The engineering and economical aspects of the optimization of steel shaft quenching and tempering were investigated. The mathematical model and method of computer simulation for the prediction of fatigue properties of quenched and tempered steel were developed. Computer simulation of the fatigue properties of quenched and tempered steel was applied in the optimization of quenching and tempering of steel shafts. The proper heat treatment process was accepted based on economical analysis. Fatigue properties of quenched and tempered steel were predicted based on microstructure composition and yield strength. Microstructure composition and yield strength were predicted based on as-quenched hardness. The distribution of as-quenched hardness in the workpiece was predicted through computer simulation of steel quenching using a finite volume method. The as-quenched hardness was estimated based on time of cooling and on Jominy test results. It was taken into account that the mechanical properties of quenched steel directly depend on the hardness, degree of hardening, and microstructural constituents. Using a numerical simulation of microstructure and mechanical properties, it was found out that the investigated shaft has the best fatigue properties in cases when the shaft was machined or formed on proper geometry before proper quenching and tempering. Through economical analysis of the investigated shaft manufacturing, it was found out that the most suitable shaft manufacture process is to manufacture the shaft from the quenched and tempered bar. But in this case, heterogeneous microstructures of ferrite, perlite, bainite, and martensite with very low fatigue limits could appear at some critical locations.


Richard G. Shearmur and William J. Coffey Departement de Geographie Universite de Montreal Montreal, PQ H3C 3J7 It has become accepted wisdom today that "the role of creating jobs has moved from big companies to small business and the self-employed" (Globe and Mail 1996a). Probably the ultimate source of the accepted wisdom can be traced back to Birch's work in the late 1970's, in which he reported that 66% of net new jobs created in the US economy between 1969 and 1976 were generated by firms with less than 20 employees (Birch 1979). This result did not go unquestioned. A study commissioned by the US Small Business Administration for the 1978-1980 period found that firms of 100 employees or less only created 38% of all jobs: the same period was subsequently analysed by Birch using the same data, who obtained a figure of 70%! (Giaoutzi et al. 1988). Storey and Johnson (1987) examined these conflicting results and reported that the difference stemmed from the different treatment of firms not included in the data base: in their view, 50% of new jobs were created by companies of less than 100 employees over the period covered, while the latter employed only 38% of the labour force. Whether or not such statistical observations could truly be construed as supporting the contention that small businesses created a disproportionate share of new jobs, "during the 1980's (the observations) had a tremendous impact on public policy" (Picot et al. 1994). The message taken by many "economic development officials (in the USA) is that job-generation begins at home ... (and that) ... efforts are best concentrated in helping local businesses expand and encouraging potential entrepreneurs to establish businesses" (Eisinger 1988). Indeed, with average unemployment rates in Canada and in many European countries rising to a seemingly irreducible 10% or so over the 1980's, small businesses have been seized upon as generators of employment. One of the consequences of such research has been a fundamental reappraisal of approaches to regional development policy. Whereas throughout the 60's, 70's and early 80's Canadian regional policy concentrated on a variety of top down approaches such as infrastructure provision, capital investment grants, and incentive packages (Savoie 1986), there has been an increasing trend towards the promotion of local development initiatives (Economic Council of Canada 1990c; Fondation de l'Entrepreneurship 1994). (1) Needless to say, statistical evidence alone is unlikely to have brought about such fundamental policy shifts. The increasing budget problems faced by most western governments have reduced their capacity to finance regional policy on a grander scale, and local development is perceived as a low cost alternative. It also fits well with the current anti-government bias in popular opinion, as local development is seen as a bottom-up approach which empowers individuals and municipalities at the local level. Thus, while local development in general, and specifically the aspect of it which stresses small businesses and entrepreneurship, can be presented as a rational response to a series of empirical observations concerning employment creation, it can also be seen as an opportune policy initiative in keeping with the generalised move towards liberal economic management experienced by western countries in the `80's and early `90's. In the light of these developments, this paper first reviews the evidence that small companies create more jobs than larger ones, and examines the reasons why this may be so. While the evidence does appear to point this way, the policy implications are unclear for a number of reasons which are set out below. After reviewing this evidence, the results of our analysis of 59 Canadian cities are presented. This exploratory analysis introduces a geographic dimension to the analysis of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) which has hitherto been largely ignored in the literature. …


Although the basic principles of interpretation of the electrocardiogram (ECG) are identical in children and adults, the paediatric ECG differs significantly from the adult ECG. Interpretation of the paediatric ECG depends on patient age, reflecting the developmental changes in anatomy and physiology that occur in the growing infant or child. In order to avoid errors in interpretation, anaesthesiologists, paediatricians, emergency physicians, etc should be familiar with the normal paediatric ECG and should be aware of the common ECG abnormalities occurring in children.


In this thesis I examine civil unions from the perspective of New Zealand-based same-sex couples who have chosen to formalise their relationship. My approach is qualitative and in-depth and focuses on interpreting participants' own meanings and beliefs while also recognising the need for broader contextual knowledge. Through participants' narratives, I explore why it was important for couples to have a civil union, how they chose to mark or enact the occasion, and the meanings they attribute to their choices and actions. Rather than treating the civil union as an isolated event, my analysis situates the civil union within four longer processual trajectories: individual biographical narratives, partner interactions, close social relationships, and trajectories of a socio-political nature. I then explore the contours of participants' civil union ceremonies in terms of scale, style, and symbolic content. Throughout the thesis, I argue that civil unions facilitate incorporation for same-sex couples on a number of levels: incorporation in terms of inclusion in an important 'meaning-constitutive' practice; familial incorporation; and incorporation into mainstream society more generally. The incorporating effects of civil unions owe much to the symbolic capacities of law, the meaning inscribed in the socially dominant cultural model of marriage, and the characteristics of ritual. The importance of ritual to the anthropological enterprise is reaffirmed through this study; not only do rituals provide an important lens through which to examine the normative values of society but also the origins of social revitalization.


Members of the P2X family of ligand-gated cation channels (P2RX) are expressed by various cell types including neurons, smooth- and cardiac muscle cells, and leukocytes. The channels mediate signalling in response to extracellular ATP. Seven subunit isoforms (P2RX1-P2RX7) have been identified and these can assemble as homo- and heterotrimeric molecules. In humans, P2RX5 exists as a natural deletion mutant lacking amino acids 328–349 of exon 10, which are part of transmembrane (TM) 2 and pre-TM2 regions in other organisms like rat, chicken and zebrafish. We show that P2RX5 gene expression of human T lymphocytes is upregulated during activation. P2RX5 is recruited to the cell surface. P2RX5-siRNA-transfected CD4+ T cells produced twofold more IL-10 than controls. Surface and intracellular P2RX5 expression was upregulated in activated antigen-specific CD4+ T cell clones. These data indicate a functional role of the human P2RX5 splice variant in T cell activation and immunoregulation.


OBJECTIVE
To assess the effect of diabetes mellitus type on conventional and novel cardiovascular risk factors in patients, diagnosed with diabetes from two major referral hospitals in Jamaica, before age 25 years and with diabetes duration < 6 years.

METHODS
Participants were classified based on the presence of GAD-65 and IA-2 autoantibodies, C-peptide, leptin and clinical phenotype. Trained observers obtained anthropometric measurements and sitting blood pressure. Fasting blood was taken for glucose, A1c, lipids, high sensitivity C-reactive protein and lipoprotein profile.

RESULTS
Fifty-eight participants (21M; 37F age 20 +/- 8 [Mean +/- SD] years, diabetes duration 2.6 +/- 2 years) were enrolled. Thirty-six had Type 1 diabetes (T1D), thirteen Type 2 diabetes (T2D), six were not typed and three had lipoatrophic diabetes. Patients with Type 2 diabetes (T2D) were more obese with a higher systolic blood pressure but a lower A1c than those with Type 1 diabetes (T1D). Total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, VLDL, LDL and HDL particle numbers were similar in patients with T1D and T2D. HDL-cholesterol and LDL and HDL particle sizes were lower in patients with T2D but differences were no longer significant after adjusting for BMI.

CONCLUSIONS
Risk factors for cardiovascular disease are common in patients with all forms of youth onset diabetes. Clinicians should therefore investigate these risk factors in their patients regardless of diabetes type.


The contribution of Non-Wood Forest Products (NWFPs) and services in livelihood support has been reviewed. Quite a number of NWFPs are also important articles of commerce and contribute significantly to the economies various African countries. The non-consumptive role of forests has been examined in terms of eco-tourism while the social and economic viability of the production of NWFPs and services have been reviewed from subsistence and commercial perspectives. Conditions that enable long-term viability in the management of forests for NWFPs and services have been reviewed. Need for sound ecological data in relation to resource stock and yield were noted as important in determining ecological sustainability. A number of institutional issues important to SFM were noted, including setting up of strong producer organizations, enabling policies and legislative frameworks, and relevant institutions within the government that provide supportive roles. Multiple use management was noted an important concept towards sustainable forestry and clearly demonstrates how forests can be managed for both wood and NWFPs. From an analysis of lessons learnt from the above, various recommendations were made.


Bayou Lafourche, which is the sole drinking water source for 300,000 people in Louisiana, has failed to consistently meet its designated use criteria set by the Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality (LDEQ). This resulted in a total maximum daily load to be imposed on the Bayou by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). These designated use water quality criteria include fecal coliform (FC) levels for drinking water source, primary contact recreation, and secondary contact recreation. The goal of this study was to identify and enumerate anthropogenic nonpoint source FC contamination from malfunctioning home sewage systems in the Bayou's watershed. Thirty-four sites along the Bayou were selected for the study. Samples were analyzed for optical brightener ratios, FC CFU/100 mL (mFC), Escherichia coli, and three human markers, including human polyomavirus BK, the Archaeon Methanobrevibacter smithii, and the human-associated Brevibacterioides HF 183 eubacteria. Frequencies of sites with all three anthropogenic molecular markers are considered positive for human fecal contamination. This study provided data to address the problem of malfunctioning on-site sewage systems in the Bayou Lafourche watershed.


ABSTRACT:
This thesis concerns the revolutionary aesthetic theories
of Roger Fry. These theories, propounded in his essays and
lecture notes, letters and notebooks, are concerned with such
salient aspects as:
1. The value of children's art.
2. Teachers' attitudes to children's vision and intention.
3. A recognition of the importance of creating the right
conditions to enable children to achieve their full
creative potential.
Most importantly, the research engages primary school children
aged 5- 11 in art activities based upon these theories. The research
is therefore practical work carried out in the light of theory. Each
theoretical chapter has a praxis counterpart.
Part 1 examines four main themes in Roger Fry's writing which
affected art education at the turn of this century and which the writer
feels have value for art education at the present time. They are Fry's
recognition of the significance of primitive art, which gave rise to his
theories of modern art. This in turn influenced Fry's views concerning
the value of children's art and, consequently, beliefs regarding the
teaching of art.
Part 2 is the response of primary school children; their
interaction with the theories of Fry and their art-making activities
resulting from these encounters.
-3-
The practical outcome is new perspectives:
1. An awareness of the need to value and nurture children's
personal vision - their 'unique individual quality'.
2. From children's recorded evaluation and discussion, a
recognition of the importance of children's own views
concerning their art-making and the art-making of some
adults.
3. New material for stimulus/starting points for art
and the means whereby children can come to a wider
understanding of visual art.
4. A reappraisal of the role of the teacher as one who,
relating to the child's unique


Smart antennas have been recently applied to improve the capacity and the performance of second generation wireless mobile communication systems. In general, smart antennas reduce the effects of multipath fading and improve the signal-to-noise-plus-interference ratio (SNIR). Additional advantages such as channel capacity increase in urban areas, coverage extension in urban areas and spectrum efficiency in general can be obtained with the aid of smart antennas at the base station. Drawbacks are the cost, and both hardware and software complexity. Smart antennas promise a clear advantage in multi-service traffic scenario in comparison with non-adaptive antenna techniques. It is generally accepted that the adaptive antennas technique will be a key enable for the success of the European third generation mobile communication system known as Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS). The first part of this thesis presents two types of smart antenna systems: switched beam antennas and adaptive arrays. It introduces statistical models for them and investigates the performance measures of cellular radio systems with and without smart antennas deployed at base stations. Employing Monte-Carlo methodology, a tool has been developed to analyze the interference between two different systems that share the same geographical area and have neighboring frequency channels. The statistical smart antennas model has been used to verify the mitigation of the interference compared with others antennas used at the base station. These simulations have been done for TDMA, FDMA and CDMA systems. Wireless communication operating at different frequencies on the non-ionizing radiation (NIR) region of the electromagnetic spectrum has greatly increased in the last few decades, with important benefits for the population. These include mobile communication, such as cellular telephone systems. However, the radiated electromagnetic field levels increased substantially in areas where people may stay during long periods each day. This may result in long-term exposure to the population. International guidelines and standards were developed aiming at protecting the population, and limiting the maximum radiation produced. The methods used by regulation authorities to evaluate the field levels at places of sensitive use yield very conservative results. They need thus to be refined prior to the introduction of adaptive antennas. In the second part of the thesis, a 3D ray tracing tool is developed to predict the propagation for real scenarios using UMTS systems. This tool takes into account 3D radiation diagrams and multipath propagation. It was used in real scenarios to compare the real field levels with the levels obtained by the approximate methods defined by the regulation standards. Finally, this tool was used to predict the field levels in a scenario containing smart antennas. Scenario not foreseen in the method described in the standards.


OBJECTIVES
Epilepsy and sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) are relatively common disorders. SDB induces repetitive arousals and sleep fragmentation and may cause symptomatic epileptic seizures or hypoxic encephalopathy. Epileptic seizures change sleep architecture with increase of light sleep and reduction of REM sleep, which may lead to central apneas. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between SDB and daytime sleepiness in patients with epilepsy, who underwent polysomnography (PSG) due to problems with breathing during sleep or due to excessive daytime sleepiness.

METHODS
We enrolled 40 patients with epilepsy. Type, etiology of epilepsy and actual antiepileptic therapy was recorded. All of them underwent overnight PSG. Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) was assessed by Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS).

RESULTS
SDB (apnea-hypopnea index [AHI]<5) was present in 25 patients, 15 patients had no SDB (AHI≥5). EDS was present in 16 patients (40%). ESS significantly correlated with presence of symptomatic epilepsy (r=0.385, p=0.014), presence of SDB (r=0.524, p=0.001), AHI (r=0.416, p=0.003) and duration of REM sleep (r=-0.476, p=0.002). The presence of SDB (beta=0.447, p=0.002) and duration of REM sleep (beta=-0.308, p=0.029) were the only independent variables significantly associated with ESS in regression analysis.

CONCLUSION
SDB has negative influence on quality of sleep and daytime vigility in patients with epilepsy. Sleep fragmentation with the reduction of the REM sleep seems to be the most important mechanism leading to EDS. We suppose that PSG could be beneficial in all patients with epilepsy and EDS.


We explore the asymptotic arc components made by the continuous R-action of translation on two-dimensional nonperiodic substitution tiling spaces. As there is a strong connection between the topology of a tiling space and the tiling dynamics that it supports, the results in this dissertation represent a qualitative approach to the study of tiling dynamics. Our results are the establishment of techniques to isolate and visualize the asymptotic behavior. In a recent paper, Barge, et al, showed the cohomology formed from the asymptotic structure in one-dimensional Pisot substitution tiling spaces is a topological invariant, [BDS]. However, in one dimension there exist only a finite number of asymptotic pairs, whereas there are infinitely many asymptotic leaves in two dimensions. By considering periodic tilings that are asymptotic in more than a half plane we are able to use the stable manifold under inflation and substitution to show there are a finite number of 'directions' of branching. This yields a description of the asymptotic structure in terms of an inverse limit of a branched set in the approximating collared Anderson-Putnam complex. Using rigidity results from [JK], we show the cohomology formed from the asymptotic structure is a topological invariant.


Archaeologists have long been aware of the need to make explicit the middle-range theories that they use to bridge the gap between raw archaeological evidence and human behaviour. In this paper, I discuss the difficulties in proposing such theories when dealing with long-extinct hominin populations, among which significant biological differences may have existed. I emphasize how far we remain from a general theory that would link genetic, neural, cognitive, and behavioural evolution, and how difficult it is to go beyond trivial explanations of the evolution of the human mind and behaviour. I argue that students of human cognitive evolution should move away from general mental phenomena, which they have focused on in recent years, and turn their attention to increasingly precise cognitive mechanisms realized in specific neural structures.


About the Book

Todd Whitaker, Jeffrey Zoul, and Jimmy Casas are widely acclaimed experts on teaching and leading and are pioneers in the education twitterverse, and now they are sharing their best practices! In What Connected Educators Do Differently, they show how being a connected educator—by using social media to connect with peers across the country and even across the globe—will greatly enhance your own learning and your success in a school or classroom.

You'll find out how to create a personal and professional learning network to share resources and ideas, gain support, and make an impact on others. By customizing your professional development in this way, you'll be able to learn what you want, how you want, when you want. Best of all, you'll become energized and inspired by all the great ideas out there and how you can contribute, benefiting both you and your students.

Whether you are a teacher or school leader, you will come away from this book with step-by-step advice and fresh ideas to try immediately. Being a connected educator has never been easier or more important than it is right now!

Table of Contents:

GETTING CONNECTED: WHAT IT MEANS AND WHY IT MATTERS
KEY CONNECTOR #1
KEY CONNECTOR #2
KEY CONNECTOR #3
KEY CONNECTOR #4
KEY CONNECTOR #5
KEY CONNECTOR #6
KEY CONNECTOR #7
KEY CONNECTOR #8
CHAPTER 9

REFERENCES

For more information:

https://goo.gl/oGpHpT


We previously proposed the insulin sensitivity index, S1as an absolute measure of whole body tissue sensitivity to insulin. S1 is defined, in the physiologic range of insulin action, as the effect of insulin to augment glucose's ability to reduce its own plasma level. This parameter can be determined from the frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) by using a digital computer to find the coefficients of a minimal mathematical model of glucose kinetics. In the present study we compared, in normal dogs, S, determined from the IVGTT to an analogous parameter "S1(clamp)" calculated from the euglycemic glucose clamp (EGC). Fifteen pairs of experiments (1 IVGTT and 1 EGC) were performed on 12 animals. IVGTTs: After glucose injection (0.3 g/kg), frequent blood samples were taken over the subsequent 3 h. KG ranged from 1.7 to 4.7 %/min, and integrated insulin from 0.4 to 5.9 (μU/ml) min for 0–60 min. S1 varied over a ninefold range from 1.0 to 9.1 × 10−4 (min−1)/μU/ml), with a mean of 4.3 ± 0.7 × 10−4. Fractional glucose disappearance rate independent of insulin (p1) was 4.3 ± 0.5 %/min. EGCs: Low-rate insulin infusion (8 mU/min from 1 to 150 min) elevated plasma insulin (INS) from 15 ± 4 to 43 ± 10 μU/ml. Glucose was infused (GINF) at 119 ± 20 mg/min to maintain euglycemia. Moderate insulin infusion (40 mU/min: 151–300 min) further elevated plasma insulin (to 176 ± 37 μU/ml) and the requisite glucose infusion (to 372 ± 36 mg/min). S1(clamp) was calculated in steady state as the increase in glucose infusion per increment in insulin above basal, normalized to the basal glucose and body weight [GINF/(Gb × BW × δINS)]. S1(clamp) ranged from 3.1 to 40.5 × 10−4 (dl/kg/min)/μU/ml). The values of S1 and S1(clamp) were highly correlated (r = 0.82, P < 0.005). These studies suggest that the insulin sensitivity index, S1determined from the IVGTT is a useful measure of insulin sensitivity, which is capable of differentiating sensitivities among a normal population.


In this tutorial I analyze the polarization-dependent properties of different optical contrasts widely used today in imaging, applied to biology and biomedical diagnostics. I derive the essential properties of the polarization dependence of optical processes such as two-photon fluorescence, nonlinear coherent effects in the nonresonant as well as vibrational-resonant regimes, and analyze how they can be exploited to provide information on the molecular orientational organization in a biological sample. Two examples will be detailed: the first one the measurement of lipid order in artificial and cell membranes by using fluorescent labeling, and the second one structural imaging of collagen in tissues by using second-harmonic generation.


Recent global evidence shows that breastfeeding benefits both mothers and babies in rich and poor nations. Furthermore, evidence suggests that concerted national efforts to scale up breastfeeding interventions, policies and programmes can bring about rapid change, and that creating an enabling environment to practise breastfeeding has huge potential as an investment in the future health of mothers and the healthy life course of their children.
In South Africa, available national data suggest that most mothers initiate breastfeeding after birth. However, it has been observed that very few babies are exclusively breastfed during the first six months of life. Many babies also receive complementary foods between two and three months of age, and in some cases, even within a few days of birth. This suboptimal early nutrition profile predisposes South Africans to poor health outcomes in both their infant and young child years as well as in adulthood.
This chapter interrogates whether we are making progress in our country to improve breastfeeding practices. A review was done of breastfeeding progress globally, and South Africa's commitment to breastfeeding as a component of infant and young child feeding (IYCF) over the past few years. The chapter determines what has been done to promote breastfeeding, including which policy changes have imminently promoted breastfeeding. Thereafter, the key determinants of breastfeeding in South Africa are unpacked and detailed, together with a review of proven interventions at different levels of society. Finally, the chapter makes practical recommendations to restore breastfeeding as the 'new' norm for infant nutrition in all sectors of South African society.


Introduction. Arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is an abnormal fragile connection between arterioles and veins, without capillary vessels, having a "nidus" aspect. The etiology is unknown, but intrauterine life abnormalities are taken into consideration. AVM have a high risk of hemorrhage, the blood passing with arterial pressure towards veins with soft walls. A percent of 25% of AVM bleed until the age of 15 years old. We present a multidisciplinary approach in a case of arterial-venous malformation in a 13-year-old child. Materials and method. Case report. Results. We present the clinical case of a 13-year-old boy with a mandibular arterial-venous malformation with recurrent hemorrhage, for which there were necessary in series interventions: arterial embolization, venous embolization, cyanoacrylate injection under radioscopy, surgical exclusion of malformation under general anesthesia, and blood recirculation. Discussion. This dramatical case imposed a mixed team: vascular surgeon, ENT surgeon, OMF surgeon, interventional radiologist, anesthesiologist. The case was successfully solved and CT scan examination and angio-CT reconstruction every year for 5 years confirmed the clinical cure. Arterial and venous embolizations were not enough to solve the case, which imposed the surgical exclusion of malformation. Conclusion. Only interventional mixed teams can solve such a case of mandibular arterial venous malformation.


The public health challenges associated with rapid population ageing are likely to be exacerbated by poor physical activity levels. The purpose of this study was to identify correlates of physical inactivity in a population-representative sample of older adults in Ireland. This paper reports a secondary analysis of data from 4892 adults aged 60+ from the Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA). TILDA includes an assessment of the mental and physical health, and social and financial circumstances of participants assessed in a home interview and self-completion questionnaire. Chi squared statistics and forced entry logistic regression were used to identify factors associated with physical inactivity. Females were over twice as likely to be inactive as their male counterparts (Odds Ratio 2.2). Increasing old age was associated with inactivity among males and females. Those who reported above secondary level education, no reported falls in the last year and no fear of falling were less likely to be physically inactive. While older adults who noted poor/fair self-reported health, that they did not look after grandchildren, did not own a car or did not attend a course were also more likely to be inactive than those who reported positively for these items. Gender displayed a strong but often contrasting influence on factors that affect physical activity among older adults. Among females, living alone or in a rural area, retirement, fair/poor emotional health and activity being limited by illness were all significantly associated with inactivity. While cohabiting, being employed and residing in an urban area were related to low levels of activity in males. Our findings identify specific groups of the older Irish population who may be at particular risk of physical inactivity and thereby the associated physiological and psychological hazards. These results can support the development of tailored interventions to promote healthy ageing.


Bayesian optimization (BO) is a model-based approach for gradient-free black-box function optimization, such as hyperparameter optimization. Typically, BO relies on conventional Gaussian process (GP) regression, whose algorithmic complexity is cubic in the number of evaluations. As a result, GP-based BO cannot leverage large numbers of past function evaluations, for example, to warm-start related BO runs. We propose a multi-task adaptive Bayesian linear regression model for transfer learning in BO, whose complexity is linear in the function evaluations: one Bayesian linear regression model is associated to each black-box function optimization problem (or task), while transfer learning is achieved by coupling the models through a shared deep neural net. Experiments show that the neural net learns a representation suitable for warm-starting the black-box optimization problems and that BO runs can be accelerated when the target black-box function (e.g., validation loss) is learned together with other related signals (e.g., training loss). The proposed method was found to be at least one order of magnitude faster that methods recently published in the literature.


This thesis investigates new ways of using information visualization to support collaboration in co-located work. To study this phenomenon, Multiple Viewer Display Environments (MVDEs) with independent views have been applied to present information such that all viewers at the same time and in the same display can see correct views of 3D models, see correctly oriented text and see different parts and aspects of information in each view. Several prototypes have been developed either as proof of new conceptual designs or to evaluate particular research questions. These prototypes have been used to investigate general properties that apply to co-located collaborative visualizations. A prototype system to keep track of the viewpoints and information in the independent views was implemented on MVDE hardware to support discussions on future command and control environments and to provide the necessary framework for conducting empirical studies (Paper II). Another prototype, the in situ tomographic display, was developed to support presentation of spatial 3D data (e.g., temperature or airflow) in 2D views in situ with working environments (Paper III). In addition to the visualization systems, a technique for high precision pen-based interaction in rear-projection display environments - the PixelActiveSurface – was developed (Papers IV and V). The empirical studies evaluate how new forms of visualization in MVDEs with independent views affect the way information is perceived and can be shared in collaboration. The conclusion is that multiple independent views can provide more effective and efficient visualization when the following conditions are met: text is oriented towards the viewer (Paper VI), different aspects of information are coordinated between different views of the same display (Paper VIII) and correct views of 3D models are used to compare ordinal information and relations in spatial data (Paper VII). However, for the techniques to support co-located work efficiently, it is necessary that the type of work and the task to be solved are first properly analyzed and understood (Papers VII and IX).


The hierarchical Dirichlet process (HDP) is a Bayesian nonparametric mixed membership model—each data point is modeled with a collection of components of different proportions. Though powerful, the HDP makes an assumption that the probability of a component being exhibited by a data point is positively correlated with its proportion within that data point. This might be an undesirable assumption. For example, in topic modeling, a topic (component) might be rare throughout the corpus but dominant within those documents (data points) where it occurs. We develop the IBP compound Dirichlet process (ICD), a Bayesian nonparametric prior that decouples across-data prevalence and within-data proportion in a mixed membership model. The ICD combines properties from the HDP and the Indian buffet process (IBP), a Bayesian nonparametric prior on binary matrices. The ICD assigns a subset of the shared mixture components to each data point. This subset, the data point's "focus", is determined independently from the amount that each of its components contribute. We develop an ICD mixture model for text, the focused topic model (FTM), and show superior performance over the HDP-based topic model.


Sediment-hosted stratiform copper deposits comprise disseminated to veinlet Cu and Cu-Fe sulfides in siliciclastic or dolomitic sedimentary rocks. Sediment-hosted stratiform copper deposits are extremely common though economically significant deposits are rare. They account for approximately 23 percent of the world's Cu production and known reserves in addition to being significant sources of Co and Ag. Three sedimentary basins (the Paleoproterozoic Kodaro-Udokan in Siberia, the Neoproterozoic Katangan in central Africa, and the Permian basin of central Europe) contain supergiant (>24 million metric tons (Mt) contained Cu) deposits. Sediment-hosted stratiform copper deposits are the products of evolving basin-scale fluid-flow systems that include source(s) of metal and S, source(s) of metal- and S-transporting fluids, the transport paths of these fluids, a thermal and/or hydraulic pump to collect and drive the fluids, and the chemical and physical processes which result in precipitation of the sulfides. Metal sources are undoubtedly red-bed sedimentary rocks containing Fe oxyhydroxides capable of weakly binding metals. Sulfur may be derived from marine or lacustrine evaporites, reduced seawater, or hydrogen sulfide-bearing petroleum. Metals appear to have been transported at low to moderate temperatures in moderately to highly saline aqueous fluids, with the temperature of the fluid largely dependent on the time of fluid migration in the basin's burial history. These basinal fluids were focused to potential metal precipitation sites by thinning of the red-bed sequence at basin margins, by faults, by differentially permeable sedimentary units, by paleotopography within the basin, or along the margins of salt diapirs. Fluid movement produced widespread, basin-scale alteration that has commonly been overlooked but can form an important exploration guide. Sulfide precipitation occurred due to reduction, typically caused by reaction with carbonaceous rocks or petroleum. The amount of sulfides present at any deposit may be either metals or sulfide limited or could have been controlled by the amount of available reductant (e.g., petroleum). While understanding of sediment-hosted stratiform copper ore genesis at the deposit scale is relatively robust, there are still significant questions in regards its position in terms of basin evolution. A wide variety of basin architectures and processes can lead to the formation of sediment-hosted stratiform copper deposits. Despite general agreement that sulfides postdate sedimentation, the absolute age of mineralization in many deposits has been difficult to document and the available evidence suggests that deposits can form throughout a basin's evolution from early diagenesis of ore host sediments to basin inversion and metamorphism. Supergiant and giant deposits formed in basins which underwent prolonged periods of fluid flow and in which unique conditions allowed for the accumulation of large amounts of metal-bearing fluid, sufficient reduced S, and large amounts of reductants.


A fully segmented body and jointed legs are defining characteristics of the Arthropoda (Insecta, Crustacea, Myriapoda, and Chelicerata). The underlying mechanisms involved in achieving these features are not well understood outside of the insect Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) – a long germ band organism where segmentation occurs all at once in a syncytial blastoderm. In the more common, ancestral mode of development, short germ band, new segments are added sequentially from the cellular environment of a posteriorly extending growth zone. Segmentation in these organisms may not always be comparable to the "Drosophila paradigm" and, therefore, require further analysis. My thesis will explore the conservation and divergence of the molecular mechanisms of segmentation in a phylogenetically basal, short germ band insect, Periplaneta americana (American cockroach). Presented over three results chapters, I will discuss aspects of cockroach segmentation processes, from the establishment of a posterior organiser and growth zone, to subsequent posterior growth and the formation of new segments. In particular, Chapter III describes how interactions between the Cad/Wnt-dependent posterior organiser and the Notch-segmentation clock control posterior growth and segmentation. Chapter IV encompasses the expression patterns and potential roles for Periplaneta homologues of the pair-rule genes: even-skipped, runt, pairberry, and sloppy-paired throughout embryogenesis, identifying deviations in function between anterior and posterior segmentation processes. New functions for the non-canonical, polycistronic small Open Reading Frame (smORF) gene tarsal-less in body patterning are discussed in Chapter V, along with the conserved roles for tarsal-less, nubbin, Notch, and Delta in leg and development. Elucidation of the networks involved in these processes will help establish putative ancestral gene functions allowing us to gain further insights into the evolution of insect (and arthropod) body segmentation and leg joint formation.


'Sense' was made as a result of multidisciplinary research working with neuroscientists at Oxford University (Drs Morten Kringelbach and Steve Smith) and University College London (Dr Mark Lythgoe) during Cattrell's ACE Helen Chadwick Fellowship in 2001, and then completed in 2003.

FMRI brain scans were made of the areas of the human brain which are active when sight and hearing are stimulated. This was the first time that the inner physiology of the living human brain had been made in three dimensions, making what is perceived and sensed within the brain visible and tangible.

The initial two senses made were Hearing and Seeing (exhibited in 'Head On (art with the brain in mind)', Science Museum, London, 15 March – 28 July 2002, co-exhibitors David Hockney, Richard Wentworth, Gerhard Lang, Tony Bevan, Claude Heath, Katherine Dowson, Andrew Carnie etc; catalogue ISBN 0-9542416-0-6 funded by the Wellcome Trust.

Following this productive research period Cattrell continued to complete the 5 senses (Seeing, Smelling and Touch) while undertaking the first ever artist in residence at the Royal Institution of Great Britain (working with Director neuroscientist Baroness Susan Greenfield) funded by the Leverhulme Trust.

The completed work 'Sense' was initially exhibited in a solo exhibition at the Faraday Museum in the Royal Institution entitled 'From Within'. The artworks shown reflected the collaborative processes which occurred while Cattrell was artist in residence during 2002.

'Sense' is now owned by the Wellcome Trust and is exhibited permanently in their new museum in Euston Rd London.

Reviews about 'From Within'

Seeing Senses
Martin Kemp, 'Nature', 3 July 2003

Art preview
Sara Harrison, 'Time Out', 10-17 September 2003

Portret met Genen
Merlijn Schoonenboom, 'de Volkskrant', Holland

Science in Site, 'Nature', Vol 423 p385, 22 May 2003

Appliance of Science
'Art Review', 27 March 2003


Summary
Occasionally single large chronic amebic abscesses of the liver do not present classic diagnostic symptoms. In two such cases a diagnostic liver aspirationbiopsy disclosed the abscesses, which were further treated by a single aspiration, instillation of emetine and penicillin in the abscess cavity and subsequent routine anti-amebic treatment with emetine, chiniofon and carbarsone with penicillin intramuscular injections as an adjunct. Both patients recovered completely. Puncture through the sinus pleurae and diaphragm in the posterior axillary line is recommended.


We report the demonstration of a ZnO nanowire ultraviolet photodetector with a top transparent electrode made of a few-layered graphene sheet. The nanowires have been synthesized using a low-cost electrodeposition method. The detector is shown to be visible-blind and to present a responsivity larger than 104 A/W in the near ultraviolet range thanks to a high photoconductive gain in ZnO nanowires. The device exhibits a peak responsivity at 370 nm wavelength and shows a sub bandgap response down to 415 nm explained by an Urbach tail with a characteristic energy of 83 meV. The temporal response of the detector and the power dependence are discussed. A model of the photoconductive mechanism is proposed showing that the main process responsible for the photoconductive gain is the modulation of the conducting surface due to the variation of the surface depletion layer and not the reduction of recombination efficiency stemming from the electron-hole spatial separation. The gain is predicted to decrease at high incident power due to the flattening of the lateral band bending in agreement with experimental data.

https://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/196781/files/JAP Characterization and modeling of a ZnO nanowire ultraviolet photodetector with graphene transparent contact.pdf


This incisive history upends the complacency that confines anti-Judaism to the ideological extremes in the Western tradition. With deep learning and elegance, David Nirenberg shows how foundational anti-Judaism is to the history of the West. Questions of how we are Jewish and, more critically, how and why we are not have been churning within the Western imagination throughout its history. Ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans; Christians and Muslims of every period; even the secularists of modernity have used Judaism in constructing their visions of the world. The thrust of this tradition construes Judaism as an opposition, a danger often from within, to be criticized, attacked, and eliminated. The intersections of these ideas with the world of power-the Roman destruction of the Second Temple, the Spanish Inquisition, the German Holocaust-are well known. The ways of thought underlying these tragedies can be found at the very foundation of Western history.


The authors report on enhanced efficiency of polymer light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) by means of forming a n-doping self-assembled monolayer (SAM) at the cathode-polymer interface. The addition of the SAM, a silane-based salt with structural similarity to the commonly used LEC n-dopant tetra-n-butylammonium, caused a twofold increase in quantum efficiency. Photovoltaic analysis indicates that the SAM increases both the open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current. Current versus voltage data are presented which indicate that the SAM does not simply introduce an interfacial dipole layer, but rather provides a fixed doping region, and thus a more stable p-i-n structure.


This paper presents a model in which asset/liability recognition is a means for a risk-neutral entrepreneur to communicate with risk-averse investors about the riskiness of investments or the uncertainty of future obligations. The model shows that more conservative accounting may produce less conservative investing and lower expected payoffs for the entrepreneur. While the desired uncertainty-based recognition hurdle is increasing in an asset's expected payoff, it is decreasing in a liability's expected magnitude. The impact of further sub-categorization of recognized assets is also considered. While finer classification of assets produces no direct benefit, it may provide a cost-effective means to reduce the entrepreneur's incentives to engage in costly voluntary disclosure.


Wireless Sensor Network Approach to Aeronautical Telemetry Oluwasegun Babatunde Tinubi Department of Electrical And Computer Engineering Master of Science Wireless sensor networks have become a rapidly growing research field in recent years. They are envisioned to have a wide range of applications in military, environmental and many other fields. We examine the performance of wireless sensor network applications to aeronautical telemetry. To date, test ranges have relied on a single telemetry ground station for the reception of packets from all air borne transmitters. We researched an alternate means of achieving this same goal with fewer resources. It is a well known fact that communication power and bandwidth are the most expensive commodities in wireless communications. The telemetry world is ever in need of ways and means to reduce power requirements of its networks while maximizing the use of available bandwidth. In our alternate method, packets will be reliably transported to a centrally located monitoring station in a series of hops. We will effectively reduce the power requirements of the network by minimizing the distance coverage of the sensor nodes. We will also explore different network topologies with a view to maximizing the use of available bandwidth. The alternate method will present a less expensive way to implement telemetry networks. Currently, telemetry networks make use of a single, huge and expensive base station receiving packets from all airplanes in test. Affordable sensor nodes placed strategically on the range and configured properly will achieve the same goal in a cost effective, power saving and bandwidth considerate manner.


In computer vision and especially for 3D reconstruction, one of the key issues is the retrieval of the calibration parameters of the camera. These are needed to obtain metric information about the scene from the camera. Often these parameters are obtained through cumbersome calibration procedures. There is a way to avoid explicit calibration of the camera. Self-calibration is based on finding the set of calibration parameters which satisfy some constraints (e.g., constant calibration parameters). Several techniques have been proposed but it often proved difficult to reach a metric calibration at once. Therefore, in the paper, a stratified approach is proposed, which goes from projective through affine to metric. The key concept to achieve this is the modulus constraint. It allows retrieval of the affine calibration for constant intrinsic parameters. It is also suited for use in conjunction with scene knowledge. In addition, if the affine calibration is known, it can also be used to cope with a changing focal length.


In offering here a highly readable yet comprehensive description of New England's Indians as they lived when European settlers first met them, the author provides a well-rounded picture of the natives as neither savages nor heroes, but fellow human beings existing at a particular time and in a particular environment. He dispels once and for all the common notion of native New England as peopled by a handful of savages wandering in a trackless wilderness. In sketching the picture the author has had help from such early explorers as Verrazano, Champlain, John Smith, and a score of literate sailors; Pilgrims and Puritans; settlers, travelers, military men, and missionaries. A surprising number of these took time and trouble to write about the new land and the characteristics and way of life of its native people. A second major background source has been the patient investigations of modern archaeologists and scientists, whose several enthusiastic organizations sponsor physical excavations and publications that continually add to our perception of prehistoric men and women, their habits, and their environment. This account of the earlier New Englanders, of their land and how they lived in it and treated it; their customs, food, life, means of livelihood, and philosophy of life will be of interest to all general audiences concerned with the history of Native Americans and of New England.


Abstract The need for continuous recording rain gauges makes it difficult to determine the rainfall erosivity factor (Rfactor) of the Universal Soil Loss Equation in regions without good spatial and temporal data coverage. In particular, the R-factor is only known at 16 rain gauge stations in the Madrid Region (Spain). The objectives of this study were to identify a readily available estimate of the R-factor for the Madrid Region and to evaluate the effect of rainfall record length on estimate precision and accuracy. Five estimators based on monthly precipitation were considered: total annual rainfall (P), Fournier index (F), modified Fournier index (MFI), precipitation concentration index (PCI) and a regression equation provided by the Spanish Nature Conservation Institute (RICONA). Regression results from 8 calibration stations showed that MFI was the best estimator in terms of coefficient of determination and root mean squared error, closely followed by P. Analysis of the effect of record length indicated that little improvement was obtained for MFI and P over 5- year intervals. Finally, validation in 8 additional stations supported that the equation R = 1.05·MFI computed for a record length of 5 years provided a simple, precise and accurate estimate of the R-factor in the Madrid Region.


The Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) system is designed to provide income security to workers in the event that health problems prevent them from working. In order to qualify for benefits, applicants must pass a medical screening that is intended to verify that the individual is truly incapable of work. Past research has shown, however, that the screening procedures used do not function without error. If screening were error-free, it has can be demonstrated that it is socially optimal to distinguish the disabled non-worker from the non-disabled, providing benefits to the disabled. In this paper we first demonstrate that if the errors in the medical screening are too large, it will not be optimal to distinguish the disabled from the non-disabled. Then, we use data on the actual quality of screening to determine first, if segmenting the non-working population is desirable, and second whether the current SSDI system relies too heavily on screening than is justified. Our preliminary conclusion is that while screening is good enough to justify some distinction in benefits, it may not be good enough to justify the size of the benefit offered.


We consider an asymptotically free, vectorial, ${\cal N}=1$ supersymmetric gauge theory with gauge group $G$ and $N_f$ pairs of chiral superfields in the respective representations ${\cal R}$ and $\bar {\cal R}$ of $G$, having an infrared fixed point (IRFP) of the renormalization group at $\alpha_{IR}$. We present exact results for the anomalous dimensions of various (gauge-invariant) composite chiral superfields $\gamma_{{\Phi}_{\rm prod}}$ at the IRFP and prove that these increase monotonically with decreasing $N_f$ in the non-Abelian Coulomb phase of the theory and that scheme-independent expansions for these anomalous dimensions as powers of an $N_f$-dependent variable, $\Delta_f$, exhibit monotonic and rapid convergence to the exact $\gamma_{{\Phi}_{\rm prod}}$ throughout this phase. We also present a scheme-independent calculation of the derivative of the beta function, $d\beta/d\alpha |_{\alpha=\alpha_{IR}}$, denoted $\beta'_{IR}$, up to $O(\Delta_f^3)$ for general $G$ and ${\cal R}$, and, for the case $G={\rm SU}(N_c)$, ${\cal R}=F$, we give an analysis of the properties of $\beta'_{IR}$ calculated to $O(\Delta_f^4)$.


ABSTRACT This review examines the incidence, causes, and outcomes of burnout in police officers. Relative to other professionals who interact with the public, police officers tend to have low levels of emotional exhaustion but high levels of depersonalization and diminished professional accomplishment (Schaefeli & Enzmann, 1998). The causes of police burnout can be explained in terms of person-job mismatches in areas such as: workload, control of resources, rewards, fairness, community, and values (Maslach & Leiter, 1997). For the most part, these mismatches stem from a lack of valued material and social resources that are needed to address work-role demands (Hobfoll & Freedy, 1993). A mismatch in values, however, stems from deep-seated differences between "street cop" and "management cop" cultures in police organizations (Ianni & Reuss-Ianni, 1983). Empirical evidence indicates that police burnout results in decreased job performance, increased withdrawal behaviours, and symptoms of ill-health. Moreover, burnout has spillover effects outside of work and crossover influences on the spouses of police officers. Policing has long been recognized as a high stress occupation. This is apparent from a casual perusal of the weekly reports of police activities and cases found in the urban regions of Canada. For example, during a four week period from Dec. 27, 2005--Jan. 24, 2006 in the greater Toronto area, there were 121 media reports of police activities (as summarized in the website www.torontopolice.on.ca/newsreleases/, Jan. 24, 2006). The activities included both negative and positive events such as: finding and recovering missing persons, warrant searches for and apprehending criminal suspects, investigations of various misdemeanours such as domestic abuse/conflict and petty larceny, investigations of felonies such as drug-dealing, homicides and arson, involvement in charity and crime-awareness programs, and participation in recognition and awards ceremonies. Over half of the 121 reported activities involved either searching for, arresting, or charging suspects of indictable offences or searching and finding missing persons. Dealing with life-threatening criminal acts such as homicides, attempted murders and shootings, although capturing much of the public's attention, were less frequent (11% of the activities). These varied activities, both positive and negative, exact enormous physical and emotional demands and are largely beyond the predictability and control of police officers (Stansfield, 1996), as they investigate and resolve such cases with limited time and resources. Although some aspects of policing, such as traffic enforcement, may seem to be mundane from a media standpoint, the accumulation of such daily hassles and their psychological costs to the officers and their families cannot be underestimated. The foregoing, coupled with an increased scrutiny and mistrust of the police service, especially among ethnic communities, and the need to do more with less, have heightened cynicism among police officers and chiefs alike (Anson, Mann, & Sherman, 1986; Regoli, Crank, & Culbertson, 1989). It is under such trying conditions that research has brought to light some of the major causes and consequences of police stress (see e.g., Farmer; 1990; Hawkins, 2001; Malloy & Mays, 1984; Stansfield, 1996). For example, Malloy and May's (1984) review examined two assertions concerning police stress: (1) that law enforcement officers experience higher levels of stress than members of other professionals who interact with the public, and (2) that stress leads to medical problems, such as coronary heart disease, and family disturbances. In a detailed review of studies linking police stress to psychiatric and physiological symptoms of various diseases, Farmer (1990) concluded that psychological strain in the form of burnout was a prominent outcome of police stress. Both Farmer (1990) and Stansfield (1996) found that stressors (i. …


The aim of the research was to determine the full and age specific differences in obesity and motor abilities by adolescents from two countries in two western Balkan countries in south-eastern Europe: Kosovo and Montenegro. The research was realized on a sample of 1200 respondents. Of these, 600 were from Kosovo and Montenegro, a total of 6 groups from each state (1 00 respondents in each groups) age (13, 14 and 15 years) and sex (boys and girls). Body height, body weight, body mass index, flam ingo balance, plate tapping, sit-and-reach, standing broad jump, handgrip test, sit-ups in 30 seconds, bent arm hang, 10 x 5 meter s huttle run and 20 m endurance shuttle-run were used in the analysis. The differences in fitness tests, anthropometric measures by Kosovian and Montenegro Adolescents were examined by one-way analysis of covariance. Montenegrin and Kosovo girls and Kosovo boys indicate a smaller overweight and obesity in comparison with peer group from Europe, while boys from Montenegro are placed near to their counterparts from western and southern Europe. Kosovo adolescents of both sexes and Montenegrin male adolescents aged 13 and 14 achieve on average poorer results in the test standing broad jump and 20 meters endurance shuttle-run, but achieving better res ults of th test pull ups stamina compared to European peers. Montenegrin female adolescents achieve poorer results in the test standing br oad jump, but better results of the test pull ups stamina compared to European colleagues.


This chapter examines the theoretical status of pronouns and principle B of the Binding Theory within the Minimalist Program, once it is assumed that reflexives should be formed by movement/copying. If reflexive structures are to be ultimately analyzed in terms of movement/copying, Principle A should be dispensed with. The question then is how to reanalyze Principle B, given that it imposes the opposite requirements of Principle A. The paper argues in favour of returning to the earliest approaches to pronominalization phenomena by Lees and Klima (1963), recast in a more contemporary setting in terms of derivational economy. More specifically, it is proposed that the complementarity between reflexives and bound pronouns follows if derivations that resort to movement (understood in terms of copying) are more economical than derivations that resort to pronoun use. Under this view, pronouns are last resort items used when more favourable ("economical") grammatical options cannot be.


Model-driven engineering is the automatic production of software artefacts from abstract models of structure and functionality. By targeting a specific class of system, it is possible to automate aspects of the development process, using model transformations and code generators that encode domain knowledge and implementation strategies. Using this approach, questions of correctness for a complex, software system may be answered through analysis of abstract models of lower complexity, under the assumption that the transformations and generators employed are themselves correct. This paper shows how formal techniques can be used to establish the correctness of model transformations used in the generation of software components from precise object models. The source language is based upon existing, formal techniques; the target language is the widely-used SQL notation for database programming. Correctness is established by giving comparable, relational semantics to both languages, and checking that the transformations are semantics-preserving.


Orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) acreage has declined compared to perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). With the intent of developing new sources of orchardgrass germplasm, 162 half-sib families from six orchardgrass germplasm populations and three orchardgrass cultivars were evaluated during 2008 for maturity and plant morphology at locations in Idaho and Utah. Genetic similarity of the populations was also characterized using simple sequence repeat markers. Genetic variation between families differed from zero for seven of the nine traits evaluated, with broad-sense heritability estimates ranging from 0.26 (flag leaf width) to 0.74 (maturity). For each trait that exhibited genetic variation, half-sib families were identified that possessed trait values similar to or more extreme than the values corresponding to the included commercial orchardgrass cultivars. Through principle component analysis, potential groupings of half-sib families with similar phenotypic characteristics were identified; for example, taller plants with earlier maturity. Therefore, germplasm could be targeted for development of improved orchardgrass with maturity and morphology suitable to specific management practices, such as short stature, narrow leaves, and late maturity for mixture with legumes.


The use of mixture distributions for modeling asset returns has a long history in finance. New methods of demonstrating support for the presence of mixtures in the multivariate case are provided. The use of a two-component multivariate normal mixture distribution, coupled with shrinkage via a quasi-Bayesian prior, is motivated, and shown to be numerically simple and reliable to estimate, unlike the majority of multivariate GARCH models in existence. Equally important, it provides a clear improvement over use of GARCH models feasible for use with a large number of assets, such as constant conditional correlation, dynamic conditional correlation, and their extensions, with respect to out-of-sample density forecasting. A generalization to a mixture of multivariate Laplace distributions is motivated via univariate and multivariate analysis of the data, and an expectation–maximization algorithm is developed for its estimation in conjunction with a quasi-Bayesian prior. It is shown to deliver significantly better forecasts than the mixed normal, with fast and numerically reliable estimation. Crucially, the distribution theory required for portfolio theory and risk assessment is developed.


In conditional microbial screening, a limited number of candidate strains are tested at different conditions searching for the optimal operation strategy in production (e.g., temperature and pH shifts, media composition as well as feeding and induction strategies). To achieve this, cultivation volumes of >10 mL and advanced control schemes are required to allow appropriate sampling and analyses. Operations become even more complex when the analytical methods are integrated into the robot facility. Among other multivariate data analysis methods, principal component analysis (PCA) techniques have especially gained popularity in high throughput screening. However, an important issue specific to high throughput bioprocess development is the lack of so-called golden batches that could be used as a basis for multivariate analysis. In this study, we establish and present a program to monitor dynamic parallel cultivations in a high throughput facility. PCA was used for process monitoring and automated fault detection of 24 parallel running experiments using recombinant E. coli cells expressing three different fluorescence proteins as the model organism. This approach allowed for capturing events like stirrer failures and blockage of the aeration system and provided a good signal to noise ratio. The developed application can be easily integrated in existing data- and device-infrastructures, allowing automated and remote monitoring of parallel bioreactor systems.


This article explores the new modalities of visibility engendered by new media, with a focus on the social networking site Facebook. Influenced by Foucault's writings on Panopticism – that is, the architectural structuring of visibility – this article argues for understanding the construction of visibility on Facebook through an architectural framework that pays particular attention to underlying software processes and algorithmic power. Through an analysis of EdgeRank, the algorithm structuring the flow of information and communication on Facebook's 'News Feed', I argue that the regime of visibility constructed imposes a perceived 'threat of invisibility' on the part of the participatory subject. As a result, I reverse Foucault's notion of surveillance as a form of permanent visibility, arguing that participatory subjectivity is not constituted through the imposed threat of an all-seeing vision machine, but by the constant possibility of disappearing and becoming obsolete.


Topological crystal insulators (TCIs) that have an even number of topologically protected Dirac bands driven by crystalline mirror symmetry have attracted much attention in condensed matter physics. Here, we demonstrate that a weak disordering in the topological crystalline state can enhance thermoelectric performance significantly due to highly dispersive band dispersion and high band degeneracy which guarantee high electrical mobility and a high Seebeck coefficient, respectively. When we perturb a crystalline mirror symmetry by Se-doping in TCI Pb0.5Sn0.5Te1 − xSex, the topological state becomes weak so that it eventually evolves the normal state. We experimentally prove the topological phase transition concerning Se concentration by X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) and extended X-ray absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) analysis. Small crystalline perturbation by Se doping (x = 0.05) significantly enhances thermoelectric performance due to the simultaneous enhancement of electrical conductivity and the Seebeck coefficient. Therefore, we report an exceptionally high ZT value of 1.9 at 800 K for the x = 0.05 compound which is a 313% enhancement of ZT compared with the pristine compound. This research proposes a new strategy for exploring high-performance thermoelectric materials by weak disordering of topological crystalline Dirac semimetals.


Accurate quantification of coarse roots without disturbance represents a gap in our understanding of belowground ecology. Ground penetrating radar (GPR) has shown significant promise for coarse root detection and measurement, however root orientation relative to scanning transect direction, the difficulty identifying dead root mass, and the effects of root shadowing are all key factors affecting biomass estimation that require additional research. Specifically, many aspects of GPR applicability for coarse root measurement have not been tested with a full range of antenna frequencies. We tested the effects of multiple scanning directions, root crossover, and root versus soil moisture content in a sand-hill mixed oak community using a 1500 MHz antenna, which provides higher resolution than the oft used 900 MHz antenna. Combining four scanning directions produced a significant relationship between GPR signal reflectance and coarse root biomass (R2 = 0.75) (p < 0.01) and reduced variability encountered when fewer scanning directions were used. Additionally, significantly fewer roots were correctly identified when their moisture content was allowed to equalize with the surrounding soil (p < 0.01), providing evidence to support assertions that GPR cannot reliably identify dead root mass. The 1500 MHz antenna was able to identify roots in close proximity of each other as well as roots shadowed beneath shallower roots, providing higher precision than a 900 MHz antenna. As expected, using a 1500 MHz antenna eliminates some of the deficiency in precision observed in studies that utilized lower frequency antennas.


Science and technology (S&T) visuals seem remarkably alike across cultures globally. Yet, individual and cultural experiences of scientists and engineers vary before they master the tools and techniques of their disciplines, and different parts of the world have different understandings of S&T. This disparity led us to conduct a pilot study with five S&T students at New Mexico Tech. We concluded that S&T visuals vary across cultures, the variations between designs comprise a spectrum of visual-textual and textual-visual correlations, and the similarities and differences between the visuals are caused by diverse individual and contextual factors.


The purpose of the book is to present contemporary themes in early childhood education that are important for preschool education in practice and as topics in the education of students who will work in preschool education settings. The presented scientific research includes various themes in the field of pedagogy, didactics, special didactics and psychology. The results of the research reveal important conclusions regarding relationships between children and preschool teachers, children's relationships with peers, important practices for social-emotional learning, problems that occur in students' mathematics knowledge and the possibilities of promoting family literacy. Professional reports present international good practices in various educational settings for preschool education students. The presented good practices are innovative and are all based on socio-constructivist pedagogies. Authors report on how to activate learning in early childhood education with service learning, programming with children, science technology and maths, daily training in kindergartens, multimodal literacy, dance and didactic materials. In the last chapter international educational modules are presented that were prepared and tested within the project Erasmus+: International Learning Module in Early Years Education (EYE), between the years 2017 and 2019. These modules are examples of innovative education and how to integrate important topics in international early childhood education.


The present thesis examines the trade structure of South Africa as well as the impact of this structure on (un)employment. The starting point of this work is a descriptive analysis of the South African trade structure. Besides a general discussion, the thesis elaborates on structural differences with respect to the European Union, China and the Southern African Development Community. The insights of this analysis are used to develop a three-dimensional trade model. However, this model does not consider unemployment. Therefore, South African labour market rigidities are examined in the next step. The frictions on the labour market are introduced into the trade model as a binding minimum wage. Within this theoretical framework it is shown that the reintegration of South Africa into the world economy did increase unemployment. To conclude the theoretical hypotheses are tested empirically. The econometric results support the predictions of the three-dimensional trade model. (author's abstract)


Abstract. In-flight calibration of space sensors once in orbit is a decisive step to be able to fulfil the mission objectives. This article presents the methods of the in-flight absolute calibration processed during the commissioning phase. Four In-flight calibration methods are used: absolute calibration, cross-calibration with reference sensors such as PARASOL or MERIS, multi-temporal monitoring and inter-bands calibration. These algorithms are based on acquisitions over natural targets such as African deserts, Antarctic sites, La Crau (Automatic calibration station) and Oceans (Calibration over molecular scattering) or also new extra-terrestrial sites such as the Moon and selected stars. After an overview of the instrument and a description of the calibration sites, it is pointed out how each method is able to address one or several aspects of the calibration. We focus on how these methods complete each other in their operational use, and how they help building a coherent set of information that addresses all aspects of in-orbit calibration. Finally, we present the perspectives that the high level of agility of PLEIADES offers for the improvement of its calibration and a better characterization of the calibration sites.


Masterfully crafted and surprisingly modern, Thucydides's History of the Peloponnesian War has long been celebrated as an insightful, eloquent, and exhaustively detailed work of classical Greek history. Scholars have also admired the text's deep political and military dimensions. Written in the fifth century B.C.E., the History of the Peloponnesian War has been placed alongside Sun Tzu's The Art of War and Carl von Clausewitz's On War as one of the great treatises on strategy. The perfect companion to Thucydides's impressive text, this volume details the strategic concepts at work within the History of the Peloponnesian War and demonstrates how, through case studies of recent conflicts in Kosovo, Afghanistan, and Iraq, Thucydidean thought remains vital to the analysis of strategic operations. Some scholars have credited Thucydides with founding the discipline of international relations. Written by scholars with extensive experience in this and related fields, Thucydides on Strategy situates the historian solidly within the annals of classical history and within the world of modern war.


Many agronomic traits of interest to plant breeders are quantitative. Recombinant inbred (RI) lines are particularly useful in genetic mapping studies of quantitative traits. A recombinant inbred population was derived from the Glycine max (L.) Merr. parents 'Minsoy' and 'Noir 1'. This soybean population was used to investigate the genetic basis of several agronomic traits: days to flower (R1), days to maturity (R8), reproductive period (R8-R1), plant height, lodging score, height divided by lodging (the ability of tall plants to stand upright), seed protein content, seed oil content, seed size, yield, seed number, yield divided by height (the yield from short plants), leaf width, leaf length, and leaf area. In this RI population, transgressive segregation was observed for all of these traits. As expected, height and lodging were correlated, as were height and maturity; height and maturity with yield; and leaf length and width with leaf area. Height divided by lodging and yield divided by height showed little correlation with other traits, indicating that these traits measured new plant phenotypes. A genetic map was constructed for this population, with restriction fragment length polymorphism markers, simple sequence repeat markers and classical markers. Approximately 2000 cM of linkage was defined. The data were used to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) by linking quantitative phenotypes to qualitative genetic markers. For many traits, a few QTLs accounted for a large proportion of the variation observed. QTLs for most of the traits were associated with three linkage groups, often with the same genetic locus within the linkage group. At the level of resolution of the genetic map for this population, it was not possible to determine whether these QTLs have pleiotrophic effects or are clusters of separate, tightly linked genes. The data suggest that separation of QTLs for different traits (such as maturity or lodging and yield) may be difficult, but that this RI population will be useful in resolving questions concerning marker assisted selection of quantitative traits.


Background: A distinct clinical syndrome characterized by megalencephaly, mild to moderate cognitive decline, slowly progressive spasticity, ataxia, occasional seizures, and extensive white matter changes with temporal cysts by imaging studies has been described in a particular ethnic group (Agarwals) in India. This disorder is very similar to megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts (MLC), a newly characterized leukodystrophy whose molecular basis was recently shown to be mutations in a gene (KIAA0027) that has been renamed MLC1. Objective: To determine if this disorder among the Agarwals is due to mutations in MLC1 by a mutation screening study conducted on affected Agarwal patients. Methods: Genomic DNA from these Indian leukodystrophy patients was screened for mutations in the entire coding region, including the exon–intron boundaries, of the MLC1 gene. Results: Thirty-three affected individuals whose clinical and imaging presentations were consistent with MLC were screened. All were from northern India and included 31 known Agarwals, 1 non-Agarwal, and 1 adopted patient whose ethnicity is unknown. All 31 Agarwal patients tested positive for a homozygous insertion of a cytosine in exon 2. The adopted patient was homozygous for A157E. No mutation in the coding region was found in the non-Agarwal patient. Conclusions: Indian patients with megalencephaly and MRI changes that show extensive white matter changes with temporal cysts should raise suspicion for MLC. Members of the Agarwal ethnic group affected with the disorder present with a mildly progressive course and show a common mutation (320insC) in the MLC1 gene, suggesting a founder effect.


Wounds and their treatment are a big burden on the healthcare system, both in terms
of cost, time and energy of care required. The lost in productivity and decreased
quality of life is immeasurable. This study reports on the potential wound healing and
antioxidant properties of oral consumption of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of
Eucheuma cottonii. Two cm diameter excision of skin wound model was used, with
honey (100 mg/kg body weight) as positive control and untreated normal rats as
negative control groups. Both extracts significantly (P<0.05) increased the rate of
wound contraction, better than honey. The extracts decreased lipid peroxidation in the
plasma and increased erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide
dismutase) and reduced glutathione compared to both the positive and negative
control groups. The ethanolic extract was more effective than the aqueous extract by
20%. Histopathological wound tissue observations showed both extracts significantly


The patent has emerged as a dominant force in 21st century economic policy. This book examines the impact of the BRICS and other emerging economies on the global patent framework and charts the phenomenal rise in the number of patents in some of these countries.

Guided by three of the world's leading thinkers on patent law and development, a group of experts from around the world, including the BRICS and key developed country patent powers, examine critical issues raised by patent globalization. Is increasing use of the patent system in China, India, Brazil and other emerging markets part of a deeper change in world technological leadership? Do the established patent powers of Europe, Japan and the USA continue to lead regulatory development of patent systems or are new models being formed in emerging markets? What are the effects of patent globalization on regions like the Middle East, Africa and lower income areas of Asia? Through the answers to these questions, the reader is furnished with a rounded understanding of 21st century patent globalization and emerging market dynamics.

This book will appeal to patent law specialists, as well as scholars interested in the intersection between patents, innovation and economic development. In particular, the in-depth analysis would also be useful for policy analysts within government or research institutes working on patent policy issues.


Some students' parents appear to be securing government subsidies for their children's education because of their capacity to avoid the means test on Austudy. There is evidence for this in elite private schools and in tertiary institutions. Some wealthy overseas born parents may have an option to manipulate the migration program to obtain HECS places and Austudy for their offspring.


AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
The purposes of this study were to explore the lived experiences of spiritual suffering and the change mechanism in healing processes among Taiwanese patients with terminal cancer.

METHODS
The approach to this study was phenomenological-hermeneutic. Twenty-one patients with terminal cancer were invited to participate in a semi-structured interview that dealt with their experiences of spiritual suffering and the healing process. This study was conducted in the inpatient unit of the oncology department in two general hospitals. The interviews were recorded, transcribed and later analysed using the approach of narrative analysis.

RESULTS
According to the results of case narration, the causes of spiritual suffering included cancer, known as a life-threatening illness, physical pain, treatment complications, uncertain illness progression, disability problems and lack of support. Patients turned to internal resources (including regarding the suffering as a life challenge, volunteering to help other cancer patients and searching for life wisdoms) and external resources (including peer support groups and family support) as they endured spiritual suffering. Taiwanese patients turned to Eastern and Western philosophies of Taoism, Confucianism, Buddhism and Christianity as methods to interpret their spiritual suffering.

CONCLUSION
Patients' positive views of misfortune because of cancer and sufficient social supports were the key elements of the healing process to alleviate spiritual suffering.

RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE
Nurses who learn to participate in suffering assessment are better able to understand spiritual needs of cancer patients. Cancer patients' views on the change mechanism in healing processes could provide essential information for nurses in developing an effective intervention programme. If nurses consider cultural factors that shape patients' experiences of spiritual suffering and the healing process, they could learn how to meet the needs of patients better from different cultural backgrounds.


We used voxels of an intensely modified refractive index generated by multiphoton absorption at the focus of femtosecond laser pulses in Ge-doped silica as photonic atoms to build photonic lattices. The voxels were spatially organized in the same way as atoms arrayed in actual crystals, and a Bragg-like diffraction from the photonic atoms was evidenced by a photonic bandgap (PBG) effect. Postfabrication annealing was found to be essential for reducing random scattering and therefore enhancing PBG. This technique has an intrinsic capability of individually addressing single atoms. Therefore the introduction of defect structures was much facilitated, making the technique quite appealing for photonic research and applications.


During the first six decades of the 20th century, lawyers in the United States grappled with their role in stewarding the nation's tax system. As 19th century tariffs gave way to 20th century income taxes, legal professionals found themselves at the center of a complex and momentous transformation of the American state and its fiscal underpinnings. In the early 20th century, a subset of these legal professionals came to view themselves principally as "tax lawyers," a previously unknown category within the legal profession. This process of self-identification also involved a certain amount of organizational creativity, and during the first four decades of the century, tax lawyers organized a series of ad hoc groups within the broader American Bar Association (ABA). In 1939, the ABA grudgingly established a permanent Section of Taxation, recognizing belatedly the importance and durability of this legal specialty. One of the central challenges facing leaders of the Tax Section was difficult questions about the public role of the private tax bar. This article explores how the organized tax bar navigated the tensions between serving private clients and defending the integrity of the tax system. Stanley Surrey, one of those leaders, identified and scrutinized this professional dilemma with more clarity and conviction than nearly any other tax law professional. The problem, as Surrey understood it, was that tax lawyers had other responsibilities competing with their duty to the fisc. The tension between a tax lawyer's public and private responsibilities was not easily resolved. But the ABA Tax Section never stopped trying, and this paper explores those efforts during the first six decades of the 20th century. By the early 1960s, Tax Section leaders had begun to define an important, if circumscribed, public role for the private bar – one focused less on broad issues of political economy and more on "technical tax matters" where it was possible to "balance fairly the interests of the 'Government' and the 'taxpayer.'"


ducational researchers and academicians need the latest advances in educational technologies in order to enhance instruction and aid student assessment and learning. E-Learning Technologies and Evidence-Based Assessment Approaches provides a variety of contemporary solutions to identified educational problems related to the assessment of student learning in e-learning environments. This book draws on research and evaluation expertise of academicians engaged in the day-to-day challenges of using e-learning technologies and presents key issues in peer assessment using advanced technologies.


Background In KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, young women face an extraordinarily high risk for HIV acquisition, with annual incidence estimates of 6%. ART-based strategies for HIV prevention have the potential to significantly decrease HIV incidence, but the impact of PrEP in addition to ART scale-up is undefined. Modeling studies suggest that PrEP targeted to highest-risk groups could maximise benefits and contain costs. Methods We developed a deterministic transmission model of HIV that stratifies the population by age, sexual activity, and includes HIV infection stage. The model was parameterized using data from community-based HIV counselling and testing studies in KwaZulu-Natal and validated using independent HIV prevalence and incidence estimates. We estimated the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a 'test and treat' scenario, targeted PrEP by age and sexual activity, and general PrEP provision. Each scenario was in addition to anticipated baseline ART scale-up for CD4≤ 350 from 35% in 2013, as observed in KwaZulu-Natal, to 60% in 2018 (following national guidelines). We assumed PrEP efficacy of 70%. Results 'Test and treat' (ART for 80% of all HIV-positive persons) reduced HIV incidence by 58% and averted 25% of cumulative infections by 2025, at an additional $39,900 per infection averted compared to baseline ART scale-up. PrEP targeted to 60% of 20–29-year-olds, in addition to baseline ART scale-up, reduced incidence by 42% and averted 22% of infections at an additional $22,500 per infection averted, whereas PrEP targeted to 80% of high-risk individuals reduced incidence by 33% and averted 13% of infections at an additional $7,400 per infection averted. PrEP coverage of 20% of the general population reduced incidence by 37% and incident infections by 18%, at an additional $26,900 per infection averted. Conclusion In a generalised HIV epidemic setting PrEP is a cost-effective addition to ART, with targeted PrEP being more cost-effective than generalised PrEP distribution.


An integrated suite of advanced geophysical logging methods was used to characterize the geology and hydrology of three boreholes completed in fractured-sedimentary bedrock in Ventura County, California. The geophysical methods included caliper, gamma, electromagnetic induction, borehole deviation, optical and acoustic televiewer, borehole radar, fluid resistivity, temperature, and electromagnetic flowmeter. The geophysical logging 1) provided insights useful for the overall geohydrologic characterization of the bedrock and 2) enhanced the value of information collected by other methods from the boreholes including core-sample analysis, multiple-level monitoring, and packer testing. The logged boreholes, which have open intervals of 100 to 200 feet, penetrate a sequence of interbedded sandstone and mudstone with bedding striking 220 to 250 degrees and dipping 15 to 40 degrees to the northwest. Fractures intersected by the boreholes include fractures parallel to bedding and fractures with variable strike that dip moderately to steeply. Two to three flow zones were detected in each borehole. The flow zones consist of bedding-parallel or steeply dipping fractures or a combination of bedding-parallel fractures and moderately to steeply dipping fractures. About 75 to more than 90 percent of the measured flow under pumped conditions was produced by only one of the flow zones in each borehole.


Carbon nanotubes present interesting potential applications especially in nanoelectronics. Their electrical properties are known to be a function of their chirality. It happens that 1/3 of CNs are metallic and 2/3 are semiconductors. Narrow nanotubes are expected to be wide-band gap semiconductors. Several experimental results have shown that the thickness of a multi-wall nanotube along the axis can change, while the interlayer spacing remains fairly constant. These observations suggest the coexistence in the same tube of a scroll structure and a multi-wall nested tube. We explain this defect as a screw dislocation which by gliding transforms between these two forms. In this paper, we present a density functional theory study of the structure and energetics of screw dislocations in AA and ABC graphite, and we discuss their role in the scroll-to-nanotube transformation in multi-wall nanotubes.


Giles et al. (1995) have proven that Fahlman's recurrent cascade correlation (RCC) architecture is not capable of realizing finite state automata that have state-cycles of length more than two under a constant input signal. This paper extends the conclusions of Giles et al. by showing that there exists a corollary to their original proof which identifies a large second class of automata, that is also unrepresentable by RCC.


the bottom line Limited evidence (from before the adoption of widespread dietary supplementation of folate) suggested that folate might be beneficial in depression by augmenting the effects of antidepressants. However, no direct evidence suggests that the medical food supplement L-methylfolate (Deplin) is the most effective form of supplementation. It is also unclear whether patients must be deficient in folate to receive benefit or whether this prescription supplement has significant clinical application in an era of widespread vitamin fortification of foods. l-methylfolate (deplin®): A medical food for depression?


While much narrative inquiry is concerned with issues of self and identity, doing study on the processes (the how) of self-making offers ongoing challenges to methodology. This article explores the creation of a dialogic space that assisted young adolescents to write about themselves and their daily lives using email journals as an alternative to face-to-face interviews. With the researcher acting as a listener-responder, and in the absence of researcher-designed questions, a dynamic field was opened up for participant-led self-making to emerge over a six month period of self-reflective written expression. The article describes a shared email relationship based on a dialogic pattern of thinking, writing, listening and response intended to foster participants' voices as ontological narratives of self. Findings show the use of email journals created a synergy for self-disclosure and a safe space for self-expression where the willingness of participants to be themselves was encouraged. The self-representations of a specific group of gifted young adolescents thus emerged as written versions of "who" they are —offering data that differs from interview approaches and contributing to discussion of the value of ontology narratives.


We used molecular dynamics simulations and the path sampling technique known as forward flux sampling to study homogeneous nucleation of NaCl crystals from supersaturated aqueous solutions at 298 K and 1 bar. Nucleation rates were obtained for a range of salt concentrations for the Joung-Cheatham NaCl force field combined with the Extended Simple Point Charge (SPC/E) water model. The calculated nucleation rates are significantly lower than the available experimental measurements. The estimates for the nucleation rates in this work do not rely on classical nucleation theory, but the pathways observed in the simulations suggest that the nucleation process is better described by classical nucleation theory than an alternative interpretation based on Ostwald's step rule, in contrast to some prior simulations of related models. In addition to the size of NaCl nucleus, we find that the crystallinity of a nascent cluster plays an important role in the nucleation process. Nuclei with high crystallinity were found to have higher growth probability and longer lifetimes, possibly because they are less exposed to hydration water.


This study investigates the consequences of poor implementation in public workfare programs, focusing on the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) in India. Using nationally representative data, we test empirically for a discouraged worker effect arising from either of two mechanisms: administrative rationing of jobs among those who seek work and delays in wage payments. We find strong evidence at the household and district levels that administrative rationing discourages subsequent demand for work. Delayed wage payments seem to matter significantly during rainfall shocks. We find further that rationing is strongly associated with indicators of implementation ability such as staff capacity. Politics appears to play only a limited role. The findings suggest that assessments of the relevance of public programs over their lifecycle need to factor in implementation quality.


The paper explores the relation between law and literature. In the first part, based on "Bleak House" by Charles Dickens, the shortcomings of the per spective "law and literature" are indicated. The author not only criticizes the idea of treating a writer as if he were a legal historian, but she also calls into question a broader vision of literature as a mirror of social and legal reality. In the second part of the paper, still in reference to "Bleak House" (Court of Chancery, lawyers, philanthropy), a different concept of fiction within legal education is developed. Literary artistry (the use of metaphors, personifications, caricatures) and not its similarity to reality, is seen as a valuable instrument in the cultivation the moral imagination and empathy of the lawyers