This thesis explores the historical shifts of the United Nations world conferences on women, considering what is at stake in "thinking globally and acting locally," especially for the Korean women's movement. The following questions are addressed: How have the main issues shifted from the first conference in 1975 to the final one in 2000? What were the linkages between practical issues and epistemic discourses during this process? What kinds of power dynamics have been working in the global arena in terms of transnational feminism? In what context could diverse women's groups succeed in negotiating and producing a consensus? How has the Korean women's movement interacted with the international process? And, in conclusion, what concrete measures might Korean policymakers and women's movement activists undertake as feminists pursuing gender equality?


This dissertation focuses on the cinematic versions of the Robinson Crusoe story. Starting from the early 1900s, a significant number of films rewrite, reinvent, and rework the Crusoe myth. Instead of replicating Defoe's text, contemporary filmmakers interpret critique and interrogate it. Each cinematic version of the Crusoe story offers an original perspective on Crusoe's character and sees the events from a different point of view. As the rich diversity of interpretations presented in this study demonstrates, the Crusoe story changes and transforms constantly; it responds to contemporary viewers' expectations and desires, reflects modern-day values and anxieties, and exposes the sins and the vices of today's world. Accordingly, some of its retellings are tragic, some comic, some romantic, some sarcastic, some funny, and some fantastic. Consequently, viewing audiences have seen many faces of Crusoe: happy and self assured, joyless and lonely, arrogant and cruel, powerful, powerless, and even laugh-out loud funny. Imaginative renderings and critical rewritings of Robinson Crusoe examined in this study demonstrate the immediacy and resilience of the Crusoe myth, its protean nature, and its potential to be shaped by different times, nations and cultures, as well as the many possibilities inherent in Defoe's text. The Crusoe story continues to fascinate audiences because it addresses the universal themes of solitude, survival, hope, and exploration of unknown, among many others. A close analysis of the filmic Robinsonades also reveals a paradox. Most cinematic versions of Defoe's novel generally attempt to redress or critique the source text's racist and colonialist conventions; yet, whether purposefully or not, they end up simply reproducing just what they aim to criticize.


Recently it has been shown that when the Dark Matter (DM) particles captured in the Sun directly annihilate into neutrino pairs, the oscillatory terms in the oscillation probability do not average to zero and can lead to a seasonal variation as the distance between the Sun and Earth changes in time. In this paper, we explore this feature as a novel method to extract information on the properties of dark matter. We show that by studying the variation of the flux over a few months, it would in principle be possible to derive the DM mass as well as new information on the flavor structure of the DM annihilation modes. In addition to analytic analysis, we present the results of our numerical calculations that take into account scattering and regeneration of neutrinos traversing the Sun.


The history of the see of Argyll, its Bishops and its endowments to 1343 is reviewed and the conclusion made that neither the see nor the Bishop could have afforded to build Achanduin Castle. Examination of the published 14th-century documentation shows that the commonly held view that the Bishop was in possession of the castle in 1304 is probably mistaken. The castle is likely to have been built by the MacDougall family in the 1290s and to have remained in their possession throughout the 14th century.


Exposure to molds and mycotoxins not only contributes to the onset of respiratory disease, it also affects the ocular surface. Very few published studies concern the evaluation of the effect of mycotoxin exposure on ocular cells. The present study investigates the effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and gliotoxin, two mycotoxins secreted by Aspergillus molds, on the biological activity of the human corneal epithelial (HCE) cells. After 24, 48, and 72 h of exposure, cellular viability and inflammatory response were assessed. Both endpoint cell viability colorimetric assays and continuous cell impedance measurements, providing noninvasive real-time assessment of the effect on cells, were performed. Cytokine gene expression and interleukin-8 release were quantified. Gliotoxin appeared more cytotoxic than AFB1 but, at the same time, led to a lower increase of the inflammatory response reflecting its immunosuppressive properties. Real-time cell impedance measurement showed a distinct profile of cytotoxicity for both mycotoxins. HCE cells appeared to be a well-suited in vitro model to study ocular surface reactivity following biological contaminant exposure. Low, but persistent inflammation, caused by environmental factors, such as fungal toxins, leads to irritation and sensitization, and could be responsible for allergic manifestations which, in turn, could lead to mucosal hyper-reactivity.


Genetic variation in 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase (HMGCR), the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis, modifies the effect of statins on serum cholesterol levels. Long-term use of statins is associated with a reduced risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) in some, but not all, studies. We genotyped variants in 40 candidate genes important for cholesterol synthesis and metabolism in a population-based case-control study of CRC involving 2,138 incident cases and 2,049 population-based controls. We identified a single-nucleotide polymorphism in the HMGCR gene that significantly modified the protective association between statins and CRC risk. Compared with nonusers, the unadjusted odds ratio of CRC among statin users with the A/A genotype of rs12654264 in HMGCR was 0.3 (95% confidence interval, 0.18-0.51) and among statin users with the T/T genotype was 0.66 (95% confidence interval, 0.41-1.06; P-interaction = 0.0012). This genetic variant (A/A genotype of rs12654264) also was associated with lower serum levels of low-density lipoprotein among all cases and controls. In colon cancer cell lines, the reduction in cholesterol levels after statin treatment was substantially stronger in cells carrying the A/A genotype, and this difference was related to alternative splicing involving the HMGCR statin-binding domain. We anticipate that these data may advance the development of personalized statin use for reducing the risk of cancer as well as cardiovascular disease among the approximately 25 million people currently using statins worldwide. Cancer Prev Res; 3(5); 597–603. ©2010 AACR.


Background: Acute exacerbations of asthma are the leading cause of emergency department visits in pediatric patients. The development of sensitive diagnostic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based techniques permitted demonstration of an already clinically suspected association between common viral respiratory infections and asthma exacerbations. Respiratory viruses have been identified in 80–85% of exacerbations in school-aged children, with human rhinoviruses (HRVs) being the most frequently detected. A recently identified HRV genotype, HRV-C, is circulating worldwide and is an important cause of febrile wheeze and asthmatic exacerbations in children requiring hospitalization. Objectives: This study aimed to detect HRV- induced asthma exacerbations (including the new HRV-C genotype) among a group of Egyptian children. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 31 asthmatic children in exacerbations in the period from September 2014 till October 2015. Patients were recruited from the emergency department and chest clinic, Children's hospital, Ain Shams University. Sputum (for children ≥7years) and nasopharyngeal aspirates (for infants and children<7years) were collected for one-step, real-time pan Rhinovirus reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay. One step RT-PCR was done to detect Rhinovirus C among positive cases. Results: This study included 31 asthmatic children in exacerbations. They were 15 males (48.4%) and 16 females (51.6%). Their ages ranged from 7 months to 12 years with a mean and SD of (4.47 ± 3.15) years. Eight (25.8%) of the studied patients showed positive Rhinovirus RT-PCR test and 4 (50%) of the HRV positive patients were of the Rhinovirus C genotype (12.9% of the total population). HRV positive patients showed higher percentage of positive family history of bronchial asthma (p=0.002), higher mean values of respiratory rate (p=0.001) and temperature (p=0.001), but lower mean value of oxygen saturation (p =0.011). There were statistically significant differences regarding the exacerbation severity (p=0.024) and outcome (p=0.048) between HRV positive and negative patients. Conclusion: HRVs are important triggers of asthma exacerbations among Egyptian children. The newly described HRV-C genotype accounts for a significant proportion of HRV- associated asthma exacerbations. Further studies on a larger scale are needed for HRV-C and other possibly undiscovered HRV genotypes. Keywords: Rhinovirus, Rhinovirus C genotype, asthma exacerbation, real time RT-PCR


An approximate analysis is derived for the propagation of Bessel, Bessel–Gauss, and Gaussian beams with a finite aperture. This treatment is based on the fact that the circ function can be expanded into an approximate sum of complex Gaussian functions, so that these three beams are typically expressed as a combination of a set of infinite-aperture Bessel–Gauss beams. Correspondingly, the evaluation of the diffracted field distribution of the beams is reduced to the summation of Bessel–Gauss functions. From analytical results, the present approach provides a good description of the diffracted beams in the region far (greater than a factor of the Fresnel distance) from the aperture. A possible extension of this method to other apertured beams is also discussed.


In this present work, we reported the adsorption and recovery studies of a P(Penta3MP4/PEG-DA/HEMA) thiol-ene based hydrogel. Real-time infrared spectroscopy technique was used to identify the photopolymerization kinetics of thiol-ene based formulations. The chemical composition and surface morphology of hydrogels were also characterized. The influence of the adsorption conditions such as pH, hydrogel formulations, contact time, initial metal ion concentration, and foreign metal ions on the metal ion binding capacity of hydrogel, were tested. Both the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were applied to the method. The reusability of the hydrogels and the usability of the hydrogels for preconcentration studies were also investigated. The analytical parameters of the method were calculated and the recovery of silver ions from waste radiographic films was also applied to the hydrogels.


Insight Text Guides – Henry IV Part I is designed to help secondary English students understand and analyse the text. This comprehensive guide to William Shakespeare's play contains detailed character and chapter analysis and explores genre, structure, themes and language. Essay questions and sample answers help to prepare students for creating written responses to the text. [Publisher website]


Abstract Allergic diseases result from an exaggerated response of the immune system to external substances. They are a common and increasing cause of illness and in Britain affect about 1 in 6 of the population. The annual cost to the NHS and the Department of Health for asthma alone is in excess of £750m. Although the public is concerned that the NHS has inadequate facilities for diagnosing and treating allergic diseases, there are many allergy clinics in the NHS. These are usually linked to specific specialties (such as chest diseases; ear, nose, and throat disease; paediatrics; dermatology; and gastroenterology). The British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology provides a regularly updated list of allergy clinics in the NHS (obtainable from the BSACI Secretariat, Membership Services, 66 Weston Park, Thames Ditton, Surrey, KT7 0HL). Most major hospitals have facilities for allergy testing Good allergy practice Teamwork by doctors, nurses, and dietitians is essential The investigation of allergic diseases includes skin tests and challenge procedures—that is, tests for food allergy—as well as various specialised laboratory investigations Good clinical practice by providers and the effective use of allergy services by purchasers should improve prognosis and cut the costs of treating allergic diseases


This paper is based on the assumption that besides technical innovations, a key aspect of meeting future energy challenges is to integrate end users through a more active position in the power system. However, a coherent view on end user engagement and effects derived from electricity consumption behaviour is still lacking. The paper aims at exploring end users' active participation in various European smart grid pilots by applying a newly developed conceptual framework. The purpose of the paper is to contribute to understanding what key success factors and barriers that exist for end user engagement in smart grids. To do this, a staged research methodology was applied: results and experiences were collected from 32 existing smart grid pilots followed by a multi-level analysis to identify best practices, success factors and pitfalls. Seven areas and actions characterizing successful implementation of pilots were identified, including understanding the target group, testing before roll-out, creating personal relations etc. The key barriers include technical problems, expectations, non-viable business cases and shared decision power. The main conclusions are that the end user is not a black box, and that context-sensitivity is crucial to succeed in end user engagement. Currently, developers of smart grid products and services tend to apply drivers related to economy and technology to achieve end user behavioural change. To support and facilitate other creative engagement strategies, the results from this paper will be implemented in a toolkit for smart grid practitioners, which will be made available online.


US policy to limit greenhouse gas emissions is currently driven, in part, by the US Environmental Protection Agency's proposed Clean Power Plan, which seeks a drop in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from fossil-fueled power plants—a "downstream" approach to regulation. Here, we consider an alternative, or possibly complementary, regulatory perspective - What is the legal and economic feasibility of imposing an "upstream" CO2 charge on coal production at its extraction site? Specifically, our focus is on leased coal from federal lands managed by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM). Such a carbon charge is designed, in principle, to embody the cumulative "lifecycle" externalities from coal mining to combustion (or other "downstream" utilization). Our legal analysis concludes that BLM has the statutory and regulatory authority to impose such a charge and that it would be best to add it to the royalty rate. But a large fee that would dramatically reduce revenues could invite judicial concern. The economic case is weaker than the legal case because production on state, private, and tribal lands (60 percent of total production) would not be subject to the charge and so could ramp up in response to the economic disadvantage the charge would cause for coal on federal lands, among other reasons. Best would be a comprehensive set of charges on royalties for all fossil fuels, irrespective of ownership.


The key to proper resource allocation for mobile video on wireless networks is to have a good model for the resource demands. In this paper, we present the results of analysis of a number of mobile video streams and show that a simple seasonal ARIMA model (SAM) can provide a very good representation for both MPEG4-Part2 and MPEG4-Part10 videos, the formats that are commonly used for mobile videos. The model has been implemented to provide both video frame and RTP packet generators. The model can be used to represent different movies and can be easily adjusted to produce different workloads for simulation studies. We use the SAM generator to compare the performance of three different scheduling methods for video over WiMAX networks: Earliest Deadline First (EDF), Deficit Round Robin (DRR) and a combination of the two. The results show that under overload, EDF introduces unfairness. DRR with deadline is fair and gives the best performance.


Background Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common disease that occurs all over the world. Models of care, initially accessed from the clinical point of view, must also be evaluated in terms of their economic effectiveness, as health care systems are limited. The Integrated Care Model (ICM) is a procedure dedicated to patients suffering from advanced COPD that offers home-oriented support from a multidisciplinary team. The main aim of the present study was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of the ICM. Material/Methods We included 44 patients in the study (31 males, 13 females) with an average age 72 years (Me=71). Costs of care were estimated based on data received from public payer records and included general costs, COPD-related costs, and exacerbation-related costs. To evaluate cost-effectiveness, cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) was used. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was calculated based on changes in health care resources utilization and the value of costs observed in 2 consecutive 6-month periods before and after introducing ICM. Results Costs of care of all types decreased after introducing ICM. Demand for ambulatory visits changed significantly (p=0.037) together with a substantial decrease in the number of emergency department appointments and hospitalizations (p=0.033). ICER was more profitable for integrated care than for standard care when assessing costs of avoiding negative parameters such as hospitalizations (−227 EUR), exacerbations-related hospitalizations (−312 EUR), or emergency procedures (−119 EUR). Conclusions ICM is a procedure that meets the criteria of cost-effectiveness. It allows for avoiding negative parameters such as unplanned hospitalizations with higher economic effectiveness than the standard type of care used in managing COPD.


An investigation was carried out into the
relationship between environment and reproduction in the
freshwater triclad species. By studying two
populations occupying adjacent habitats, under varying
conditions of temperature, flow rate and resource
availability, the effects of habitat variability on the
di~ribution~ density, size structure and the levels of
se>:ual and ase>:ual reproduction within each population
were assessed. The population occupying a habitat which
was characterised by its eurythermic temperature regime,
high flow rates and complex macroinvertebrate community,
occurred at low densities. Within this population,
individuals were larger, on average, than in the adjacent
population, and se>:ual reproduction occurred at high
levels throughout the year, with asexual reproduction (by
binary and multiple fission> also occurring throughout the
yea~, but at lower levels. The seasonal nature of this
habitat was reflected within the popUlation of ,
which exhibited spring peaks in density, followed by
summer peaks in the level of sexual reproduction.
In contrast, the adjacent population occupied a
habitat which was characterised by its stenothermic
temperature regime, low flow rates and a less comple>
macroinvertebrate community, and occurred at much higher
densities. Within this population, individuals were
smaller, on average, than in the adjacent population, and
sexual reproduction was virtually absent, wi th asexual

reproduction (by binary. and multiple fission) occurring
throughout the year at appreciable levels. The lack of
seasonality within this habitat was similarly reflected in
the lack of any seasonal fluctuations in density, or level
of (in this case ase>:ual) reproduction within the
population. The level of food availability varied
seasonally in both habitats, however, and was generally
similar, in terms of biomass, in bath areas.
A hypothesis was presented which
of triclads within each habitat
related the density
to the total food
availability, measured as stream drift. It was suggested
that at low population densities, the relatively higher
levels of net resource availability per i ndi vi dual
favoured the occurrence of sexual reproduction, in
contrast with situations of high population density, where
the relatively lower levels of net resource availability
per individual inhibited the occurrence of sexual
reproduction, thus favouring asexual reproduction.
This hypothesis was supported by the results of
laboratory investigations in other studies, together with
the evidence gained from field observations from this
study, particularly the observation that in the low
dem::.i ty population, seasonal cycles in the level of sexual
reproduction were out of phase with seasonal cycles of a
similar nature in the level of popUlation denSity.
Further evidence, from the results of .a field
manipulation experiment, was presented which supported the
hypothesis. In an area of high popUlation denSity, density
was reduced artificially, resulting in a significant
increase in the level of sexual

reproduction within the
population.
population,
It was concluded that in the high density
intense intraspecific competition for food
resulted in a low net level of food availability per
individual, which in turn inhibited the process of
sexualisation in triclads from that area.
The results from these two populations of ~~~!e~~~,
indicating that net food availability controls the
occurrence of sexual reproduction in this species, are in
marked contrast to the findings of previous studies, in
which habitat temperature is implicated as the dominant
environmental influence on this process.


We measured eye rotations in three planes in a patient with acquired, torsional nystagmus. This nystagmus had linear or increasing-velocity waveforms, was increased after active pitch rotations of the head, and was suppressed by convergence. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a midpontine lesion that was probably a venous angioma. We postulate that torsional nystagmus in this patient was due to disruption of central vestibular connections.


The mixture of multivariate Bernoulli distributions (MMB) is a statistical model for high-dimensional binary data in widespread use. Recently, the MMB has been used to model the sequence of packet receptions and losses of wireless links in sensor networks. Given an MMB trained on long data traces recorded from links of a deployed network, one can then use samples from the MMB to test different routing algorithms for as long as desired. However, learning an accurate model for a new link requires collecting from it long traces over periods of hours, a costly process in practice (e.g. limited battery life). We propose an algorithm that can adapt a preexisting MMB trained with extensive data to a new link from which very limited data is available. Our approach constrains the new MMB's parameters through a nonlinear transformation of the existing MMB's parameters. The transformation has a small number of parameters that are estimated using a generalized EM algorithm with an inner loop of BFGS iterations. We demonstrate the efficacy of the approach using the MNIST dataset of handwritten digits, and wireless link data from a sensor network. We show we can learn accurate models from data traces of about 1 minute, about 10 times shorter than needed if training an MMB from scratch.


A book-and-DVD training package so you can learn Premiere Pro at your own pacePremiere Pro is a powerful, timeline-based video editing software, and this personal training course uses a full-color book plus video tutorials on DVD to teach you how to use all its features. Fifteen self-paced lessons encourage you to discover the creative possibilities that Adobe s Premiere Pro presents. Step-by-step directions, lesson files, and an instructional video demonstrate the many exciting features of Premiere Pro. You can learn from leading instructors, and do it at your own pace.Premiere Pro is an advanced video-editing program available at an affordable price; this book-and-DVD package offers step-by-step training on its abilitiesPresents 15 lessons in full color, supported by video tutorials and lesson files on the DVD, all of which allow you to work at your own paceDemonstrates how to work with a variety of popular film styles featuring the latest in editing techniques at the highest quality possiblePremiere Pro Digital Classroom is like having your own personal instructor to teach you Premiere Pro right in your own home or office.


In the construction industry, the popularity of sustainability and its benefits have been on the rise in recent years. Alas, with various building sustainability assessment schemes on the market, there is still no single general method for a comprehensive and inclusive design and building process for sus- tainable buildings. The literature describes several barriers of entry preventing actors in the industry from seeking sustainability certifications and prioritizing design methods, supporting sustainability in greater numbers. In the newly developed tool, "DGNB building certification companion: Sustainable Tool for Assessment, Planning, Learning, and Engaging (STAPLE)", a new Excel-based, interactive, and iterative education focused platform is introduced, intended to engage dialog among stakeholders, building owners, and decision makers, and the assigned group team leaders, based on the five DGNB topics. In order to establish common levels of knowledge, terminology, and understanding for proper interdisciplinary discussions, which would result in suitable and timely decisions, personal and professional development is enabled by imbedded educational documents in multiple formats throughout the tool as plain-language, easily digestible summaries of various topics regarding sustainability and the DGNB certification scheme. The identified barriers are described in the tool followed by a solution to overcome them. The tool, tested at multiple stages of development and moulded by many individuals both within and outside of the sustainable building industry, has shown to achieve the primary goals of assessment of individual's current knowledge, educating through multiple stages and formats, and the inspiring of conversation among team members through a graphical display of opinions. Based on user feedback, the conclusion was that this is a desired product on the market. This new approach is expected to dramatically reduce misunderstandings, conflicts, and mistakes during a sustainable design process, helping the design team plan a project to possibly obtain the highest DGNB score if desired and properly documented.


Perpetual Uncertainty brings together artists from Europe, Japan and the USA to investigate questions of nuclear technology, radiation and the transmission of knowledge over deep time futures. The artworks in the exhibition explore how nuclear technology has affected our perception of memory, knowledge and time. How can we understand the long-lived half-lives of radioactive isotopes? How can we communicate to people where our radioactive waste is stored 100 000 years from now? Is it even possible to imagine how the world will look then? The exhibition gives a contemporary perspective on living in a nuclear economy, just seven years after the accident in Fukushima and 32 years after the disaster in Chernobyl. Today North Korea's nuclear weapon tests remind us of the threat of nuclear war. At the same time, humans are starting to bury radioactive waste, which must be isolated from the environment for up to a million years. Artists: James Acord, Shuji Akagi, Lise Autogena and Joshua Portway, Erich Berger and Mari Keto, Nick Crowe and Ian Rawlinson, Don't Follow the Wind, Finger Pointing Worker, Dave Griffiths, Isao Hashimoto, Erika Kobayashi, David Mabb, Cecile Massart, Eva and Franco Mattes, Yelena Popova, Susan Schuppli, Shimpei Takeda, Kota Takeuchi, Jon Thomson and Alison Craighead, Suzanne Treister, Andy Weir, Robert Williams and Bryan McGovern Wilson, Ken + Julia Yonetani. Perpetual Uncertainty is produced by Bildmuseet and curated by Ele Carpenter. <<< less


In this article, we present the design of a novel ankle rehabilitation robot (ARR), called the Flex-ARR, that employs a compliant parallel kinematic mechanism (PKM) with decoupled degrees-of-freedom. While multiple ARRs have been developed and commercialized, their clinical adoption has been limited primarily because they do not emulate the natural motion of the ankle. Based on a review of existing ARRs and their limitations, this article defines functional requirements and design specifications for an optimal ARR. These are then used to develop a design strategy followed by conceptual and detailed design of a novel ARR. The proposed Flex-ARR is designed to collocate the biological center of rotation of the ankle with that of the robot's center of rotation to allow natural ankle motion. The strategic use of a compliant PKM in the Flex-ARR not only absorbs any residual misalignment between these two centers but also helps inherently accommodate variations in user foot sizes with minimal adjustments. Detailed design includes the ARR structure with adjustable features, compliant PKM optimization, sensor and actuator selection, and an alignment tool.


The coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi has long been considered a cosmopolitan species
occurring from the tropics to polar waters. This keystone marine phytoplankton through its
shedding of delicate and intricately beautiful calcium carbonate coccoliths is a major
contributor to the global geochemical cycling of carbon and is attracting widespread interest
as to whether it will increase photosynthesis or reduce calcification in response to current
climate change. To gain an understanding of the ecology of little studied Southern
Hemisphere populations of E. huxleyi 423 single cell isolates were established from 10
sampling locations encompassing 5 ocean currents/systems around southern Australia,
Tasmania and the Southern Ocean, including below the Antarctic Polar Front. Two distinct
coccolith morphotypes were recognised which remained stable during long-term culturing:
type A and type B/C.
DNA was extracted from these strains and each was amplified with 8 microsatellite markers
developed for the species. The amplification success of the microsatellites was low (65%)
but comparable between this and a previous study using the same markers with E. huxleyi
(61%). Low to moderate genetic differentiation (from pairwise comparisons between
populations FsT range = 0.01 - 0.09) was apparent among type A populations despite
considerable admixture suggesting that gene flow is not sufficient to completely prevent
differentiation. Moderate to high levels of genetic differentiation (F sTrange 0.14 - 0.16)
were observed between the Southern Ocean morphotype B/C and all type A populations.
The genetic differences may arise from an ecological or environmental constraint to this
unique Southern Ocean B/C morphotype.
Pigment analyses of the two morphotypes revealed significant differences in fucoxanthin
pool composition and size. The 19'-hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin:chlorophyll a ratio (Hex:chl a)
in type A strains was always 1 in type B/C strains indicating an important role for
Hex in managing light harvesting in type B/C strains. Based on non-Chl a normalized
pigment data type B/C strains had a larger fucoxanthin pool due to 11 x greater
Hex:fucoxanthin ratio and a higher ratio of carotenoids to chlorophylls. Type A strains had
an 8x higher concentration of fiicoxanthin. Type A possessed the carotenoid 4-keto-19'-
hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin (4-keto-hex) but this pigment was never detected in over 30 type
B/C strains.
Related physiological differences between the two morphotypes were evident in the response
to light, both in short and long term exposure experiments. Non-photochemical quenching
(NPQ) of chlorophyll fluorescence and xanthophyll de-epoxidation were induced twice as
rapidly in type A than in type B/C. Recovery of photosynthetic yield from short-term high
light exposure was 12.5 x faster in type A than in type B/C. The Ek value of neither
morphotype reflected either low or high steady state growth irradiance level (i.e. having an
Ek value near the ambient irradiance) nevertheless in high growth irradiance the light
saturation index (Ek) for type A was higher than type B/C. Upon exposure to simulated
midday sea surface irradiance, the high light grown type B/C more than doubled its Ek value
to surpass type A. Low light acclimated strains of both morphotypes suffered long term
photodamage when exposed to sea surface irradiance levels.
The two E. huxleyi morphotypes, A and B/C, use and are affected by light differently
according to the light level to which they have previously been acclimated.
With its higher fucoxanthin content, rapid xanthophyll de-epoxidation activity and
recovery/repair mechanisms, type A is adapted to a narrower light intensity range but is more
efficient under sustained high light conditions than type B/C. Accelerated xanthophyll
cycling that increases the short-term photoprotective capacity of cells may be an important
factor contributing to the ecological success of E. huxleyi type A during surface blooms at
high light intensities. In contrast, type B/C, although possessing the capacity to acclimate to
high light, has slower light response rates and takes longer to recovery and therefore may be
compromised in its ability to adapt and optimise photosynthesis to reach the rapid growth
rates required to form blooms. Furthermore, if as predicted under climate change models,
ocean stratification and shallow mixing increase, then these conditions will have serious
implications for the survival of the type B/C as it will potentially be exposed to longer
periods of high light conditions which may prove permanently damaging over a sustained
period of time.
The degree of genetic differentiation along with the difference in pigment composition and
photophysiological properties between the two morphotypes reflects an adaptive
evolutionary divergence due to isolation of type B/C by the Antarctic Circumpolar Current.
It is proposed that morphotype B/C be recognized as variety aurorae var. nov distinct from
the more widespread type A (var. huxleyi). Recognition of strain variation of this previously
considered cosmopolitan taxon is critical in order to predict the future success of this key
ocean plankton.


As a Facilities Management procurement option the partial or full outsourcing of operation and maintenance of buildings has been making enormous progress since the recent past. Outsourcing can bring about many changes and conflicts into the organisation due to many reasons such as services may be performed in different ways, some services may change in quality and rhythm, the employees may be asked to do things differently and the organisational culture may also have to change in doing so. In order to maintain the continuity of the operations, organisations need to adopt an intelligent approach to manage changes. Though, change management models have been developed for organisational changes, which include changes within the organisation and for total changes such as acquisition and merging, there is no specific or tailor made change management models that would combine the existing organisation and the outside outsourcing party. As such, the aim of this study is to develop a conceptual model for change management for outsourcing Facilities Management services effectively. For this study a comprehensive literature review was used as the research methodology. Major change management criteria which can affect the efficiency of outsourcing Facilities Management services were identified, and a conceptual model developed in order to offer a solution. It was suggested that through managing the change, the efficiency of outsourcing the Facilities Management services can be improved and the organisation can get the maximum benefit out of such outsourcing.


1. Young, sub-totally nephrectomized rats were used to study the altered mineral metabolism of renal failure and its effects on bone growth and mineral maturation. 2. Rats killed at 4 weeks after sub-total nephrectomy demonstrated less bone growth than the age-matched control animals. These differences diminished in successive 4 week periods and were not significant at 12 weeks after operation. 3. The major differences in bone mineral composition between the uraemic rats and the control rats were: (i) lower CO 2 3 ; − concentrations, and (ii) higher PO 3 4 ; − and HPO 2 4 ; − concentrations. 4. These differences are consistent with the view that bone mineral matures by the conversion of an acidic calcium phosphate precursor into a carbonate-containing apatite, an essential feature of this conversion being the replacement of PO 3 4 ; − or HPO 2 4 ; − by CO 2 3 ; − . By this definition, uraemic rats at 4 weeks after operation contained more immature bone mineral than the control rats. These differences corresponded to the changes in bone weight, and were similarly unaffected at 12 weeks after operation. 5. The effects observed were transient and were reversed as renal function recovered. If renal failure is sustained, however, as in patients with end-stage renal disease, the maturation defect could become a feature of renal bone disease. Specific aetiological factors are discussed, but not identified.


Though deeply contested, citizenship has come to be defined in gender-inclusive terms both as a status anchored in law, with attendant rights and resources, and as agency manifested in active political participation and representation. Scholars have argued that gender often determines how citizenship rights are distributed at household, community, national, and institutional levels, thereby leaving women with many responsibilities but few resources and little representation. Citizenship laws in different parts of Africa explicitly discriminate based on ethnicity, race, gender and religion, with women bearing the brunt of these inequities. In particular, African women have faced structural, institutional, and cultural barriers to ensuring full citizenship in policy and praxis, with contestations in the post-independence era centering around the fulfillment of citizenship rights embedded in law, practice, and lived experience.
 While African women's concerns about their subjective roles as equal citizens were often sidelined during nationalist liberation movements, the post-independence era has presented more meaningful opportunities for women in the continent to demand equality of access to citizenship rights, resources, and representation. In contemporary times, a number of local, national, continental, and transnational developments have shaped the contours of the battle for women's citizenship equality, including the prominence of domestic women's movements; national constitutional reviews and revisions processes; electoral quotas; female labor force participation; and feminism as a unifying principle of gender justice.
 African women have had to overcome constraints imposed on them not only by patriarchy, but also by histories of slavery, colonialism, structural adjustment, land dispossession, militarism, and neoliberalism. They have often been subordinated in the domestic or private sphere, with gendered values and norms then undermining their agency in the public sphere. Although African women have managed to secure some political, socio-economic, and cultural rights, resources, and representation, this has certainly not been the panacea for achieving full equality of citizenship or gender justice.


In small urban catchments a very high space-time rainfall resolution is needed in order to obtain with sufficient accuracy the flash flood forecasting as well as the monitoring of sewer systems. The errors in hyetograph input due to different spatial resolution are amplified by hydrological losses and flow processes so that they may produce some relevant errors in runoff volumes and peak discharges. In this paper we deal with a field investigation, carried out during an eight-year period on an urban test catchment located in the outskirts of Rome. This watershed drains a residential area and for its geomorphological and environmental characteristics, it can represent a typical situation in the Italian urban context. To link the precipitation measurements to the discharge ones a rainfall-runoff model is calibrated by the use of data with high spatial and temporal resolution; the results are shown in the paper.


During 1400–1800 UT on September 15, 2005, the solar wind exhibited large variations and caused a moderate magnetic storm. The Jicamarca incoherent scatter radar, located near the local noon, observed an overshielding event after the northward turning of interplanetary magnetic field. The overshielding event featured distinct increase and decrease phases. We have examined the magnetospheric configuration variation with the geosynchronous observations provided by GOES12 (dayside) and LANL 97A (nightside), as well as the tail magnetic field monitored by Double Star TC1. The results suggested that the time‐dependent magnetospheric reconfiguration process is closely related to the development of equatorial electric field. We speculate that the magnetospheric reconfiguration may cause equatorial ionosphere electric field disturbances through affecting the Region 2 field aligned current.


This study focuses on the development of a two dimensional (2D) simplified numerical framework of rigid wall-flexible diaphragm (RWFD) structures that can be used to validate seismic design approaches. This type of low-rise industrial buildings, which is widely used in North America, incorporates rigid inplane concrete or masonry walls and flexible in-plane wood, steel or "hybrid" roof diaphragms. The numerical modeling is detailed enough to capture the nonlinear seismic response of RWFD buildings, but simplified enough to efficiently conduct a large number of nonlinear time-history dynamic analyses. The 2D numerical modeling framework is based on a three step sub-structuring approach including: (1) a hysteretic response database for diaphragm connectors, (2) a 2D inelastic roof diaphragm model incorporating hysteretic connector response and (3) a simplified 2D building model incorporating hysteretic diaphragm model response. The diaphragm connector database (step 1) was developed for both wood and steel deck connectors using cyclic test data available in the literature. Two well-known hysteretic models (Wayne-Stewart and CUREE-SAWS) were used for estimating/fitting hysteretic parameters of each connector type. The analytical model of the inelastic roof diaphragm (step 2) was generated to account for the elastic shear deformation of deck panels, elastic flexural deformations of chord members as well as inelastic deformations of deck-to-frame connectors (from the connector database-step 1). This model includes monotonic and cyclic analysis capabilities. The last step of the proposed analytical framework is a simplified two dimensional model of a RWFD building developed in RUAUMOKO2D to account for the inelastic response of roof diaphragms (based on the analytical roof diaphragm model-step 2) and the out-of-plane walls as well as second order (P-Δ) effects. Both the proposed analytical model of the roof diaphragm and the proposed simplified building model were validated with experimental and analytical studies available in the literature. Furthermore, a sensitivity study was conducted to examine the effect of: (i) analysis time step, (ii) different base fixity of the out-of plane walls, (iii) P-Δ effects, (iv) inherent viscous damping and (v) direction of shaking on the collapse assessment of RWFD structures.


This paper first discusses some theoretical properties of 2D principal component analysis (2DPCA) and then presents a horizontal and vertical 2DPCA-based discriminant analysis (HVDA) method for face verification. The HVDA method, which applies 2DPCA horizontally and vertically on the image matrices (2D arrays), achieves lower computational complexity than the traditional PCA and Fisher linear discriminant analysis (LDA)-based methods that operate on high dimensional image vectors (1D arrays). The horizontal 2DPCA is invariant to vertical image translations and vertical mirror imaging, and the vertical 2DPCA is invariant to horizontal image translations and horizontal mirror imaging. The HVDA method is therefore less sensitive to imprecise eye detection and face cropping, and can improve upon the traditional discriminant analysis methods for face verification. Experiments using the face recognition grand challenge (FRGC) and the biometric experimentation environment system show the effectiveness of the proposed method. In particular, for the most challenging FRGC version 2 Experiment 4, which contains 12\thinspace776 training images, 16 028 controlled target images, and 8014 uncontrolled query images, the HVDA method using a color configuration across two color spaces, namely, the YIQ and the YCbCr color spaces, achieves the face verification rate (ROC III) of 78.24% at the false accept rate of 0.1%.


We report the first detection of asymmetry in a supernova (SN) photosphere based on SN light echo (LE) spectra of Cas A from the different perspectives of dust concentrations on its LE ellipsoid. New LEs are reported based on difference images, and optical spectra of these LEs are analyzed and compared. After properly accounting for the effects of finite dust-filament extent and inclination, we find one field where the He i λ5876 and Hα features are blueshifted by an additional ∼4000 km s−1 relative to other spectra and to the spectra of the Type IIb SN 1993J. That same direction does not show any shift relative to other Cas A LE spectra in the Ca ii near-infrared triplet feature. We compare the perspectives of the Cas A LE dust concentrations with recent three-dimensional modeling of the SN remnant (SNR) and note that the location having the blueshifted He i and Hα features is roughly in the direction of an Fe-rich outflow and in the opposite direction of the motion of the compact object at the center of the SNR. We conclude that Cas A was an intrinsically asymmetric SN. Future LE spectroscopy of this object, and of other historical SNe, will provide additional insight into the connection of the explosion mechanism to SN then to SNR, as well as give crucial observational evidence regarding how stars explode.


Tensors are higher-order extensions of matrices. While matrix methods form the cornerstone of traditional machine learning and data analysis, tensor methods have been gaining increasing traction. However, software support for tensor operations is not on the same footing. In order to bridge this gap, we have developed TensorLy, a Python library that provides a high-level API for tensor methods and deep tensorized neural networks. TensorLy aims to follow the same standards adopted by the main projects of the Python scientific community, and to seamlessly integrate with them. Its BSD license makes it suitable for both academic and commercial applications. TensorLy's backend system allows users to perform computations with several libraries such as NumPy or PyTorch to name but a few. They can be scaled on multiple CPU or GPU machines. In addition, using the deep-learning frameworks as backend allows to easily design and train deep tensorized neural networks. TensorLy is available at https://github.com/tensorly/tensorly


Letter dated January 24, 1801, from John Adams to George Churchman and Jacob Lindley, two abolitionists who had sent Adams an antislavery pamphlet by a Quaker reformer, Warner Mifflin. In the letter, President Adams expresses his views on slavery, the dangers posed by abolitionists (who at the time were mostly Quakers and unpopular religious radicals), and emancipation. In his letter, Adams mistakenly concludes that slavery was an institution in decline, writing that "I have always employed freemen both as Domesticks and Labourers, and never in my Life did I own a Slave." The 1790 census counted almost 700,000 slaves. According to the census of 1800, the year before Adams wrote this letter, that number had grown to almost 900,000. Adams also writes that "The Abolition of Slavery must be gradual and accomplished with much caution and Circumspection..." Adams argues (optimistically) that "other Evils in our Country... are growing (whereas the practice of slavery is fast diminishing) and threaten to bring punishment on our Land, more immediately than the oppression of the blacks."


Emerging as a hot topic in the mid-twentieth century, causality is one of the most frequently discussed issues in contemporary philosophy. Causality has been a central concept in philosophy as well as in the sciences, especially the natural sciences, dating back to its beginning in Greek thought. David Hume famously claimed that causality is the cement of the universe. In general terms, it links eventualities, predicts the consequences of action, and is the cognitive basis for the acquisition and the use of categories and concepts in the child. Indeed, how could one answer why-questions, around which early rational thought begins to revolve, without hitting on the relationships between reason and consequence, cause and effect, or without drawing these distinctions? But a comprehensive definition of causality has been notoriously hard to provide, and virtually every aspect of causation has been subject to much debate and analysis."Thinking about Causes" brings together top philosophers from the United States and Europe to focus on causality as a major force in philosophical and scientific thought. Topics addressed include: ancient Stoicism and moral philosophy; the case of sacramental causality; traditional causal concepts in Descartes; Kant on transcendental laws; the influence of J. S. Mill's politics on his concept of causation; plurality in causality; causality in modern physics; causality in economics; and the concept of free will.Taken together, the essays in this collection provide the best current thinking about causality, especially as it relates to the philosophy of science.


This is an update on severe epilepsies in infancy that are associated with genetic etiologies, either chromosomal abnormalities or gene mutations. These severe epilepsies may present the clinical and electroencephalographic phenotype of the so called epileptic encephalopathies, although a significant number of cases do not comply with the criteria to be included among the already known categories, as classified by the International League Against Epilepsy. Several chromosomal abnormalities, with or without a characteristic physical phenotype, are associated with epileptic encephalopathies in infants. Many patients are affected by metabolic or structural cerebral diseases of genetic etiology, in which seizures are not the only manifestation. Inborn errors of metabolism, deficiencies in cerebral transporters, mitochondrial encephalopathies, several neuroectodermosis, and part of the brain malformations and disorders of cortical development are examples. Recognition of new gene mutations in infants with epileptic encephalopathies or other severe epilepsies whose brain imaging studies, neurometabolic screenings and conventional cariotypes are normal, is emphasized in this review. An algorhythm for diagnosis and treatment of neonatal seizures with no determined etiology is also included. Finally, the new molecular genetics techniques applied in the diagnostic approach of these conditions, such as Array Comparative Genomic Hybridization, the identification of copy number variations and the eventual sequencing of genes, are commented but not described. The concept for pediatricians and pediatric neurologists is that mutations in one gene may provoke different epileptic syndromes, whereas one epileptic syndrome may be provoked by mutations in different genes.


This paper formalizes Feature Selection as a Reinforcement Learning problem, leading to a provably optimal though intractable selection policy. As a second contribution, this paper presents an approximation thereof, based on a one-player game approach and relying on the Monte-Carlo tree search UCT (Upper Confidence Tree) proposed by Kocsis and Szepesvari (2006). The Feature Uct SElection (FUSE) algorithm extends UCT to deal with i) a finite unknown horizon (the target number of relevant features); ii) the huge branching factor of the search tree, reflecting the size of the feature set. Finally, a frugal reward function is proposed as a rough but unbiased estimate of the relevance of a feature subset. A proof of concept of FUSE is shown on benchmark data sets.


Australia's humanitarian programme contributes to UNHCR's global resettlement programme and enhances Australia's international humanitarian reputation. However, as the recent tragedy on Christmas Island has shown, the arrival of asylum seekers by boat continues to stimulate debate, discussion and reaction from the Australian public and the Australian media. In this study, we used a mixed methods community survey to understand community perceptions and attitudes relating to asylum seekers. We found that while personal contact with asylum seekers was important when forming opinions about this group of immigrants, for the majority of respondents, attitudes and opinions towards asylum seekers were more influenced by the interplay between traditional Australian values and norms, the way that these norms appeared to be threatened by asylum seekers, and the way that these threats were reinforced both in media and political rhetoric.


Abstract Difunctional boron-containing reactive flame retardant for UV-curable epoxy acrylate oligomer was synthesized from phenyl boronic acid and glycidyl methacrylate. The synthesized reactive diluent was utilized to formulate ultraviolet (UV)-curable wood coatings. The weight fractions of reactive diluent in coatings formulation was varied from 5 to 25 wt % with constant photoinitiator concentration. The molecular structure of reactive flame retardant was confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared, Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and 11B NMR spectral analysis. Further, the efficacy of flame retardant behaviour of coatings was evaluated using limiting oxygen index and UL-94 vertical burning test. Thermal stability of cured coatings films were estimated from thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimetry analysis. The effects of varying concentration of reactive diluent on the viscosity of coatings formulation along with optical, mechanical and chemical resistance properties of coatings were also evaluated. The coatings gel content, water absorption behaviour, contact angle analysis and stain resistance were also studied.


There is increasing evidence that l‐ascorbic acid (LAA) is selectively toxic to some types of cancer cells at pharmacological concentrations, functioning as a pro‐oxidant rather than as an anti‐oxidant. However, the molecular mechanisms by which LAA initiates cellular signaling leading to cell death are still unclear. In an effort to gain insight into these mechanisms, the effects of LAA on eukaryotic transcription nuclear factor NF‐κB and cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) expression were investigated. In the present study, LAA suppressed DNA binding activity of NF‐κB, composed of a p65/p50 heterodimer, through inhibition of degradation of inhibitory κB‐α (IκB‐α) and prevention of nuclear translocation of p65. The inhibitory effect of LAA on NF‐κB activity was dependent upon glutathione levels in HL‐60 cells, as well as generation of H2O2 but not superoxide anion. LAA also downregulated the expression of COX‐2, which has a NF‐κB binding site on its promoter, through repressing NF‐κB DNA binding activity. Moreover, cotreatment of 1 μM arsenic trioxide (As2O3) with various concentrations of LAA enhanced an LAA‐induced repression of NF‐κB activity and COX‐2 expression. In conclusion, our data suggest that LAA exerts its anti‐tumor activity through downregulation of NF‐κB activity and COX‐2 expression, and these inhibitory effects can be enhanced by co‐treatment with As2O3. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


Abstract The relationship between visual sustained attention-discrimination and goal-directed search was evaluated using a visual discrimination and exploration (goal-directed search) paradigm and urinary excretion of catecholaminergic metabolites [dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE)] in 6–12 year-old children (n = 31) strictly selected and diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) using diagnostic criteria and other objective indices. The Structured Clinical Interview (SCID) (DSM-IV) was used to formally diagnose ADHD in children. A cognitive laboratory test was used to assess visual sustained attention-discrimination and goal-directed search (Children Color Trails Test 1 and 2). Urinary excretion of DA and NE metabolites was measured via reversed high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Pearson product-moment correlations were used to investigate the relationship between visual sustained attention and goal-directed search and urinary catecholamine metabolites of DA and NE. The present findings revealed a positive and moderately significant relationship between visual sustained attention and visual exploration and catecholaminergic metabolite levels of NE and DA, according to expectation. Decreased visual sustained attention and goal-directed search was associated with decreased DA and NE metabolite levels. The present results are consistent with past research with children with ADHD and studies with primates examining the intricate and respective interaction between the Locus Coeruleus and visual sustained attention-discrimination and the Ventral Tegmental Area and goal-directed search (visual exploration) respectively modulated through NE and DA. Applied and theoretical issues associated with the present findings also are discussed addressing recent computer-generated analogues of action selection models within the context of the extant findings.


This article reflects on "going back" to the field as a researcher who has investigated the intersections of sexualities and spiritualities and occupying multiple and diverse positionalities in relation to research and researcher identities. It explores what it means to "go back" and "give back," where the lines are permanently blurred between "participant" and "researcher" in particular spiritual spaces. We reflect on how sexualities are implicated in this process, as well as how spiritualities are enacted (or not) on return as a "non-researcher." We look at what "matters" and what fails to matter through the themes of: being a (non) researcher; being known and unknown, and engaging spiritualities and sexualities. The article argues that "going back" is something that requires further exploration where pleasure and spirituality is found both in the experiences of the space itself and from undertaking research in these spaces.


According to today's best projections, petaFLOP/s computing platforms will combine deep memory hierarchies in both latency and bandwidth with a need for many-thousand-fold parallelism. Unless effective parallel programs are prepared in advance, much of the promise of the first year or two of operation for these systems may be lost. We introduce a candidate for a portable petaFLOP/s programming model that can enable these important early application programs to be developed while, at the same time, permitting these same applications to run efficiently on the most capable computing systems now available. An MPI-based model is portable, but its programming paradigm ignores the potential benefits of hardware support for shared memory within each network node. A threads-based model cannot directly cope with the distributed nature of the memory over the network. Therefore, a new, portable programming model is needed. The shared memory programming model dramatically simplifies the expression of dynamic load balancing strategies for irregular algorithms. The main strategy is a transparent self-scheduled task list performed in parallel so long as specified data-dependent conditions are met. The model used is a cluster of multiprocessor distributed shared memory machines with network-attached disks. Our experimental run-time system allows the programmer to view this computing platform as a single machine with a four-stage memory hierarchy, consisting of coherent processor cache, non-coherent local shared memory, global shared memory, plus a global disk file system.


In this paper, we review our recent experimental studies on electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) from electron spin coherences in semiconductor quantum wells. Coherent Raman resonances, manifestations of EIT from electron spin coherences at relatively low pump intensities, were demonstrated in both V-type and Λ-type three-level systems via heavy-hole exciton and trion transitions in undoped and doped quantum wells, respectively. Coherent Raman resonances from electron spin coherences via light-hole transitions were also demonstrated in a waveguide geometry that enables a long optical interaction length as well as a large absorption coefficient. Experimental approaches that can avoid or reduce detrimental many-body effects in quantum wells are suggested for the realization of nearly ideal EIT processes.


Abstract The response of various austenitic and duplex stainless steel grades to low temperature gaseous nitriding and carburising was investigated. Gaseous nitriding was performed in ammonia/hydrogen mixtures at temperatures <723 K; gaseous carburising was carried out in carbon monoxide/hydrogen mixtures for temperatures ≤783 K. The case developed by thermochemical treatment was examined using reflected light microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis and microhardness testing. Both nitriding and carburising led to the development of expanded austenite in the surface adjacent zone, irrespective of the phase constitution of the substrate. A two step process, consisting of carburising followed by nitriding, provides great flexibility with regard to adjusting the hardness–depth profile.


Over the last century the electromagnetic (EM) spectrum has become ever more accessible with advances in technology. As a result, EM filters (or Frequency Selective Surfaces (FSSs)) have been developed for many applications. Such filters have been used on satellites and radomes. In this thesis, novel single layer and dual layer FSS have been studied and characterised, experimentally and using Finite Element Method (FEM) modelling, showing very good agreement between the data and models. The interesting transmission properties of these structurally complicated FSS are explained and the physics of the resonant modes that mediate transmission is explored. Enhanced transmission through an array of sub-wavelength apertures close to the diffraction limit has been a popular area of physics for many years. In addition enhanced reflection from metal patch arrays has been of great interest. This thesis studies original extensions of conventional FSS. The work is split into two main sections: single layer FSS and dual layer FSS. In the first experimental chapter (chapter 5) two new single layered FSS comprising complementary elements tessellated into composite arrays are explored (a connected array and a disconnected array). The behaviour of these arrays is compared with that of arrays of the constituent elements that either exhibit enhanced transmission or enhanced reflection phenomena. The behaviour of the connected composite array can be inferred from the behaviour of arrays of the constituent elements. Interestingly for the disconnected composite array, the behaviour can not be inferred from the constituent elements as without one or the other of the elements in situ, the modes supported on the composite array are not supported for the arrays of constituent elements. The second and third experimental chapters (Chapters 6 and 7) explore the transmission through dual layer arrays composed of either capped holes or capped annuli. Despite the holes being capped with a metal disc, the array exhibits a remarkably high transmission, mediated by the annular cavity formed between the caps and apertured metal sheet. In Chapter 7 concentrically nested annular patches above annular slots are used to achieve multiple transmission pass bands. For many applications it is often desirable to miniaturise resonant elements. Developing this concept further, chapter 8 explores the resonant frequency of a structured capped aperture. The internal structure of metal inclusions, give control over the resonant frequency of the cavity, reducing it's resonant frequency significantly and miniaturising the size of the cavity compared to the incident wavelength.


ABSTRACT: How do firms repair their reputations after a serious accounting restatement? To answer this question, we review firms' press releases and identify 1,765 reputation-building actions taken by: (1) 94 restating firms in the periods before and after their restatement; and (2) a set of matched control firms during contemporaneous periods. We posit that firms have incentives to target multiple stakeholders in a reputation repair strategy—including capital providers, customers, employees, and geographic communities—and that actions targeting each group generate positive market returns as reputation capital is repaired. Consistent with our predictions, the frequency of, and stock returns to, reputation-building actions are greater for restating firms in the period after their restatement than for the control groups. In addition, firm characteristics predict the types of stakeholders targeted by firms. Finally, actions targeted at both capital providers and other stakeholders are associated with improve...


The authors attempted to determine the critical time period for information extraction when recognizing play sequences in soccer. Although efforts have been made to identify the perceptual information underpinning such decisions, no researchers have attempted to determine "when" this information may be extracted from the display. The authors manipulated the duration of film sequences during the recognition phase to identify this critical time window. In an initial viewing phase, skilled soccer players watched action sequences lasting 5 s, while in a subsequent recognition phase they viewed either the entire 5-s clip or the final 3 or 1 s of each sequence. The authors predicted that for the structured viewing sequences recognition performance would be most accurate in the 3-s condition, whereas for the unstructured sequences performance was expected to become more accurate with longer exposure. The data supported the authors' predictions for the structured sequences. Skilled players were more accurate on the structured sequences in the 3-s viewing condition than the 5- (d = 1.47) or 1-s (d = 1.74) condition. No significant differences were observed between the 1- and 5-s (d = 0.23) conditions. The finding that recognition performance for structured sequences is enhanced when limited to viewing only the final 3s of an attacking sequence is important in understanding expert performance and anticipation in soccer. The results supported the proposal that in soccer, and tentatively in other similar sports, structure only emerges at discrete moments preceding a critical event. Additional research is necessary to determine whether these findings generalize to other sports and even across alternative play patterns. (Contains 2 figures.)


We report here the lateral epitaxial overgrowth (LEO) of GaN on a patterned GaN-on-silicon substrate by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) growth with radio frequency nitrogen plasma as a gas source. Two kinds of GaN nanostructures are defined by electron beam lithography and realized on a GaN substrate by fast atom beam etching. The epitaxial growth of GaN by MBE is performed on the prepared GaN template, and the selective growth of GaN takes place with the assistance of GaN nanostructures. The LEO of GaN produces novel GaN epitaxial structures which are dependent on the shape and the size of the processed GaN nanostructures. Periodic GaN hexagonal pyramids are generated inside the air holes, and GaN epitaxial strips with triangular section are formed in the grating region. This work provides a promising way for producing novel GaN-based devices by the LEO of GaN using the MBE technique.


A phenomenological approach was used to elicit the perspectives of twenty ex-pupils of a special school for pupils with moderate learning difficulties on their education. Literature is reviewed on the history of special education, accessing the voice of young people especially those labelled as having learning difficulties, the perspectives of pupils and ex-pupils on their special schooling and Social Identity Theory. Semi-structured interview and other methods were used. Data were analysed using Nvivo software and manual methods. All pupils expressed affection for their special school and described a lack of adequate learning support in the mainstream schools. Otherwise their responses could be mostly categorised as one of three types. Some felt they didn't belong in the special school, they didn't choose to be there and they didn't easily admit having attended there. Another group identified strongly with the special school, they felt they had taken part in the decision for them to be there; they didn't want to attend mainstream school and engaged in denigrating them. They positioned themselves at the more able end of a hierarchy of special needs. A third group identified very strongly with the special school and saw it as a place of safety, a haven. Social Identity Theory is used as a framework to understand these responses. The work provides evidence of the unique and valuable contribution that young people labelled as having learning difficulties are able to make.


Virtualization is an emerging technology in the recent computing worlds and has become a platform for the implementation of utility computing (e.g. cloud computing) and the rising Virtual Private Networks. It helps to centralize and integrate IT resources there by reducing costs and energy usage. Organizations are implementing this technology, however, what factors determine the choice of virtual environments to be implemented? Moreover, to what extend therefore can an organization virtualize? This research proposes a paper that will investigate the above stated factors so that they can be able to breakeven and survive the ever changing economic times. The research shall achieve this by identifying and investigating factors that determine the choice of virtualized environments in these organizations. This will be accomplished by a qualitative design through a desktop research. This research is important for small and medium organizations who would need to evaluate the factors that they would consider before they choose to go virtualization. Some of the benefits that come with this technology include to reduce operating costs based on virtualization platforms, promote efficiency on clouds and enable organizations to shift the emphasis on the management, rather than ownership of ICT resources.


Background High-quality clinical evidence suggests that although acupuncture appears superior to usual care in the management of chronic low back pain, there is little meaningful difference between true and sham acupuncture. This suggests that the benefits of acupuncture are mediated by the placebo response. An alternative explanation is that sham acupuncture is an active treatment and shares a mechanism of action with traditionally applied acupuncture. One plausible candidate for this mechanism is improvement in self-perception mediated through the sensory discrimination-like qualities of acupuncture. We aimed to compare the effects of acupuncture with a sensory discrimination training component to acupuncture without. Methods 25 people with chronic low back pain were enroled in a randomised cross-over experiment. We compared the effect of acupuncture delivered when sensory discrimination is optimised to acupuncture delivered when it is not, on movement-related back pain immediately after each intervention. Results We found that the average pain intensity after participants had received acupuncture with sensory discrimination training (2.8±2.5) was less than when they received acupuncture without sensory discrimination training (3.6±2.0). This difference was statistically significant (after adjustment; mean difference=−0.8, 95% CI −1.4 to −0.3; p=0.011). Conclusions Our findings are consistent with the idea that acupuncture may offer specific benefit that is not dependent on precisely where the needles are inserted so much as that the patient attends to where they are inserted. If so, the location of the needles might be better focused on the painful area and the need for penetration of the skin may be mitigated.


Although the link between the U.S. budget deficit and trade deficit in the 1980s was so clear that the two were popularly labeled the twin deficits, it is wrong to generalize from the American experience of the 1980s to the conclusion that budget deficits and trade deficits are two sides of the same coin. An increased budget deficit (or other reduction in national saving) must reduce either private investment or net exports but the division between them depends on certain key parameters and on changes in the external environment. Although more than 90 percent of the savings decline in the United States in the first half of the 19805 was offset by an increase in the international deficit and the associated capital inflow, this was not an inevitable result. Without the powerful incentives for business investment in the 1981 tax legislation, there might have been less investment and a smaller increase in the trade deficit. The response to a reduction in national saving is not likely to be the same in the long run as in the short run. In my earlier studies with Charles Horioka and Phillipe Baccheua I found that sustained differences in saving rates among developed countries lead to similar differences in investment rates. This paper updates the earlier analyses to the decade of the 19805 and shows that among the G-7 countries the decade-average savings retention coefficient was 0.73. implying that nearly three-fourths of each additional dollar that was saved in a country remained in that country. The United States now appears to be moving from the "short run" in which the capital inflow offsets a decline in national saving to the "long run" in which lower domestic saving reduces domestic investment. Although national saving in 1990 was an even smaller fraction of GNP than in 1986 (because of the decline in private saving), the capital inflow fell from a peak of 3.5 percent of GNP in 1987 to 1.7 percent of GNP in 1990. As a result, net private domestic investment was reduced to only about 3 percent of GNP in 1990.


The new pervasive and context-aware computing models have resulted in the
development of modern environments which are responsive to the changing needs of
the people who live, work or socialise in them. These are called smart envirnments
and they employ high degree of intelligence to consume and process information in
order to provide services to users in accordance with their current needs. To achieve
this level of intelligence, such environments collect, store, represent and interpret a
vast amount of information which describes the current context of their users. Since
context-aware systems differ in the way they interact with users and interpret the
context of their entities and the actions they need to take, each individual system is
developed in its own way with no common architecture. This fact makes the
development of every context aware system a challenge. To address this issue, a new
and generic framework has been developed which is based on the Pipe-and-Filter
software architectural style, and can be applied to many systems. This framework uses
a number of independent components that represent the usual functions of any
context-aware system. These components can be configured in different arrangements
to suit the various systems' requirements. The framework and architecture use a
model to represent raw context information as a function of context primitives,
referred to as Who, When, Where, What and How (4W1H). Historical context
information is also defined and added to the model to predict some actions in the
system. The framework uses XML code to represent the model and describes the
sequence in which context information is being processed by the architecture's
components (or filters). Moreover, a mechanism for describing interpretation rules for
the purpose of context reasoning is proposed and implemented. A set of guidelines is
provided for both the deployment and rule languages to help application developers in
constructing and customising their own systems using various components of the new
framework. To test and demonstrate the functionality of the generic architecture, a
smart classroom environment has been adopted as a case study. An evaluation of the
new framework has also been conducted using two methods: quantitative and case
study driven evaluation. The quantitative method used information obtained from
reviewing the literature which is then analysed and compared with the new framework
in order to verify the completeness of the framework's components for different
xiisituations. On the other hand, in the case study method the new framework has been
applied in the implementation of different scenarios of well known systems. This
method is used for verifying the applicability and generic nature of the framework. As
an outcome, the framework is proven to be extensible with high degree of reusability
and adaptability, and can be used to develop various context-aware systems.


This paper examines the qualitative responses of indigenous informants, identified by the Queensland Environmental Protection Agency, as having been consulted as part of the South East Queensland Regional Forest Agreement Process, to their consultation experience, their aspirations and reflections on outcomes. Using the informants' own words the researchers suggest that informants felt they did not have sufficient capacity to participate effectively in western-based planning systems. We conclude that, despite best intentions, there is an important lack of provision for influence or power, including any legal or administrative institutional framework. We also conclude that there are important institutional and social processes of engagement still to be developed, including ways of engaging the community more widely that has conventionally been done. Suggestions as to more effective processes for community engagement are offered to assist government agencies in achieving a meaningful consultation process with Indigenous communities.


Numerical investigation of the compressible flow past an 18% thick circular-arc aerofoil was carried out using detached-eddy simulation for a free-stream Mach number M∞ = 0.76 and a Reynolds number Re = 1.1 × 107. Results have been validated carefully against experimental data. Various fundamental mechanisms dictating the intricate flow phenomena, including moving shock wave behaviours, turbulent boundary layer characteristics, kinematics of coherent structures and dynamical processes in flow evolution, have been studied systematically. A feedback model is developed to predict the self-sustained shock wave motions repeated alternately along the upper and lower surfaces of the aerofoil, which is a key issue associated with the complex flow phenomena. Based on the moving shock wave characteristics, three typical flow regimes are classified as attached boundary layer, moving shock wave/turbulent boundary layer interaction and intermittent boundary layer separation. The turbulent statistical quantities have been analysed in detail, and different behaviours are found in the three flow regimes. Some quantities, e.g. pressure-dilatation correlation and dilatational dissipation, have exhibited that the compressibility effect is enhanced because of the shock wave/boundary layer interaction. Further, the kinematics of coherent vortical structures and the dynamical processes in flow evolution are analysed. The speed of downstream-propagating pressure waves in the separated boundary layer is consistent with the convection speed of the coherent vortical structures. The multi-layer structures of the separated shear layer and the moving shock wave are reasonably captured using the instantaneous Lamb vector divergence and curl, and the underlying dynamical processes are clarified. In addition, the proper orthogonal decomposition analysis of the fluctuating pressure field illustrates that the dominated modes are associated with the moving shock waves and the separated shear layers in the trailing-edge region. The results obtained in this study provide physical insight into the understanding of the mechanisms relevant to this complex flow.


A rapid, simple and sensitive label-free fluorescence method was developed for the determination of trace amounts of an important drug, heparin. This new method was based on water-soluble glutathione-capped CdTe quantum dots (CdTe QDs) as the luminescent probe. CdTe QDs were prepared according to the published protocol and the sizes of these nanoparticles were verified through transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) with an average particle size of about 7 nm. The fluorescence intensity of glutathione-capped CdTe QDs increased with increasing heparin concentration. These changes were followed as the analytical signal. Effective variables such as pH, QD concentration and incubation time were optimized. At the optimum conditions, with this optical method, heparin could be measured within the range 10.0-200.0 ng mL(-1) with a low limit of detection, 2.0 ng mL(-1) . The constructed fluorescence sensor was also applied successfully for the determination of heparin in human serum. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Physalis minima produces physalins, and these ell-steroidal lactone
compounds have great potentials in phannaceutical industry. However, no detail
infonnation on the biosynthetic background of physalins in either intact plants or in
cultured plant tissues. Therefore, this study was carried out to determine the physalins
distribution in intact plants and in cultured plant tissues: callus, cell suspensions and
hairy roots. Factors that control the growth and physalins production in plant tissue
culture levels such as medium compositions, physical factors and precursors were also
elucidated to improve the physalins productivity. The results showed that physalins
accumulation in specific plant tissues of intact plants varied between 0.07 to 5.76 mg
g-t DW. Physalin contents increased two folds as the plant matured. Physalin A
accumulated mostly in young fruits (3.82 mg g⁻¹ DW), physalin B in young leaves
(1.56-3.20 mg g⁻¹ DW) and flower buds (2.88-3.60 mg g⁻¹ DW), physalin D in flower
buds (4.65-5.83 mg g⁻¹ DW), physalin F in older leaves (4.51-9.89 mg g⁻¹ DW),
physalin J in immature and ripe fruit calyx (2.14-3.96 mg g⁻¹ DW), and physalin N in
young and old leaves (2.68-4.48 mg g⁻¹ DW). In addition, the accumulation level of
physalins in specific tissues was different among plants collected from different
locations. In cultured plant tissues, the content of physalin B and F in hairy roots were found to be higher (1.95-17.01 mg g⁻¹ DW) than that in intact plants, but lower in
callus (1.51-1.91 mg g⁻¹ DW) and cell suspension (0.67-1.95 mg g⁻¹ DW) cultures.
Higher physalins production in callus and suspension cultures were obtained in cells
derived from leaves followed by root and stem explants. Cell suspension and hairy
root cultures were also capable of excreting physalins at lower concentration into
culture medium. The study on the effect of medium compositions has shown that
higher physalins production in callus. cell suspension and hairy root cultures were
obtained in 1/2MS (half strength), MS (full strength) and B5 (full strength) basal
media, each supplemented with 2.5, 3.5 and 3.5% (w/v) sucrose, respectively. An
auxin-cytokinin interaction was observed to be important for callus cultures, as these
two classes of phytohonnones afe required for higher growth and physalins
production. Higher physalins production in callus culture was obtained in medium
supplemented with a combination of 2,4-D and kinetin (9.0:4.5 1lM). However, the
addition of cytokinin in cell suspension culture appeared to stimulate irregular
compact globular cells and growth of many root-like structures in the cell clumps.
Higher physalins production in cell suspension was obtained in cultures supplemented
with 9.0-18.0 µM NAA or 18.0 µM lAA. Meanwhile, in hairy root cultures,
phytohormones often caused a growth disorganisation. The addition of 3-4 J,J.M NAA
increased the physalins production. Further investigations on hairy root cultures have
shown that physaJins accumulated mainly in mature part of root tissues. Inoculum of
different root morphology did not significantly influence growth and physalins
production. Meanwhile, the increase in number of inoculum root tips and medium
volume resulted in changes of certain growth parameters. Hairy root cultures were
capable to grow in pH values between 4.0-9.0, and higher physalins production was
obtained at pH 5.0-7.0. Physalin productions in hairy roots also increased up to 1. 2.1 folds when cultured under dark conditions supplemented with alanine, leucine and
valine.


Hepatitis B surface antigen prevalence in populations
of blood donors in Cameroon is estimated at 6%-16%. As such, the Objective of this study was to determine
the prevalence of Hepatitis B surface antigen in a population of bank
employees, who represent a sample closer to the general population. In tests carried
out both Yaounde and Douala in December 2011, we detected the hepatitis B
surface antigen among 267 workers, including 151 men and 116 women of a median
age of 37 years. The Results obtained
revealed that the overall prevalence stood at 7.1%, with a 9.9% prevalence
ratio in men, three times higher than that in women (3.4%). Subjects aged 20-29
years and senior staffs were more affected (each of them recording 8.1%).
Potential nosocomial risks were detected mostly at the level of dental care
(52.8%). Among the other risks of exposure, scarification (53.6%) was more
frequent. A univariate analysis revealed an insignificant relationship with tattoos
(OR 2.6, 95% CI 0.5-10.8, p = 0.2). These results led to the Conclusion that Hepatitis B surface
antigen carrier prevalence in a population of workers in Cameroon is not
different from that of blood donors. It is mainly due to early vertical and
horizontal contamination.


Part 1: Broadband observations of comets P/Stephan-Oterma (1980g), Bowell (1980b) and Panther (1980u) in the visual (0.5 ≾ λ(µm) ≾ 0.9) and infrared (1.2 ≾ λ(µm) ≾ 20) wavelength regions are reported together with measurements in the 1.5 to 2.4 µm wavelength range having 5% spectral resolution. The visual data indicate the existence of solid grains in extended halos around the nuclei of the three comets. The visual photometric profiles of comets P/Stephan-Oterma and Panther are interpreted as evidence that grains around Panther and those close to the nucleus of P/Stephan-Oterma are sublimating. Broadband near infrared and thermal infrared measurements of comet Panther suggest the presence of 2 to 4 µm radius particles in the coma. The particles within a 5.8 x 106 diameter region centered on the comet have a total cross section of 108m2 and a near infrared geometric albedo of about 14%. Comet Bowell presents a total cross section of 3 x 108m2 within a 1.2 x 107m region centered on the comet and its coma grains also have an albedo of 14%. The near infrared spectrum of P/Stephan-Oterma is a featureless solar-reflection continuum. The near infrared spectra of Bowell and Panther exhibit features which are similar in the two comets. The spectral features are not due to H2O, CH4 or CO2 ices nor to emissions from gases released from the nuclei nor to reflection from mineral grains of known composition in the comae. The spectrum of solid ammonia provides the best match to the near infrared; it is nevertheless significantly different from the comet spectra. The synthesis of the visual data with the infrared data is attempted in terms of a model involving a mantle of volatile material on the nuclei of Bowell and Panther, but not on P/Stephan-Oterma. The composition of the mantle cannot be exactly specified from the existing data but a complex molecule incorporating the N-H bond may be present. Part 2: An extensive series of observations of comet Bowell at optical and infrared wavelengths is summarized and interpreted in terms of a model of the outgassing of the nucleus. The observations indicate that the optical coma consists of large grains. The outer edge of the coma is expanding from the nucleus at 0.9 ± 0.2 ms-1: extrapolation of the expansion suggests that the coma was ejected from the nucleus when the comet was at a heliocentric distance R ~ 10 AU. At this distance, water ice sublimation would be negligible. Models of the brightness of the comet as a function of R are compared with the measured brightness variation. Between R = 5.3 and 3.4 AU, the apparent cometary brightness changed by a factor of less than 20. Models which account for the equilibrium sublimation of volatiles from the nucleus predict much larger brightness variations. In particular, the models confirm that the sublimation of water ice does not control the activity of comet Bowell. The observations are consistent with the presence of an inert nucleus surrounded by a dissipating grain coma ejected impulsively at R ~ 10 AU. Strong OH production observed near R = 3.4 AU could be a result of the photodissociation of water molecules released from the coma grains by sublimation. However, near infrared spectra of the grains show no evidence for the presence of OH. Instead, several absorptions similar to the overtones of NH bond vibrations are observed. It is noted that the outgassing properties of the comet are similar to those of proton-bombarded laboratory ice specimens. Both the impulsive coma ejection and the peculiar near infrared spectrum may result from the presence of unstable compounds produced in the nucleus by cosmic ray bombardment. The activity of comet Bowell is quite unlike that exhibited by comets at small R, but may be representative of the properties of the distant comets. Part 3: The spatial distribution of [CI] 9823, 9850 A emission in NGC 6720 is reported. Like [01], the [CI] radiation appears enhanced in the region of the bright filaments. A few percent of the carbon atoms in the filaments are neutral. This neutral fraction is consistent with ionization equilibrium calculations made under the assumption of complete shielding of direct stellar radiation by hydrogen. The observed carbon lines are excited by photoelectrons produced from hydrogen by the nebular diffuse radiation field. The [CI] observations confirm that the filaments in NGC 6720 are regions of locally enhanced shielding. Part 4: The preliminary results of a CCD survey designed to detect and investigate faint halos around planetary nebulae are described. A TI 800 x 800 pixel CCD was used to take deep exposures of 44 planetary nebulae. The exposures were mostly obtained through an Ha filter at the Cassegrainian focus of the Palomar 1.5 m telescope. Spatial resolutions of 1 to 2 arcsecond were obtained across 400 arcsecond wide fields. The images, which are in many cases considerably deeper than any previously taken, reveal numerous planetary nebula halos. About 2/3 of the studied nebulae possess extensive outer halos. In some nebulae the mass in the halo is comparable to the mass contained in the primary HII region. We have used the data to place constraints on the mode of origin of the halos. It is likely that the halos originate either by dynamical separation of a single ejected shell of gas, or by the ejection of two or more such shells from the central star. It is less likely that the halos are caused by excitation of the pre-planetary stellar wind and highly improbable that the halos represent reflection nebulae.


This paper provides background information on the likely challenges the rise of China and India will pose for the economy of the EU. The purpose is mainly descriptive, namely to spell out what kind of trading partner China and India will represent for the EU in the foreseeable future. A first observation is that India is several times smaller than China in economic terms. Moreover, because its investment rates in both human and physical capital are much lower than in China, its growth potential is likely to remain more limited.China already now exports more manufacturing goods than all other emerging markets together. But its export structure is also evolving rapidly and has become rather similar to that of advanced economies like the EU. This 'convergence' is likely the result of a very rapid accumulation of human and especially physical capital. If current trends continue, China will have a capital/labor ratio similar to that of the EU by the end of the next decade. In terms of human capital, China has already caught up considerably, but further progress will be slowed down by its stable demographics and the still low enrollment ratio in tertiary education. In both areas, India lags China by several decades.The rapid accumulation of capital suggests that the emergence of China will put adjustment pressures mainly on capital-intensive industries, not the traditional sectors, such as textiles. Another source of friction that is likely to emerge derives from the abundance of coal in China, resulting in a relatively carbon- and energy-intensive economy.


Age-related differences in sensory functioning, processing speed, and working memory have been identified as three significant predictors of the age-related performance decline observed in complex cognitive tasks. Yet, the assessment of their relative predictive capacity and interrelations is still an open issue in decision making and cognitive aging research. Indeed, no previous investigation has examined the relationships of all these three predictors with decision making. In an individual-differences study, we therefore disentangled the relative contribution of sensory functioning, processing speed, and working memory to the prediction of the age-related decline in cognitively-demanding judgment and decision-making tasks. Structural equation modeling showed that the age-related decline in working memory plays an important predictive role, even when controlling for sensory functioning, processing speed, and education. Implications for research on decision making and cognitive aging are discussed.


This paper presents a contribution to a large problematic in medicine and neuroscience which consists in integrating information extracted from medical images (MRI) into a global framework (such as electronic patient records or anatomo-functional databases). In this work, we focus on (1) the construction of an anatomo-functional model based on an Attributed Relational Hypergraph representation and (2) the integration into this model of information extracted from cerebral imaging scans, via several segmentation procedures. This model, including information on anatomical structures and their spatial relations, is able to cope with the complexity of anatomy and of MRI data.


Initially, property damages in the Archdiocese of Poznan were difficult to determine. It happened because the things were inventoried carelessly, the parish archives were destroyed and scattered because of hostilities and finally, the painful decisions of communist regime in the People's Republic of Poland. In the years 1939-1956 in the Archdiocese of Poznan the temples, chapels and church buildings were destroyed. The interior of the churches were designedly devastated i.e. pews, confessionals, ambos, floors, organs and liturgical things. Polish literary work was underestimated because of racism so most of the parish libraries were devastated. Works of art were destroyed or stolen and then exported. Only a few dozen out of the hundreds of pre-war churches and chapels could have fulfilled the sacred functions. The other buildings needed at least to be cleaned and more often to be rebuild or a thorough renovated. However, many monuments, church things, works of art, books and magazines were saved. People kept and hid these things in their houses even with putting their life at risk. It should be noted that the scale of destruction and property damages at that time is not everything what happened. Much more important were losses of life in the Archdiocese of Poznan. Almost one-third of the clergy did not survive the war.


Efforts to explain when and why the state can legitimately impose retributive punishment on an actor who inadvertently creates an unjustified risk of causing death (and death results) typically rely on one of two theories. The prior-choice theory claims that retributive punishment for inadvertent lethal risk-creation is justified if and only if the actor's inadvertence or ignorance was a but-for and proximate result of a prior culpable choice. The hypothetical-choice theory claims that retributive punishment for inadvertent lethal risk-creation is justified if and only if the actor would have chosen to take the risk if he had been aware of it, even though he was not in fact aware of it. I argue that neither of these theories satisfactorily identifies when and why retributive punishment is warranted for inadvertent lethal risk-creation. Instead, I propose that an actor who creates a risk of causing death but who was unaware of that risk can fairly be subject to retributive punishment if he was either non-willfully ignorant or self-deceived, and if such ignorance or self-deception was due to the causal influence of a desire he should have controlled. The culpability of such an actor consists, not in any prior actual choice to do wrong, nor in any imagined hypothetical choice to do wrong, but in the culpable failure to exercise doxastic self-control: control over one's beliefs.