racism. He was passionately concerned about individual liberty, freedom of inquiry and speech, equality of opportunity, and the defeat of prejudice and chauvinism. His Anthropology and Modern Life shows how Boas uses science in the service of humanity, hoping to break down racial and cultural barriers. From the book's very opening, Boas shatters the myth that anthropology is simply a collection of curious facts about exotic peoples and their customs and belief systems. He asserts that a clear understanding of the principles of anthropology illuminates the social processes of our own times and may show us what to do and what to avoid. Boas proceeds to discuss issues that have had resounding signifi cance in our own time: the problem of defining race; the subjective view of racial types; heredity versus environment; alleged physiological and mental differences between races; the significance of intelligence tests; the importance of one's cultural experience; open versus closed societies; nationality and nationalism; the mixed descent of European nations; eugenics; social conditions versus heredity in the committing of crimes; intolerance; and the infl uence of race and sex on a successful education. While he outwardly acknowledges that his book runs contrary to popular prejudices, Boas was an optimist, and hoped that dissenters, in reading Anthropology and Modern Life, would come to reexamine their own viewpoints dispassionately and critically. This new edition of Anthropology and Modern Life is enhanced by an introduction and afterword by Herbert S. Lewis, who details Franz Boas' life, influence, and ideals. This volume will be a welcome contribution to the libraries of anthropologists, sociologists, and those concerned with human rights.


The focus of this article is the increasingly narrow range of therapeutic orientations represented in clinical psychology graduate training programs, particularly within the most research-oriented programs. Data on the self-reported therapeutic orientations of faculty at "clinical science" Ph.D. programs, Ph.D. programs at comprehensive universities in clinical and in counseling psychology, Psy.D. programs at comprehensive universities, and Ph.D. or Psy.D. programs at freestanding specialized institutions reveal a strong predominance of faculty with cognitive-behavioral orientations at the more science-focused programs, and a narrower range of orientations than in the more practice-focused programs. We discuss the implications of this trend for the future development of clinical psychology and provide suggestions for addressing the attendant concerns.


The purpose of this research is to propose a strategy of managing performance in the public sector. The primary data have been collected through questionnaires administered to managers and professionals; and interviews administered to heads of planning and ICT departments.  Secondary data were collectedthrough reviewing documents (plans, reports, proclamations and regulation). Findings of this study indicate that  performance management system is disconnected at the top that weakened accountability of managers in the public sector. Besides, agencies responsible for performance management have not developed systems to monitor and evaluate performances of public organisations and their managers. As a matter of fact, public organisations have made a lot of progress in introducing LAN, developing web pages and using the internet for information sharing. However, they have not developed  database systems and computerized MIS that are important for the management of performance. The other problem of managing  performance in the public sector is the different agencies that are directly or indirectly involved in managing the performance of a particular public organisation. These are: first, the organisation itself, which is striving to implement BSC; second, the Planning and Budgeting unit of MoFED, which has not gone beyond the traditional activities of compiling plans and performance reports of public organisations, but attempting to implement Performance Based Budgeting, and finally, the Ministry of Civil Service, which is responsible for preparing guidelines for evaluation of employee performance. To emphasise the importance of performance management in the public sector, the Ethiopian government can learn from the  experiences of some African countries, which have organised  performance management units under the offices of Prime Ministers. Keywords : Results-Based Performance Management, balanced scorecard, process control, accountability, reward systems, organizational capacity, MIS.


The world dairy industry is one of the most heavily protected in the agri-food sector. Exports of dairy products are dominated by the EU, the United States, New Zealand, and Australia. The major importers of dairy products are far less concentrated but include the EU, Japan, Mexico, Russia, the United States, and many others. The Canadian dairy industry came out of the Uruguay Round of trade negotiations with the continued ability to practise supply management, thereby allowing it to: (1) maintain prices above world market levels and (2) control the allocation of output to the domestic market. In fact, the Agreement on Agriculture opened the door for Canada to become a more aggressive exporter of dairy products by practising price discrimination between domestic and export markets. The Canadian dairy export program introduced in 1995 was challenged by the United States and New Zealand, and the WTO appellate body ruled against Canada because of the involvement of government agencies in the export process. Recent changes in Canada's dairy export program remove the direct involvement of government agencies but Canada may face a new WTO challenge, one that would force the WTO to rule if price discrimination, at least in some situations, is an export subsidy. Progress towards future trade liberalization in the dairy sector will involve reductions in export subsidies and over-quota tariffs, and increases in minimum access commitments. Reductions in explicit export subsidies will have the most effect on the EU. The effects of tariff reductions and increases in minimum access on domestic product prices, production, and consumption are commodity and country specific. Careful analysis of any proposed changes in these instruments will be required to fully understand their effects, both in Canada and on world markets.


[Context] As opposed to the traditional approach to problem solving, which limits the scope of the solution to the stated problem, the mandate for services is to go deeper and focus on the value that the proposed solution creates for the entities affected by the problem. [Problem] In the absence of any formal characterization of the value concept, service designers often fail to decode the complete information available in a consumer's expression of value. The dominant approach to interpreting value expressions considers service as a work system, and the value provided by the service as a specific task that the work system helps the consumer accomplish. Such an exclusively functional view of the value concept fails to process value expressions, which reveal the affective states that a service invokes at the consumer. Affective states correspond to the internal feelings of the consumer and, if reasoned appropriately, these states can help identify an additional set of tasks that the service helps accomplish for the consumer. Situating the problem solution in a larger set of work systems will provide the service designer a wide range of design choices, thereby increasing the likelihood that the resulting service achieves the desired objective. [Idea] This work takes an experience-design based approach to services. It models the value a service offers to the consumer as the change the consumer experiences. Experience refers to the consumer's cognitive act of appreciating the service. Cognition is a grounded phenomenon, and to understand the cause-and-effects underlying the consumer's appreciation of the service requires attention to the consumer both as a social being, as well as a bodily being. The basic idea is to model the consumer's interaction with the service in terms of the action the service helps the consumer perform in different situations (situated actions - situatedness), and the affective states that the service invokes in the consumer (bodily states - embodiment). [Contribution] The contributions of this work are two fold. First, it provides a set of four force-dynamic patterns - Value Frames, which the service designer can use to model the causal basis of the affective states revealed in the consumer's expression of value. The insight here is that in the context of value creation, the source of change is not restricted to only those force-factors that bring about an observable change at the consumer. Instead, all force-factors that are capable of gaining appreciation from the consumer, even if the appreciation does not necessarily manifest itself through observable state transitions, should be acknowledged. The claim this work makes is that the nature of the problem that the service helps the consumer overcome, and the change the service introduces to do so, together provide a conceptual basis for modeling the appreciation that the service invokes at the consumer. The second outcome of this work is a value-oriented conceptual modeling method – TRIBE, which specifies the process for developing some initial problem solution into a service specification. [Relevance] In addition to the conceptual contribution that this work makes in specifying the cognitive semantics of service design, it also provides the apparatus and method necessary to conduct a service-oriented inquiry. This thesis includes a case study that illustrates the application of the proposed modeling method, and the modeling constructs, to a real-world problem situation – the case of food-grain storage and distribution in India. The results of the case study confirm that the proposed modeling method helps service designers not just discover new features for their service but also identify the entities required to implement these features. As the field of Service Science matures, it will have to develop a more normative body of knowledge, which the service designers can use in their day-to-day practice. This work is one such effort towards that end.


Maya Blue, a synthetic pigment produced by the ancient Mayas, is a combination of a specific clay, palygorskite (or sepiolite), containing large channels in the crystal structure and the organic dye indigo. Little is known about the interaction of the two components to give the most stable pigment ever produced. The aim of this work is to obtain a refined model for the Mexican palygorskite used to prepare the pigment and to elucidate the structure of the clay-indigo complex, using both molecular modelling and Rietveld refinement on data collected with synchrotron radiation. Molecular modelling proved that indigo can fit into the channels without steric impediment (forming strong hydrogen bonds between the C=O group of the dye and the structural water of the clay) and produced a model, showing reasonable distances and angles, used as the starting set for the Rietveld refinement. Difference Fourier maps, calculated without indigo, showed a residual of electron density coherent with the expected disordered position of the indigo molecule. A refinement carried out using the model of palygorskite obtained in this work and a 6-fold disordered arrangement of indigo confirmed these findings. The ratio between the two polymorphs of palygorskite (monoclinic and orthorhombic) present in the natural clay was obtained for our sample and for several palygorskite specimens coming from different sites. Samples within the same outcrop show similar ratios, while samples from different locations do not. This may be used to characterize the provenance of ancient specimens, with the goal of determining whether Maya Blue was invented and produced in one place only or if the production technology was widespread in all the Mayan region.


In this paper, a novel space-vector pulse-width modulation (PWM) scheme for reducing the common-mode voltage (CMV) in the three-phase five-level active neutral-point clamped (5L-ANPC) inverter is proposed, where only the 55 selected voltage vectors among the entire 125 that produce low values of the CMV are utilized. This PWM scheme can significantly reduce the CMV without the increase of switching losses and total harmonic distortion of the output voltages. With the 55 selected voltage vectors, the inverter can still operate up to the maximum modulation index. In addition, the capacitor voltages are controlled by redundant switches of the 5L-ANPC inverters. It has been shown that the peak value of the CMV is decreased to one-twelfth of the dc-link voltage from the simulation and experimental results.


This case study of the information flows within a British biotechnology company
involved a population of 156 and took place over five years. It included information
provision and information management as embedded studies. The main investigation
into information flows was done in three parts, using questionnaires. The parts were:
Use of Information Centre information resources, company-wide information flows
and assessment of the perceived effectiveness of existing information flows.
Combined, these three parts represent a 'snapshot' of the flows over a timespan of
about three months.
The methodology used to present the individual information flows is novel. The
results showed that inter-personal communication or information flows were good,
with e-mail being extensively used; that most inter-Group flows were functional, but
that flows through the company were poor. Information flow out of the company was
restricted. The main barriers to effective flows were excessive secrecy which
prevented open exchange of information, lack of finance and the split sites. Although
these were only a few miles from the main building, the staff felt isolated.
The results further show that the most used information resources were colleagues,
and that the most used non-human information resources were not held in the IC. The
main users of the IC were the R&D staff, while more than 50% of the company rarely
or never used the facility. The investigation represents an early example of
Knowledge Management and further documents a stage in the evolution of
biotechnology companies.


Building knowledge management (KM) infrastructure involves reuse and refocus of several existing infrastructure components, and awareness around future visions and conditions of infrastructure. We present a community perspective using a staircase metaphor for conceptualizing government supported KM infrastructure and services. Additionally we illustrate a model for government's role in providing and leveraging infrastructure components from all tiers of government. With examples, we build a case for adding diffusion of innovation characteristics, and features from innovation networks analysis in KM infrastructure. Observability and trialability are important to knowledge acquisition, while compatibility are central to knowledge application, packaging, and creation. Ease of use, and perceived usefulness affects knowledge use in all its forms.


Objective: To investigate the attitudes of expectant Australian fathers towards vaccination, and to identify factors which may influence these attitudes. Methods: A cross-sectional survey study of 407 Australian men with expectant partners, mean age 30.4 (SD 6.7). Self reported attitude, level of knowledge and information resources accessed regarding pregnancy related issues. Participant demographics collected included: Age, number of children, relationship status, level of education, employment information and smoking status. Results: Majority (89%) of participants had a positive attitude towards infant vaccination, 9% felt neutral and 2% had negative attitudes. Positive attitudes towards vaccination were associated with lower self-reported knowledge of pregnancy issues but a higher likelihood of discussing pregnancy issues with health care providers rather than sourcing information from the internet (both p<0.001). Conclusion: A majority of Australian expectant fathers have a positive attitude towards infant vaccination. Fathers with negative attitudes to vaccination self-reported higher levels of knowledge. They were more likely to obtain information from the Internet instead of healthcare staff. Implication for public health: Including fathers in health discussion with knowledgeable health care providers may result in increased vaccine uptake.


In view of the changing climatic conditions mainly related to greenhouse effect, this study was focused on determining the responses of two differentially heat tolerant maize varieties to glasshouse condition. The parameters studies included growth, water relations, gas exchange, photosynthetic pigments, oxidative damage and gene expression. Results revealed that prevailing glasshouse conditions played a crucial role in affecting the maize growth across winter and summer seasons. Despite differences in the growing seasons and varieties glasshouse conditions were adverse for the photosynthetic systems in maize. Major yardsticks of sensitivity were loss of chlorophyll and carotenoids in the light reactions, while reductions in the net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance in the glasshouse grown maize. Prevailing glasshouse conditions were greatly effective in hampering the leaf water relation particularly those of winter sown crop. The glasshouse conditions in winter crop produced oxidative stress on the plants, which was explicit from the increased synthesis of H2O2, MDA and increased permeability to the ion leakage. Greater free proline accumulation in the tolerant variety not only presented itself as a major amino acid accumulated in environmental stress tolerance but also indicated it as a reliable indicator of tolerance to glasshouse condition in maize. With great varietal difference, changes of temperature and relative humidity inside the glasshouse across the seasons were mainly responsible for the observed changes in mineral nutrients. More distinct changes were evident in K, Ca and nitrate nutrition, which were given greater credence in view of their closer association to the seasonal changes in the environmental conditions inside the glasshouse. Maize seedlings showed sensitivity to high temperature stress, which was recorded from morphological (reduction in shoot fresh weight, dry weight of shoot and root and a reduction in fresh-to-dry weight ratio) and gene expression patterns. The molecular studies suggested that the maize sensitivity to high temperature was mainly due to enhanced coexpression of sag and dhn2 and failure to express hsp70 and sgr2 during relatively long term exposure to high temperature.


Abstract The 18 November 1867 Virgin Island earthquake and the tsunami that closely followed caused considerable loss of life and damage in several places in the northeast Caribbean region. The earthquake was likely a manifestation of the complex tectonic deformation of the Anegada Passage, which cuts across the Antilles island arc between the Virgin Islands and the Lesser Antilles. In this article, we attempt to characterize the 1867 earthquake with respect to fault orientation, rake, dip, fault dimensions, and first tsunami wave propagating phase, using tsunami simulations that employ high-resolution multibeam bathymetry. In addition, we present new geophysical and geological observations from the region of the suggested earthquake source. Results of our tsunami simulations based on relative amplitude comparison limit the earthquake source to be along the northern wall of the Virgin Islands basin, as suggested by Reid and Taber (1920), or on the carbonate platform north of the basin, and not in the Virgin Islands basin, as commonly assumed. The numerical simulations suggest the 1867 fault was striking 120°–135° and had a mixed normal and left-lateral motion. First propagating wave phase analysis suggests a fault striking 300°–315° is also possible. The best-fitting rupture length was found to be relatively small (50 km), probably indicating the earthquake had a moment magnitude of ∼7.2. Detailed multibeam echo sounder surveys of the Anegada Passage bathymetry between St. Croix and St. Thomas reveal a scarp, which cuts the northern wall of the Virgin Islands basin. High-resolution seismic profiles further indicate it to be a reasonable fault candidate. However, the fault orientation and the orientation of other subparallel faults in the area are more compatible with right-lateral motion. For the other possible source region, no clear disruption in the bathymetry or seismic profiles was found on the carbonate platform north of the basin.


Optimizing secondary clarifier performance is an activity that involves a consideration of the design, the maintenance, and the operation of the clarifier. Although the basic shape of the unit is thought to be a major factor, the internal details are the most important design factors in determining a clarifier's capacity. The ability to analyze the impact of these details, along with the operational and maintenance practices, is critical to the evaluation of its performance. The final challenge is how to most effectively modify a clarifier's hydraulic characteristics in order to optimize its performance.


Three Problem List Terminologies (PLT) were tested using a web-based application simulating a clinical data entry environment to evaluate coverage and coding efficiency. The three PLTs were: the CORE Problem List Subset of SNOMED CT, a clinical subset extracted from the full SNOMED CT and the PLT currently used at the Mayo Clinic. Candidate problem statements were randomly extracted from free text problem list entries contained in two electronic medical record systems. Physician reviewers searched for concepts in one of the three PLTs that most closely matched a problem statement. Altogether 45 reviewers reviewed 15 problems each. The coverage of the much smaller CORE Subset was comparable to Clinical SNOMED for combined exact or partial matches. The CORE Subset required the shortest time to find a concept. This may be related to the smaller size of the pick lists for the CORE Subset.


Shc proteins interact with the insulin receptor, indicating a role in regulating glycolysis. To investigate this idea, the activities of key glycolytic regulatory enzymes and metabolites levels were measured in skeletal muscle from mice with low levels of Shc proteins (ShcKO) and wild-type (WT) controls. The activities of hexokinase, phosphofructokinase-1 and pyruvate kinase were decreased in ShcKO versus WT mice under both fed and fasted conditions. Increased alanine transaminase and branched-chain amino acid transaminase activities were also observed in ShcKO mice under both fed and fasting conditions. Protein expression of glycolytic enzymes was unchanged in the ShcKO and WT mice, indicating that decreased activities were not due to changes in their transcription. Changes in metabolite levels were consistent with the observed changes in enzyme activities. In particular, the levels of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate, a potent activator of phosphofructokinase-1, were consistently decreased in the ShcKO mice. Furthermore, the levels of lactate (inhibitor of hexokinase and phosphofructokinase-1) and citrate (inhibitor of phosphofructokinase-1 and pyruvate kinase) were increased in fed and fasted ShcKO versus WT mice. Pyruvate dehydrogenase activity was lower in ShcKO versus WT mice under fed conditions, and showed inhibition under fasting conditions in both ShcKO and WT mice, with ShcKO mice showing less inhibition than the WT mice. Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 levels were unchanged under fed conditions but were lower in the ShcKO mice under fasting conditions. These studies indicate that decreased levels of Shc proteins in skeletal muscle lead to a decreased glycolytic capacity in both fed and fasted states.


We demonstrate an integrated programmable photonic filter structure capable of producing bandpass filters with both tunable passband bandwidth and center frequency. Such filters could provide dynamic pre-filtering of very wide bandwidth analog microwave signals, essential to the next generation RF-front ends. The photonic filter is constructed from an array of uncoupled identical filter stages, each reconfigurable as a zero or a pole using an asymmetrical Mach-Zenhder Interferometer (MZI) structure with feedback. Integrated on a standard InP-InGaAsP material platform, semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) and current injected phase modulators (PMs) are used to rapidly adjust the individual pole and zero locations, thereby reconfiguring the overall filter function. In this paper, we demonstrate cascaded filter structures with up to four filter stages, capable of producing a variety of higher order filters. Demonstrated filters have a free spectral range (FSR) of 23.5 or 47 GHz. A center frequency tunability over 28 GHz is demonstrated for a 2nd order bandpass filter, and a passband tunability of 1.9-5.4 GHz with stopband rejection >; 32 dB using 3rd and 4th order filters. Finally, the linearity of our active filters is investigated; a preliminary spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) of 86.3 dB* Hz2/3 is obtained. However, we believe this number can be improved significantly by optimizing the design.


Aim and objective: The general aim of this research was to explore why women do or do not want to uptake Skilled Birth Attendants' (SBAs) services during childbirth. The objective was to explore the factors affecting the uptake of SBAs' services during childbirth in ruralNepal. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted. The data were analysed using thematic analysis. Setting: The fieldwork was conducted in a rural area, in a western hill district of Nepal. Participants: Interviews were conducted with 24 married women aged 18-49, who had given birth during the three years prior to the time of interview. Sixteen women were SBA users and eight were non-SBA users. Eight relatives, such as husbands, and parents-in-law were also interviewed as key informants. Findings: Four themes were identified as affecting the uptake of skilled care during childbirth: (1) Women's individual characteristics; (2) Choice of, and access to, SBA services; (3) Cultural practice, gender role and decision making; and (4) Attitude and quality of SBAs and the hospital environment. Conclusion: A wide range of factors affect the uttake of SBAs services. These include: lack of SBAs in rural areas; women's autonomy; difficult terrain; widespread poverty and illiteracy; limited resources and traditional and cultural attitudes; and gender factors. However, to date, women's experiences and preferences have been overlooked in service design and development. There is a need for specific maternity service development, based on women's experiences and perceptions. The establishment of a fully trained cadre of midwives, operating according to a professional code of ethics, could improve the quality of care in the existing health care facilities.


Trial Advocacy in a Nutshell was one of the first works to analyze and illustrate discrete courtroom skills and techniques in the context of principles of persuasion. The Fifth Edition builds on that tradition with the concept of argument-centered narratives. Part 1 provides a concrete and detailed guide for developing credible stories that support advocates' desired inferences. Part 2 analyzes and illustrates strategies, techniques and rules for presenting argument-centered narratives effectively during all phases of trial. The Fifth Edition incorporates a number of new features that make the book more indispensable for trial lawyers than ever. For example, the Fifth Edition discusses the most important of the Federal Rules of Evidence, and devotes a separate chapter to rules and strategies for presenting testimony from expert witnesses. Visual aids also gain additional prominence in the new edition, with an emphasis on foundational requirements for many more types of exhibits, esp


In this thesis a new adaptive control method, called Iterative Tuning in the Frequency Domain
(FD-IT), is proposed for Active Noise and Vibration Control (ANVC). This approach is a gradient
based self-tuning method which completely relies on analysis of the frequency response of
system dynamics and the spectrum of signals.
The new method is based on a new gradient estimation theory in the frequency domain. In this
theory the gradient of the output spectrum with respect to controller parameters is expressed with
the frequency response of dynamics and the spectrum of signals. When the performance gradient
with respect to controller parameters can be expressed as some function of the signals' spectrum,
it can be computed out completely in the frequency domain. Similar to audio compression, when
the system's signals contain few frequencies, the computation of performance gradient can be
greatly simplified by making "partial modelling" with respect to those frequencies.
According to the proposed theory, the new iterative tuning method, i.e., FD-IT, is developed
for ANVC problems with periodic disturbances. It can tune the feedback/feed-forward controllers
simultaneously with one experiment per iteration except some extra experiments for
initial tuning. It covers both Single Input Single Output (SISO) and Multiple Input Multiple
Output (MIMO) systems. Furthermore, it can be extended to nonlinear systems as well. Some
issues about the implementation of the iterative method are discussed. Through the comparison
with some other popular active control methods in ANVC, the advantages of the new method,
including: the flexibility in selecting controllers, the simplicity in control structure, and the
convenience in implementation, are emphasized.
The effectiveness and robustness of the proposed iterative tuning method are tested through
simulated SISO and MIMO Linear Time Invariant (LTI) systems. Two simulated nonlinearities
are used to illustrate the usefulness of the methods in nonlinear system as well. To show the
practicability, the linear and nonlinear FD-ITs are implemented in an air-duct system with a
PC-DSP based agent-architecture. All the results illustrate that FD-IT is an easy and effective
approach to solve ANVC problems with periodic disturbances.


Pareto-based island model is a multi-colony distribution scheme recently presented for the resolution, by means of ant colony optimization algorithms, of bi-criteria problems. It yielded very promising results, but the model was implemented considering a unique Pareto-front-shaped unidirectional neighborhood migration topology, and a constant migration rate. In the present work two additional neighborhood topology schemes, and four different migration rates have been tested, considering the algorithm which obtained the best results in average in the model presentation article: MOACS (Multi-Objective Ant Colony System). Several experiments have been conducted, including statistical tests for better support the study. High values for the migration rate and the use of a bidirectional neighborhood migration topology yields the best results.


For many legal scholars, startling scientific evidence of implicit racial bias, including the now famous Implicit Association Test (IAT), have revealed a truth about racial discrimination in America that had previously been difficult to prove. Yet despite commentators' progress in considering how the law should respond to this new evidence of racial bias, two challenges have continued to limit legal scholarship on implicit bias from achieving its full potential. First, empirical social science on implicit bias has rarely focused on the law. For example, prior to the study presented in this article, no IATs had been designed specifically to test law-related hypotheses. And second, legal scholarship on implicit bias has tended to maintain a narrow substantive focus, often considering discrimination in the workplace and in policy-making, but rarely considering racial biases in other areas of law. The question, for example, of whether jury verdicts in criminal trials are tainted by implicit racial biases has yet to be considered adequately. This Article considers the growth potential for legal scholarship on implicit bias, and presents a new law-related IAT that the authors devised - the Guilty/Not Guilty IAT. The authors designed this study both to address the challenges legal scholarship on implicit bias has faced, and to create a test that would investigate the racial disparities that continue to plague the American criminal justice system. The study used well established IAT methodology to test whether people harbor implicit associations between African American men and criminal law guilty verdicts. The Guilty/Not Guilty IAT asked study participants to group together photos of Black and White men with words representing the verdicts Guilty and Not Guilty, and measured their reaction times in milliseconds. The results of the study are concerning: study participants held strong implicit associations between Black men and guilty verdicts (as measured by well accepted IAT calculation methods). In addition, these results proved to be quite meaningful in predicting decision-making. Scores on the Guilty/Not Guilty IAT predicted how participants evaluated evidence. The authors consider the study results in light of the presumed racial fairness underlying the presumption of innocence, and call for a broader, empirically based exploration of implicit racial bias in the legal system.


This paper describes a new metabolic model for lead in humans and a numerical method to solve the differential equations governing the transfer of lead between body compartments. The model includes 3 compartments-cortical bone, trabecular bone and blood-and accounts for absorption from external sources and release through excreta. Estimation of the lead kinetics parameters was performed using the grid search method. Grid search is a simple procedure that allows the fit of an arbitrary function to data. When applied to data from occupationally exposed populations, the method demonstrated the exposure dependence of the rate of lead uptake and release by the compartments in the model. The results confirm and refine previous observations of the significant decrease of the transfer rate of lead from cortical bone to blood with increasing exposure, as expressed by half-lives of (in years): 6.5 +/- 0.7, 13.6 +/- 1.0 and 47.5 +/- 2.3, in subgroups of low, intermediate and high long-term lead exposure. A similar trend was observed for the transfer rate from trabecular bone, which could be statistically supported for the first time. Reduction by a factor of 7 to 10 in the default values assigned to the fractional removal of lead from cortical bone to plasma in existing metabolic models was also predicted. These results can be used in the review of current metabolic models for lead, which are still based on the assumption of a constant rate of lead removal from bone, independently of the level of exposure.


"Inexorably life moves on towards crisis and mystery. Everyone must struggle to adjust himself to this, to face the situation for 'now is the judgment of the world.' In a way, each one judges himself merely by what he does. Does, not says. Yet let us not completely dismiss words. They do have meaning. They are related to action. They spring from action and they prepare for it, they clarify it, they direct it." --" Thomas Merton ,"" August 16, 1961 The fourth volume of Thomas Merton's complete journals, one of his final literary legacies, springs from three hundred handwritten pages that capture - in candid, lively, deeply revealing passages - the growing unrest of the 1960s, which Merton witnessed within himself as plainly as in the changing culture around him. In these decisive years, 1960-1963, Merton, now in his late forties and frequently working in a new hermitage at the Abbey of Gethsemani, finds himself struggling between his longing for a private, spiritual life and the irresistible pull of social concerns. Precisely when he longs for more solitude, and convinces himself he could not cut back on his writing, Merton begins asking complex questions about the contemporary culture ("the 'world' with its funny pants, of which I do not know the name, its sandals and sunglasses"), war, and the churches role in society. Thus despite his resistance, he is drawn into the world where his celebrity and growing concerns for social issues fuel his writings on civil rights, nonviolence, and pacifism and lead him into conflict with those who urge him to leave the moral issues to bishops and theologians. This pivotal volume in the Merton journals reveals a man at the height of abrilliant writing career, marking the fourteenth anniversary of his priesthood but yearning still for the key to true happiness and grace. Here, in his most private diaries, Merton is as intellectually curious, critical, and insightful as in his best-known public writings while he documents his movement from the cloister toward the world, from Novice Master to hermit, from ironic critic to joyous witness to the mystery of God's plan. Thomas Merton (1915-1968) was a Trappist monk, writer and peace activist. His spiritual classics include "New Seeds of Contemplation, The Sign of Jonas, Mystics and Zen Masters" and "The Seven Story Mountain"


Social entrepreneurship, as a field for research and scientific disputes between scholars and practitioners, it still remains a novel investigation area, as far as new opportunities, challenges, business approaches and concepts appear into the modern world and competitive market. This paper puts emphasis on social framework behind the development of social businesses in Moldova. Moreover, it presents the grass-root state of readiness of existing small and medium – sized enterprises from Moldova to undertake the leap towards the new kind of economy and different organizational approaches. The paper provides a content analysis of specific literature on social entrepreneurship, with particular emphasis on general perception of the small holders and small and medium – sized enterprises on social business. A total number of 593 small and medium – sized enterprises and individuals participated to organized interviews. The survey results show that 66% of the respondents are not acknowledged with social entrepreneurship concept and functionality. From those (34%) who are informed about the topic, most of them are actual young entrepreneurs. Additionally, young entrepreneurs, respondents, wouldn't reinvest their profit for social mission (73%). Unlike young entrepreneurs, individuals would reinvest their profit in social missions, in case they have a business. These findings suggest that, in the society there is a lack of general understanding on social entrepreneurship. The author also found out that, the general perception regarding social problems is mostly assigned to public authorities instead of enterprises. Moreover, the research results show that the absence of a clear mechanism which would raise public awareness regarding social problems and social capital, affects the active implication of community stakeholders into the societal problems.


Abstract. The Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) is able to generate images of the sea surface that can be exploited to extract geophysical information of environmental interest. In order to enhance the operational use of these data in the marine applications the revisit time is to be improved. This goal can be achieved by using SAR virtual or real constellations and/or exploiting new antenna technologies that allow huge swath and fine resolution. Within this framework, the presence of the Italian and German X-band SAR constellations is of special interest while the new SAR technologies are not nowadays operated. Although SAR images are considered to be independent of weather conditions, this is only partially true at higher frequencies, e.g. X-band. In fact, observations can present signature corresponding to high intensity precipitating clouds, i.e. rain cells. Further, ScanSAR images may be characterized by the presence of processing artifacts, called scalloping, that corrupt image interpretation. In this paper we review these key facts that are at the basis of an effective use of X-band SAR images for marine applications.


ABSTRACTThis article examines the trajectory of the group called the 'Salafist Call' in Alexandria (al-Da'wah al-Salafiyyah) and its political party, the 'Nour Party' (Hizb al-Nur). It discusses the group's formation, its intellectual and legal concepts and positions, its move towards party political action, the repercussions of that experience on both the group and its political party as well as the effect of that on the performance of political Islamism in general. The conclusion considers the future of Salafist political action and the extent to which the Salafist Call can continue as the political representative of the Islamists, particularly in light of the ban on the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt.


Tourism is one of the most promising fields to support the economic development of a region. As one of the source of locally generated revenues (PAD), the government and private sector should form a synergy in formulating strategic planning for tourism development in the region. The purpose of this study is to analyze the synergy of government and private party in formulating strategic planning at Wisata Bahari Lamongan (WBL). This research is a qualitative descriptive research. Data acquired from observation, interview, and documentation. The selection of informants was done by purposive sampling technique. Data analysis technique is done by utilizing Miles & Huberman interactive model. The results of this study indicate that WBL's strategic planning process involves monitoring, preparation, implementation and evaluation. The long-term aims of the WBL are structured in outstanding mission vision, yet there are weaknesses in the WBL mission that there is no specific mission to overcome the decline of the visitors. The outcomes also indicate that there is a low synergy between government, private, and community in WBL development planning. Communication and coordination in policy formulation is a major cause of low synergy among stakeholders.


Now in its second edition The Arts Good Study Guide has been thoroughly revised and updated to address the challenges of studying in a fast changing world where computers and the internet have become basic study tools. A bestseller for over a decade, The Arts Good Study Guide has provided help for over 100,000 students. Developing your learning skills is one of the best investments you can make. Based on the experience of real students, this book will stimulate, guide and support you. It will change the way that you study by helping you think about yourself and how you learn. Topics include: Motivating yourself and managing your time; Taking full advantage of your computer; Reading and understanding written, visual and aural texts; Flexible note-making strategies; Getting the most out of lecturers, group discussions, audio-visual media and visits to galleries, museums and the theatre; Writing fluently and convincingly, making good use of textual illustration and evidence; Making presentations; Research techniques, including online research and report writing and Doing justice to yourself in exams. The book is designed for students of arts and humanities subjects, including art history, classical studies, cultural studies, film studies, history, law, languages, literature, music, philosophy, and religious studies. It is full of practical advice whether you are studying full-time or part-time, in your own home or with other students and a tutor.


The present study's foundation is based on research suggesting that the attitudes of clinicians regarding their clients have profound effects on therapeutic alliances, empathy, and staff burnouts, which may contribute to treatment barriers. Because professionally appropriate behavior often conceals stigma, misconceptions, and negative feelings that clinicians may have toward sexual offenders, an anonymous survey of attitudes, job burnout, and empathy was conducted in an outpatient setting. The survey instruments tap into some latent factors concerning the attitudes of clinicians, their perceptions of burnout, and their abilities to empathize with their clients. This research focused on describing a population of clinicians who work with sexual offenders in an outpatient setting in Pennsylvania. In this study, using anonymous surveys, data was collected from clinical staff who work with sexual offenders. Each packet of surveys contained a demographics questionaire, a survey developed for this study entitled, Attitudes Regarding Sexual Offenders, the Balanced Emotional Empathy Scale, and the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Using SPSS statistical software, frequency distributions and item percentages were calculated for each of the survey question as a discriptive measure of this population. The results are descriptive in nature of the staff at this perticular agency. Significant finding are presented and treatment implications are discussed.


Beyond Confederation scrutinizes the ideological background of the U.S. Constitution, the rigors of its writing and ratification, and the problems it both faced and provoked immediately after ratification. The essays in this collection question much of the heritage of eighteenth-century constitutional thought and suggest that many of the commonly debated issues have led us away from the truly germane questions. The authors challenge many of the traditional generalizations and the terms and scope of that debate as well. The contributors raise fresh questions about the Constitution as it enters its third century. What happened in Philadelphia in 1787, and what happened in the state ratifying conventions? Why did the states--barely--ratify the Constitution? What were Americans of the 1789s attempting to achieve? The exploratory conclusions point strongly to an alternative constitutional tradition, some of it unwritten, much of it rooted in state constitutional law; a tradition that not only has redefined the nature and role of the Constitution but also has placed limitations on its efficacy throughout American history. The authors are Lance Banning, Richard Beeman, Stephen Botein, Richard D. Brown, Richard E. Ellis, Paul Finkelman, Stanley N. Katz, Ralph Lerner, Drew R. McCoy, John M. Murrin, Jack N. Rakove, Janet A. Riesman, and Gordon S. Wood.


The purpose of the research is threefold. The reasons why agricultural co-operatives converted and were still converting to agricultural companies were looked at first. This was done, secondly, to determine which business form was the best for new and emerging era farmers. Lastly the changes to the Co-operative Act (9111981) were scrutinised in order to determine the effect of the new Co-operative Act (14/2005), which has been published but the date of commencement is not yet known, on the form of business selected. Chapter 1 is an introductory chapter, in which the problem is stated, as well as the method of investigation which was followed. The problem is stated as follows: Agricultural co-operatives, which played a huge role in the farming activities of farmers in the past, have change drastically in form and the manner in which business is done. A large number of the traditional agricultural co-operatives have converted to agricultural companies. The developmental history of agricultural cooperatives and reasons for conversion to agricultural companies are important in determining which business form would be to the best benefit of the modern and emerging farmer. The influence of the new Co-operative Act No. 14 of 2005, which was published in the Government Gazette on 18 August 2005, is also investigated. In chapter 2 we looked at the developmental history of agricultural co-operatives, firstly abroad and then in South Africa. Agricultural co-operatives and agricultural companies were investigated in chapter 3 and 4 respectively in order to determine the difference in business forms, after which a comparison is made. The essence, composition, structure and external organisation of both business forms were investigated. The operational investigation was discussed in chapter 5, where reasons for conversion could be identified. The reasons why agricultural co-operatives converted to companies were determined and it was clear that conversion took place due to political reasons, business considerations and the possibilities which the company format could offer, which were not possible in co-operative form. The reasons were therefore not any negative characteristics or problems in the co-operative form. On the basis of the above, the conclusion was reached that the co-operative form would best serve a new era or emerging farmer. Chapter 7 deals with the new Co-operative Act and it is clear that the government is focussing on supporting the so-called "previously disadvantaged agricultural cooperatives. The issues of equality and poverty are also addressed strongly in the sense that co-operative structures should be put in place to assist in furthering equality and relieve poverty. The reaction of the ABC (Agricultural Business Chamber) to the Act was also discussed. After this chapter the conclusion that that the co-operative sector can best address the needs of the emerging farmer, was confirmed. A new or young farmer needs the assistance and advice of an agricultural co-operative due to the co-operative benefits which helshe can enjoy. Government will also go out of its way to support agricultural co-operatives where necessary and the influence of the new Act is very positive for agricultural co-operatives. As agricultural co-operatives grow stronger, they can convert to agricultural companies, thereby acquiring other benefits.


The Great Bear magmatic zone in northwestern Canada is a Paleoproterozoic volcano-plutonic belt of high K, calc-alkaline to shoshonitic affinity interpreted as a continental arc that formed between 1.87 and 1.85 Ga following the short-lived Calderian orogeny. Tectonomagmatic evolution of this magmatic zone favored the formation of multiple iron oxide and alkali alteration systems within a time frame of 10 m.y., as constrained geochronologically within error between 1875 and 1865 Ma. This illustrates a temporal and genetic relationship between shoshonitic to high K, calc-alkaline continental arc magmatism and the formation of iron oxide-rich deposits and alkali alteration associated with iron oxide-copper-gold (IOCG) mineralization. Early rhyolitic magmatism formed the basal sequence of the Lou assemblage under a compressive (or transpressive) tectonic regime. Between 1872 and 1867 Ma, an apparent higher magmatic production is linked to a marked change in composition of the volcanic and plutonic rocks, from rhyolite to intermediate/felsic and locally mafic. Compositional homogeneity of the intrusive and volcanic rocks of the Mazenod and Bea assemblages, termination of ductile to brittle-ductile deformation along the main deformation zones, and transition to widespread brittle fracturing and breccia formation are interpreted to reflect a change in the regional stress regime, from compressional/transpressional to extensional/transtensional. This change in stress regimes is associated with iron oxide-rich mineralization that initially formed the NICO Au-Bi-Co deposit, followed by IOCG mineralization in the NICO and Sue-Dianne deposits as well as albitite-hosted U mineralization in the Southern Breccia.


Using an intersectional queer theory lens, I employ critical performance autoethnography to argue that female drag performances do the work of oppression and social justice simultaneously to question whether queer spaces are actually places of freedom and liberation. First, I explore existing literature of drag, female masculinities, and femme-drag performance; second, I detail intersectional queer theory and critical performance autoethnography; third, I offer my autoethnographic narrative from the site of a drag performance because it is imperative for problematizing female drag performance and the perpetuation of whiteness and misogyny in drag performance; finally, I offer remarks for further justification for intersectional analysis for female drag performance.


Objectives: To examine any association of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and intestinal perforation (IP) in very low birth weight neonates with indomethacin treatment, cumulative dose or maximum plasma concentrations. Methods: This is a retrospective 9-year cohort study of very low birth weight infants ( < 1500 grams) admitted to our neonatal intensive care unit. The incidence of NEC and IP in infants who received indomethacin for a PDA (N = 228) were compared to control infants who did not have PDA and received no indomethacin (S = 628). Factors which were statisticaily significant in a univariate analysis were then included in a logistic regression model to determine their significance. Results: NEC occurred in 14 (6.1 %) indomethacin-treated infants compared to 47 (7.5%) control infants. When the incidence of NEC or IP was restricted to events occurring within 14 days of indomethacin, infants (1.7%) had NEC. JP occurred in 14 (6.1 %) indomethacin-treated infants, but 10 had concurrent steroid therapy. IP also occurred in 4 (0.6%) controls. Multivariate logistical regression revealed a lower risk of NEC with indomethacin. The risk for NEC and IP is not increased with higher INDO doses or INDO concentrations. Conclusions: Indomethacin treatment for PDA does not increase NEC risk, and may decrease the risk. Indomethacin treatment is associated with an increased risk of IP, especially when combined with systemic glucocorticoids.


The aim of this study was to identify and rate the importance of the competencies required by students for effective performance in a university e-learning environment mediated by a learning management system. Two expert panels identified 58 e-learning competencies considered to be essential for e-learning. Of these competencies, 22 were related to the use of technology. The remaining 36 competencies encapsulated a range of practices considered to be essential for learning within a social constructivist framework. Six of the competencies identified were either new or substantially different from what had been previously identified in the literature. A survey of e-learning stakeholders rating the importance of the e-learning competencies indicated that the competencies were not of equal importance. Critically, a number of key competencies from a social constructivist perspective that dealt with interacting and working with others were rated as being unimportant. This suggests that there is a disconnect between what the literature says about the importance of social constructivism to e-learning environments in theory and what e-learning stakeholders perceive its importance to be in practice.


The media is an auxiliary apparatus for conveying a message , so does in the process of learning . The media learning is a tool to give a stimulant for learners of learning process to occur . In addition , the media also can be defined as a receptacle for disbursing messages from a source of messages ( educator ) to target or the recipient of a message ( learners ) . Meanwhile , a learning process is understood as a process of communication between teachers as introductory amessage with and students as the recipient of a message . Message that is transmitted by a tutor in the form of the subject matter later is poured into a symbol or symbols verbal nonverbal communication as well as good . The use of the media is intended to achieve the purpose of learning a predetermined optimally . ng KA�@ K.@`H� ct is seen by comparing test score between experiment class that use KIM method, and control class that use conventional, and also the efficiency of time used to understanding lesson. Based on data analysis found descriptively, it can be concluded that KIM song in teaching ad learning of mathematic in earlier stages give effect positively. This can be seen from comparison of test score between two classes. enes� h@`H� in scope and different areas. est �� ad@`H� n test as well as analysis calculations grain matter. In addition, this learning system develop with the capality evaluation system (examination) multi- user, where the implication of online exams can be done together at one time.


"A Topping People" is the first comprehensive study of the political, economic, and social elite of colonial Virginia. Evans studies twenty-one leading families from their rise to power in the late 1600s to their downfall over one hundred years later. These families represented the upper echelons of power, serving in the upper and lower houses of the General Assembly, often as speaker of the House of Burgesses. Their names - Randolph, Robinson, Byrd, Carter, Corbin, Custis, Nelson, and Page, to note but a few - are still familiar in the Old Dominion some three hundred years later. Their decline was due to a variety of factors - economic, social, and demographic. The third generations showed an inability to adapt their business philosophies to the changing economic climate. Their inclination was to mirror the English landed gentry, living off the income of their landed estates. Economic diversification was the norm early on, but it became less effective after 1730. Scots traders, for example, introduced chain stores, making it more difficult to continue family-run stores. And land speculation was no substitute for diversification. An increase in population resulted in the creation of new counties, which weakened the influence of the Tidewater region. These leading families began to spend more than they earned and became heavily indebted to British mercantile firms. The Revolution only served to make matters worse, and by 1790 these families had lost their political and economic status, although their social status remained. "A Topping People" is a thorough and engrossing study of the way families came to gain and, eventually; lose great power in this turbulent and progressive period in American history.


To investigate the role of the seepage zone in transport, chemical speciation, and attenuation of nitrogen loads carried by submarine groundwater discharge, we collected nearshore groundwater samples (n 5 328) and examined the distribution and isotopic signature (d15N) of nitrate and ammonium. In addition, we estimated nutrient fluxes from terrestrial and marine groundwater sources. We discuss our results in the context of three aquifer zones: a fresh groundwater zone, a shallow salinity transition zone (STZ), and a deep STZ. Groundwater plumes containing nitrate and ammonium occurred in the freshwater zone, whereas the deep STZ carried almost exclusively ammonium. The distributions of redox-cycled elements were consistent with theoretical thermodynamic stability of chemical species, with sharp interfaces between water masses of distinct oxidation : reduction potential, suggesting that microbial transformations of nitrogen were rapid relative to dispersive mixing. In limited locations in which overlap occurs between distribution of nitrate with that of ammonium and dissolved Fe2+, changes in concentration and in d15N suggest loss of all species. Concurrent removal of NO { and NH z , both in freshwater and the deep STZ, might occur through a range of mechanisms, including heterotrophic or autotrophic denitrification, coupled nitrfication : denitrification, anammox, or Mn oxidation of NH z . Loss of nitrogen was not apparent in the shallow STZ, perhaps because of short water residence time. Despite organic Cpoor conditions, the nearshore aquifer and subterranean estuary are biogeochemically active zones, where attenuation of N loads can occur. Extent of attenuation is controlled by the degree of mixing of biogeochemically dissimilar water masses, highlighting the critical role of hydrogeology in N biogeochemistry. Mixing is related in part to thinning of the freshwater lens before discharge and to dispersion at the fresh : saline groundwater interface, features common to all submarine groundwater discharge zones.


This study investigates whether computer-generated phonemic cues can be used in improving naming in Broca's aphasics, either in treatment or as a prosthesis. Five patients who were able to indicate the initial letters of words which they could not produce, and who responded to phonemic cues given by a therapist, were taught to use a microcomputer as an aid to generate phonemic cues over five sessions. All the patients benefited; four of the subjects were significantly better in naming with the aid, and improvement generalised to names which had not been involved in treatment. Four of the subjects were better at indicating the first letters of names of items in the treatment set than untreated control pictures; it appears that treatment teaches patients about the initial letters in the words. We conclude that microcomputer-generated phonemic cues are a promising approach to treatment of word retrieval difficulties in aphasia.


Electricity markets in Europe have gone through several rounds of liberalization reforms since the 1950s and 1960s. In recent decades these reforms have also been justified with non-optimal levels of innovation and research and development (R&D) in the energy sector. This article examines the effect electricity-market liberalization has on innovation in the sector and argues that market structure has an influence on the outcomes of these reforms when R&D and innovation diffusion are considered. This is usually not discussed during policy deliberations concerning electricity-market reforms. The case studies of Belgium and the Netherlands are used to exemplify the argument. The findings of the paper are relevant to policy discussions regarding innovation diffusion in the energy sector and the spread of renewable energy technologies. Furthermore, the new market context should be taken into account when designing energy-technology policies.


Introduction: Many herbal medicines are lacking pharmacognostical, phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological data even though used widely for medicinal purposes. Cichorium intybus L. (Asteraceae) – chicory is an ancient folklore medicine. Various parts of these plants are in use for a wide range of ailments including those affecting liver and kidney. The aim of the current study is to standardize the fruit of C. intybus for macroscopy, microscopy, physicochemical parameters, TLC photo documentation along with development of HPTLC fingerprint profiles. Methods: Following standard pharmacopoeial procedures, detailed macro-microscopic characterization along with preliminary phytochemical features of the drug has been recorded from the current study. Results: Macro-microscopic study has revealed the authenticity of this medicinal achene type fruit. Physico-chemical and HPTLC studies revealed constants for identification and authentication of fruits of C. intybus. Conclusion: The current study will serve as a reference tool for quality maintenance, authentication as well as scientific validation of chicory fruits.


Federal Rule of Evidence 702, which covers testimony by expert witnesses, allows a witness to testify "in the form of an opinion or otherwise" if "the testimony is based on sufficient facts or data" and "is the product of reliable principles and methods" that have been "reliably applied." The determination of "sufficient" (facts or data) and whether the "reliable principles and methods" relate to the scientific question at hand involve more discrimination than the current Rule 702 may suggest. Using examples from latent fingerprint matching and trace evidence (bullet lead and glass), I offer some criteria that scientists often consider in assessing the "trustworthiness" of evidence to enable courts to better distinguish between "trustworthy" and "questionable" evidence. The codification of such criteria may ultimately strengthen the current Rule 702 so courts can better distinguish between demonstrably scientific sufficiency and "opinion" based on inadequate (or inappurtenant) methods.


Abstract This paper introduces a freely available and easy to use Java application for the collection and recording of Cloze probability ratings. Clozapp presents participants with text fragments of the researchers' choice and collects guesses regarding upcoming words. It can also collect basic demographic information about participants. Available modes of data collection include elicitation of responses to a limited number of omitted words in a text or to all words in a text. Clozeapp can be customized to present instructions and experimental stimuli in any given language and to collect multiple types of demographic data. This paper presents the application by detailing the states and actions available, as well as descriptions of how to customize the app to fit different experimental needs including possible input and output details. The application manual is provided. As a proof of concept, we used Clozapp to conduct a replication study of two existing collections of Cloze probability norms. The Clozapp norms showed strong reliable correlations (r > 0.7) with both existing data sets, suggesting a high convergence between modes of data collection. The application provides an efficient and customizable way of collecting predictability norms for language research.


Successive inventories of a silvicultural experiment in terra firme rain forest within the Tapajos National Forest in the Brazilian Amazon are examined to provide guidelines for operational forest management on a sustainable basis. The experiment was logged in 1979 without additional silvicultural treatment, but included protection from further logging and encroachment (`log and leave'). Thirty-six permanent plots established in 1981 were remeasured in 1987 and 1992. Logging changed the canopy structure and altered the composition of the stand, reducing the number of shade tolerant species and stimulating light demanding species. There was a net increase in stem number and stand basal area during the 11 year observation period, and this trend also holds for most of the individual species. The stand basal area 13 years after logging was about 75% of that in a comparable unlogged forest. Logging stimulated growth, but this effect was short-lived, lasting only about 3 years, and current growth rates are similar to those in the unlogged forest. Between the first and second remeasures, average diameter increment decreased from 0.4 to 0.2 cm year-1, mortality remained relatively constant at 2.5% year-1, while recruitment (at 5 cm diameter at breast height) decreased from 5 to 2%. Total volume production declined from approximately 6 to 4 m3 ha-1 year-1, while commercial production remained about 0.8 m3 ha-1 year-1. New commercial species increased the commercial volume in 1992 from 18 to 54 m3 ha-1, and the increment to 1.8 m3 ha-1 year-1. Results from this experiment provide the first quantitative information for management planning in the Tapajos Forest, and may guide the choice of cutting cycle and annual allowable cut. Silvicultural treatment to stimulate growth rates in forest areas zoned for timber production should be considered as a viable management option. Extrapolations of these results to an anticipated 30-35 year cutting cycle must be interpreted with caution. Ongoing remeasurement and analysis of these and other plots over the next 30 years or more are necessary to provide a stronger basis for management inferences.


With advances of recent technologies, augmented reality systems and autonomous vehicles gained a lot of interest from academics and industry. Both these areas rely on scene geometry understanding, which usually requires depth map estimation. However, in case of systems with limited computational resources, such as smartphones or autonomous robots, high resolution dense depth map estimation may be challenging. In this paper, we study the problem of semi-dense depth map interpolation along with low resolution depth map upsampling. We present an end-to-end learnable residual convolutional neural network architecture that achieves fast interpolation of semi-dense depth maps with different sparse depth distributions: uniform, sparse grid and along intensity image gradient. We also propose a loss function combining classical mean squared error with perceptual loss widely used in intensity image super-resolution and style transfer tasks. We show that with some modifications, this architecture can be used for depth map super-resolution. Finally, we evaluate our results on both synthetic and real data, and consider applications for autonomous vehicles and creating AR/MR video games.


Quantum dot sensitized solar cells (QDSCs) have been considered as a promising candidate for low-cost, high efficiency third generation photovoltaic solar cells. In the past few years, QDSCs have witnessed tremendous progress with an increase of power conversion efficiency from less than 5% in 2010 to 12.57% in 2017. Both photoanodes and counter electrodes for QDSCs have been extensively studied and reviewed in previous reports, while little attention has been paid to the electrolyte system. Herein, we present a comprehensive review on recent advances in electrolytes for QDSCs, with a conclusion and future prospects section.


The purpose of this investigation was to explore the effects of barefoot and minimally shod footwear on effective mass, and determine the implications that this has for transient loading during running. Fifteen male runners ran at 4.0 m/s in five different footwear conditions (barefoot, running trainer, Nike-free, Inov-8 and Vibram five-fingers). Kinematics were collected using an 8 camera motion capture system and ground reaction forces via an embedded force platform. Effective mass was examined using impulse-momentum modelling. Differences between footwear were examined using one-way repeated measures ANOVA and linear regression was used to determine the association between effective mass and instantaneous loading rate. The findings showed that effective mass was significantly larger in the barefoot (11.47 %BW), Nike-free (9.81 %BW), Inov-8 (12.10 %BW) and Vibram five-fingers (8.84 %BW) compared to the running trainer (6.86 %BW). Furthermore, instantaneous loading rate was significantly larger in the barefoot (347.55 BW/s), Nike-free (178.76 BW/s), Inov-8 (369.93 BW/s) and Vibram five-fingers (339.37 BW/s) compared to the running trainer (133.18 BW/s). It was also revealed that there were significant positive associations between effective mass and the instantaneous rate for each footwear; barefoot (R2=0.60), Nike-free (R2=0.53), Inov-8 (R2=0.80), Vibram five-fingers (R2=0.52) and running trainer (R2=0.40). The findings from the current investigation indicate that effective mass has key implications for the generation of transient forces and also that running barefoot and in minimally shod footwear may place runners at increased risk from impact related injuries compared to the traditional running shoes.


Power amplifiers are a highly important component in a range of industrial applications, such as, servo-drives, magnetic resonance imaging, energy systems, and audio. The control system for power amplifiers should satisfy a range of requirements, e.g., offset free tracking, stability margins, and fast transient response. The intrinsic switching behaviour of modern power amplifiers and the sampled nature of digital control systems represent additional design challenges. This paper presents a complete development cycle for a cascaded digital control system for an industrial current amplifier. The inner control loop contains an optimal state-feedback controller and observer to ensure fast transient response. To guarantee reference-to-output frequency-domain specifications an outer control-loop is designed. Lastly, a rate-limiter is added to prevent clamping in the control input and overstress of the amplifier components. A special attention is given to synchronization in between sub-assemblies of the control system within the FPGA implementation. The paper concludes with the real-time measurements and comparison with the original control systems of the industrial amplifier.


An analytical solution is proposed for simulating transient seepage into a system of ditch drains placed in parallel in a homogeneous and anisotropic soil confined by an impermeable layer and receiving water from an infinitely extended ponded field. The solution assumes the ponding depth over the surface of the soil to be uniform and the soil fluid to be of constant density. The model can be applied for both equal and unequal water levels in adjacent drains. The accuracy of the developed solution is checked by comparing for a flow situation the hydraulic heads and streamlines as obtained from the proposed model with the corresponding results obtained from an available steady state solution of the problem as provided by Kirkham [14]. A numerical check on the proposed solution is also performed for a particular flow configuration of the problem in the transient zone. The study shows that flow in a ponded ditch drainage system is greatly influenced by anisotropy and directional conductivities of soils. The uniformity of surface flux distribution is found to be quite sensitive to the anisotropy ratio (the ratio of horizontal and vertical saturated hydraulic conductivities of soil) of a soil column – a higher anisotropy ratio favors and a low anisotropy ratio weakens this distribution. Furthermore, the time to attain steady state by a ditch drainage system can be considerable, particularly for situations where the drains are dug relatively deeper into a soil having a high anisotropy ratio. The analytical model presented here is significant as it can be used to design ditch drainage networks for reclaiming a salt-affected and/or waterlogged soil within a specified time.


Over the past generation, it has become increasingly clear to those on the left that the U.S. mass media, far from performing an autonomous and adversarial role in U.S. society, actively frame issues and promote news stories that serve the needs and concerns of the elite. Moreover, the importance of the leading corporate mass media in contemporary politics radically transcends the role of the mass media in earlier times. Hence, the Left has begun to pay considerable attention to how the media are structured and controlled and how they operate. Nevertheless, the ideology of the "free press" has proven to be a difficult adversary for left critics; as the media's operations are central to the modern polity, their legitimacy is shielded by layers and layers of ideological obfuscation.This article can also be found at the Monthly Review website, where most recent articles are published in full.Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the Monthly Review website.


This study was aimed to investigate the relationship between Language Learning Strategies (LLS) and the level of proficiency of students in Arabic Ab Initio language. There were also several studies done to investigate the achievement of students and their frequent usage of these Language Learning Strategies. Meanwhile, the level of student proficiency was measured by their results based on college-level exam results before they were registered in the Arabic Ab Initio classes. 162 year 1 students were selected randomly. These students were diverse in their courses ranging from Medicine, Engineering to Geology and Dentistry among others. This study used questionnaire as the main research tool to collect information on the use of language learning strategies. The questionnaire consisted of three parts, namely the demographic data, the Arabic Language Learning Strategies and motivation. The results showed that as a whole, the students had used language learning strategies at a moderate level. Metaphysics strategy was the most frequently used strategy. Also, it was found that high-achieving students used the language learning strategies more often and frequently as compared to other students of different proficiency. The Pearson test also showed that there was a significant positive correlation between Language Learning Strategies and the proficiency in the Arabic Ab Initio language.


We present the results of detailed dynamical simulations of the effect of the migration of the four giant planets on both the transport of pre-formed Neptune Trojans and the capture of new Trojans from a trans-Neptunian disc. The cloud of pre-formed Trojans consisted of thousands of massless particles placed on dynamically cold orbits around Neptune's L4 and L5 Lagrange points, while the trans-Neptunian disc contained tens of thousands of such particles spread on dynamically cold orbits between the initial and final locations of Neptune. Through the comparison of the results with the previous work on the known Neptunian Trojans, we find that scenarios involving the slow migration of Neptune over a large distance (50 Myr to migrate from 18.1 au to its current location, using an exponential-folding time of τ= 10 Myr ) provide the best match to the properties of the known Trojans. Scenarios with faster migration (5 Myr, with τ= 1 Myr ), and those in which Neptune migrates from 23.1 au to its current location, fail to adequately reproduce the current-day Trojan population. Scenarios which avoid disruptive perturbation events between Uranus and Neptune fail to yield any significant excitation of pre-formed Trojans (transported with efficiencies between 30 and 98 per cent whilst maintaining the dynamically cold nature of these objects – e < 0.1, i < 5° ). Conversely, scenarios with periods of strong Uranus–Neptune perturbation lead to the almost complete loss of such pre-formed objects. In these cases, a small fraction (∼0.15 per cent) of these escaped objects are later recaptured as Trojans prior to the end of migration, with a wide range of eccentricities (<0.35) and inclinations (<40°) . In all scenarios (including those with such disruptive interaction between Uranus and Neptune), the capture of objects from the trans-Neptunian disc (through which Neptune migrates) is achieved with efficiencies between ∼0.1 and ∼1 per cent. The captured Trojans display a wide range of inclinations ( <40° for slow migration, and <20° for rapid migration) and eccentricities (<0.35), and we conclude that, given the vast amount of material which undoubtedly formed beyond the orbit of Neptune, such captured objects may be sufficient to explain the entire Neptune Trojan population.


In recent years, the European Union has taken significant steps towards closer cooperation in the field of social protection and inclusion, recognising the contribution that social policy can make to economic performance. Greater cohesion has been promoted through the open method of coordination (OMC), a process based on the adoption of common objectives, reconfigured governance networks and policy learning and transfer. Homelessness is part of this agenda. This paper offers an assessment of the OMC hypothesis with respect to measuring homelessness. It demonstrates that the OMC process has had some success in promoting closer collaboration but that substantial differences remain between states in their approaches and methods to homelessness data collection. It concludes by arguing that the current approach to homelessness within Europe is unlikely to achieve the goal of developing integrated responses to prevent and address homelessness without significant additional direction and action at both European and national levels.


Abstract A high‐resolution image of the deep structures in the southeastern Tibetan plateau and Yangtze block was revealed by teleseismic inversion based on the dense teleseismic data collected from the permanent seismic stations and a recently deployed temporary seismic array. The results show that low‐velocity anomaly is imaged mainly in the eastern and southeastern Tibetan plateau (except the southern Panzhihua area) above 200 km depth in the upper mantle, whereas a high‐velocity anomaly exists to its east especially beneath the Sichuan basin. We infer the cold crustal and upper mantle of the Sichuan basin prevents the extrusion of mantle materials of the Tibetan plateau, while the cold lithosphere of the western Yangtze block is eroded by the upper‐mantle materials with high temperature from the extrusion of the Tibetan plateau. Under the Tengchong volcanic region, a low‐velocity anomaly extends to 300 km depth. A high‐velocity anomaly is shown beneath the region from the southern Sichuan to Yunnan in the mantle transition zone, and the anomaly reaches deeper to the lower mantle in the western Yunnan area. The widespread low velocity above the high velocity in the Yunnan region indicates the dehydration of the Indian plate may occur in the mantle transition zone, which causes fast‐rising heat and lower melting temperature in the upper mantle. A small‐scale, high‐velocity anomaly in the southern Panzhihua region is probably related to the late Paleozoic mantle plume activity. It plays an important role in impeding the southward extrusion of the plateau materials, which might be one of the causes for the rapid change of the polarization direction of the fast shear waves around the area.


Abstract Common Myna (Sturnus tristis, formerly Acridotheres tristis) is one of Australia's most readily identified pest species and have been implicated in the reduction of native fauna. This study aimed to determine the distribution, habitat use and roost site selection of Mynas on the urban fringes of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, as well as the avian species composition of areas in which Mynas occurred. The information was gathered with a view to estimating the impact of this invasive species on native avifauna. In total 3661 birds were counted in 1349 km of survey transects in western Sydney. Mynas were the most abundant bird recorded in the surveys, and exotic species accounted for 41% of all birds counted, but only 20% of the total number of species. Comparison of distribution data across habitat types suggests that Mynas do not extend far beyond urban habitats, and Mynas were primarily observed in suburban-industrial areas, small suburban reserves or sporting grounds and roadsides in semi-rural areas. Differences in sex-specific size distribution of Mynas occurred in semi-rural and urban areas. Urban areas also contained higher densities of preferred roosting trees with dense canopies, suggesting Myna populations have been aided by historical urban planning and landscaping. Together these data suggest that Mynas are likely to affect urban-dwelling native avifauna and that careful urban planning may reduce their distribution and potentially their impact.


Efforts to establish centralized hubs of information relevant to digital humanities (DH) have proven unsustainable over the long term. Comprehensive hubs are currently being re-designed with a smaller scope and focused curation. However, this smaller scope comes with the risk of decontextualization -- a digital humanities project is best understood through the intersection of its subject matter, methodologies and applications, not all of which are captured by any single site. This poster will trace the development and application of 'TaDiRAH' a shared taxonomy of digital humanities research activities and objects, created for the purpose of bridging the divide between related digital humanities hubs.


Current online social networks are massive and still growing. For example, Face book has over 500 million active users sharing over 30 billion items per month. The scale within these data streams has outstripped traditional graph analysis methods. Real-time monitoring for anomalies may require dynamic analysis rather than repeated static analysis. The massive state behind multiple persistent queries requires shared data structures and flexible representations. We present a framework based on the STINGER data structure that can monitor a global property, connected components, on a graph of 16 million vertices at rates of up to 240,000 updates per second on 32 processors of a Cray XMT. For very large scale-free graphs, our implementation uses novel batching techniques that exploit the scale-free nature of the data and run over three times faster than prior methods. Our framework handles, for the first time, real-world data rates, opening the door to higher-level analytics such as community and anomaly detection.


A conceptual mechanism of rockfill deformation was postulated by Oldecop & Alonso (2001) on the basis of the observed rockfill behaviour in suction-controlled oedometer tests. Rockfill mechanical behaviour was linked to water action by means of some crack propagation phenomena,
usually known as subcritical crack growth (Atkinson, 1984). For most rocks, the propagation velocity of cracks depends
on the applied loads and the chemical action of water contained within the rock particles. Water action is conveniently
measured by the relative humidity or by the total suction. It is believed that such phenomena are involved in rockfill particle breakage, an experimental fact that is well
recognised as being part of rockfill volumetric deformation under a wide range of stress states (Kjaernsli & Sande, 1963; Sowers et al., 1965; Fumagalli, 1969; Marsal, 1973). A phenomenological constitutive model was proposed (Oldecop & Alonso, 2001) for one-dimensional compression, in which total suction and total stress are the relevant variables. This initial approach was based on a reduced
number of laboratory tests, in which the vertical stress was limited to a maximum of 1 MPa. A new experimental programme was performed on the same material, using a
newly developed testing device. A large-diameter (300 mm) oedometer, specially designed for the control of relative
humidity by means of an air-flow circulation through the specimen, was built. The maximum vertical load was extended to 2·8 MPa in order to investigate the material behaviour
in a load range common to rockfill dam structures. New features of rockfill behaviour were observed during this
experimental programme. These are described in the paper. Moreover, the previously proposed constitutive model has been reformulated in order to extend its capabilities to cover these new features.


ABSTRACT This paper explores the digitalisation of teaching and learning understood as external processes, influenced by government and international trends and as internal processes within the institutions, in Denmark and Norway. These are countries with similarities regarding digitalisation and educational systems. In the internal processes, there was some use of digital technology in teaching and learning when initiated from administration including IT-staff, in collaboration with academic leaders. There was little or only limited reported use of technology for teaching and learning, when the processes were initiated by administration together with enthusiasts among faculty staff, who did not have leadership roles or influence on change. There was more reported use of technology in teaching and learning in Denmark than Norway. The paper discusses possible explanations for these findings and thus illuminates how processes of digitalisation are influenced by broader governance arrangements, institutional maturity and academic and administration staffs.


Experimental data to determine the true status of the turtle eggs as to whether they are cleidoic or non-cleidoic has been very
meagre. Needham (1931) deduced that turtle eggs are non-cleidoic or ' iniperfectly cleidoic'. Further reviewing the problem,
Needham (1942) termed turtle egg as ' intermediate'. Recently Pritchard (1979) has indicated that turtles lay cleidoic eggs. In the
case of the spiny soft shell turtle Trionix spiniferus which lays rigid shelled eggs, Packard and Packard (1983) opined that the egg is
cleidoic. Our obseryation on the flexible shelled egg of the, olive ridley Lepidochelys olivacea has shown that the egg of this sea
turtle is non-cleidoic. Based on the available data on capacity for water absorption, protein and lipid utilization and nitrogen
excretion during incubation in turtle eggs we feel that the sea and freshwater turtles lay non-cleidoic eggs.


An SOI (Silicon on Insulator) angular rate sensor with an open beam structure (OBS) has been designed and fabricated. To obtain good performance of the sensor, the FEM (Finite Element Method) analysis was carried out for several types of sensor structures to evaluate the vibration stability of the sensor. The stability of vibration modes was investigated by defining the independency between the excitation and detection vibration modes of the sensor structures. The FEM results showed the proposed OBS improved the independency by 60 times compared to the conventional structure.The OBS also made it possible to wire from electrodes beside the mass of the sensor to exterior bonding electrodes by mono-layer silicon on the SOI. Due to the easy wiring, the process became simple and low cost. The size of the sensor element was 1mm × 1mm × 0.5mm, and good linearity within +/- 0.5 % of the sensor output was obtained. The experimental results showed that the OBS provided fine sensor features; good stability in wide temperature range, and high precision. Therefore, this sensor is suitable for automotive applications, and has attained to mass production.


Manual horizontal cluster division may constitute an efficient tool to optimize wine composition. To test this hypothesis and to determine the optimal timing of this viticultural practice, the impact of cluster division on cluster morphology, bunch rot disease severity, and harvest parameters such as yield and total soluble solids was examined on the white Vitis vinifera L. cultivars Pinot gris and Riesling in the Luxembourgish winegrowing region in 2010 and 2011. Treatments were applied at five different times between prebloom (BBCH 57) and veraison (BBCH 81). In both varieties, all postbloom cluster division treatments were able to loosen the cluster structure and reduce the bunch rot disease severity. The later cluster division took place, the more pronounced were the effects on cluster structure. The density index was a suitable measure of the cluster structure and the predisposition to bunch rot infestation. Cluster division resulted in yield reductions (up to 30%), which increased with time after flowering. Postbloom cluster division may help to optimize wine quality by improving grape maturity due to crop load reduction, reducing fungal contamination, and improving grape composition through the possibility of elongating the ripening period. Postbloom horizontal cluster division can be recommended as an efficient crop cultural tool for premium wine production under cool-climate conditions.


John Saul's long association with African countries have drawn Saul not only to write widely on African questions but also to reflect more generally upon the situation in the broad range of regions in the global South that experience, in shared if also diverse ways, the hard facts of poverty and exclusion in the present world of capitalist globalization. In this title Saul interrogates the reality of "underdevelopment" in such an unequal world, one driven principally by western power and capitalist profit-seeking and supported by inequalities of power and influence within the countries of the "Third World" themselves. This title contributes significantly to the fine-tuning of our perceptions of the fundamental and varied forms of inequality that characterize the new imperial age, and has some very important things to say on the linkages between class-based struggles, progressive identity politics and assertions of gender equality. It calls for a synthesis of democratic, socialist and anti-imperialist sensibilities.


The new compact polarization rotator in anisotropic graded index Ti:LiNbO(3) channel waveguide is proposed and investigated by 3D beam propagation method (BPM). Device is based on a channel optical waveguide directed at small angle (about 5 degrees) with respect to Z-axis on Y-cut lithium niobate substrate. The polarization conversion from quasi-TE to quasi-TM guided modes (and backwards) along 8 mm long waveguide with an index contrast 0.015, has been numerically demonstrated. Device is intended for polarization diversity of integrated optic elements based on LiNbO(3) structures.


Contrary to widely used sequence-stratigraphic models, lowstand fans are only part of the turbidite depositional record; our analysis reveals that a comparable volume of coarse-grained sediment has been deposited in California borderland deep-water basins regardless of sea level. Sedimentation rates and periods of active sediment transport have been determined for deep-water canyon-channel systems contributing to the southeastern Gulf of Santa Catalina and San Diego Trough since 40 ka using an extensive grid of high-resolution and deep-penetration seismic-reflection data. A regional seismic-reflection horizon (40 ka) has been correlated across the study area using radiocarbon age dates from the Mohole borehole and U.S. Geological Survey piston cores. This study focused on the submarine fans fed by the Oceanside, Carlsbad, and La Jolla Canyons, all of which head within the length of the Ocean-side littoral cell. The Oceanside Canyon–channel system was active from 45 to 13 ka, and the Carlsbad system was active from 50 (or earlier) to 10 ka. The La Jolla system was active over two periods, from 50 (or earlier) to 40 ka, and from 13 ka to the present. One or more of these canyon-channel systems have been active regardless of sea level. During sea-level fluctuation, shelf width between the canyon head and the littoral zone is the primary control on canyon-channel system activity. Highstand fan deposition occurs when a majority of the sediment within the Oceanside littoral cell is intercepted by one of the canyon heads, currently La Jolla Canyon. Since 40 ka, the sedimentation rate on the La Jolla highstand fan has been >2 times the combined rates on the Oceanside and Carlsbad lowstand fans.


Most super-resolution microscopy methods depend on steps that contribute to the formation of image artefacts. Here we present NanoJ-SQUIRREL, an ImageJ-based analytical approach providing a quantitative assessment of super-resolution image quality. By comparing diffraction-limited images and super-resolution equivalents of the same focal volume, this approach generates a quantitative map of super-resolution defects, as well as methods for their correction. To illustrate its broad applicability to super-resolution approaches we apply our method to Localization Microscopy, STED and SIM images of a variety of in-cell structures including microtubules, poxviruses, neuronal actin rings and clathrin coated pits. We particularly focus on single-molecule localisation microscopy, where super-resolution reconstructions often feature imperfections not present in the original data. By showing the quantitative evolution of data quality over these varied sample preparation, acquisition and super-resolution methods we display the potential of NanoJ-SQUIRREL to guide optimization of superresolution imaging parameters.


MicroPET II is a second-generation animal PET scanner designed for high-resolution imaging of small laboratory rodents. The system consists of 90 scintillation detector modules arranged in three contiguous axial rings with a ring diameter of 16.0 cm and an axial length of 4.9 cm. Each detector module consists of a 14 x 14 array of lutetium oxyorthosilicate (LSO) crystals coupled to a multi-channel photomultiplier tube (MC-PMT) through a coherent optical fibre bundle. Each LSO crystal element measures 0.975 mm x 0.975 mm in cross section by 12.5 mm in length. A barium sulphate reflector material was used between LSO elements leading to a detector pitch of 1.15 mm in both axial and transverse directions. Fused optical fibre bundles were made from 90 microm diameter glass fibres with a numerical aperture of 0.56. Interstitial extramural absorber was added between the fibres to reduce optical cross talk. A charge-division readout circuit was implemented on printed circuit boards to decode the 196 crystals in each array from the outputs of the 64 anode signals of the MC-PMT. Electronics from Concorde Microsystems Inc. (Knoxville, TN) were used for signal amplification, digitization, event qualification, coincidence processing and data capture. Coincidence data were passed to a host PC that recorded events in list mode. Following acquisition, data were sorted into sinograms and reconstructed using Fourier rebinning and filtered hackprojection algorithms. Basic evaluation of the system has been completed. The absolute sensitivity of the microPET II scanner was 2.26% at the centre of the field of view (CFOV) for an energy window of 250-750 keV and a timing window of 10 ns. The intrinsic spatial resolution of the detectors in the system averaged 1.21 mm full width at half maximum (FWHM) when measured with a 22Na point source 0.5 mm in diameter. Reconstructed image resolution ranged from 0.83 mm FWHM at the CFOV to 1.47 mm FWHM in the radial direction, 1.17 mm FWHM in the tangential direction and 1.42 mm FWHM in the axial direction at 1 cm offset from the CFOV. These values represent highly significant improvements over our earlier microPET scanner (approximately fourfold sensitivity increase and 25-35% improvement in linear spatial resolution under equivalent operating conditions) and are expected to be further improved when the system is fully optimized.