participants (N=183) to complete a questionnaire that was designed to examine the roles of supervisor caregiving and working models (specific and global) in determining cognitive and emotional responses to hypothetical supervisor behaviours. The results provided partial support for an Independent Effects Model. Supervisor caregiving predicted specific anxiety and avoidance. In tum, both dimensions of attachment predicted negative emotions, but this relationship was mediated by event interpretation only in the case of avoidance. Global models made a smaller but significant contribution to negative emotions overall. There was no support for an interaction effect between specific and global models in determining event interpretation. In stage 3 a sub-sample of questionnaire respondents (N=24) were interviewed about 'real-life' caregiving and negative emotional experiences in their supervisory relationships. Secure individuals experienced supervisors as consistently warm, available, and responsive. They reported few negative events or emotions. Individuals with insecure specific working models experienced rejecting or inconsistent supervisor caregiving. They were sensitised to trust and closeness issues in their relationships, and reported negative events and emotions underpinned by these themes. Overall, results broadly supported attachment theory predictions. It is concluded that an attachment theory perspective provides new insight into the nature and causes of employee negative emotions in supervisory relationships.


Abstract The Monte Carlo (MC) simulation technique is a powerful tool for the investigation of thermodynamic and kinetic phenomena in minerals, and is especially well suited to the study of cation ordering. We have performed MC simulations of eight end-member 2-3 spinels (X2+ = Mg, Fe, Zn, Ni; X3+ = Al, Fe) using pair interaction parameters, Ji, and chemical potentials, μ, derived from atomistic simulations. The Ji values for all but one of these spinels are remarkably similar, despite their different character (normal vs. inverse). The sign of μ, and hence the tendency to form a normal or inverse spinel, was correctly predicted in all cases. Agreement between the simulated and observed cation distributions as a function of temperature is good for the normal spinels and poor for the inverse spinels. Agreement could be greatly improved for the inverse spinels through relatively modest adjustments to the simulation parameters (usually increasing the strength of the tetrahedral-octahedral, T-O, interactions, and decreasing the magnitude of μ). We have developed an atomistic random-mixing model for cation ordering in spinels and compared it with the macroscopic O'Neill-Navrotsky model. In so doing, we have determined the relative contributions of μ, tetrahedral-tetrahedral (T-T), octahedral-octahedral (O-O), and T-O interactions to the O'Neill-Navrotsky coefficients α and β. We found that the value of β depends on the relative enthalpy contributions of (T-T + O-O) vs. T-O interactions, a useful insight considering the large spread of values found experimentally to be taken by β. We used the thermodynamic integration technique to quantify the entropy, and hence the amount of short-range order, present in the spinels studied. We found that there is virtually no short-range order in the normal spinels. There is significant short-range order in the inverse spinels, though in the experimentally accessible temperature range, the contribution of this short-range order to the entropy is comparatively small. At very low temperatures, we find that the octahedral cations in the inverse spinels become ordered, reducing the symmetry to P4122, in agreement with other simulated findings for 2-3 spinels and experimental findings for 4-2 spinels


This paper proposes a novel multilevel power electronics building block (PEBB) for the 5 level ANPC multilevel voltage source inverter [7]. The PEBB is composed of 6 switches in a crossed configuration [8] and one capacitor. It is common to the 3 phases of a 5 level ANPC topology, enabling a large number of levels to be generated, especially uniform voltages steps in 7 and 9 levels configurations. This PEBB is meant to be a reliable upgrade to the 5L topology, increasing output signal quality, and therefore directly contributing in reducing the size of the output filter notably in medium voltage applications. The number of levels generated by the C S PEBB and the ANPC depend on the voltage ratios chosen between the phase capacitors of the ANPC and the PEBB capacitor(s). The trade off stands between ability to balance the capacitors, the rated blocking voltage of the devices and the number of levels produced. Under a given configuration, 9 levels can be produced with the possibility to balance the capacitors up to modulation indexes in the region of m=0.92. The analysis of the general topology, the description of the 9 level case, and simulation results are first presented. Prototyping results are then shown and validate the introduced concept and topology.


Innovations within the AT space frequently fail to get to market and therefore to the people who
could benefit from the products. The Scoping Report which underpins the AT2030 programme
identified the need to test and develop "what works" for AT innovation to ensure new products,
services and approaches are able to scale and reach people, especially people living in low- and
middle-income countries. This paper sets out the initial thinking for an East Africa Innovation
Ecosystem. We present the emerging thinking from initial scoping exercises and product trials which
have helped to shape the newly launched Innovate Now ecosystem. We outline the ecosystem
including the core elements – the accelerator programmes and Live Labs. Live labs will allow for
rapid innovation testing and user feedback. Thus, increasing user-involvement in the design and
development process, and reducing the time to market. The Innovate Now ecosystem is growing and
is being led by AMREF. Successful graduates of innovate Now will be connected into the Innovation
Scale Fund which will be launched by AT2030 next year (2020).


Emperor Ch'ien-lung, who ruled China from 1736 to 1795, amassed an extensive collection of Chinese art which today forms the core of the holdings of the National Palace Museum, Taipei. Drawing on this rich resource, this work provides a history of imperial Chinese art and culture from the Neolithic period to 18th century. It reproduces some of the great monuments of Chinese culture: key works by leading calligraphers of the T'ang dynasty, life-size imperial portraits from the Sung to the Ming period, and some of the finest examples of imperial ceramics, textiles and other decorative arts from the Sung to the Ch'ing dynasty. The authors also offers a cultural and historical context for the art, focusing on both the evolution of Chinese civilization and the cultural dynamics of the country's history. The book accompanies a major exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum, New York (from March 1996), and subsequently in Chicago, San Francisco and Washington, DC.


We present techniques for reasoning about constructor classes that (like the monad class) fix polymorphic operations and assert polymorphic axioms. We do not require a logic with first-class type constructors, first-class polymorphism, or type quantification; instead, we rely on a domain-theoretic model of the type system in a universal domain to provide these features. These ideas are implemented in the Tycon library for the Isabelle theorem prover, which builds on the HOLCF library of domain theory. The Tycon library provides various axiomatic type constructor classes, including functors and monads. It also provides automation for instantiating those classes, and for defining further subclasses. We use the Tycon library to formalize three Haskell monad transformers: the error transformer, the writer transformer, and the resumption transformer. The error and writer transformers do not universally preserve the monad laws; however, we establish datatype invariants for each, showing that they are valid monads when viewed as abstract datatypes.


This paper explores how an alternative understanding of the development ofscientific knowledge through the work of Bruno Latour can help to bridge the gapbetween knowledge produced through practice-based research and conventionalresearch outputs.The paper reviews the history of the debate of what constitutes practice-basedresearch outputs drawing from the work of Frayling (1993) and Archer (1995). Anunderstanding of practice-based research is developed that goes beyond a simplisticview of a building or artefact as a research output or "mute object" (Till 2012).This is considered in the context of the work of Bruno Latour (1987, 2005) and otherswho have tried to show how the construction of scientific facts is produced as afunction of both the 'objects' and 'social' context of science.Through reviewing practice-based research submissions from RAE 2008 the paperexplores how we may re-conceive both the normative models of research outputs(peer reviewed academic papers) and the products of architecture practice (buildingsand artefacts) and conceive them both as part of the same network of knowledgeproduction. This is then discussed in the practical context of a practice-based research project into low energy housing.In doing so the paper suggest this new understanding will elevate the importance ofrigorous practice-based research while overcoming the challenges faced inconventional research in the constant desire to show impact from research projects.


SPM9541. Electricity and Gas: Market Design and Policy Issues. European gas and electricity markets have largely been liberalized. Due to the specific physical characteristics and public interest aspects of electricity and gas, and to the fact that the networks continue to be natural monopolies, these markets require careful design. In this class, it is analyzed what the market design variables are and how the ongoing process of market design depends on policy goals, starting conditions and physical, technical and institutional constraints. In addition, a number of current policy issues will be discussed, such as security of supply, the CO2 emissions market, the integration of European energy markets and privatization. Participation in a simulation game, in which long-term market dynamics are simulated, is mandatory.


By recent estimation, there are over 30 million people that have diabetes only in USA. From this, around 7 million are supposed to have undiagnosed diabetes. Different countries have been made efforts to predict and avoid the risk of developing complications from this disease. The implementation of Electronic Health Records and collection of data in a national register for all the patients that have been developed diabetes is an issue to make a valid predictor for diabetes mellitus evolution, e-health stage of population and risk assessment due to various causative factors responsible for T2DM (type 2 diabetes mellitus). One approach is frequently used in diabetes prediction inspired by data mining algorithms, the decision tree, single or as mixed techniques with SVM (support vector machine), inductive learning, and clustering techniques. Data mining is applied to existing diabetes record for many years. Data mining is applied in this case to analyzing and extract new knowledge for prediction and classification based on large amount of records. Decision trees and associative classification is used as tools in this paper. Genetic data are difficult to integrate in a predictor using big data collected at national level so the main individual attributes are collected from three sources: clinical data, anthropological measures and personal and family history (related to T2DM and vascular diseases). The irrelevant rules, below a threshold are deleted in a pruning process in order to make the classification tree more efficient. The preliminary results are present along with directions of future research. We propose an architecture that can collect and predict the risk for existent records and analyses the reis for a new record triggered by update or append operation with possible storage in cloud computing.


The aim of this study was to translate the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ) into Portuguese (Portugal) and to evaluate its reliability and validity by use with Portuguese--speaking patients with Fibromyalgia. After translating the FIQ into Portuguese we administered it to 68 patients with Fibromyalgia together with an informed consent, a Portuguese version of the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) and a formulary with the socio-demographic characteristics and duration of the complaints. The content validity was assessed with a panel of experts, with high consensus. In the concurrent validity, we obtained significant correlations between the FIQ first item and the HAQ [r = 0,531 (p = 0,001)]. Cronbach's alpha was 0,814, indicating an acceptable level of internal consistency. In conclusion, the Portuguese version of the FIQ is a reliable and valid instrument for measuring health status and physical functioning in Portuguese patients with Fibromyalgia. This instrument is available for use in the clinical practice.


This paper provides an overview of policy responses to arsenic in groundwater in rural Bangladesh to assess their role and potential effectiveness in reducing exposure. With 97% of the country consuming groundwater for drinking, there is a continuing crisis of tens of millions of people exposed to elevated levels of arsenic. An examination of the number of people protected through two major remediation efforts suggests that recent progress may not be sufficient to keep up with the increasing population or to resolve the crisis during this century. Recent developments in remedial options are examined to identify their potential role in an evolving policy and research agenda. There appears to be growing agreement about future research and policy responses that can scale remedial options and make them widely accessible. These include: (1) the need for a reliable and affordable programme of arsenic testing and retesting; (2) attention to risks from other soluble contaminants and pathogens; (3) explicit priority setting across locations, time and to address fairness; and (4) development of value chains to ensure remedial options are supported over time.


The paper presents architecture, implementation and functionality of injection channels control system for VEPP-2000 collider. The software according to hardware system consists of different interacting subsystems responding on different injection channels parts. The paper describes structure and implementation of the hardware of the collider control system. The system consists of pulse-elements; steering coils power supplies and nanosecond high-power kicker (60 kV, 20 ns). The system is based on modern industrial protocol CAN-bus, CAMAC standard and specialized electronic BINP manufactured blocks according the standards. Software for the control system is based on several TCP/IP connected PC platforms working under operating system Linux and uses client-server techniques. CAN and CAMAC servers; different clients for control and power supply measurements; kicker control tools and their interaction with the rest of VEPP-2000 control system are described.


In this presentation I will explore the development of adolescents through cultivation and social cognitive theory with the goal of determining the effects media has on children. Media is a such a major part of our day and it should come to no surprise that media is starting to impact the development of people, specifically adolescents. When something surrounds you throughout your entire day it is easy to conform and copy specific traits without even realizing it. Before media you would typically see children copy traits from other family members or friends andit was easier to control, but now with television and social media it is getting harder to control what children see. At such a young age you are influential and are more likely to mimic other people you see on specific platforms.


It is widely recognized that hydrous minerals are involved in a number of geochemical processes in the Earth's mantle (Michael 1988; Thompson 1992; Schmidt and Poli 1998). Their presence affects the onset of melting (Lambert and Wyllie 1968; Mysen and Boettcher 1975) and can control the partitioning of trace elements during partial melting (Adam et al. 1993; Ionov and Hoffmann 1995; La Tourrette et al. 1995; Tiepolo et al. 2000). They have accordingly been implicated in the source regions of many types of magmas including alkaline basalts and highly-potassic lavas (Edgar and Vukadinovic 1992; Foley 1992; Halliday et al. 1995; Yang et al. 2003; Elkins-Tanton and Grove 2003; Conceicao and Green 2004). As well as being intimately linked with the occurrence of mantle metasomatism (Bailey 1982; Roden and Murthy 1985), hydrous phases can also buffer fluid compositions in the mantle (Eggler 1978; Wyllie 1978) and consequently dictate the style of metasomatism. The dehydration or melting of hydrous minerals in subducting lithosphere and associated infiltration of hydrous solutions (fluids or melts) into the overlying mantle wedge are important steps in the production of island arc magmatism (Tatsumi et al. 1986; Kushiro 1987; Ulmer 2001). Conversely, the persistence of some hydrous minerals in cold regions of subduction zones may result in the transport of hydrogen into the deep mantle (Bose and Ganguly 1995; Kawamoto et al. 1995). It is therefore important to ascertain the conditions at which hydrous minerals are stable in the mantle and to recognize the situations where they breakdown and release H2O. The presence of H2O in the upper mantle can lead to the production of melts that may either rise to the surface or migrate, accumulate and possibly crystallize …


The south-eastern tip of continental Europe was a major focus of creative energy in the second half of the first millennium BC. As the bridgehead between Europe, Asia, and the Mediterranean, the lands that corresponded to northern Greece, Bulgaria, and the European parts of Turkey became a focus of interest for a variety of external powers keen to benefit from this region's burgeoning wealth. While the ancient kingdoms of Macedon and Thrace were thought of as fringe areas of the Mediterranean, they became rich and successful, partly by exploiting the region's mineral wealth and timber and from the effective herding of livestock. In economic terms, these land-based states were strongly connected to the maritime powers of central and southern Greece and with areas far beyond the Aegean. Using the most up-to-date methods and theories about ancient economies, Archibald explores the cultural and economic dynamics of a region that continues to reveal unexpected dimensions of Classical antiquity.


Nowadays, the world's scientific community has been publishing an enormous number of papers in different scientific fields. In such environment, it is essential to know which databases are equally efficient and objective for literature searches. It seems that two most extensive databases are Web of Science and Scopus. Besides searching the literature, these two databases used to rank journals in terms of their productivity and the total citations received to indicate the journals impact, prestige or influence. This article attempts to provide a comprehensive comparison of these databases to answer frequent questions which researchers ask, such as: How Web of Science and Scopus are different? In which aspects these two databases are similar? Or, if the researchers are forced to choose one of them, which one should they prefer? For answering these questions, these two databases will be compared based on their qualitative and quantitative characteristics.


For the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, national food self-sufficiency is a core concern. The state focuses on rice production and output levels for local and overseas markets, endorsing the adoption of hybrid rice seeds through numerous development initiatives. Yet, this approach overlooks an important group of rice producers and consumers in Vietnam: highland ethnic minorities. Fluctuations in global grain demand mean little for their daily coping mechanisms and near-subsistence livelihoods, but food security is an ongoing preoccupation for their households. In this research note, we take an actor-oriented livelihood approach to examine food security among ethnic minorities—namely, Hmong and Yao—in Lao Cai province, northern Vietnam. Arguing that the everyday, subjective experiences of upland minority groups have been ignored, we examine how these groups have reacted to the introduction of hybrid seeds, their negotiations with the state over its use, and their trials and tribulations along the way.


Summary form only given. Signals from the Global Navigation Satellite Systems, GNSS, can be viewed as a passive source of radiation and therefore be used for remote sensing purposes. When reaching a surface, for example the ocean, the signal is reflected off the surface. The reflected signal can be used together with the direct signal to obtain observables such as altitude and wind speed.The strongest reflected signal comes from the specular point, the point on the surface where the angle of incidence and angle of reflection is equal. Signals used for GNSS reflectrometry are scattered from a small area around the specular point, the glistening zone. Analysis of the correlation function for the reflected waveform can provide information about the surface roughness and wind speed. The measured difference in delay between the direct and reflected signal is used to determine the altitude of the receiver. During this work a bistatic system which provides signals in the L1, L2 and L5 bands has been improved and tested. GNSS signals are on incidence right hand circular polarized but when reflected the signals are received by using a left hand circular polarized antenna. This system uses a two stage receiver; the signal is first received with a front-end and thereafter post processed by software. Bistatic post processing software is being developed for GPS L1 and L5 and Galileo E1 and E5a. The primary focus is on L5/E5a signals, which have a ten times higher chipping rate than L1/E1 and will result in a sharper correlation peak and therefore more accurate measurements. The bistatic system was installed and tested on the NOAA BAO tower and GNSS data was collected when satellites for both L5 and E5a signals were visible. The system has been installed on the NOAA P3 aircraft and is expected to provide flight data over the ocean.


The Albuquerque Basin in central New Mexico covers an area of about 3,060 square miles. Ground water from the Santa Fe Group aquifer system of the Albuquerque Basin is the principal source of water for municipal, domestic, commercial, and industrial uses in the Albuquerque area, an area of about 410 square miles. Ground-water withdrawal in the basin has increased from about 97,000 acre-feet in 1970 to about 171,000 acre-feet in 1994. About 92 percent of the 1994 total was withdrawn in the Albuquerque area. Management of ground water in the Albuquerque Basin is related to the surface water in the Rio Grande. Because the aquifer system is hydraulically connected to the Rio Grande and water in the river is fully appropriated, the ability to reliably estimate the effects of ground-water withdrawals on flow in the river is important. This report describes the components of the Rio Grande/Santa Fe Group aquifer system in the Albuquerque area and the data availability and data and interpretation needs relating to those components, and presents a plan of study to quantify the hydrologic relations between the Rio Grande and the Santa Fe Group aquifer system. The information needs related to the components of the river/aquifer system are prioritized. Information that is necessary to improve the understanding or quantification of a component in the river/aquifer system is prioritized as essential. Information that could add additional understanding of the system, but would not be necessary to improve the quantification of the system, is prioritized as useful. The study elements are prioritized in the same manner as the information needs; study elements designed to provide information considered necessary to improve the quantification of the system are prioritized as essential, and those designed to provide information that would add additional understanding of the system, but would not be necessary to improve the quantification of the system, are prioritized as useful.


"Green Bonds" emerged as a new form of environmental financing in 2007. While most investors still view them as a niche product in the overall fixed income market, green bonds have grown rapidly to nearly $37 billion in issuance in 2014, with issuers from the World Bank to the State of Massachusetts. This paper examines the current and potential future use of green bonds for financing sustainable land use and conservation projects around the world. The paper draws on interviews with land conservation practitioners, bond issuers, investors, and financial analysts, as well as analysis of two case studies in China and Massachusetts. The paper summarizes the key insights from this community of experts, and lays out a series of steps that will be required before green bonds can develop into a significant and reliable tool in the conservation finance toolkit. The authors find that projects linked to water and storm water management may be investment "sweet spots" for green bonds and land conservation.


This study examines experimentally the cooling application of a solar absorption system with interior energy storage that uses two different auxiliary systems. The experiments were performed at Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey on the 3rd and 4th of August 2010 that had the approximately same average outdoor temperature, 31°C. A solar hot water was delivered via a 40 m2 array of flat plate solar collectors that drove a lithium chloride (LiCl) absorption heat pump with a cooling power peak of 20 kW. A solar-powered air conditioning system was designed for heating and cooling in a test room that had a total floor space of 30 m2. Chilled water produced in the evaporator was supplied to the fan coil units, and the heat of condensation and absorption was rejected by means of a wet cooling tower. An electric heater and an air source heat pump were used as auxiliary systems for the absorption cooling application for two different cases when the solar energy was insufficient. Temperature variations were recorded for the absorption machine components, the test room, and the outdoors. The cooling energy, thermal energy, and daily average coefficient of performance (COP) of the absorption system were calculated for two days. Solar absorption cooling was considered for two different auxiliary systems and is presented in this manuscript. The results showed that the daily average COP of the absorption system was 0.283 for Case 1 and 0.282 for Case 2. For both cases, the interior energy storage of the absorption system enabled it to satisfy the cooling demand during the night while solar energy was not available.


The goal of this article is to examine the factors that are proposed in the literature to explain the success—failure in the child L2 (second language) acquisition of grammatical gender in Dutch definite determiners. Focusing on four different groups of bilingual children, we discuss four external success factors put forward in the literature: (1) early age of onset, (2) lengthy and intensive input, (3) the quality of the input and (4) the role of the other language. We argue that the first two factors may indeed contribute to explaining the differences in success between the less and more successful bilingual children. However, the influence of the quality of the input in (standard) Dutch appears to be inconclusive, whereas the (structural) similarity of the gender systems in the two languages may reinforce the children's awareness of the grammatical gender category. Moreover, it appears that individual bilingualism vs. societal bilingualism, that is the sociolinguistic context in which Dutch is acquired, is not a factor for failure or success with respect to the acquisition of grammatical gender. In the final part of this article, we hypothesize that the important role of the input is related to a language internal factor, which distinguishes the Dutch gender system of the definite determiner from that of other languages, resulting in different acquisition paths.


Textbooks are experiencing a 21st century makeover. The author has created a web-based electronic textbook, Material and Energy Balances zyBook, that records students' interactions. Animations and question sets create interactive and scaffolded content. The interactive format is adopted successfully in other engineering disciplines and is now translated to chemical engineering. Decades of data quantified that less than 30% of university students complete textbook readings, while an average of 87% of the interactive web book was read across all 100 students during a recent semester. The students' final course grades correlated with the average textbook reading scores. Further analysis finds statistically significant higher textbook reading scores for students earning A and B final course grades compared with C, D, and F final course grades as well as for female students compared to male students.


The complex and contested origins of the New Horizons mission to Pluto, launched by NASA in 2006, provides a window on how space science policy has been formulated in the United States before and after the turn of the twenty-first century, and how the shifting network of institutions that support and shape space science have changed since 1989. Those decades have so far been little studied except by policy scholars seeking lessons from the NASA Administrator Daniel Goldin's attempt to force a small-spacecraft technological revolution on space science in the 1990s. The New Horizons case study reveals a shift in the balance of power around 2000 among the important players in the field, increasing the influence of non-NASA actors—notably Congress, science groups, and planetary-exploration lobbies. In addition, the origins of New Horizons reveal how contingent the emergence of a particular space science mission can be.


Keywords: Philosophie ; Epistemologie et histoire des sciences ; Section GM Reference SHS-STUDENT-2008-117 Record created on 2008-07-07, modified on 2017-05-12


I. INTRODUCTION A new communications venture can sometimes choose between (1) accepting regulation as a common carrier, or (2) avoiding regulation almost entirely by providing service as a private carrier or an enhanced service provider. Because few businesses want to be regulated, the first reaction is often to avoid common carrier status. While the common carrier option does bring with it burdens such as certification and reporting requirements, however, it also entitles the venture to benefits, including interconnection with other carriers and access to unbundled network elements ("UNEs"). Because of these benefits, some communications businesses may find that the best choice is to provide some services as a common carrier and some services on an unregulated basis--a flexible approach specifically permitted under the Telecommunications Act of 1996 ("1996 Act").(1) This Article principally addresses the choice between providing service (1) as a non-dominant common carrier, or (2) as an unregulated communications business, such as a private carrier or an enhanced service provider. Unless the new business is formed to acquire an existing incumbent local exchange carrier ("ILEC"), it is unlikely to face dominant common carrier regulation. II. REGULATORY CLASSIFICATIONS AND DEFINITIONS The definitions of "common carrier" and its new synonym "telecommunications carrier" are flexible enough to give providers discretion in structuring many communications services as either common carrier or non-common carrier services. For a service to be a common carrier service under federal law, the provider must (1) hold the service out as being available on standardized terms to the public, i.e., to all potential users of the service, and (2) transmit signals without change in form or content.(2) The Federal Communications Commission ("FCC" or "Commission") applies this test in regulating interstate, international, and sometimes intrastate communications, while the states usually follow this test in determining whether an intrastate service is a common carrier service. The first element--holding service out as being available to the public--draws the line between common carriers subject to Title II regulation under the Communications Act of 1934 ("1934 Act") and private carriers subject only to the FCC's rarely used "ancillary" Title I jurisdiction.(3) The second element--transmission "without change in form or content," i.e., "pure transmission"--draws the line between common carriers and providers of "enhanced services" such as Internet access. The FCC has long declined to regulate enhanced service providers, now sometimes called "information service providers," as common carriers.(4) The 1996 Act added several new terms, including "telecommunications carrier," equivalent to common carrier, and "information service," which is virtually synonymous with "enhanced service." Under the 1996 Act, a "telecommunications carrier" provides "telecommunications service."(5) "Telecommunications service" is "the offering of telecommunications for a fee directly to the public, or to such classes of users as to be effectively available directly to the public, regardless of the facilities used."(6) The reference to the public or to classes of the public incorporates the "holding oneself out" element of the traditional common carrier definition. The 1996 Act also incorporates the "pure transmission" element of the traditional common carrier definition, by defining "telecommunications" as "the transmission, between or among points specified by the user, of information of the user's choosing, without change in the form or content of the information as sent and received."(7) Finally, the 1996 Act defines "information services" so as to cover communications in which the form or content of information changes.(8) Consequently, "information services provider" and "enhanced service provider" mean essentially the same thing. …


The last decade was extremely dynamic in the field of personality disorder. The extensive research has resulted with significant changes in conceptualization and assessment of personality psychopathology. DSM 5 has introduced a hybrid diagnostic model of personality disorders, which leads toward implementing dimensional instead of categorical approach to personality disorders. There are many questionnaires aimed to measure dimensions of personality psychopathology. However, they contain a large number of items, which may present a methodological problem in conducting research on large samples. Hence, the aim of this study is to present development of a short questionnaire aimed to measure main dimensions of personality psychopathology. The questionnaire, named Dimensional Assessment of Personality Traits Questionnaire (DAPTQ), contains 62 items distributed into 5 main scales; Negative Emotionality, Detachment, Compulsivity, Psychoticism and Antagonism, and two additional scales Grandiosity and Attention Seeking. Study was conducted on the sample of 456 high school students from Osijek and Koprivnica. The DAPTQ, YPI, LEXI - 70 and Ryff Scales of Psychological Well-Being were administered. Results indicate good psychometric properties, namely content, construct and convergent validity and reliability, of all scales of the DAPTQ. This paper discusses some measurement issues concerning personality psychopathology in adolescents' population and the ways in which they could be overcome.


Lignin is a highly abundant, renewable aromatic polymer that can potentially be obtained in large quantities from lignocellulosic biorefineries. Thus the valorisation of this renewable resource by the production of aromatic chemicals would be highly desirable and is especially important for achieving high yields of these products. In this regard, not only the catalytic method used should be highly selective, but also we must better understand the possible correlations between the structure of the lignin used and the yield of useful products. Here, we demonstrate that lignins obtained from a range of different biomass sources and pretreatment methods can be successfully depolymerized using iron(III) triflate in the presence of ethylene glycol to give p-(1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)methyl substituted phenols. 27 lignins, obtained from 13 different pretreatment methods, were examined in this study. A combined yield of up to 35.5 wt% of acetal products was obtained from a β-aryl ether rich organosolv lignin and the best yield of a single component (16.5 wt%) was achieved starting from pine lignin. Much lower yields were obtained from technical lignins which were low in β-aryl ether content, whilst a range of organosolv lignins of intermediate β-aryl ether content gave intermediate yields of acetal products. Overall, correlations were found between the product distributions and yields and structural data of the parent lignins obtained from 2D HSQC NMR analysis.


The article focuses on the role of pedagogical technologies in the formation of students' scientific worldview and its specific features. At the same time, the problem of pedagogical technologies has been studied in depth from a pedagogical point of view on a scientific basis. However, when they are applied to the educational process, it is noted that the issue of psychological impact on the student's personality (his mental processes) has not been seriously studied so far. After all, the human personality is a psychological object with a very complex and multi-layered structure. Pedagogical technologies affect the student's personality as a whole, creating certain changes in it. Pedagogical technologies influence the formation of their scientific worldview as a way of conveying certain content to the minds of students. Also, the harmony of form and content of educational tasks, that is, the placement of content on the basis of effective pedagogical technologies, is the basis for the development of students' scientific outlook. Proof of this is reflected in the article.


Conclusive evidence supporting the widely held view that developing countries should draw on foreign direct investment (FDI) to spur economic development is surprisingly hard to come by. We raise the proposition that results on the growth impact of FDI are ambiguous because highly aggregated FDI data, used in virtually all previous empirical studies, blur the differences between resourceseeking, market-seeking and efficiency-seeking FDI and ignore the compatibility of different types of FDI with economic conditions prevailing in the host country. Analysing US FDI stocks in major sectors and specific manufacturing industries in a large number of developing countries, we show that positive growth effects of FDI are anything but guaranteed. Rather, hostcountry and industry characteristics as well as the interplay between both sets of characteristics have an important say on the growth impact of FDI in developing countries.


This book explores the relationship between legal systems and economic development by examining, through a methodology we call the institutional autopsy, a series of high profile corporate governance crises around the world over the past six years. We begin by exposing hidden assumptions in the prevailing view on the relationship between law and markets, and provide a new analytical framework for understanding this question. Our framework moves away from the canonical distinction between common law and civil law regimes. It emphasizes the constant, iterative, rolling relationship between law and markets, and suggests that how a given country's legal system rolls with economic changes depends significantly on its organization rather than its formal characteristics or legal origin. We find that legal systems around the world differ significantly along two crucial organizational dimensions: their degree of centralization of the lawmaking and enforcement processes, and the primary function law serves in support of market activity, ranging from protective functions to coordinative functions. We use this analytical framework to understand why countries as diverse as the United States, Germany, Japan, Korea, China, and Russia have all experienced corporate crises in recent years, and to analyze the different institutional responses to these crises. These case studies provide insights into the diversity of legal systems and institutional arrangements that support capitalist activity over time and across a range of societies. They also suggest that systemic legal change is rarely achieved by changes in formal law alone, but is the result of changes in the composition and identity of core constituencies within a given system who use (or avoid) law to advance their position in the market. Among other things, our study suggests the need for new thinking about how and why legal systems change, the limits of convergence even in a world where national laws increasingly look alike, and a new emphasis on the demand for law in the process of legal adaptation and change.


The classical three-stage model of stochastic gene expression predicts the statistics of single cell mRNA and protein number fluctuations as a function of the rates of promoter switching, transcription, translation, degradation and dilution. While this model is easily simulated, its analytical solution remains an unsolved problem. Here we modify this model to explicitly include cell-cycle dynamics and then derive an exact solution for the time-dependent joint distribution of mRNA and protein numbers. We show large differences between this model and the classical model which captures cell-cycle effects implicitly via effective first-order dilution reactions. In particular we find that the Fano factor of protein numbers calculated from a population snapshot measurement are underestimated by the classical model whereas the correlation between mRNA and protein can be either over-or underestimated, depending on the timescales of mRNA degradation and promoter switching relative to the mean cell-cycle duration time.


Missing data is a pragmatic fact that must be investigated and not a disaster to be mitigated. It is a property of the population to which we seek to generalize and can cause problems not only through its impact on the sample size available for analysis but also through its potential hidden biases. Making imputations without first analysing the randomness of the missing responses can even be worse than doing nothing, so care is needed while imputing missing values. This paper reflects on how to prevent, analyse and handle missing data and how effects of imputation can be checked.


The bunching instability of particles trapped in Langmuir waves is studied using Vlasov simulations. A measure of particle bunching is defined and used to extract the growth rate from numerical simulations, which are compared with theory [Dodin et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 215006 (2013)]. In addition, the general theory of trapped particle instability in 1D is revisited and a more accurate description of the dispersion relation is obtained. Excellent agreement between numerical and theoretical predictions of growth rates of the bunching instability is shown over a range of parameters.


PURPOSE
The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in subjective oral health among patients receiving single dental implants in different anatomic locations.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Subjective oral health was surveyed with the Oral Health Impact Profile 14 (OHIP-14) questionnaire after implant placement but prior to uncovering and 3 months after the completion of treatment. The locations of the implants and age and gender of the patients were recorded. Mean OHIP-14 severity scores were compared before and after treatment (paired t test).

RESULTS
Ninety consecutive self-referred patients were enrolled in the study, and 80 of them (28 men and 52 women) completed the OHIP-14 both before and after treatment. The mean age of the patients at the time of surgery was 52 years (range, 24 to 75 years). The patients received a total of 131 commercially available dental implants (Astra Tech) and appropriate prosthetic constructions. The mean OHIP-14 severity score decreased significantly, from 10.4 before treatment to 3.1 after treatment (P < .001). The drop was from 13.4 to 1.5 (P < .001) if the missing tooth was replaced with an implant in the anterior area, from 11.2 to 4.3 (P < .001) if it was replaced in the premolar area, and from 6.5 to 3.0 (P = .085) if it was replaced in the molar area. In general, both before and after treatment, women reported subjective oral impacts approximately three times more often than men did.

CONCLUSION
Replacement of missing teeth with single dental implants in anterior and premolar areas, but not necessarily in molar areas, may significantly improve subjective oral health, especially among women.


Fluorinated heterocyclic compounds have drug like properties and possess a valuable biological activity due to their rigid chemical structures and the high solubility profile. Novel fluorinated heteroarenes have been synthesised by SNAr reaction of a range of fluorinated arenes including pentafluoropyridine, hexafluorobenzene and pentafluorotoluene to introduce a range of groups specially nitriles, benzimidazole, carbazole and benzimidazole. A number of cyclization reactions have been investigated with the aim of forming polycyclic structures that could act as DNA intercalators.
The synthesised compounds have been characterized by elemental analysis, IR, 1H and 19F NMR spectroscopy and single crystal analysis. These compounds have been screened for their biological activities including DNA thermal denaturation assay, UV-Visible spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, X-ray co-crystallization and antimicrobial activity study. Some of the compounds showed potential DNA bonding activity in particular the carbazole derivatives.