A culture accepting abortion has unconscious psychosocial "killing" superlatives throughout...or will have...Abortion kills empathy. No empathy, no heart, no mind. Death of another is not felt. Evil is internalized and desired...and acting out killing, one way or another, increases "self-worth" by the thoughtless acting out of emotions. All is denied of course, but living a lie is unlimited and becomes one lie after another...all "decreasing reality and being" (which is the definition of "evil"). TERRORISM," all violence and virtuelessness are hate-full "ABORTIONISMO" today. Yes, The psychological acceptance of abortion (and contraception) have resulted, after about fifty years, in: (1) the acceptance of killing as a "solution" in the social structure, and "killing" pervades subliminally, which "kills America" in those for abortion, i.e., the Berkeley Campus un-Americans et al; (2) the destruction of childhood to the degree of selling children for sex use; (3) education became brainwashing and indoctrination to "kill" and no longer "how to think and reason" but only to imitate liberal professors; (4) the sex act changed from nature's reproduction method, by the psychosocial pheromone known as "marriage" for humans, to an emotional excretory act which as a social construct has destroyed the meaning of human "gender" thereby emotionally deforming human relationships primarily into planetary pollution of global masturbation ("secretion"); (5) the turning of "journalism" into worthless sensational fantasies of false news, sex and violence which everyone should absolutely ignore and never pay for because, now, journalism will make you crazy; and (6) the loss of the basic Judeo-Christian virtuous raising of children which results in humanbeingness being replaced by drug use and criminality; all by suggestibility diseases.  Abortionismo leads to sexismo which leads to replacement of liberty by hate and replacement of cultural decency (childhood, motherhood, fatherhood, and decent family life) by unnatural sex and violence, i.e., the people turn from class to trash--welcome to America over the last 50 years thanks to virtue less press & media.


Anglophone Poetry in Colonial India, 1780-1913: A Critical Anthology makes accessible for the first time the entire range of poems written in English on the subcontinent from their beginnings in 1780 to the watershed moment in 1913 when Rabindranath Tagore won the Nobel Prize in Literature. Mary Ellis Gibson establishes accurate texts for such well-known poets as Toru Dutt and the early Indian English poet Kasiprasad Ghose. The anthology brings together poets who were in fact colleagues, competitors, and influences on each other. The historical scope of the anthology, beginning with the famous Orientalist Sir William Jones and the anonymous \u201cAnna Maria\u201d and ending with Indian poets publishing in fin-de-si\u00e8cle London, will enable teachers and students to understand what brought Kipling early fame and why at the same time Tagore's Gitanjali became a global phenomenon. Anglophone Poetry in Colonial India, 1780-1913 puts all parties to the poetic conversation back together and makes their work accessible to American audiences. With accurate and reliable texts, detailed notes on vocabulary, historical and cultural references, and biographical introductions to more than thirty poets, this collection will significantly reshape the understanding of English language literary culture in India. It allows scholars to experience the diversity of poetic forms created in this period and to understand the complex religious, cultural, political, and gendered divides that shaped them.


We examine the liquidity effects of the euro area sovereign debt crisis, including its effects on euro area banks as a group, on intra-euro area financial flows, on the supply of and demand for collateral, and on international liquidity. The lending capacity of the euro area banking system has been much weakened, despite the remarkable growth of the operations of the Eurosystem, including its greatly increased lending, its intermediation between national central banks in surplus and deficit countries and its collateral policy. The euro crisis has also created international liquidity stresses. We find that central bank swap lines have only had limited effectiveness in alleviating the stresses, probably owing to some stigma being attached to their use.


High efficiency blue, green, and white inverted microcavity top-emitting organic light-emitting devices based on blue emitter p-bis(p-N,N-diphenyl-amino-styryl) benzene-doped 2-methyl-9,10-di(2-naphthyl) anthracene as the emitting layer are demonstrated. The different colors can be well realized by simply changing the thickness of the hole-transporting layer, thus modifying the cavity length to obtain various resonance wavelengths. The comprehensive analysis on the emission mechanism is presented.


Under Phase II of a NASA Research Award contract, a prototype nickel segmented-involute-foil regenerator was microfabricated via LiGA and tested in the NASA/Sunpower oscillating-flow test rig. The resulting figure-of-merit was about twice that of the approx.90% porosity random-fiber material currently used in the small 50-100 W Stirling engines recently manufactured for NASA. That work was reported at the 2007 International Energy Conversion Engineering Conference in St. Louis, was also published as a NASA report, NASA/TM-2007-2149731, and has been more completely described in a recent NASA Contractor Report, NASA/CR-2007-2150062. Under a scaled-back version of the original Phase III plan, a new nickel segmentedinvolute- foil regenerator was microfabricated and has been tested in a Sunpower Frequency-Test-Bed (FTB) Stirling convertor. Testing in the FTB convertor produced about the same efficiency as testing with the original random-fiber regenerator. But the high thermal conductivity of the prototype nickel regenerator was responsible for a significant performance degradation. An efficiency improvement (by a 1.04 factor, according to computer predictions) could have been achieved if the regenerator been made from a low-conductivity material. Also the FTB convertor was not reoptimized to take full advantage of the microfabricated regenerator's low flow resistance; thus the efficiency would likely have been even higher had the FTB been completely reoptimized. This report discusses the regenerator microfabrication process, testing of the regenerator in the Stirling FTB convertor, and the supporting analysis. Results of the pre-test computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling of the effects of the regenerator-test-configuration diffusers (located at each end of the regenerator) is included. The report also includes recommendations for accomplishing further development of involute-foil regenerators from a higher-temperature material than nickel.


The aim of this paper is to analyse the importance of terpene emissions from forestry and the wood industry and relate these anthropogenic emissions to the natural terpene emissions from undisturbed forests. Biogenic volatile organic compounds are emitted naturally from trees and other plants. Boreal forests are dominated by terpene-emitting tree species. Anthropogenic terpene emissions occur due to drying, machining and tooling of wood. This is a cause of concern with regulatory authorities faced with expanding production of biofuels, e.g. wood pellets. Anthropogenic terpene emissions are of current importance as the use of biofuels has increased considerably over the recent years. The most important environmental effects of terpene emissions are due to the formation of photo-oxidants and atmospheric aerosols. Photo-oxidants cause forest and crop damage, and are harmful to humans. Carbonaceous aerosols have an impact on climate change. Furthermore, most sesquiterpenes are used in the chemical communication systems of various insects. There are also issues concerning the working environment in the wood industry. Environmental effects of terpene emissions are analysed with focus on three key aspects: the total amount of emissions, the concentration in air and the types of terpenes emitted. The reported concentrations of monoterpenes are in most cases below the occupational exposure limits, with drum barking and pellets production from non-dried sawdust close to the limit. Anthropogenically emitted terpenes have a higher proportion of sesquiterpenes than naturally emitted terpenes have,


This paper discusses a technique designed to represent the spatial structure of ion trajectories by transforming the vector series from two-dimensional to three-dimensional space. There are four techniques available to represent spatial structures, such as orientation, direction and velocity. These techniques are iconic representation, the navigation function, the halo function and the transparency scheme. Iconic representation is a technique used to transform data sets into three-dimensional iconic shapes where each data set is transformed into cylindrical and conical shapes; these shapes are then used to represent ion trajectories. Additionally, to improve representation the navigation function, halo function and transparency scheme have been proposed. The navigation function is a technique for navigating in three-dimensional space around the iconic representation. The halo function is a technique used to enhance the representation of iconic shapes by adding a subtle halo around an icon and the transparency scheme is a technique used to represent a zoom-in effect during navigation around an iconic representation in order to visualize the cone located inside the cylinder. The result shows an iconic representation technique have been developed to transform a vector series from two-dimensional line graph in order to visualize the orientation, direction and magnitude of ion trajectories in three-dimensional space.


During the Second Opium War (1856-1860), British and French troops fought to expand their privileges in China.  The war ended in Beijing in October 1860 with the looting and burning of the Yuanmingyuan, one of the official seats of government of the Chinese Emperor to the northwest of the Chinese capital. Thousands of these objects – figures up to over a million have been suggested – were brought to Europe and are today in Western museums and private collections.   Little is known about the quantity of objects that reached Europe, about the market mechanisms in the West, the collectors that purchased the artefacts from the Summer Palace, as well as the paths taken by the objects in the years after 1860: which objects arrived in Europe? In whose hands were they at what time? When did they change hands? Where are they today? While it is difficult to trace the marketing of the artefacts sold through dealers – due to the scarcity of available archives –, public auction sales are easier to access. This paper provides a systematic review of all Parisian sales between 1861 and 1869 in which artefacts from the Imperial Summer Palace were sold.  The corresponding catalogues were matched with the minutes of the sales – a specifically French source providing unique information on sellers, buyers and prices of the sold objects.  The complete dataset with the description of artefacts and protagonists is available online.


The last three decades has seen the Feldenkrais Method continuing to gain acceptance within UK Higher Education as a pedagogical tool which offers dynamic approaches to performer training that complements, and often challenges, established modes of learning and teaching that are body-centred and somatic. This article draws on a longitudinal study that I started in 2010, and which has been sustained through my teaching and practice research work. It discusses the growing practice of incorporating the Feldenkrais Method in movement and performance training within the UK Higher Education context and explores some of the strategies and approaches adopted by practitioners of the Feldenkrais Method in their work with performing arts students. The article emphasises that this growing interest in the use of the Feldenkrais Method in movement and performer training programmes have meant that practitioners often adapt their approaches to teaching the Feldenkrais Method in its 'pure form' and instead introduce a range of 'scaffolding' techniques in order to cultivate and sustain students' engagement with the learning process. Furthermore, it contends that the Feldenkrais Method does not function as a performer training technique in itself, but as a viable foundation for underpinning the learning and teaching of technique. The article concludes by iterating the case for foregrounding the Feldenkrais Method in movement and performer training within UK Higher Education due to its effectiveness for facilitating experiential learning, heightened psycho-physical awareness and efficient self-use among performing arts students.


The Boltysh meteorite impact crater, Ukraine, formed at the Cretaceous–Palaeogene boundary at ca 65·2 Ma. A borehole drilled in the central part of the crater cored a >400 m thick high‐resolution lacustrine succession that covers the Dan‐C2 hyperthermal event associated with a negative carbon isotope excursion. Continuous terrestrial records of past hyperthermals are of limited availability, which makes this record a unique case study of the continental impact of rapid climate warming. This study uses high‐resolution sedimentological core log data together with thin‐section, X‐ray diffraction, microprobe and palynological analyses to: (i) reconstruct lake sedimentological and ecological development across the carbon isotope excursion; and (ii) assess the environmental effect of hyperthermals on terrestrial ecosystems. Based on detailed facies analysis, five gradual stages of lake formation are identified, which show a strong relationship to carbon isotope shifts and associated climatic trends. Initially, sediment supply into the Boltysh lake was controlled by crater morphology. During later lake stages, sediment supply was increasingly controlled by changes in inflow–evaporation ratios which affected seasonal stratification patterns and longer term lake levels. An inferred increase in atmospheric pCO2 related to the carbon isotope excursion, together with increasing mean annual temperatures, was probably responsible for periodic increases in biological activity of photosynthesising organisms and biomass production. These fluctuations in facies and lake settings largely correspond to orbital‐paced moisture availability oscillations. The gradual reduction in sediment supply commencing during early lake formation prior to carbon isotope excursion inception suggest that the Dan‐C2 event did not initiate sedimentary changes, but intensified sedimentary response to orbital controlled climate change.


This chapter situates the growing academic and policy interest in advancing international normative frameworks namely the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) and Women, Peace, and Security (wps) in asean within broader feminist critiques of the 'protection gap' that results from the 'siloing' of international security and peace agendas. It builds on recent works that suggest a rethinking of asean as constituted by three distinct community pillars (political-security, economic, and socio-cultural) for fully addressing human security and development in the region. Using the asean Regional Plan for Action (rpa) of the 2013 Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women (evaw), which covers a ten-year period (2016–2025), this chapter makes a case for how the rpa can serve as a critical vector for broadening the significance of R2P and wps in the region to address sexual and gender-based violence as occurring both in crisis situations and 'everyday life'.


Widely recognized as America's leading appeal lawyer, Alan Dershowitz was the man chosen to prepare the appeal should O.J. Simpson have been convicted. In this book he uses this case to examine the larger issues and to identify the social forces - media, money, gender and race - that shape the criminal justice system in America today. How could one of the longest trials in the history of America's judicial system produce a verdict after only hours of jury deliberation? Was this really a case of circumstantial evidence? And finally, is it possible that some jurors, who believed that O.J. Simpson did indeed murder Nicole Brown and Ronald Goodman, could properly have found him not guilty as a matter of law - and of justice? The crucial questions raised by the O.J. Simpson case, and Professor Dershowitz's surprising answers, reassess the case and the strengths and weaknesses of the legal system in America.


We will elucidate the issue of sexuation in adolescence with reference to perverse processes, particularly of masochism. The mobilization of perverse processes is an attempt to negotiate seduction fantasies, which continue to be highly charged by traumatic realities like incest and death. We will connect perversion and sublimation, as opposed to idealization.


Background Children in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) who remain in school have better health and employment outcomes. South Africa, like many LMICs, has a secondary school completion rate under 50%, leaving room for improvement if we can identify factors that affect educational attainment. This is the first longitudinal study to examine the effects of childhood mental health and cognitions on educational outcomes in LMIC. Methods Using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and Cognitive Triad Inventory for Children (CTI-C), we assessed the psychological functioning and cognition of children aged 10–12 in rural South Africa. We linked that data with measures of educational progress collected 5 years later and examined associations between educational progress and (1) behavioural and emotional problems and (2) cognitive interpretations, adjusting for possible confounders. Results Educational data were available for 443 individuals. 92% (n=408) of individuals had advanced three or fewer grades in 7 years. Having more positive cognitions (CTIC-C) was positively associated with progressing at least three grade levels (adjusted OR 1.43, 95% CI 1.14 to 1.79). There was no evidence for an association between emotional and behavioural problems (SDQ) and educational progress (OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.72 to 1.11). Conclusion If children in LMICs can develop more positive perspectives, they may be able to stay in school longer. Cognitions can be modified, and future studies should test interventions that work to improve cognition in childhood, guided, for example, by principles of cognitive–behavioural therapy.


In contrast to what is often assumed in universalist approaches to language acquisition, this paper demonstrates that the acquisition of aspect in at least one language, namely in Russian, is not based on an innate primitive category. The results of a comprehension experiment run with Russian preschool children (age 2-6 years) show that Russian aspect is not acquired in a single step, but rather develops as a slow process. This development is further shown to depend on differences in the intrinsic temporal semantics ('Aktionsart') of the verb. Morphological properties of the verb, by contrast, do not seem to play a significant role in the acquisition process. Thus, aspect acquisition relies on an increasing competence in lexical differentiation of Aktionsarten rather than on a direct linking of conceptual primitives with morphological markers. A very early and prominent role is played by verbs with telic Aktionsart. In line with what has been shown for the acquisition of tense in several languages, the telic Aktionsart might have a bootstrapping effect in the acquisition of aspect, too.


Nilgiri tea is grown at elevations ranging from 1000 to 2500 meters in the Western Ghats of southern India. The weather conditions provide Nilgiri teas with a characteristic briskness, exceptional fragrance and exquisite flavour. While there are many studies on the chemical composition of the Chinese, Japanese and Darjeeling variants of tea, we do not have many such reports on Nilgiri tea. In our study, twenty two phenolics were quantified from the first three leaves (Ist, IInd and IIIrd) of the tea plant from Nilgiris, by using a validated UHPLC-MS/SRM method. All analytes showed a linear relationship with regression coefficients higher than 0.996, accuracy (90–108%) and low coefficients of variation (CVs). Out of twenty two, fourteen were found to be present in quantifiable amounts in all three leaves. Quinic acid (1338 ng mg−1), gallic acid (364 ng mg−1) and epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) (302 ng mg−1) were present in higher amounts compared to the other eleven metabolites and these three compounds were also found to be higher in the Ist leaf compared to the IInd and IIIrd leaves. Next followed isoquercetin, epicatechin, isovitexin and astragalin also showing different levels in the three leaves. PLS-DA analysis indicated a clear distinction between the three leaves and six compounds showed a VIP score >1. The higher amounts of quinic acid, gallic acid and EGCG compared to those of other phenolics might be one of the reasons for the uniqueness of Nilgiri tea. This method has great application in quantifying phenolics from other plant materials with great precision.


Hybridization of Energy Storages (ESs) with different characteristics is an effective and economic solution to enhance system performance. Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS) in centralized coordination is normally implemented. To maintain system operation in case of communication failure, a novel algorithm is proposed for HESS distributed control in this paper. DC bus voltage is regarded as the global information carrier for indication of system power balance. All ESs are configured as slack terminals with droop control for obtainment of the reference bus voltages. Localized Low Pass Filters (LPFs) are added to ESs with low ramp rates to realize system net power decomposition and ESs power scheduling in distributed manner. To overcome the disadvantages of distributed control including voltage deviation and power sharing errors, multi-level Energy Management System (EMS) is applied. HESS distributed control is scheduled as the primary control. Bus voltage restoration and power sharing compensation are implemented in secondary control. Autonomous SoC recovery for ESs with high ramp rates is applied in tertiary control. Load shedding and generation curtailment are used to limit system net power range. MATLAB Simulink model is developed for the verification of the proposed method.


1,686 Characters with spaces included) The TB and HIV syndemic continues to rage and are a major public health concern worldwide. This deadly association raises complexity, and represent a significant barrier towards TB elimination. TB continues to be the leading cause of death amongst HIV-infected people. This paper reports the challenges that lay ahead and outlines some of the current and future strategies that may be able to address this co-epidemic efficiently. Improved diagnostics, cheaper and more effective drugs, shorter treatment regimens for both drug-sensitive and drug-resistant TB are discussed. Also, special topics on drug interactions, TB-IRIS and TB relapse are also described. Notwithstanding the defeats and meagre investments, diagnosis and management of the two diseases have seen significant and unexpected improvements of late. On the HIV side, expansion of ART coverage, development of new updated guidelines aimed at the universal treatment of those infected, and the increasing availability of newer, more efficacious and less toxic drugs are an essential element to controlling the two epidemics. On the TB side, diagnosis of MDR-TB is becoming easier and faster thanks to the new PCR-based technologies, new anti-TB drugs active against both sensitive and resistant strains (i.e. bedaquiline and delamanid) have been developed and a few more are in the pipeline, new regimens (cheaper, shorter and/or more effective) have been introduced (such as the 'Bangladesh regimen') or are being tested for MDR-TB and drugsensitive-TB. However, still more resources will be required to implement an integrated approach, install new diagnostic tests, and develop simpler and shorter treatment regimens.


Visual search and oculomotor behaviour are believed to be very relevant for athlete performance, especially for sports requiring refined visuo-motor coordination skills. Modern coaches believe that a correct visuo-motor strategy may be part of advanced training programs.
In this thesis two experiments are reported in which gaze behaviour of expert and novice athletes were investigated while they were doing a real sport specific task. The experiments concern two different sports: judo and soccer. In each experiment, number of fixations, fixation locations and mean fixation duration (ms) were considered. An observational analysis was done at the end of the paper to see perceptual differences between near and far space.
Purpose: The aim of the judo study was to delineate differences in gaze behaviour characteristics between a population of athletes and one of non athletes. Aspects specifically investigated were: search rate, search order and viewing time across different conditions in a real-world task. The second study was aimed at identifying gaze behaviour in varsity soccer goalkeepers while facing a penalty kick executed with instep and inside foot. Then an attempt has been done to compare the gaze strategies of expert judoka and soccer goalkeepers in order to delineate possible differences related to the different conditions of reacting to events occurring in near (peripersonal) or far (extrapersonal) space.
Judo Methods: A sample of 9 judoka (black belt) and 11 near judoka (white belt) were studied. Eye movements were recorded at 500Hz using a video based eye tracker (EyeLink II). Each subject participated in 40 sessions for about 40 minutes. Gaze behaviour was considered as average number of locations fixated per trial, the average number of fixations per trial, and mean fixation duration.
Soccer Methods: Seven (n = 7) intermediate level male volunteered for the experiment. The kickers and goalkeepers, had at least varsity level soccer experience. The vision-in-action (VIA) system (Vickers 1996; Vickers 2007) was used to collect the coupled gaze and motor behaviours of the goalkeepers. This system integrated input from a mobile eye tracking system (Applied Sciences Laboratories) with an external video of the goalkeeper's saving actions. The goalkeepers took 30 penalty kicks on a synthetic pitch in accordance with FIFA (2008) laws.
Judo Results: Results indicate that experts group differed significantly from near expert for fixations duration, and number of fixations per trial. The expert judokas used a less exhaustive search strategy involving fewer fixations of longer duration than their novice counterparts and focused on central regions of the body. The results showed that in defence and attack situation expert group did a greater number of transitions with respect to their novice counterpart.
Soccer Results: We found significant main effect for the number of locations fixated across outcome (goal/save) but not for foot contact (instep/inside). Participants spent more time fixating the areas in instep than inside kick and in goal than in save situation. Mean and standard error in search strategy as a result of foot contact and outcome indicate that the most gaze behaviour start and finish on ball interest areas.
Conclusions: Expert goalkeepers tend to spend more time in inside-save than instep-save penalty, differences that was opposite in scored penalty kick. Judo results show that differences in visual behaviour related to the level of expertise appear mainly when the test presentation is continuous, last for a relatively long period of time and present a high level of uncertainty with regard to the chronology and the nature of events. Expert judoist performers "anchor" the fovea on central regions of the scene (lapel and face) while using peripheral vision to monitor opponents' limb movements. The differences between judo and soccer gaze strategies are discussed on the light of physiological and neuropsychological differences between near and far space perception.


The discovery of vulnerabilities in source code is a key for securing computer systems. While specific types of security flaws can be identified automatically, in the general case the process of finding vulnerabilities cannot be automated and vulnerabilities are mainly discovered by manual analysis. In this paper, we propose a method for assisting a security analyst during auditing of source code. Our method proceeds by extracting abstract syntax trees from the code and determining structural patterns in these trees, such that each function in the code can be described as a mixture of these patterns. This representation enables us to decompose a known vulnerability and extrapolate it to a code base, such that functions potentially suffering from the same flaw can be suggested to the analyst. We evaluate our method on the source code of four popular open-source projects: LibTIFF, FFmpeg, Pidgin and Asterisk. For three of these projects, we are able to identify zero-day vulnerabilities by inspecting only a small fraction of the code bases.


A multidisciplinary approach to the study of a K/T boundary section on the Saharan Platform based on planktic and benthic foraminifera, calcareous nannofossils, lithology, stable isotopes, mineralogy and geochemistry reveals a biota stressed by fluctuating hyposaline, hypoxic littoral and nearshore environments, productivity changes, and a paleoclimate altering between seasonal warm to temperate and warm/humid conditions. Benthic foraminifera indicate that during the last 300 kyr of the Maastrichtian (CF1, Micula prinsii) deposition occurred in a inner nerit~c (littoral) environment that shallowed to a near-shore hyposaline and hypoxic environment during the last 100-200 kyr of the Maastrichtian. These conditions were accompanied by a seasonal warm to temperate climate that changed to warm/humid conditions with high rainfall, by decreasing surface productivity, and significantly decreasing planktic and benthic foraminiferal species richness. The K/T boundary is marked by an undulating erosional contact overlain by a 10 cm thick sandstone layer which is devoid of any exotic minerals or spherules. Their absence may be due to a short hiatus and the fact that the characteristic clay and red layer (zone P0) are missing. During the earliest Danian (Pla), low sea-levels prevailed with continued low oxygen, low salinity, high rainfall, high erosion and terrigenous sediment influx, accompanied by low diversity, low oxygen and low salinity tolerant species. These environmental conditions abruptly ended with erosion followed by deposition of a phosphatic siltstone layer that represents condensed sedimentation in an open (transgressive) marine environment. Above this layer, low sealevels and a return to near-shore, hyposaline and hypoxic conditions prevailed for a short interval [(base of Plc(2)] and are followed by the re-establishment of normal open marine conditions (inner neritic) comparable to the late Maastrichtian. This marine transgression is accompanied by increased productivity, and the first diversified Danian foraminiferal assemblages after the K/T boundary event and represents the return to normal biotic marine conditions. Though the K/T Seldja section represents one of the most shallow marginal sea environments studied to date for this interval, it does not represent isolated or atypical conditions. This is suggested by the similar global trends observed in sea-level fluctuations, hiatuses, as well as faunal assemblages. We conclude that on the Saharan platform of southern Tunisia, longterm environmental stresses beginning 100-200 kyr before the K/T boundary and related to climate, sea-level, nutrient, oxygen and salinity fluctuations, were the primary causes for the eventual demise of the Cretaceous fauna in the early Danian. The K/T boundary bolide impact appears to have had a relatively incidental short-term effect on this marine biota.


Objective:To determine the prevalence of iron deficiency (ID) and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) among a group of female athletes and compare with an age-matched group of female nonathletes. To study lifestyle factors that could play a role in the development of ID and IDA and compare these factors between the groups. Design:A controlled clinical trial. Setting:A senior high school for athletes in Gothenburg, Sweden. Participants:All female athletes at a senior high school for top-level athletes were offered to take part. Fifty-seven female athletes accepted to participate in the study. The control group consisted of a random sample of 130 age-matched nonathlete students; 92 accepted to participate in the study. Intervention:Intervention was not an actual part of this study but those with ID and IDA were treated with iron by the regular school doctor. Main Outcome Measures:Iron deficiency anemia and ID were determined by levels of hemoglobin, serum iron, total iron-binding capacity, transferrin saturation, and serum ferritin. Results:The main result of the study is the finding that ID and IDA are common among young adolescent female athletes and that there was no difference between female athletes and nonathletes. In the athlete group, 30 of 57 individuals (52%) had ID compared with 43 of 92 individuals (48%) in the nonathlete group (P > 0.3). Comparisons of the 2 groups showed no significant difference in hemoglobin (P > 0.30). In total, we found that 5 of 57 athletes (8.6%) had IDA compared with 3 of 92 nonathletes (3.3%), the difference being not statistically significant (P = 0.24). Conclusions:The main finding of this study is that ID and IDA are common among female adolescents but not more common among athletes than nonathletes. The results are despite factors that should favor a better iron status in the athlete group, such as better iron intake and less menstrual bleeding. Other factors that might have an impact on iron balance, must therefore be considered.


A specialist registrar in a district general hospital receives a call from a health visitor who has seen a 2-week-old baby who is struggling to breastfeed adequately and who has a marked tongue tie. The parents are extremely anxious and after searching the internet are now requesting a tongue division as they are certain that this is the cause of the problem. The health visitor can also recall many success stories after this procedure and is concerned that without it the mother will abandon breastfeeding altogether. She asks you to refer the baby to the ENT specialists with a view to division.

In babies with poor breastfeeding and a tongue tie [patient], does division of the tongue tie [intervention] compared to breastfeeding advice alone [comparison] improve feeding [outcome]?

### Secondary sources

Cochrane and BestBETS: no relevant results.

NICE guidelines: one interventional procedure guideline.

### Primary sources

Medline (1996–November Week 3 2008) searched via Ovid with Breastfeeding …


Mechanistic reasoning is an epistemic practice central within science, technology, engineering, and mathematics disciplines. Although there has been some work on mechanistic reasoning in the research literature and standards documents, much of this work targets domain-general characterizations of mechanistic reasoning; this study provides domain-specific illustrations of mechanistic reasoning. The data in this study comes from the Assessment of Mechanistic Reasoning Project (AMRP) (Weinberg, 2012), designed using item response theory modeling to diagnose individuals' mechanistic reasoning about systems of levers. Such a characterization of mechanistic reasoning illuminates what is easy and difficult about this form of reasoning, within the subdomain of simple machines. Moreover, this work indicates how domain-general principles may be limited. The study participants included elementary, middle, and high school students as well as college undergraduates and adults without higher education. Although the majority of participants responded to the AMRP by diagnosing at least one mechanistic element (elements inherent to the working of systems of levers) as they predicted its motion, such reasoning was not trivial. In fact, the diverse reasoning by participants shows how systems of levers support elements of mechanistic reasoning. Moreover, this study provides evidence that the development of mechanistic reasoning is dependent on domain-specific experience.


A dual-adaptive linear prediction (DALP) method is presented to predict radio channel with abrupt change caused by appearance or disappearance of scattered components (SCs), based on the idea that the prediction error of classical adaptive linear prediction (CALP) method can also be predicted when the channel changes abruptly. The proposed predictor consists of a CALP and a linear predictor for error of CALP. It is just a simple combination of two linear predictors, but it is useful for the prediction of radio channel with abrupt change. As is verified through simulations on a simplified channel model, it can significantly speed the convergence process and maintain the accuracy of prediction at the cost of a little higher computational complexity compared with CALP.


Intensive care treatment can be life-saving, but it is invasive and distressing for patients receiving it and it is not always successful. Deciding whether or not a patient will benefit from intensive care is a difficult clinical and ethical challenge.To explore the decision-making process for referral and admission to the intensive care unit and to develop and test an intervention to improve it.A mixed-methods study comprising (1) two systematic reviews investigating the factors associated with decisions to admit patients to the intensive care unit and the experiences of clinicians, patients and families; (2) observation of decisions and interviews with intensive care unit doctors, referring doctors, and patients and families in six NHS trusts in the Midlands, UK; (3) a choice experiment survey distributed to UK intensive care unit consultants and critical care outreach nurses, eliciting their preferences for factors used in decision-making for intensive care unit admission; (4) development of a decision-support intervention informed by the previous work streams, including an ethical framework for decision-making and supporting referral and decision-support forms and patient and family information leaflets. Implementation feasibility was tested in three NHS trusts; (5) development and testing of a tool to evaluate the ethical quality of decision-making related to intensive care unit admission, based on the assessment of patient records. The tool was tested for inter-rater and intersite reliability in 120 patient records.Influences on decision-making identified in the systematic review and ethnographic study included age, presence of chronic illness, functional status, presence of a do not attempt cardiopulmonary resuscitation order, referring specialty, referrer seniority and intensive care unit bed availability. Intensive care unit doctors used a gestalt assessment of the patient when making decisions. The choice experiment showed that age was the most important factor in consultants' and critical care outreach nurses' preferences for admission. The ethnographic study illuminated the complexity of the decision-making process, and the importance of interprofessional relationships and good communication between teams and with patients and families. Doctors found it difficult to articulate and balance the benefits and burdens of intensive care unit treatment for a patient. There was low uptake of the decision-support intervention, although doctors who used it noted that it improved articulation of reasons for decisions and communication with patients.Limitations existed in each of the component studies; for example, we had difficulty recruiting patients and families in our qualitative work. However, the project benefited from a mixed-method approach that mitigated the potential limitations of the component studies.Decision-making surrounding referral and admission to the intensive care unit is complex. This study has provided evidence and resources to help clinicians and organisations aiming to improve the decision-making for and, ultimately, the care of critically ill patients.Further research is needed into decision-making practices, particularly in how best to engage with patients and families during the decision process. The development and evaluation of training for clinicians involved in these decisions should be a priority for future work.The systematic reviews of this study are registered as PROSPERO CRD42016039054, CRD42015019711 and CRD42015019714.The National Institute for Health Research Health Services and Delivery Research programme. The University of Aberdeen and the Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government Health and Social Care Directorates fund the Health Economics Research Unit.


Manufacturing facilities are one among the largest consumers of energy. Efforts to improve energy efficiency are an increasing concern for many manufacturing facility engineering managers. This can be achieved by evaluating energy end uses (e.g., lighting, processing equipment, and heating, air conditioning, and ventilation (HVAC) systems), and by implementing measures to reduce the total amount of energy consumed for one or more of the end uses. Throughout the 40 years of its existence, the US Department of Energy's Industrial Assessment Center program has developed an array of techniques to improve energy efficiency in industrial facilities. This chapter discusses recommended assessment procedures and observed energy-saving opportu- nities for some of the most common industrial energy systems. These systems include lighting, compressed air, boilers and steam systems, manufacturing process heating, HVAC, pumps, and fans. Implementation of these assessment recommendations has been demonstrated to increase efficiency and to thus reduce energy consumption and associated costs. While every manufacturing facility is different, and their component industrial energy systems equally unique, this chapter presents a set of analytical guidelines that can be used as a template by engineering practitioners to evaluate their facility energy use and implement subsequent energy conservation measures.


We analyze cost reductions possible with the introduction of a waveband converter or both wavelength and waveband converters to hierarchical optical path networks. We propose network design algorithms that are based on multistage integer linear programming (ILP) or heuristics. Numerical experiments prove that by employing waveband converters or both waveband and wavelength converters, hierarchical optical path networks can be cost effective over wide traffic demand ranges and a broad converter cost range.


PURPOSE: This paper examines to what extent the governance modes of transition in the region of Western Macedonia (Greece) are effective and just, and whether they embed transition management, spatial justice, and place-based elements. To this end, the hypothesis tested in this paper is that spatial justice and place-based policy can make a positive contribution to just and well-managed transition. In this framework, the question examined is not about 'who is in charge for designing and implementing transition policies?' but about 'what is the balance and mix of transition policies at the central, regional, and local levels of administration?'. METHODOLOGY: The article critically discussed the concept of transition as a fundamental societal change through the lens of efficiency and justice. Thus, the notions of transition management and spatial justice are thoroughly explored. It also embeds the concept of 'place' in this discussion. Therefore, the challenges, opportunities, and shortcomings of the place-based approach in the course of transition are examined. The empirical section contains a mix of quantitative and qualitative methods, such as the use of questionnaires and focus group meetings, preceded by background research, comprising mainly desk research. The above different cases of empirical work are not entirely irrelevant to each other. The validity of the research findings is strengthened by using multiple sources of evidence and data triangulation. The analysis at the empirical research level focuses on Western Macedonia in Greece. This region has all the characteristics of a coal-dependent locality, under an urgent need to design and implement a post-lignite, just, transition strategy. FINDINGS: Given that transition implies a profound and long-lasting societal, economic, and environmental transformation, new and pioneering modes of governance are necessary to tackle such a multifaceted challenge. The discourse about place, policies, and governance, reveals the need for focusing on a balance and mix of inclusive and multi-scalar policies instead of defining governance structures and bodies in charge for implementing transition policies. The launched transition governance model in Greece considerably deviates from the EU policy context. In fact, substantial shortcomings in terms of legitimacy, inclusiveness, and public engagement and overall effectiveness have been recorded. The empirical evidence reveals a rather clear top-down model than a hybrid one. The findings show that the governance model employed in the case of Western Macedonia, neither embeds spatial justice nor incorporates a place-based approach. IMPLICATIONS: Viewing the long-term process of transition through the lens of governance and policymaking, this paper challenges the assertion that the traditional top-down governance model is the most effective and fair approach. In this setting, the notions of transition management and spatial justice are thoroughly explored. The concept of 'place' is also embedded in this discussion. To this end, the challenges, opportunities and shortcomings of the place-based approach are analysed. Given that transition is by nature a multifaceted, multi-level and multi-actor process, an effective and just transition governance should reflect the views of different actors. In this sense, it seems that multi-level governance models for regions in transition need to harness existing interactions among different levels and actors. ORIGINALITY AND VALUE: After having touched upon the process of transition regarding the notions of 'management' and 'justice,' we embed the concepts of spatial justice and the place-based approach into governance transition practices. In this respect, the gap between efficiency and equity, redistributive logic (needs, results), and development policy (inclusive development) can be bridged through the so-called 'spatial-territorial capital' and spatially just, multi-level governance.


Summary Checkpoint inhibitors, such as ipilimumab and pembrolizumab, have transformed the prognosis for patients with advanced malignant melanoma and squamous non-small-cell lung cancer, and their use will only expand as experience is gained in a variety of other malignancies, for instance, renal and lymphoma. As the use of checkpoint inhibitors increases, so too will the incidence of their unique side effects, termed immune-related adverse events (irAEs), which can affect dermatological, gastrointestinal, hepatic, endocrine and other systems. Nivolumab is a monoclonal antibody that blocks the human programmed death receptor-1 ligand (PD-L1) found on many cancer cells and is licensed for the treatment of advanced malignant melanoma. We describe the first case of nivolumab-induced adrenalitis resulting in primary adrenal failure presenting with hyponatraemia in a 43-year-old man with malignant melanoma. The case highlights the potentially life-threatening complications of checkpoint inhibitors and the need for patient education and awareness of irAEs among the wider clinical community because such side effects require prompt recognition and treatment. Learning points: Nivolumab can cause primary adrenal insufficiency. Not all cases of hyponatraemia in patients with malignancy are due to SIADH. Any patient on a checkpoint inhibitor becoming unwell should have serum cortisol urgently measured and if in doubt hydrocortisone therapy should be initiated. Although hyponatraemia can occur in patients with ACTH deficiency, the possibility of primary adrenal failure should also be considered and investigated by measurement of renin, aldosterone and ACTH. Patients receiving checkpoint inhibitors require education on the potential risks of hypocortisolaemia. PET imaging demonstrated bilateral increased activity consistent with an autoimmune adrenalitis.


Today's data centers face two critical challenges. First, various customers need to be assured by meeting their required service-level agreements such as response time and throughput. Second, server power consumption must be controlled in order to avoid failures caused by power capacity overload or system overheating due to increasing high server density. However, existing work controls power and application-level performance separately and thus cannot simultaneously provide explicit guarantees on both. This paper proposes Co-Con, a novel cluster-level control architecture that coordinates individual power and performance control loops for virtualized server clusters. To emulate the current practice in data centers, the power control loop changes hardware power states with no regard to the application-level performance. The performance control loop is then designed for each virtual machine to achieve the desired performance even when the system model varies significantly due to the impact of power control. Co-Con configures the two control loops rigorously, based on feedback control theory, for theoretically guaranteed control accuracy and system stability. Empirical results demonstrate that Co-Con can simultaneously provide effective control on both application-level performance and underlying power consumption.


Problem statement: World Wide Web (WWW) consisting large volume of information related with medicinal plants. However health care recommendation with Indian Medicinal Plants becomes complicated because valuable Information about medicinal resources as plants is scattered, in text form and unstructured. Search engines are not quite efficient and require excessive manual processing. Therefore search becomes difficult for the ordinary users to find the medicinal uses of herbal plants from the web. And another problem is that the domain experts could not able to map the medicinal uses of herbal plants with the existing standardized medical terms. Mapping the existing ontology introduces the problem of finding the similarity between the terms and relationships. Finding the solution to perform automatic mapping is another major challenge to be solved. Approach: To address these issues we developed a Knowledge framework for the Indian Medicinal Plants (KIMP). Knowledge framework includes the ontology creation, user interface for querying the system. Jena is used to build semantic web applications with the ontology representation of Resource Description Framework (RDF) and Web Ontology Language (OWL). SPARQL Protocol and RDF Query Language (SPARQL) is used to retrieve various query patterns. Automated mapping is achieved by considering lexical and edge based relatedness. Results: The user interface is demonstrated for five thousand concepts, which gives the related information from Wikipedia web page in three languages. Mapping recommendation by the lexical similarity Jaccard algorithm gives 27% and Jaro Winkler algorithm gives 60%. Edge based relationship using WuPalmer algorithm gives 93% mapping recommendation. These are analyzed and compared with our algorithm based on WuPalmer gives more specific mapping results than WuPalmer with 71%. Conclusion: Thus it possible to find the specific resultant web page based on the user requirement in three different languages. The mapping with standardized ontology gives more improvement in analyzing the performance of the medicinal plants and their uses.


In this paper we explore potential factors explaining how organizational recipes are spread within Multinational Companies. Implementation of organizational recipes has become a widespread phenomenon, but most current research have focused on diffusion between companies and not within companies. We distinguish between formal adoption and putting a recipe to use, i.e. whether the concept leads to changes in work processes and management practice. We develop a number of propositions, where we aim to explain spreading by the following factors: i) Role of the corporate center as a change agent, ii) Recipient units' previous experience with organizational concepts, and iii) National culture of recipient units.


We performed a MEDLINE and EMBASE search to identify all studies published in the English language literature on the use of progestogens for the treatment of endometriosis. The aim of our review was to clarify the biological rationale for treatment and define the drugs that can be used. It has been demonstrated that progestogens may prevent implantation and growth of regurgitated endometrium by inhibiting the expression of matrix metalloproteinases and angiogenesis, and they have several anti-inflammatory in vitro and in vivo effects that may reduce the inflammatory state generated by the metabolic activity of the ectopic endometrium. Oral contraceptives increase the abnormally low apoptotic activity of the endometrium of patients with endometriosis. Moreover, anovulation, decidualization, amenorrhoea and the establishment of a steady estrogen-progestogen milieu contribute to disease quiescence. Progestogens are able to control pain symptoms in approximately three out of four women with endometriosi. Different compounds can be administered by the oral, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intravaginal or intrauterine route, each with specific advantages or disadvantages. Medical treatment plays a role in the therapeutic strategy only if administered over a prolonged period of time. Given their good tolerability, minor metabolic effects and low cost, progestogens must therefore be considered drugs of choice and are currently the only safe and economic alternative to surgery. However, their contraceptive effectiveness limits their use to women who do not wish to have children in the short-term.


To abstract is to remove, take away ... to steal... Something taken out, summary, epitome ... essence2 Thus: This supplementarity to the text below 'steals' from it; it pretends to 'abstract' the 'essence' of it and re-present it here. The text also 'steals' extensively from other texts – an inevitability parodied by the device of 'sampling' – which is explicit theft. This supplement as complement gives a flavour of the essence of the text and reflexively models its form: This is an open text. It is writerly. This text plays [with] the academic game [just gaming]. It is a parody. the structure 'preface–text' becomes open at both ends. The text has no stable identity, stable origin… each act of reading 'the text' is a preface to the next. The reading of a self-professed preface is no exception to this rule1 This text is fragmentary. Is a heterogloss that struggles against its own monologic linearity. This text is an inscription on the degree zero. This text appropriates the undecidable. This text organises...


When two visual stimuli are presented in rapid succession only one fused image is perceived. For example, a red disk followed by a green disk is perceived as a single yellow disk (e.g., Efron, Perc Psychophys, 1973). For two verniers that last 30ms each, it has been shown that the fusion process can be disrupted up to 420ms after stimulus onset by applying TMS over visual cortex (Scharnowski et al., J Vis, 2009). Here, we show that feature fusion can also be modulated with light masks. In Experiment 1, we used the same procedure as in the above TMS experiment: Two verniers were presented in rapid succession with opposite offset directions. Subjects had to indicate the offset direction of the fused vernier. In Experiment 2, a red and a green disk were presented in rapid succession and subjects had to indicate whether the fused disk appeared red or green. Verniers were presented for 30ms and disks for 10ms each. Light masks were presented from -100 to 240ms relative to the onset of the first stimulus. When masks were presented before the stimuli, the second stimulus dominated the percept and when masks were presented after the stimuli, the first stimulus dominated the percept. Feature fusion was modulated for a period of 240ms for both color and vernier stimuli. Our results indicate that for this duration individual memories exist for each vernier or color stimulus separately. Fusion is not completed beforehand. Taken together, our results show that light masks have similar effects on feature fusion as TMS and provide an adequate alternative to investigate feature integration. In addition, we showed that the process of unconscious feature fusion outlasts the physical duration of the stimuli by far.


ABSTRACT Regional (climate/soils) and local (aspect) physiography determine plant community composition. However, changes in initial floristic composition after a disturbance may be severe enough to alter the successional trajectory predicted by physiography. We addressed the question of which is more important, disturbance or physiography, in determining vegetation composition and the consequent successional trajectory. We evaluated understory vegetation of forest communities exposed to four disturbance types (control, single burn, diameter-limit cut, and first-removal shelterwood) 2–5 yr postdisturbance. Study sites were located within each disturbance type on northeast and southwest aspects within the Appalachian Plateau and the Ridge and Valley provinces. Vegetation composition was analyzed with nonmetric-multidimensional scaling, two-way nonparametric multivariate ANOVA, and indicator species analysis. The relationship between disturbance and key environmental variables, including canopy opening and soil fertility, was analyzed with generalized linear mixed models. There were 363 species in our study area. Composition differed by province and aspect. Composition also differed by disturbance but with a significant province interaction. Although physiography was more important, some species served as disturbance indicators that differed by disturbance type with two possible outcomes. First, expected successional trajectories (as defined by the regional and local environmental filters) may deviate toward recovery of native species (e.g., Epigaea repens) that benefit from low-level disturbance (as defined by fire as a filter). Second, successional trajectories after a relatively severe disturbance (as defined by shelterwood harvest as a filter) may deviate toward systems that are vulnerable to invasion by exotics or dominant native species.


Nowadays Smartphone and other mobile devices have become incredibly important in every aspect of our life. Because they have practically offered same capabilities as desktop workstations as well as come to be powerful in terms of CPU (Central processing Unit), Storage and installing numerous applications. Therefore, Security is considered as an important factor in wireless communication technologies, particularly in a wireless ad-hoc network and mobile operating systems. Moreover, based on increasing the range of mobile application within variety of platforms, security is regarded as on the most valuable and considerable debate in terms of issues, trustees, reliabilities and accuracy. This paper aims to introduce a consolidated report of thriving security on mobile application platforms and providing knowledge of vital threats to the users and enterprises. Furthermore, in this paper, various techniques as well as methods for security measurements, analysis and prioritization within the peak of mobile platforms will be presented. Additionally, increases understanding and awareness of security on mobile application platforms to avoid detection, forensics and countermeasures used by the operating systems. Finally, this study also discusses security extensions for popular mobile platforms and analysis for a survey within a recent research in the area of mobile platform security.


The strength and prevalence of trophic cascades, defined as positive, indirect effects of natural enemies (predatory and parasitic arthropods) on plants, is highly variable in agroecosystems. This variation may in part be due to the spatial or landscape context in which hese trophic cascades occur. In 2011 and 2012, we conducted a natural enemy exclusion experiment in soybean fields along a gradient of landscape composition across southern Wisconsin and Michigan, USA. We used structural equation modeling to ask (1) whether natural enemies influence biocontrol of soybean aphids (SBA) and soybean yield and (2) whether landscape effects on natural enemies influence the strength of the trophic cascades. We found that natural enemies (NE) suppressed aphid populations in both years of our study, and, in 2011, the yield of soybean plants exposed to natural enemies was 37% higher than the yield of plants with aphid populations protected from natural enemies. The strength of the :rophic cascade was also influenced by landscape context. We found that landscapes with a higher proportion of soybean and higher diversity habitats resulted in more NE, fewer aphids, and, in some cases, a trend toward greater soybean yield. These results indicate that landscape context is important for understanding spatial variability in biocontrol and yield, but other factors, such as environmental variability and compensatory growth, might overwhelm the beneficial effects of biocontrol on crop yield.


Background: Health needs assessment (HNA) is essential for allocation of limited resources to the most prioritized problems. HNA in work places has gained increasing importance. Kaveh industrial city is the largest and oldest industrial city in Iran, with a wide range of different industries, making it an exemplary industrial city in Iran. This study was done to conduct health needs assessment of workers in Kaveh industrial city. Methods: In this study, intensive HNA approach and qualitative method were used. In-depth interviews and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were conducted to collect information related to health risk factors, and Delphi method was used to prioritize these risk factors. A total of 74 key informants participated in this study, which constituted more than 80% of the total related experts of Kaveh industrial city. Results: The main identified health challenge was inefficiency of the existing Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) control and monitoring system. The most important physical health risk factors were smoking and obesity and the most prioritized psychosocial risk factors were stress and lack of appropriate management and organizational culture. Ergonomic issues and noise pollution were the prioritized work environmental factors and inappropriate placement of pollutant industries in the industrial city was the most prioritized bioenvironmental risk factor. Unsafe road to industrial zone and poor safety devices used by workers were the most prioritized occupational injuries risk factors. Conclusion: Addressing the identified health needs of workers in Kaveh industrial city is of high importance. Also, redefining the HSE control and monitoring system should be prioritized


Interest in searching and developing new antimicrobial agents to combat microbial resistance has been growing recently. Therefore, a greater attention has been paid to both screening and evaluation methods of antibiotics activity. The present study aimed to evaluate the potency of some antibiotics containing pharmaceutical products of some Egyptian market companies using microbiological assay based on agar diffusion method and using standard strains in order to determine their therapeutic efficacy.This antibiotics such as gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, amoxicillin and ceftriaxone were purchased from local pharmacies and evaluated in the current study. The results of this study showed the relative potency of gentamicin was 41.4%-120% and 28%-41% for ciprofloxacin. While for doxycycline relative potency was 26%-72.6% and 16%-88% for Amoxicillin. As well as ceftriaxone potency was ranged between 48%-97.4%. One product of ceftriaxone, two products from gentamicin and two from amoxicillin were estimated to be within the acceptable range of bioequivalence (80%-120%), while the other products showed unacceptable relative potency. A complaint reporting system about quality and effectiveness problems needs to be considered as a priority source of such information to inform decision-makers.


This thesis examines how extrinsic and intrinsic factors affect dispersal, foraging, aggression and energy reserves in a winter population of a small, migratory flocking bird, the Snow Buniting Plectrophenax nivalis. Previous observations of this species, and consideration of its northern ground-feeding open country niche, suggested that Snow Buntings were less likely to show as strong a degree of site fidelity as many other winter-studied species. This may therefore have led to opportunities for the Snow Bunting's winter behavioural ecology to diverge from that of more sedentary species.

The distribution of age and sex categories of wintering Snow Buntings was examined at eleven sites in North-East Scotland which varied markedly in altitude (and consequently habitat and climate). The proportions of adult males and adult females trapped at these sites increased with altitude, whilst the proportion of juvenile females decreased. Because males are the larger sex, and adult birds have the advantage of previous experience, the distribution of age and sex categories suggested that the more elevated sites were of higher quality. Consequently, I suggest several environmental factors (reduced competition, fewer predators, and similarity to breeding conditions) which may be responsible for altitudinal segregation and argue that these may also help explain intraspecific latitudinal segregation patterns in this and other species.

More detailed observations of Snow Bunting numbers and behaviour were made at one high altitude site, Cairn Gorm during 1987/88 to 1992/93. There was evidence that, even within this site, birds selected higher altitude feeding areas when possible. However, snowfalls caused some birds, particularly young or naive individuals or females, to leave the site, although population composition recovered during subsequent thaws.


John S. Haller, Jr., provides the first modern history of the Eclectic school of American sectarian medicine. The Eclectic school (sometimes called the "American School") flourished in the mid-nineteenth century when the art and science of medicine was undergoing a profound crisis of faith. At the heart of the crisis was a disillusionment with the traditional therapeutics of the day and an intense questioning of the principles and philosophy upon which medicine had been built. Many American physicians and their patients felt that medicine had lost the ability to cure. The Eclectics surmounted the crisis by forging a therapeutics based on herbal remedies and an empirical approach to disease, a system independent of the influence of European practices. Although rejected by the Regulars (adherents of mainstream medicine), the Eclectics imitated their magisterial manner, establishing two dozen colleges and more than sixty-five journals to proclaim the wisdom of their theory. Central to the story of Eclecticism is that of the Eclectic Medical Institute of Cincinnati, the "mother institute" of reform medical colleges. Organized in 1845, the school was to exist for ninety-four years before closing in 1939. Throughout much of their history, the Eclectic medical schools provided an avenue into the medical profession for men and women who lacked the financial and educational opportunities the Regular schools required, siding with Professor Martyn Paine of the Medical Department of New York University, who, in 1846, had accused the newly formed American Medical Association of playing aristocratic politics behind a masquerade of curriculum reform. Eventually, though, they grudgingly followed the lead of the Regulars by changing their curriculum and tightening admission standards. By the late nineteenth century, the Eclectics found themselves in the backwaters of modern medicine. Unable to break away from their botanic bias and ill-equipped to support the implications of germ theory, the financial costs of salaried faculty and staff, and the research implications of laboratory science, the Eclectics were pushed aside by the rush of modern academic medicine.


Identifying and estimating the orientation of monodimensional (linear) patterns found into images is an important task for pattern recognition purposes (e.g., in SAR images) and can greatly improve the efficacy of image restoration, sharpening and de-noising procedures. Existing approaches to linear pattern orientation estimation are based either on pyramid filter banks, steered to a small set of discrete orientations, or on parametric approaches based on the tensor gradient. In the present work, using a local tomography paradigm, the complementary properties of Hermite and Gauss- Laguerre image expansions are exploited for accurately estimating the orientation angles of linear patterns by rooting a polynomial, built with transform coefficients at each analysis point of the image. In particular, as in direction finding with sensor arrays (e.g., ROOT-MUSIC, MODE and ESPRIT), rooting allows a fast and accurate orientation estimation on a continuous set of angles. It is shown that the feasibility of this scheme is based on the simple link existing between Hermite and Gauss-Laguerre coefficients.


PURPOSE
Lym-1, a monoclonal antibody (MoAb) that preferentially targets malignant lymphocytes, has induced therapeutic responses in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) when labeled with iodine-131 (131I). Radiometal labeled antibodies provide a higher tumor radiation dose than the corresponding 131I labeled antibodies. Based on the strategy of fractionating the total radiation dose, this study was designed to define the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of the first 2, of a maximum of 4, doses of 67Cu-2IT-BAT-Lym-1 given 4 weeks apart. Additionally, toxicity, radiation dosimetry and efficacy were assessed.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Patients had Ann Arbor stage IVB NHL, resistant to standard therapy, including multiple chemotherapy regimens. Each dose of 67Cu-2IT-BAT-Lym-1 was given after a preload of unmodified Lym-1. A 10 mCi imaging dose of 67Cu-2IT-BAT-Lym-1 was given in order to assess pharmacokinetics and radiation dosimetry prior to therapy. Based on the MTD for 131I-Lym-1 and comparative dosimetry for 131I-Lym-1 and 67Cu-2IT-BAT-Lym-1, the trial was initiated at 60 millicuries per square meter of body surface area (mCi/m2) in cohorts of 3 patients.

RESULTS
A single cohort of patients proved sufficient to define the MTD as 60 mCi/m2 for each of the first 2 doses of 67Cu-2IT-BAT-Lym-1. The dose-limiting toxicities were grade 3-4 thrombocytopenia and neutropenia. Neutropenic sepsis and bleeding did not occur. Mean radiation dose contributed to the bone marrow by 67Cu in the body and blood was 0.2 (range, 0.2 to 0.3) rads/mCi. Copper-67 incorporated into ceruloplasmin contributed 25% of the dose to marrow from blood. Non-hematologic toxicities did not exceed grade 2. The three patients had substantial tumor regression even after imaging doses of 67Cu-2IT-BAT-Lym-1. After therapy, one response was complete with a duration of 12 months. Radiation doses to tumors in this patient varied from 7.0-21.9 rads/mCi or 5420-7000 total rads from the course of therapy.

CONCLUSION
67Cu-2IT-BAT-Lym-1 provided good imaging, favorable radiation dosimetry and a remarkably high therapeutic index (ratio of tumor to marrow radiation doses). The non-myeloablative MTD for each of 2 doses was 60 mCi/m2.


Theoretical and empirical research in technology acceptance, while acknowledging the importance of individual beliefs about the compatibility of a technology, has produced equivocal results. This study focuses on further conceptual development of this important belief in technology acceptance. Unlike much prior research that has focused on only a limited aspect of compatibility, we provide a more comprehensive conceptual definition that disaggregates the content of compatibility into four distinct and separable constructs: compatibility with preferred work style, compatibility with existing work practices, compatibility with prior experience, and compatibility with values. We suggest that the form of the multidimensional compatibility construct is best modeled as a multivariate structural model. Based on their conceptual definitions, we develop operational measures for the four compatibility variables. We assess the nomological validity of our conceptualization by situating it within the technology acceptance model. In contrast to prior research, which has regarded beliefs of compatibility as an independent antecedent of technology acceptance outcomes, we posit causal linkages not only among the four compatibility beliefs, but also between compatibility beliefs and usefulness, and ease of use. We test our theoretical model with a field sample of 278 users of a customer relationship management system in the context of a large bank. Scale validation indicates that the operational measures of compatibility developed in this study have acceptable psychometric properties, which support the existence of four distinct constructs. Results largely support the theorized relationships.


A simple matching-model of money with the potential for counterfeiting is constructed. In contrast to the existing literature, counterfeiting, if it occurred, would be accompanied by two distortions: costly production of counterfeits and harmful effects on trade. However, application of the Cho-Kreps refinement is shown to imply that there is no equilibrium with counterfeiting. If the cost of producing counterfeits is low enough, then there is no monetary equilibrium. Otherwise, there is a monetary equilibrium without counterfeiting.


It is generally recognized that the present classification of bacterial dysenteries as well as of the dysentery bacilli is in a somewhat unsatisfactory position. I venture therefore to bring forward again a classification I suggested some years ago, which so far has attracted very little attention. This classification to a great extent was followed by Chalmers and myself in the third edition of our Manual of Tropical Medicine.
According to this classification bacterial dysenteries are separated into three groups:
1.
Bacterial dysentery, sensu stricto (synonyms Shigadysentery, Shiga-Kruse dysentery), due to dysentery organisms which do not ferment lactose or mannitol and do not clot milk (Shiga-Kruse bacillus).
2.
Paradysentery, due to organisms which do not ferment lactose, ferment mannitol (acid only), do not clot milk (Flexner, Hiss-Russell, etc.).
3.
Metadysentery, due to organisms which, as is the case with the true dysentery bacilli, do not produce gas in any sugar, but either ferment lactose (acid only) and clot milk, or ferment lactose (acid only) without clotting milk, or clot milk without fermenting lactose (organisms of the genus Dysenteroides and Lankoides).


This article examines theft in rudimentary legal systems with indigenous customary law of the blacks in Southern Africa as the point of departure. Theft in these systems is descriptionbed initially, and in this connection the following limitations should be considered: not all the information about the various tribes is available; only those facts which are recorded are therefore considered; certain references did not make it clear which tribes were being referred to; it is difficult to determine, in view of the process of legal acculturation which is taking place amongst the indigenous population, which legal rules may be considered traditionally authentic and which rules have been influenced by white values. Some general conclusions are arrived at against this background and the existence of possible universal development patterns is indicated.


Abstract. Hourly sea level data from tide gauges and a barotropic model are used to explore the spatial and temporal variability of sea level extremes in the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic coasts of the Iberian peninsula on seasonal time scales. Significant spatial variability is identified in the observations in all seasons. The Atlantic stations show larger extreme values than the Mediterranean Sea primarily due to the tidal signal. When the tidal signal is removed most stations have maximum values of less than 90 cm occurring in winter or autumn. The maxima in spring and summer are less than 60 cm in most stations. The wind and atmospheric forcing contributes about 50 cm in the winter and between 20–40 cm in the other seasons. In the western Mediterranean the observed extreme values are less than 50 cm, except near the Strait of Gibraltar. Direct atmospheric forcing contributes significantly to sea level extremes. Maximum sea level values due to atmospheric forcing reach in some stations 45 cm during the winter. During the summer the contribution of the direct atmospheric forcing is between 10–20 cm. The Adriatic Sea shows a resonant behaviour with maximum extreme observed sea level values around 200 cm found at the northern part. Trends in the 99.9% percentiles are present in several areas, however most of them are removed when the 50% percentile is subtracted indicating that changes in the extremes are in line with mean sea level change. The North Atlantic Oscillation and the Mediterranean Oscillation Index are well correlated with the changes in the 99.9% winter values in the Atlantic, western Mediterranean and the Adriatic stations. The correlation of the NAO and the MOI indices in the Atlantic and western Mediterranean is significant in the autumn too. The correlations between the NAO and MOI index and the changes in the sea level extremes become insignificant when the 50% percentile is removed indicating again that changes in extremes have been dominated by changes in the mean sea level.


This paper studies the impact of natural gas (NG) contracts and constraints on a GENCO's midterm risk-constrained hydrothermal scheduling problem. The NG contracts and constraints are modeled as a set of linear equations. The proposed model utilizes the stochastic price-based unit commitment (PBUC). The PBUC hourly solution considers uncertainties of market prices for energy and ancillary services, uncertainties of natural water inflows, and random NG infrastructure interruptions in Monte Carlo scenarios. Illustrative examples analyze the GENCO's risk levels when considering midterm schedules for generating units, target payoffs, and usages of water inflow, NG and other thermal resources. Simulation results show that a GENCO's midterm schedules and financial risks could be impacted significantly with the consideration of NG contracts and constraints.


This paper posits that access to justice is both a large multifaceted concept with broad policy implications and also a constitutional commitment central to our legal system. It contends that the process of refining and giving contemporary meaning to the legal principle of access to justice is obfuscated by debate surrounding the broader policy concept because the duality plays into concerns over the respective roles of governments and the courts to ensure access to justice, which brings the justiciability of access to justice claims into question. The woeful state of civil legal aid programs across Canada is attributable in part to the confusion arising from this debate. The author proposes that a way forward can be found by disassociating the broad policy concept of access to justice from the narrower legal and constitutional principle. It is only this narrower meaning that gives rise to legal obligations and hence is within the purview of the courts. Three approaches to defining the constitutional core of access to justice are briefly explored: (1) access to the courts and the rule of law; (2) access to counsel and the right to a fair trial; and (3) access to justice and the equality benefit and protection of the law. Finally, the paper discusses Canadian Bar Assn. v. British Columbia as an example of a case that offers the opportunity to search for and further refine the constitutional core of access to justice if it can be untangled from the web of justiciability concerns.


The purpose of this study is to synthesize the impacts of climate change on agriculture and assess the status of policies, programs and strategies to adapt small farm holders to climate change in South Asia.,The authors collected secondary information through a desktop review of policy documents, action plans and published reports. Face-to-face interviews with policy makers, agriculture and climate experts representing the government, non-governmental organizations, international development agencies and the private sector were also conducted to validate the secondary information.,The results revealed that agriculture is the dominant economic mainstay providing livelihood to over 70 per cent, employing 60 per cent of the labor force and contributing about 22 per cent of the regional gross domestic product. Climate impacts, such as floods, sea level rise and salt intrusion, increased frequency and intensity of storms, and pests combined with increasing water scarcity continue to reduce arable land, reduce yield of crops and threaten the food security of farmers. Adaptation efforts include using improved varieties of crop; changing cropping patterns and planting seasons; and water conservation techniques. However, progress remains low because of a lack of adequate technical knowledge and financial resources.,The amount of published literature on climate change and its impact on agriculture is increasing, but there is little effort to analyze and document impacts and strategies to adapt small farm holders to climate change at a landscape level, particularly in South Asia. This study fills in this gap and will serve as a valuable source of information for those wishing to conduct research or develop adaptation strategies for any of the four countries of Bangladesh, Bhutan, India and Nepal.


BACKGROUND: Although adult cervical spine deformity (ACSD) is associated with pain and disability, its health impact has not been quantified in comparison to other chronic diseases. OBJECTIVE: To perform a comparative analysis of the health impact of symptomatic ACSD to US normative and chronic disease values using EQ‐5D (EuroQuol‐5 Dimensions questionnaire) scores. METHODS: ACSD patients presenting for surgical treatment were identified from a prospectively collected multicenter database. Baseline demographics and EQ‐5D scores were collected and compared with US normative and disease state values. RESULTS: Of 121 ACSD patients, 115 (95%) completed the EQ‐5D (60% women, mean age 61 years, previous spine surgery in 44%). Diagnoses included kyphosis with mid‐cervical (63.4%), cervico‐thoracic (23.5%), or thoracic (8.7%) apex and primary coronal deformity (4.3%). The mean ACSD EQ‐5D index was 0.511 (standard definition = 0.224), which is 34% below the bottom 25th percentile (0.780) for similar age‐ and gender‐matched US normative populations. Mean ACSD EQ‐5D index values were worse than the bottom 25th percentile for several other disease states, including chronic ischemic heart disease (0.708), malignant breast cancer (0.708), and malignant prostate cancer (0.708). ACSD mean index values were comparable to the bottom 25th percentile values for blindness/low vision (0.543), emphysema (0.508), renal failure (0.506), and stroke (0.463). EQ‐5D scores did not significantly differ based on cervical deformity type (P = .66). CONCLUSION: The health impact of symptomatic ACSD is substantial, with negative impact across all EQ‐5D domains. The mean ACSD EQ‐5D index was comparable to the bottom 25th percentile values for blindness/low vision, emphysema, renal failure, and stroke.


In the last decades there has been a growing interest in integrating literature into the foreign language curriculum. At first glance, one expects this tendency to respond to the deep fascination that human beings have for centuries felt with storytelling and, therefore, to serve some motivational and humanistic purposes. However, this integration has been seen as serving merely linguistic purposes by most language educators, who regard literary texts simply as wonderful sources of input which expose students to a rich variety of language forms and uses as well as discourse types in motivating and meaningful contexts. Additionally, work on fictional texts is justified as long as it facilitates the development of reading comprehension skills and critical thinking techniques for text analysis. Though these pedagogical goals are perfectly valid, the treatment of literary texts cannot be restricted to the attainment of language learning objectives. Foreign language teachers should not forget the educational implications of all the decisions they make in the classroom. Therefore, if they transmit the idea to learners that reading literary texts should be justified by some instrumental motivation such as vocabulary learning or text analysis, they are validating current teaching practices at schools which disregard the aesthetic goals for reading literature and, instead, emphasise the achievement of more objective goals that have nothing to do with the true nature of literary reading. These teaching practices usually lead to the same unfortunate outcomes: the widespread dislike for literary reading, the failure to associate the reading of fiction with pleasure, and the subsequent lack of literary reading habits. The purpose of the study reported in this article was, in broad terms, to explore the value of an alternative role of literary reading in foreign language classrooms. It specifically aimed at empowering students to develop a better appreciation of the literary experience and to read literature with greater competence and pleasure by encouraging them to adopt a reader-based approach to fictional texts and a predominantly aesthetic stance during the reader-text transaction.


We present a framework for transfer in reinforcement learning based on the idea that related tasks share some common features, and that transfer can be achieved via those shared features. The framework attempts to capture the notion of tasks that are related but distinct, and provides some insight into when transfer can be usefully applied to a problem sequence and when it cannot. We apply the framework to the knowledge transfer problem, and show that an agent can learn a portable shaping function from experience in a sequence of tasks to significantly improve performance in a later related task, even given a very brief training period. We also apply the framework to skill transfer, to show that agents can learn portable skills across a sequence of tasks that significantly improve performance on later related tasks, approaching the performance of agents given perfectly learned problem-specific skills.


Monotone systems comprise an important class of dynamical systems that are of interest both for their wide applicability and because of their interesting mathematical properties. It is known that under the property of quasimonotonicity time-delayed systems become monotone, and some remarkable properties have been reported for such systems. These include, for example, the fact that for linear systems global asymptotic stability of the undelayed system implies global asymptotic stability for the delayed system under arbitrary bounded delays. Nevertheless, extensions to nonlinear systems have thus far relied primarily on the conditions of homogeneity and subhomogeneity, and it has been conjectured that these can be relaxed. Our aim in this paper is to show that this is feasible for a general class of nonlinear monotone systems by deriving convergence results in which simple properties of the undelayed system lead to delay-independent stability. In particular, one of our results shows that if the undelayed system has a convergent trajectory that is unbounded in all components as t → -∞, then the system is globally asymptotically stable for arbitrary bounded time-varying delays. This follows from a more general result derived in the paper that allows to quantify delay-independent regions of attraction, which can be used to prove global asymptotic stability for various classes of systems. These also recover various known delay-independent stability results that are discussed within the paper.


Tyrian purple is a dye used in antiquity and is a natural product of marine molluscs of the family Muricidae. Bioactive precursors of Tyrian purple occur in the hypobranchial gland, reproductive glands and egg masses of muricids, such as Dicathais orbita. Histomorphological examination of the hypobranchial–gonoduct complex (rectum and hypobranchial, capsule, albumen and rectal glands) was conducted to provide the first description of the hypobranchial gland in D. orbita and to determine a mechanism for the transfer of Tyrian purple precursors to the gonoduct and ultimately to the egg masses. Seven secretory cell types were identified in the hypobranchial epithelium of D. orbita, which can be broadly classified into cells containing mucoproteins and acidic sulphated mucopolysaccharides. Three secretory cells new to the Muricidae were identified, along with two cell types that appear to be associated with synthesis of Tyrian purple. A subepithelial vascular sinus surrounding the rectum and rectal gland occurs between the hypobranchial gland and gonoduct. Examination of this region failed to reveal a direct anatomical mechanism for the transfer of precursors to the gonoduct. However, biochemical similarities in secretions from the hypobranchial, capsule and albumen glands suggest that the synthesis of precursors within the gonoduct may be possible.


Involving Indigenous peoples and traditional knowledge in natural resource management produces more equitable and successful outcomes. Unfortunately, argue Anne Ross and co-authors, even many "progressive" methods fail to produce truly equal partnerships. This book offers a comprehensive and global overview of the theoretical, methodological, and practical dimensions of co-management. The authors critically evaluate the range of management options that claim to have integrated Indigenous peoples and knowledge, and then outline an innovative, alternative model of co-management, the Indigenous Stewardship Model. They provide detailed case studies and concrete details for application in a variely of contexts. Broad in coverage and uniting robust theoretical insights with applied detail, this book is ideal for scholars and students as well as for professionals in resource management and environmental policy. [Back cover]


Rhodium(I)-catalyzed β-carbon eliminations of tert-cyclobutanols followed by oxidative addition give benzorhoda(III)cyclopentenes. These key intermediates trigger intramolecular C–H arylations leading to β-tetralones with quaternary stereogenic centers in excellent enantioselectivity. The versatility of the rhoda(III)cyclic species is further shown in formal intramolecular [4+2]-cycloadditions providing access to benzobicyclo[2.2.2]octanones.


Abstract. We report on updated trends using different merged datasets from satellite and ground-based observations for the period from 1979 to 2016. Trends were determined by applying a multiple linear regression (MLR) to annual mean zonal mean data. Merged datasets used here include NASA MOD v8.6 and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) merge v8.6, both based on data from the series of Solar Backscatter UltraViolet (SBUV) and SBUV-2 satellite instruments (1978–present) as well as the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME)-type Total Ozone (GTO) and GOME-SCIAMACHY-GOME-2 (GSG) merged datasets (1995–present), mainly comprising satellite data from GOME, the Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Chartography (SCIAMACHY), and GOME-2A. The fifth dataset consists of the monthly mean zonal mean data from ground-based measurements collected at World Ozone and UV Data Center (WOUDC). The addition of four more years of data since the last World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ozone assessment (2013–2016) shows that for most datasets and regions the trends since the stratospheric halogen reached its maximum (∼ 1996 globally and ∼ 2000 in polar regions) are mostly not significantly different from zero. However, for some latitudes, in particular the Southern Hemisphere extratropics and Northern Hemisphere subtropics, several datasets show small positive trends of slightly below +1 % decade−1 that are barely statistically significant at the 2σ uncertainty level. In the tropics, only two datasets show significant trends of +0.5 to +0.8 % decade−1, while the others show near-zero trends. Positive trends since 2000 have been observed over Antarctica in September, but near-zero trends are found in October as well as in March over the Arctic. Uncertainties due to possible drifts between the datasets, from the merging procedure used to combine satellite datasets and related to the low sampling of ground-based data, are not accounted for in the trend analysis. Consequently, the retrieved trends can be only considered to be at the brink of becoming significant, but there are indications that we are about to emerge into the expected recovery phase. However, the recent trends are still considerably masked by the observed large year-to-year dynamical variability in total ozone.


The play-focused, step-by-step guide to creating great game designs This book offers a play-focused, process-oriented approach for designing games people will love to play. Drawing on a combined 35 years of design and teaching experience, Colleen Macklin and John Sharp link the concepts and elements of play to the practical tasks of game design. Using full-color examples, they reveal how real game designers think and work, and illuminate the amazing expressive potential of great game design. Focusing on practical details, this book guides you from idea to prototype to playtest and fully realized design. Youll walk through conceiving and creating a games inner workings, including its core actions, themes, and especially its play experience. Step by step, youll assemble every component of your videogame, creatingpractically every kind of play: from cooperative to competitive, from chance-based to role-playing, and everything in between. Macklin and Sharp believe that games are for everyone, and game design is an exciting art form with a nearly unlimited array of styles, forms, and messages. Cutting across traditional platform and genre boundaries, they help you find inspiration wherever it exists. Games, Design and Play is for all game design students, and for beginning-to-intermediate-level game professionals, especially independent game designers. Bridging the gaps between imagination and production, it will help you craftoutstanding designs for incredible play experiences! Coverage includes: Understanding core elements of play design: actions, goals, rules, objects, playspace, and players Mastering tools such as constraint, interaction, goals, challenges, strategy, chance, decision, storytelling, and context Comparing types of play and playerexperiences Considering the demands videogamesmake on players Establishing a games design values Creating design documents, schematics, and tracking spreadsheets Collaborating in teams on a shared design vision Brainstorming and conceptualizing designs Using prototypes to realize and playtest designs Improving designs by making the most of playtesting feedback Knowing when a design is ready for production Learning the rules so you can break them!


The capability of sodium hydride as a reducing agent in oxide deintercalation reactions is explored. The Ni(III) perovskite LaNiO3 can be reduced topotactically to LaNiO2, isostructural with the "infinite layer" cuprates, using solid sodium hydride in a sealed evacuated tube at 190 ≤ T/°C ≤ 210, and a similar infinite-layer phase is prepared by reduction of NdNiO3. Structural characterization indicates the coexistence of incompletely reduced regions, with five-coordinate Ni centers due to the introduction of oxide anions between the NiO23- sheets, giving samples with a refined stoichiometry of LaNiO2.025(3). Neutron powder diffraction and magnetization measurements indicate that the lamellar Ni(I) phase does not show the long-range antiferromagnetic ordering characteristic of isoelectronic Cu(II) oxides. This may be due either to the influence of the interlamellar oxide defect regions or to the reduced covalent mixing of Ni 3d and O 2p levels.