Proto-rift, late Carboniferous fluvial and deltaic sandstones from the Asker Group are locally preserved in the upper Palaeozoic Oslo Rift. High-precision U–Pb ages of single detrital zircon grains from a Moscovian (late Westphalian to early Stephanian) sandstone and overlying tuffaceous sediments, that predated initial basaltic volcanism, have been used to study the provenance of the detritus and to evaluate the tectonic significance of the deposits. We find late Neoproterozoic (of Avalonian affinity), Cambro-Ordovician and early Carboniferous detrital zircons requiring that one of the source regions was located along, or south of, the axis between southern England and northeastern Germany and implying sediment transport from the south, probably as a consequence of uplift during the Asturic compressional phase of the Variscan Orogeny. Other age groups reflect typical Baltic sources, possibly from the Ringkøbing–Fyn High. Detrital zircons (and monazite) from underlying Silurian sandstone (Wenlock–Ludlow) yield Svecofennian to Sveconorwegian as well as late Ordovician ages but lack late Neopoterozoic (Avalonian) ages. It is thus unlikely that the bulk of the Carboniferous detritus could have been derived by recycling of preexisting Silurian sandstones. These data imply that the rivers feeding the Asker Group originated in the Variscan mountains and entered the Oslo proto-rift from the south, possibly via the Horn Graben or along the Sorgenfrei–Tornquist Zone.


A. G. Spalding was a key figure in the professionalization and commercialization of American sports. Co-founder of baseball's National League, owner of the Chicago White Stockings (later Cubs), and founder of a sporting goods business that made him a millionaire, Spalding not only willed baseball to be our national pastime but also contributed to making sport a significant part of American life. This biography captures the zest, flamboyance, and creativity of Albert Goodwell Spalding, a man of insatiable ego, a showman and entrepreneur, whose life illuminated the hopes and fears of 19th-century Americans. It is also a vivid evocation of the vanished world of 19th-century baseball, recreating a time when it was transformed from a game played on unkempt fields to modern style.


This definitive study of the life and works of Joseph Haydn represents half a century of research. As a curator of the Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde in Vienna, Dr. Geiringer was in charge of one of the world's leading Hayden collections. His scholarly investigations took him to various monasteries, to libraries in Eisenstadt, Prague, Berlin, Paris, London, and Washington, D.C., and, as a guest of the Hungarian government, to the previously almost inaccessible archives of the Princes of Esterhazy in Budapest. In the past decade, Haydn studies have progressed enormously. A thematic catalog is now available, and a substantial part of Haydn's vast creative output is accessible in critically revised editions. The new edition of Hayden: A Creatie Life in Music has been substantially rewritten to incorporate the results of recent research and to remove the tarnish that had assimilated on the picture of Haydn in the earlier years.


In recent years, Indonesia has introduced reforms to its bureaucracy in response to critiques of the quality of government policy design and delivery. The Grand Design of Bureaucratic Reform strategy seeks to reduce the number of civil servants employed in administrative or managerial positions (structural appointments) in favour of skills-based recruitment into 'functional' positions. Specifically, the introduction of the 'policy analyst' position as a functional position in the civil service has sought to improve evidence-based policy making and the quality of policy outcomes, by incorporating merit-based recruitment, appointment and promotion. The role of functional policy analysts (Jabatan Fungsional Analis Kebijakan or JFAKs) is to assist policy makers in identifying policy issues, analyse evidence available on these issues, and ultimately make policy recommendations. This report overviews the recent experiences of different policy analyst cohorts since the role's creation in 2015. It investigates these experiences to better understand the extent to which policy analysts are playing the role intended for them, and the factors enabling or inhibiting this.


Equality Without Tiers offers a comprehensive analysis of tiered equal protection review and argues that the current framework has outlived its utility and functions in many respects as a barrier to equality. As an alternative to the current ossified test, the article develops and tests a single standard of review aimed to provide a more finely calibrated response to the complexities of discrimination in the 21st century. To support this argument, the article focuses first on tensions in the current tiered framework for equal protection review, pointing to, among others, the Court's variously weak and strong approaches to rational basis review and the largely acontextual approach to affirmative action. Then, after identifying class legislation as the key focus of equal protection analysis, the article distills a single standard from the Court's extant equal protection jurisprudence. With this standard in place, I argue, both theoretically and through application of the standard to the several equal protection cases decided during the past three decades, that a single standard can enable sufficiently careful review to capture prejudice-infested classifications while not becoming excessively rigid. Against this background, the article concludes that the tiers may be understood best as a transitional analytic tool to assist courts in identifying impermissible bias in once-natural classifications. At the same time, I argue that the analysis prompted by the tiers is unduly simplistic and that serious scholarly consideration should be given to the possibilities for equal protection review opened up by a single review standard.


The aim of this paper is to provide a synthesis of the literature on defining quality in the context of higher education. During a search for relevant literature, the authors intentionally cast a wide net, beginning with a broad search in Google Scholar and followed by a narrower search in educational databases, including Academic Search Complete, Education Research Complete, Education Resources Information Center (ERIC), and SAGE Premier. The authors identified both peer-reviewed journal articles and publications from professional organizations, such as the International Organization for Standardization. The paper begins with a discussion of the existing challenges and strategies for defining quality. Next, the authors provide a conceptual model of quality based on their review of the literature. Then, they examine some considerations for defining quality assurance and provide recommendations to help bring greater clarity and alignment to existing quality assurance practices. Their findings reveal important gaps in the literature. First, more research is needed to determine the feasibility of developing a universal definition of quality that would apply to different types of institutions in diverse geographic locations. Second, more research is needed to better understand the influence of culture on the use and meaning of quality terminology. Specifically, research is needed to determine whether the terms, quality and quality assurance, are applicable across cultures and, if so, whether there are distinct regional and national meanings of these terms. Finally, the relationship between quality assurance and accreditation in the literature is unclear. DOI:  10.18870/hlrc.v5i3.244


Abstract. The WAter Cycle Multi-mission Observation Strategy – EvapoTranspiration (WACMOS-ET) project aims to advance the development of land evaporation estimates on global and regional scales. Its main objective is the derivation, validation, and intercomparison of a group of existing evaporation retrieval algorithms driven by a common forcing data set. Three commonly used process-based evaporation methodologies are evaluated: the Penman–Monteith algorithm behind the official Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) evaporation product (PM-MOD), the Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model (GLEAM), and the Priestley–Taylor Jet Propulsion Laboratory model (PT-JPL). The resulting global spatiotemporal variability of evaporation, the closure of regional water budgets, and the discrete estimation of land evaporation components or sources (i.e. transpiration, interception loss, and direct soil evaporation) are investigated using river discharge data, independent global evaporation data sets and results from previous studies. In a companion article (Part 1), Michel et al. (2016) inspect the performance of these three models at local scales using measurements from eddy-covariance towers and include in the assessment the Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS) model. In agreement with Part 1, our results indicate that the Priestley and Taylor products (PT-JPL and GLEAM) perform best overall for most ecosystems and climate regimes. While all three evaporation products adequately represent the expected average geographical patterns and seasonality, there is a tendency in PM-MOD to underestimate the flux in the tropics and subtropics. Overall, results from GLEAM and PT-JPL appear more realistic when compared to surface water balances from 837 globally distributed catchments and to separate evaporation estimates from ERA-Interim and the model tree ensemble (MTE). Nonetheless, all products show large dissimilarities during conditions of water stress and drought and deficiencies in the way evaporation is partitioned into its different components. This observed inter-product variability, even when common forcing is used, suggests that caution is necessary in applying a single data set for large-scale studies in isolation. A general finding that different models perform better under different conditions highlights the potential for considering biome- or climate-specific composites of models. Nevertheless, the generation of a multi-product ensemble, with weighting based on validation analyses and uncertainty assessments, is proposed as the best way forward in our long-term goal to develop a robust observational benchmark data set of continental evaporation.


Carbonate factory turnovers are the integrated result of climatic, oceanographic and biological controls. Sedimentological, geochemical and palaeontological data from core XK-1 drilled in the Xisha Islands, South China Sea, reveal that photozoan to heterozoan carbonate factory turnovers during the Early and Middle Miocene in isolated carbonate platforms were mainly caused by changes in the upwelling regime. A heterozoan open bank association thrived in tropical shallow water under conditions of nutrient excess, indicated by high ln(Cu/Ti) and ln(Ba/Ti), and by the increased abundances of rhodoliths and some foraminifer genera. During the Early and Middle Miocene, episodes characterized by a heterozoan carbonate production correlate with times of East Asian Summer Monsoon strengthening, especially from 21.2 to 17.3 Ma and from 15.6 to 11.6 Ma. This study thus provides new insights into the variability of shallow water carbonate deposition in monsoon-influenced areas and also shows that carbonate factory turnovers can contribute to a better understanding of the monsoon's evolution. Supplementary material: Biostratigraphic and magnetostratigraphic data, coral content, geochemical data and mineral compositions related to this study are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4507070


Objective: Plasma markers of coagulation and fibrinolysis have proved sensitive in the initial diagnosis of acute deep venous thrombosis (DVT). The purpose of this study was to examine the evolution and utility of measuring D-dimer and prothrombin fragment 1+2 (F 1+2) levels after an acute DVT. Methods: Subjects with DVT confirmed by ultrasonography had quantitative plasma Ddimer and F 1+2 levels determined before anticoagulation. Ultrasound scan and coagulation studies were repeated at 3, 7, and 14 days; 1 month; and every 3 months for 1 year. Results: Sixty-one patients with a median initial thrombus score of 3 (interquartile range, 2-7) were followed up for 266 days (interquartile range, 91.5-364 days). Initial D-dimer levels were elevated in 92.7% of patients and were associated with thrombus extent (P = .003), whereas F 1+2 levels were increased in 94.5% of patients and were lower in patients with isolated calf vein thrombosis (P = .001). Initial D-dimer (P = .002) and F 1+2 levels (P = .009) were significantly higher in the 26 (43%) patients with recurrent thrombosis during follow-up. Initial D-dimer levels of 2000 ng/mL or greater were predictive of recurrent events after both proximal and isolated calf vein thrombosis. Although interval increases in these markers had little value in detecting recurrent thrombotic events, D-dimer levels of 1000 ng/mL or greater and 500 ng/mL or greater had respective sensitivities of 89.3% and 100% in detecting early and late recurrences. Corresponding specificities were 35.6% and 53.9%. Conclusions: Initial D-dimer levels are determined by total thrombus load and remain elevated long after an acute DVT. F 1+2 levels are less sensitive to thrombus score and return to baseline more quickly. Initial levels of these markers may have some utility in predicting the risk of ultrasound scan‐documented recurrences, whereas increased D-dimer levels are a sensitive but nonspecific marker of these events. (J Vasc Surg 2000;32:870-80.)


The central theme of this collection is the epistemological status of constraints and preferences in linguistics. The contributions focus mainly on phonology; one article deals explicitly with morphology. The approaches to phonology represented in the volume are those of Natural Phonology, Government Phonology, Optimality Theory, autosegemental phonology, and computational phonology. Constraints are juxtaposed either to rules or to preferences in the discussion of constraint-based vs. preference-based theories.


AACR Annual Meeting-- Apr 18-22, 2009; Denver, CO

Background and Objective: Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is the most prevalent precursor to invasive breast cancer, the second leading cause of death in women in the United States. In 2007, there were over 60,000 cases of DCIS alone. More importantly, 80% of the nearly 180,000 cases of invasive breast cancer in 2007 had co-existing DCIS. While DCIS itself is not a life-threatening disease, DCIS is the most important known precursor to invasive breast cancer. Our laboratory has developed a mathematical framework to describe the growth of DCIS at the cell and tissue scale. We now seek to parameterize the model with sub cellular information. We have used the fraction of ki-67 positive tumor cells in biopsy material to represent the proliferative index (PI). However, low PI suffers from a lack of sufficient sample to accurately quantify the ki-67-positive fraction. We seek to identify another marker related to ki-67 positivity but that can be more accurately measured in small samples of DCIS. The three most important prognostic markers for invasive breast cancer are Estrogen receptor (ER), Progesterone receptor (PR) and HER2/neu. All the three markers are known to have a role as a signal to increase proliferation of cells in invasive breast cancer. However, they have not been well studied in DCIS. We hypothesize that the PI, defined as the fraction of ki-67 positive cells, is determined by interplay between ER, PR and HER2/neu receptors. We seek a mathematical relationship between PI and ER, PR and HER2/neu expression. Materials and Methods: Using immunohistochemistry, we have measured ki-67, ER, PR and HER2/neu positivity for a series of cases of DCIS without invasion. Results: If HER2/neu is not expressed (negative staining), then PI has a linear relationship with the average of the ER and PR fraction of positive cells. However, if HER2/neu is positive, then ER/PR positivity makes a negligible contribution to PI. Most of the HER2/neu positive cases are almost completely 100% positive. Conclusion: The results of the above experiment demonstrate that PI of DCIS is a function of the interplay between ER, PR and HER2/neu activity. If Her2/neu is negative, then we can predict PI from the fraction of ER and PR positive cells. This fraction is an order of magnitude higher than the ki-67 positive fraction, enabling us to estimate PI more accurately when the ki-67 positive fraction is small and the sample is limited (e.g. a core biopsy). If the Her2/neu pathway is activated, it appears to overwhelm the effects of ER and PR even if these are also positive. These findings will be discussed not only in terms of their importance to measuring input parameters to mathematical models of DCIS, but also for their implications for understanding the interactions of these sub cellular molecular networks in the control of proliferation in DCIS.

Citation Information: In: Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res; 2009 Apr 18-22; Denver, CO. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; 2009. Abstract nr 2444.


After weathering years of financial upheaval, Russia has recovered to become one of the ten largest economic powers in the world. It is the third-largest trade partner of the European Union, the fourth-largest trade partner of the Eurozone, and an essential energy supplier to the EU. This impressive recovery has made Russia an economic and political actor that cannot be ignored. This book describes the country's evolving policy framework and macroeconomic performance, from the difficult days of transition recession and the 1998 financial crisis to the sustained and robust growth since 1999 that is only partially related to the energy price cycle. It examines the improved Russian macro- and microeconomic policy frameworks -- in particular the components that impact the country's fiscal and monetary systems, foreign direct investment, competitiveness, energy sector, social development, and state reform. The study also looks at some of Russia's remaining reform priorities and provides policy recommendations.


Driven by the ever-increasing intensity of Olympic competition and the 'no compromise – no stone unturned' requirements frequently addressed by HM Government and its main agency, UK Sport, a change in culture across Olympic team landscapes is a common occurrence. With a focus on process, this paper presents reflections from eight current or recently serving UK Olympic sport Performance Directors on their experiences of creating and disseminating their vision for their sport, a vital initial activity of the change initiative. To facilitate a broad overview of this construct, reflections are structured around the vision's characteristics and foundations, how it is delivered to key stakeholder groups, how it is influenced by these groups, the qualities required to ensure its longevity and its limitations. Emerging from these perceptions, the creation and maintenance of a shared team vision was portrayed as a highly dynamic task requiring the active management of a number of key internal and external stakeholders. Furthermore, the application of 'dark' traits and context-specific expertise were considered critical attributes for the activity's success. Finally, recent calls for research to elucidate the wider culture optimisation process are reinforced.


This analysis of the SCHIP and Medicaid application processes in 8 states finds that states have implemented similar strategies for simplifying SCHIP enrollment, but simplifications to Medicaid are less extensive. Inconsistencies between SCHIP and Medicaid eligibility requirements and procedures can make the enrollment process confusing for families. While less than 50 percent of applications were approved for SCHIP in many states, a large proportion appeared eligible for Medicaid and were referred to that program. Large proportions of SCHIP applications are denied for procedural reasons. SCHIP programs ask families about existing health insurance coverage, but only a small proportion already have insurance. State data systems cannot precisely report on the outcomes of the eligibility process.


With examples drawn from media coverage of the War on Terror, the 2003 invasion of Iraq, Hurricane Katrina and the London underground bombings, Cultural Chaos explores the changing relationship between journalism and power in an increasingly globalised news culture.

In this new text, Brian McNair examines the processes of cultural, geographic and political dissolution in the post-Cold War era and the rapid evolution of information and communication technologies. He investigates the impact of these trends on domestic and international journalism and on political processes in democratic and authoritarian societies across the world.

Written in a lively and accessible style, Cultural Chaos provides students with an overview of the evolution of the sociology of journalism, a critical review of current thinking within media studies and an argument for a revision and renewal of the paradigms that have dominated the field since the early twentieth century. Separate chapters are devoted to new developments such as the rise of the blogosphere and satellite television news and their impact on journalism more generally.

Cultural Chaos will be essential reading for all those interested in the emerging globalised news culture of the twenty-first century.


Herein, the preparation of 1D TiO2 nanocolumnar films grown by plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition is reported as the electron selective layer (ESL) for perovskite solar devices. The impact of the ESL architecture (1D and 3D morphologies) and the nanocrystalline phase (anatase and amorphous) is analyzed. For anatase structures, similar power conversion efficiencies are achieved using an ESL either the 1D nanocolumns or the classical 3D nanoparticle film. However, lower power conversion efficiencies and different optoelectronic properties are found for perovskite devices based on amorphous 1D films. The use of amorphous TiO2 as electron selective contact produces a bump in the reverse scan of the current–voltage curve as well as an additional electronic signal, detected by impedance spectroscopy measurements. The dependence of this additional signal on the optical excitation wavelength used in the IS experiments suggests that it stems from an interfacial process. Calculations using a drift‐diffusion model which explicitly considers the selective contacts reproduces qualitatively the main features observed experimentally. These results demonstrate that for a solar cell in which the contact is working properly the open‐circuit photovoltage is mainly determined by bulk recombination, whereas the introduction of a "bad contact" shifts the balance to surface recombination.


Abstract. The radiative impact and climate effects of geoengineering using sea-spray aerosols have been investigated in the HadGEM2-ES Earth system model using a fully prognostic treatment of the sea-spray aerosols and also including their direct radiative effect. Two different emission patterns were considered, one to maximise the direct effect in clear skies, the other to maximise the indirect effects of the sea-spray on low clouds; in both cases the emissions were limited to 10% of the ocean area. While the direct effect was found to be significant, the indirect effects on clouds were much more effective in reducing global mean temperature as well as having less of an impact on global mean precipitation per unit temperature reduction. The impact on the distribution of precipitation was found to be similar in character, but less in degree, to that simulated by a previous study using a much simpler treatment of this geoengineering process.


Nathaniel Hawthorne remains one of the most widely read and taught of American authors. This Historical Guide collects a number of original essays by Hawthorne scholars that place the author in historical context. Like other volumes in the series, A Historical Guide to Nathaniel Hawthorne includes an introduction, a brief biography, a bibliographical essay, and an illustrated chronology of the author's life and times. Combining cultural criticism with historical scholarship, this volume addresses a wide range of topics relevant to Hawthorne's work, including his relationship to slavery, children, mesmerism, and the visual arts.


The professional development and training programmes, which are implemented according to the legal provisions in force in the education area, using communication infrastructures and the eLearning environment, can be postgraduate programmes and/or programmes reaching to the teaching staff in the undergraduate education system.
A programme can develop specific competences for a study area and/or common (transversal) competences in using modern teaching/evaluation tools, pedagogy / learning psychology and /or management of education processes in the context of globalization and world economic crisis. Recent studies show that programmes that cover common competences, in the most cases, have a greater positive impact on the future performance of the participants than programmes aiming to develop specific competences.
In this context, communication, multimedia and project management are common competences that are complementing the specific competences of the teaching staff and, in the same time, allow education institutions to organise flexible professional development and training programmes, carried out at distance partially or totally and approach busy persons or persons interested in extending and/ or developing their professional competences in general or specific areas of activity.
The present paper is intended to analyze the experience gained after implementing a project that had as objective carrying on a number of programmes addressed to teachers from the undergraduate education system and present good practices extracted during this time frame. Among the subjects that were covered by the programmes that are analyzed were Project writing, management and implementation and School management adapted to the realities of the Romanian society. The programmes are innovative and module-based, covering both common and specific competences.


The Rho family of small GTPase proteins comprises Cdc42, Rac, and Rho. They are important for mediating actin reorganization and cell growth, and are essential for Ras-induced cellular transformation. Guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitors (GDIs) antagonize Rho activity by blocking guanine exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) that normally regulate Rho proteins. GDIs also sequester Rho away from the plasma membrane. Hoffman et al. report the x-ray crystallographic structure of a RhoGDI/Cdc42 complex that may explain how RhoGDI is able to perform several means of inhibition. The first step in Cdc42 inhibition involves the NH2-terminal arm on RhoGDI that binds to the switch I and II domains of Cdc42, preventing GDP dissociation and GTP hydrolysis. This positions the geranylgeranyl-binding region on RhoGDI close to the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane near the geranylgeranyl moiety of Cdc42. Subsequently, this may allow the hydrophobic lipid to be relocated from the plasma membrane to the RhoGDI-binding pocket without contacting the hydrophilic cytoplasm. Rho proteins are thus relocated into the cytoplasm away from active signaling pathways. Hoffman, G.R., Nassar, N., and Cerione, R.A. (2000) Structure of the Rho family GTP-binding protein Cdc42 in complex with the multifunctional regulator RhoGDI. Cell 100: 345-356. [Online Journal]


Abstract. The atmospheric circulation is a key area of uncertainty in climate model simulations of future climate change, especially in mid-latitude regions such as Europe where atmospheric dynamics have a significant role in climate variability. It has been proposed that the mid-Holocene was characterized in Europe by a stronger westerly circulation in winter comparable with a more positive AO/NAO, and a weaker westerly circulation in summer caused by anti-cyclonic blocking near Scandinavia. Model simulations indicate at best only a weakly positive AO/NAO, whilst changes in summer atmospheric circulation have not been widely investigated. Here we use a new pollen-based reconstruction of European mid-Holocene climate to investigate the role of atmospheric circulation in explaining the spatial pattern of seasonal temperature and precipitation anomalies. We find that the footprint of the anomalies is entirely consistent with those from modern analogue atmospheric circulation patterns associated with a strong westerly circulation in winter (positive AO/NAO) and a weak westerly circulation in summer associated with anti-cyclonic blocking (positive SCAND). We find little agreement between the reconstructed anomalies and those from 14 GCMs that performed mid-Holocene experiments as part of the PMIP3/CMIP5 project, which show a much greater sensitivity to top-of-the-atmosphere changes in solar insolation. Our findings are consistent with data–model comparisons on contemporary timescales that indicate that models underestimate the role of atmospheric circulation in recent climate change, whilst also highlighting the importance of atmospheric dynamics in explaining interglacial warming.


The article deals with the relationship between verbal communication as a teaching objective and as a medium of teaching/learning. This relationship is of special interest for foreign language teaching/ learning aiming at ccmnunicative competence in spoken language. The article enters into the question in which ways teaching/learning ob-jects are constituted in the course of ongoing interaction, how acti-vities with regard to such objects are stimulated and steered, and what kinds of activities are defined by the participants themselves as LEARNING or count for them as such. Psycholinguistic input-(in-take) output models are being argued against, because classroom learning is not simply characterized by ready-made prestructured in-put and predetermined output, but both have first to be constituted through some strategic form of social interaction.Two examples of foreign language learning in the classroom are pre-sented: first of an EFL lesson, where the distortion of target langu-age function potential is demonstrated and the "staged" production of language prof iciency within a pedagogic interaction pattern is shown; and second of a German FL lesson, where a grammatical item is focussed and exercised. The sequence is an example of rigorous reali-zation of the I(nitiation)-R(esponse)-E(valuation) pattern as the ba-sic pattern of sequential organization in the classroom. It clearly shows how LEARNING is defined/executed as standardized response for-mats and "conditioned" chains of I-R-pairs. Many of the performed linguistic deviations(of the target language)seem due to interaction mechanisms rather than to general principles of language development.Conversational analysis of teaching-learning discourse shows that learning is not merely to be considered as a direct conventionalized consequence of ( initiating ) teaching ( acts ). On the one hand the inter-action pattern is merely a framework wherein "inner" mental processes are evoked and organized, which can manifest themselves in various forms. On the other hand there is a strong tendency for the teacher to control the entire learning process and to make expected outcomes collectively significant and thus for the learner a tendency mainly to adjust to prefabricated response formats, which at the same time serve as evidence for didactically intended cognitions. Hence, the stronger the predetermination and imposing of LEARNING by the teach-er, the more learning tends to become a mere guessing game and pure-ly mechanical.The restrictions of traditional classrooms are obvious from these examples: restrictions with regard to the experience of functional potential of the target language and with regard to the embedding of focussed learning-items into a functional perspective. These re-strictions have to be changed in order to enable learners to parti-cipate in problem-constitution, to bring in own perceptions of con-cepts/problems and to bring in own problem-solving strategies as systematic parts of language development and as systematic parts of official classroom discourse, i.e. as objects of active mutual indication and interpretation.Conversational analysis can be an important tool for the study of such "alternative" structuring of classroom interaction and its con-tribution to a more learner-centered and functionally oriented (foreign)language LEARNING.


Robust information on animal distributions and foraging behaviour is required to target management and conservation measures for protected species and populations. Visual survey data are commonly used to model these distributions. However, because visual data can only be collected in daylight, modelled distributions and consequent management actions may fail to identify or protect important nocturnal habitats. We explored this issue using data from the Moray Firth, Scotland, where visual survey data have previously been used to characterise habitat use and distribution patterns of harbour porpoises Phocoena phocoena. Marine predators such as harbour porpoises have a widespread distribution, are highly mobile and are known to exhibit behavioural variation in relation to diel cycles. Here, we used long-term passive acoustic data which revealed habitat-specific differences in diel patterns of detection. Harbour porpoises were detected consistently during night and day in sandy areas, with peaks in detection around sunrise and sunset, and at night in muddy areas. Detections also varied with depth, with the greatest proportion of daytime detections recorded in shallower sandy areas, and the most nighttime detections recorded in deeper muddy areas. The proportion of detections with foraging buzzes increased slightly during the night and in muddy habitats. These findings suggest that the importance of muddy habitats could be underestimated when using visual survey data alone. This highlights the value of using a combination of visual and acoustic methods both to characterise species distribution and to support efforts to develop appropriate spatio-temporal management of key habitats.


The purpose of the Meta-Parallel Evolutionary System (MPES) is to develop fast, efficient parallel evolutionary systems for function optimization. Given an optimization problem and a set number of nodes available for the computation, the MPES searches for a strong, potentially heterogeneous combination of evolutionary algorithms to coordinate in order to effectively solve a problem. The Evolutionary Algorithms that are utilized in the parallel system are a Particle Swarm Optimizer (PSO), a variety of Genetic Algorithms (GAs), and an Evolutionary Hill-Climber Algorithm (EHC). The subpopulations communicate with each other via one or more centralized buffers. At a higher level exists the MPES, which uses evolutionary methods in order to discover parameters for effective parallel systems. This methodology provides an immediate benefit in the form of a strong tool to solve the optimization problem. Further, it provides a long-term benefit by identifying a system that has the potential to effectively solve other difficult optimization problems with a similar search space.


The literature on industrial districts in advanced and less developed countries has shown that clustering helps local enterprises overcome growth constraints and compete in distant markets. Nevertheless, recent contributions have stressed that more attention needs to be paid to external linkages and to the role played by global buyers to foster upgrading at cluster level. In this study, we contribute to this debate focusing on the analysis of the relationships existing between clustering, global value chains, upgrading and sectoral patterns of innovation in Latin America. We find that sectoral specificities matter and influence the mode and the extent of upgrading in clusters integrated in global value chains.


We present a semi-supervised domain adaptation framework for brain vessel segmentation from different image modalities. Existing state-of-the-art methods focus on a single modality, despite the wide range of available cerebrovascular imaging techniques. This can lead to significant distribution shifts that negatively impact the generalization across modalities. By relying on annotated angiographies and a limited number of annotated venographies, our framework accomplishes image-to-image translation and semantic segmentation, leveraging a disentangled and semantically rich latent space to represent heterogeneous data and perform image-level adaptation from source to target domains. Moreover, we reduce the typical complexity of cycle-based architectures and minimize the use of adversarial training, which allows us to build an efficient and intuitive model with stable training. We evaluate our method on magnetic resonance angiographies and venographies. While achieving state-of-the-art performance in the source domain, our method attains a Dice score coefficient in the target domain that is only 8.9% lower, highlighting its promising potential for robust cerebrovascular image segmentation across different modalities.


BACKGROUND
A number of studies have pointed to the involvement of AKT signaling pathways in the etiology of schizophrenia. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the AKT1 gene is involved in the etiology of schizophrenia and whether it affects therapeutic outcomes in the Chinese population.

METHOD
Five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped among 384 schizophrenic patients (DSM-IV criteria) and 384 healthy controls from the Chinese population. We systematically analyzed the association of the AKT1 gene with schizophrenia on the basis of sex, age at onset, therapeutic response to typical antipsychotics and atypical antipsychotics, and presence or absence of extrapyramidal syndrome. The study was conducted from May 2004 to June 2006.

RESULTS
We found a positive association of the G allele of the SNP marker rs3803300 with schizophrenia (p = .003), both in early-onset and late-onset subjects, and that a haplotype A-G-C-G-A constructed by the 5 SNPs showed significant association (p = .00004886). However, we found no relationship between any of the 5 SNP markers and therapeutic response to typical and atypical antipsychotics and chlorpromazine-induced extrapyramidal syndrome.

CONCLUSIONS
Our study suggests that AKT1 is a susceptibility gene for schizophrenia in the Chinese population and that the AKT1 gene may play no major role in the therapeutic response to antipsychotics or in chlorpromazine-induced extrapyramidal syndrome.


Is gender inequality in unpaid work within households implicated in falling fertility rates? This paper investigates whether the likelihood couples with one child will have more children is affected by: (i) the amount of household labor they each perform or (ii) the way they divide household labor between themselves. Drawing a sample of partnered couples with one child (n = 573) from the longitudinal Household, Income and Labor Dynamics in Australia survey, we conduct multivariate regression analysis and find the more housework that Australian women do, the less likely they are to have more children. Neither fathers' time allocation to housework, nor relative shares of housework, were found to have an effect on subsequent fertility. Thus, mothers' own domestic workloads negatively impacted upon fertility, but shares of housework did not.


The Qatar National Development Framework 2032 outlines the need for enforcing a green belt around the city of Doha to limit urban sprawl and to create a transition zone from the urban to the natural desert environment. Green spaces have been shown to positively affect physical and mental human health mainly by creating opportunities for active living, improving air quality, as well as lowering temperature and runoff. Connected green spaces (CGSs) may offer greater benefits since a network of green spaces may provide a broader range of essential ecological functions and support a wealthier biodiversity. Here, we explore the planning aspect and form of CGSs, specifically applied to Doha city. First, we put forward the practical and achievable shapes of CGSs and linking corridors. We then present the feasibility of CGSs in arid regions, including the use of treated sewage effluent for irrigation to conserve resources, the need for the selection of native flora and fauna species to sustain connectivity between the built and the natural desert environment, as well as issues of invasive species and pest control. Al Garrafa area will be used as a case study to identify the potential for CGSs in Doha.


In this article, I shall consider a method for conceptual analysis which has been called the Canberra Plan. The Canberra Plan is not, however, aimed primarily at the elucidation of the relevant concept, but at the metaphysical question of identifying the descriptive (or natural or physical) property that corresponds to the concept. The idea of the Canberra Plan is, more specifically, (a) to clarify the import of the concept by reference to the role the concept plays in a network of concepts, principles, and claims, and (b) to investigate and see what, if any, descriptive property corresponds to the concept thus analyzed. The question of what descriptive property, if any, corresponds to the concept of law should be of considerable interest to jurisprudents, not only because the meta-ethical question of whether legal properties are descriptive, or even natural or physical, is generally interesting, but also because the existence of such descriptive (or natural or physical) legal properties is precisely what is asserted by legal positivists through the so-called social thesis, which has it that we determine what the law is using factual criteria. In order to investigate this question, I shall carry out a Canberra-style analysis of the concept of law, and I shall argue, tentatively, (1) that X is law if, and only if, (i) X is a relation between (alfa) a system of norms all of which can be traced back to one of several recognized sources of law that can be handled on the basis of exclusively factual considerations, and (beta) an organization that is constituted and regulated by the norms of the system and whose task it is to interpret and apply these norms, (ii) X aspires to regulate social life in general, (iii) X is non-optional, and (iv) X claims to trump competing normative systems. In addition, I shall argue, equally tentatively, (2a) that the property of being law is precisely the descriptive property that satisfies the conditions (i)-(iv), (2b) that this property is a role property, not a realizer property, and (2c) that there is very little to be said about the legal realizer property on a general level and that the legal realizer property differs in this regard from moral and mental realizer properties. I shall, however, also argue (3a) that the analyst who applies the Canberra Plan to the concept of law will almost certainly find it very difficult to come up with a collection of sufficiently rich analytic platitudes, especially what Frank Jackson calls input and output clauses, (3b) that he is not likely to get much help from the idea of mature legal thinking (introduced here as an analog to Jackson's idea of mature folk morality), and (3c) that the so-called permutation problem, which is very problematic, will arise as a result of the above-mentioned lack of input and output clauses. And I shall therefore argue (4) that, as things stand, the Canberra Plan will not help us clarify the nature of law or lend support to the strong social thesis of legal positivism.


Abstract Sensitivity analysis has successfully located the most efficient regions in which to apply passive control in many globally unstable flows. As is shown here and in previous studies, the standard sensitivity analysis, which is linear (first order) with respect to the actuation amplitude, predicts that steady spanwise wavy alternating actuation/modification has no effect on the stability of planar flows, because the eigenvalue change integrates to zero in the spanwise direction. In experiments, however, spanwise wavy modification has been shown to stabilize the flow behind a cylinder quite efficiently. In this paper, we generalize sensitivity analysis by examining the eigenvalue drift (including stabilization/destabilization) up to second order in the perturbation, and show how the second-order eigenvalue changes can be computed numerically by overlapping the adjoint eigenfunction with the first-order global eigenmode correction, shown here for the first time. We confirm the prediction against a direct computation, showing that the eigenvalue drift due to a spanwise wavy base flow modification is of second order. Further analysis reveals that the second-order change in the eigenvalue arises through a resonance of the original (2-D) eigenmode with other unperturbed eigenmodes that have the same spanwise wavelength as the base flow modification. The eigenvalue drift due to each mode interaction is inversely proportional to the distance between the eigenvalues of the modes (which is similar to resonance), but also depends on mutual overlap of direct and adjoint eigenfunctions (which is similar to pseudoresonance). By this argument, and by calculating the most sensitive regions identified by our analysis, we explain why an in-phase actuation/modification is better than an out-of-phase actuation for control of wake flows by spanwise wavy suction and blowing. We also explain why wavelengths several times longer than the wake thickness are more efficient than short wavelengths.


The multi-tier implementation has become the industry standard for developing scalable client-server enterprise applications. Since these applications are performance sensitive, effective models for dynamic resource provisioning and for delivering quality of service to these applications become critical. Workloads in such environments are characterized by client sessions of interdependent requests with changing transaction mix and load over time, making model adaptivity to the observed workload changes a critical requirement for model effectiveness. In this work, we apply a regression-based approximation of the CPU demand of client transactions on a given hardware. Then we use this approximation in an analytic model of a simple network of queues, each queue representing a tier, and show the approximation's effectiveness for modeling diverse workloads with a changing transaction mix over time. Using the TPC- W benchmark and its three different transaction mixes we investigate factors that impact the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed performance prediction models. Experimental results show that this regression-based approach provides a simple and powerful solution for efficient capacity planning and resource provisioning of multi-tier applications under changing workload conditions.


In 1965, the UK excised the Chagos Islands from the colony of Mauritius to create the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT) in connection with the founding of a US military facility on the island of Diego Garcia. Consequently, the inhabitants of the Chagos Islands were secretly exiled to Mauritius, where they became chronically impoverished. This book considers the resonance of international law for the Chagos Islanders. It advances the argument that BIOT constitutes a 'Non-Self-Governing Territory' pursuant to the provisions of Chapter XI of the UN Charter and for the wider purposes of international law. In addition, the book explores the extent to which the right of self-determination, indigenous land rights and a range of obligations contained in applicable human rights treaties could support the Chagossian right to return to BIOT. However, the rights of the Chagos Islanders are premised on the assumption that the UK possesses a valid sovereignty claim over BIOT. The evidence suggests that this claim is questionable and it is disputed by Mauritius. Consequently, the Mauritian claim threatens to compromise the entitlements of the Chagos Islanders in respect of BIOT as a matter of international law. This book illustrates the ongoing problems arising from international law's endorsement of the territorial integrity of colonial units for the purpose of decolonisation at the expense of the countervailing claims of colonial self-determination by non-European peoples that inhabited the same colonial unit. The book uses the competing claims to the Chagos Islands to demonstrate the need for a more nuanced approach to the resolution of sovereignty disputes resulting from the legacy of European colonialism.


For many users with a disability it can be difficult or impossible to use a computer mouse to navigate the web. An alternative way to select elements on a web page is the label typing approach, in which users select elements by typing part of the label. In most cases, these labels are specified by the page authors, but some selectable elements do not have an obvious textual description, thus requiring that a label be generated. The set of element labels on a web page must be both efficient to select by text input and meaningful to the user. This paper discusses our approach to this problem, using page structural analysis and user history to determine important elements of a page, and then matching this information with the efficiency model of the input device.


Abstract Global warming is a major challenge for this planet, and its solution requires efforts throughout society. Maritime transportation, which carries more than 90% of the global trade, plays a critical role in the contribution of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, the GHGs emitted by the global fleet still fall outside the emission reduction scheme established by the Kyoto Protocol. Alternative solutions are therefore sought. Several market-based measures have been proposed and submitted to IMO for discussion and evaluation. In this paper, we focus on one of these measures, namely the Maritime Emissions Trading Scheme (METS). An optimization model that integrates (global or regional) METS into the classical fleet composition and deployment problem is proposed. This model is used as a tool to study the impact of METS on fleet operations and their CO2 emissions. The results of the computational study suggest that, in the short term, the implementation of METS does not lead to emission reduction in most scenarios. However, in the case of low bunker prices, high allowance costs or global METS coverage, a more significant CO2 decrease in the short term can be expected.


Purpose – This article reports the results of an empirical research that sought to understand the many meanings referring to Christmas that appear in letters written by children and sent to Santa Claus. It is based on the idea that, by means of a playful activity such as writing Christmas letters, children would be able to bring up a variety of issues referring to their daily lives. Design/methodology/approach – This research, which is of interpretative nature, made use of elements belonging to discourse analysis. Discourse analysis is a theoretical and methodological field linked to Linguistics, which studies language in movement, producing meaning since it is a social practice. Findings – The results point to discursive marks that suggest traces of materialism and secularism in the narratives and stories created by children concerning Christmas. Moreover, Santa Claus is directly associated with the date and stands out as an emblematic figure in children's imagination. Originality/value – Reporting Christmas imagery and the creation of its meanings by children can help unveil essential issues, or at least point out "clues" referring to the degree of symbolism that is present in the various social and cultural manifestations of contemporary society


There is a large scale capacity underutilization in SMEs in India. The chemical industry has been the worst sufferer owing to multifaceted problems in this segment. This study was undertaken to explore the reasons for under capacity utilization amongst small-scale chemical industries in India. The main objectives of this research paper are to identify the favorable and unfavorable factors affecting the production capacity utilization and to identify the relationship between all the factors of managerial problems i.e. technical and financial with actual utilization of production capacities of industries under survey. The data was collected through primary source. Self-administrative questionnaires were prepared based on four different scale of measurement viz. nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio were used. The data have been analyzed with the help of statistical techniques such as one sample test and two independent sample tests. The targeted sample population was small-scale chemical industries from Mumbai and suburb region. The effect of various factors of the key managerial problems viz. technical and financial over production capacity utilization was studied. The practical implications of the outcome of the present study would be useful for the industry segment as well as for policy makers.


The events of 9/11 intensified attacks on the field of Middle Eastern Studies, especially in the US—attacks whose reverberations have been felt ever since in academia and beyond. A key moment was the publication in 2001 of a book by Martin Kramer, Ivory towers on sand, which accused the field of irrelevance, failure to predict, lack of patriotism and wilful blindness to the failings in the Arab and Islamic world. In a Foreword to this review article, Gerd Nonneman points out that the importance of the heated debate this occasioned, both on intellectual and political grounds, has if anything been heightened in today's policy environment. At the request of International Affairs, Fred Halliday therefore revisits the book's arguments. He accepts the desirability for scholars to engage in public assessment and critique of others' work and to relate this to broader concerns of both epistemology and public policy. He also acknowledges shortcomings in the literature on Islamism and civil society, and in Edward Said's Orientalism. But he concludes that Kramer's book fails to resolve the questions broached, adds nothing that is original to debates on social science method and theory, distorts the state of contemporary Middle Eastern Studies (in part by ignoring most of the important work done outside the US) and that the book has had damaging consequences for university life itself. In part, the article suggests, this is a reflection of a lack—shared by significant areas of recent social science writing, including Said's Orientalism—of an adequate grounding in issues of social science methodology and philosophy. It also reflects an untenable assumption about the nature of the relationship between academic work and public policy issues.


This thesis illustrates how geophysical and geochemical methods can be combined to study archaeological sites and obtain enhanced interpretations of the results using the complementary information they provide. Whilst these two
disciplines tend to be used independently, this thesis brings them together, with a view to exploring their relationships and developing strategies that lead to
non-destructive and cost-effective surveys. The investigation focuses on the correlation of geophysical and geochemical results over common archaeological features and their analysis using soil geochemistry in order to understand the factors of contrast involved in their detection.

Five case study sites in Scotland were selected, each one presenting a specific challenge to be assessed by the integrated methodology developed in this thesis. The research employed a range of geophysical (earth resistance, magnetometry, magnetic susceptibility, FDEM and GPR) and geochemical (total phosphate and multi-element analysis) techniques routinely used in archaeological prospection.
The different geophysical responses obtained over targeted archaeological features were considered with respect to soil texture, organic matter content, pH, conductivity and chemical composition from archaeological deposits, topsoil
and subsoil samples.

The results not only provide a nuanced understanding of the character of the archaeological features surveyed, but begin to develop a better insight of how the setting of a site may affect geophysical and geochemical datasets at Scottish archaeological sites. This thesis concludes that the detection of archaeological anomalies depends upon inter-related and site-specific contrast factors including: general site settings (e.g. the effect of highly variable glacial drift deposits), the type of features to be detected (e.g. cut or impervious), and the
effect of soil post-depositional processes inside archaeological features and surrounding matrix. For example, at the prehistoric site at Forteviot site (Perthshire) redox processes inside archaeological ditches contribute to their
negative magnetic response. Also, chemical composition related to anthropogenic organic materials may enhance the conductivity of theoretical impervious features as illustrated at the Bay of Skaill site (Orkney).


Self-consistent proton-neutron quasiparticle random phase approximation based on the spherical nonlinear point-coupling relativistic Hartree-Bogoliubov theory is established and used to investigate the $\beta^+$/EC-decay half-lives of neutron-deficient Ar, Ca, Ti, Fe, Ni, Zn, Cd, and Sn isotopes. The isoscalar proton-neutron pairing is found to play an important role in reducing the decay half-lives, which is consistent with the same mechanism in the $\beta$ decays of neutron-rich nuclei. The experimental $\beta^+$/EC-decay half-lives can be well reproduced by a universal isoscalar proton-neutron pairing strength.


Due to the increasingly atomized, isolated nature of social life, as well as the apparent splintering of the working class under neoliberal capitalism, media serve a pivotal infrastructural function for generating the necessary commonality between the fractured sectors of the contemporary working class. This article ethnographically and textually examines how the media driven practices of the Philadelphia-based Media Mobilizing Project helps collectively suture fragmented groups of workers into a class formation that begins to resist and challenge the hegemony of neoliberal practices. As our detailed analysis of MMP's 2007 to 2009 montage reels show, MMP videos serve the primary purpose of fostering class alliances not only through their viewing, but also, and perhaps more importantly, through their making. As such, we do not consider media in general and the MMP videos in particular as an endpoint unto themselves, but instead as catalysts for further organization building and the renewed suturing of the multiple components of what we understand as a contemporary urban working class. Through a host of old and new media platforms (radio, video, web) MMP works with different segments of the neoliberal working class, such as immigrants, urban youth, and low-wage workers, to create a class identity at the local and regional level.


The accounts of creation in Genesis, Moses, and Abraham as well as in higher endowments of knowledge given to the faithful are based on visions in which the seer lacked the vocabulary to describe and the knowledge to interpret what he saw and hence was obliged to record his experiences in the imprecise language available to him. Modern attempts to explain accounts of these visions frequently make use of concepts and terminology that are completely at odds with the understanding of ancient peoples: they project anachronistic concepts that the original seer would not have recognized. This article reviews several aspects of the creation stories in scripture for the purpose of distinguishing anachronistic modern reinterpretations from the content of the original vision. This essay derives from a presentation made at the 2013 Interpreter Symposium on Science and Religion: Cosmos, Earth, and Man on November 9, 2013. Details on the event, including links to videos, are available at www.mormoninterpreter.com. An expanded version of the symposium proceedings will be published in hardcopy and digital formats. The Extent of Creation Genesis is often read as a description of the origin of the Universe rather than the Earth. But ancient views of the cosmos had no concept of anything remotely similar to our modern sense of the word "Universe." In the ancient world The Scale of Creation in Space and Time


The article describes the increasing threats to academic freedom and autonomy in Venezuelan universities as democracy becomes weakened and economic and social conditions deteriorate. Although academic freedom and university autonomy are legally and constitutionally recognized, public policies and 'new legislation' undermine them.  Student protests are excessively repressed by military and paramilitary forces; arbitrary detentions, where students are physically attacked and psychologically pressured through interrogations on their political view and about their supposedly "plans to destabilize the government" are frequent. A parallel system of non-autonomous universities —Bolivarian and Military Universities—has been created under a pensee unique —a (single thought) model— established both at the First and Second Socialist Plans of the Nation. Discrimination towards professors and students by political reasons has increased, both in autonomous and non-autonomous (Bolivarian) universities. This paper will expose the legal and political policies undermining academic freedom in Venezuela under former president Hugo Chavez and current president Nicolas Maduro governments, describing patterns of attacks against autonomous universities by police and military forces, as well as cases of political discrimination against professors and students.


Mass-balance calculations indicate that a massive amount of δ13C-depleted carbon was released into the early Danian atmosphere in volumes comparable with the younger Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM). This Danian hyperthermal event (the Dan-C2) has been documented from the fill of the Boltysh meteorite crater, Ukraine. Palynofloras recovered from the Boltysh crater fill show a trend from mesic forest to savannah ecosystem dominance on a millennial scale across the hyperthermal inception with no abrupt compositional shift. This longer-term trend is overprinted by moisture availability oscillations reflecting orbital forcing. Forcing is not directly tracked by the oscillations, which are composed of mesic forest and savannah palynofloras separated by rapid critical transitions. The absence of an ecological collapse at the Dan-C2 indicates that plant ecosystems experienced dominant forcing from orbital cyclicity, rather than a stochastic temperature rise.


Contributions to the extensive array of research on nineteenth-century medical history must surmount stereotyped images by placing emphasis not so much on the achievements of doctors or the acquisition of knowledge, but on the events and issues important to those experiencing life within the institutions – the patients themselves. Using the experiences of patients recorded in medical case histories, this thesis provides a comparison of care provided to inmates both before and after death at three very different nineteenth-century hospitals – the New Norfolk Hospital, located in rural Van Diemen"s Land, the Royal Naval Hospital, set in the isolated location of Bermuda, and St Bartholomew"s Hospital, situated in the bustling metropolis of London. By examining the traditional perceptions of medical institutions and their staff through the filter of inmates" own experiences, it explores the evolving role of the patient in an increasingly medicalised society.
Through an examination of the physical environments of each of these institutions, and the methods of diagnosis and treatment utilised within them, this thesis dispels the notion that advancement originated in urban centres of learning and gradually seeped out to colonial peripheries. Indeed, the innovative research and treatment delivered by colonial surgeons in response to the peculiar nature of the convict state demonstrates that patients at New Norfolk Hospital benefited from the practical implementation of developments and advances in medical science which were transforming the wider provision of medical care in the period 1830-1850.


Interactions between wood-inhabiting Mcromycetes and between this group and other colonising organisms, including Basidiomycetes and bacteria were investigated. The results indicated that the Micromycetes produced substances which inhibited the growth of bacteria and the germination of the spores of other Micromycetes.
The role of superior enzyme production in fungal colonisation was investigated and it has been established that the competitive ability of a fungus in terms of enzyme production may be assessed more readily by its Cellulolysis Adequacy Index (C.A.I.) rather than by growth rate measurement, or by enzyme production assays alone.
The results of interaction experiments conducted under conditions which simulated the changing nutritional status of newly felled wood, showed that inhibition of growth is likely to be due to the production of toxic secondary metabolites when soluble sugars are plentiful. However,when cellulose was the only carbon source available, the resUlts indicated that growth rates became the major competitive criterion.
Interactions between Micromycetes and a Basidiomycetes were investigated at a range of carbon to nitrogen ratios, representative of thoe likely to occur on the outer millimetres of dried wood. It was found that the Basidiomycete was inhibited by the Micromycetes at the lower C/N ratios of 50:1 and 100:1, and that this inAibition is most likely to be caused by the production of toxic secondary metabolites by the Micromycetes.
The importance of fungal propagule availability and the role of propagule vectors in the colonisation and succession of in-service .ioinery was investigated. It is considered that the availability of fungal propagules in air is the main source of fungal infection.
However, the diversity of the fungal flora found in air was not reflected in the fungal isolations taken from the surface, or at
depth within timber joinery. It has been demonstrated also that the painting and siting of timber joinery affects its moisture
conlent, which is the major factor influencing colonisation by microfungi. These results indicated that the competitive interactions between fungi are much more important in their colonisation and succession onto in-service joinery than the mere availability of fungal propagules.


One can predict the thermal emission spectrum of any material from the knowledge of its absorbance and its temperature: this is the Kirchhoff–Planck law. We show that if McCumber's relation holds and if the spatial distribution of the excited state is uniform, the Kirchhoff–Planck law can be generalized by introducing the chemical potential difference between the metastable and ground manifolds involved in the transition. The proposed formalism makes it possible to determine the emission spectra of an optical structure driven out of equilibrium solely from its transmission and reflection spectra and the level of excitation, considerably simplifying computations compared to a direct approach. An example is shown for a multilayer with embedded luminescent ions. Experimental emission spectra from Yb3+-doped Y2O3 taken at and out of thermal equilibrium are found to be in qualitative agreement with the theory.


State of the art methods for image matching, content-based retrieval and recognition use local features. Most of these still exploit only the luminance information for detection. The color saliency boosting algorithm has provided an efficient method to exploit the saliency of color edges based on information theory. However, during the design of this algorithm, some issues were not addressed in depth: (1) The method has ignored the underlying distribution of derivatives in natural images. (2) The dependence of information content in color-boosted edges on its spatial derivatives has not been quantitatively established. (3) To evaluate luminance and color contributions to saliency of edges, a parameter gradually balancing both contributions is required. We introduce a novel algorithm, based on the principles of independent component analysis, which models the first order derivatives of color natural images by a generalized Gaussian distribution. Furthermore, using this probability model we show that for images with a Laplacian distribution, which is a particular case of generalized Gaussian distribution, the magnitudes of color-boosted edges reflect their corresponding information content. In order to evaluate the impact of color edge saliency in real world applications, we introduce an extension of the Laplacian-of-Gaussian detector to color, and the performance for image matching is evaluated. Our experiments show that our approach provides more discriminative regions in comparison with the original detector.


In this paper, we aim to reveal the impact of lexical-semantic resources, used in particular for word sense disambiguation and sense-level semantic categorization, on automatic personality classification task. While stylistic features (e.g., part-of-speech counts) have been shown their power in this task, the impact of semantics beyond targeted word lists is relatively unexplored. We propose and extract three types of lexical-semantic features, which capture high-level concepts and emotions, overcoming the lexical gap of word n-grams. Our experimental results are comparable to state-of-the-art methods, while no personality-specific resources are required.


Abstract. The sea level contribution of the Antarctic ice sheet
constitutes a large uncertainty in future sea level projections. Here we
apply a linear response theory approach to 16 state-of-the-art ice sheet
models to estimate the Antarctic ice sheet contribution from basal ice shelf
melting within the 21st century. The purpose of this computation is to
estimate the uncertainty of Antarctica's future contribution to global sea
level rise that arises from large uncertainty in the oceanic forcing and the
associated ice shelf melting. Ice shelf melting is considered to be a major
if not the largest perturbation of the ice sheet's flow into the ocean.
However, by computing only the sea level contribution in response to ice
shelf melting, our study is neglecting a number of processes such as
surface-mass-balance-related contributions. In assuming linear response
theory, we are able to capture complex temporal responses of the ice sheets,
but we neglect any self-dampening or self-amplifying processes. This is
particularly relevant in situations in which an instability is dominating the
ice loss. The results obtained here are thus relevant, in particular wherever the
ice loss is dominated by the forcing as opposed to an internal instability,
for example in strong ocean warming scenarios. In order to allow for
comparison the methodology was chosen to be exactly the same as in an
earlier study (Levermann
et al., 2014) but with 16 instead of 5 ice sheet models. We include
uncertainty in the atmospheric warming response to carbon emissions (full
range of CMIP5 climate model sensitivities), uncertainty in the oceanic
transport to the Southern Ocean (obtained from the time-delayed and scaled
oceanic subsurface warming in CMIP5 models in relation to the global mean
surface warming), and the observed range of responses of basal ice shelf
melting to oceanic warming outside the ice shelf cavity. This uncertainty in
basal ice shelf melting is then convoluted with the linear response
functions of each of the 16 ice sheet models to obtain the ice flow response
to the individual global warming path. The model median for the
observational period from 1992 to 2017 of the ice loss due to basal ice
shelf melting is 10.2 mm, with a likely range between 5.2 and 21.3 mm. For
the same period the Antarctic ice sheet lost mass equivalent to 7.4 mm of
global sea level rise, with a standard deviation of 3.7 mm (Shepherd et al., 2018) including all processes,
especially surface-mass-balance changes. For the unabated warming path,
Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5), we obtain a median contribution of the Antarctic ice sheet to
global mean sea level rise from basal ice shelf melting within the 21st
century of 17 cm, with a likely range (66th percentile around the mean) between
9 and 36 cm and a very likely range (90th percentile around the mean)
between 6 and 58 cm. For the RCP2.6 warming path, which will keep the
global mean temperature below 2 ∘C of global warming and is thus
consistent with the Paris Climate Agreement, the procedure yields a median of
13 cm of global mean sea level contribution. The likely range for the
RCP2.6 scenario is between 7 and 24 cm, and the very likely range is
between 4 and 37 cm. The structural uncertainties in the method do not
allow for an interpretation of any higher uncertainty percentiles. We provide
projections for the five Antarctic regions and for each model and each
scenario separately. The rate of sea level contribution is highest under
the RCP8.5 scenario. The maximum within the 21st century of the median
value is 4 cm per decade, with a likely range between 2 and 9 cm per decade
and a very likely range between 1 and 14 cm per decade.


Novel nanowire technologies encompass the use of metals and crystals with a high electric transport potential and superior charge-collection properties. However, nanowires built on metals such as cadmium, gallium-arsenide and similar alloys present serious environmental and health risks. The use of carbon is a far more environmentally friendly solution than heavy-metal based nanowires, and if arranged in a particular manner, it can provide excellent conductive properties that are applicable in nanowire technologies. Herein, we report an investigation into the particular carbon-based 4n/4n + 2 alternant resonance, which has the potential of becoming a key component for the design of novel and conductive nanomaterials, suitable for application in optoelectronics, nanoelectronics and microelectronics. A set of nine 4n/4n + 2 oligomers comprising in the range of 15–20 cyclic units (∼5 nm) were analyzed quantum mechanically. The results show that the number and type (4n or 4n + 2) of carbon-rings (cyclobutadiene, benzene and naphthalene) that constitute the oligomers, govern the HOMO–LUMO gaps with a statistical relevance of R2 = 0.919. Interestingly, we found that the sequence of the units played a central role in shaping the conductance of the 4n/4n + 2 oligomers, and that the sequencing of units in conductive carbon-based oligomers can be a potential future approach in tailoring the gaps of carbon-based conductive components for application in molecular electronics devices. An interesting relationship was also found between the symmetry and the homo- and heteromorphism of the LUMO elements with the HOMO–LUMO gaps, suggesting a pattern of continuity and wavefunction-symmetry across the LUMO orbitals of the 4n/4n + 2 systems to be a key-element determining the narrow gaps in the conductive carbon oligomers. In addition, population and electrostatic potential analysis showed that π-electron distribution over the oligomers is quite non-uniform. The electron delocalization behavior over the 4n and 4n + 2 rings was characterized by electron localization function, six-center bond order, and a striking linear relationship was found between the π-delocalization index of the C–C bonds and the HOMO–LUMO gaps (R2 = 0.988). The results presented herein introduce valuable approaches and data for the engineering of conductive materials to be applied in the field of nanoelectronics and microelectronics, and to relieve the development of nanowires from its dependence on expensive and rare metals.


Carbon dioxide (CO2) corrosion is the main type of corrosion studied in oil and gas industry. The major concern with CO2 corrosion is that it causes failure of equipment in the main downhole tubing and transmission pipelines, and thus may cause disruption in the production. Carbon dioxide gas dissolved in formation or injection water forms carbonic acid (H2CO3). Carbonic acid is corrosive to carbon steel or low alloy steel. Corrosion rates in a CO2 system can reach very high levels, but it can be effectively inhibited. One way of inhibition is by favoring the formation of the protective iron carbonate (siderite) scale. Magnetite scales are also formed in CO2 systems, and corrosion product scales often consist of layers or mixtures of siderite and magnetite. Experiments were carried out in order to observe the iron carbonate scale formation on three common carbon steel materials of grades X65, St52 and St33. The materials were exposed to CO2 saturated brine at 40°C and 80°C for precorrosion periods of twenty four or forty eight hours. The corrosion of the samples were monitored using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), Potentiodynamic Cathodic Scan (PSC), Rp/Ec trend and the samples were analysed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with Energy Dispersed X-Ray System (EDS) analysis after experiments. In conclusion, the result of the experiments showed that the galvanostatic stimulated precorrosion and temperature had significantly contributed to the protective FeCO3 formation on surface steel. Both for 40°C and 80°C, protective scales are formed on surface steel after few days to a week of exposure time.


The electrical conductivity in a zinc oxide thin film is increased by light absorption in an adjacent layer of eosin (Na). Activation spectra show that response is excited by irradiation in the eosin monomer and dimer absorption bands and in the long wavelength tail induced by the zinc oxide substrate. The photoresponse in bilayers varies with the one-half power of the illuminance, builds up and decays by first-order processes, and is proportional to the zinc oxide dark current. The temperature dependence approximately follows the zinc oxide dark conductivity. Measurements with voltaic couples show that charge transfer takes place across the interface. Possible mechanisms are discussed.


Finite-state properties account for an important class of program properties, typically related to the order of operations invoked on objects. Many library implementations therefore include manually written finite-state monitors to detect violations of finite-state properties at runtime. Researchers have recently proposed the explicit specification of finite-state properties and automatic generation of monitors from the specification. However, runtime monitoring only shows the presence of violations, and typically cannot prove their absence. Moreover, inserting a runtime monitor into a program under test can slow down the program by several orders of magnitude.
 In this work, we therefore present a set of four static whole-program analyses that partially evaluate runtime monitors at compile time, with increasing cost and precision. As we show, ahead-of-time evaluation can often evaluate the monitor completely statically. This may prove that the program cannot violate the property on any execution or may prove that violations do exist. In the remaining cases, the partial evaluation converts the runtime monitor into a residual monitor. This monitor only receives events from program locations that the analyses failed to prove irrelevant. This makes the residual monitor much more efficient than a full monitor, while still capturing all property violations at runtime.
 We implemented the analyses in Clara, a novel framework for the partial evaluation of AspectJ-based runtime monitors, and validated our approach by applying Clara to finite-state properties over several large-scale Java programs. Clara proved that most of the programs never violate our example properties. Some programs required monitoring, but in those cases Clara could often reduce the monitoring overhead to below 10%. We observed that several programs did violate the stated properties.


News articles and Web directories represent some of the most popular and commonly accessed content on the Web. Information designers normally define categories that model these knowledge domains (i.e. news topics or Web categories) and domain experts assign documents to these categories. The paper describes how machine learning and automatic document classification techniques can be used for managing large numbers of news articles, or Web page descriptions, lightening the load on domain experts. The paper uses two datasets, one with with more than 800,000 Reuters news stories and another with over 41,000 Web sites, and classifies them using a Naive Bayes algorithm, into predefined categories. We discuss the different parameters and design decisions that normally appear when building automatic classifiers, including, stemming, stop-words, thresholding, amount of data and approaches for improving performance using the structure in XML documents. The methodology developed would enable Web based applications or workflow systems to manage information more efficiently, i.e. by assigning documents to topics automatically or assisting humans in the process of doing so.


In recognition of the transformative opportunities that broadband connectivity presents, the United Nations Broadband Commission has committed the international community to accelerate universal access across the developing world. However, the cost of meeting this objective, and the feasibility of doing so on a commercially viable basis, are not well understood. This paper compares the global cost-effectiveness of different infrastructure strategies for the developing world to achieve universal 4G or 5G mobile broadband. Utilizing remote sensing and geospatial infrastructure simulation, least-cost network designs are developed for eight representative low and middle-income countries (Malawi, Uganda, Kenya, Senegal, Pakistan, Albania, Peru and Mexico), the results from which form the basis for aggregation to the global level. To provide at least 2 Mbps per user, 4G is often the cheapest option to reach universal coverage. The cost of meeting the UN Broadband Commission target of a minimum 10 Mbps per user is estimated at $1.7 trillion using 5G NSA, equating to approximately 0.6% of annual GDP for the developing world over the next decade. However, by creating a favorable regulatory environment, governments can bring down these costs by as much as three quarters – to $0.5 trillion (approximately 0.2% of annual GDP) – and avoid the need for public subsidy. Providing governments make judicious choices, adopting fiscal and regulatory regimes conducive to lowering costs, broadband universal service may be within reach of most developing countries over the next decade.


Biological systems typically involve large numbers of components with complex, highly parallel interactions and intrinsic stochasticity. To model this complexity, numerous programming languages based on process calculi have been developed, many of which are expressive enough to generate unbounded numbers of molecular species and reactions. As a result of this expressiveness, such calculi cannot rely on standard reaction-based simulation methods, which require fixed numbers of species and reactions. Rather than implementing custom stochastic simulation algorithms for each process calculus, we propose to use a generic abstract machine that can be instantiated to a range of process calculi and a range of reaction-based simulation algorithms. The abstract machine functions as a just-in-time compiler, which dynamically updates the set of possible reactions and chooses the next reaction in an iterative cycle. In this short paper we give a brief summary of the generic abstract machine, and show how it can be instantiated with the stochastic simulation algorithm known as Gillespie's Direct Method. We also discuss the wider implications of such an abstract machine, and outline how it can be used to simulate multiple calculi simultaneously within a common framework.


This article sets out an understanding of the emergent practices collectively referred to as `deep mapping'. It adopts Mike Pearson's view that the optimal deep mapping takes `region as its optic' (2006), while also recognizing the value of smaller-scale approaches. It draws on Kenneth Frampton's Critical Regionalism to underpin deep mapping's environmental and social dimensions and provide a productive counterpoint to its ethno-autographic element and its focus on a `militant particularism' able to facilitate `the passage from memory to hope, from past to future' (Harvey 1996). Critical Regionalism is taken here as a `post-disciplinary' poetics that interweaves a multiplicity of `creative' and `scientific' material to enact, in the socio-geographical domain, John Wylie's understanding that `landscape is tension' (2007). Deep mapping is presented as offering a multidimensional understanding of place that enacts these tensions through our engagement with a second, specifically cultural, space-between, understood here as a metaxy. It is only in this space that we are able to put into practice Geraldine Finn's insight that, while we cannot do without categorical thinking, `we are always both more and less than the categories that name and divide us' (1996). The argument put forward here locates this active social space between the institutional worlds of art and of the university as that with which deep mapping specifically engages as a discrete practice. It posits that an `open' deep mapping draws on the resources `managed' by each institutional world so as to maintain a critical solicitude towards both professional worlds while remaining non-aligned with the presuppositions of either.


The development of pH during the spring bloom of 2011 and 2012 was investigated in Disko Bay, West Greenland. During the spring phytoplankton bloom, pH reached 8.5 at the peak of the bloom and subsequently decreased to 7.5. Microcosm experiments were conducted on natural assemblages sampled at the initiation of the spring bloom each year and pH levels were manipulated in the range of 8.0−9.5 to test the immediate tolerance of Arctic protist plankton to elevated pH under nutrient-limiting (2011) and nutrient-rich conditions (2012). The most pronounced effect of elevated pH was found for heterotrophic protists, whereas phytoplankton proved more robust. Two out of 3 heterotrophic protist species were significantly affected if pH increased above 8.5, and all heterotrophic protists had disappeared at pH 9.5. Based on chl a measurements from the 2 sets of experiments, phytoplankton community growth was significantly reduced at pH 9.5 during nutrient-rich conditions, while pH had little impact on nutrient-limited phytoplankton growth. The results were supported by cell counts which revealed that phyto plankton growth during nutrient-rich conditions was significantly reduced from an average of 0.49 d−1 at pH 8.0 to an average of 0.27 d−1 at pH 9.5. In comparison, only 1 out of 4 tested phytoplankton species was significantly affected by elevated pH under nutrient-limited conditions. Sudden pH fluctuations, such as those occurring during phytoplankton blooms, will most likely favour pHtolerant species, such as diatoms.


Signaling by the secreted morphogen wingless controls deposition of a myosin II–containing barrier that prevents cell mixing at segmental boundaries of the fly embryo. Differential signaling processes, like expression of the morphogen Wingless in anterior cells of the segmented Drosophila embryo and expression of the transcription factor Engrailed in the posterior cell, are important for proper cell compartmentalization during development, but precisely how such signals prevent cell mixing is not well understood. Monier et al. screened for genes whose products participate in this process by selecting mutants with altered pattern of expression of Engrailed. Along with genes encoding components of the Wnt signaling pathway, they identified genes encoding components of the actomyosin cytoskeleton. This led the authors to more closely explore the organization of myosin II (MyoII) and filamentous actin at the boundaries of segmental compartments. They found that MyoII actually formed a cable-like structure at the boundary. When Monier et al. watched movement of cells at the boundary, they observed that, when cells invaded the adjacent compartment (usually cells that had just divided), the MyoII cable stretched but then returned to its straightened resting form, apparently pushing the cell back where it belonged. The authors used chromophore-assisted laser inactivation to focus intense light from a laser on the MyoII cable in tissues from animals expressing nonmuscle MyoII regulatory light chain protein that was fused to green fluorescent protein (GFP). The intense stimulation of the chromatophore releases locally high concentrations of reactive oxygen species that inactivate target proteins within about 50 angstroms of the fusion protein. Such disruption of the MyoII cable allowed mixing of cells at the border, whereas similar targeting of a carboxy-terminal fragment of Moesin fused to GFP (which localizes to structures containing filamentous actin) did not. It remains to be determined how cells at the boundary are stimulated to form the barrier cable of MyoII, but the authors suggest that differential Wingless signaling may cause the cells to express distinct adhesion molecules, somehow leading to accumulation of actomyosin at the compartment boundary. B. Monier, A. Pélissier-Monier, A. H. Brand, B. Sanson, An actomyosin-based barrier inhibits cell mixing at compartmental boundaries in Drosophila embryos. Nature Cell Biol. 12, 60–65 (2010). [PubMed]


Human fisheries inadvertently attract and provide food for a range of wild organisms worldwide with important ecological consequences. Some animals directly feed on human catch ('depredators', e.g. killer whales), causing economical losses and calling for wildlife management. However the impact of depredation (and its potential management) on the behaviour of the other scavengers attracted to vessels (e.g. seabirds) is unknown. We examined how the fine-scale behavioural response of wandering albatrosses to a toothfish longline fleet was influenced by the presence of depredating killer and/or sperm whales. We hypothesized that the presence of depredating whales might facilitate detection of and/or access to food at fishing vessels for surface-feeding albatrosses. We used seabird GPS tracking together with a vessel monitoring system (GPS vessel tracking) coupled with systematic onboard records of depredator numbers during 3 fishing seasons. We found that when albatrosses 'encountered' vessels (n = 254), they had the same probability to start attending vessels whether or not cetaceans were present. However, once attracted, they attended the vessel longer when depredators were present. We conclude that birds are attracted to vessels independently of the presence of cetaceans, but that depredating whales probably facilitate access to food for surface-feeding birds such as the wandering albatross. Scavenging behaviour of seabirds does not appear to be strongly dependent on the presence of depredating cetaceans and is likely minimally affected by changes in cetacean behaviour. This type of data is rare and we discuss how these results for wandering albatrosses could be generalized for other seabird species.


In a cluster of courses called Food for Thought, seven faculty from different departments (including Biology, Economics, Sociology, Chemistry, Health and Wellness, and Foreign Language) teach students about food information, food consumerism, nutrition and health. The classes all have a shared learning outcome focused on developing the student as an informed consumer of food. Each semester, faculty teach a food-related course from their respective disciplinary perspective while also incorporating cross-course interactions that allow for both integration of disciplinary knowledge and student- to-student learning opportunities. Previous research demonstrated that this approach leads to student perceptions of learning gains (Wingert et al., 2011). Building on that work, this research directly assesses student learning in the Food for Thought cluster. The results demonstrate that exposure to multiple disciplines covering a shared topic enhances learning through greater student ability to integrate diverse forms of knowledge and to see an issue from multiple perspectives. These findings demonstrate the value of multidisciplinary learning opportunities for students.


OBJECTIVES: to compare therapeutic and laboratory aspects of toxoplasmosis in pregnant women as well as its cost in a real situation and in a hypothetical situation employing a clinical protocol.METHODS: a time-series cohort study was carried out with pregnant women taking part between January and November 2004 in the prenatal program at the Primary Health Units in Londrina, Parana, Brazil, whose prenatal routine laboratory tests included serology for acute toxoplasmosis. Data were obtained at the city's Department of Health and the University Hospital. Additional tests, treatment and corresponding expenses were compared with data from a hypothetical situation employing a clinical protocol. RESULTS: in the real situation, there was no definitive diagnosis for 75% of the pregnant women with reactive IgM for toxoplasmosis, and among those who underwent an additional test, the median time period between the two tests was 23 weeks; 28.5% of the women were treated without confirmation and a single confirmed case was not treated. Compared with the hypothetical situation, if an additional test had been carried out with the same blood sample it would have been possible to arrive at a definitive diagnosis of all cases. Lower expenditure on medicines would compensate for extra expenses related to additional tests. CONCLUSIONS: the results show the importance of an appropriate clinical protocol both for health protection and cost reduction.


The estimation of test score "gaps" and gap trends plays an important role in monitoring educational inequality. Researchers decompose gaps and gap changes into within- and between-school portions to generate evidence on the role schools play in shaping these inequalities. However, existing decomposition methods assume an equal-interval test scale and are a poor fit to coarsened data such as proficiency categories. This leaves many potential data sources ill-suited for decomposition applications. We develop two decomposition approaches that overcome these limitations: an extension of V, an ordinal gap statistic, and an extension of ordered probit models. Simulations show V decompositions have negligible bias with small within-school samples. Ordered probit decompositions have negligible bias with large within-school samples but more serious bias with small within-school samples. More broadly, our methods enable analysts to (1) decompose the difference between two groups on any ordinal outcome into portions within- and between some third categorical variable and (2) estimate scale-invariant between-group differences that adjust for a categorical covariate.


A behind-the-scenes look at the making of the beloved 1965 classic movie, "The Sound of Music" When "The Sound of Music" was released in 1965 it took the world by storm, earning five Oscars (including Best Picture), and went on to command the number-one spot at the box office for five years running. For millions of people, the film is that rare combination of a powerful and moving story, first-rate music, and breathtaking scenery. The Sound of Music: The Making of America's Favorite Movie is a tribute to this beloved movie musical and a fascinating, behind-the-scene account of the creation of a Hollywood classic. Through exclusive in-depth interviews with cast and crew, stills from the movie's most memorable scenes, snapshots from personal scrapbooks, and papers from the Fox Studios archives, Julia Hirsch re-crates the magic that is "The Sound of Music." Julie Andrews recounts some of her more humorous memories of the filming, from her "first kiss" with Christopher Plummer, when neither of them could stop laughing, to rushing up the mountain for the famous opening scene only to be continually knocked down by the downdraft from the cameraman's helicopter. The book reveals details both fans and film buffs will enjoy, such as the fact that Yul Brynner, Walter Matthau, and Sean Connery were all considered fro the role of the Captain (while teenagers Mia Farrow, Sharon Tate, and Richard Dreyfuss auditioned for juvenile roles) and that director/producer Robert Wise, already fielding calls from Fox's Dick Zanuck for being over budget, almost didn't finish the location shoot in Austria because it simply wouldn't stop raining. But most of all, Hirsch captures the extraordinary camaraderie shared by everyone involved, a group whose friendships would last a lifetime. This engaging narrative is both an insider's guide to, and a delightful celebration of, a film that truly is "the happiest sound in all the world."


In order to provide for a preload fill in an area of limited right-of-way, the Washington State Department of Transportation designed and supervised the construction of a geotextile reinforced retaining wall 12.6 m (41.3 ft) high. Because the wall supported a surcharge fill more than 5 m (16 ft) in height and was significantly higher than any previously constructed wall of its type, an extensive program of instrumentation of the geotextile reinforcement and measurement of the wall movements was instituted. The paper describes the wall design and construction, purpose and objectives of the instrumentation program, instrumentation selection and installation, and results of the monitoring. The measured deflections and reinforcement strain were low, and overall wall performance was excellent.