Robert J. Lentz. Korean War Filmography: 91 English Language Features through 2000. McFarland, 2003. 496 pages; $45.00. Impossible to Win As a turning point in American history, the Korean War stood as an awkward transition between World War II and the Vietnam Conflict. This was the first time that American GIs fought under the United Nations flag, offering tangible credibility to President Truman's so-called doctrine of containment philosophy. It coined new words-brainwashing and turncoat-created a massive buildup of military might that endured for another two decades, and, by all accounts, became the first war that the United States lost. At the same time, Hollywood churned out dozens of propaganda films to remind audiences that-in the end-truth, justice, and the Red-White-and-Blue would always prevail. But did they? Unlike the glory days of John Wayne, the Korean War photodramas took on an amorphous life of their own. While many titles supported this police action, other screenplays became critical, even caustic, about a confrontation that seemed impossible to win. Perhaps that is why these motion pictures and the war, itself, have recessed into a state of national anonymity. However, as Robert J. Lenz has observed in his new study, Korean War Filmography: 91 English Language Features through 2000, Hollywood productions always serve as a mirror that allows a society introspection because then- titles reflect the contemporary social attitudes even if the content is distorted, misrepresented, confused, or skewed. As Mr. Lenz explains, the first Korean War titles appeared by early 1951 just seven months after the Thirty-Eighth Parallel crossing. Two cinematic potboilers, Korean Patrol and A Yank in Korea, sugarcoated the ground combat while waving Old Glory but The Steel Helmet pushed aside the usual patriotic bromides and focused on the unsightly truths every ground-pounder encountered. Other photodramas routinely followed and by July 1953 approximately twenty moving pictures were released generally with storylines that used stock newsreel footage, cuts from World War II archives, and two-dimensional characterizations. Overall, Mr. Lenz muses, most of these productions were minor achievements. But during the next five years, from 1954-59, Hollywood-now standing on its hindsight stool- made over thirty movies that depicted the police action in realistic terms. Titles such as The Bridges at Toko-Ri, the McConnell Story, Battle Hymn, and Pork Chop Hill exposed some of the misery associated with fighting a see-saw war on foreign soil, thousands of miles from home. …


We study the problem of best-arm identification with fixed confidence in stochastic linear bandits. The objective is to identify the best arm with a given level of certainty while minimizing the sampling budget. We devise a simple algorithm whose sampling complexity matches known instance-specific lower bounds, asymptotically almost surely and in expectation. The algorithm relies on an arm sampling rule that tracks an optimal proportion of arm draws, and that remarkably can be updated as rarely as we wish, without compromising its theoretical guarantees. Moreover, unlike existing best-arm identification strategies, our algorithm uses a stopping rule that does not depend on the number of arms. Experimental results suggest that our algorithm significantly outperforms existing algorithms. The paper further provides a first analysis of the best-arm identification problem in linear bandits with a continuous set of arms.


If it were the case that full-text copying of entire books presents an obvious prima facie case of copyright infringement clearly unprotected by any application of the fair use doctrine as currently understood, the Google library in space would lead to an easy legal conclusion. Or if, instead, it were the case that copying by a virtual machine for purposes limited to indexing and subsequent recall and retrieval of short fragments is very like a natural person's reading and then remembering prior references (and is either clearly not a violation or is obviously a privileged fair use), then the Google library project would be equally easy to resolve under ordinary copyright law. It seems odd, however, that the problem is claimed to be easy, but in two opposite directions simultaneously. The Library project is both difficult and important because it occurs in an objective cyberspace having characteristic values and evident consequences. If not handled with an understanding of cyberspace, the juridical reaction to the library in space runs the risk either of retarding cyberspace by crippling its objective values, or of disfiguring the law itself. The October, 2008, proposed settlement agreement does not clarify matters. The parties to the proposed agreement have agreed to disagree on the underlying legal issues, but have come to terms about how to divide resulting revenues. The mere fact of the existence of such an agreement, assuming it is approved by the court, will almost certainly itself influence the development of the practice relating to new technological uses of information claimed to be protected by intellectual property law. This article proposes that the law would be better served by a candid adoption of a new, mediating factor for fair use in cyberspace: "the nature and place of use," specified for rule-based application in copyright law. This factor would provide a recognizably copyright-style solution that preserves cyberspace values while providing a predictable, principled and workable rule of law. The new factor takes into account the possibility of both direct and secondary liability, using ideas from new institutional economics, and with an appreciation of new technological uses. The recent settlement of lawsuits against Google only underscores the importance of getting the legal issues right.


Some of the major discoveries and developments in the management of childhood asthma over the past 30 years, starting with early descriptions and treatment of the condition were discussed. Topics include the development of the pressurized metered-dose inhaler, the discovery of sodium cromoglycate in 1965 and the work of Dr Roger Altounyan, who tested hundreds of compounds on himself, the development of inhaler steroids, and the first beta-2 agonist effectively used in asthma treatment. Professor Bill Inman's communication, read to the meeting, described the investigation of drugs taken preceding deaths from asthma. Discussion covered the impact of treatments on the delivery of primary care, the role of support organizations, and finally, the rising prevalence of asthma. The meeting was chaired by Professor Simon Godfrey of Hadassah University Hospital in Jerusalem and amongst those who attended and contributed were Mrs Greta Barnes, Mr John Bell, Dr Robert Brewis, Dr Harry Morrow Brown, Professor Tim Clark, Dr Bill Frankland, Professor Abe Guz, Sir David Jack, Dr Donald Lane, Professor Chris O'Callaghan, Dr Paul McCarthy, Professor Anthony Milner, Professor Ross Mitchell, Professor Tom Oppe, Dr Martyn Partridge, Professor Michael Silverman and Professor John Warner. Introduction by Dr Mark Jackson, x, 74pp, subject and name index.


Reduced protection against complement attack mediates endothelial inflammation in obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep tight, don't let the complement bite Obstructive sleep apnea is a common medical condition characterized by intermittent cessation of breathing during sleep, which results in intermittent hypoxia. It greatly increases patients' risk of cardiovascular disease, and now Emin et al. provide a mechanism, which helps to explain this correlation. The authors discovered that intermittent hypoxia causes internalization of CD59, a protein that is normally found on the membrane of endothelial cells and protects them from being injured by circulating complement. After internalization, CD59 could no longer protect the cells, resulting in damage to the vascular walls. In contrast, statins stabilized CD59 on the endothelial cell surface and protected them from injury, revealing yet another mechanism by which these versatile drugs protect against cardiovascular disease. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), characterized by intermittent hypoxia (IH) during transient cessation of breathing, triples the risk for cardiovascular diseases. We used a phage display peptide library as an unbiased approach to investigate whether IH, which is specific to OSA, activates endothelial cells (ECs) in a distinctive manner. The target of a differentially bound peptide on ECs collected from OSA patients was identified as CD59, a major complement inhibitor that protects ECs from the membrane attack complex (MAC). A decreased proportion of CD59 is located on the EC surface in OSA patients compared with controls, suggesting reduced protection against complement attack. In vitro, IH promoted endothelial inflammation predominantly via augmented internalization of CD59 and consequent MAC deposition. Increased internalization of endothelial CD59 in IH appeared to be cholesterol-dependent and was reversed by statins in a CD59-dependent manner. These studies suggest that reduced complement inhibition may mediate endothelial inflammation and increase vascular risk in OSA patients.


Manufacturers in developed countries can no longer rely on lean management practices to stay profitable. They face increasing competition from plants in large emerging economies that are able to produce on a large scale at a lower cost, while still providing high quality. The way forward, the authors suggest, can be glimpsed from analyzing past winners of Europe's annual Industrial Excellence Award. Those companies have succeeded by using one or more of these strategies: Leveraging data flows to integrate closely with supply chain partners. Germany's Schmitz Cargobull, for example, has become a leading trailer manufacturer by using sophisticated information technology to help customers monitor their vehicles. Creating value downstream in other parts of the supply chain. One example is Markem-Imaje, a maker of industrial printers for coding products; the company adds value for customers by offering a variety of ancillary services. Collaboratively designing manufacturing processes that can rapidly evolve to meet customers' needs. A prime example is ASML, which works closely with customers and suppliers to make innovations in production technology for the semiconductor industry. Specializing in customized products. Focusing on small runs of custom-designed products has been an effective strategy for companies like BuS Elektronik and the Daimler Group's Smart car division.


Abstract Oman and Brunei are two countries with a long history of sultanic regimes. A sultanate is a kingdom ruled by a Muslim monarch. Because of these two countries' geopolitical and geostrategic locations, they are very important in global affairs. At the same time, although situated in the highly tense regions of the Middle East and Southeast Asia respectively, Oman and Brunei are generally quite stable. They have recently become involved in China's global economic project, the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Using a theory of small states, this article applies a qualitative research methodology focusing mainly on foreign policy analysis in a comprehensive analytical framework. The study uses face-to-face and by-correspondence interviews with government officials from both sultanates. It investigates whether the domestic determinants of small states' foreign policy directly affect the bilateral relations between the two sultanates. The main finding of this study is that Oman and Brunei have greatly benefited through the establishment of a satisfactory bilateral relationship based mainly on four pillars from the list of determinants of small states' foreign policy: historical connectivity, an Islamic monarchical dynastic system of governance, a state rentier economy, and shared foreign policy principles.


This study examined biomechanical differences between habitually barefoot male and habitually shod male during vertical jump. Foot morphology was measured with Easy-Foot-Scan. Foot kinetics and ankle kinematics were obtained from EMED pressure platform and Vicon motion analysis system as completing vertical jumps under barefoot condition. The results showed that habitually barefoot subjects had a significantly larger minimal distance between hallux and other toes. habitually unshod subjects showed larger loading under hallux and medial forefoot, while habitually shod subjects presented larger loading under medial and central forefoot. in addition, habitually barefoot male had smaller ankle plantarflexion, eversion and external rotation during vertical jump. Differences of kinematics and kinetics during vertical jump might attribute to the morphological differences in the toes region, which possibly explain the foot injury risks between habitually barefoot and habitually shod individuals.


Volcanic eruptions that shape the earth's surface can have major effect on ecosystems and, as natural experiments, can yield insights into ecological dynamics. On 04 June 2011, a mega‐eruption in the Puyehue volcanic complex (Chile) discharged massive amounts of ash and pumice. Using long‐term data from five North Andean Patagonian lakes (Espejo, Correntoso, Nahuel Huapi, Gutiérrez, and Mascardi) that received differing levels of ash, we show that, in Lakes Espejo, Correntoso, and Nahuel Huapi, these inputs resulted in 1.5‐ to 8‐fold increases in total suspended solids, light extinction, phosphorus concentrations, and phytoplankton biomass relative to pre‐eruption conditions. Although ashes affected light scattering, the ultraviolet : photosynthetically active radiation ratio remained ∼ 0.30–0.35 in all the lakes and no changes were seen in dissolved organic carbon in the affected lakes post‐eruption. Thus, no differential specific absorption of the different light wavelengths occurred due to ash input. The results of multiple regression analysis identified light extinction coefficient of PAR (KPAR) as the primary variable that was associated with variation in phytoplankton biomass (chlorophyll). Furthermore, incubation experiments demonstrated significant effects of photoinhibition on phytoplankton growth in these lakes at ambient pre‐eruption light intensities. Thus, we infer that increased phytoplankton biomass following the eruption likely reflects nutrient (phosphorus) loading and attenuation of excessive light intensities.


Count-based exploration algorithms are known to perform near-optimally when used in conjunction with tabular reinforcement learning (RL) methods for solving small discrete Markov decision processes (MDPs). It is generally thought that count-based methods cannot be applied in high-dimensional state spaces, since most states will only occur once. Recent deep RL exploration strategies are able to deal with high-dimensional continuous state spaces through complex heuristics, often relying on optimism in the face of uncertainty or intrinsic motivation. In this work, we describe a surprising finding: a simple generalization of the classic count-based approach can reach near state-of-the-art performance on various highdimensional and/or continuous deep RL benchmarks. States are mapped to hash codes, which allows to count their occurrences with a hash table. These counts are then used to compute a reward bonus according to the classic count-based exploration theory. We find that simple hash functions can achieve surprisingly good results on many challenging tasks. Furthermore, we show that a domain-dependent learned hash code may further improve these results. Detailed analysis reveals important aspects of a good hash function: 1) having appropriate granularity and 2) encoding information relevant to solving the MDP. This exploration strategy achieves near state-of-the-art performance on both continuous control tasks and Atari 2600 games, hence providing a simple yet powerful baseline for solving MDPs that require considerable exploration.


This paper examines interactions during educational activities in international camps for children, with English used as a lingua franca. Data were collected mostly at different camps in Italy (2006–7), but also in Brazil and the USA (both in 2013). The study focuses on 11 extracts from transcribed video and audio recordings of occasions when Italian children experience difficulty understanding and speaking English. On such occasions, Italian educators acting as ad-hoc interpreters often provide renditions not fully consistent with what has been said in English: reduced, summarised or expanded renditions are frequent, with some turns not rendered and others added. In this way, what is purported to be interpreting is often more concerned with achieving preassigned educational tasks. Talk in English is thus reduced to normative explanations, and ad-hoc interpreting takes the form of gatekeeping, the effect of which is to limit children's active participation in social interactions. This educationally oriented gatekeeping can be avoided by involving children in sequences of conversational exchanges, using Italian: they are thus enabled to express their perspectives, the gist of which can be formulated in English, ensuring a stronger dialogic component in communication and closer attention to the children's contributions.


We challenge a common assumption underlying most supervised deep learning: that a model makes a prediction depending only on its parameters and the features of a single input. To this end, we introduce a general-purpose deep learning architecture that takes as input the entire dataset instead of processing one datapoint at a time. Our approach uses self-attention to reason about relationships between datapoints explicitly, which can be seen as realizing non-parametric models using parametric attention mechanisms. However, unlike conventional non-parametric models, we let the model learn end-to-end from the data how to make use of other datapoints for prediction. Empirically, our models solve cross-datapoint lookup and complex reasoning tasks unsolvable by traditional deep learning models. We show highly competitive results on tabular data, early results on CIFAR-10, and give insight into how the model makes use of the interactions between points.


The current health leadership in South Africa has committed to a substantial overhaul of the public health sector to address the complex burden of disease; meet the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs); improve health-care outcomes, access and affordability; and ensure responsiveness to population health needs.
Using a contemporary policy analysis framework, this chapter reviews health and health-related legislation, key health policy initiatives and progress with implementation for an 18-month period from December 2008 until May 2010. The methods include a literature review and interviews with ten key informants.
The review found that there is an enabling legal, policy and fiscal environment and context that facilitates the achievement of the MDGs in South Africa. However, there is potential overlap, fragmentation and lack of co-ordination of the various laws and policy initiatives. Progress with the implementation of the National Health Act remains slow and both the National Health Amendment and Medical Schemes Amendment Bills have lapsed. The review of three policy initiatives: the Health Sector Road-map; the Integrated Support Teams; and the Advisory Committee on National Health Insurance - all aimed at improving the functioning of the health system - illustrates that the process and timing of many policy initiatives appear to be flawed, often resulting in alienation of many stakeholders, particularly those responsible for implementation. Although the proposed National Health Insurance system is welcomed and supported by many, to date a transparent process and meaningful public participation have been largely absent.
Three key recommendations arise out of this review: the need for focus and prioritisation; careful attention to process and actors when developing or implementing legislation or policies; and improved monitoring and evaluation to enhance accountability to the public and to achieve health outcome goals.


The main objective of this research is the development of a volumetric wheel-soil ground contact model that is suitable for mobile robotics applications with a focus on efficient simulations of planetary rover wheels operating on compliant and irregular terrains. To model the interaction between a rover wheel and soft soil for use in multibody dynamic simualtions, the terrain material is commonly represented by a soil continuum that deforms substantially when in contact with the locomotion system of the rover. Due to this extensive deformation and the large size of the contact patch, a distributed representation of the contact forces is necessary. This requires time-consuming integration processes to solve for the contact forces and moments during simulation. In this work, a novel approach is used to represent these contact reactions based on the properties of the hypervolume of penetration, which is defined by the intersection of the wheel and the terrain. This approach is based on a foundation of springs for which the normal contact force can be calculated by integrating the spring deflections over the contact patch. In the case of an elastic foundation, this integration results in a linear relationship between the normal force and the penetration volume, with the foundation stiffness as the proportionality factor. However, due to the highly nonlinear material properties of the soft terrain, a hyperelastic foundation has to be considered and the normal contact force becomes proportional to a volume with a fractional dimension — a hypervolume. The continuous soil models commonly used in terramechanics simulations can be used in the derivation of the hypervolumetric contact forces. The result is a closed-form solution for the contact forces between a planetary rover wheel and the soft soil, where all the information provided by a distributed load is stored in the hypervolume of interpenetration. The proposed approach is applied to simulations of rigid and flexible planetary rover wheels. In both cases, the plastic behaviour of the terrain material is the main source of energy loss during the operation of planetary rovers. For the rigid wheel model, a penetration geometry is proposed to capture the nonlinear dissipative properties of the soil. The centroid of the hypervolume based on this geometry then allows for the calculation of the contact normal that defines the compaction resistance of the soil. For the flexible wheel model, the deformed state of the tire has to be determined before applying the hypervolumetric contact model. The tire deformation is represented by a distributed parameter model based on the Euler-Bernoulli beam equations. There are several geometric and soil parameters that are required to fully define the normal contact force. While the geometric parameters can be measured, the soil parameters have to be obtained experimentally. The results of a drawbar pull experiment with the Juno rover from the Canadian Space Agency were used to identify the soil parameters. These parameters were then used in a forward dynamics simulation of the rover on an irregular 3-dimensional terrain. Comparison of the simulation results with the experimental data validated the planetary rover wheel model developed in this work.


This article assesses total EU financial flows towards the Western Balkans between 1991 and 2010. It shows that, in the short term, the majority of support has been allocated to humanitarian assistance and socio-economic development. Although the EU has declared its interest in democracy promotion, democracy assistance ranks only third on the list of its financial expenditures in the Western Balkans. Therefore, although EU financial aid is consistent with official EU programmes, it is inadequate in the post-conflict context of the EU candidate and potential candidate countries that require support for democratisation.


TiO2 nanotubes are highly promising for application in various fields. Many publications are concerned with nanotubes prepared by the anodization of titanium foil. This work presents TiO2 nanotube arrays fabricated by the anodic oxidation of thin titanium layer. Titanium layer is sputter-deposited on silicon wafer with thermal SiO2 layer. Nanotubes were prepared in organic electrolyte containing water and different amounts of ammonium fluoride. The influence of different amount of ammonium fluoride is observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Removing initial oxide barrier layer plays a significant role in successful preparation of nanotubes. Under optimized conditions, i.e. a good balance between oxidation and etching during anodization, nanotube arrays with uniform configuration are obtained.


Climate change is projected to change the ecosystems on land and in the sea at rates that are unprecedented for millions of years. The most commonly used approach to derive projections of how ecosystems will look in the future are experiments on living organisms. By their nature, experiments are unlike the real world and cannot capture the ability of organisms to migrate, select and evolve. They are often limited to a select few species and drivers of environmental change and hence cannot represent the complexity of interactions in 'real' ecosystems. The fossil record is an archive of responses to climate change at a global ecosystem scale. If, and only if, fossil assemblage variation is combined with independent information of environmental changes, sensitives of species or higher taxa to a specific magnitude of change of an environmental driver can be determined and used to inform future vulnerabilities of this species to the same driver. While records are often fragmented, there are time intervals which, when thoroughly analysed with quantitative data, can provide valuable insights into the future of biodiversity on this planet. This review provides an overview of projected impacts on marine ecosystems including: (1) the range of neontological methods, observations and their challenges; and (2) the complementary information that palaeontologists can contribution to this global challenge. I advocate that, in collaborations with other disciplines, we should aim for a strong visibility of our field and the knowledge it can provide for policy relevant assessments of the future.


Two subtypes of phospholipases A2 (PLA2s) with the ability to induce myonecrosis, 'Asp49' and 'Lys49' myotoxins, often coexist in viperid snake venoms. Since the latter lack catalytic activity, two different mechanisms are involved in their myotoxicity. A synergism between Asp49 and Lys49 myotoxins from Bothrops asper was previously observed in vitro, enhancing Ca2+ entry and cell death when acting together upon C2C12 myotubes. These observations are extended for the first time in vivo, by demonstrating a clear enhancement of myonecrosis by the combined action of these two toxins in mice. In addition, novel aspects of their synergism were revealed using myotubes. Proportions of Asp49 myotoxin as low as 0.1% of the Lys49 myotoxin are sufficient to enhance cytotoxicity of the latter, but not the opposite. Sublytic amounts of Asp49 myotoxin also enhanced cytotoxicity of a synthetic peptide encompassing the toxic region of Lys49 myotoxin. Asp49 myotoxin rendered myotubes more susceptible to osmotic lysis, whereas Lys49 myotoxin did not. In contrast to myotoxic Asp49 PLA2, an acidic non-toxic PLA2 from the same venom did not markedly synergize with Lys49 myotoxin, revealing a functional difference between basic and acidic PLA2 enzymes. It is suggested that Asp49 myotoxins synergize with Lys49 myotoxins by virtue of their PLA2 activity. In addition to the membrane-destabilizing effect of this activity, Asp49 myotoxins may generate anionic patches of hydrolytic reaction products, facilitating electrostatic interactions with Lys49 myotoxins. These data provide new evidence for the evolutionary adaptive value of the two subtypes of PLA2 myotoxins acting synergistically in viperid venoms.


Hot, Toxic Eukaryote Unusually, the single-celled eukaryote red alga, Galdieria sulphuraria, can thrive in hot, acidic springs. This organism is endowed with extraordinary metabolic talents and can consume a variety of strange carbohydrates, as well as turn on photosynthesis when the food runs out. Schönknecht et al. (p. 1207; see the Perspective by Rocha) discerned from phylogenetic analysis of its genome that during its evolution, G. sulphuraria appears to have commandeered at least 75 bacterial and archaeal genes by horizontal gene transfer and then applied gene expansion to boost its metabolic repertoire. A mosaic of genes acquired from various phyla enable a red alga to grow abundantly in hot, acidic, and toxic niches. [Also see Perspective by Rocha] Some microbial eukaryotes, such as the extremophilic red alga Galdieria sulphuraria, live in hot, toxic metal-rich, acidic environments. To elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms of adaptation, we sequenced the 13.7-megabase genome of G. sulphuraria. This alga shows an enormous metabolic flexibility, growing either photoautotrophically or heterotrophically on more than 50 carbon sources. Environmental adaptation seems to have been facilitated by horizontal gene transfer from various bacteria and archaea, often followed by gene family expansion. At least 5% of protein-coding genes of G. sulphuraria were probably acquired horizontally. These proteins are involved in ecologically important processes ranging from heavy-metal detoxification to glycerol uptake and metabolism. Thus, our findings show that a pan-domain gene pool has facilitated environmental adaptation in this unicellular eukaryote.


Langston Hughes's verse play Scottsboro, Limited first appeared in the November 1931 issue of New Masses. Hughes takes advantage of agit-prop's licence to move away from the strictly factual to present a vision of social transformation. Drawing from Antonio Negri's writing, I discuss the unclear temporal location of the first scene relative to the rest of the action, especially the final act of liberation. Critics have assumed a causal connection between the emergence of communist workers in the audience and the freedom of the Scottsboro figures, but it is the defiance of the imprisoned that strengthens the resolve of the Red Voices and dispatches the Mob. Hughes transforms a scene of private execution into a public platform of black-led revolt, remakes prison into a site of physical and spiritual resistance, and provides a kairological perspective on the U.S. carceral state.


The Mustard Operation is a surgical technique to correct a heart condition called the transposition of the great arteries (TGA). TGA is a birth defect in which the placement of the two arteries, the pulmonary artery, which supplies deoxygenated blood to the lungs, and the aorta, which takes oxygenated blood to the body are switched. William Thornton Mustard developed the operation later named for him and in 1963 operated on an infant with TGA, and ameliorated the condition, at the Hospital for Sick Children [2] in Toronto, Canada. Afterwards, the Mustard Operation became the primary form of corrective surgery for TGA, until the arterial switch operation largely replaced the Mustard Operation by the late 1990s. The Mustard Operation enabled surgeons to correct TGA in infants born with the life-threatening anomaly, increasing their life spans and quality of life.


In the wake of the Google Spain (2014) and debate on the "right to be forgotten", now included in the new General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), it has become widely recognised that data protection law within the EU/EEA grants individuals a qualified right to have personal data relating to them deindexed from search engines. At the same time, however, this outcome has at times been conceptualised as a uniquely EU/EEA phenomena, perhaps even resulting from one idiosyncratic CJEU judgment. This paper questions such a conceptualisation. Through an analysis of five major extra-EU/EEA international data protection instruments, it argues that most of these could on a reasonable interpretation be read as supporting a Google Spain-like result. Further, and in light of the serious threats faced by individuals as a result of the public processing of data relating to them, it argues that the time is ripe for a broader process of international discussion and consensus-building on the "right to be forgotten". Such an exercise should not be limited to generalised search engines (which undoubtedly raise some uniquely challenging interpretative conundrums within data protection), but should also encompass other actors including social networking sites, video-sharing platforms and rating websites.


We
conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomisation study to investigate the causal
associations of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with risk of overall cancer and
22 site-specific cancers. Summary-level
data for cancer
were extracted from the
Breast Cancer Association Consortium and UK Biobank.
Genetic predisposition to T2DM was associated with higher odds of
pancreatic, kidney, uterine and cervical cancer, lower odds of oesophageal
cancer and melanoma, but not associated with 16 other site-specific cancers or
overall cancer. The odds ratios (95% confidence interval) were 1.13 (1.04,
1.22), 1.08 (1.00, 1.17), 1.08 (1.01, 1.15), 1.07 (1.01, 1.15), 0.89 (0.81,
0.98), and 0.93 (0.89, 0.97) for pancreatic, kidney, uterine, cervical, and
oesophageal cancer and melanoma, respectively. The association between T2DM and
pancreatic cancer was also observed in a meta-analysis of
this and a previous Mendelian randomisation study (odds ratio 1.08;
1.02, 1.14; p=0.009). There was limited evidence supporting causal
associations between fasting glucose and cancer. Genetically predicted fasting
insulin levels were positively associated with cancers of the uterus, kidney,
pancreas and lung. The present study found causal detrimental effects of T2DM
on several cancers. We suggested to reinforce the cancers screening in T2DM
patients to enable the early detection of cancer.


The literature on social capital has strongly increased in the last two decades, but there still is a lack of substantial empirical evidence about the determinants of international trust. This empirical study analyses a cross-section of individuals, using micro-data from the World Values Survey, covering 38 countries, to investigate trust in international organizations, specifically in the United Nations. In line with previous studies on international trust we find that political trust matters. We also find that social trust is relevant, but contrary to previous studies the results are less robust. Moreover, the paper goes beyond previous studies investigating also the impact of geographic identification, corruption and globalization. We find that a higher level of (perceived) corruption reduces the trust in the UN in developed countries, but increases trust in developing and transition countries. A stronger identification with the world as a whole also leads to a higher trust in the UN and a stronger capacity to act globally in economic and political environment increases trust in the UN. JEL Classifications: Z130, D730, O190


Abstract T-cells genetically modified to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) against a tumor associated antigen are attractive anti-cancer therapeutic agents. The 5T4 cell surface oncofoetal antigen is an attractive target antigen for cancer immunotherapy as it is expressed by a wide spectrum of cancers including gastric, ovarian and colorectal while showing limited expression in normal adult tissues. Previously it was shown that human and murine T-cells engineered to express human 5T4 specific CAR can specifically lyse human 5T4-expressing tumor targets in vitro and in vivo, respectively. This study aimed to isolate single chain variable fragments (scFvs) specific for murine 5T4 (m5T4) and to examine their efficacy in the context of CAR in a fully autologous model. Screening four novel hybridoma cell-lines producing anti-m5T4 monoclonal antibodies to clone the scFv yielded one functional m5T4-specific scFv from the hybridoma cell-line P1C9. The P1C9 scFv expressed as a fusion protein with the Fc domain of human IgG significantly labels m5T4-expressing targets. Murine T-cells modified to express the P1C9 scFv fused to the CD3? molecule can specifically lyse target cells in vitro and result in IFN-? cytokine release, while T-cells expressing the non-signalling CAR derivative; P1C9 scFv fused to the murine MHC-I transmembrane domain, were unable to lyse m5T4-expressing tumor targets. On-going experiments aim to test the efficacy and assess the toxicity of m5T4-specific CAR against m5T4-expressing tumor models in vivo. This model will allow further understanding of how gene-modified T-cells function in an autologous setting with the aim to improve human T-cell based cancer immunotherapy.


Support from nursing managers and administrators, together with the role of a dedicated project Lead, are consistently identified as important strategies for nurses to be able to use research evidence in their practice. However, little is known about the key behaviours and activities required to successfully implement and sustain research-based innovations in practice. This study describes the leadership behaviours and activities that influenced nurses' use of clinical practice guidelines. A secondary analysis of qualitative data was conducted to investigate factors that contributed to sustaining (or not) the use of clinical guidelines two and three years after implementation as part of the Registered Nurses Association of Ontario Best Practice Guidelines project. Grounded theory techniques were used to develop a theoretical model of Leadership. Findings indicated a different pattern of leadership in organizations that sustained guidelines, when compared to those that did not. Three broad leadership strategies emerged as central to successfully implementing and sustaining guidelines: (1) facilitating staff to use the guidelines, (2) creating a positive milieu of best practices and (3) influencing organizational structures and processes. Leadership for guideline implementation was found to include such behaviours as support, role-modelling commitment and reinforcing organizational policies and goals consistent with evidence-based care.


Recent archaeobotanical results from early Neolithic sites on Cyprus have put the island in the forefront of debates on the spread of Near Eastern agriculture, with domestic crops appearing on the island shortly after they evolved. The results from these early sites changed what was known about the timing of the introduction of farming to the island. However, what happened after the introduction of agriculture to Cyprus has been less discussed. This book explores the role of new crop introductions, local agricultural developments, and intensification in subsequent economic and social developments on Cyprus corresponding with the island's evidence of ongoing social transformations and changing off-island patterns of contacts. In addition to contributing to discussions on the origins and spread of Near Eastern agriculture, it contributes to current archaeological debates on external contact and the influence of the broader Near East on the development of the island's unique prehistoric economy. This research is a chronological and regional analysis of the botanical record of Cyprus and a comparison of data from similarly dated sites in the Levantine mainland, Turkey, and Egypt. Further, it includes data from four recently excavated Cypriot prehistoric sites, Krittou Marottou-'Ais Yiorkis, Kissonerga-Skalia, Souskiou-Laona, and Prastion-Mesorotsos.


We consider a class of FIR filters defined by the first order difference routing digital filter (DRDF) structure and sums of two powers-of-two coefficients. A novel design method is developed for constructing high quality filters with reference to the min-max error criterion. This method is highly efficient in terms of computational time. Simulation studies show a large improvement over existing methods such as quantization. In some cases, the peak ripple magnitude over the stop and pass bands is reduced by up to 13 dB over the quantization method. These results are achieved even for cases involving small number of delays.


This paper argues that, if one thinks that the needy have a right to the material resources they need in order to lead decent lives, one must be committed, in some cases, to conferring on the sick a right that the healthy give them some of the body parts they need to lead such a life. I then assess two objections against that view, to wit: to confer on the sick a right to the live body parts of the healthy (a) violates the bodily integrity of the latter; and (b) constitutes too much of an interference in their life. I conclude that although the sick sometimes have a right to some of the body parts of the healthy, the latter still retain a considerable degree of autonomy.


The transporter for an endocannabinoid is a catalytically inactive form of an enzyme that degrades the endocannabinoid. Binding of the endocannabinoid anandamide to the cannabinoid CB1 receptor can trigger analgesia and attenuate inflammation. Termination of anandamide signaling is thought to involve removal of anandamide from the synaptic space through a transporter or transporters, followed by hydrolysis of anandamide in cells by the membrane-bound amidases FAAH-1 (fatty acid amide hydrolase 1) and FAAH-2 (see Marsicano and Chaouloff). Pharmacological inhibition of either the transport or catabolism of anandamide enhances CB1-dependent processes. By characterizing a splice variant of the Faah gene, Fu et al. identified a transporter that mediates the cellular uptake of anandamide. This splice variant, which the authors named FLAT (FAAH-like anandamide transporter), lacked amino acid residues 9-76 of FAAH-1 and was predicted by structural modeling to be more water-soluble than FAAH-1. Like FAAH-1, FLAT bound to anandamide; however, FLAT did not show amidase activity toward anandamide in transfected HEK cells. The accumulation of radioactive anandamide was increased in HEK cells transfected with FLAT compared to that in vector-transfected cells and was blocked by incubating cells with inhibitors of anandamide transport or with nonradioactive anandamide. Small-molecule screening for a FLAT inhibitor identified ARN272, which competitively antagonized the binding of radioactive anandamide to FLAT in vitro and inhibited anandamide accumulation in FLAT-expressing HEK cells and cortical neuron cultures. Mice treated with ARN272 had a higher plasma concentration of anandamide, and ARN272 reduced the pain and inflammation caused by injection of two different compounds (formalin and carrageenan). Thus, the cellular uptake of anandamide is mediated by a catalytically inactive form of an enzyme that catabolizes anandamide. J. Fu, G. Bottegoni, O. Sasso, R. Bertorelli, W. Rocchia, M. Masetti, A. Guijarro, A. Lodola, A. Armirotti, G. Garau, T. Bandiera, A. Reggiani, M. Mor, A. Cavalli, D. Piomelli, A catalytically silent FAAH-1 variant drives anandamide transport in neurons. Nat. Neurosci. 15, 64–69 (2012). [PubMed] G. Marsicano, F. Chaouloff, Moving bliss: A new anandamide transporter. Nat. Neurosci. 15, 5–6 (2012). [PubMed]


Francis Harry Compton Crick, who co-discovered the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in 1953 in Cambridge, England, also developed The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology, and further clarified the relationship between nucleotides and protein synthesis. Crick received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine [5] that he shared with James Watson [6] and Maurice Wilkins in 1962 for their discovery of the molecular structure of DNA. Crick's results on the genetic material found in all living organisms advanced theories of inheritance and spurred further studies into the field of genetics and embryology [7].


Abstract: To determine how gender in parenting was addressed, a content analysis was conducted on the six best-selling self-help books (1997-2002) that provide general parenting advice. A feminist perspective was used to code gendered meaning units in the six books. Findings were that 82% of the implicit gender messages across all books were stereotypical, and that Parenthood by Proxy (Schlessinger, 2000) and Children Are From Heaven (Gray, 1999) had a gendered agenda in that they contained highly prescriptive content about gender. Practitioners can use these findings in selecting parenting advice books to increase their understanding of the information about gender that parents may glean from these books, and to address these messages with families with whom they work. Key Words: gender, parenting, popular press, self-help literature. The purpose of this study was to analyze the six best-selling self-help books, published between 1997 and 2002, that provide general parenting advice in order to determine how the authors addressed the topic of gender. Parenting is challenging, and many parents read selfhelp books to obtain advice on how to enhance their efficacy as parents. Research shows that gender is an important variable in the socialization of children and in parent-child interactions (Coltrane, 1998; Risman, 1998). In recent years, an increase in the publication of self-help books written for parents is evident, specifically on the topic of gender, such as Reviving Ophelia (Pipher, 1994), Real Boys (Pollack, 1998), and Raising Cain (Kindlon & Thompson, 1999). The popularity of this genre of book indicates that many parents are seeking information about how to help their children function in a gendered society. However, no prior empirical study has examined the amount and nature of advice related to gender in general best-selling parenting self-help books. The results of this study can assist family professionals and parents in critically analyzing the gender content of parenting advice books and in selecting books that reflect their own ideologies. Family professionals can gain a deeper understanding of the messages that clients who have read these books have consumed, and can use the information as a springboard for discussion. Literature Review Many parents want to increase their competence as parents, and they seek information, support, and concrete skills to improve their parenting (Norcross et al., 2000). Today's fast-paced culture in which many parents are overextended demands that parenting advice be accessible, economical, and likely to succeed (Starker, 1989). Self-help authors have attempted to meet this demand of busy parents by publishing books on parenting. In fact, parenting books represent the largest category of self-help resources (Norcross). To become better parents, individuals also seek support from family specialists, and in many cases, bibliotherapy is recommended. Studies show that 85%-88% of psychologists recommended self-help books to their clients to complement therapy (Norcross et al., 2000; Starker, 1989). Although these books may expedite therapy by educating clients on a range of topics, the quality of self-help books can vary greatly. Rosen (1993) found that over 95% of these books lack any empirical basis for their claims of efficacy. A scholarly precedent was set by researchers who explored the nature of self-help literature and its consumers. One study examined advice on integrating a second child into the family (Kramer & Ramsburg, 2002). Other studies have investigated the characteristics of parents who read parenting advice books, the value that they place on these books (Clarke-Stewart, 1978), and the content of self-help books for parents of adolescents (Smith, Vartanian, DeFrates-Densch, Van Loon, & Locke, 2003). Other research examined the advice related to gender in the leading self-help books of the past decade, and found that the most popular self-help relationship books promoted traditional gender stereotypes, encouraged relationships that were based on gendered power differentials, and provided advice that contradicts the literature on building high-quality intimate relationships (Zimmerman, Haddock, & McGeorge, 2001; Zimmerman, Holm, Daniels, & Haddock, 2002; Zimmerman, Holm, & Haddock, 2001). …


INTRODUCTION WHEN A SINGER IS AFFLICTED with a too fast or too slow vibrato rate, does physiological hard wiring condemn him to that condition for life, or can he change it over time? In search of the answer to that question, Neisha Carter, a graduate student in the Speech Pathology program at Brigham Young University, under the direction of Dr. Christopher Dromey, her faculty mentor in her department, and in conjunction with Dr. J. Arden Hopkin, a professor in the School of Music, prepared a controlled study leading to her thesis, "Volitional Changes to Vocal Vibrato in Accomplished Singers" (2001). The study systematically investigated an informal experiment drawn from the undergraduate voice pedagogy course at BYU. At the end of the unit on vibrato in the voice pedagogy class, the professor requests volunteers from the class to participate in an informal experiment. A student with a fast vibrato joins a singer with slow vibrato. In turn, these two students attempt to match each other's vibrato: one singer sustains a tone in a comfortable range and the other joins in after a moment, seeking to match the other student's vibrato. Class members are always impressed that the faster vibrato slows down and the slower vibrato speeds up during the experiment. Students customarily explain that they adjust their vibrato by adjusting placement and breath energy: the fast vibrato slows as placement moves back and as breath pressure diminishes; the slow vibrato speeds up as placement moves more forward and the breath pressure increases. Interestingly, in every repetition of the experiment, students report matching the tone quality of the other student as a means of matching vibrato: as the brighter voice becomes darker and the production heavier, the vibrato slows; the naturally dark voice brightens and lightens to speed up the vibrato. This informal experiment prompted the study leading to the thesis. A thorough survey of existing literature on the subject gave meaningful context to the study and its results. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Definitions of Vibrato A variety of definitions by researchers has contributed to the description of vibrato. Lebon viewed vibrato as a characteristic of a tone quality that adds vibrancy and richness, suggesting that vibrato that calls attention to itself or is obtrusive becomes a negative attribute.1 Large and Iwata found that vibrato added warmth and excitement to the tone.2 Carl Seashore was the first to study vibrato extensively. Cited to this day, his definition states: "A good vibrato is a pulsation of pitch, usually accompanied with synchronous pulsations of loudness and timbre, of such extent and rate as to give a pleasing flexibility, tenderness, and richness to the tones."3 Pfautsch described vibrato as "a slight and rapid fluctuation between two pitches in producing the singing voice."4 Callaghan explained the movement of vibrato to have a wavelike form when describing vibrato as "an undulation of the fundamental frequency."5 Pfautsch found the following characteristics in all vibratos and tone productions: (1) There will be two pitches involved, (2) there will be variance in the two pitches involved, (3) there will be variance in the width between the two pitches involved, (4) there will be differences in the speed at which these two pitches are sung, and (5) one of the two pitches will dominate either by volume, by duration, or by both volume and duration.6 In the above description, Pfautsch described vibrato in simplistic terms that enabled the inexperienced singer to understand the phenomenon of vibrato. Although the above distinctions are present during vibrato, the use of vibrato is viewed to be both an advantage and a disadvantage to the singing voice. Metfessel characterized vibrato as "a mannerism which soon becomes wearisome; a drawback and a sin which should be nipped in the bud; a disagreeable fault to be condemned, a dangerous vice to be shunned, a vicious wavering used by inferior talent, and a vulgarity. …


The natural mortality (M) and purse-seine catchability and selectivity were estimated for Trachurus novaezelandiae, Richardson, 1843 (yellowtail scad)-a small inshore pelagic species harvested off south-eastern Australia. Hazard functions were applied to two decades of data describing catches (mostly stable at a mean +- SE of 315 +- 14 t p.a.) and effort (declining from a maximum of 2289 to 642 boat days between 1999/00 and 2015/16) and inter-dispersed (over nine years) annual estimates of size-at-age (0+ to 18 years) to enable survival analysis. The data were best described by a model with eight parameters, including catchability (estimated at < 0.1 x 10-7 boat day-1), M (0.22 year-1) and variable age-specific selection up to 6 years with a 50% retention among 5-year olds (larger than the estimated age at maturation). The low catchability implied minimal fishing mortality by the purse-seine fleet. Ongoing monitoring and applied gear-based studies are required to validate purse-seine catchability and selectivity, but the data nevertheless imply T. novaezelandiae could incur substantial additional fishing effort and, in doing, so alleviate pressure on other regional small pelagics.


This phenomenological research explores the opinions of social studies teacher candidates about self and peer assessment. It is a descriptive study using qualitative data from a sample of 21 teacher candidates. Research data were collected using a semi-structured interview and the researcher's observation notes. The data were analysed using the descriptive content analysis method. The findings showed that self and peer assessment could serve as a powerful learning activity rather than simply an assessment tool. The results also indicated that self and peer assessment support the development of skills, such as self-regulation, critical thinking and decisionmaking. Teacher candidates reported that self and peer assessment had positive effects, such as recognizing their own shortcomings, learning by sampling from peers' work, constructive contribution to each other's work, comprehension of the skills and criteria that form the basis of assessment, being part of the assessment process, gaining assessment skills, recognizing individual differences and developing critical thinking skills. Self and peer assessment facilitate the development of a learning environment that is more cooperative, participative and appropriate to the educational needs of initial teacher education students in the 21st century.


Aldosterone in some tissues increases expression of the mRNA encoding the small monomeric G protein Ki-RasA (Spindler et al., 1997). Renal A6 epithelial cells were used to determine whether induction of Ki-ras leads to concomitant increases in the total as well as active levels of Ki-RasA and whether this then leads to subsequent activation of its effector mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK/ERK) cascade. The molecular basis and cellular consequences of this action were specifically investigated. We identified the intron 1-exon 1 region (rasI/E1) of the mouse Ki-ras gene as sufficient to reconstitute aldosterone responsiveness to a heterologous promotor. Aldosterone increased reporter gene activity containing rasI/E1 3-fold. Aldosterone increased the absolute and GTP-bound levels of Ki-RasA by a similar extent suggesting that activation resulted from mass action and not effects on GTP binding/hydrolysis rates. Aldosterone significantly increased Ki-RasA and MAPK activity as early as 15 min. with activation peaking by 2 hrs. and waning after 4 hrs. Inhibitors of transcription, translation and a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist attenuated MAPK signaling. Similarly, rasI/E1 driven luciferase expression was sensitive to glucocorticoid receptor blockade. Overexpression of dominant-negative RasN17, addition of antisense Ki-rasA and inhibition of MEK also attenuated steroid-dependent increases in MAPK signaling. Thus, activation of MAPK by aldosterone is dependent, in part, on a genomic mechanism involving induction of Ki-ras transcription and subsequent activation of its downstream effectors. This genomic mechanism has a distinct time course from activation by traditional mitogens, such as serum, which affect the GTP binding state and not absolute levels of Ras. The result of such a genomic mechanism is that peak activation of the MAPK cascade by adrenal corticosteroids is delayed but prolonged.


BACKGROUND
Explosion injuries to the upper extremity have specific clinical characteristics that differ from injuries due to other mechanisms.

OBJECTIVES
To evaluate the upper extremity injury pattern of attacks on civilian targets, comparing bomb explosion injuries to gunshot injuries and their functional recovery using standard outcome measures.

METHODS
Of 157 patients admitted to the hospital between 2000 and 2004, 72 (46%) sustained explosion injuries and 85 (54%) gunshot injuries. The trauma registry files were reviewed and the patients completed the DASH Questionnaire (Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder and Hand) and SF-12 (Short Form-12) after a minimum period of 1 year.

RESULTS
Of the 157 patients, 72 (46%) had blast injuries and 85 (54%) had shooting injuries. The blast casualties had higher Injury Severity Scores (47% vs. 22% with a score of > 16, P = 0.02) and higher percent of patients treated in intensive care units (47% vs. 28%, P = 0.02). Although the Abbreviated Injury Scale score of the upper extremity injury was similar in the two groups, the blast casualties were found to have more bilateral and complex soft tissue injuries and were treated surgically more often. No difference was found in the SF-12 or DASH scores between the groups at follow up.

CONCLUSIONS
The casualties with upper extremity blast injuries were more severely injured and sustained more bilateral and complex soft tissue injuries to the upper extremity. However, the rating of the local injury to the isolated limb is similar, as was the subjective functional recovery.


Background: Probiotics and enteral nutrition have been shown to be beneficial in reducing the infection rate in animal experiments and primary clinical trials. The aim of this study was to examine the effects and safety of probiotics combined enteral nutrition in patients with severe acute pancreatitis.
Methods: One hundred and twenty severe acute pancreatitis patients were randomly divided into two groups receiving routine treatment and parenteral nutrition and probiotics combined enteral nutrition. Acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II scores, complications (systemic inflammatory response syndrome, multi-organ failure, and infections), plasma albumin, amylase, symptom disappearance time, average hospitalization time, and rate of infection were evaluated.
Results: The baseline data show balance, and the two groups were comparable. The incidence of infection in treatment and control group was 6.7% and 20.0%, and the incidence of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in two groups was 11.7% and 26.7%. There were statistical differences between treatment and control group. The incidence of mortality in the two groups was 3.4% and 11.8%, and there was no statistical difference. Compared to control group, the treatment group has higher level amylase and lower albumin (P=0.031, P<0.001). Moreover, the treatment group have shorter duration of abdomen pain and hospitalization.
Conclusion: These findings suggested that probiotics could play a beneficial role in the treatment of Severe Acute Pancreatitis (SAP), and combination therapy can promote the effect of therapeutic.


A laboratory-scale electrolysis cell for the recovery of metals is simulated with COMSOL Multiphysics. Two models are implemented: an electrical model simulating the current density (reaction rate) distribution at the electrodes and a laminar bubbly flow model which solves for the electrolyte velocity induced by gas bubble production at the anode. A parametric study on the mesh refinement, the anode-cathode distance (ACD) as well as the bubble diameter (Db) is carried out. Quite heterogeneous current distributions are simulated at the electrodes' surface, with strong edge effect at the cathode. At the anode, a more uniform current is however obtained when increasing ACD. The bubbly flow model suggests that significant electrolyte convective motions between the electrodes are favoured for small values of both ACD and Db.


Two Schiff bases 10-hexyl-10H-phenothiazine-3-carbaldehyde-4-phenylthiosemicarbazone (HPCPTSC) and 4-methylbenzaldehyde-4-methylthiosemicarbazone (MBMTSC) were synthesized. Both the HPCPTSC and MBMTSC were characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductivity studies, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and x-ray powder diffraction (XRD). All the spectral studies confirmed that the formation of both HPCPTSC and MBMTSC. Thermal stabilities of the both Schiff bases were reported based on thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) studies


Probabilistic software analysis aims at quantifying how likely a target event is to occur during program execution. Current approaches rely on symbolic execution to identify the conditions to reach the target event and try to quantify the fraction of the input domain satisfying these conditions. Precise quantification is usually limited to linear constraints, while only approximate solutions can be provided in general through statistical approaches. However, statistical approaches may fail to converge to an acceptable accuracy within a reasonable time. We present a compositional statistical approach for the efficient quantification of solution spaces for arbitrarily complex constraints over bounded floating-point domains. The approach leverages interval constraint propagation to improve the accuracy of the estimation by focusing the sampling on the regions of the input domain containing the sought solutions. Preliminary experiments show significant improvement on previous approaches both in results accuracy and analysis time.


With the aim of contributing to the debate about the agenda of the forthcoming Polish Presidency of the EU in the second half of 2011, in November 2010 Egmont organized an international expert seminar in Brussels with its sister institute from Warsaw, PISM – the Polish Institute of International Affairs, under the heading Crisis Management Operations: European Lessons Learned. The EU has undeniably become an important actor in the field of crisis management. In view of its expertise and its capabilities, the demand for CSDP operations, both civilian and military, can only be expected to increase. The EU is also reshaping its institutional architecture and its procedures for crisis management. The establishment of the Crisis Management and Planning Directorate (CMPD) and its integration into the External Action Service (EAS) are determining for the future shape of EU crisis management. As this re-engineering of the CSDP machinery is in full swing, the moment is right to take stock of crisis management operations so far and identify lessons learned, in order to inform decisionmaking in the very near future. To that end, the seminar addressed three key dimensions of EU crisis management: – The comprehensive approach: To which extent does the EU really implement a comprehensive or holistic approach both in theatre and at the Brussels level? Which conclusions can be drawn for the running of operations and for the training of relevant staff? – Command & control: How effective have command & control arrangements proved, in the various stages of mounting and running operations, at the various levels of the chain of command? – The Battlegroups: While they have so far never been deployed, as a rapid reaction capacity they do constitute an important part of the CSDP toolkit, of which the EU arguably could use more. How can the Battlegroups be adapted to current needs? In this Egmont Paper, the Institute publishes two very thought-provoking contributions about command & control, based on the presentations by the two academics who addressed the seminar on that topic.1 Dr. Luis Simon and Alexander Mattelaer focus respectively on the planning and the conduct of CSDP operations. Their creative thinking on these topics constitutes an important contribution to a debate which will feature prominently on the EU agenda in 2011. Egmont is very proud and happy to be able to publish the work of two such fine colleagues.


OBJECTIVE
Compare the influence of ethnicity in the prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis in various Mexican populations using two normal dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) reference databases: manufacturer's incorporating US Hispanic population and a normal mestizo Mexican population.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
MMP included 9 946 subjects participating in an ongoing long-term cohort study focusing on lifestyle and chronic diseases, of which 6 487 MMP males and females aged 7 to 80 years were the normal subjects used to determine bone density T- and Z-scores, following WHO criteria, and peak bone mass values. Abnormal bone mass density values estimated by the manufacturer's and peak bone mass reference values were compared.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
Our results show that by using the manufacturer's T-score values in the mestizo Mexican population we are underestimating the number of abnormal bone mass BMD populations.


Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2 originated from Wuhan, China, in December 2019 and rapidly spread to other areas worldwide. Since then, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has reached pandemic proportions with >570 000 deaths globally by mid-July 2020. The magnitude of the outbreak and the potentially severe clinical course of COVID-19 has led to a burst of scientific research on this novel coronavirus and its host receptor ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme)-2. ACE2 is a homolog of the ACE that acts on several substrates in the renin-Ang (angiotensin) system. With unprecedented speed, scientific research has solved the structure of SARS-CoV-2 and imaged its binding with the ACE2 receptor. In SARS-CoV-2 infection, the viral S (spike) protein receptor-binding domain binds to ACE2 to enter the host cell. ACE2 expression in the lungs is relatively low, but it is present in type II pneumocytes—a cell type also endowed with TMPRSS2 (transmembrane protease serine 2). This protease is critical for priming the SARS-CoV-2 S protein to complex with ACE2 and enter the cells. Herein, we review the current understanding of the interaction of SARS-CoV-2 with ACE2 as it has rapidly unfolded over the last months. While it should not be assumed that we have a complete picture of SARS-CoV-2 mechanism of infection and its interaction with ACE2, much has been learned with clear therapeutic implications. Potential therapies aimed at intercepting SARS-CoV-2 from reaching the full-length membrane-bound ACE2 receptor using soluble ACE2 protein and other potential approaches are briefly discussed as well.


The Heritage Turn in China: The Reinvention, Dissemination and Consumption of Heritage focuses on heritage discourse and practice in China today as it has evolved from the 'heritage turn' that can be dated to the 1990s. Using a variety of disciplinary approaches to regionally and topically diverse case studies, the contributors to this edited volume show how particular versions of the past are selected, (re)invented, disseminated and consumed for contemporary purposes. These studies explore how the Chinese state utilises heritage not only for tourism, entertainment, educational and commercial purposes, but also as part of broader political strategies on both the national and international stage. Together, they argue that the Chinese state deploys modes of heritage governance to construct new modernities while strengthening collective national identity in support of both its political legitimacy and its claim to status as an international superpower. The authors also consider ways in which state management of heritage is contested by some stakeholders whose embrace of heritage has a different purpose and meaning.


Contents: List of Figures; List of Tables; List of Contributors; and Acknowledgements. Foreword: Chapter 1: Introduction Colette Henry (Royal Veterinary College); Part I: Theoretical Foundations; Chapter 2: The Need for Business Skills in Veterinary Education: Perceptions versus evidence. Martin A. Cake, Susan M. Rhind & Sarah Baillie (Murdoch University, University of Edinburgh & University of Bristol); Chapter 3: Clinical Leadership and Professionalism in Veterinary Practice Liz Mossop (University of Nottingham); Chapter 4: Leadership and Management in Veterinary Practice Brian Faulkner (Front Foot Veterinary Consultancy); Chapter 5: Veterinary Business Management: An Ethical Approach to Managing People and Practices Lorna Treanor & Martin Whiting (University of Ulster & Royal Veterinary College). Foreword: Chapter 6: Documenting and Investigating the Entrepreneurial Trade in Illegal Veterinary Medicines in the United Kingdom and Ireland Robert Smith & Martin Whiting (The Robert Gordon University & Royal Veterinary College); Chapter 7: Applying Marketing Theory to Veterinary Practice Andrew Morton (The Marketing Institute); Chapter 8: Brand Identity: Building a Veterinary Hospital Brand Cathy R. Coates (University of Bristol); Chapter 9: Veterinary Field Expertise and Knowledge Exchange Jeremy Phillipson, Amy Proctor, Philip Lowe & Andrew Donaldson (University of Newcastle) Part II: Practical Cases; Chapter 10: Ellie Prior: Starting out in practice Claire Denny, Sarah Baillie & James Gazzard (Royal Veterinary College, University of Bristol & University of East Anglia). Foreword: Chapter 11: Church Hill Equine Clinic: Changing Large Animal Practice in Rural Areas Izzy Warren-Smith (Harper Adams University College); Chapter 12: Cromlyn Vets: Where to now? Colette Henry (Royal Veterinary College); Chapter 13: De'Ath, Slaughter, Davis & Jones: Time for a Re-Brand? Lynn Hill (University of Bristol); Chapter 14: Cascade Veterinary Practice: Changing times Adele Feakes & Diane Whatling (University of Adelaide); Chapter 15: Northgate Veterinary Clinic: A new lease of life? Adele Feakes & Diane Whalting (University of Adelaide); and Chapter 16: Parasol Kennels: Innovative Animal Housing Christopher Brown & Jane Taylor (University of Hertfordshire) Index.


In this article, a qualitative method for research is offered that clearly incorporates Heideggerian philosophy into an interpretive phenomenological research design. Several unique contributions to interpretive research are provided. Tested Hermeneutical Principles for Research (HPR) are outlined. These frame the design and method, and practically integrate the underlying philosophy.


The sustainable production of energy from renewable sources represents one of the biggest challenges of modern societies, especially as the worldwide demand for energy continues to increase. Power production based on nuclear fusion is a very attractive option in this regard. Amajor obstacle with respect to the construction of fusion power plants concerns the development of materials that can tolerate the extreme conditions caused by the high-energy neutron flux generated by the fusion plasma. In this context, tungsten based materials are considered for applications in fusion reactors, especially as armour materials at the divertor and the first wall. This interest is motivated by promising physical properties such as high melting point, low coefficient of thermal expansion, high thermal conductivity, and high sputtering resistance. In this thesis, the properties of dilute tungsten alloys have been studied by means of first-principles calculations based on density functional theory. Specifically, I investigated the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of intrinsic and extrinsic defects produced during irradiation. Interstitials generally have large formation energies due to large strain fields associated with the defect core; they are, however, produced during irradiation. The calculations show that Ti, V and Re trap self-interstitials produced during irradiation. Mixed interstitial migration proceeds via a non-dissociativemechanism and is faster than the migration of vacancies. This aspect is particularly important with respect to our understanding of radiation induced segregation and radiation induced precipitation. The results are discussed in the context of the application of tungsten alloys for structural elements in fusion environments.


A New York Times Bestseller Introducing the new, realistic loyalty pact between employer and employee. The employer-employee relationship is broken, and managers face a seemingly impossible dilemma: the old model of guaranteed long-term employment no longer works in a business environment defined by continuous change, but neither does a system in which every employee acts like a free agent. The solution? Stop thinking of employees as either family or as free agents. Think of them instead as allies. As a manager you want your employees to help transform the company for the future. And your employees want the company to help transform their careers for the long term. But this win-win scenario will happen only if both sides trust each other enough to commit to mutual investment and mutual benefit. Sadly, trust in the business world is hovering at an all-time low. We can rebuild that lost trust with straight talk that recognizes the realities of the modern economy. So, paradoxically, the alliance begins with managers acknowledging that great employees might leave the company, and with employees being honest about their own career aspirations. By putting this new alliance at the heart of your talent management strategy, you'll not only bring back trust, you'll be able to recruit and retain the entrepreneurial individuals you need to adapt to a fast-changing world. These individuals, flexible, creative, and with a bias toward action, thrive when they're on a specific "tour of duty"--when they have a mission that's mutually beneficial to employee and company that can be completed in a realistic period of time. Coauthored by the founder of LinkedIn, this bold but practical guide for managers and executives will give you the tools you need to recruit, manage, and retain the kind of employees who will make your company thrive in today's world of constant innovation and fast-paced change.


Increased awareness concerning our energy consumption and its environmentaleffects, has led to a high demand for renewable energies. Hydropower providesaround 40 percent of the electric energy consumed in Sweden today. If energyefficiency and production time were to increase only by some percent in thehydropower plants, vast amounts of additional renewable energy could besupplied to the electric grid. The Hydropower group at Uppsala University usesa hydropower generator to localize and decrease some of the power losses andthe wearing in the generator. New equipment is being tested and evaluated onthe generator. By measuring static and dynamic forces in the generator broaderinsight can be reached during these tests.This thesis describes the development of a system measuring forces on ahydropower generator using strain gages. Each sensor node is equipped withfour strain gages and a signal conditioning circuit. The system measures strain inthe generator, converts it to a voltage signal, amplifies it, filters and transmits it.After calibration of the nodes, forces can be extracted indirectly. This thesisdescribes considerations made during design of the system as well as its differentparts and configurations.


Within a constructivist philosophy of learning, teachers, as students, are introduced to different perspectives of teaching with robotic technology while immersed in what Papert called a constructionist environment. Robotics allows students to creatively explore computer programming, mechanical design and construction, problem solving, collaboration, physics, motion, music--all within an active, enjoyable, and nonthreatening setting. The theoretical motivation for integrating robotics into the teacher education program comes from Jonassen's (2000) argument that technology tools can be viewed as cognitive tools or "Mindtools" that enhance the learning process. Students are given ownership for their learning within a constructionist environment and allowed to discover and make choices as they explore countless avenues for solving design challenges. Through the use of innovative LEGO[R] RoboLab[TM] technology, students learn various facets of problem solving while simultaneously mastering numerous mathematical and scientific concepts. This article describes a case study of a pilot teacher education course in robotic technology. The goal was to design and develop a course that provides current and prospective teachers with a solid understanding of robot design, construction, and programming--as well as a demonstration and understanding of teaching using constructionist pedagogical strategies. ********** A revolution is beginning in the field of robotics that sees various aspects of robotics research leaving the laboratory environment and moving out into the world. Recent new programmable robotic "toys" such as SONY's robotic dog or the LEGO MINDSTORMS robot construction kit are typical examples. As Hendler (2000) pointed out, such toys "challenge the very nature of the relationship between children and technologies ... children are no longer anchored to a PC on the desktop, but able to bring the technology into their everyday world" (p. 2). This in turn poses a challenge to the educational community of how best to integrate these new technologies into our school environment. The evolution of approaches and methods for the application of technology to teaching and learning is inherently linked to the evolution of the technology itself. Witness the impact desktop computers have had on a child's school experience over the last 20 years and the important role they now play in education (Santrock, 2001). The use of robotics in education is a relatively new phenomenon (Miglino, Lund, & Cardaci, 1999). That being said, there appears to be some evidence to indicate that robotics, as a classroom-teaching tool, can help promote student problem solving at many levels of education (Druin & Hendler, 2000; Thangiah & Joshi, 1997; Wagner, 1998). This article will present the theoretical and applied rationale for integrating robotics into a teacher education course in technology, describe a pilot course at the University of Alberta, student reflections on the course, and possible curriculum linkages for robotics. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED MOTIVATION FOR ROBOTICS Essentially one seeks to answer the question; why integrate technology, in the form of robotics, into the teacher education process? From a more general perspective there are many reasons to use technology in teacher education. Underlying almost all of these reasons is the notion that technology, if employed effectively, can positively impact the teaching process and subsequently either change or enhance the learning process (Papert; 1980; Logan, 1995). Jonassen (2000) makes a compelling argument for using computer technologies as "Mindtools" in education in contrast to using computer technologies as a vehicle to deliver instructional material. The theoretical motivation for including robotics in teaching is grounded on Jonassen's notion that Mindtools can indeed change and enhance the learning process in education. The Mindtools perspective views the individual and computer in a joint-problem-solving-system or intellectual partnership such that the individual's problem solving ability and critical thinking skills are developed or amplified beyond the level that could be achieved without such a partnership (Logan, 1995; Orhun, 1995; Pea, 1985; Penner, 2001; Salomon, Perkins, & Globerson, 1991). …


The present tests the causal interactions between foreign direct investment (FDI) and banking intermediation in China, the results showed that real interest rates Granger-caused FDI inflows, while the latter led service sector's value added. Interestingly, interest rate spread and FDI mutually influenced each other. Contrary to conventional wisdom, FDI inflows have been found to be more influenced by opportunity costs in the banking sector (interest rate structure). The results suggest that growing FDI inflows in China might have contributed in hindering the development of banking intermediation. Eventually, this finding spotlights the need for liberalisation of the entire interest rate and recomposition of capital inflows.


The aim of this paper is to determine exactly the optical transfer function corresponding to the time-averaged image-degrading effects of atmospheric turbulence. First the average transfer function is shown to be related to the spatial coherence function for the light entering the imaging system. Next an exact closed solution is found for the coherence propagation equation. This yields the desired coherence function in terms of the statistics of the random fluctuations of the atmospheric index of refraction. Published meteorological data are analyzed to determine empirical values for the required index statistics. Of particular interest is the variation of turbulent index fluctuations with altitude. Finally, quantitative predictions of image degradation are made and shown to agree with observed data.


This paper considers the legal conflict between farmers and cattle raisers over the fencing of animals and crops within the context of Kansas in the 1870s, when counties were given the option to retain the traditional fence laws (requiring crops to be fenced in) or to adopt the herd laws (requiring the restraining of animals by means of herding). Since barbed wire fencing did not reach Kansas until 1875, and a very detailed agricultural census was recorded that year, this study is able to conduct statistical tests of various hypotheses as to why approximately half the counties chose fence laws while the other half chose herd laws. The study pays close attention to the hypotheses suggested by Earl Hayter (an agricultural historian), law and economics specialists, and the property rights theorists. Its main findings are that, while previous hypotheses that use public choice and group interests consideration in explaining the choice of the legal regime are borne out, the traditional conceptual division between farmers and cattle raisers turn out to be overly simplified due to some important complementarities in production between some crops and animal husbandry. Hence, the results demonstrate that a clear distinction needs to be made between corn farmers/cattle producers, on the one hand, and wheat farmers on the other. The empirical findings also challenge the generally accepted role of population desity in determining the legal regime.


Two dimensional flood inundation models capable of simulating complex spatially and temporally differentiated floodplain flows are routinely used to model and predict flooding. However, advances in modelling techniques have not been matched by improvements in model validation. Validation of flood models remains challenging due to a lack of available spatially-explicit data; traditionally measured data and validation approaches reveal little about the ability of a model to simulate the complex dynamics of floodplain flows, including the pathways, timeline, and impacts of an event. In this paper we propose a novel method for the validation of hydraulic models of flooding using quantitative and qualitative Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI). This method uses VGI data to enhance traditionally measured validation data by reconstructing the observed dynamics of a flood, allowing validation of the temporal and spatial simulation of these dynamics. We illustrate the method using a case study from Corbridge in the northeast of England, using VGI collected through participatory research with people affected by severe flooding in 2015. The results of the study demonstrate that VGI data can be used for the effective reconstruction of flood event dynamics. The results also reveal that the proposed validation approach is able to identify underperformance in the model's simulation of event dynamics not evaluated by standard global performance measures. Such a lack of evaluation can have adverse consequences where dynamic model outputs are used locally to influence floodplain management. As a result, we propose a new framework for model validation, adopting a pragmatic and flexible approach to examining event dynamics using a diverse


Many consumers are drawn to the allure of prestige brands such as Calvin Klein, Michael Kors, Ralph Lauren, Victoria's Secret, to mention a few, and as a result, prestige brands have seen global financial success especially in North America, Europe and Asia (Silverstein & Fiske, 2005). These brands do not fit the luxury frame neither are they middle-range brands; they form a category of brands termed as masstige brands, a phenomenon seldom researched in marketing literature. This study explores Masstige branding, a modern, profitable business which sees the production and distribution of prestige goods with mass accessibility. There is need for research that provides an understanding of the prestigious nature of masstige brands and this dissertation hopes to fill this gap. In order to understand the prestigious value of Masstige brands, the paper discusses Masstige brand values within the context of luxury brands, drawing similarities and differences between Masstige and luxury brand identity. The research asks: whilst masstige brands are similar with middle-range products in terms of the 'mass', what values do masstige and luxury brands share that reflect 'prestige'? Extensively, what values are exclusive to masstige (and luxury) brands? Simply put, the paper ultimately aims to answer the question: what constitutes a masstige brand? To answer these questions, the research employed the semiotic method to analyse the advertising of eight brands, four Masstige and four luxury, identifying common and differing brand cues. The sample were randomly selected but were restricted to fashion campaigns between 2009 and 2015 with saliently encoded brand meanings. The masstige samples include Calvin Klein, Michael Kors, Coach and Armani Exchange while the selected luxury brands include Gucci, Dolce and Gabbana, Chanel and Louis Vuitton. The analysis found that five common implicit advertising themes shared by luxury and masstige brands include exclusivity, independence, sophistication, accomplishment and pride. Four themes most common with luxury brands include authenticity, heritage, timelessness and prestige of which the last two are unique. Three themes most common with masstige brands include seasonality, allure and adventure of which seasonality is unique.


Yeast cells grown in culture can spontaneously synchronize their respiration, metabolism, gene expression and cell division. Such metabolic oscillations in synchronized cultures reflect single-cell oscillations, but the relationship between the oscillations in single cells and synchronized cultures is poorly understood. To understand this relationship and the coordination between metabolism and cell division, we collected and analyzed DNA-content, gene-expression and physiological data, at hundreds of time-points, from cultures metabolically-synchronized at different growth rates, carbon sources and biomass densities. The data enabled us to extend and generalize our mechanistic model, based on ensemble average over phases (EAP), connecting the population-average geneexpression of asynchronous cultures to the gene-expression dynamics in the single-cells comprising the cultures. The extended model explains the carbon-source specific growth-rate responses of hundreds of genes. Our physiological data demonstrate that the frequency of metabolic cycling in synchronized cultures increases with the biomass density, suggesting that this cycling is an emergent behavior, resulting from the entraining of the single-cell metabolic cycle by a quorum-sensing mechanism, and thus underscoring the difference between metabolic cycling in single cells and in synchronized cultures. Measurements of constant levels of residual glucose across metabolically synchronized cultures indicate that storage carbohydrates are required to fuel not only the G1/S transition of the division cycle but also the metabolic cycle. Despite the large variation in profiled conditions and in the scale of their dynamics, most genes preserve invariant dynamics of coordination with each other and with the rate of oxygen consumption. Similarly, the G1/S transition always occurs at the beginning, middle or end of the high oxygen consumption phases, analogous to observations in human and drosophila cells. These results highlight evolutionary conserved coordination among metabolism, cell growth and division.


This study explored if connections were made by teachers and students in schools between religious education (RE) and health and physical education (HPE) key learning areas (KLA). The research was conducted within three Brisbane (Queensland, Australia) Catholic primary schools of varying enrolment size. It is argued that within Catholic education, the HPE curriculum documents are strongly connected to the RE curriculum material (Lynch 2004). The spiritual dimension of the HPE curriculum is defined in the syllabus as the "sense of connection to phenomena and unusual events beyond self and usual sensory and rational existence; a sense of place within the universe" (Queensland School Curriculum Council 1999, 26). The three strands of HPE: personal development; developing the concepts and skills for physical activities; and promoting the health of individuals and communities can all be affiliated closely with the RE curriculum. Furthermore, under the HPE umbrella, physical education sits alongside health education, outdoor education, home economics, and RE (Macdonald 2003; Macdonald and Glover 1997). In primary schools, physical learning and physical activities are valuable components of the students' and school culture. Christian spirituality is the essential link between faith and culture (Gallagher 1997). Hence, it is logical that the learning area for "learning in, through and about movement", HPE, may offer opportunities for Catholic schools to develop Christian spirituality usually associated with the RE learning area. As Buchanan and Hyde (2008, 310) share, "religious education is one field of study that can effectively address the complementarity between cognitive, affective and spiritual dimensions of learning". Qualitative research investigating RE development through HPE learning experiences was conducted. Participants included teachers and students from the three respective schools. The research concluded that well implemented quality inclusive physical activities within HPE lessons increased participant's connections between the two key learning areas.


In the current deleveraging episode, the severity and simultaneous realization of low-probability events across a number of strategies has brought portfolio tail-risk hedging to the center of investors' attention. In this article, the author discusses the basic principles and implementation considerations behind portfolio tail-risk management, emphasizing the importance of viewing tail risk as the consequence of a systemic shock during which normally uncorrelated markets become correlated due to a reduction in liquidity. This approach suggests that tail risk should be measured by performing macro scenario analysis and that hedges should be picked based on their cost and joint performance in periods of stress relative to the portfolio being hedged. Since liquidity reduction is a typical consequence of systemic shocks, the author also discusses specific operational issues that come to the fore in such events.


Review of species level taxonomy in the endemic Australian genus Paranomina Hendel has become possible through study of the type material of the type species, P. unicolor Hendel, and review of the claimed type locality for that species. The following new species are described: Paranomina nodosa, P. hendeli, P. danielsi, P. stuckenbergi, P. martini, P. mouldsorum, P. dayi, P. longa. There is evidence that most species of Paranomina are consistently associated with plants of the endemic Australian genus Xanthorrhoea (family Xanthorrhoeaceae).


Nineteen multidrug-resistant (MDR) Mycobacterium complex strains isolated in a nosocomial outbreak were characterized at the molecular level. The strains were microbiologically characterized as Mycobacterium bovis. The mpt40 sequence was not present in chromosomal DNA from these strains, supporting the fact that they were M. bovis. All of the isolates were resistant to isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol, streptomycin, para-aminosalicylic acid, clarithromycin, cycloserine, ethionamide, ofloxacin, capreomycin, and amikacin. By performing the standardized IS6110 fingerprinting by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis, we were able to differentiate two groups (groups A and B) containing two (16 isolates) and three (3 isolates) IS6110 copies, respectively. These strains were typed by spoligotyping, developed to distinguish M. bovis strains and also to distinguish them from M. tuberculosis strains (J. Kamerbeek et al., J. Clin. Microbiol. 35:907-914, 1997). All the strains were confirmed to be M. bovis. In addition, spoligotyping showed a difference in only 1 of 43 spacers between RFLP groups A and B. The rpo beta region of several strains representative of each identified group was cloned and sequenced, and identical mutations (Ser-531 to Leu) responsible for the rifampin resistance phenotype were found. To our knowledge, this is the first characterization at the molecular level of an MDR M. bovis strain responsible for a nosocomial outbreak.


A plethora of genetic studies show that genetic variation in host disease resistance is ubiquitous across host and pathogen species. However, surprisingly little is known how the genetics of individuals affects the spread and impact of infectious disease in livestock populations. This paper takes a genetic-epidemiological approach to address this question and to examine how host genetic variation could be utilized more effectively to reduce both the risk and severity of disease outbreaks. In particular, building on epidemiological theory, we demonstrate that three distinct host traits interactively control infection dynamics in populations, namely susceptibility (the probability of an individual to become infected upon contact with an average infectious individual or material), infectivity (the probability of an infected individual to infect a non-infected individual with average susceptibility), and tolerance (here defined as the probability of an infected individual to survive the infection). To date, understanding of the genetic (co)-regulation of these traits is lacking. This is because standard field and challenge test data and genetic models don't provide genetic parameter estimates for these traits. Here we outline key concepts for data recording and design of field and challenge experiments to simultaneously estimate genetic effects for all three epidemiological host traits. Using IPN in Atlantic salmon as a case study, we then demonstrate how these estimates together with genetic-epidemiological prediction models could be used to devise genetic disease control strategies. The results suggest that moving genetic studies beyond the sole focus on 'disease resistance' towards a more holistic genetic-epidemiological approach provides new avenues for more effective genetic disease control and for identifying novel genes underlying disease transmission.


Background: In order to negotiate complex clinical environments successfully, healthcare professionals must be more than competent – they must demonstrate an ability to adapt to dynamic situations and continually improve performance. However, emphasis on knowledge and skills alone may ignore opportunities for professional development that enables students to become practitioners. Objectives: The aim of this study was to ascertain what clinical experts believe are the essential characteristics of capable healthcare professionals that go beyond academic and technical competencies. Method: This study used a nominal group technique (NGT) to gather data from a panel of South African and international clinical experts, using open-ended questions and qualitative data analysis to determine emergent themes. The NGT is an interpretive research method that can be used to explore poorly defined topics, in this case to develop an understanding of the characteristics of health professionals that go beyond knowledge and technical skill. Results: Panel members highlighted the importance of knowledge and skills for competent practice, but also explored other aspects of the learning process as part of developing professional identity. These included self-evaluation as part of professional development,building relationships with patients, and the importance of acknowledging students'emotional responses to the clinical environment. Panel members also discussed the challenge of inappropriate role-models in the clinical context, who may have a negative influence on the development of professional practice. Conclusion: By including the concept of capability alongside competency in undergraduate healthcare curricula clinical educators can help students develop a sense of being that emphasises professional growth alongside knowledge and technical skills.