This article addresses the existing gap between the practical need to respond rapidly and decisively to anonymous tips of car bomb terrorist threats and the existing tests for compliance with the Fourth Amendment. More specifically, I explain how a search (or seizure) of an automobile identified as matching the description of an anonymous tip that it contains a car bomb would not be justified under any of the existing exceptions to the warrant requirement of the Fourth Amendment. I then argue that the threat associated with this tactic of choice for homegrown lone-wolf terrorists necessitates an adjustment of these existing standards for assessing the "reasonableness" of a police response to such an anonymous tip. However, because such an adjustment will dilute the existing framework that enables post-search judicial critique of police judgments, this adjustment poses an associated risk that police seeking to exploit my proposed "terrorist tip" exception to skirt the normal requirements of the Fourth Amendment will subject citizens to subterfuge searches. In response to this risk, I propose that state legislatures consider adopting rules that limit the ability of the government to use evidence unrelated to the alleged terrorist threat to prosecute individuals whose automobiles are subjected to a terrorist responsive search. This proposal is based on the existing military rules that limit the admissibility of evidence against service-members that is discovered during command directed inspections. Like the military, the offer at trial of evidence discovered during a terrorist responsive search unrelated to the terrorist threat would trigger a presumption of inadmissibility. This presumption may be rebutted only if the prosecution can prove by clear and convincing evidence that the search was a genuine response to a tip of imminent terrorist attack. The presumptive inadmissibility rule will mitigate the risk of subterfuge searches by making it much more difficult for the prosecution to use evidence discovered during a terrorist tip responsive search unless the search itself confirms the reliability of the tip or unless the prosecution can establish the validity of the tip - even if the evidence ultimately discovered does not corroborate the tip. In so doing, it strikes a fair balance between the expanded response authority necessitated by the nature of terrorist car bomb threats, and the interests of privacy endangered by expanding police response authority.


Undoubtedly, traveller information is an important and exciting area for research. The rapid evolution of technology coupled with the public's growing acceptance and desire for information has ensured that research and system manufacture is continuing apace. Indeed, the UK Government's Transport White Paper (DETR, 1998) has necessitated the re-appraisal of traveller information by setting time frames and guidelines for the implementation of good quality services. However, a large proportion of the traveller information research literature is very much service-provider centred, in turn reflecting a similar philosophy in the supply and presentation of information. With the development of advanced traveller information systems (ATISs), there has certainly been a demonstration of the ability to provide a high tech basis for information provision. Although the means and style of delivery is advanced, the underlying core information is often similar to that found in a paper-based timetable. Whilst there is a 'technological push' towards ever more sophisticated information services, there is some evidence to suggest that while the 'market pull' might not be in a totally different direction, it is not altogether aligned with the services on offer. In short, there is a mismatch between the information available and the information required by the end-users that could stem from an ignorance of the end-user's requirements. Many contemporary services may be based on a set of fundamental, underlying assumptions about the traveller and the traveller's information needs. If it is accepted that current services are not fully meeting the needs of the travellers, the need to focus research on the end-user appears to be the best approach in attempting to optimise information provision. To this end, this paper aims to present the background philosophy and methodological issues currently being used to address the question, 'What do end-users really want from traveller information?' In approaching this question, it is hoped that a greater understanding of user needs will be achieved, potentially leading to the provision of information that is more effective in assisting trip-making decisions. Therefore, the rationale of the study addressed in this paper has been to challenge existing design and, in proposing alternatives, employ methods and techniques hitherto typically regarded as unconventional in the field of traveller information provision. The paper highlights limitations in the current provision of traveller information and associated research. It then presents the rationale and evolution of an alternative approach that seeks to better understand user requirements from traveller information systems. Although specific findings of the ongoing study are included in the paper, they are intended to be illustrative rather than giving a comprehensive account of results. The focus of the paper concerns the underlying approach.


[Extract] Unlike other civil engineering materials, soils and rocks have significant variability associated with them. Their engineering properties can vary dramatically within a few meters in an area of proposed construction. A thorough and comprehensive site investigation (aka site exploration or site characterization) is therefore a prerequisite for design of all civil engineering structures and is one of the most important steps in a foundation design. Site investigation refers to the appraisal of the surface and subsurface conditions at a proposed construction site. Information on surface conditions is necessary for planning construction techniques. Information on subsurface conditions at a site is used to plan, design, and construct the foundations of structures and other underground works. A typical site investigation includes preliminary studies such as a desk study and site reconnaissance, geophysical surveys, drilling boreholes, in situ testing, sampling and laboratory testing of samples, and groundwater observations and measurements. Desk study involves collection of as much existing information as possible about the site through geological maps, aerial and satellite photographs, soil survey reports, site investigation reports of nearby sites, etc. Site reconnaissance consists of a walk-over survey to visually assess the local conditions such as site access, adjacent properties and structures, topography, drainage, etc.


Japanese adjectives have received a fair amount of attention for their intriguing morphological and diachronic properties. Adjectives have also been discussed in the typological literature, largely in terms of their status as a lexical category vis-a-vis nouns and verbs. Rather little research has been done, however, on the everyday use of adjectives in Japanese conversation. In our paper, we aim to show that (a) adjective usage in conversation is intricately bound up with fixedness and frequency; (b) a usage-based approach reveals that interactional and cognitive practices are deeply intertwined in this lexical category for Japanese speakers; (c) these facts reflect the nature of human language as an emergent phenomenon. Based on a substantial corpus of Japanese conversations, we find that (a) attributive adjectives are very rare; (b) among predicative adjectives, as well as the rare attributive adjectives, the most frequently occurring forms strongly tend to be associated with various types of fixedness, demonstrating its central status in our attempt to represent the grammar for real speakers.


Throughout history, prophets and fortune tellers have predicted the weather and disease. Recent scientific advances have made us less reliant on prophets for weather prediction, but our ability to forecast the weather has far outstripped our ability to predict occurrences of disease. Why is this so? Shouldn't we in health care strive to accomplish what those in weather forecasting have achieved: accurate monitoring and forecasting locally, nationally, and internationally? To cite an illustration, last year's hurricane Andrew was the most destructive hurricane ever recorded in the United States. It cut a swath across some of the most densely populated areas of the country, destroying tens of thousands of houses and leaving 250 000 people homeless.12 Despite the scale of destruction only 14 people were killed. Prophets might say that this was a miracle, but records show that during this century the number of deaths from hurricanes has fallen sharply.' The reasons lie in improvements in the weather forecasters' ability to monitor and predict the exact path, timing, and force of the hurricane. For Andrew, forecasters were able to predict 10-14 days in advance where it would strike. In contrast, the Texas hurricane of 1900 struck with virtually no warning, resulting in 6000 deaths. During this century monitoring and forecasting the weather has become a science, permitting effective preventive measures. The meteorological model can provide us with many pointers to how we can improve the monitoring and forecasting of disease. Classification systems and instruments-Instruments such as the thermometer and barometer enabled standardised, accurate, and cost effective measurements of weather conditions even in the most remote locations.34 For diseases there are standardised and reasonably accurate classification schemes, such as the International Classification of Diseases, yet the current systems for monitoring health are either too inaccurate (for example, the communicable disease reporting systems), too costly (non-communicable disease screening or registries), or too slow (death certificates).'-' Telecommunication systems-Part of the rationale for developing the global telegraph system in the mid-1800s was the transfer ofinformation about the weather.4 Using information supplied by these telegraphs, national weather bureaus provided timely forecasts to local areas. Interestingly, 150 years later we are just beginning to discuss and implement telecommunication systems for monitoring diseases.8 Networking-Some of the first weather monitors were military doctors who reported weather conditions to the army's central weather centres.4 A network of cooperative field stations developed for collecting standardised data on weather. National and international societies sprang up. Currently, people who count and forecast diseases are scattered across many different agencies with little communication and no linking network. Government recognition-Another reason for the success of meteorology was government recognition of the need for central weather bureaus to "provide useful warnings and information about various meteorological phenomena." 4 Few governments have central bureaus dedicated exclusively to timely collection of standardised local and national data on all major diseases and rapid forecasting. National disease monitoring bureaus need to be established to perform similar functions to those ofnational weather bureaus. Systems perspective-Forecasters view weather from a "systems" perspective, whereby patterns are examined, mapped, and used for forecasting. Thus an individual thunderstorm is important in the overall context of weather patterns and systems. In health care we have focused on individual diseases rather than taking a systems perspective. Nevertheless, the interrelations between diseases in a population follow systematic and predictable patterns. Standardised approaches to mapping-In weather mapping, simple nomenclature and symbols evolved that the military, government, and local newspapers could all use. While weather maps in newspapers or on television help us to understand and predict the weather, such a standardised approach to portray disease has not yet evolved, probably because the data on morbidity have been so poor. Once better data are fed into the system, however, approaches to mapping will need to be established. Every day weather forecasters give us the odds of a storm. Shouldn't our disease forecasters every day give us the odds of an attack of hayfever, the odds of our children developing a cold and not going to school, or the odds of injury when driving to work on wet roads? International cooperation-In 1873 the International Meteorological Organisation met in Vienna and agreed on standards. In health we have accomplished this for death certification and disease classification but for little else. An international society for disease monitoring and forecasting thus needs to be formed to set standards of monitoring morbidity. User demand-Perhaps the most important reason for the rapid development of weather monitoring was that many different groups demanded weather forecasting for economic


ABSTRACT The historical record of severe storms on the Gulf Coast extends back only about 100 years. To better predict how the Gulf Coast will be impacted by future climate change and associated changes in storm frequency it is necessary to extend the severe storm record back to the time when global climate was different than today. A 3200-year record of severe storm impacts was reported from Lake Shelby, AL, using sand layers as proxies of storm intensity and frequency (Liu and Fearn, 1993). To enhance the understanding of the Lake Shelby environment and changes that may occur during severe storms seismic data, water chemistry profiles, sediment cores, radiocarbon dates, and geochemical measurements were obtained. The results indicate that Lake Shelby is a stratified lake in terms of salinity and dissolved oxygen. The lake floor is composed of two general lithologies, gyttja located below about 2 m water depth, and sand located along the entire perimeter of the lake. Radiocarbon dates and stable isotope data indicate that the lake was a brackish water lagoon prior to 80014C yrs BP when it became isolated and transformed into a lacustrine environment. Interpretation of sand layers recognized in sediment cores from Lake Shelby as indicators of severe storms may be ambiguous. New data suggest that severe-storm records based on geochemical stratigraphy may provide higher resolution and confidence than conventional overwash techniques.


Public welfare programs have played a central role in providing support for the disabled in Australia since the early twentieth century. This study examines the role that discursive regimes of accounting and accountability played in such programs between 1909 and 1961, focusing on the Means Tests employed. The study reveals the array of implications of the accounting techniques that governed the identification of the disabled and often overrode a duty and ethic of care. Applying a Foucauldian perspective, the study explores how accounting practices associated with the disability support program were instrumental in identifying desired targets for austerity and the refusal of care. The findings review how accountability assisted the government to construct identities that facilitate the ability of the State to subject the disabled to continuous monitoring and observation. Further, the article reveals how techniques of accounting functioned as a "technology of the self" and facilitated the process of transforming individuals into subjugated citizens.


Using a sequential transformative mixed methods approach prioritising qualitative data, the construction of subjective wellbeing of Australian solo mothers was explored in relation to work, welfare and social justice. A purposive sample of 73 solo mothers was recruited for the quantitative part of the study and 15 solo mothers were selected from the sample to interview for the qualitative component. The study was undertaken on a background of welfare reform announced in the Federal Budget for 2005-2006 with changes taking effect from July 1, 2006 affecting many solo mothers with young children. Initial analyses of data obtained through the Personal Wellbeing Index confirmed the hypothesis that the solo mothers in the current study have significantly lower levels of subjective wellbeing compared to the general population of Australia t(72) = -10.28, p < 0.01. Multiple Analysis of Variance identified the variable of "income" to have a significant effect on the four domains of "standard of living" (F(2,35) = 3.61, p < 0.05), "achievements in life" (F(2,35) = 3.67), "sense of safety" (F(2,35) = 3.44, p < 0.05), and "future security" (F(2,35) = 3.97, p < 0.05). Multiple regression analysis also identified income as a significant predictor of subjective wellbeing t = 2.42, p < 0.05. There was no statistically significant difference in subjective wellbeing between solo mothers who worked and those who did not work despite inferences made by other researchers that work has a positive effect on levels of subjective wellbeing. The qualitative part of the current study utilised social constructionism from a feminist theoretical perspective and form of enquiry to explore in depth, the ways in which meanings are attached to experiences and events thus impacting subjective wellbeing. The findings are discussed in light of knowledge presented in the literature review. Similar to results in the quantitative part of the study, qualitative findings CONSTRUCTION OF WELLBEING FOR SOLO MOTHERS v revealed income to be a very important factor in the level of happiness, wellbeing and ability to cope as a solo mother. The solo mothers also reported role conflict that was exacerbated by lack of supportive relationships and perceived stereotyping. Perceived lack of consultation by the Federal Government; perceived lack of empathy by politicians; and a sense of powerlessness to influence government decisions, all detracted from the solo mothers' sense of wellbeing. Limitations of the current study are outlined as are the implications and recommendations for future action by government and community sectors. Future research opportunities are also presented, including alternative research methods to monitor the subjective wellbeing of solo mothers over time. CONSTRUCTION OF WELLBEING FOR SOLO MOTHERS vi Declaration I certify that this thesis does not, to the best of my knowledge and belief: i. Incorporate without acknowledgement any material previously submitted for a degree or diploma in any institution of higher education; ii. Contain any material previously published or written by another person except where due reference is made in the text; or iii. Contain any defamatory material. I also grant permission for the library at Edith Cowan University to make duplicate copies of my thesis as required. Signature: ______________________ Date: ______________________ CONSTRUCTION OF WELLBEING FOR SOLO MOTHERS vii


The latest buzzwords in organizational change and development literature are "knowledge management" and "knowledge transfer", which proponents claim are successful ways of improving and enhancing employees' performance. Moreover, trust and the ability of employees to work in an autonomous manner are often cited as being essential for the effectiveness of self‐managed teams. Little however, is known on the effect of interpersonal trust on knowledge management (acquisition) of team members, and the consequences for team performance. A survey of 49 self‐managing teams was carried out to investigate the relationship between the dimensions of interpersonal trust, knowledge acquisition, and team performance. Overall, findings support that most interpersonal trust dimensions are positively related to the variables of knowledge acquisition. The results also showed that the effects of interpersonal trust on team performance to a large extent are mediated by the intervening variables of knowledge acquisition.


The Supreme Court's decision in the eminent domain case of Kelo v. New London was greeted with anger and frustration. The public outcry reaction came to be called the "Kelo backlash," and news reports and editorials declared throughout the fall of 2005 that this backlash was leading to statutory reforms in many state legislatures. Following Justice Stevens' suggestion in the Kelo opinion that states could provide greater protection for property owners than the federal courts provided, and recognizing that some state courts had imposed stricter limits on eminent domain through the "public use" requirements in state constitutions, activists and legislators in dozens of states began working on changing state laws regarding property seizure. So far, the backlash has produced mixed results. In the year since the Kelo decision was announced, 24 states have passed new legislation regarding eminent domain. Unfortunately, 16 of these new laws provide little protection for property owners. Proposals in other states, including two brought forward in the California Legislature, even appear to have been consciously designed to effect no meaningful change. On the other hand, new laws in South Dakota, Indiana, Georgia, Pennsylvania, and Minnesota, as well as bills in some other states, give reason to hope that residents of other states will receive meaningful protection from the abuse of eminent domain. But would-be reformers must resist the pressure to include loopholes and exceptions that have so severely weakened many new reform laws. In this article, I survey the 24 new laws, as well as proposals that were shot down by the Legislature of California, and the governors of Arizona, New Mexico, and Iowa. I will explore what makes the new laws in South Dakota and other states so effective, and what renders other state laws hollow promises. After a brief background on eminent domain after Kelo, and the public reactions to that decision, I explore each bill in sequence. I conclude with some observations as to the two biggest obstacles faced by reformers: the political influence of powerful redevelopment proponents, and the lack of serious philosophical support for reform.


Antibodies specific for DNA, with varying degrees of sequence specificity, are common in many autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus. The presence of anti-DNA antibodies is a useful determinant in arriving at a prognosis in these conditions. Given the prevalence of these diseases in both the developing and developed world and the difficulty that often accompanies diagnosis of autoimmune diseases, it is desirable to have sensitive, rapid, and inexpensive diagnostic tools for these diseases. Because of the great sensitivity of electrochemical techniques and their potential utility in characterizing interactions between macromolecules, electrochemistry has great potential as a diagnostic tool for any disease involving antibodies. Anti-DNA antibodies are present in many autoimmune diseases, notably systemic lupus erythematosus. Since DNA is a stable and well-characterized antigen, an electrochemical-based assay is particularly useful for diagnosis of these diseases. The impedance of a gold surface was measured in the presence and absence of single- and double-stranded DNA monolayers. The DNA monolayer was diluted with butanethiol in order to provide a surface with more accessible binding sites than an undiluted monolayer. The change in impedance of the DNA monolayer following exposure to various small molecules and macromolecules was assessed. The molecules used included polyamines that induce conformational changes in DNA, proteins which bind DNA specifically, proteins which bind DNA non-specifically, and proteins which do not bind DNA. The presence of a DNA monolayer, whether single- or double-stranded, increased the impedance of the gold surface and dilution of the monolayers by butanethiol decreased the impedance, as expected. When exposed to polyamines, the impedance of the DNA monolayer decreased further. This could be due to lowered charge repulsion, to DNA condensation, or to a combination of both. When methylated bovine serum albumin was exposed to the monolayer, there was an increase in impedance. Conversely, when bovine serum albumin was exposed to the monolayer, the impedance was only increased at very high concentrations of protein. The increase following exposure to high concentrations of bovine serum albumin was likely due to deposition of protein on to the monolayer. The specificity of these interactions was illustrated by experiments with the antibody Hed 10, which binds single-stranded but not double-stranded DNA. Exposure to Hed 10 only caused a significant change in impedance when exposed to monolayers of single-stranded DNA.The decreased impedance of the DNA monolayer caused by the presence of polyamines is consistent with the known structural perturbations induced by these molecules as measured with other methods. Similarly, the increase in impedance caused by the presence of proteins which bind DNA is consistent with increased steric interference by the protein-DNA complex. The failure of proteins which do not bind DNA to affect the impedance of the monolayer indicated that the…


Some farm names and farm name changes can reveal forgotten information that is relevant to cultural history. Of the many original farm names that have changed, one is that of the farm Doornrand, first recorded in 1839. It is located on the Klip River, south-west of Johannesburg. Its name was changed, probably in 1847, to Misgund-""Begrudged"". This curious renaming seems to have originated as follows: Field-Cornet Petrus Lindeque (bapt. 1802-c.1853) was the farm applicant in 1846. As formidable neuwen Commandant he defied a call for burghers to take part in the Volksraad party's commission to find a safe trade route to Delagoa Bay and to meet Smellekamp in May 1847. He was to arbitrate between the two rival Ohrigstad ""parties"", that of Potgieter and that of the Volksraad. It appears that Lindeque was appointed commandant by Potgieter to reinforce the latter's hegemony in the Zuikerboschrand, and to promote the Potgieter commission, considering that the Potchefstroom landdrost and most heemraden had defected to the Raadsparty early in 1847, Lindeque's loyalty to Potgieter was promptly met with his being branded a liar and with the threat of a lashing by his landdrost, Visagie, something Lindeque sorely begrudged! He was apparently also demoted to field-comet. These, presumably, were the reasons for changing his farm's name, which has endured ever since. The name change could therefore be considered a monument to unwavering loyalty and to justifiable dissent. In the wider context, the above exemplifies the political tension that prevailed during 1847-1849.


A clamp used for securing the hot-air ducting system on fighter aircraft fractured in an area adjacent to a slot near the end of the strap after two or three years of service. The strap was 0.8 mm (0.032 in.) thick, and the V-section was 1.3 mm (0.050 in.) thick; both were made of 19-9 DL heat-resisting alloy. The operating temperature of the duct surrounded by the clamp was 425 to 540 deg C (800 to 1000 deg F). The life of the clamp was expected to equal that of the aircraft. Investigation (visual inspection, chemical analysis, hardness testing, and 540x/2700x images etched with oxalic acid) supported the conclusion that the clamp fractured by SCC because the work metal was sensitized. Sensitization occurred during long-term exposure to the service temperature; the effects of sensitization were intensified as a result of cold forming. Recommendations included using a work metal that is less susceptible to intergranular carbide precipitation.


Ultra Wide-Band (UWB) technology has recently attracted much research interest due to its appealing features in short-range mobile communications. These features include high-data rates, low power consumption, multiple-access communications and precise positioning capabilities. Space-Time Coding (STC) techniques, such as block coding and trellis coding, are known to be simple and practical ways to increase both the spectral efficiency and the capacity in wireless communications. The the- sis aims at designing robust and efficient space-time coding schemes well adapted to single-band UWB signalling. Thus, this work incorporates a fine analysis of a stan- dard Single Input Single Output (SISO) single-band UWB system, scrutinising every important aspect of this system including transceiver structure, channel modelling, multiple-access techniques and detection process. Research also leads to the deriva- tion of a novel closed-form approximation for the average probability of bit-error for single-band UWB systems. This in-depth study highlights drawbacks inherent to UWB systems such as time-jitter effects or rake-receiver complexity and proposes schemes that benefit from spatial diversity to mitigate these problems. Thus, the thesis concentrates on the design of new multiple-antenna space-time coding systems tailored for UWB communications. As a result, this work derives and generates gen- eralised full-rate space-time block codes based on orthogonal pulses to capture both spatial and multipath diversities. Space-time trellis coded modulation is then revis- ited to further improve the spectral efficiency limit and to deliver the high-data rates promised by UWB technology. A new version of space-time trellis coding is developed for the peculiar UWB signalling structure. Finally, thanks to a novel closed-form ap- proximation, a theoretical comparison is undertaken between any SISO-UWB system and the multiple-antenna UWB systems proposed in this thesis. The results clearly underline the impact of STC on a single-band UWB system in terms of enhanced robustness against timing-jitter effects, higher spectral efficiency and capacity im- provement. These advantages are finally confirmed through the numerical evaluation of the error-rate performance.


In this essay, I defend a Wollheimian account of a twofold picture perception. While I agree with Wollheim's objectors that a picture involves three layers that qualify a picture in its complexity – its vehicle, what is seen in it, and its subject –, I argue that the third layer does not involve perception, even indirectly: what is seen in a picture constrains its subject to be a subject of a certain kind, yet it does not force the latter to be pictorially perceived, not even indirectly. So, even if a picture is three-layered, pictorial experience remains a twofold experience, as Wollheim claimed. Neither the proponents of threefoldness nor Wollheim himself, however, have convincingly explained how the experience really is a perceptual experience. My Wollheimian account thus aims to reconceive the pictorial experience in properly perceptual terms.


As most econometricians will readily agree, the data used in applied econometrics seldom provide accurate measurements for the pertinent theory's variables. Here, Bernt Stigum offers the first systematic and theoretically sound way of accounting for such inaccuracies. He and a distinguished group of contributors bridge econometrics and the philosophy of economics--two topics that seem worlds apart. They ask: How is a science of economics possible? The answer is elusive. Economic theory seems to be about abstract ideas or, it might be said, about toys in a toy community. How can a researcher with such tools learn anything about the social reality in which he or she lives? This book shows that an econometrician with the proper understanding of economic theory and the right kind of questions can gain knowledge about characteristic features of the social world. It addresses varied topics in both classical and Bayesian econometrics, offering ample evidence that its answer to the fundamental question is sound. The first book to comprehensively explore economic theory and econometrics simultaneously, Econometrics and the Philosophy of Economics represents an authoritative account of contemporary economic methodology. About a third of the chapters are authored or coauthored by Heather Anderson, Erik Biorn, Christophe Bontemps, Jeffrey A. Dubin, Harald E. Goldstein, Clive W.J. Granger, David F. Hendry, Herman Ruge-Jervell, Dale W. Jorgenson, Hans-Martin Krolzig, Nils Lid Hjort, Daniel L. McFadden, Grayham E. Mizon, Tore Schweder, Geir Storvik, and Herman K. van Dijk.


This study, carried out between July-September 2008, looks specifically at the use of a high resolution aerial photograph (orthophoto) data set acquired in June 2005 over post tsunami Aceh, Indonesia. The study clearly demonstrates the benefit of the use of EO data for disaster recovery showing that the orthophoto data set, costing 1.4 million Euro, critically supported projects (primary users of the data set), worth over 16 times its actual cost (28 million Euro) and provided support to projects worth over 600 times its actual cost (880 million Euro).

The study concludes that a simple robust methodology to quantify the benefit of EO data in disaster recovery may be implemented by monitoring the total costs of projects that are critically supported by the EO data set. To implement that monitoring mechanism, a robust and straightforward method must be in place with the EO data distributor that records simple criteria for each of the data users and related projects.

The report provides a number of lessons that have been learnt from the spatial data initiatives between Official Development Agencies and the Government of Indonesia in response to the Tsunami. The report recommends that in order to ensure that the spatial data is used to its greatest benefit, prior to the initiation of any campaign, the donor funding the project must ensure that there is a defined and clearly proven, transparent, and accountable mechanism to ensure that the data is effectively delivered to the humanitarian aid community in a timely and efficient manner.


The business challenges like globalization, profitability through growth, technology integration, intellectual capital management, continuous change influence not only the way the organizations are structured and managed, but also determine the language of management. As a result some terms emerge and other terms are rejected. However, to what extent the development of the language signify the difference between old and new terms? The question concerning just relabeling or repackaging old things is relevant in the scientific literature. A debate about changing the terminology from "personnel management" to "human resource management" attracted huge attention among scientists (Guest, 1987; Clark, 1993;  Legge, 1995; Henry and Pettigrew, 1990, Torrington, 1989; Armstrong, 2000; Cakar, Bititci & MacBryde, 2003; Boselie, Brewster & Paauwe, 2009) underlying the "rhetoric" of human resource academics and the "reality" in the organizations. The paper starts with the development of human resource management concept, emphasising that the 1980s and 1990s are the time of the significant change in the context and content of the way in which people were managed. Drawing to the prior research, the paper identifies three main stages in the process of human resource management formation. Acknowledging that human resource management concept is controversial (Storey, 1995), the paper presents two approaches as regards personnel management (PM) and human resource management (HRM): some scientists highlight the revolutionary nature of HRM (Legge, 1989, 1995; Keenoy, 1990; Storey, 1993; Guest, 1987, 1990; Hope-Hailey et al., 1997), meanwhile others (Torrington, 1989; Armstrong, 2000) deny the relevant difference in the concepts of PM and HRM. Seeking to provide the answer to the question – does  HRM differ from PM? – the paper attempts to provide the definitions of HRM, however states that a widely acknowledged definition of HRM does not exits, although the definitions of HRM disclose four HRM dimensions: high commitment, high quality, flexibility and strategic integration. To better reveal the nature of HRM, the paper provides some insights on the similarities of PM and HRM highlighting that some of similarities are viewed in the literature as differences also. Finally assessing that the differences between PM and HRM can be seen as a matter of emphasis (Armstrong, 2006), the main differences of the concepts are presented in this paper. This brings to conclusion that in the scientific literature the distinction was made between PM and HRM and the term "human resource management" is now mainly used as synonyms for "personnel management". DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ee.24.3.1618


This paper presents a novel digital technique for bus-bars protection. The technique is based on deriving a directional quantity proportional to the postfault current signal and the prefault voltage signal. The prefault current signal is also used to compensate the current signal during the current transformer (CT) saturation. The performance of the technique was investigated for a variety of operating conditions, for CT saturation, high fault resistance, source impedance, and for several bus-bar configurations. Results show that the technique is stable during early and severe CT saturations and it is able to offer very high accuracy and speed in fault detection.


We propose a new type of house price model for risk management and asset pricing, different from the prevailing time series type of models commonly used by the academia and industry. It separates the modeling of HPA expectation and volatility. It models the essential features of house price volatilities in the simplest form. In terms of the volatility term structure, it models the house price mean reversion and momentum and exhibits short-term positive serial correlation and long-term negative serial correlation. It models the spatial correlation as well as local features of volatility term structure. It is in continuous time form, has only three parameters, and is analytically tractable. The model estimation is transparent, simple, robust, and accurate. TOPICS: MBS and residential mortgage loans, statistical methods, credit risk management


Over 350 entries
 This new dictionary provides clear and authoritative definitions of terms within the fast-growing field of African Politics. It includes coverage of elections, parties, judiciaries, popular protest, gender relations, the politics of development, and Africa's international relations as well as major events and figures within African Politics. Entries range from Afrocentrism and the Bandung Conference to 'Rhodes must fall' and Sino–African relations and include key terms of particular relevance to Africa such as neopatrimonialism, queue voting, and post-conflict power-sharing. The dictionary also showcases the remarkably vibrant and insightful political language used in Africa, including a range of vernacular terms that are essential for a deep understanding of local political realities.
 Written by a world-leading expert on the political science of Africa, this dictionary is an essential guide for both undergraduate and postgraduate students as well as academics, journalists, and researchers working on African politics.


We outline an e‐cient ACID-compliant mechanism for structural inserts and deletes in relational XML document storage that uses a region based pre/size/level encoding (equivalent to the pre/post encoding). Updates to such node-numbering schemes are considered prohibitive (i.e. physical cost linear to document size), because structural updates cause shifts in all pre-numbers after the update point, and require updates of the size of all ancestors, such that the root of the tree becomes a locking bottleneck. We show how such locking can be avoided by updating the size of ancestors using deltaincrements, which are transaction-commutative operations. We also reduce the physical cost to the minimum (i.e. linear to update volume) by carefully exploiting the virtual column feature of MonetDB to store pre numbers (virtual columns are never materialized, and thus need not be updated). In our evaluation, we show the overhead of the update-feature in MonetDB/XQuery in terms of added XMark evaluation cost to stay within an acceptable limit (<30% on average).


In the 1990s, the discussion about Bach and the Holy Spirit followed was revived after Renate Steiger's (re)discovery of an emblem by Johann Saubert, in which the alto is described as the voice of the Holy Spirit in the believer's heart. Despite the lively debate and some illuminating interpretations, the theme of the Holy Spirit in Bach's work was hardly further scrutinised, probably caused in part by the repeated discouraging statement that nothing of significance can be found in theological literature, due to the idiosyncratic weakness of Lutheran pneumatology (the doctrine of the Holy Spirit). Because there are a fair number of pieces by Bach related to the Holy Spirit, a more systematic approach to the topic could be a possible means of exploring the theme further. This dissertation is an attempt at a systematic description of Lutheran pneumatology in Bach's days, hoping to construct a theological framework from which Bach's Spirit-related pieces could be studied in either a deeper or alternative manner. The concept of this dissertation is built on a model taken from the Evangelische Christen=Schule (1688) by August Pfeiffer. Its chapter on the Holy Spirit is divided in two parts, the first dealing with the Person of the Holy Spirit, the second with the work of the Spirit. Referring to John 14:26, Pfeiffer exposes four different functions of the Spirit in the second part of the chapter, as he describes the Spirit successively as Sanctifier, Teacher, Comforter and Recaller. Following the structure of Pfeiffer's chapter, this dissertation presents five case studies, the first one being addressed to the Person of the Spirit, the remaining ones to the four different functions, as described by Pfeiffer. Being a practical pneumatology from reformorthodox perspective, as far as this dissertation is concerned, the Gottliche Liebes=Flamme (1676) by Heinrich Muller is the ideal counterpart to Pfeiffer's orthodoxy. Supported by quotations from other theological works, the mentioned books by Pfeiffer and Muller deliver a theological framework from which Spirit-related pieces by Bach might be studied afresh. Concerning the Person of the Holy Spirit, the aria Et in Spiritum sanctum (BWV 232/II,7) from the B Minor Mass is scrutinized. The Spirit's role as Sanctifier is examined in the alto solo cantata Widerstehe doch der Sunde (BWV 54), the one as Teacher in the choral motet Wenn aber jener, der Geist der Wahrheit, kommt (BWV 108,4) from the cantata Es ist euch gut, das ich hingehe, the one as Comforter in the motet Der Geist hilft unser Schwachheit auf (BWV 226) and the one as Recaller in Kyrie II (BWV 232/I,3) from the B Minor Mass. In relation to the last two pieces, the Leichen=Predigt by Christian Weis, written for the same occasion as Bach's motet BWV 226 (the funeral of rector Ernesti of the Leipzig Thomas=Schule) and therefore an unique pneumatological document from Bach's own environment, is also studied.


Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) have received considerable attention as an antibacterial agent particularly in the textile industry. In the present work a successful procedure for in situ growth of ZnONPs in textiles was developed. The results obtained showed that a combination of in situ synthesis and the sol–gel method promoted a uniform and dense adsorption of the nanoparticles both inside and on the surface of fabric fibres. The fabrics finished with ZnONPs have been investigated for antibacterial properties by the agar diffusion method and by the absorption method according to the ISO 20743:2013 standard and exhibited an antibacterial effect against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus ATCC33591, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC1228, Staphylococcus aureus RN4220 and Propionibacterium acnes ATCC6919. Moreover, tests conducted with hydrogen peroxide suggested the involvement of reactive oxygen species, namely the involvement of hydrogen peroxide, in the antibacterial activity of the zinc oxide nanoparticles. Therefore, the synthesised nanoparticles showed great potential to be used as coatings for medical, cosmetic or sports fabrics.


The patient reported here is the twentieth reported case of thrombotic thrombocytopenia purpura (TTP) occurring in pregnancy, the third survivor, and the first to be delivered by cesarean section. Diagnosis of TTP is usually made on the basis of the pentad of anemia, thrombocytopenia, renal disease, neurologic abnormalities, and fever. A peripheral smear showing microangiopathic hemolysis can be confirmatory and may even be regarded as a definitive test in questionable cases of thrombocytopenia. Although splenectomy, steroids, heparin, and early delivery have been recommended, splenectomy is the only treatment showing a statistically significant improvement in survival rate; 60% of infants born at or beyond 33 weeks' gestation have survived.


Abstract. Mountainous soil erosion processes were investigated in the Urseren Valley (Central Switzerland) by means of measurements and simulations. The quantification of soil erosion was performed on hill slope scale (2·20 m) for three different land use types: hayfields, pastures with dwarf shrubs and pastures without dwarf shrubs with three replicates each. Erosion rates during growing season were measured with sediment traps between June 2006 and November 2007. Long-term soil erosion rates were estimated based on Cs- 137 redistribution. In addition, soil moisture and surface flow were recorded during the growing season in the field and compared to model output. We chose the WEPP model (Water Erosion Prediction Project) to simulate soil erosion during the growing season. Model parameters were determined in the field (slope, plant species, fractional vegetation cover, initial saturation level), by laboratory analyses (grain size, organic matter) and by literature study. The WEPP model simulates sheet erosion processes (interrill and splash erosion processes, please note that no rill erosion occurs at our sites). Model output resulted in considerable smaller values than the measured erosion rates with sediment traps for the same period. We attribute the differences to observed random gravity driven erosion of soil conglomerates. The Cs-137 measurements deliver substantially higher mean annual erosion rates, which are most likely connected to snow cover related processes such as snow gliding and avalanche activities.


1. Bees have been kept in groups whose numbers ranged from 10 to 200 bees, at temperatures ranging from 0-40° C. 2. At 40° C. bees in groups of 200 had a higher death-rate than bees in smaller groups. At temperatures of 25-35° C. the death-rate was low and about the same in all groups . Below 25° C. the more bees in a group, the longer they survived. 3. The temperatures of all groups increased with that of their environment, the larger a group, the higher its temperature. The difference between the external temperature and that of the groups decreased with increase in the former until at 35 and 40° C. groups of all sizes were at or slightly below environmental temperature. 4. At temperatures from 20-40° C. the percentage of bees in a group that were clustering was directly related to the size of their group, bees in groups of 10 or 25 hardly clustering at all. At each temperature at 15° C. or below, about the same high percentage of bees clustered in all groups. 5. The amount of food (sugar syrup) consumed per bee increased with decrease in the environmental temperature. Very little water was drunk at environmental temperatures of 25° C. or lower but, at 35° C. and above, relatively enormous quantities were taken. 6. These results have been discussed especially in relation to information on the temperature regulation and food consumption of colonies in winter.


Populations and assets, in African cities, small and large, are among the most vulnerable to disaster risk globally. Climate change and demographic shifts add urgency and uncertainty. This paper outlines priorities for research responding to this challenge. We argue for integrative approaches that can capture multi-hazard risk and include hazards from across the spectrum of everyday to catastrophic, and their interactions. For such approaches to shape policy, new efforts are needed to develop political support, technical capacity and methodologies to enable systematic data collection and analysis, including socially and spatially disaggregated data. We also argue for the interdependence of risk and urban development policy, and a focus on institutions as objects and partners for co-produced research, including local government as the focal point for risk reduction and new roles for civil society and the private sector. This emerging research agenda also needs to ask what it is that makes African cities di...


Maize stover is an important feed resource in smallholder crop/livestock production systems. A situation analysis survey was undertaken in four administrative divisions, namely Kiambaa and Githuguri in the Kiambu district and Gatanga and Kamwangi in the Thika district as representatives of this system. The objective of the study was to establish baseline information on maize stover utilization as livestock feed and possible constraints and strategies to deal with these constraints. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Simple random sampling was used to select 15 respondents per district, giving a sample size of 30 households. Sampling criteria was based on dairy enterprise priority and a zero-grazing production system. Termite attacks during storage and low quality of stover were the major constraints in utilization of maize stover. Among the major strategies for dealing with the low quality of stover, was supplementation with spent brewers' grains, which was most important in Thika district, while in Kiambu district, supplementation with fodder grasses emerged highest. Treatment of dry maize stover with urea was among the least adopted technologies in the two districts. It was concluded from the study that the efficiency with which the available stover are utilized is compromised by poor handling before feeding. Some of the strategies adopted to overcome the identified constraint of low quality were also inappropriate. This may reflect the lack of technical know-how on how best to use the stover and/or inappropriateness of available technologies. There is a need to address this situation by adapting known and workable technologies under the local conditions.


Since soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) is low in saturated fat and active in reducing blood cholesterol, it is gaining interest as a healthy snack food. Direct consumption of vegetable soybeans is very popular in the Orient. However, the cultivars used in Asia are not adapted to U.S. production systems. The objectives of this study were to determine the efficiency of mechanical harvest and to identify vegetable soybean cultivars adapted for a mechanical harvest system. To implement the objectives, four vegetable soybean cultivars were planted in a randomized complete block design at Randolph Research Farm, Virginia State University. The cultivars were hand harvested and mechanically harvested at the green pod stage and evaluated for green pod yield (kg ha), one hundred pod weight (g), plant height ( cm), and pod dimensions oflength ( cm), width ( cm), and thickness ( cm). A significant difference (P < 0.01) was observed among the two methods of harvesting. The hand harvested beans yielded twice as many more pods as the mechanical harvested beans. However, the pods harvested mechanically were cleaner and required no further cleaning as compared to hand harvested pods. There was also significant cultivar x method harvest interaction. The common bean picker was effective in harvesting the vegetable soybean cultivars with plant height of 55 to 66 cm and pod size that ranged from 128 to 144 g 100pods This type of operation could be easily adapted by farmers using appropriate cultivars.


Animal locomotion exhibits all the features of complex non linear systems such as multi-stability, critical fluctuation, limit cycle behavior and chaos. Studying these aspects on real robots has been proved difficult and therefore results mostly rely on the use of computer simulation. Simple control approaches — based on phase oscillators — have been proposed and exhibit several of these features. In this work, we compare two types of controllers: (a) an open loop control approach based on phase oscillators and (b) the Tegotae-based closed loop extension of this controller. The first controller has been shown to exhibit synchronization features between the body and the controller when applied to a quadruped robot with compliant leg structures. In this contribution, we apply both controllers to the locomotion of a stiff quadruped structure. We show that the Tegotae-controller exhibits self-organizing behavior, such as spontaneous gait transition and critical fluctuation. Moreover, it exhibits features such as the ability to stabilize both asymmetric and symmetric morphological changes, despite the lack of compliance in the leg.


We present a framework for efficient inference in structured image models that explicitly reason about objects. We achieve this by performing probabilistic inference using a recurrent neural network that attends to scene elements and processes them one at a time. Crucially, the model itself learns to choose the appropriate number of inference steps. We use this scheme to learn to perform inference in partially specified 2D models (variable-sized variational auto-encoders) and fully specified 3D models (probabilistic renderers). We show that such models learn to identify multiple objects - counting, locating and classifying the elements of a scene - without any supervision, e.g., decomposing 3D images with various numbers of objects in a single forward pass of a neural network. We further show that the networks produce accurate inferences when compared to supervised counterparts, and that their structure leads to improved generalization.


From the Publisher:
Java 2 Enterprise Edition is a combination of Java-related technologies including Java Server Pages, Servlets, and Enterprise Java Beans. Working together these pieces make Java a viable solution for enterprise-scale applications. "SE Using J2EE" starts with a section covering the core J2EE components and how they fit into the overall application architecture. The book then builds off this foundation to explore the practical applications of J2EE including incorporating XML into J2EE, creating wireless Web applications, network programming with J2EE, managing security and encryption, object programming with Serialization and Reflection, and programming Java applets in the enterprise. Later chapters discuss alternative approaches to solving problems in J2EE applications including debugging, decompiling and disassembly. The book finishes with a useful reference section discussing each of the core J2EE APIs.


Secure authentication with devices or services that store sensitive and personal information is highly important. However, traditional password and pin-based authentication methods compromise between the level of security and user experience. AirAuth is a biometric authentication technique that uses in-air gesture input to authenticate users. We evaluated our technique on a predefined (simple) gesture set and our classifier achieved an average accuracy of 96.6% in an equal error rate (EER-)based study. We obtained an accuracy of 100% when exclusively using personal (complex) user gestures. In a further user study, we found that AirAuth is highly resilient to video-based shoulder surfing attacks, with a measured false acceptance rate of just 2.2%. Furthermore, a longitudinal study demonstrates AirAuth's repeatability and accuracy over time. AirAuth is relatively simple, robust and requires only a low amount of computational power and is hence deployable on embedded or mobile hardware. Unlike traditional authentication methods, our system's security is positively aligned with user-rated pleasure and excitement levels. In addition, AirAuth attained acceptability ratings in personal, office, and public spaces that are comparable to an existing stroke-based on-screen authentication technique. Based on the results presented in this paper, we believe that AirAuth shows great promise as a novel, secure, ubiquitous, and highly usable authentication method.


ABSTRACT In the last two decades, scholars have increasingly looked to understand the way that socially constructed norms and values have influenced the course of international diplomacy. Yet while much work has been produced on areas such as gender, far less has been written on the way that perceptions of illness affected the way that leading policymakers saw themselves, their allies, and their respective roles in the world. This article, by focusing on former US secretary of state John Foster Dulles, looks at the influence that perceptions of illness had on US foreign relations during the 1950s. First, it argues that US perceptions of British and French weakness – as typified by the ill-health being suffered by those nations' respective leaders – shaped American responses to the diplomatic crisis that erupted over the battle of Dien Bien Phu in 1954. Second, it highlights the substantial changes that took place in US policy when first President Eisenhower, and then subsequently Secretary Dulles, were stricken down by severe illness. In doing so it demonstrates how a better understanding of the relationship between illness, emotions and masculinity can help historians to better understand the course of Cold War foreign relations.


Cold‐adapted species are expected to have reached their largest distribution range during a part of the Ice Ages whereas postglacial warming has led to their range contracting toward high‐latitude and high‐altitude areas. This has resulted in an extant allopatric distribution of populations and possibly to trait differentiations (selected or not) or even speciation. Assessing inter‐refugium differentiation or speciation remains challenging for such organisms because of sampling difficulties (several allopatric populations) and disagreements on species concept. In the present study, we assessed postglacial inter‐refugia differentiation and potential speciation among populations of one of the most common arcto‐alpine bumblebee species in European mountains, Bombus monticola Smith, 1849. Based on mitochondrial DNA/nuclear DNA markers and eco‐chemical traits, we performed integrative taxonomic analysis to evaluate alternative species delimitation hypotheses and to assess geographical differentiation between interglacial refugia and speciation in arcto‐alpine species. Our results show that trait differentiations occurred between most Southern European mountains (i.e. Alps, Balkan, Pyrenees, and Apennines) and Arctic regions. We suggest that the monticola complex actually includes three species: B. konradini stat.n. status distributed in Italy (Central Apennine mountains), B. monticola with five subspecies, including B. monticola mathildis ssp.n. distributed in the North Apennine mountains ; and B. lapponicus. Our results support the hypothesis that post‐Ice Age periods can lead to speciation in cold‐adapted species through distribution range contraction. We underline the importance of an integrative taxonomic approach for rigorous species delimitation, and for evolutionary study and conservation of taxonomically challenging taxa.


Language varieties should be taken into account in order to enhance fluency and naturalness of translated texts. In this paper we will examine the collocational verbal range for prima-facie translation equivalents of words like decision and dilemma, which in both languages denote the act or process of reaching a resolution after consideration, resolving a question or deciding something. We will be mainly concerned with diatopic variation in Spanish. To this end, we set out to develop a giga-token corpus-based protocol which includes a detailed and reproducible methodology sufficient to detect collocational peculiarities of transnational languages. To our knowledge, this is one of the first observational studies of this kind. The paper is organised as follows. Section 1 introduces some basic issues about the translation of collocations against the background of languages' anisomorphism. Section 2 provides a feature characterisation of collocations. Section 3 deals with the choice of corpora, corpus tools, nodes and patterns. Section 4 covers the automatic retrieval of the selected verb + noun (object) collocations in general Spanish and the co-existing national varieties. Special attention is paid to comparative results in terms of similarities and mismatches. Section 5 presents conclusions and outlines avenues of further research.


Most sports related injuries are musculoskeletal, affecting limbs or trunk, and related to specific risks associated with particular sports. Head injuries by contrast can occur in many sports and, except those incurred during boxing, are accidental. Unlike other injuries, the effects of which are usually maximal at onset, injury to the head may precipitate a process of intracranial disorder that can convert a mild initial injury into a life threatening condition from secondary complications. Moreover, even mild injuries are often associated with considerable temporary disability, and repeated mild injuries can result in cumulative brian damage. Doctors on sports fields have to decide whether patients with head injury can resume play or, if not, what further immediate management is needed and when they can play again. The answers to these questions depend on a sensible balancing of risks.

It is damage to the brain that matters when the head is hit. Injuries to the scalp or skull are important only as indicators of the possibility of underlying impact damage or of the risk of complications that could cause secondary brain damage. Either impact or secondary brain damage may be diffuse or focal, and this will influence the clinical features.

(1) Cerebral contusions - Bruising on the brain surface due to the brain's impact with the overlying skull - are the commonest form of impact damage. Contusion may be focal underneath a fracture resulting from a focal impact, blunt or penetrating, or it may be diffuse, resulting from the brain as a whole being thrown against the rough interior surface of the skull and dural dividers. Diffuse contusion results when the head as a whole decelerates, usually by hitting the ground, in which case the contusions are usually bilateral, affecting the tips of both frontal and temporal poles regardless of where the …


The Internet-enabled connectivity has created opportunities for businesses to conduct various forms of collaborative activities. However, the findings of several surveys indicate that the deficiencies in data quality might compromise the potential benefits of joint efforts. Global data synchronization (GDS), the process of timely updating product data to maintain the data consistency among business partners, is viewed as the key to materializing the benefits of ecollaboration in the global supply chain setting. In the paper, we present the need for data synchronization, discuss the evolution of technical standards of data identification schemes, and introduce the Global Data Synchronization Network (GDSN), the platform on which global data synchronization is substantiated. We detail the structure of GDSN and the protocols for the process of GDS. Furthermore, we discuss business and management implications of GDS, different approaches to implementing GDS, and challenges to the implementation of GDS. The emergence of GDS and GDSN presents research opportunities on issues relating to the implementation of GDS, the relationship between GDSN and EPCglobal Network, the impact of GDS on inter-organizational relationships, the network effect of global standards, and evolution of complementary standards. We discuss these research opportunities. In brief, the article covers the history, present status, and future of GDS and GDSN, as well as their potentials, benefits, and implementation issues.


In this investigation, the characteristics of dynamic recrystallization (DRX) in five Zr-alloys, namely, commercial pure zirconium (CP-Zr), Zircaloy-2 (Zr–Sn), Zr-2.5Nb (Zr–Nb), Zr-2.5Nb-0.5Cu (Zr–Nb-Cu), and Zr-1Nb-1Sn-0.1Fe (Zr–Nb–Sn–Fe), have been examined. For this purpose, processing maps were constructed using strain rate sensitivity (m) data as a function of temperature and strain rate. This has been done using compression tests carried out at constant true strain rate. The processing maps revealed the bounds of DRX domain as iso-contour of m in strain rate–temperature plane. Optical microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to analyze the evolution of the microstructure and to ascertain the nature of dislocation mechanisms in deformed and quenched samples from the DRX domain. For all the alloys studied, TEM revealed complete modification of β-transformed microstructure to an equiaxed morphology containing dislocation substructure within. The variation of grain size with strain rate and temperature, high ductility, and a linear variation of log(grain size) with log(Z) (where Z is the Zener–Hollomon parameter) are some important characteristic features associated with DRX domains of Zr-alloys. While Nb exhibited strong influence on lowering the strain rate for the occurrence of DRX of CP-Zr, Sn addition (Zr–Sn) did not alter DRX characteristics. TEM observations neither revealed the nature of nucleation event nor identified the dislocation mechanism involved in the DRX process. In order to ascertain the rate controlling dislocation mechanism, the flow stress data were analyzed using a model of thermally activated flow. On the basis of the magnitudes of activation energy and apparent activation area, the cross-slip of screw dislocation has been identified as the rate controlling mechanism involved in the DRX process. The activation energy has been found to increase by alloying elements, which is expected to lower stacking fault energy (SFE) and increase separation between the partials. Further analysis of the data using Friedel's model revealed that the activation energy for the cross-slip process can be decomposed into two parts—one related to the process of forming a constriction in the dissociated dislocations and the other needed for recombining the dissociated dislocations. While the former component (related to SFE) is dominant in Nb containing Zr-alloys, both the components are involved in controlling the deformation behavior of CP-Zr and Zr–Sn alloys. The effects of alloying elements on DRX characteristics and on the evolution of dislocation structure have been rationalized on the basis of cross-slip as the rate controlling dislocation mechanism in a qualitative manner. The importance of dynamic recovery in DRX process has been emphasized in view of this.


Among the most exciting new anticancer products presented at the 2001 ASCO meeting were new drugs that block the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). About 30% to 90% of carcinomas express high levels of EGFR. These include, among others, head and neck cancer, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, colon cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and bladder cancer.


Macaw is drawing wild cheers from the web community for its simple and elegant tools for web design. According to Jeffrey Zeldman, founder of Happy Cog, Macaw is the superhot web design tool of the future." This essential book lays a solid foundation for using Macaw and walks readers through the the basics of the application before moving on to how to set up styles, handle text and images, create responsive designs, and publish pages. Filled with full-color images accompanying step-by-step instructions, this invaluable book give readers a solid footing to start creating beautiful and responsive web sites in Macaw. Readers will learn how to: Create elements with Macaws drawing tools Apply styles to elements Style text Work with images Build reusable groups of elements Apply global styles Create and publish a website.


We use deep adaptive optics assisted integral field spectroscopy from SINFONI on the VLT to study the spatially resolved properties of ionized gas outflows driven by active galactic nuclei (AGNs) in three galaxies at z ∼ 2.2—K20-ID5, COS4-11337, and J0901 + 1814. These systems probe AGN feedback from nuclear to circumgalactic scales and provide unique insights into the different mechanisms by which AGN-driven outflows interact with their host galaxies. K20-ID5 and COS4-11337 are compact star-forming galaxies with powerful ∼1500 km s−1 AGN-driven outflows that dominate their nuclear Hα emission. The outflows do not appear to have any impact on the instantaneous star formation activity of the host galaxies, but they carry a significant amount of kinetic energy that could heat the halo gas and potentially lead to a reduction in the rate of cold gas accretion onto the galaxies. The outflow from COS4-11337 is propagating directly toward its companion galaxy COS4-11363, at a projected separation of 5.4 kpc. COS4-11363 shows signs of shock excitation and recent truncation of star formation activity, which could plausibly have been induced by the outflow from COS4-11337. J0901 + 1814 is gravitationally lensed, giving us a unique view of a compact (R = 470 ± 70 pc), relatively low-velocity (∼650 km s−1) AGN-driven outflow. J0901 + 1814 has a similar AGN luminosity to COS4-11337, suggesting that the difference in outflow properties is not related to the current AGN luminosity and may instead reflect a difference in the evolutionary stage of the outflow and/or the coupling efficiency between the AGN ionizing radiation field and the gas in the nuclear regions.


Title of Document: THE SAME AND DIFFERENT: A GROUNDED THEORY OF THE EXPERIENCES OF COLLEGE STUDENTS WHO HAVE A SIBLING WITH A DEVLOPMENTAL DISABILITY Jennifer Lynn Weisman, Doctor of Philosophy, 2007 Directed By: Associate Professor, Marylu K. McEwen Department of Counseling and Personnel Services Research on people who have a sibling with a disability has focused minimally on the experiences of college students who have a sibling with a disability and generally focused on specific aspects and outcomes instead of a more holistic view. Much of the prior research was also conducted during a time when the climate around disabilities was different. This study took a contemporary and broad view of how college students with a sibling with a developmental disability experience college. This study used a qualitative methodology, constructivist grounded theory, to explore the experiences of college students with a sibling with a developmental disability. There were nine initial participants in the study and seven participants who completed the study. All had at least one sibling with a developmental disability and were either currently enrolled in an undergraduate institution or had graduated within two years. The seven participants who completed the study were each interviewed three times and many also shared academic papers or admissions essays that related to their sibling or disability issues. Data from the multiple in-depth interviews and documents were analyzed and the emergent theory was grounded in the data and described the experiences of college students who have a sibling with a disability. This theory contained a core category and five key categories. The core category, which incorporates the essence of participants' experiences, is My Experience in College is the Same and Different. There are five key categories related to the core category: Lessons Learned from Siblings, Having a Sibling Shapes My Personal Traits, Having a Sibling Plays a Role in My College Choices, Having a Sibling Contributes to My Academic Experiences, and Being a Sibling in My Social Interactions. This research contributes to the literature by providing a holistic and contemporary look at a sub-population of college students that has been understudied. It also offers important recommendations for future sibling research as well as ways for colleges to support siblings. As a qualitative study, it offers an in-depth look at college student siblings and demonstrates the complexity of their experience. THE SAME AND DIFFERENT: A GROUNDED THEORY OF THE EXPERIENCES OF COLLEGE STUDENTS WHO HAVE A SIBLING WITH A DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITY


This report examines emerging trends in the use, price, purity and availability of illicit drugs. Key findings: Heroin remained the most commonly reported drug of choice for participants who inject drugs. ƒƒ Recent heroin use and frequency remained stable. The availability of heroin was 'very easy' and purity 'low'. ƒƒ Recent use of speed remained stable, while base decreased and ice/crystal increased. All forms were considered 'very easy' or 'easy' to obtain. Ice/crystal was reported as 'high' in purity, while base was 'high/medium' and speed was 'low/medium' NSW remained the only jurisdiction where sizeable numbers of participants were able to comment on cocaine. Recent use and frequency of cocaine in NSW was stable. Price remained stable. Availability was reported as 'easy' and purity as 'medium'. The cannabis market remained stable. Recent use remained common and frequency of use high, usually daily or near-daily. Hydroponic cannabis dominated the market. Extra-medical use and injection ofpharmaceutical preparations continued to occur, with jurisdictional differences in patterns observed. Sharing of injecting equipment was common. Nearly half of the participants re-used their own needles in the last month.ƒƒ Nearly half of the national sample self-reported a mental health problem in the last six months. Mainly depression, followed by anxiety. Nearly half of the national sample reported driving in the last six months. Over threequarters drove after taking an illicit drug.ƒƒ Over one-third of the national sample reported a criminal activity in the last month, mainly drug dealing or property crime. Around one-third had been arrested in the last year.


A volcanic eruption early warning has to be launched with effectiveness and within the shortest time possible, which imposes the requirement of using real-time (RT) systems. In this setting, volcano-monitoring systems using wireless sensor networks (WSNs) may play a key role. Previous work did not report detailed-enough performance evaluation, in order to identify their main constraints as RT systems, either in simulation tools or in testbed scenarios. The aim of this paper was to identify the optimum number of sensors to be deployed a posteriori, based on simulation results considering throughput, packet loss, and end-to-end delay, as metrics to satisfy the RT requirements. We corroborated the simulation results obtained by a testbed deployment within a controlled environment. We determined that optimal scenario for volcano monitoring is a random topology, and the results show that 12 nodes should be deployed as maximum to satisfy the RT constraints. To test the system in a real scenario, 10 sensors were deployed in a strategic area at Cotopaxi Volcano, and information was collected during three days of continuous monitoring. This information was sent to a remote surveillance laboratory located 45 km away from the station placed at the volcano using WiFi-based long-distance technology. Our study shows that the coordinator node is the main bottleneck in the real application scenario, given that its processing rate provokes an excessive time delay near to 3 s, which has to be solved to satisfy the RT requirements. We conclude that a comprehensive study, including simulation, testbed, and in-situ deployment, provides valuable information for the specifications to be accounted in permanent WSN RT volcano monitoring.


Moroni, the final writer and compiler of the Book of Mormon, provides three endings to the book. His first ending, in Mormon 8–9, can be called a "signature ending"—the primary purpose here is to state that the writing is finished and to identify the author and his father and nation. Moroni, yet alive, provides a second ending, a "farewell ending," in Ether 12. This type of ending both concludes the work and wishes the reader well but then warns or rejoices that the narrator will meet the reader at the final judgment. In the final farewell ending (in Moroni 10), Moroni, the lone survivor of his people, expresses joy and hope. The three endings remind latter-day readers to acknowledge the destruction of the Nephite and Jaredite nations and provide doctrinal, logical, and scriptural arguments in defense of the Book of Mormon and its doctrines. Title


Abstract. Relaxed eddy accumulation is still applied in ecosystem sciences for measuring trace gas fluxes. On managed grasslands, the length of time between management events and the application of relaxed eddy accumulation has an essential influence on the determination of the proportionality factor b and thus on the resulting flux. In this study this effect is discussed for the first time. Also, scalar similarity between proxy scalars and scalars of interest is affected until the ecosystem has completely recovered. Against this background, CO2 fluxes were continuously measured and 13CO2 isofluxes were determined with a high measurement precision on two representative days in summer 2010. Moreover, a common method for the partitioning of the net ecosystem exchange into assimilation and respiration based on temperature and light response was compared with an isotopic approach directly based on the isotope discrimination of the biosphere. This approach worked well on the grassland site and could enhance flux partitioning results by better reproducing the environmental conditions.


Assembly line balancing problems are still present in garment manufacturing, especially so because of the difficulty to take into account all the relevant factors affecting the balance of the line. This may be the main reason why many of the studies related to the simulation of assembly lines are incomplete in terms of the representation of a general yet complete picture that can reflect the real assembly line balancing situation in garment production. This research aims to fill the gap by proposing a performance factor assessment method: this aims to analyse all the factors influencing assembly line balancing and group them according to whether they add value to the final product or not. Results show that bundle manipulation – with an 8.7% occurrence – is a critical necessary non-value added activity that significantly affects assembly line performance and therefore needs to be eliminated. This method of analysis can be applied to other sectors of garment production regardless of product type or working conditions.


British architect and critic Paul Shepheard is a fresh new voice in current postmodern debates about the history and meaning of architecture. In this wonderfully unorthodox quasi-novelistic essay, complete with characters and dialogue (but no plot), Shepheard draws a boundary around the subject of architecture, describing its place in art and technology, its place in history, and its place in our lives now.At a time when it is fashionable to say that architecture is everything -- from philosophy to science to art to theory -- Shepheard boldly and irreverently sets limits to the subject, so that we may talk about architecture for what it is. He takes strong positions, names the causes of the problems, and tells us how bad things are and how they can get better.Along the way he marshals some unlikely but plausible witnesses who testify about the current state of architecture. Instead of the usual claims or complaints by the usual suspects, these observations are of an altogether different order. Constructed as a series of fables, many of them politically incorrect, What is Architecture? is a refreshing meditation on the options, hopes, possibilities, and failures of shelter in society.


We present what is destined to become the de-facto standard for hardware platforms for next generation cyber-physical systems. Heterogeneous System Architecture (HSA) is an initiative to harmonize the industry around a common architecture which is easier to program and is an open standard defining the key interfaces for parallel computation. Since HSA is supported by virtually all major players in the silicon market we can conjecture that HSA, with its capabilities and quirks, will highly influence both the hardware and software for next generation cyber-physical systems. In this paper we describe HSA and discuss how its nature will influence architectures of system software and application software. Specifically, we believe that the system software needs to both leverage the hyperparallel nature of HSA while providing predictable and efficient resource allocation to different parallel activities. The application software, on the other hand, should be isolated from the complexity of the hardware architecture but yet be able to efficiently use the full potential of the hyperparallel nature of HSA.


The notion of heritage as a driver for regional development seems trendy and acceptable these days, and there appear to be successful cases, in which heritage plays a major role in regenerating historic communities and old quarters. Promoting heritage as a catalyst for development, however,
tends to obscure critical issues of existing preservation
principles, which need to be conditioned beforehand. Conventional principles for heritage conservation, which are promulgated in such forms as the ICOMOS charters, do have certain conflicting points with development practices, due to the inherent conceptual differences between preservation and development. Development itself used to be viewed as threats to heritage, and to a certain degree, this notion is still legitimate. Then, in order to advance heritage as a driver for regional development, it is necessary, as preconditions, to clarify the values and strategies of desirable development, which could coexist with conventional principles of heritage conservation. This
kind of examinations should precede any articulation of heritage tactics that entice development. From a perspective of recent development ethos, this paper scrutinizes critical preservation principles, manifested in the ICOMOS charters for the past forty years. From the early Venice Charter (1964) up through the recent Charter on Cultural Routes (2008), this paper conducts a content analysis of twenty three ICOMOS documents. The goal is to provide a set of precautions in promoting heritage as a driver for development, which, hopefully in the future, could contribute to constructing a new ICOMOS charter for regional development with heritage.


The third-order Kerr nonlinear optical effect of a one-dimensional photonic bandgap structure of a cholesteric liquid crystal is investigated. In a femtosecond nonlinear transmission measurement, nonlinear optical changes in the bandgap edges are observed. From analysis of the dispersion relation, Kerr nonlinear coefficients of nematics, forming the cholesteric liquid crystal, are found to be enhanced by 1-2 orders of magnitude through the photonic bandgap structure.


For the last several decades, academics have been fighting over what we might think of as the soul of tort law. Law & economic theorists contend that tort is about the efficient allocation of the costs of accidents; traditionalists view tort as a law of wrongs and redress. A common criticism wielded against the traditionalists is the problem of moral luck: It is a bedrock principle of morality that you can only be responsible for that which is under your control. But in many cases, whether and how much a plaintiff recovers against a defendant will turn entirely on factors outside of either party's control. And if tort law is fundamentally at odds with a bedrock principle of morality, then any view of tort as a law of wrongs is incoherent, or at least morally arbitrary, and must be rejected. While traditionalists have proposed a variety of answers to this critique, this Article argues that the best response is two-fold. First, the scope of the problem of moral luck is really quite limited: it applies only to the concept of moral blame. As such, the traditionalist can neatly avoid objection entirely by grounding her tort theory on notions of wrongdoing that don't make use of blame. Second, the use of the problem of moral luck in the context of tort law requires the law & economic theorists to take on several counterintuitive and controversial positions in the realm of normative ethics - positions in conflict with many of our everyday moral judgments. While some scholars may be perfectly happy to adopt these views, these unintended consequences must be recognized, articulated, and defended before the law & economic theorists can get any traction in their critique.


Law reviews and legal journals have been part of the legal academic world for more than a century. [1] These legal publications are unique because they are completely run by students. However, over the last few decades, law reviews and legal journals have been highly criticized, and some critics even predict their demise. [2] If law reviews and legal journals expect to survive and remain valuable academic resources, then certain changes need to be made, and these changes are the responsibility of the student editors. Although some legal publications are making changes for the better, such as publishing online, more can be done to improve these student-run publications. By taking advantage of technological advances, especially the Internet, law reviews and legal journals can reduce the time it takes to publish an issue. In addition, these technological advances allow legal publications to offer many new features and services for both the authors and the readers. However, updating a publication with these new technological advances can be expensive. Thus, law reviews and legal journals need to generate more income from other sources than just subscriptions.


Deaf and hard of hearing students do not have equal access to lecture information in higher education classrooms, even with visual translation accommodations such as sign language interpreters or captioners. As a result, their learning and retention rates lag behind in comparison with their hearing peers. Research shows deaf students lose substantial lecture information due to two main factors largely unaddressed by the accommodations: cognitive limits on handling simultaneous visual translation of audio and other visual information sources, and classroom layouts that have widely dispersed information sources, viewing distances, and angles.
This dissertation explores a consumer device-driven approach that is centered on multiple view perspectives (MVP). MVP improves visual access and inclusion of deaf students receiving accommodations in classrooms not designed for full visual accessibility. Approaches to enable deaf students are investigated to obtain better views of the classroom information sources, and to manage these multiple views. The first approach investigated development of a personal and flexible technology platform that uses personal mobile devices to enable deaf students to use it in a wide variety of classroom settings and layouts. Next, the scalability of multiple video streams is investigated for heterogeneous bandwidth devices in a BitTorrent simulator adapted for video streaming. Student preferences in prioritizing and consolidating widely dispersed and simultaneous multiple classroom information sources on their personal devices are investigated. Finally, consumption saving approaches in battery and processor limited personal devices are explored to more efficiently record, compress, and stream classroom video perspectives. Collectively, these investigations show that personal mobile devices can be used to improve visual accessibility and enhance classroom learning for deaf students. Unlike most classroom accessible technologies, MVP is designed to be portable, student-centered and be either used independently from the institutional network or in concert with it.


Forced-air heating and cooling system ducts are often located outside conditioned space in US houses. For these systems to perform efficiently it is important that these ducts be well insulated. Common practice is to use a glass fiber wrap around the ducts--either field applied or more commonly, integrated into a flexible duct. Most duct insulation has an R-value of 4.2, with R6 and R8 ducts also occasionally used. With glass fiber insulation being about R4 per inch (RSI 0.28/cm), this adds 2 to 4 inches (50 to 100 mm) to the duct diameter. Some building codes are now requiring these higher insulation levels, for example, the EPA requires the use of R6 ducts, and International Energy Conservation Code (BOCA 2003) requires R8 ducts. The difficulty with adding insulation to ducts is the increase in diameter of the ducts that makes them expensive to transport because they take up a large volume and are difficult to install in the confined spaces available for ducts in houses. The objective of this study was to evaluate Gas Filled Plenum (GFP) technology as an alternative duct insulation. GFP ducts have the potential to provide greater insulation levels than existing ducts (for a given thickness of insulation or size of duct) and provide cost savings in transportation. These transportation cost savings are based on the idea of shipping the GFP ducts empty and inflating them on-site. To evaluate this technology for ducts we constructed a prototype duct and determined both its flow and heat transfer resistance in LBNL's duct testing laboratories. The GFP technology works by encapsulating a gas (usually air--but other noble gases such as Argon or Krypton can provide significant increases in thermal resistance with increased cost) in a metalized film jacket. A honeycomb structure is used to keep individual gas pockets small to minimize convection heat transfer. A metallic finish (usually aluminum) minimizes radiation heat transfer between the surfaces.


In academic environments, reading is assigned not simply to transmit information; students are required to take the information, and based on the task set by the instructor, assess, analyze, and critique it on the basis of personal experiences, prior knowledge, and other readings (Grabe, 2009). Thus text-based comprehension (Kintsch, 1998) alone is not sufficient for academic success. Top-down processing is also required; this involves applying prior knowledge to define purpose(s), to make and verify hypotheses, and to infer and question content (Macaro & Erler, 2008; Urquhart & Weir, 1991). Although research has given teachers direction regarding the approach to use when providing strategy instruction in their classrooms, it has been left to teachers to develop the specific teaching tools required. In this article, I propose Reading Comprehension MAP for Situation-based comprehension (RC-MAPS): an instructional technique that provides teachers with an easily modified tool to assist in developing interpretative comprehension skills among second-language readers in academic environments through the strategy of questioning.


We start from the premise that the content of political competition is regularly remade by shifting contexts and by the strategic activity of political actors including parties. But while there are naturally thousands of potential issues on which politics can be contested, there are in practice and for good reasons ways in which structure and limits come to reduce the competition to more cognitively manageable and regularized divisions—in short, to issue dimensions. It is highly timely to return to these questions since, we argue, the social, political, and economic turbulence of recent years raises the possibility that the ideological structure of how parties present themselves to voters may be radically shifting. The papers in this special issue, therefore, each tackle an important aspect of the shifting character of the issues that underlie party competition in various European settings. In this article, we provide an overview of the relevant "state of the art" on issue dimensionality and how the subject is situated within the broad framework of understanding party competition.


This thesis presents an observational study of one of the nearest star-forming regions, the ρ Ophiuchi cluster, with the goal of characterising stellar activity in young stellar
objects. Variability is a common characteristic of pre-main-sequence (PMS) stars and originates from mechanisms related to magnetic fields, accretion discs, and circumstellar extinction. Variability surveys in the infrared (IR) can probe stellar and circumstellar environments and provide information about the dynamics of the on going magnetic and accretion processes. To this end, a large-field (∼0.8 deg2), near-IR photometric survey of ρ Ophiuchi has been conducted using the Wide Field Camera
(WFCAM) at the United Kingdom Infrared Telescope (UKIRT), which monitored the cluster over 14 nights in two consecutive years. Statistical tools, such as the multi-band
cross correlation index and the reduced chi-square, were used to disentangle signals of variability from noise. Variability in the near-IR is found to be present in half of the known population of ρ Ophiuchi. The behaviours shown are several and can be associated with the existence of spots on the stellar surface, variations in circumstellar extinction, or changes in the geometry of an accretion disc.

Furthermore, this thesis explores the feasibility of using photometric variability as a criterion for selection of new low-luminosity candidates of galactic star forming regions
down to very low masses. The use of this new selection method could help remove the biases from other techniques. For example, it has the advantage of identifying young
sources that do not show IR-excess or have small Hα emission. The use of this relatively new technique should contribute significantly to obtain a full census of the young objects in star formation regions, which remains one of the most important goals of galactic star formation studies. Using variability, a new population of objects has been uncovered, that is believed to be part of the ρ Ophiuchi cluster. Using low-resolution near-IR spectroscopy, 4 candidate members have been confirmed as PMS stars.

Finally, the survey presented in this thesis is the first of its kind in the IR, both in large area surveyed and sensitivity, taking advantage of recent developments in IR astronomical instrumentation. Of future relevance for IR variability studies is the new IR-imager at the Very Large Telesope (VLT), HAWK-I (High-Acuity Wide-field K band Imager), the most advanced IR camera on an 8-meter telescope at the present moment. The instrument was assembled and commissioned during the progress of this thesis, and is presented here, giving emphasis to the contribution of the author to the project.


Abstract. Spectral imaging of Portolan Charts, early nautical charts, provided extensive new information about their construction and creation. The origins of the portolan chart style have been a continual source of perplexity to numerous generations of cartographic historians. The spectral imaging system utilized incorporates a 50 megapixel mono-chrome camera with light emitting diode (LED) illumination panels that cover the range from 365 nm to 1050 nm to capture visible and non-visible information. There is little known about how portolan charts evolved, and what influenced their creation. These early nautical charts began as working navigational tools of medieval mariners, initially made in the 1300s in Italy, Portugal and Spain; however the origin and development of the portolan chart remained shrouded in mystery. Questions about these early navigational charts included whether colorants were commensurate with the time period and geographical location, and if different, did that give insight into trade routes, or possible later additions to the charts? For example; spectral data showed the red pigment on both the 1320 portolan chart and the 1565 Galapagos Islands matched vermillion, an opaque red pigment used since antiquity. The construction of these charts was also of great interest. Spectral imaging with a range of illumination modes revealed the presence of a "hidden circle" often referred to in relation to their construction. This paper will present in-depth analysis of how spectral imaging of the Portolans revealed similarities and differences, new hidden information and shed new light on construction and composition.


In New Zealand in 2006 there were almost 6,000 men in prison, with predictions that the numbers may rise to 9,000 by the year 2010. Almost a quarter of those imprisoned men reported having a spouse or partner at home, and almost 600 reported one or more dependent children. This means that there are at least 2,500 women and children in New Zealand who are directly affected by the incarceration of their man. My aim in this research was to explore the impacts and meaning of imprisonment for those women whose partners are in prison, and thereby to contribute to an understanding of these impacts, stimulate debate, and draw attention to a silenced and undervalued population within our communities. In-depth, unstructured interviews were used to collect data from six women whose partners were in prison. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analysed using a narrative approach of inquiry. Data analysis supports prior findings that the impacts of imprisonment of a partner are generally detrimental to women and families. The women interviewed reported difficulties related to their partners' imprisonment in almost every aspect of their lives: emotional, physical, financial , social and familial. There is currently little social, community, or government support for these women and families, despite the recognition that family well-being is critically important in reducing recidivism. I offer some recommendations for improving the situation for women whose partners are in prison, and make suggestions for future research.