The lab applications, which were started to be applied through mid 19th century, not only provide a new point of view but also bring about a new dimension to the lessons. At early times they were used to prove theoretical knowledge but lately they turned into environments where students freely discover knowledge as an individual or in groups. The activities that have come up with the recent form of labs substantially contributed to training ideal students for constructivist approach, who research, inquire, test, seek solutions, wear scientist shoes and deeply reason about the concept of concern. However, on the present stage of our educational system, these activities cannot be included in science lessons for several reasons. At that point virtual labs emerged as an alternative solution for the problems of the instruction in science courses. Thanks to virtual labs presenting different disciplines in a flexible manner, the interaction between the teacher and the learner become 7/24 independent from time and place. This article presents a study that provides insight in the appropriateness of Virtual and real laboratory applications on constructivist learning environment using interactive virtual chemistry laboratory (VCL) development was used in academic year of 2009-2010 for a six week period. The sample of this quasi-experimental study was 90 students from three different 9th grade classrooms of an Anatolian Secondary school in the center of Trabzon city. The student groups were randomly attained as one experimental and two control groups. The data collection tools of the study were; questionnaire of teaching philosophy (QTP), Semi-structured interviews and unstructured observations. The results showed that virtual chemistry laboratory software was just as effective as real chemistry laboratory and it positively affected the facilitating of constructivist learning environment. It was determined that the students in experimental group conducted the experiments as precise as the real ones; they felt themselves safe during the experiments; they could relate the experiments with daily life; they had the opportunity to investigate both macro-molecular and symbolical dimensions of the experiments. It was speculated that using virtual chemistry laboratories as a supportive complement in education will become an indispensable instructional material in terms of both the economy of the nation and the persistency of the learning.


This study presents a model capturing sources of Iranian aggregate labour productivity using annual time series data from 1960 to 2002. Labour productivity in this model is determined by real net capital stock, information technology and telecommunications (ITT) and trade openness. Empirical estimates indicate that policies aimed at promoting various types of investment and trade openness, which generates technology spillovers, can improve labour productivity. A substantial rise in productivity can not be achieved unless the economy increases its stock of capital in both ITT and non-ITT sectors, and industrial protectionist policies are reversed.


The Mekong, as one of the world's major rivers, has enormous potential in water resource development. Although the river can be developed to yield great benefits in the field of hydro-electricity generation and navigation improvement, it is the advantages that it provides for agriculture through flood control and irrigation which will make the greatest impact on the millions of people in the riparian countries of the Lower Basin (Khmer Republic, Laos, Thailand and Republic of Viet-Nam). In the face of rapid population increase, the maintenance and eventual increase in standards of living must be sought in terms of agricultural improvement and modernisation. The traditional agricultural economy is still dominated by the subsistence cultivation of paddy rice, characterised by very low and unreliable yields. Some diversification has occurred in agriculture in recent years, but this has taken place on the marginal uplands, and the real basis for future food and export crop production will remain largely with the land already under cultivation which is predominantly paddy fields in the flood plain and the valleys. Intensification of agriculture and crop diversification on the existing lowland provides a better basis for agricultural development in the Lower Basin, which in turn depends on irrigation and environmental control, through the harnessing of the tremendous water resources of the river. Recognising the importance of agricultural development and water control facilities, national planning policies have given special attention to these areas. However, as an international river, co-ordinated efforts will not only be inevitable but would also yield added benefits. In view of this fact, the Mekong Committee has played a very significant role. Although there are still outstanding problems In the political, technical and socio-economic situation, the progress to date has been substantial and it seems a sound basis for further development has been laid.


Effective advertising, good usability, and creating value are important in an e-commerce environment to attract and retain customers. In the human- computer interaction (HCI) literature, research into the success or failure of business to consumer (B2C) e-commerce sites has primarily focussed on usability. While increasing usability is important, even if an e-commerce Web site conforms to the Web design heuristics and usability guidelines, it might not always generate a positive total customer experience (TCE). Therefore, it is important that along with usability heuristics, customer relationship management (CRM) strategies are integrated into the design of the e-commerce environments for developing robust and long-term online customer-organisation relationships. We report on a project that is part of an ongoing cross-disciplinary research programme at the Open University, United Kingdom, which aims to integrate HCI and CRM strategies into the design and evaluation of e-commerce environments. In this project, we examined the customer's interaction with e-commerce environments and how a B2C relationship can be effectively supported from a customer's perspective. Based on intensive research that involved collecting data from naturalistic observations of customers shopping on e-tailing environments, interviews, group interviews, and by identifying the negative incidents or obstacles that mar the customer's TCE, we have developed E-SEQUAL (E-SErvice QUALity), a framework for online service quality. E-SEQUAL is an evaluation instrument consisting of e-CRM (CRM for e-economy) or customer relationship-enhancing heuristics and HCI heuristics which can be applied to integrate customers' perceived dimensions of service quality into the design and development of e-commerce environments. E-SEQUAL can provide guidance to e-businesses regarding integration of front- and backend business processes, and across different customer touch points such as phone, fax, e-mail, and so on. It can be applied by Web designers, marketing professionals, and developers to come up with requirements for integrating customers' expectations, and perceptions of service quality and value into the design of e-commerce Web sites. Furthermore, it can be used as an evaluation instrument by usability professionals for evaluating the conformance of an e-commerce environment against HCI (usability) and e-CRM heuristics. © 2006, Idea Group Inc.


A conversation between curator and art historian Gabrielle Moser and curator Helena Reckitt on the contemporary resonance of Italian feminisms of the 1970s and 1980s, and on how such earlier feminisms can be transmitted to, and between, different generations. The conversation centres on Now You Can Go, a programme inspired by Italian feminisms that Reckitt developed together with six colleagues in London in 2015. The authors posit tactics of citation, annotation, and translation central to the programme (in projects developed by contributors including Kajsa Dahlberg and Laura Guy, Nina Wakeford, and Alex Martinis Roe) as means of activating feminist practices and feminist knowledges from the past. Moser and Reckitt consider the contemporary resonance of some of the feminist practices foregrounded in the programme, including autocoscienza /consciousness-raising, affidamento/entrustment, and affective withdrawal. Exploring the programme�s implications for curating feminism, and curating as feminists, they discuss the programme in the light of the current vogue for relational, discursive, and time-based art world events, the role of documentation for such ephemeral programmes, and the need for such activities to reflect feminist priorities and values along with their feminist content.


Even though the phenomenon of refugees has changed over the course of recent decades, asylum remains an important issue for states all over the world. Whilst two-thirds of refugees live in developing countries, Western countries arguably have a special obligation due to their own value orientation. Thus, a common asylum policy looms large for the European Union (EU) for at least two reasons. Firstly, it has to ensure the maintenance of human rights within its territory and achieve common standards to avoid secondary refugee movements. Secondly, as the EU's internal borders are increasingly disappearing, an adequate management of external borders becomes a common priority but requires burden-sharing among the Member States (MS). In the first instance, the EU has drawn up various directives which oblige Member States to adopt minimum standards in the area of asylum. National policies and practices should be in line with those standards so as to promote the second phase of a Common European Asylum System (CEAS). The authors aim to seek suggestions on how Member States' practices and policies can strengthen the CEAS by complying and rising above the minimum standards and thus improving the protection of human rights for asylum seekers. Whilst seeking better practices and policies the authors use examples from the current situation in the Netherlands and Greece. The paper is divided into four sections. The first section provides some background information on the international legislation which can be seen as a framework of the EU policies. The second looks into the need for European refugee protection and focuses on the concept of the CEAS. It introduces the main legislative instruments in the asylum process and discusses future possibilities. The third section examines examples of Dutch policies and practices in relation to the minimum standards instruments. In this framework, 'good' and 'less good' practices as well as problems with the application of the EU minimum standards will be highlighted. Additionally, the influence of human rights will be examined, thus demonstrating that the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) is also important for asylum seekers' policies and practices. The last section of the paper provides some policy recommendations and gives a summary of practices which may apply in asylum cases.


The battle of Tannenberg (August 27-30, 1914) opened World War I with a decisive German victory over Russia-indeed the Kaiser's only clear-cut victory in a non-attritional battle during four years of war. In this first paperback edition of the classic work, historian Dennis Showalter analyzes this battle's causes, effects, and implications for subsequent German military policy. The author carefully guides the reader through what actually happened on the battlefield, from its grand strategy down to the level of improvised squad actions. Examining the battle in the context of contemporary diplomatic, political, and economic affairs, Showalter also reviews both armies' social settings and military doctrine, and shows how the battle may be understood as a case study of problems that military organizations face in the initial stages of a major war. In addition, he demolishes many myths about the battle, such as the supposed superiority of the German military, the animosity among Russian field commanders, and the assumption that the Germans viewed their opponents as a horde of uniformed illiterates. Tannenberg's mystique later served the Weimar Republic and Third Reich propagandists. For years its legends helped to shape German nationalist ideology and military policy. In 1941, Hitler's Wehrmacht grossly underestimated Soviet military capability, leading to disaster in World War II.


Abstract. Structural disaster damage detection and characterisation is one of the oldest remote sensing challenges, and the utility of virtually every type of active and passive sensor deployed on various air- and spaceborne platforms has been assessed. The proliferation and growing sophistication of UAV in recent years has opened up many new opportunities for damage mapping, due to the high spatial resolution, the resulting stereo images and derivatives, and the flexibility of the platform. We have addressed the problem in the context of two European research projects, RECONASS and INACHUS. In this paper we synthesize and evaluate the progress of 6 years of research focused on advanced image analysis that was driven by progress in computer vision, photogrammetry and machine learning, but also by constraints imposed by the needs of first responder and other civil protection end users. The projects focused on damage to individual buildings caused by seismic activity but also explosions, and our work centred on the processing of 3D point cloud information acquired from stereo imagery. Initially focusing on the development of both supervised and unsupervised damage detection methods built on advanced texture features and basic classifiers such as Support Vector Machine and Random Forest, the work moved on to the use of deep learning. In particular the coupling of image-derived features and 3D point cloud information in a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) proved successful in detecting also subtle damage features. In addition to the detection of standard rubble and debris, CNN-based methods were developed to detect typical façade damage indicators, such as cracks and spalling, including with a focus on multi-temporal and multi-scale feature fusion. We further developed a processing pipeline and mobile app to facilitate near-real time damage mapping. The solutions were tested in a number of pilot experiments and evaluated by a variety of stakeholders.


Spadix temperature was measured in three species of Philodendron: P. acutatum Schott, P. pedatum (Hooker) Kunth, and P. solimoesense A. C. Smith. These species showed two different patterns of spadix temperature during their flowering cycle. In P. acutatum and P. pedatum (subgenus Philodendron), the spadix warmed up twice during the beginning of each flowering night with a temperature not significantly different from that of the ambient air between the two peaks. In P. solimoesense (subgenus Meconostigma), the spadix temperature rose to 14°C above that of the ambient air during the first night, then it progressively cooled down but remained 3-6°C above the ambient air temperature. We propose that the heat production and the spadix temperature patterns observed may reflect different physiological processes and have a taxonomic significance in the genus Philodendron.Key words: Araceae, flowering cycle, flower temperature, heating flower.


The methods used today for the calculation of screw compressor thermodynamic and fluid flow processes, from quasi one-dimensional thermodynamic models to three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) procedures, require accurate identification and quantification of geometric parameters, such as volume, gradient and cross-section, leakage flow and blow-hole areas. Historically, some of the geometric characteristics have been neglected, or approximated when calculation accuracy was not essential. However, more sophisticated models may lose some of their advantages if accurate geometric characteristics are not included in them. The work presented in this paper is aimed to enhance the accuracy of geometric calculations. The usual geometric calculation procedures are given and modified where necessary. The results are compared with models generated by 3D Computer Aided Design (CAD), software packages, from which improvements in the accuracy of predictions can be demonstrated.


BACKGROUND/AIMS
The purpose of the current study was to develop a simple model for predicting cirrhosis in chronic viral hepatitis patients and to evaluate the usefulness of decision tree algorithms.

METHODOLOGY
Serum markers of fibrosis were compared with the stage of fibrosis in liver biopsy specimens prospectively obtained from 526 subjects with chronic HBV and HCV infections (estimation set, 367; validation set, 159).

RESULTS
Univariate analysis revealed that age, bilirubin, platelet count, APRI, ALP, hyaluronic acid (HA), α2-macroglobulin, MMP-2, TIMP-1, and procollagen III N-terminal peptide (PIIINP) were significantly different between patients with (F4) and without cirrhosis (F0123). Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified platelet count, HA and PIIINP as independent predictors of cirrhosis. We categorized the individual variable into the most appropriate cut-off value by calculating the likelihood ratio for predicting cirrhosis and constructed a score system expressed by the following simple formula: PHP index = platelet score + HA score + PIIINP score. For predicting cirrhosis, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) was 0.824 and 0.759 in the estimation and validation set, respectively. Using a cut-off score of 4, the presence of cirrhosis was predicted with high accuracy. The diagnostic performance of the PHP index was similar to decision tree algorithms (AUROC=0.819) for predicting liver cirrhosis, but more useful in clinical situations.

CONCLUSIONS
Compared to a decision tree model, a simple score system using a categorized value based on a combination of platelet count, HA and PIIINP identified patients with liver cirrhosis with a higher clinical usability.


The Domain Name System (DNS) has long provided means, such as the
CNAME (Canonical Name), whereby a DNS query can be redirected to a
different name. A DNS response header has an RCODE (Response Code)
field, used for indicating errors, and response status bits. This
document clarifies, in the case of such redirected queries, how the
RCODE and status bits correspond to the initial query cycle (where the
CNAME or the like was detected) and subsequent or final query cycles.
[STANDARDS-TRACK]


Palsa mires are northern mire complexes with permanently frozen peat hummocks, located at the outer limit of the permafrost zone. Palsa mires have high conservation status, being characterized by a rich diversity of bird species and unique geomorphological processes. They are currently degrading throughout their distributional range, probably because of regional climatic warming. Distributions of palsas in Fennoscandia were modelled using 5 climate envelope tech- niques (generalized linear modelling, generalized additive modelling, classification tree analysis, artificial neural networks and multiple adaptive regression splines). The models were studied with respect to their sensitivity to altered climate. Climate change scenarios were applied to assess possi- ble impacts on the palsa distribution during the 21st century. The models achieved a good to very good agreement with the observed palsa distribution and thus suggest a strong dependency on cli- mate. Even small increases of temperature (1°C) and precipitation (10%) resulted in considerable losses of areas suitable for palsa development. Of the 5 models tested, 3 predicted the total disappear- ance of regions suitable for palsa development with an increased mean annual temperature of 4°C. Under climate change scenarios based on 7 Atmosphere-Ocean General Circulation Models (AOGCMs) the models indicated that the degradation of palsas will proceed very quickly. All but one climate scenario resulted in the total disappearance of suitable regions for palsa development by the end of the 21st century. Potential impacts of degrading palsa mires on biodiversity and carbon balance are the loss of habitat for migrating bird species and the increase in CH4 emissions.


Paul Tillich's understanding of faith, doubt, and church communities forms part of a systematic theology which Tillich understands as a theoretical apologetics.  By developing these themes, especially Tillich's concept of existential doubt, five guidelines for a practical apologetics can be developed in line with Tillich's theoretical apologetics.  First, both believers and nonbelievers are included in the apologist's audience because both are at risk of idolatry.  Second, the goal of apologetics is to end the suppression of doubt in order to break down idols.  Third, this apologetics affirms faith without aiming to rid one of doubt.  Fourth, apologetics should bring Christians and non-Christians into faith communities.  Fifth, those faith communities should continue the work of apologetics by remaining open to doubt.  These guidelines form a method of apologetics that speaks to the increasing secularity of the world.  By breaking down traditional categories which separate faith from doubt and believers from nonbelievers, this practical apologetics is capable of moving people toward a deeper, more dynamic faith in the True God.


Background About one-third of patients fail to respond to initial antidepressant therapy, which suggests a need for more effective drugs. Aims To compare the efficacy and safety of venlafaxine and paroxetine in 122 patients with non-chronic treatment-resistant depression. Method In-patients or out-patients satisfying DSM – III – R criteria for major depression in evolution for less than eight months, having a baseline HAM–D score 18 and a HAM – D Item 3 score < 3 were eligible. Patients were required to have a history of resistance to two previous antidepressant treatments and a CGI improvement score of 3 at the beginning of treatment. Doses were adjusted to 200–300 mg/day for venlafaxine and 30–40 mg/day for paroxetine. Results For the observed-case analysis, the response rate was 51.9% for venlafaxine and 32.7% for paroxetine (P=0.044), and a remission was achieved in 42.3% of venlafaxine-treated and 20.0% of paroxetine-treated patients (P=0.01). The incidence of adverse effects was comparable between treatment groups. Conclusions Venlafaxine showed some evidence of superiority to paroxetine in this difficult-to-treat patient population.


Future Ways is a university-based programme designed to support research and learning for sustainable relationships in both rural and urban areas in Northern Ireland. We are primarily funded by independent trusts and foundations with an interest in reconciliation. Our work is based on five core beliefs:1] Building sustainable relationships and trust requires addressing three inter-related elements at the basis of any democratic society. These are equity, diversity and interdependence. 2] In relationships where there is regard and respect, creativity flows and people grow, change and develop.3] Responsibility for addressing the legacy of division and mistrust in Northern Ireland must not be solely located on those who are most vulnerable such as children or the poorest communities. In practical terms, this means addressing the culture, practice and self-understanding of the middle classes and the core institutions of society including the public services, the voluntary sector and business. 4] The primary task in building sustainable relationships is learning our way beyond fear and what we have taken to be 'normal'. This requires people with 'wisdom and judgement' rather than 'techniques and skills'. We don't 'know' the answers; we must 'find them out'.5] We need to move the case for sustainable relationships beyond the moral realm to focusing on the costs to society if we fail to address flawed relationships. In 1997, we published a research report (A Worthwhile Venture? University of Ulster, 1997) which argued that working towards better inter-community relationships in Northern Ireland should cease to be a peripheral interest and low-level policy objective and become a core organisational task for public and civic institutions. A core finding within this report was that although there was wide-spread agreement across different sectors in Northern Ireland that greater interdependence was of central importance, there was less evidence of mainstream understanding and practical programmes beyond the voluntary and youth sectors.As a result, Future Ways embarked on an experimental programme of work with core public and voluntary organisations such as the civil service, local government, churches, community organisations, politicians and the police as employers, civic leaders and deliverer of core services. The purpose was to 'find out' what it would mean for those at the centre of public and private life to begin taking trust-building seriously. This meant organisations learning in new ways about how they both shape and are shaped by their political and community context.The workplace in Northern Ireland has been one of the few places where people from different cultures and traditions have come together in the midst of the violence and chaos shaping wider community relationships. The 'myth' is that they have come together through leaving their 'baggage' at the door. The reality is that relationships have more often been cemented by silence, avoidance and a fear of upsetting colleagues and peers. Organisational learning in this context is learning to move beyond silence.We found it harder to engage the business sector, which often works with different priorities and value base from the not-for profit and public sectors. Nevertheless, there is evidence that the learning and practice models developed within the public and voluntary sectors are filtering into the business world. This emphasizes the need for 'learning networks' that cross sectoral lines where those who are able to move ahead faster can share both their learnings and mistakes.This article summarise some of our key learnings from our work over the last four years and the dilemmas that our partners and we faced. We hope that these are relevant to the business, public and not-for profit sectors as building sustainable relationships is a societal task.The challenges of interdependence are universal. These challenges might be sharpened, exposed in a place like Northern Ireland where the costs of ignoring division and separation have been all too apparent. However, following September 11th, we are now all embarked on a journey dependent in part on our willingness to trust and learn across traditional


Data snooping occurs when a given set of data is used more than once for purposes of inference or model selection. When such data reuse occurs, there is always the possibility that any satisfactory results obtained may simply be due to chance rather than to any merit inherent in the method yielding the results. This problem is practically unavoidable in the analysis of time-series data, as typically only a single history measuring a given phenomenon of interest is available for analysis. It is widely acknowledged by empirical researchers that data snooping is a dangerous practice to be avoided, but in fact it is endemic. The main problem has been a lack of sufficiently simple practical methods capable of assessing the potential dangers of data snooping in a given situation. Our purpose here is to provide such methods by specifying a straightforward procedure for testing the null hypothesis that the best model encountered in a specification search has no predictive superiority over a given benchmark model. This permits data snooping to be undertaken with some degree of confidence that one will not mistake results that could have been generated by chance for genuinely good results.


The quality of the graphics displayed in motion simulators can play a signficant role in improving a user's training experience in such devices. However, the computation of high-fidelity graphics using traditional rendering approaches takes a substantial amount of time, precluding their use in such an interactive environment. This paper investigates exploiting how the human visual system deals with motion, to drive a selective rendering system. Such a selective renderer computes perceptually important parts of a scene in high quality and the remainder of the scene at a lower quality, and thus at a much reduced computational cost, without the user being aware of this quality difference. In this study we concentrate on translational motion and show, even for this less dramatic form of motion, a viewer's perception of a scene can be significantly effected.
 A study was conducted involving 120 subjects in 8 conditions. An additional 'button-press' study of 26 subjects was also carried out. The results show that, for both studies, viewers could not notice a decrease in rendering quality when subjected to motion.


This investigation dealt with the determination of the content of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, anthocyanins, tannins and in vitro antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract of the leaves of Globularia alypum. The physicochemical characteristics of the leaf powder of Globularia alypum such as metabolic energy, mineral element and organic matter were evaluated. Fatty acid content was determined using gas chromatography. This investigation appeared to be the first to report the analysis of the leaf powder, ethanol extracts of G. alypum L. In this study dried extracts, ashes, proteins, crude fat fibre, percent sugar, metabolic energy and minerals such as calcium, sodium and potassium were quantified. The ethanol extract of the leaf had shown antioxidant activity and a high percentage of polyphenols and flavonoids (180.5±2.1 mg Globularia alypum extracts/g and 20.7 mg QE/g). A high correlation was observed between the total phenolic and flavonoid content and the antioxidant activity (R2=0.943 and R2=0.910, respectively). Gas chromatographic analysis showed the presence of 13 acids in this extract, mainly linoleic acid (30.1 %) and linolenic acid (24.8 %). The leaf powder of this plant is considered as a source of mineral elements even though, it is full of fatty acids in comparison to proteins and sugar. The ethanol extract of the leaf of Globularia alypum could be considered as a source of polyphenols and as an extract with potential antioxidant activity.


The use of hiyper-prolific sows is a common practice in the swine industry. Improving larger sized litters
enhance the presence of low birth weight piglets (LBW< 0.8 kg) which are more likely to die. The transition to
weaning is a stressful event compromising the gut homeostasis, growth and survival rates, especially on LBW
piglets. Currently, the early-weaning is a strategy performed consisting in the weaning time anticipation to 2-
3 weeks of age. In addition with the high mortality and morbidity rates the swine production is hampered
resulting in economic losses.
The effect of the birth weight (BW), weaning strategy (WS) and the small intestine area (SIA) were studied
in newborn piglets on the pre-weaning phase by the expression of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1). 72 pairs of Hypor
sex-matched littermates catalogued as low birth weight (LBW< 1 kg, n=36) or normal birth weight (NWB, n=36)
were randomly distributed to the rearing systems from 3 days to 3 weeks of age. The early-weaned (EW)
piglets were artificially fed in brooders with a milk-replacer provided ad libitum. On conventional weaning
(CW), piglets stayed with sow and intake colostrum. Pairs of LBW-NBW were slaughtered at 3, 5, 8 and 19 days
old. Tissue samples from duodenum (5%) and ileum (75%) were harvested to quantify the ZO-1 expression.
Any significant differences related to BW and WS were found although colostrum exerted a greater effect the
ileum and in LBW piglets. Relevant differences were observed within time (p= 0.001) and ileum (p=0.0005),
improving the expression in 5-19 (p<0.001) and 8-19 (p=0.007) days.
In parallel, in vitro experiments on IPEC-J2 cell monolayers tested the permeability (FITC-Dextran, FD4),
the trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and the immunolocalization of ZO-1 after 1 mM H2o2, 4 mM
DEM and ethoxyquin treatments. The effect of 1 mM H2o2 affect the permeability (p =2.73•10-5) while time
and time: stressor (p< 2•10-16) influenced TEER values. The 4 mM DEM incubation showed significant
differences within time and stressor (p<2•10-16), ethoxyquin (p=0.00041) and DEM:ethoxyquin (p=1.11•10-5).
In conclusion, the IPEC-J2 cell line is a reliable model to screen the antioxidant potential reducing the animal
experimentation. Moreover, the permeability and TEER evaluate the damage of the intestinal barrier due to
the dependent doses-effect between the ethoxyquin and oxidant


Over recent years, typhoid fever has gained increasing attention with several cases reporting treatment failure due to multidrug resistant (MDR) strains of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. While new drug development strategies are being devised to combat the threat posed by these MDR pathogens, drug repurposing or repositioning has become a good alternative. The latter is considered mainly due to its capacity for saving sufficient time and effort for pre-clinical and optimization studies. Owing to the possibility of an unsuccessful repositioning, due to the mismatch in the optimization of the drug ligand for the changed biochemical properties of "old" and "new" targets, we have chosen a "targeted" approach of adopting a combined chemical moiety-based drug repurposing. Using small molecules selected from a combination of earlier approved drugs having phenalenone and furanone moieties, we have computationally delineated a step-wise approach to drug design against MDR Salmonella. We utilized our network analysis-based pre-identified, essential chaperone protein, SicA, which regulates the folding and quality of several secretory proteins including the Hsp70 chaperone, SigE. To this end, another crucial chaperone protein, Hsp70 DnaK, was also considered due to its importance for pathogen survival under the stress conditions typically encountered during antibiotic therapies. These were docked with the 19 marketed anti-typhoid drugs along with two phenalenone-furanone derivatives, 15 non-related drugs which showed 70% similarity to phenalenone and furanone derivatives and other analogous small molecules. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulation studies were performed to check the stability of the protein-drug complexes. Our results showed the best binding interaction and stability, under the parameters of a virtual human body environment, with XR770, a phenaleno-furanone moiety based derivative. We therefore propose XR770, for repurposing for therapeutic intervention against emerging and significant drug resistance conferred by pathogenic Salmonella strains.


Scala is a new programming language bringing together object-oriented and functional programming. Its defining features are uniformity and extensibility. Scala offers great flexibility for programmers, allowing them to grow the language through libraries. Oftentimes what seems like a language feature is in fact implemented in a library, effectively giving programmers the power of language designers. The downside of this flexibility is that familiar looking code may hide unexpected performance costs. It is important for Scala compilers to bring down this cost as much as possible. We identify several areas of impact for Scala performance: higher-order functions and closures, and generic containers used with primitive types. We present two complementary approaches for improving performance in these areas: optimizations and specialization. Compiler optimization can bring down the cost through a combination of aggressive inlining of higher-order functions, an extended version of copy-propagation and dead-code elimination. Both anonymous functions and boxing can be eliminated by this approach. We show on a number of benchmarks that these language features can be up to 5 times faster when properly optimized, on current day JVMs. We propose a new approach to compiling parametric polymorphism for performance at primitive types. We mix a homogeneous translation scheme with user-directed specialization for primitive types. Type parameters may be annotated to require specialization of code depending on them. We propose definition-site specialization for primitive types, achieving separate compilation and no boxing when both the definition and call site are specialized. Specialized classes are compatible with unspecialized code, and specialization agnostic code can work with specialized instances, meaning that specialization is opportunistic. We present a formalism of a small subset of Scala with specialization and prove that specialization preserves types. We implemented this translation in the Scala compiler and report on improvements on a set of benchmarks, showing that specialization can make programs more than two times faster.


Earliest modern humans out of Africa Recent paleoanthropological studies have suggested that modern humans migrated from Africa as early as the beginning of the Late Pleistocene, 120,000 years ago. Hershkovitz et al. now suggest that early modern humans were already present outside of Africa more than 55,000 years earlier (see the Perspective by Stringer and Galway-Witham). During excavations of sediments at Mount Carmel, Israel, they found a fossil of a mouth part, a left hemimaxilla, with almost complete dentition. The sediments contain a series of well-defined hearths and a rich stone-based industry, as well as abundant animal remains. Analysis of the human remains, and dating of the site and the fossil itself, indicate a likely age of at least 177,000 years for the fossil—making it the oldest member of the Homo sapiens clade found outside Africa. Science, this issue p. 456; see also p. 389 Fossilized mouthparts indicate the presence of Homo sapiens in the Levant 160,000 years ago. To date, the earliest modern human fossils found outside of Africa are dated to around 90,000 to 120,000 years ago at the Levantine sites of Skhul and Qafzeh. A maxilla and associated dentition recently discovered at Misliya Cave, Israel, was dated to 177,000 to 194,000 years ago, suggesting that members of the Homo sapiens clade left Africa earlier than previously thought. This finding changes our view on modern human dispersal and is consistent with recent genetic studies, which have posited the possibility of an earlier dispersal of Homo sapiens around 220,000 years ago. The Misliya maxilla is associated with full-fledged Levallois technology in the Levant, suggesting that the emergence of this technology is linked to the appearance of Homo sapiens in the region, as has been documented in Africa.


We propose a system for surface completion and inpainting of 3D shapes using denoising autoencoders with convolutional layers, learnt on local patches. Our method uses height map based local patches parameterized using 3D mesh quadrangulation of the low resolution input shape. This provides us sufficient amount of local 3D patch dataset to learn deep generative Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) for the task of repairing moderate sized holes. We design generative networks specifically suited for the 3D encoding following ideas from the recent progress in 2D inpainting, and show our results to be better than the previous methods of surface inpainting that use linear dictionary. We validate our method on both synthetic shapes and real world scans.


Much work on wireless sensor networks deals with or considers the hot
spot problem, i.e., the problem that the sensor nodes closest to the
base station are critical for the lifetime of the sensor network
because these nodes need to relay more packet than nodes further away
from the base station. Since it is often assumed that sensor nodes
will become inexpensive, a simple solution to the hot spot problem is
to place additional sensor nodes around the base stations. Using a
simple mathematical model we discuss the possible performance gains of
adding these supplementary nodes. Our results show that for certain
networks only a limited number of additional nodes are required to
fourfold network lifetime. We also show that the possible gain depends
heavily on the fraction of nodes already present in the vicinity of
the base station.


In autonomous robotics, there is still a trend to develop and tune controllers with highly explicit goals and environments in mind. However, this tuning means that these robotic models often lack the developmental and behavioral flexibility seen in biological organisms. The lack of flexibility in these controllers leaves the robot vulnerable to changes in environmental condition. Whereby any environmental change may lead to the behaviors of the robots becoming unsuitable or even dangerous. In this manuscript we look at a potential biologically plausible mechanism which may be used in robotic controllers in order to allow them to adapt to different environments. This mechanism consists of a hormone driven epigenetic mechanism which regulates a robot's internal environment in relation to its current environmental conditions. As we will show in our early chapters, this epigenetic mechanism allows an autonomous robot to rapidly adapt to a range of different environmental conditions. This adaption is achieved without the need for any explicit knowledge of the environment. Allowing a single architecture to adapt to a range of challenges and develop unique behaviors. In later chapters however, we find that this mechanism not only allows for regulation of short term behavior, but also long development. Here we show how this system permits a robot to develop in a way that is suitable for its current environment. Further during this developmental process we notice similarities to infant development, along with acquisition of unplanned skills and abilities. The unplanned developments appears to leads to the emergence of unplanned potential cognitive abilities such as object permanence, which we assess using a range of different real world tests.


By drawing on an empiricist tradition, and on the literature discussing the philosophical problems of marketing knowledge, we seek to develop practical guidelines for developing empirical generalisations. In particular we suggest three criteria for the development of marketing knowledge: ensuring falsifiability and theoretical competition; overcoming uncertainty through replication; and using extension to develop generalisations and identify boundary conditions. By way of demonstration, these criteria are applied to assessments of the Dirichlet model, the Servqual instrument, and market share modelling. We conclude with renewed plea that more of the academic research effort in marketing be devoted to replicating and extending existing results, and determining the conditions under which existing theories do, and do not, hold.


OBJECTIVE
To determine the disposition of lidocaine after IV infusion in anesthetized horses undergoing exploratory laparotomy because of gastrointestinal tract disease.

ANIMALS
11 horses (mean +/- SD, 10.3 +/- 7.4 years; 526 +/- 40 kg).

PROCEDURE
Lidocaine hydrochloride (loading infusion, 1.3 mg/kg during a 15-minute period [87.5 microg/kg/min]; maintenance infusion, 50 microg/kg/min for 60 to 90 minutes) was administered IV to dorsally recumbent anesthetized horses. Blood samples were collected before and at fixed time points during and after lidocaine infusion for analysis of serum drug concentrations by use of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Serum lidocaine concentrations were evaluated by use of standard noncompartmental analysis. Selected cardiopulmonary variables, including heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), arterial pH, PaCO2, and PaO2, were recorded. Recovery quality was assessed and recorded.

RESULTS
Serum lidocaine concentrations paralleled administration, increasing rapidly with the initiation of the loading infusion and decreasing rapidly following discontinuation of the maintenance infusion. Mean +/- SD volume of distribution at steady state, total body clearance, and terminal half-life were 0.70 +/- 0.39 L/kg, 25 +/- 3 mL/kg/min, and 65 +/- 33 minutes, respectively. Cardiopulmonary variables were within reference ranges for horses anesthetized with inhalation anesthetics. Mean HR ranged from 36 +/- 1 beats/min to 43 +/- 9 beats/min, and mean MAP ranged from 74 +/- 18 mm Hg to 89 +/- 10 mm Hg. Recovery quality ranged from poor to excellent.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Availability of pharmacokinetic data for horses with gastrointestinal tract disease will facilitate appropriate clinical dosing of lidocaine.


There is little information about the changes in physical and chemical properties of compost as a function of compost feedstocks and age of the compost mixture. As a consequence of this gap, the potential of compost to serve as a pollutant source relative to compost age (from initial mixing of raw feedstocks to mature compost) and feedstocks (i.e. % of food, manure, bedding, leaves, etc.) during the composting operation is not well known. This study was conducted to assess the variation of physical and chemical properties of compost under different mixes of source material and at differing ages (from freshly mixed to mature compost). The change in compost C:N ratio with age during composting was represented well (R2 ≥ 0.81) by the equation Y = CNf + (CNi-CNf)e(−X/r), where Y is the C:N ratio at any time X. CNf is the value of the C:N ratio as the composting time approaches infinity. CNi is the initial C:N ratio at the beginning of the composting process and 1/r is the rate of decrease of the C:N ratio. The total (tot) N concentration of the mature composts was higher than the initial tot N concentration for all mixes investigated. There was a net decrease from the initial NH4-N concentrations at mixing to the final NH4-N concentrations at maturity for all compost mixtures. However, the variations of compost tot N and NH44-N concentrations with compost age were different between compost mixtures and years of experiment. The phosphorus (P) concentrations increased linearly with compost age. These results indicated that the potential of the compost as a source for N and P pollution changes during the composting process. The results also showed that the combination of C:N ratio, compost temperature, and compost NH4-N concentration could be used as simple but reliable indices for compost stability and maturity.


Selenium (Se) has been known for many years to have played a role in boosting the immune function, but the manner in which this element acts at the molecular level in host defence and inflammatory diseases is poorly understood. To elucidate the role of Se-containing proteins in the immune function, we knocked out the expression of this protein class in T-cells or macrophages of mice by targeting the removal of the selenocysteine tRNA gene using loxP-Cre technology. Mice with selenoprotein-less T-cells manifested reduced pools of mature and functional T-cells in lymphoid tissues and an impairment in T-cell-dependent antibody responses. Furthermore, selenoprotein deficiency in T-cells led to an inability of these cells to suppress reactive oxygen species production, which in turn affected their ability to proliferate in response to T-cell receptor stimulation. Selenoprotein-less macrophages, on the other hand, manifested mostly normal inflammatory responses, but this deficiency resulted in an altered regulation in extracellular matrix-related gene expression and a diminished migration of macrophages in a protein gel matrix. These observations provided novel insights into the role of selenoproteins in the immune function and tissue homeostasis.


Whatever name, form or activities of a department will not be seen the advantages if the existent doesn?t known, like Socialization activity of the service centre of women and child (PPT PPA) pasuruan. It is used to solve for violence victims, especially for women and child. The statement of the problem was how the socialization activity and the barrier which was done by Socialization activity of the service centre of women and child (PPT PPA) pasuruan Descriptive was used as a method. And it is also called taxonomic. It explores and classifies abot fenomena or reality social by describing the variables related with the problem and unit on 06-20 march. To gain the data used documents which related with the activities and interview to get information about it. Finally, the conclusions were (1) the process of socialization in department could not run well because of dependence of budget management. In the fact, the condition can be faced by maximizing the member which represented the existence of institution with the activities, (2) it was necessary special approach in socialization of service centre of women and child (PPT PPA) pasuruan if the condition of social ?culture in society didn?t support in doing the activities because it made fidgetiness in the part of society. So, it needed study to formulate the pattern of effective communication in department. Keyword : Sosialisasi Link terkait : http://skripsi.umm.ac.id/files/disk1/344/jiptummpp-gdl-s1-2009-erlianar02-17198-PENDAHUL-N.pdf


Rights and Wrongs of Children's Work: New Perspectives from Research and Action explores the place of labor in the children's lives and child development. Almost all the world's children work at some time in their lives. Some kinds of work are extremely harmful; other kinds are relatively harmless; still others are beneficial, a positive element in growing up. It is questionable whether current child labor policies and interventions, even though pursued with the best intentions, are succeeding either in protecting children against harm or in promoting their access to education and other opportunities for successful futures. By incorporating recent theoretical advances in childhood studies and in child development, the authors argue for the need to re-think assumptions that underlie current policies on child labor. Rights and Wrongs uses interdisciplinary methods to understand children's work as a component of child development, which cannot be treated independently of children's varied lives. In the first few chapters, well-documented historical cases ranging from contemporary Morocco to 19th century Britain question common assumptions about children's work. The authors examine concrete situations of work and schooling, suggesting that not all paid work outside the home is harmful to children, and that not all unpaid work-not even all work in the family or school-is harmless to children. Later chapters explore ideas of children's independency in the workforce as well as how working as a child can positively contribute to adolescent development. The authors, while remaining sensitive to the abusive nature of some children's work, maintain that a "workless" childhood free of all responsibilities is not a good preparation for adult life in any society.


More and more effort is being spent on security improvements in today's computer environments, with the aim to achieve an appropriate level of security. However, for small computing devices it might be necessary to reduce the computational cost imposed by security in order to gain reasonable performance and/or energy consumption. To accomplish this selective encryption can be used, which provides confidentiality by only encrypting chosen parts of the information. Previous work on selective encryption has chiefly focused on how to reduce the computational cost while still making the information perceptually secure, but not on how computationally secure the selectively encrypted information is. Despite the efforts made and due to the harsh nature of computer security, good quantitative assessment methods for computer security are still lacking. Inventing new ways of measuring security are therefore needed in order to better understand, assess, and improve the security of computer environments. Two proposed probabilistic quantitative security measures are entropy and guesswork. Entropy gives the average number of guesses in an optimal binary search attack, and guesswork gives the average number of guesses in an optimal linear search attack. In information theory, a considerable amount of research has been carried out on entropy and on entropy-based metrics. However, the same does not hold for guesswork.In this thesis, we evaluate the performance improvement when using the proposed generic selective encryption scheme. We also examine the confidentiality strength of selectively encrypted information by using and adopting entropy and guesswork. Moreover, since guesswork has been less theoretical investigated compared to entropy, we extend guesswork in several ways and investigate some of its behaviors.


This paper analyses the financial assistance provided to Greece in the first two rescue packages granted by the Troika (European Union, European Central Bank and IMF). It looks particularly carefully at claims by Sinn that a third of the public credit granted to Greece financed its current account deficit, while another third funded capital flight by Greek nationals, with only the remaining third used to pay creditors. The paper shows that Sinn inflates the assistance given to Greece by mixing several different concepts in the total. It also critically reviews the claim that the assistance was used to finance the current account deficit or capital flight by Greek citizens. Realistic accounting shows that 54% of the financial assistance provided to Greece was used to repay (foreign) debt, while another 21% was used to recapitalize Greek banks (some of which were owned by foreign institutions). Other claims about the rescue package are also analysed in relation to the treatment of Greek and foreign banking exposure to sovereign debt.


Integrated biostratigraphic and palaeoenvironmental analyses of foraminiferal, ostracod and calcareous nannofossil assemblages were carried out on the Messinian/Zanclean succession of the Moncucco quarry (Piedmont, northwestern Italy). The uppermost Messinian deposits may be correlated to the "Lago-Mare" deposits of the Mediterranean area. They yield a brackish ostracod assemblage, which belongs to the Loxocorniculina djafarovi zone of the Messinian post-evaporitic interval, indicating their deposition in oligo-mesohaline shallow waters and the influx of Paratethyan faunas. Only reworked marine microfossils are present. The boundary between the "Lago-Mare" deposits and the overlying Zanclean Argille Azzurre Fm. is marked by an irregular erosional surface, followed by a barren, 10–50 cm thick, black arenitic layer.

The Zanclean succession consists of grey to whitish clayey marls (Argille Azzurre Fm.), rich in microfossils, which document the MPl1 ( Sphaeroidinellopsis acme) zone up to the MPl4a foraminiferal zone, and the MNN12 to MNN14-15 calcareous nannofossil zones. Micropalaeontological data confirm that the Pliocene flooding event was synchronous at the Mediterranean scale. Some foraminiferal bioevents recognized at the Mediterranean scale and related to precessional cycles are recorded in the studied succession : the Globorotalia scitula common occurrence (CO) (cycle 3), the occurrence of Siphonina reticulata (cycle 6), and the Globorotalia margaritae first common occurrence (FCO) (cycle 10). A short hiatus could be inferred in the lowermost Zanclean sediments for the absence of Triquetrorhabdulus rugosus and of the Reticulofenestra pseudoumbilicus paracme. Hiatuses or reduced sedimentation could also have affected the bottom during the MPl2-MPl3 zones. Foraminiferal and ostracod assemblages document a rather deep basin just from the lower Zanclean, warm surficial waters (common Globigerinoides spp.), rather high seasonal primary productivity (common phytoplankton grazer Neogloboquadrina acostaensis ) and mesotrophic bottom (common Eponides pusillus, Hoeglundina elegans, Argilloecia acuminata , Krithe compressa , Paijenborchella iocosa ). Bottom depths in the lower Zanclean of northwestern Italy appear to be shallower than depths suggested by coeval southernmost assemblages. A deepening of the basin during the MPl1 and MPl2 zones is suggested by the increasing diversity of microfossils and by the spreading of deep bathyal taxa ( Cibicidoides robertsonianus, Paijenborchella malaiensis cymbula ). Warm, oligotrophic conditions in the water column become more constant. Palaeoenvironmental conditions change progressively during the upper MPl2, the MPl3 and MPl4a zones. Cold, eutrophic planktonic foraminifers ( Globigerina bulloides , N. acostaensis ) become dominant, as well as benthic taxa tolerant of low oxygen content and high organic matter ( Uvigerina peregrina, Brizalina spp.), suggesting an increase in eutrophic conditions. Deep benthics such as Cibicidoides kullenbergi, C. robertsonianus disappear, and many outer neritic to bathyal taxa decrease in abundance, whereas inner shelf taxa increase, suggesting a shallowing of the basin and episodes of strong winnowing, probably tectonically controlled, in the uppermost Zanclean succession.


Part I: Review 1. Ribosome Display: A Perspective Andreas Pluckthun Part II: Translation Extract Preparation 2. Preparation and Testing of E.coli S30 In Vitro Transcription Translation Extracts James F. Zawada Part III: Basic Ribosome Display and Related Selection Methods 3. Eukaryotic Ribosome Display Selection Using Rabbit Reticulocyte Lysate Julie A. Douthwaite 4. Stabilized Ribosome Display for In Vitro Selection Shuta Hara, Mingzhe Liu, Wei Wang, Muye Xu, Zha Li, and Yoshihiro Ito 5. Eukaryotic Ribosome Display with In Situ DNA Recovery Mingyue He, Bryan M. Edwards, Damjana Kastelic, and Michael J. Taussig 6. mRNA Display Using Covalent Coupling of mRNA to Translated Proteins Rong Wang, Steve W. Cotten, and Rihe Liu 7. SNAP Display: In Vitro Protein Evolution in Microdroplets Miriam Kaltenbach and Florian Hollfelder 8. cDNA Display: Rapid Stabilization of mRNA Display Shingo Ueno and Naoto Nemoto Part IV: Applications of Ribosome Display Methods Using Natural Amino Acids 9. Optimization of Antibody Affinity by Ribosome Display Using Error-Prone or Site-Directed Mutagenesis Leeanne Lewis and Chris Lloyd 10. Affinity Maturation of Phage Display Antibody Populations using Ribosome Display Maria A. Groves and Adrian A. Nickson 11. Evolution of Protein Stability Using Ribosome Display Andrew Buchanan 12. Selection of Lead Antibodies from Naive Ribosome Display Antibody Libraries Peter Ravn 13. Evolution of Disulfide-Rich Peptide Aptamers Using cDNA Display Yuki Mochizuki and Naoto Nemoto 14. Peptide Screening Using PURE Ribosome Display Hiroyuki Ohashi, Takashi Kanamori, Eriko Osada, Bintang K. Akbar, and Takuya Ueda 15. Rapid Selection of High Affinity Binders Using Ribosome Display Birgit Dreier and Andreas Pluckthun 16. mRNA Display-Based Selections Using Synthetic Peptide and Natural Protein Libraries Steve W. Cotten, Jianwei Zou, Rong Wang, Bao-cheng Huang, and Rihe Liu 17. Identification of Candidate Vaccine Genes Using Ribosome Display Liancheng Lei 18. Ribosome Display for the Selection of Sac7d Scaffolds Barbara Mouratou, Ghislaine Behar, Lauranne Paillard-Laurance, Stephane Colinet, and Frederic Pecorari Part V: Incorporation of Non-Natural Amino Acids for Selection by Ribosome Display and Related Methods 19. Charging of tRNAs Using Ribozymes and Selection of Cyclic Peptides Containing Thioethers Patrick C. Reid, Yuki Goto, Takayuki Katoh, and Hiroaki Suga 20. Update on Pure Translation Display with Unnatural Amino Acid Incorporation R. Edward Watts and Anthony C. Forster 21. In Vitro Selection of Unnatural Cyclic Peptide Libraries Via mRNA Display Zhong Ma and Matthew C.T. Hartman Part VI: Case Studies 22. Optimization of CAT-354, a Therapeutic Antibody Directed Against Interleukin-13, Using Ribosome Display George Thom and Ralph Minter 23. Affinity Maturation and Functional Dissection of a Humanized Anti-RAGE Monoclonal Antibody by Ribosome Display Simon E. Hufton


Reconstruction of total vulvectomy defect represents a challenge, and reconstructive methods include skin graft, local skin flap, musculocutanous flap, and pedicled perforator flap. We report a case of a 63‐year‐old patient affected by extramammary Paget's disease of vulva who underwent total vulvectomy receiving reconstruction with bilateral profunda artery perforator based V‐Y rotation advancement flap. The literature about vulva reconstruction was reviewed. This innovative flap design combined the classic rotation flap and V‐Y advancement flap with inclusion of the profunda artery perforators to augment the flap blood supply. Besides, the internal pudendal nerve was preserved to maintain the sensation of the neo‐uvula. The flap survived completely without major post‐operative complications with 9‐months follow‐up. Profunda artery perforator based V‐Y rotation advancement flap may represent a valuable option in total vulvectomy defect reconstruction. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 35:668–671, 2015.


This paper is prompted by the notions of awareness, lifelong learning, and autonomous learning as familiar key-words for the planning, implementation and assessment of languages with reference to a common European language policy. It puts forward a global approach to the development of metalinguistic awareness through reading and writing tasks based on EST authentic texts which complement day-to-day classroom work, and reports on the experience with reference to the learner, the learning process and the teacher's role. Even though this paper elaborates on the outcomes from a particular EST course (i.e. Maritime English), procedures and activities may also be used as such within any ESP context and/or content-based course, and conclusions transferred to tertiary levels worldwide.


In 1807, Napoleon was at the apex of his power and influence. Needing a fleet to blockade England, he conquered Portugal, with help from a small Spanish Army. He then betrayed the Spanish monarch and invaded Spain. Madrid and other cities throughout the Peninsula rose up against the French; in response, Napoleon sent troops to rapidly subdue them. Unexpectedly, the French Army was defeated at Baylen. Napoleon responded by personally leading some 300,000 troops; the Spanish Army's defeat was accomplished quickly, and Spain seemed to be his. Yet four years later, the great French Army left Spain, exhausted, totally demoralized, and without food, basic clothing or supplies: a totally defeated force. This paper maintains that this occurred because of the insurrection of the entire nation, and in particular the formation of a fierce and indomitable unconventional army: the Guerrilla. Encouraged and supported by the people, the Guerrilla gave the struggle the character of People in Arms: "Guerrilla" came to represent the spirit of rebellion that undermined the foundations of the Napoleonic Empire. The guerrillas forced the French troops on the Peninsula into a dilemma that they never resolved: How to fight against regular armies, while simultaneously fighting against guerrilla operations that constantly threatened their rear, and the lines of communication and supply, thus forcing the deployment of more troops throughout the conquered territories. Napoleon never seemed able to grasp the danger of the insurrection and the guerrilla. This miscalculation was the leading cause of the downfall of his Empire.


This study aims to examine the use of grazing livestock to manage urban and urban fringe sites of conservation interest. It considers in particular, the way that organisations achieve grazing and the cost-effectiveness of grazing in comparison with cutting. The latter is a method often advocated as more practical in more urban environments. In addition, the study evaluates the public perception of grazing and the added amenity value that may be associated with the use of livestock.The current perception of grazing in the urban fringe is discussed. In particular, attention is drawn to the potential impact of expected declines in grazing and changes in agricultural land use. The issues facing managing organisations in this environment are examined. Data were gathered from a postal questionnaire sent to 59 organisations across the United Kingdom. Detailed case studies were developed through interviews with representative organisations to illustrate different approaches to grazing in the urban environment. The public reaction towards grazing was assessed through the use of a visitor survey at Keppel's Field Local Nature Reserve, located in the urban fringe of Rotherham. The cost-effectiveness of grazing was analysed through a comparison with the widely used alternative method of management - cutting. In addition the non-marketable benefits were considered.The study concludes that conservation grazing management is possible in the urban fringe countryside. Most organisations relied on an external source of livestock, in particular a local farmer to provide the grazing. Occasionally a specialist breeder, rare breeds centre or grazing project provided the livestock. Other organisations have gone down the route of setting up their own livestock unit to manage their sites and those of other local organisations.The costs and benefits varied considerably depending on the approach taken. Owning stock has major capital and revenue implications for an organisation as well as additional responsibilities of animal welfare. There are the added benefits of having control over the grazing regime, type of stock and possible income generation. Capital costs and welfare responsibilities were avoided by the organisations utilising an external source of livestock.When compared to the estimated costs for cutting the same sites, grazing is likely to be more expensive for organisations owning livestock. Grazing can be less expensive than cutting for organisations using external sources of livestock. Generally grazing became more cost-effective over longer time horizons. Benefits in terms of increased amenity value of the conservation site were reported by most organisations, especially those owning livestock. In particular, the use of livestock perceived as attractive, like Highland cattle, can generate interest in the work of an organization and act as a positive public relations exercise. One of the benefits of managing sites within the urban environment is the close proximity of the people. Great opportunities exist to involve the population in the grazing scheme and to generate interest in conservation management more generally.


Respiratory disease is an important cause of wastage in the Australian horse racing industry and viruses are frequently suspected as aetiological agents of respiratory disease or poor performance by clinicians and trainers but confirmation is seldom attempted. This thesis deals with the potential role of equine herpes virus types 1, 2, 4 and 5 in upper respiratory disease and poor performance in horses in Western Australia.

The methodology selected for the identification of equine herpes viruses in tissues of horses was polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and therefore individual PCR assays were developed for the detection of each herpes virus, and then a nested multiplex PCR was developed to detect all four viruses. There was good correlation between the multiplex PCR for the detection of EHV and the detection of virus by isolation in cell culture, although a combination of the 2 techniques provided greater sensitivity than either technique alone. The multiplex PCR described appeared equally sensitive as specific PCR assays using a single set of primers for each individual virus but reduced labour and reagent costs.

As latency is a well recognised phenomenon in the equine herpes viruses and the horse is subjected to a number of stresses which might induce reactivation of latent infections, it was hypothesised that there would be a background level of replication of the equine herpes viruses in clinically normal horses. Nasal swabs and peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) were obtained from 282 clinical normal horses and examined for EHV. The results clearly demonstrated the widespread occurrence of EHV in the clinically healthy horses. The rate of detection of different types of EHV varied, as did the prevalence in young and adult horses. The most common EHV detected was EHV5: in 83.2% of 131 of horses 2 years of age.

A prospective clinical study was conducted whereby respiratory tract samples and PBL from adult horses with respiratory disease and/or poor performance were examined for equine herpes viruses; the aim was to determine a possible association between equine herpes virus infection and respiratory disease and/or poor performance. The relative incidence of factors identified in the history, signalment, physical and laboratory evaluation of horses in the study population was compared between horses from which EHV was identified in respiratory samples and horses negative for equine herpes virus. The results indicated that equine herpes viruses were important causes of respiratory disease in the study population, and that haematological and cytological data were a poor indicator of such equine herpes virus infection.

The occurrence of equine herpes virus in nasal swabs and PBL of weaned or unweaned foals from Thoroughbred breeding establishments was determined and provided data on the occurrence of EHV in association with respiratory disease. EHV5 was detected in nasal swabs and/or PBL at a high prevalence rate in healthy foals and yearling horses but its occurrence was not associated with clinical signs of respiratory disease. In contrast, EHV2 was detected more commonly in nasal swabs and/or PBL from foals with respiratory disease than in similar samples from healthy horses. Experimental infection of 8 horses with EHV2 was attempted and induced clinical signs of respiratory disease, but less severe than observed in the epidemiological studies. The results suggested that EHV2 is associated with mild upper respiratory tract infection in young horses.


Various countries around the world have been according greater protection to the rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in recent years. At the same time, in other countries, the rights of LGBT people are becoming more threatened. Against this backdrop, it is worth noting that the United Nations (U.N.) General Assembly has never issued a resolution specifically protecting or advancing the rights of LGBT people. This is remarkable given the significant role the General Assembly has had in promulgating international human rights. From the standpoint of advocates for LGBT rights, it would be desirable for the General Assembly to issue such a resolution. This article suggests part of a strategy to be implemented in pursuing that goal. Attention is drawn to the importance of levels of generality that are used to describe human rights. Several major United States Supreme Court cases regarding constitutional rights illustrate this importance. Overall, the deployment of higher levels of generality in discourse concerning LGBT rights can be more successful in securing results favorable to those rights. Although the General Assembly has not issued any resolutions protecting or advancing LGBT rights, other international actors have. Certain international tribunals have issued decisions, certain international organizations have issued resolutions and reports, and certain non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have issued principles and policies, all aimed at protecting or advancing LGBT rights. A recent and commendable example is a resolution from the American Bar Association (ABA), adopted on August 11, 2014, that (among other effects) condemns all laws that discriminate against LGBT people. Upon review, it is observed that the language used in these actions reflects varying points on a spectrum, running from a broad (or higher) level of generality to a specific (or lower) level of generality. Historically, most General Assembly resolutions protecting or advancing human rights have adopted specific levels of generality. An earlier effort to advance LGBT rights before the General Assembly, adopting only a moderately specific level of generality, was unsuccessful. This article asserts that, in designing the General Assembly's first LGBT rights resolution, it will be safer and more effective to follow the examples indicating higher levels of generality rather than those indicating lower levels of generality. Given the record of the international authorities and precedents reviewed in this article, and given the earlier unsuccessful attempt in the General Assembly, the first General Assembly resolution on LGBT rights should adopt a very high level of generality.


Townsend, Michael . Monkey & Elephant's Worst Fight Ever . New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2011. Print. Best friends Monkey and Elephant live on a tiny island with many other animal inhabitants.  One night, Monkey decides to bring Elephant a surprise gift–a tray of delicious cupcakes.  Much to his dismay, Monkey spies what he believes to be a costume party going on at Elephant's house – to which he was not invited!   Feeling very sad, Monkey runs away, all the while reminiscing about the good times he and Elephant have had, which leaves him feeling confused about why Elephant would leave him out of the party plans.  Sad, however, quickly turns to mad and the desire to get even, and Monkey freezes Elephant's toys into blocks of ice.  Elephant is shocked by his best friend's actions.  Why, they collected pet rocks and watched pro wrestling together!   In turn, he too gets mad and retaliates. The back-and-forth havoc escalates until the islanders decide that enough is enough and plan an intervention for the former best friends. While Monkey and Elephant are sleeping, they are set adrift in a small boat and are ordered not to return to the island until they have hugged and made up.  The two friends bicker, but eventually the truth comes out– Elephant's party was actually going to be a surprise wrestling match for Monkey.  An embarrassed Monkey admits he should have asked about the party, and both friends apologize for their rude behaviour. Upon their return, the islanders rejoice, and everyone enjoys the wrestling match. Michael Townsend is a gifted illustrator, visual artist, comic book enthusiast, and author of the Kit Feeny series of graphic novels for young children.  Fans of graphic novels will enjoy the comic book feel to this book, though children younger than the publisher-recommended age range of 5-8 may find the storyline distracting.  Somewhat questionable, however, are the friends' over-the-top antics, which lead to violence, including the breaking of windows.  However, the "don't jump to conclusions" plotline will inspire bedtime conversations, and the contemporary and colourful drawings are funny and engaging. Recommended with reservations: 2 out of 4 stars Reviewer: Debbie Feisst Debbie is a Public Services Librarian at the H.T. Coutts Education Library at the University of Alberta.  When not renovating, she enjoys travel, fitness and young adult fiction.


Fault injection (FI) is an experimental technique to assess the robustness of software by deliberately exposing it to faulty inputs and stressful environmental conditions specified by fault models. As computing hardware is becoming increasingly parallel, software execution is becoming increasingly concurrent. Moreover, to exploit the potential of increasingly parallel and interconnected computing systems, the complexity of the software stack, comprising operating systems, drivers, protocol stacks, middleware and distributed applications, also grows. As a consequence, the fault models classically used for in-lab robustness assessments no longer match the reality of fault conditions that modern systems are exposed to.
In my thesis I account for this development by proposing the construction of higher order fault models from classical models by different means of composition. To demonstrate the effectiveness of such higher order models, I define a set of four comparative fault model efficiency metrics and apply them for both classical and higher order models. The results show that higher order models identify robustness issues that classical models fail to detect, which supports their adoption in the assessment of modern software systems. While higher order models can be implemented with moderate effort, they result in a combinatorial explosion of possible fault conditions to test with and, more severely, they introduce an ambiguity to experimental result interpretation that results in an increased number of required tests to maintain the expressiveness of assessment results.
To mitigate the overhead that the adoption of higher order fault models entails, I propose to increase the experiment throughput by concurrently executing experiments on parallel hardware. The results show that such parallelization yields the desired throughput improvements, but also that care has to be taken in order not to threaten the metrological compatibility of the results. To account for resource contention in concurrent experiment executions that can lead to result deviations, I present a calibration approach that provides timeout values for the safe configuration of hang failure detectors.
The experimental environment to conduct concurrent experiments is based on a generic FI framework developed in the context of my thesis that is highly adaptable to a variety of different target systems and that has been released under an open source license.


BACKGROUND: A number of research papers and theoretical clinical models summarising how temperature of the skin over
the knee may be altered according to different pathological processes have been published. Thermal imaging (TI) is generally
regarded as the 'Gold' or 'reference' standard for measuring skin temperature, however this technology is not widely accessible
to most musculoskeletal physiotherapists working in clinical environments. This is largely due to the time required for analysis
of the thermal images and the high cost of the equipment. A digital thermometer (DT) is portable with a convenient display of
results which could offer an inexpensive substitute.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine the interchangeability between thermal imaging and a digital thermometer, using Bland-Altman limits of agreement, to determine skin temperature differences between right and left knees.

METHODS: Seventy-one healthy participants in the age group of 8 to 40 participated in the study. Data were collected in two
phases. The first phase was as part of a public engagement event at the Lancashire Science Festival where school children were
invited to learn about science. The second phase of data collection took place as part of a PhD study where staff and students at the university were recruited via electronic advert and posters displayed around the campus. All subjects were free from lower back or lower limb problems and had not had any previous lower limb surgery.

RESULTS: Matched paired t tests showed no significant difference between temperature difference between right and left using
DT and TI (t = 1.41, df = 69, P = 0.08). The DT and TI were interchangeable to measure knee skin temperature difference with a limit of agreement of –0.64 and 0.75; this limit of agreement is acceptable based on previous literature where skin temperature
differences between affected and non-affected knees are equal to or greater than 1◦C.

CONCLUSION: This study concludes that an inexpensive handheld digital thermometer shows acceptable agreement with a
thermal imaging camera. Clinically a handheld digital thermometer has the potential to play an important role in the localized
assessment of skin temperature in physiotherapy and can offer an inexpensive substitute to thermal imaging; due to the massive
difference in cost it is worth considering the adoption of digital thermometry in routine musculoskeletal physiotherapy practice.


The effects of adjuvants on spreading of small droplets after spray application and of larger drops with volumes in the microliter range was studied. The characterization of spreading as affected by adjuvants is done often with lab tests on artificial surfaces. In these tests much larger drops in the microliter range are used and plant factors such as the presence of hairs or crystalline waxes and spray related factors such as rapid evaporation, a different drop size magnitude, a drop size distribution in reality, and effects of adjuvants on drop size are not considered. For a set of test compounds from different chemical classes we evaluated stepwise the approximation to real systems with plant surfaces representing the major surface features. With larger drops of 10 and 20 μl we obtained a surprisingly good correlation of spreading on Parafilm® M and the mature leaves of Chlorophytum, tomato, rape, and corn. With good wetters better spreading was observed on leaves than on Parafilm M. The correlation of spread diameters with real spray (flat fan nozzle, 300 l/ha) on an easily wettable plant and drops on Parafilm M was very good as well though with the best spreaders the gravimetric momentum on spreading and longer times for evaporation overestimated spreading of the larger droplets on Parafilm M. If the mean spread diameters of real spray was plotted vs. the logtransformed spread diameter on Parafilm M a linear correlation was obtained (r2=0.92).


Pioneering networks of cameras that can search for wildland fire signatures have been in development for some years (High Performance Wireless Research & Education Network—HPWREN cameras and the ALERT Wildfire camera). While these cameras have proven their worth in monitoring fires reported by other means, we have developed a functioning prototype system that can detect smoke from fires usually within 15 min of ignition, while averaging less than one false positive per day per camera. This smoke detection system relies on machine learning-based image recognition software and a cloud-based work-flow capable of scanning hundreds of cameras every minute. The system is operating around the clock in Southern California and has already detected some fires earlier than the current best methods—people calling emergency agencies or satellite detection from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) satellites. This system is already better than some commercial systems and there are still many unexplored methods to further improve accuracy. Ground-based cameras are not going to be able to detect every wildfire, and so we are building a system that combines the best of terrestrial camera-based detection with the best approaches to satellite-based detection.


Liquid crystal (LC) photo-alignment using azo-dyes is reviewed. This alignment method is very different from previously reported ones, which are due to mechanisms such as photo-crosslinking, photo degradation, and photo-isomerization. We present the basic physical mechanisms of the photo-induced orientational order in various photo-aligning materials and in azo-dye layers in particular. This method is based on rotational diffusion in a potential created by the light field as well as intermolecular forces. It will be shown that this photo-aligning method can provide a controllable pretilt angle and strong anchoring energy of the LC cell, as well as having high thermal and ultraviolet (UV) stability. The application of this method to the alignment and fabrication of various types of LC displays is also discussed.


Cities around the world are facing increasingly complex problems. These problems frequently require collaboration and information sharing across agency boundaries. In our view, information sharing can be seen as an important dimension of what is recently being called smartness in cities and enables the ability to improve decision making and day-to-day operations in urban settings. Unfortunately, what many city managers are learning is that there are important challenges to sharing information both within their city and with others. Based on nonemergency service integration initiatives in New York City and Mexico City, this article examines important benefits from and challenges to information sharing in the context of what the participants characterize as smart city initiatives, particularly in large metropolitan areas. The research question guiding this study is as follows: To what extent do previous findings about information sharing hold in the context of city initiatives, particularly in megacities? The results provide evidence on the importance of some specific characteristics of cities and megalopolises and how they affect benefits and challenges of information sharing. For instance, cities seem to have more managerial flexibility than other jurisdictions such as state governments. In addition, megalopolises have most of the necessary technical skills and financial resources needed for information sharing and, therefore, these challenges are not as relevant as in other local governments.


Bean leaf beetle Cerotoma trifurcata (Förster) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is a pest of soybean in the U.S.A. and is becoming a concern in Canada. The projected increase in winter temperatures under climate change could affect overwinter survival, timing of spring emergence and, ultimately, the severity of this pest. We assessed the potential effects of warmer winters in field experiments performed in three consecutive years. Three warming levels were applied: (i) heated approximately 4 °C above ambient; (ii) unheated with snow cover left intact; and (iii) unheated with snow cover removed. Survival and date of emergence were assessed in all years, and beetle lipid content was analyzed in 1 year to determine rates of energy use. Overwinter survival was 6.5–14.5% among years. Winter warming inconsistently affected overwinter survival: increasing survival in one winter, decreasing survival in the warmest winter and having no effect in one winter. Beetles that received supplemental winter warming emerged approximately 2 weeks earlier in spring, and lipid content did not differ among treatment groups. Earlier spring emergence may allow for the production of an additional generation per year of C. trifurcata under future climate change. However, further experiments are required to establish the relationship between overwinter survival and subsequent beetle population growth to determine potential pest status and best management practices under future climate conditions.


BACKGROUND
Coronary artery surgery reduces re-infarction rates and mortality in patients with ischaemic heart disease. This study examines inequality in relation to primary care services.

AIM
To determine the effect of primary care services on access to coronary angiography and revascularisation.

METHOD
A cross-sectional survey of all 180 Nottinghamshire practices in the Trent region that were in existence between 1993 and 1997. The numbers of coronary bypass grafts, angioplasties, and angiographies were determined from the regional National Health Service database and linked to a database of general practice characteristics. Poisson regression analysis was used to determine the relationship between the angiography and revascularisation rates and the following practice characteristics: deprivation score, distance from nearest secondary or tertiary referral centre, medical cardiology admission rate for ischaemic heart disease, fundholding status, and partnership size. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to determine the relationship between practice characteristics and the waiting times for revascularisation and angiography.

RESULTS
Practices with high deprivation scores had significantly lower rates of utilisation of angiography and revascularisation procedures. Their patients also waited longer for angiography. Practices that were 20 km or further from a revascularisation centre had significantly lower angiography and revascularisation rates. On average, their patients had to wait more than twice as long for an angiography compared with patients from nearer practices. Fundholding practices had higher angiography rates but similar revascularisation rates compared with non-fundholding practices.

CONCLUSION
The results suggest that there may be some under-investigation and/or treatment of patients with ischaemic heart disease from 'deprived' practices and for those from practices far from a secondary or tertiary referral centre.


Pressures of interstitial fluids significantly greater than the normal hydrostatic pressure are known in many parts of the world. Many occurrences are in thick sections of relatively young sediments; some are in areas that have been intensely deformed. Abnormal fluid pressures in the Gulf Coast region are associated with thick bodies of shale or mudstone, and with high hydraulic gradients across bedding. The rocks there have been buried rather rapidly and are evidently not yet fully compacted. The mechanism by which clay consolidates under pressure affords a quantitative relationship among the variables—depth, strength of clay, and fluid pressure—and this relationship indicates that the Gulf Coast examples agree fairly well with observations on depth and porosity in Paleozoic shales of Oklahoma and Tertiary shales of Venezuela. Critical data are lacking, but permeability clearly decreases tremendously as clay rocks are compacted. This decrease in permeability provides a self-sealing mechanism that greatly retards the escape of pore water from deeply buried clay rocks. The relationship between rate of compaction and the development of abnormal fluid pressures probably applies not only to clay rocks but also to carbonates and possibly to micaceous and chloritic metamorphic rocks. Conditions of geosynclinal deposition are, in general, those most favorable to the development of abnormal fluid pressures. The hypothesis that large-scale overthrusting is facilitated by abnormal fluid pressures which, in turn, are associated with geosynclinal deposition is applied to the overthrust belt of western Wyoming and adjacent States. This is a long curving belt of several bedding-plane faults which have an aggregate horizontal displacement across the belt of 50 miles or more. The sedimentary rocks that make up the belt were evidently deposited in a major geosyncline bordered by uplands not far to the west. At any given locality, the rate of deposition of the sediments increased continuously until the beginning of intense deformation and overthrusting. The geosynclinal axis and the bordering uplands probably migrated slowly eastward across the belt. Several lines of indirect evidence suggest that abnormal fluid pressures developed in this region during final stages of rapid geosynclinal sinking and that thick plates of Paleozoic and Mesozoic sedimentary rocks sheared off from the underlying rocks and moved slowly eastward. Rate of movement probably was controlled by erosion of upfolds that arose at the front of each moving plate. The fundamental cause of the lateral stresses that propelled the overthrusts is not known, but it may be examined instructively in the light of the fluid-pressure hypothesis. The thrust sheets might, for example, have slid by simple gravitation down the western limb of the geosyncline on reasonable slopes and not improbable fluid pressure-overburden ratios. Such large-scale slumping of thrust sheets, however, seems to require gaps at the rear of the thrust sheets. The long intermontane valleys of Idaho and Utah may possibly have originated as such gaps or rifts, but no proof has yet been recognized that they were formed in this manner. An alternative possibility, regional compression, requires concentration of the lateral stresses within the upper few miles of the earth9s crust; in this general region emplacement of the Idaho batholith seems the most likely source of such superficially concentrated stresses. However, this batholith is so far from the front edge of the overthrust belt that it would require extremely high fluid pressure-overburden ratios over a wide area. Perhaps some combination of the two forces—pushing wide thrust plates down a gentle slope—is the most likely explanation.


In this study has been to examine the relationship between social capital and trust within the organization, in the staff the MELLI Bank of Kerman in 2014. The population of this study is all employees of the MELLI Bank city of Kerman, that the population of employees is 491 people. In this study, conducted by sampling using Cochran formula, that total sample size is equal to 215 persons, of the employees. The data collection tools for this study are included questionnaires, for social capital, and organizational trust, reliability and validity of the questionnaire, social capital, were calculated respectively, 0.93 and 0.94, and the validity and reliability of trust within the enterprise, were calculated respectively, 0.84 and 0.93. in order to describe and analyze the data collected from questionnaires, use of frequency tables, bar charts and box test Kolomogrov Smirnov, standard deviation, median, mean, Kendall and Spearman correlation test, scatter plot, the log-linear analysis, as well as the statistical analysis was conducted using Spss. Data analysis is the fact that there is a relationship between social capital and trust within the organization, in the MELLI Bank branches in Kerman, ie, with increasing levels of social capital, increased organizational trust. Therefore, it is suggested, by applying appropriate methods, such as trust between members of the organization, participation, and extensive networks among members, and committee Feedback, is recommended to increase the social capital of employees.


Even though investigations regarding DEFC have existed for a few years, there remain problems in terms of efficiency and ethanol crossover. It is considered that the electro-oxidation reaction of ethanol must be complete, involving the release of 12 electrons per ethanol molecule and the breaking of C-C bonds for recovering the maximum energy, that is, it must lead to CO2. The increasing reaction temperature can enhance the cell performance because thermal activation of electro-chemical reaction is pronounced and operating at higher temperature reduces the adsorbed CO species. The obstacle to increasing temperature is the limitation of the most commonly used Nafion® membrane. The dependence on its water content limits the working temperature (< 100 oC). Commercial PBI and Nafion-silica membranes were sandwiched in between electrodes prepared using commercial catalysts, carbon supported platinum and platinum-tin as cathode and anode catalysts respectively. The MEAs were tested at temperature of 100-200oC in the single cell. Both membranes could work at operating temperature of 100-200oC. However based-PFSA membranes still needed wet condition to reach better performance. On the other hand, performance of single cell using PBI membrane at dry system was quite comparable with that of single cell using Nafion-silica membrane.


Thymidine kinase (TK)-negative (TK-) mutant strains of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) show reduced expression of alpha and beta viral genes during acute infection of trigeminal ganglion neurons following corneal infection (M. Kosz-Vnenchak, D. M. Coen, and D. M. Knipe, J. Virol. 64:5396-5402, 1990). It was surprising that a defect in a beta gene product would lead to decreased alpha and beta gene expression, given the regulatory pathways demonstrated for HSV infection of cultured cells. In this study, we have examined viral gene expression during reactivation from latent infection in explanted trigeminal ganglion tissue. In explant reactivation studies with wild-type virus, we observed viral productive gene expression over the first 48 h of explant incubation occurring in a temporal order (alpha, beta, gamma) similar to that in cultured cells. This occurred predominantly in latency-associated transcript-positive neurons but was limited to a fraction of these cells. In contrast, TK- mutant viruses showed greatly reduced alpha and beta gene expression upon explant of latently infected trigeminal ganglion tissue. An inhibitor of viral TK or an inhibitor of viral DNA polymerase greatly decreased viral lytic gene expression in trigeminal ganglion tissue latently infected with wild-type virus and explanted in culture. These results indicate that the regulatory mechanisms governing HSV gene expression are different in trigeminal ganglion neurons and cultured cells. We present a new model for viral gene expression in trigeminal ganglion neurons with implications for the nature of the decision process between latent infection and productive infection by HSV.