In 1978, Peter Habeler and Reinhold Messner climbed Everest without supplemental O2. Subsequently, Oelz et al. (Oelz O, Howald H, Di Prampero PE, Hoppeler H, Claassen H, Jenni R, Bühlmann A, Ferretti G, Brückner JC, Veicsteinas A, Gussoni M, Cerretelli P. J Appl Physiol (1985) 60: 1734-1742, 1986) assessed their cardiopulmonary function, finding no advantageous physiological attributes to explain their success, and leading West (West JB. High Life: A History of High-Altitude Physiology and Medicine. New York: Oxford University, 1998) to suggest that grit and determination were more important. In 1985, Charlie Houston, John Sutton, and Al Cymerman hosted a scientific project assessing a simulated ascent of Everest (OE II) at the U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine. Included were measurements of O2 transport. In particular, mixed venous Po2 was measured at/near maximal exercise, for calculating pulmonary O2-diffusing capacity. A serendipitous observation was made: while both V̇o2max and mixed venous Po2 fell with altitude (as expected), it was how they fell-in direct proportion-that was remarkable. It later became clear that this reflected diffusion limitation of O2 transport from muscle microvessels to the mitochondria, and that this last step in O2 transport plays a major role in limiting V̇o2max. Thus, how Habeler and Messner made it up Everest without bottled O2 and no special cardiopulmonary attributes might be explained if their muscle O2-diffusing capacity, which depends largely on muscle capillarity, was unusually high. Oelz et al. mention that muscle capillary density was substantially-40%-above normal, but did not suggest that this accounted for the climbers' success. Therefore, high muscle capillarity, enhancing diffusive unloading of O2, may have been a major enabling physiological attribute for Habeler and Messner and that OE II, by chance, played a key role in bringing this to light.


Caffeine delays the human circadian clock and affects cellular timekeeping through an adenosine receptor–dependent mechanism. Your morning cup of coffee may be shifting your circadian clock. Burke et al. show that caffeine—widely available, legal, and psychoactive—inserts a delay into the ~24-hour metabolic rhythm that keeps your body running in time with the world. Five people were kept under highly controlled conditions for 49 days. Before bedtime, they were given various treatments: either a double-espresso caffeine dose, exposure to bright or dim light, or a placebo. The caffeine delayed their internal clock by 40 min, a shift about half as long as bright light, a stimulus known to robustly lengthen the circadian phase. Caffeine has several molecular targets, including ryanodine receptors and adenosine receptors. Experiment with cultured cells expressing a circadian-regulated reporter gene showed that the circadian rhythm-altering effects were mediated by caffeine antagonizing type I adenosine receptors, which increased the intracellular messenger molecule cyclic AMP. Not only do these results reinforce the common advice to avoid caffeine in the evening, but they also raise the intriguing possibility that caffeine may be useful for resetting the circadian clock to treat jet lag induced by international time zone travel. T. M. Burke, R. R. Markwald, A. W. McHill, E. D. Chinoy, J. A. Snider, S. C. Bessman, C. M. Jung, J. S. O'Neill, K. P. Wright Jr., Effects of caffeine on the human circadian clock in vivo and in vitro. Sci. Transl. Med. 7, 305ra146 (2015). [Abstract]


Operations, maintenance, and administration and support services can benefit from the concepts of World Class Manufacturing. Cellular organizational concepts whether its machines, people, or paper work close couple each succeeding step of the flow process. Total Quality Control does not allow a defective product to flow to the next production step. Instead of inspecting the end product and throwing away defective items, give employees the responsibility and the authority to control quality in their own work area. Just In Time flow which quickly finishes work once it starts. Use the organization's assets to produce usable goods and services. Do not allow assets in the form of unifinished goods lay idle. All these concepts fit well into the Hydro-electric industry and will improve the cost, quality and usefulness of its services.


The <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mathcal {G}_I^0$</tex-math></inline-formula> distribution is able to characterize different regions in monopolarized SAR imagery. It is indexed by three parameters: the number of looks (which can be estimated in the whole image), a scale parameter, and a texture parameter. This paper presents a new proposal for feature extraction and region discrimination in SAR imagery, using the geodesic distance as a measure of dissimilarity between <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mathcal {G}_I^0$</tex-math></inline-formula> models. We derive geodesic distances between models that describe several practical situations, assuming the number of looks known, for same and different texture and for same and different scale. We then apply this new tool to the problems of identifying edges between regions with different texture, and quantify the dissimilarity between pairs of samples in actual SAR data. We analyze the advantages of using the geodesic distance when compared to stochastic distances.


We examine the quantitative effect of search frictions in product markets on asset price volatility. We combine several features from Shi (1997) and Lagos and Wright (2002) in a model without money. Households prefer special goods and general goods. Special goods can be obtained only via a search in decentralized markets. General goods can be obtained via trade in centralized competitive markets and via ownership of an asset. There is only one asset in our model that yields general goods. The asset is also used as a medium of exchange in the decentralized market to obtain the special goods. The value of the asset in facilitating transactions in the decentralized market is determined endogenously. This transaction role makes the asset pricing implications of our model different from those in the standard asset pricing model. Our model not only delivers the observed average rate of return on equity and the volatility of the equity price, but also accounts for most of the spectral characteristics of the equity price.


The evaluation of maximal and explosive strength with isometric testing has a significant role in scientific and training practice, from which can be drawn needed information about the segment of the physical state of athletes. The aim of this research was to examine the reliability of the impulse model of isometric testing and to determine the quantitative differences in maximal and explosive strength in accordance to the classic and the impulse model of isometric testing. The laboratory method with tensiometric dynamometry was applied. The research was conducted on a sample of 28 adult and physically active participants. Tests for plantar flexors (PF), right handgrip (HGR), and left handgrip (HGL) were implemented, and all participants had three attempts for each test. Four variables were measured: maximal strength - Fmax, maximal explosive strength - RFDmax, time for maximal strength exertion - tFmax, time for maximal explosive strength exertion - tRFDmax for both models of testing for each test, implementing a standardized testing procedure. Performed data analysis included descriptive and correlation statistics, and a t-test for determining differences for dependent samples. Statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) were found between Fmax,RFDmax, tFmax and tRFDmax in PF, HGR and HGL, except for tRFDmax between classic and impulse models of testing. Impulse model has excellent reliability (ICC = 0.909 - 0.989) for PF, HGR, and HGL tests. The initial results of this study implicate approval for correction of the isometric testing procedure in the next direction: for measuring maximal strength it is approved to use the classic model of isometric testing, while for measuring explosive strength it is approved to use the impulse model.


In March 2020, the CoronaVirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) was identified as a Public Health Emergency. This led to economic disruptions of various countries around the globe either by slowing down or by halting economic activities. These disruptions were induced by measures introduced by world governments such as enforcing prohibitions on travelling (nationally and internationally) and limiting social contact. One industry directly impacted by these imposed measures is that of the Tourism and Events industry, particularly through the forced cancellations and/or postponements of events. In a South African dispensation, the Tourism and Events industry is a major contributor to the national economy and, taking into account the forced cancellations and/or postponements of events, it is highly probable that COVID-19 will have an adverse influence on the South African economy. For this study, the primary objective was to theoretically ascertain the influence of forced cancellations of four jewel events, amidst COVID-19, on the economy of the Western Cape (South Africa). Exploratory research was conducted with a non-empirical approach, while simultaneously utilising a qualitative research methodology. From the research conducted, it appears that the forced cancellations of four jewel events, due to COVID-19, will have dire repercussions on the Western Cape economy.


With this paper we put forward a novel theoretical argument that the individual's subjective evaluations of the quality of government (QoG) in terms of its impartiality influences his or her complex assessments of the opportunity and feasibility of a business venture, and calculations on expected long-term utility from business venturing. This in turn affects his or her decision to engage in legal business venturing or not. We hypothesize that high QoG is linked with higher rates of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in a polity and a more even pattern of their territorial dispersion. Using original survey data on QoG from 172 regions in eighteen European Union countries, we find that regions where governments are perceived by their citizens as impartial and free from corruption have on average significantly more SMEs. We also find that in less corrupt countries the spatial distribution of SMEs is more even than in more corrupt countries.


The Australian urban water industry has been substantially reformed over the past 20 years. Critical amongst these reforms has been the separation of operational and regulatory responsibilities. Under these arrangements the performance standards expected of water companies are specified by independent regulatory bodies or governments, and codified. Both regulators and water service providers have an interest in ensuring that regulatory standards are efficient and meet customer expectations, particularly as such standards can greatly affect the industry's capital expenditure. A project has therefore been initiated to develop a framework for setting standards that are economically efficient, taking into account customer preferences. The project included development of methods to: identify customer preferences and means by which they would be measured; identify and evaluate the whole life cost of meeting standards for water continuity; value customers' preferences, measure social costs associated with water interruptions and construct the overall cost benefit framework. Water system continuity was the service chosen for testing the methodologies developed. We conclude that a viable methodological framework for setting customer service standards can be developed.


Abstract. This study provides improved methanol emission estimates on the global scale, in particular for the largest methanol source, the terrestrial biosphere, and for biomass burning. To this purpose, one complete year of spaceborne measurements of tropospheric methanol columns retrieved for the first time by the thermal infrared sensor IASI aboard the MetOp satellite are compared with distributions calculated by the IMAGESv2 global chemistry-transport model. Two model simulations are performed using a priori biogenic methanol emissions either from the new MEGANv2.1 emission model, which is fully described in this work and is based on net ecosystem flux measurements, or from a previous parameterization based on net primary production by Jacob et al. (2005). A significantly better model performance in terms of both amplitude and seasonality is achieved through the use of MEGANv2.1 in most world regions, with respect to IASI data, and to surface- and air-based methanol measurements, even though important discrepancies over several regions are still present. As a second step of this study, we combine the MEGANv2.1 and the IASI column abundances over continents in an inverse modelling scheme based on the adjoint of the IMAGESv2 model to generate an improved global methanol emission source. The global optimized source totals 187 Tg yr −1 with a contribution of 100 Tg yr −1 from plants, only slightly lower than the a priori MEGANv2.1 value of 105 Tg yr −1 . Large decreases with respect to the MEGANv2.1 biogenic source are inferred over Amazonia (up to 55 %) and Indonesia (up to 58 %), whereas more moderate reductions are recorded in the Eastern US (20–25 %) and Central Africa (25–35 %). On the other hand, the biogenic source is found to strongly increase in the arid and semi-arid regions of Central Asia (up to a factor of 5) and Western US (factor of 2), probably due to a source of methanol specific to these ecosystems which is unaccounted for in the MEGANv2.1 inventory. The most significant error reductions achieved by the optimization concern the derived biogenic emissions over the Amazon and over the Former Soviet Union. The robustness of the derived fluxes to changes in convective updraft fluxes, in methanol removal processes, and in the choice of the biogenic a priori inventory is assessed through sensitivity inversions. Detailed comparisons of the model with a number of aircraft and surface observations of methanol, as well as new methanol measurements in Europe and in the Reunion Island show that the satellite-derived methanol emissions improve significantly the agreement with the independent data, giving thus credence to the IASI dataset.


This study presents a new field cyclic plate load test for characterization of the permanent and dynamic deformation behavior of flexible pavements as a function of load and number of loading cycles. Specifically, in this study a Vibroseis was used to apply thousands of loading cycles to pavement sections with a peak dynamic force of 62 kN (a ±22 kN dynamic force superimposed on a static hold-down force of 40 kN), which is approximately equivalent to [3/4] of an ESAL. These vertical loads were applied to a dual wheel-sized loading footprint resting on the pavement surface at a rate of 50 Hz. During loading, the permanent and dynamic surface deformations were recorded every 500 cycles at incremental distances from the loading footprint. The cyclic plate load test was performed for two pavement sections having similar asphalt, subgrade, and base course characteristics, but different base course thicknesses. The results from the pavement sections at two different times of the year (summer and winter) indicate improved performance with increasing base course thickness, and a stiffer response in the winter months due to temperature effects on the asphalt elastic modulus, as expected. The measured permanent deformation basins were interpreted using inverse analysis of an analytical Timoshenko-Winkler beam solution to identify softening of the Young's moduli of the asphalt and combined base and subgrade layers after application of different numbers of loading cycles. The beam solution provides a good fit to the measured deformation profiles and the inverse analysis shows a clear decrease in Young's moduli of the pavement layers during cyclic loading.


This study investigated the impact of the realistic constitutive material behavior of asphalt layer (both nonlinear inelastic and fracture) for the prediction of pavement performance. To this end, this study utilized a cohesive zone model to consider the fracture behavior of asphalt mixtures at an intermediate temperature condition. The semi-circular bend (SCB) fracture test was conducted to characterize the fracture properties of asphalt mixtures. Fracture properties were then used to simulate mechanical responses of pavement structures. In addition, Schapery's nonlinear viscoelastic constitutive model was implemented into the commercial finite element software ABAQUS via a user defined subroutine (user material, or UMAT) to analyze asphalt pavement subjected to heavy truck loads. Extensive creep-recovery tests were conducted at various stress levels and multiple service temperatures to obtain the stress- and temperature-dependent viscoelastic material properties of asphalt mixtures. Utilizing the derived viscoelastic and fracture properties and the UMAT code, a typical pavement structure was modeled that simulated the effect of material nonlinearity and damage due to repeated heavy truck loads. Two-dimensional finite element simulations of the pavement structure demonstrated significant differences between the cases: linear viscoelastic and nonlinear viscoelastic modeling with and without fracture in the prediction of pavement performance. The differences between the cases were considered significant, and should be addressed during the process of performance-based pavement design. This research demonstrates the importance of accurate and more realistic characterizations of pavement materials.


The dispersion of the fifth-order nonlinear optical susceptibility 113333 (5) (;,0,0,0,0) of a spin-coated polydiacetylene film ( poly(BPOD), i.e., poly8-butoxy carbonyl methyl urethanyl1-(5-pyrimidyl)-octa-1, 3-diyne ) is determined through electroabsorption spectroscopy. The maximum values of the real and the imaginary parts of 113333 (5) (;,0,0,0,0) are 9.8710 21 esu and 1.2810 20 esu , respectively. A model is proposed to explain the spectral dispersion of the nonlinear optical susceptibility.


This paper studies the effects of fiscal policies--depicted as stochastic changes in government spending and distortionary tax rates--when the government is constrained from using lump sum taxes for achieving intertemporal budget balance. The ratio of debt to gnp, therefore, has consequences for the future choices of government spending and distortionary taxation and hence affects real economic activity. Further modeling fiscal policy in this way generates results that differ substantially from those in standard stochastic models where lump sum taxes are used for budget balance. The modeling of fiscal policy presented here is also consistent with empirical evidence on U.S. fiscal policy.


Introduction: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a disease of central nervous system that mainly causes lesions or plaques in the spinal cord and brain. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relation between c.-813C>T (rs2070744) and c.894G>T (rs1799983) polymorphisms of NOS3 gene and MS in Iranian patients. Methods: A total of 78 patients with MS and 80 healthy controls were screened for NOS3 (rs2070744 and rs1799983) Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) by tetra-primer multiplex ARMS-PCR and PCR-RFLP. Results: Genotype frequencies of the c.-813C>T polymorphism in patients compared to controls were as follows: 53.8% to 80.0% for TT genotype, 41.0% to 18.8% for TC genotype, and 5.1% versus 1.2% for CC genotype (P=0.001). The frequencies of GG genotype was 57.7% and 78.8% and for GT genotype of c.894G>T polymorphism in patients compared to control subjects was 42.3% and 21.2%, respectively (P=0.004). Conclusion: Our results indicate that the studied NOS3 polymorphisms may be associated with MS in Iranian patients.


According to India Energy Security Scenario 2047, residential air conditioners (A/Cs) will increase from 21.8 million in 2017 —about 8% of the Indian households—to approximately 154.4 million in 2037. As a result, according to Indian Cooling Action Plan (ICAP), the associated electricity consumption is likely to quadruple in the next two decades. Therefore, the study of demand reduction or management strategies for cooling is essential to reduce and manage the projected significant electricity demand. The strategies might influence formulating and implementing climate-specific cooling policies at the state and country level, and to adopt new low-energy and low-cost cooling technologies at mass-market scale. Under the high electricity demand for cooling projections of India, the objective of this study is to investigate the increase in A/C use on the aggregated consumption as well as to assess the performance of residential cooling demand management strategy (load shifting) on the reduction of peak electricity demand load of part of a community (Auroville) in Southern India. The analysis showed that the elevated ownership of A/C might increase average daily electricity demand ~6.6 times than that of the base case scenario of using all-electric fans for attaining thermal comfort. The mixed-mode uses of A/Cs and fans created a demand management opportunity through load shifting which demonstrated ~46% reduction (for 15 min shift of 50% household A/C use) potential for aggregated electricity peak loads.


The problems and challenges that arise in the task of improving discharge planning have been an area of concern for many years, including problems related to the lack of time for professionals to participate. In a county council area in South East Sweden, video conferencing was implemented in discharge planning sessions to enable distance participation. As part of a larger research study of the implementation process, interviews were conducted with two of the implementers. The interviews were analysed qualitatively, using directed content analysis with a deductive approach to considering a framework developed by Nilsen et al. The results of this study are consistent with the actual framework but with the addition of time, i.e. time to prepare, time to understand, time to run through and time to reflect. Further research is proposed to focus more on leadership during the implementation process and its influence on the meaning of time.


Ease, comfort and efficiency are assumed desirables; they form the established norm of unquestioned values in commercial product design. The norm shapes our everyday. Those daily things considered mundane and commonplace, form how we go about our daily doings. How we actually live our lives. Design needs to be there to defend human interest; to approach the user differently than a passive consumer, to create space for human qualities in contemporary everyday life. I have been exploring the potential of designing for effort, and argue for its value by giving examples. I have developed a series of three products under the shared name Friction Intended. The proposals evoke effort of different kinds, each creating space for other alternative values.Object A is a light concept working with reflections. Reflecting from one surface to another the light can be followed and its behavior studied. The reflective elements are tools for exploration and active learning; to actively perceive the daily phenomenon of light.Object B is a backpack to be assembled from a large sheet of textile and a set of straps. Over time, the usage of the bag can become a personal ritual. Wearing the bag can also be a statement; how will people react when the large cloth is dramatically folded open in a public environment?Object C is a cup with rounded base. The cup moves; never fully finding its balance it sways back and forth ever differently depending on the amount of liquid inside and the qualities of the gestures it has been handled with. The attention is drawn to the moment by giving careful attention to a simple daily ritual.Designing for effort in everyday products creates space to design for an engaging and stimulating environment. Once deciding simple things are worth more time, strain and patience there is the opportunity to enrich those activities. Effort has the potential to create space for the development of contemporary rituals, active engagement and everyday curiosity.The design space of the potential of effort is a rich and varied. The examples given by the Friction Intended series, are representatives for a field where much more potential still lays. This is a call, especially on the design field, to question the given, to challenge the norm and to reflect on its impact.


There is limited literature on how government and non-government agencies conduct psycho-social support programs and how effective these are in helping children left behind by overseas Filipino workers (OFWs). This paper addresses the gap by analyzing the ANAK program of BUNGA Foundation Inc. It makes use of auto-ethnography since it draws from the author's phenomenological experience as part of said Foundation for five years and as one who, from birth until graduation from high school, was an OFW child. Additional data gathering methods included desk review of documents, participant observation, and informal interviews with key informants. The study describes the components of the ANAK program of BUNGA, some of its gains from the perspective of the children themselves, and deviations from the design. It found the program to have had positive effects on the children, particularly in helping them regain familiarity and intimacy with their parent(s) and positively manage psychosocial and emotional strains. However, the ANAK program needs improvement in terms of operationalizing the children's right to participation, and its involvement of teachers and parents left behind and other caregivers. Teachers and parents/caregivers represent basic pillars in ensuring a holistic approach to care drain, and program effectiveness and sustainability. Recommendations are given, specially on how children's right to participation can be fulfilled by reinforcing the organizing component of the ANAK program. A framework for organising OFW children is part of the recommendations. This paper is important for those who are looking for innovative strategies on how to design and implement a psycho-social support program for OFW children.


Susan Grant is a Scottish artist who undertook the natural & cultural international residency at Port Arthur. She discusses her recent works concerned with social change, as reflected through architecture and landscape, and in particular the evolution and control of communities.


Bringing together work by Atlantic world scholars on the cutting edge of their respective fields, Women in Port's practical application of microhistorical approaches achieves a depth and breadth that helps reframe our understanding of women's possibilities in the Atlantic world.


This article explores the way in which Heliodorus represents the sōphrosynē of Theagenes in the Aethiopica . This traditionally masculine virtue is obscured in the hero, whereas the heroine, Charicleia's sōphrosynē is consistently emphasised and upheld in the novel. Theagenes' indirect speech is a repeated feature when he expresses his sōphrosynē and this contrasts strongly with the direct speech usually given to Charicleia. Heliodorus' represents sōphrosynē with subtlety in Theagenes characterisation, and the virtue is subordinate to the hero's desire for the heroine. This representation allows for a balance to the extreme adherence to that virtue which Charicleia demonstrates. Rachel Bird gained her PhD from Swansea University in March 2016. Her thesis examined Sophrosyne in the Greek Novels, considering the role of this cardinal virtue in the representation of characters within the novels, and investigating how the virtue is important as a part of reader response. Her research is grounded in imperial Greek literature, and she is particularly interested in the reception of earlier literature in this period. She is currently a Language Tutor for Swansea University's Department of Classics, Ancient History, and Egyptology.


Objectives Data are unavailable concerning legislation and the roles and activities of occupational health nurses in relation to health care workers. This survey was undertaken to identify these aspects of occupational health nurses and collect data on the topic in various countries. Methods A questionnaire was sent to prominent professionals in European countries and then to professionals in other countries. Results The study confirmed that very little is known about the number of occupational health nurses in this field. Training varies, but the more training they have, the more diversified their activities are. Conclusions This survey emphasizes the need to develop training and education for occupational health nurses so that they can efficiently help occupational health physicians and contribute towards assessing occupational risks among occupational health care workers, particularly in light of the lack of trained occupational health physicians.


The brain is the organ of knowledge and organizer of our abilities, our means of recognizing a face in a crowd, of conversing about anything we experience or imagine, of forming thoughts and developing ideas, of instantly understanding words coming rapidly in conversation. How does it manage all this? Does it represent information in symbols or in the connectivity of a vast network? Pathways of the Brain builds a theory to answer such questions. Using a top-down modeling strategy, it charts relationships among words and other products of the brain's linguistic system to reveal properties of that system. Going beyond earlier linguistics, it sets three plausibility requirements for a valid neurocognitive theory: operational, developmental, and neurological: It must show how the linguistic system can operate for speaking and understanding, how it can be learned by children, and how it is implemented in neural structures. Unlike theories that leave linguistics isolated from science, it builds a bridge to biology. Of interest to anthropologists, linguists, neurologists, neuroscientists, philosophers, psychologists, and any thoughtful person interested in language or the brain. The author is Agnes Cullen Arnold Professor Emeritus of Linguistics and Cognitive Sciences .


There are approximately 1.5 million active duty service members in today's military (Department of Defense [DoD] 2010) and approximately 726 000 (56.4%) of these individuals are married (DoD 2010). Although the military offers benefits for married personnel military couples also experience many hardships due to the demands from being in the armed forces (Laser & Stephens 2011) and the stressors and challenges of military life may leave military members and their spouses more at risk for marital strain. The factors that garner the most attention for disruption and positive outcomes in relationships are the presence and process of deployment changes in rank and marital and physiological stress. The present study examined how factors such as deployment rank and length of time in the service influence military personnel their spouse and their marital health (marital satisfaction adjustment and quality). This study took place within a family medicine practice on an Air Force base in the southeastern United States and data was collected from patients and their spouses using self-report measures and biomarkers (e.g. blood pressure and heart rate variability). Correlations were run to examine significant relationships between deployment rank length of time in the service physiological stress and marital satisfaction adjustment and quality. Ultimately the present study attempted to aid evidence based policy to support military couples since the deterioration of marital relationships has the ability to impact the performance of military personnel which could ultimately have an impact on national security.


© International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage. In an age in which the numbers of people attending churches in the UK has been falling consistently for several decades, a trend that applies across Europe and North America, there is a marked contrast in the burgeoning growth of Christian religious encounters -including church attendance -around the world, particularly in the Global South (Avis, 2007). Amongst the characteristics of this growth is the emergence of large-scale megaevents, commonly held across Africa and the Indian sub-continent, as well as smaller but significant events held around the world. The emergence in the modern day of large-scale Christian events began in the UK with Billy Graham's evangelistic crusades in 1954, attended by 1.3 million people over a period of three months. Thirty years later, over one million attended 'Mission England' mass rallies, held in football stadia. But whether these meetings were merely 'public spectacles' (Guest, 2007:25), or had any measurable impact in terms of numbers attending church, at the time they certainly achieved media coverage and public visibility. The original evangelistic events in the UK were able to build on knowledge that many children gained in school and at Sunday school, which, some would argue, has been eroded by secular influences on education and society in general (Savage, Collins-Mayo & Mayo, 2006:3). This research seeks to develop an understanding of the emergence of different types of these large Christian events, focusing on the mega-events in Africa and India where preachers with a global reach, such as the German evangelist Reinhard Bonnke (www.cfan.org.uk) and American Joyce Meyer (www.joycemeyer.org) are joined by less well-known speakers. The growth of megachurches and global worship brands in Australia and the USA provide another strand for comparison. Warner (2015:121) concludes that 'what is obvious about gatherings of Christians that attract large numbers is that the quality of worship is one of the drivers in sustaining and expanding their number'.


Newly democratising states experience challenges in reconciling "traditional" or "customary" dispute resolution practices with newly established state-based legal systems based on the rule of law. For Timor-Leste, these tensions are pronounced in continuing debates concerning the killing or injuring of women accused of witchcraft. Defences of extrajudicial punishments tend to conflate democracy with local support and fail to deal with the key institutions of democratic systems, including the rule of law, political equality, and civil rights. In Timor-Leste's case, where equality and social rights were incorporated into the Constitution as fundamental governmental obligations, localised extrajudicial punishments threaten internal and external state legitimacy and highlight the difficulties of ensuring the primacy of state-based institutions. Extrajudicial punishments challenge Timor-Leste's capacity to consolidate new liberal democratic political institutions.


Twenty years ago there were only five equity factors (market, value, small-cap, momentum, and low beta). Today the literature contains research papers on hundreds of supposed factors, most of which will not produce a reliable positive premium in the future. Rather than adopting a statistical approach, we propose a three-step heuristic to help investors discriminate between genuine premium-bearing factors and the spurious products of data mining. A robust factor is one whose persistence and economic meaning have been studied in numerous papers published in top-tier journals; whose premium is statistically significant across time periods and in most countries; and whose effect survives reasonable changes in the definition. We also address practical aspects of factor allocation. Appropriate factor allocations depend on the investors' definition of risk (volatility versus tracking error), risk tolerance, and ability to implement tactical or dynamic allocations, as well as the investment organization's governance structure and politics.


Accepted for publication 16 May 1990 Abstract Epidemiological data, family history, clinical data, and HLA typing were studied in three groups of patients with Beh#et's syndrome: six Israeli Ashkenazi Jews, 29 non-Ashkenazi Jews, and three Israeli Arabs. HLA-B51 and B52 were present in 24/38 (63%) and 8/38 (21%), respectively, of the patients compared with 13/151 (9%) of the control group for both cases, a relative risk of 18-2 and 2-8 respectively. The syndrome was found in six of the 34 families. Ninety five per cent of the affected family members were either B51 or B52 positive. Eleven of the 14 families (79%) chosen for study contained a close relative of the proband who had recurrent oral ulcers. AU the relatives with ulcers, except for one, were B51 or B52 carriers. Recurrent oral ulcers in the patients with Behqet's syndrome began a few years before other manifestations of the syndrome occurred. Our findilgs suggest that (a) HLA-B51 and HLA-B52 are primarily associated with Behqet's disease of Israeli patients; (b) the familial occurrence of this syndrome is high and occurs predominantly in the B5 positive group; (c) recurrent oral ulcers may be the first symptom of Behqet's syndrome, appearing early in life; HLA analysis can provide the clue for a correct diagnosis; (d) ulcer recurrence is common among members of a family containing a patient with Behqet's syndrome.


This paper compares and contrasts approaches to combinatorics in OULIPO and Recombinant Poetics. OULIPO, also known as Ouvroir de Litrature Potentielle, is a literary and artistic association founded in the 1960s whose combinatoric methods and experimental concepts continue to be generative and relevant to this day. Recombinant Poetics is a term that I coined in 1995 in order to define a particular approach to emergent meaning that is used in generative virtual environments and other computer-based combinatoric media forms. Combinatoric works enable the exploration of sets of media elements in different orders and combinations. The meaning of such work is derived through dynamic interaction. Another group exploring combinatorics uses digital audio techniques. The abbreviation VS (versus) is often used in techno-audio remix culture to designate the remix of one group's music by another, often having only an oblique relation to the original.


The thesis context is a Welsh innovation policy continuum. The research is primarily located in three innovation programmes representative of innovation policy in Wales. The representative programmes are: the Technium network; Innovation Network Partnership; and Communities First project. The Technium network is considered to be at the hard/tangible end of the policy continuum whilst Communities First is at the softer, more intangible pole of the continuum.
The aim of this thesis is to ascertain the influence social capital may have upon levels of innovation across the innovation policy continuum. To achieve the aim, the existence and extent of forms of innovation, forms of social capital, and cooperation and collaboration are considered through a positivist and interpretivist analysis. The resultant data has been further exposed to a correlation analysis, undertaken to ascertain whether or not the presence and form of social capital has an association with forms of innovation.
The three programmes each have a pan-Wales presence. The programmes all originate from Welsh Assembly Government innovation policy initiatives between 2001 and 2003. For each programme a case study has been produced. The case studies have been constructed using data from survey, interviews and participant observation. The survey was completed via an on-line questionnaire by representative individuals and groups from each innovation policy continuum programme. Further data was collected by interviews held with individuals representative of roles typically undertaken at each programme. Participant observation undertaken at each programme also informed the creation of the case studies.
Literature in this field of study is typically limited to a comparatively narrow investigation of traditionally measured innovation. For social capital and cooperation and collaboration, research usually has a macro scale cynosure. This study has an innovation programme locale in Wales which may be considered unique in terms of innovation and social capital research.
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The findings reveal the existence of forms of innovation, social capital, and cooperation and collaboration at each case study. However, there are differences in terms of the extent of such phenomenon along the innovation policy continuum. For instance, there appears to be an increased likelihood of traditionally measured innovation at the Technium network. Social innovation is more likely to be present at the Communities First project. Similarly, forms of social capital are more likely to be found at Communities First partnerships than at other programmes along the continuum. The correlation analysis applied to the case study survey data discloses a number of, mainly positive statistically significant associations between explanatory social capital, and cooperation and collaboration variables and dependent innovation variables.
Propositions resultant of the findings, are likely to be of use to policymakers. For instance, forms of social capital appear to be positively related to traditionally…


Purpose of the article : Over the past couplne of months, the global economy went trhough a cascade of financial shocks that threw many economies. The economic damage has been extensive, with few countries spared – even those far from the source of the turmoil. As prospects for both global growth and inflation moderated over the period, bond yields declined in major developed countries. Prices of many commodities reached a plateau or even fell, lowering the near-term inflation outlook. Investors continued to expect strong growth in emerging economies, but cut back their growth expectations for the United States d Europe. The growth outlook for other major advanced economies remained subdued. The purpose of this artice is to analyse the global economy development in both emerging and advanced economies, as well as financial market trends and their predictions in the light of international financial imbalances. Addressing overindebtedness, private as well as public, is the key to building a solid foundation for high, balanced real growth and a stable financial system.
 Methodology/methods : The methods of analyses and synthesis have been used to enable to judge the complexity of objects from more angles and to formulize the conclusions of the analytical part. Empirical methods had enabled us to gain an overview about turnaround financial management applied during volatile times in the selected economies and financial and non-financial institutions.
 Scientific aim: The main scientific aim is to conduct the analyses of the theoretical assumptions leading up to changing trends in the development of the global economy, as well as analyses of factors, economical indicators, financial risks and their predictions, in connection with the financial markets and selected economies development based on own elaborated knowledge's from research field.
 Findings : In many economies, high debt levels still burden households as well as financial and non-financial institutions, and the consolidation of fiscal accounts has barely started. International financial imbalances are re-emerging. Highly accommodative monetary policies are fast becoming a threat to price stability. Financial reforms have yet to be completed and fully implemented. And the data frameworks that should serve as an early warning system for financial stress remain underdeveloped.
 Conclusions: Interrelated imbalances made pre-crisis growth in several advanced countries unsustainable. Rapidly increasing debt and asset prices resulted in bloated housing and financial sectors. The boom also masked serious longterm fiscal vulnerabilities that, if left unchecked, could trigger the next crisis.The lessons of the crisis apply to emerging market economies, too. And those where debt is fuelling huge gains in property prices and consumption are running the risk of building up the imbalances that now plague the advanced economies.


Objective: To review the current understanding of dopamine and its use in the prevention and treatment of acute renal failure (ARF).

Data sources: Original research articles and scientific reviews.

Human data synthesis: Low-dose dopamine administration has been shown to increase natriuresis and urinary output in both healthy individuals and in a few small studies in human patients with renal insufficiency. However, in several large meta-analyses, dopamine treatment did not change mortality or the need for dialysis. Due to the potential side effects, the use of dopamine for prevention and treatment of ARF is no longer recommended in human medicine.

Veterinary data synthesis: Low-dose dopamine increases urinary output in healthy animals and animal models of ARF if given before the insult. There are no available studies looking at the effect of low-dose dopamine therapy in naturally occurring ARF in dogs or cats.

Conclusion: Due to the potential side effects of low-dose dopamine therapy, the results from large human trials, and the lack of information in veterinary medicine, the use of dopamine for treatment of ARF in veterinary patients should be further evaluated.


Five subsize NbTi cable-in-conduit conductors with parametric variations were fabricated and their DC performance was tested in the SULTAN facility. A comparison of the measured strand data and the cable performances clearly indicates that the current carrying capacity of the conductors is considerably reduced due to the self-field effect. This result reflects that because of the high transverse resistance the interstrand current sharing is not very efficient. Furthermore, the take-off electric field was found to decrease monotonously with increasing quench currents. In the case of large overall current densities, sudden take-offs occur before the critical current criterion (0.1 /spl mu/V/cm) has been reached. The observed quench behavior is a consequence of the large contribution of the self-field to the total magnetic field, which leads to strongly enhanced electric fields in the strands on the high field side of the conductor. As soon as the heat generated in the peak field region exceeds the locally available cooling power a quench is initiated. Considering insulated strands and a uniform current distribution the quench behavior has been reproduced by simulations.


We demonstrate a diffractive maskless lithographic system that is capable of rapidly performing both serial and single-shot micropatterning. Utilizing the diffractive properties of phase holograms displayed on a spatial light modulator, arbitrary intensity distributions were produced to form two and three dimensional micropatterns/structures in a variety of substrates. A straightforward graphical user interface was implemented to allow users to load templates and change patterning modes within the span of a few minutes. A minimum resolution of ~700 nm is demonstrated for both patterning modes, which compares favorably to the 232 nm resolution limit predicted by the Rayleigh criterion. The presented method is rapid and adaptable, allowing for the parallel fabrication of microstructures in photoresist as well as the fabrication of protein microstructures that retain functional activity.


The Mandarin Chinese term biaoqing, or 'expression', categorizes genres of visual content ranging from emoticons and emoji to stickers and custom images. This article is grounded on ethnographic research and approaches biaoqing in terms of their circulation across Chinese digital media platforms. By formulating a comprehensive typology of biaoqing genres, I foreground the situated socio-technical specificities of their circulation: the creative play with typographical compositions, the affective repurposing of graphical emoticons, the platformed monetization of proprietary stickers, and the user-driven proliferation of custom images. Drawing on this typology, I argue for the need to recognize the circulation of biaoqing as an emergent and malleable category of semiotic resources profoundly shaped by two decades of development of the Internet in China.


A knitted animal is made of a closed surface consisting of several knitted patches knitted out of yarn and stuffed with cotton ( Fig. 1 ). We introduce a system to create a knitting pattern from a given 3D surface model (mainly designed for rotund animal models). A knitting pattern is an instructional diagram describing how to knit yarn to obtain a desired shape. Since the creation of knitting patterns requires special skill, this is difficult for nonprofessionals. Our system automates the process and allows anyone to obtain his or her original knitting patterns from a 3D model. The system first covers the surface of the model with parallel winding strips of constant width. The system then samples the strip at constant intervals to convert it into a knitting pattern. The result is presented in a standard visual format so that the user can easily refer it during actual knitting. We show several examples of knitted animals created using the system.


Mateusz Strzelecki
High Arctic Paraglacial Coastal Evolution in Northern Billefjorden, Svalbard
In contrast to mid and low latitude coasts, relatively little is known regarding the potential impacts of climate and sea-level change on cold region coastal margins. This is an important area of research given the pace of recent climate change and future predictions. Svalbard provided a superb location to quantify how High Arctic coasts are responding to climate warming and the associated paraglacial landscape transformation. The geographical focus for the thesis is Petuniabukta and Adolfbukta, the northernmost bays of Billefjorden, central Spitsbergen. The study area has a sheltered location, a semi-arid, sub-polar climate, limited wave fetch and tidal range, and rapid retreat rate of all surrounding glaciers. Using a combination of geomorphological, sedimentological, remote sensing and dating methods, the thesis investigates the processes that control coastal evolution over annual, century and millennial timescales.
Interannual changes observed between 2008 and 2010 show that High Arctic gravel-barriers are resilient to the impact of local storms and the operation of sea-ice processes. The results of a Schmidt Hammer test demonstrate a significant reduction in rock resistance with decreasing distance from the modern shoreline. Shoreline changes since the end of the Little Ice Age (late 19th/early 20th century) reflect a dramatic increase in sediment supply associated with retreating local ice masses, a shortened winter sea-ice season and melting of permafrost. A new approach of dating of juvenile marine molluscs found in uplifted raised beaches enables the development of a new model of relative sea-level change in the study area.
The thesis demonstrates that existing models of paraglacial coastal evolution, developed on mainly temperate latitude coasts, are not applicable to the High Arctic. Whilst the fundamental importance of the sediment supply and relative sea-level is noted, in the High Arctic these processes are modified by climate-driven factors that influence sediment delivery from terrestrial sources, the extent of sea-ice, permafrost as well as river discharge and slope stability. A new model of paraglacial coastal evolution is proposed that captures these processes and recognises the importance of bedrock topography as a key control on landforms preservation.


Attack graphs constitute a powerful security tool aimed at modelling the many ways in which an attacker may compromise different assets in a network. Despite their usefulness in several security-related activities (e.g. hardening, monitoring, forensics), the complexity of these graphs can massively grow as the network becomes denser and larger, thus defying their practical usability. In this presentation, we first describe some of the problems that currently challenge the practical use of attack graphs. We then explain our approach based on core attack graphs, a novel perspective to address attack graph complexity. Finally, we present Naggen, a tool for generating, visualising and exploring core attack graphs. We use Naggen to show the advantages of our approach on different security applications.


Forests that regenerate exclusively from seed following high-severity fire are particularly vulnerable to local extinction if fire frequency leaves insufficient time for regenerating plants to reach sexual maturity. We evaluate the relative importance of extrinsic (such as fire weather and climate cycles) and intrinsic (such as proneness to fire due to stand age and structural development) factors in driving the decline of obligate seeder forests. We illustrate this using obligate seeding alpine ash (Eucalyptus delegatensis) forests in the montane regions of Victoria, Australia, that were burnt by megafires in 2003 (142,256 ha) or 2007 (79,902 ha), including some twice-burnt areas (11,599 ha). Geospatial analyses showed only a small effect of stand age on the remote sensing estimates of crown defoliation, but a substantial effect of forest fire weather, as measured by forest fire danger index (FFDI). Analysis of meteorological data over the last century showed that 5-year increases in FFDI precede cycle major fires in the E. delegatensis forests. Such strong extrinsic climate/weather driving of high-severity fires is consistent with the 'interval squeeze model' that postulates the vulnerability of obligate seeder forests to landscape-scale demographic collapse in response to worsening fire weather under climate change.


The amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) plays a central pathophysiological role in Alzheimer's disease, but little is known about the concentration and dynamics of this secreted peptide in the extracellular space of the human brain. We used intracerebral microdialysis to obtain serial brain interstitial fluid (ISF) samples in 18 patients who were undergoing invasive intracranial monitoring after acute brain injury. We found a strong positive correlation between changes in brain ISF Aβ concentrations and neurological status, with Aβ concentrations increasing as neurological status improved and falling when neurological status declined. Brain ISF Aβ concentrations were also lower when other cerebral physiological and metabolic abnormalities reflected depressed neuronal function. Such dynamics fit well with the hypothesis that neuronal activity regulates extracellular Aβ concentration.


Abstract Cervical cancer is caused by persistent infection with one of approximately a dozen carcinogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) infections. HPV16 is the most carcinogenic HPV type, causing one half of cases worldwide. Cervical cancer arises via three well-defined steps: acute HPV infection; viral persistence linked to development of a high-grade intraepithelial lesion, and invasion. Infections peak in late adolescence and early adulthood, high-grade lesions grow superficially in the years following infection, and invasion of high-grade lesions typically takes decades to occur. Host susceptibility given exposure to HPV is best considered by stage of the carcinogenic process. Infection is nearly ubiquitous among sexually active women, who appear (at our present state of knowledge) to be universally susceptible if previously unexposed. Common exposure leads to at least partial type-specific immunity as women age. Virtually all infections "clear" within 1-2 years and failure to clear, i.e., persistence, is highly associated with development of a high-grade lesion. Susceptibility to viral persistence is poorly understood, but is apparently the major determinant of carcinogenic risk from infection. If undiagnosed and untreated, high-grade lesions invade in a substantial minority of cases and we have determined no definitively established determinants of susceptibility to invasion. Accordingly, this talk will focus on what is known about risk factors for HPV persistence/high-grade lesions given HPV infection. The risk factors can be divided conceptually into three groups: 1) viral factors, 2) host behavioral factors, and 3) intrinsic host factors. Definite viral factors include HPV genetic factors (type and variant lineage) and HPV epigenetic factors (viral methylation). Established host behavioral factors include smoking, long-term oral contraceptive use, and multiparity; the associations are firm but mechanisms are not known. The few known intrinsic host factors include immune status (e.g., HIV immunosuppression), possibly specific HLA associations, and possibly some common genetic variants and methylation patterns. The leading candidates will be mentioned. Understanding of the viral-host interaction has led to promising biomarkers used to distinguish between acute HPV infection and high-grade lesions, most notably p16 staining, a marker of disruption of the Rb pathway. Citation Format: Mark Schiffman. Susceptibility to neoplasia following HPV infection. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Post-GWAS Horizons in Molecular Epidemiology: Digging Deeper into the Environment; 2012 Nov 11-14; Hollywood, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2012;21(11 Suppl):Abstract nr IA16.


This study was carried out with the main objectives of developing a micropropagation
system for Dianthus caryophyllus cv. Maldives and reducing hyperhydricity for
healthy shoot production. The development of a micropropagation system included
selection of explant and combination-concentration of growth regulators,
optimization, multiplication of shoots, rooting and acclimatization. Hyperhydricity
study included selection of types of closure and gelling agents, application of
ventilated culture vessel, multiplication of recovered shoots and acclimatization of
recovered plantlets. The experiment was factorial arranged in a randomized complete
block design with four replications. Each treatment consisted of twelve explants per
replicate.
In axillary proliferation of shoots using two types of explant and five combinationconcentrations
of growth regulators, node explant placed on MS medium containing
1.0 mg/L BA and 0.1 mg/L NAA was the most suitable combination in stimulating high axillary shoot production with low rate of hyperhydricity. Lowering the
concentration of NAA from 0.1 mg/L to 0.05 mg/L in combination with 1.0 mg/L BA
in the optimization experiment improved axillary shoot production from 4.9 to 5.6
shoots per explant and reduced hyperhydricity to less than 30%.
In adventitious shoot formation from three explants placed on five concentrations of
BA and NAA, the first young and fully developed leaves placed on MS medium
supplemented with 0.1 mg/L BA and 0.01 mg/L NAA was the most suitable
combination in inducing high adventitious shoot formation (43.3%) with lower
hyperhydricity (60.0%) compared to other combinations tested.
MS medium containing 1.0 mg/L BA with 0.05 mg/L NAA and 0.5 mg/L BA with
0.1 mg/L NAA were the most appropriate media in inducing high shoot
multiplication, whereas MS medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/L BA with 0.02 mg/L
NAA and 0.1 mg/L BA with 0.01 mg/L NAA were most suitable in producing good
quality shoots for rooting. High production of good quality shoots were produced only
after the first subculture and reduced in the subsequent subcultures.


This paper looks at the question of direct participation in cyber hostilities under the international law of armed conflict, or international humanitarian law (IHL) as it is also known. The paper examines the history and development of the concept of direct participation in hostilities by civilians, which serves as an exception to the principle of civilian or non-combatant immunity. In charting the development of the concept, this paper looks at landmark attempts to legally define the concept of direct participation, including the Israeli Targeted Killings Case, and the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) study into direct participation. Using this legal background, this paper then analogizes direct participation in the context of cyber hostilities, and critically examines the ways in which civilians may be deemed to be direct participating in cyber hostilities. The paper also posits some solutions to potentially problematic situations raised by civilian participation in cyber warfare.


We develop an informational theory of dictatorship. Dictators survive not because of their use of force or ideology but because they convince the public--rightly or wrongly--that they are competent. Citizens do not observe the dictator's type but infer it from signals inherent in their living standards, state propaganda, and messages sent by an informed elite via independent media. If citizens conclude the dictator is incompetent, they overthrow him in a revolution. The dictator can invest in making convincing state propaganda, censoring independent media, co-opting the elite, or equipping police to repress attempted uprisings -- but he must finance such spending with taxes that depress the public's living standards. We show that incompetent dictators can survive as long as economic shocks are not too large. Moreover, their reputations for competence may grow over time. Censorship and co-optation of the elite are substitutes, but both are complements of propaganda. Repression of protests is a substitute for all the other techniques. In some equilibria the ruler uses propaganda and co-opts the elite; in others, propaganda is combined with censorship. The multiplicity of equilibria emerges due to coordination failure among members of the elite. We show that repression is used against ordinary citizens only as a last resort when the opportunities to survive through co-optation, censorship, and propaganda are exhausted. In the equilibrium with censorship, difficult economic times prompt higher relative spending on censorship and propaganda. The results illuminate tradeoffs faced by various recent dictatorships.


In 2012, the 'no recourse to public funds' (NRPF) condition was extended to long-standing migrant families in the UK who had previously achieved rights to residence and welfare through human rights mechanisms. Through close examination of policy, political statements, and media coverage, we make the case that the NRPF extension was – and continues to be – intentionally subjugating and punitive, most aptly understood as a policy of enforced destitution and debt imposed on negatively-racialised post-colonial subjects. In drawing out the implications of our argument, we point to time, destitution, and debt as core technologies of the UK's migration regime, alongside everyday bordering, detention, and deportability. Denying support through NRPF serves to exclude putatively included migrants while normalising conditional approaches to social support. Our article reveals why moral arguments against NRPF based on destitution fail and suggests that challenging welfare bordering requires a more systemic appraisal of policy frames, intentions and effects.


Leverage the power of BeagleBoard to develop and deploy practical embedded projects Overview Develop and validate your own embedded audio/video applications rapidly with Beagleboard Create embedded Linux applications on a pure Windows PC Full of illustrations, diagrams, and tips for rapid Beagleboard prototyping with clear, step-by-step instructions and hands-on examples In Detail As an open source embedded single-board computer with many standard interfaces, Beagleboard is ideal for building embedded audio/video systems to realize your practical ideas. The challenge is how to design and implement a good digital processing algorithm on Beagleboard quickly and easily without intensive low-level coding Rapid BeagleBoard Prototyping with MATLAB and Simulink is a practical, hands-on guide providing you with a number of clear, step-by-step exercises which will help you take advantage of the power of Beagleboard and give you a good grounding in rapid prototyping techniques for your audio/video applications. Rapid BeagleBoard Prototyping with MATLAB and Simulink looks at rapid prototyping and how to apply these techniques to your audio/video applications with Beagleboard quickly and painlessly without intensive manual low-level coding. It will take you through a number of clear, practical recipes that will help you to take advantage of both the Beagleboard hardware platform and Matlab/Simulink signal processing. We will also take a look at building S-function blocks that work as hardware drivers and interfaces for Matlab/Simulink. This gives you more freedom to explore the full range of advantages provided by Beagleboard. By the end of this book, you will have a clear idea about Beagleboard and Matlab/Simulink rapid prototyping as well as how to develop voice recognition systems, motion detection systems with I/O access, and serial communication for your own applications such as a smart home. What you will learn from this book Understand rapid prototyping on a Windows host, including Matlab/Simulink code generation for Beagleboard Set up a cross-development environment on Windows for Beagleboard Access Beagleboards GPIO pins and RS232 communication in Matlab and Simulink Develop your own S-function block in Simulink to access Beagleboards hardware devices Create an audio player and equalizer in Simulink, including audio file reading Adjust the parameters of your target system on-the-fly for the purpose of performance optimization Penetrate into an infrared sensor in Matlab/Simulink for smart home applications Build a video motion detection system for security applications Approach This book is a fast-paced guide with practical, hands-on recipes which will show you how to prototype Beagleboard-based audio/video applications using Matlab/Simlink and Sourcery Codebench on a Windows host. Who this book is written for Rapid BeagleBoard Prototyping with MATLAB and Simulink is great for students and academic researchers who have practical ideas and who want to build a proof-of-concept system on an embedded hardware platform quickly and efficiently. It is also useful for product design engineers who want to ratify their applications and reduce the time-to-market. It is assumed that you are familiar with Matlab/Simulink and have some basic knowledge of computer hardware. Experience in Linux is favoured but not necessary, as our software development is purely on a Windows host.


Abstract Objective. To explore how a group of Swedish general practitioners (GPs) manage patients with a sore throat in relation to current guidelines as expressed in interviews. Design. Qualitative content analysis was used to analyse semi-structured interviews. Setting. Swedish primary care. Subjects. A strategic sample of 25 GPs. Main outcome measures. Perceived management of sore throat patients. Results. It was found that nine of the interviewed GPs were adherent to current guidelines for sore throat and 16 were non-adherent. The two groups differed in terms of guideline knowledge, which was shared within the team for adherent GPs while idiosyncratic knowledge dominated for the non-adherent GPs. Adherent GPs had no or low concerns for bacterial infections and differential diagnosis whilst non-adherent GPs believed that in patients with a sore throat any bacterial infection should be identified and treated with antibiotics. Patient history and examination was mainly targeted by adherent GPs whilst for non-adherent GPs it was often redundant. Non-adherent GPs reported problems getting patients to abstain from antibiotics, whilst no such problems were reported in adherent GPs. Conclusion. This interview study of sore throat management in a strategically sampled group of Swedish GPs showed that while two-thirds were non-adherent and had a liberal attitude to antibiotics one-third were guideline adherent with a restricted view on antibiotics. Non-adherent GPs revealed significant knowledge gaps. Adherent GPs had discussed guidelines within the primary care team while non-adherent GPs had not. Guideline implementation thus seemed to be promoted by knowledge shared in team discussions.


Wortel for his help and instruction in making thin sections of my corals, M. Spencer and J. Camp for their comments and editing; R. Bennett for his support and technical aid, and my committee: C. Brochu, H. Sims, and especially my advisor A.F. Budd, for their critical feedback and patience. iii ABSTRACT The University of Iowa Paleontology Repository maintains an extensive collection of Caribbean coral specimens. This study includes 285 specimens, of which approximately 75 are thin-sections of three previously identified Oligocene genera photography of colony surfaces and thin-sections of representative specimens of each species, and the identification of the three Oligocene genera Montastraea, Antiguastrea, and Agathiphyllia to the species level. This study compared the collections with the agathiphyllid stratigraphic ranges in the Paleobiology Database, curated these specimens, and then entered the information into the database, Specify™. These continued efforts aid in better understanding diagnostic morphologic characters of three genera: Antiguastrea, Agathiphyllia, and Montastraea. Two of the genera, Antiguastrea and Agathiphyllia, are extinct. Because the differences in morphology are subtle and not very well understood, previous biodiversity studies using the colony surface for correct species identification have been difficult and often inaccurate. Montastraea is further complicated by recent research that suggests it is polyphyletic and contains multiple species complexes, based on the combined use and creation of more morphological characters and on molecular phylogenetics. Additionally, this study assists with the understanding of the biodiversity of these Oligocene coral genera in the Caribbean region prior to the Plio-Pleistocene extinction event, and the evolutionary history of coral diversity in this region. Though there was an extinction event across the Caribbean, the locality species richness, using iv Fisher's α and Shannon's H, showed no significant differences between the Late Oligocene formations and the Early Miocene formations.


The effect of in-band crosstalk can pose severe limitations in an optical network. In this paper, the implications of in-band crosstalk induced by an arrayed-waveguide grating (AWG) router in a passive N/spl times/N optical interconnection are analyzed with non-Gaussian statistics using a numerical model. The model is based on the saddle point approximation and takes into account fluctuations of the transfer function's sidelobes induced by the phase errors in the grating arms, phase noise, polarization variations, bit misalignment, and shot and thermal noise. The influence of these effects on the interconnection's bit error rate (BER) is analyzed. The validity of the Gaussian assumption for the crosstalk noise statistics is discussed. Finally, the model is used to examine the mean crosstalk requirements for various numbers of network nodes.


Researchers investigated current trends in the use of bariatric surgery in England. In particular, they looked at the surgical techniques used and factors that influenced postoperative outcomes. A population cohort study was performed. All NHS adult patients with a primary diagnosis of obesity who had undergone a primary elective bariatric procedure (gastric bypass, gastric banding, or sleeve gastrectomy) in England between April 2000 and March 2008 were studied. The main outcome measures included mortality at 30 days and one year after surgery, unplanned readmission to hospital within 28 days, and duration of stay in hospital.1

In total, 3649 gastric band procedures, 3191 gastric bypasses, and 113 sleeve gastrectomies were performed. Patients' characteristics at time of surgery were compared between the procedures to establish differences that might have influenced postoperative outcome. The patient characteristics compared included age. No significant difference was reported between surgical procedures in mean age (gastric bypass 42.25 years (standard deviation 9.50), gastric banding 42.44 (9.79), sleeve gastrectomy 44.18 (8.96); one way analysis of variance P=0.364).

The researchers reported that the number of bariatric surgical procedures had increased in England in recent years. Gastric banding and gastric bypass were the most prevalent procedures, with sleeve gastrectomy first recorded in 2006. Patients selected for gastric banding had lower postoperative mortality and readmission rates plus a shorter length of stay than those selected for gastric bypass.

Which of the following statements, if any, are true for one …


The significant growth of hedge funds has garnered substantial attention—and concern—amongst observers of, and participants in, the investment community. In this article it is argued that hedge funds are not sui generis, but are part of the broader "active management industry." Three broad conceptions are discussed. First, as part of the broader active management industry, hedge funds still represent a relative minority of the risk taken with the expectation of generating alpha. Second, the important question for investors is the choice of governance models for generating alpha—the traditional active management model or the hedge fund model? While structural features of alpha generation do involve tradeoffs, on balance, the hedge fund form is more appropriate for alpha generation. Finally, while superior to a traditional model, the hedge fund format is imperfect. Therefore, mechanisms to make manager/investor outcomes more symmetrical (such as an appropriate level of co-investment), when combined with the current hedge fund governance structure, may further align incentives between managers and investors.


Disulfide-rich peptides are emerging as potential templates for drug design applications. However, the synthesis and reengineering of disulfide-rich peptides are challenging, owing to the complexity of the oxidative folding process involving a number of diverse isomeric structures. Novel disulfide-rich peptide scaffolds that are not besieged by their disulfide isomers are still greatly desired. In this work, we report the design and synthesis of a novel class of artificial disulfide-rich peptide scaffolds with precisely defined disulfide patterns and a minimized number of isomers. In theory, natural peptides with three disulfide bonds have 15 possible isomers. By rationally engineering the thiol-framework of a peptide containing six cysteines with penicillamines and a dithiol amino acid, we demonstrated, for the first time, that the total number of isomers formed after oxidative folding can be decreased to a minimum of two (i.e., from 15 to 2). As fewer isomeric folds are involved in the oxidative folding, the pathway of the folding becomes more concise and the yield of the artificial scaffolds is substantially increased compared to that of its six-cysteine-containing analogue, which makes the artificial disulfide-rich scaffolds (with only 2 predefined isomeric folds) extremely promising for being exploited as structurally complex templates for the design of peptide therapeutics and ligands.


Abstract Located in Libya's capital city of Tripoli, Abū Salīm Prison has become suspended in Libya's national collective memory as the site of a contested prison killing in 1996. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, the prison hosted many prisoners of conscience, namely individuals who forcibly had been disappeared because security personnel suspected them of opposing the regime of Mu'amar Qadhdhafi. Drawing on interviews with their family members, I trace how Libyan families contested the state's violence and forced disappearance through everyday behaviors, such as inquiring about their relatives' whereabouts and visiting Abū Salīm Prison. The article contributes to an ongoing discussion within sociology, anthropology, and area studies about the significance of small-scale acts of resistance as forms of political action. Disappearance not only pulled people apart, but also brought them together, often around the same spaces that were intended to disenfranchise them.


Abstract An interesting high-density operational regime with an internal diffusion barrier (IDB) has been extended to the helical divertor configuration in the Large Helical Device. The IDB is characterized by steep density gradient in core plasma and the attainable central density exceeds 1 × 1021 m−3 at the moderate magnetic field ~2.5 T while keeping relatively low density mantle plasma surrounding the core. In the IDB discharge, significant central pressure rise is observed, and the maximum central pressure attains 150 kPa by optimizing magnetic configuration. Such a high central pressure causes very large Shafranov shift, more than half radius, even at high magnetic field. Core fueling is absolutely essential for the IDB formation, and the IDB is reproducibly obtained by employing intensive multiple-pellet injections. The attainable density is restricted by lack of heat deposition at core plasma due to strong attenuation of a neutral beam in the high-density plasma.


Part of the popular "Advances in Surgical Pathology Series", this volume is a concise, updated review of the pathological characteristics of endometrial cancer. It emphasizes the histologic correlation, clinical management, and treatment of endometrial cancer, and features current and emerging concepts in the field. The book provides a resource for the timely updates in knowledge that are necessary for daily practice, for current credentialing, and for the self-assessment modules for recertification (MOC). A free companion web site features fully searchable text as well as over 130 full-color images.


In spite of tremendous efforts, women are still under-represented in the field of science. Post-graduate education and early tenure track employment are part of the academic career establish-ment in research and development during periods that usually overlap with family formation. Though women tend to leave science mainly after obtaining their PhD, and the timing of mother-hood plays a vital role in a successful research career, qualitative data on this life period are scarce. Our paper focuses on how the normative and institutional contexts shape female PhD engineering students' family plans. The research was based on intersections of life course and risk and uncertainty theories. Using qualitative interviews we explored how contradicting social norms of childbearing cause tensions in postgraduate students' lives, and how the different uncer-tainties and risks permeate young researchers' decisions on early life events. We concluded that, despite the general pattern of delaying motherhood among higher educated women, these students struggle against this postponement, and they hardly have any good options to avoid risk stem-ming from uncertainties and from some characteris-tics of studying and working in engineering. Find-ings of this research may call the attention of stake-holders to possible intervention points.


Beginning with an overview and historical background of Copper Zinc Tin Sulphide (CZTS) technology, subsequent chapters cover properties of CZTS thin films, different preparation methods of CZTS thin films, a comparative study of CZTS and CIGS solar cell, computational approach, and future applications of CZTS thin film solar modules to both ground-mount and rooftop installation. The semiconducting compound (CZTS) is made up earth-abundant, low-cost and non-toxic elements, which make it an ideal candidate to replace Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) and CdTe solar cells which face material scarcity and toxicity issues. The device performance of CZTS-based thin film solar cells has been steadily improving over the past 20 years, and they have now reached near commercial efficiency levels (10%). These achievements prove that CZTS-based solar cells have the potential to be used for large-scale deployment of photovoltaics.


Easy missions approaches to machine learning seek to synthesize solutions for complex tasks from those for simpler ones. In genetic programming, this has been achieved by identifying goals and fitness functions for subproblems of the overall problem. Solutions evolved for these subproblems are then reused to speed up learning, either as automatically defined functions (ADFs) or by seeding a new GP population. Previous positive results using both approaches for learning in multi-agent systems (MAS) showed that incremental reuse using easy missions achieves comparable or better overall fitness than monolithic simple GP. A key unresolved issue dealt with hybrid reuse using ADF plus easy missions. Results in the keep-away soccer domain (a test bed for MAS learning) were also inconclusive on whether compactnessinducing reuse helped or hurt overall agent performance. In this paper, we compare monolithic (simple GP and GP with ADFs) and easy missions reuse to two types of GP learning systems with incremental reuse: GP/ADF hybrids with easy missions and single-mission incremental ADFs. As hypothesized, pure easy missions reuse achieves results competitive with the best hybrid approaches in this domain. We interpret this finding and suggest a theoretical approach to characterizing incremental reuse and code growth.


La Reunion Island has the largest area of intact vegetation of the islands in the Mascarene archipelago. Biological invasions are the primary threat to biodiversity in the intact habitats of the island (those not already transformed by agriculture and urbanization). Our study aimed to identify areas to prioritize in managing invasive alien plants for biodiversity conservation. We used extensive surveys of 238 distinct untransformed areas on La Reunion to define the current distribution patterns of all invasive species. Using expert knowledge, we compiled maps of the current distribution of the 46 most widespread/important invasive plants at the habitat scale (identified according to vegetation structure). Data from 440 botanical releves for the 20 most threatening invasive alien plant species across the island and climatic envelope models were used to derive climatic suitability surfaces; these were used to map potential distributions for these species. More than 10 species invade 16.7% of the remaining habitat. Five habitat types are invaded by 25 or more species, and eight have fewer than 10 invasive alien plant species. Cluster analysis based on presence/absence of species in the 18 habitat types produced eight groups of species that invade particular habitats. Potential distribution models show that some species have invaded large parts of their potential range (e.g. Fuchsia magellanica, Furcraea foetida, Hiptage benghalensis), whereas others have the potential to increase their range substantially (e.g. Clidemia hirta, Strobilanthes hamiltonianus, Ulex europaeus). Management implications are identified for both groups. Three broad groups of habitats were identified: (i) intact habitats with a low level of invasion (e.g. subalpine shrubland); (ii) moderately invaded habitats with varying levels of intactness (ranging from windward submountain rainforest to the Acacia heterophylla forest); and (iii) habitats with little remaining intact area and high levels of invasion (e.g. lowland rainforest). Different management interventions are appropriate for these three groups.


This issue of the South African Journal of Psychology (SAJP) focuses on health psychology. In addition to a special contribution from one of the world's leading health psychologists, it represents the efforts of a variety of South African behavioural scientists in addressing theoretical and empirical aspects of this emerging sub-discipline of psychology. Covering issues that include adherence to medication and behavioural regimens among patients with chronic illnesses, the behavioural and ethical aspects of HIV vaccine trial enrolment, and stress, coping, and adjustment among medical patients, the articles showcase research projects located at the interface of psychology and health. The aim of this edition of SAJP is to call attention to the potential contribution of psychology to health and health care. It is hoped that it has succeeded in achieving this aim.


Abstract. Glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) is an ongoing phenomenon that characterizes the landscape of the High Coast (63°04'N, 18°22'E, Sweden) / Kvarken archipelago (63°16'N, 21°10'E, Finland) UNESCO World Heritage site. GIA occurs as the Earth's crust that was depressed by the continental ice sheet during the last glacial period is slowly rebounding towards isostatic equilibrium. The maximum rate of land uplift in the area is more than eight millimetres per year, which – along with the very different topographical reliefs of the opposite coasts – makes the region an excellent study area for land uplift as a phenomenon. As there is a marine area between the coasts, shore displacement is an essential part of the phenomenon in the study area.The cartographic representation of GIA and shore displacement has classically relied on static maps representing isobases of the uplift rates and of ancient shorelines. However, to dynamically visualize and communicate the continuity and the nature of the phenomena, an animated map is required. To create a visually balanced, seamless animation, we need to create high-resolution image frames that represent digital elevation models (DEMs) together with extracted shorelines of different moments of time. To create these frames, we developed a mathematical model to transform the DEM in a given time for the past ~9300 years. We used the most recent LiDAR-derived DEMs of Finland and Sweden, and a bathymetric model of the Gulf of Bothnia as our initial data, along with a land uplift rate surface derived from geophysical measurements. We compared the current uplift rates with the shoreline observations of the ancient Baltic Sea stages, Litorina Sea and Ancylus Lake, and created a linear model between the elevations of the shorelines and the present-day uplift rates, as there was a near-linear correlation in both cases. Based on the current uplift rates and the elevations and the dating of the ancient shorelines, we derived an exponential model to describe the non-linear correlation between the elapsed time and the occurred land uplift. Near the present time, we adapted the formula proposed by Ekman (2001) to make the model more robust closer to the present day.We assumed that although the uplift rate varies in time, the spatial relation of uplift rates remains the same. Furthermore, as the land uplift is an exponentially decelerating phenomenon occurring with a significantly lower annual rate than shortly after the de-glaciation (Eronen et al. 2001, Nordman et al. 2015), and with most of the total uplift already having occurred (Ekman 1991), we assumed a constant rate of uplift from the present day to the near geological future. We did not consider potential sea level changes caused by human-driven climate change in the predictions, as the geological time scale vastly exceeds the time range of the climate models. Neither did we take into account the historical transgression phases, as they did not appear dominating in the area.The elevation and bathymetry data were harmonized and resampled into 4K (3840 × 2160) pixel dimensions to utilize the best commercially available screen resolutions and to avoid unnecessary sub-pixel level computations. This resulted in a spatial pixel size of about 200 metres. The initial spatial resolution of the DEMs of Finland and Sweden was 2 metres and 1 metre, respectively, while the bathymetric data had a spatial pixel size of 400 metres. This, along with the fact that the bathymetric data was partly modelled and inaccurate near the coastlines, meant that it had to be oversampled to generate plausible coastal bathymetry and to allow any future estimations of shore displacement. All the datasets were resampled to EPSG:3857 Pseudo-Mercator projection to facilitate any future use in web map applications. As the visualized area is only about 430 kilometres in the north-south direction, the use of this projection did not introduce cartographic issues.The rendered frames required by the animation were produced with a programmatic conversion of raster files to RGB-images. The visualization of shore displacement was implemented by a discontinuity in elevation dependent colour scale at sea level. The bathymetry was visualized with a continuous colour scale in shades of blue until the elevation of zero metres. Elevations above zero were visualized with a colour scale starting from green to create an impression of a discrete shoreline (Figure 1).The whole process from computing the DEMs to rendering the frames was implemented in Python, without the need for traditional GUI operated GIS or image processing software. The raster data was read and processed with GDAL and NumPy libraries, and the visualization was carried out using Matplotlib and Python Imaging Library. Each DEM was given the same elevation based colour scale and an individually created hillshading that was blended with the image by multiplication. The whole process was carried out as an open source solution.The interval between the calculated frames was set to five years as, particularly at the Swedish coast, the shore displacement can appear abrupt with a longer time interval. The frame duration was set to 0.05 seconds, which means a 100-second duration for an animation of 10 000 years.The resulting DEM reconstructions show good agreement with comparable data, such as the Litorina reconstructions by the Geological Survey of Finland (GTK). Also, the mathematical model appears to be in line with previous reconstructions conducted in the area (e.g. Nordman et al. 2015). So far, any continuous series of paleogeographic DEM reconstructions comparable to ours has not been published for this area. The animation provides an understandable way of perceiving the continuous but decelerating nature of the land uplift phenomenon and also highlights the differences in the post-glacial history of Finnish and Swedish coasts. To further improve the visualization, we must consider the removal of post-glacially developed features in the present day DEM, e.g. the various rivers that can both cause bias in the shore displacement and uplift estimations and appear visually distractive. In the very early frames of the animation, the retracting ice sheet must also be present. Also, a balanced addition of other cartographic elements, such as present-day hydrography and place names, can further improve the overall presentation.


Executive function mediated by prefrontally driven distributed networks is frequently impaired by traumatic brain injury (TBI) as a result of diffuse axonal injury and focal lesions. In addition to executive cognitive functions such as planning and working memory, the effects of TBI impact social cognition and motivation processes. To encourage application of cognitive neuroscience methods to studying recovery from TBI, associated reorganization of function, and development of interventions, this article reviews the pathophysiology of TBI, critiques currently employed methods of assessing executive function, and evaluates promising interventions that reflect advances in cognitive neuroscience. Brain imaging to identify neural mechanisms mediating executive dysfunction and response to interventions following TBI is also discussed.


Gestures' expressivity, as perceived by humans, may be related to the amount of attention they attract. In this paper, we present two experiments that quantify behavior saliency by the rarity of selected motion and gestural features in a given context. The first one deals with the current quantity of motion of a person's silhouette compared to a brief history of his quantity of motion values. The second one focuses on the motion speed of a person compared to the motion speed of other persons around him. Considering both features (speed and quantity of motion) and contexts (space and time), we compute a rarity index providing cues on the behavior novelty. This can be considered as a preliminary step to an expressive gesture analysis based on behavioral changes.


Purpose— Meeting patient desires for enhanced facial esthetics requires that providers have standardized and objective methods to measure esthetics. We evaluated the effects of objective 3-dimensional (3D) facial shape and asymmetry measurements derived from 3D facial images on perceptions of facial attractiveness. Patient and Methods— 3D facial images of 313 adults in Iowa were digitized with 32 landmarks and objective 3D facial measures capturing symmetric and asymmetric components of shape variation, centroid size and fluctuating asymmetry were obtained from the 3D coordinate data using geo-morphometric analyses. Frontal and profile images of study participants were rated for facial attractiveness by ten volunteers (5 females and 5 males) on a 5-point Likert-scale and a visual analogue scale (VAS). Multivariate regression was used to identify the effects of the objective 3D facial measurements on the attractiveness ratings. Results— Several of the objective 3D facial measures had significant effects on attractiveness ratings. Shorter facial heights with protrusive chins, mid-face retrusion, faces with protrusive noses and thin lips, flat mandibular planes with deep labio-mental folds, any cants of the lip commissures and floor of the nose, larger faces overall and increased fluctuating asymmetry were rated as significantly (p<0.001) less attractive. Conclusion— Perceptions of facial attractiveness can be explained by specific 3D measures of facial shapes and fluctuating asymmetry, which has important implications for clinical practice and research.


In this paper, we propose a heterogeneous framework to deliver smart grid (SG) data cost effectively. The data generated by distributed SG loads, and generation units should be delivered to the utility control center (UCC) within the tolerated delay, which is crucial for SG applications. To this end, a heterogeneous communication framework is proposed, where the cellular network (CN) provides ubiquitous yet expensive data transmission, and vehicle-assisted device-to-device (D2D) communications are leveraged to offload the CN by delivering the delay-tolerant SG data in a store-carry-forward fashion with low cost. To improve the offloading and cost performance of the proposed framework, we put effort in the following aspects: 1) optimal forwarding schemes to optimally select vehicles to carry and forward the data; and 2) mode selection and dynamic resource allocation to maximize the amount of data delivered by D2D communications, reduce the cost of SG data delivery, and guarantee the fairness among SG users. Simulation results are given to validate proposed approaches and demonstrate that the proposed framework is efficient in saving cost for the utility and offloading the CN.


Abstract A simple model is used to analyze the systems for feedback stabilization of the resistive wall mode (RWM) in proposed burning plasma experiments. In ITER, the presence of several conducting structures close to the control coils, but far from the plasma, leads to a slow feedback response time compared to the time scale of the RWM growth. In FIRE, the copper shell passive stabilizer sets a relatively long time scale for the RWM growth; therefore, the effects of higher resistivity structures close to the coils and far from the plasma are nearly negligible. RWM feedback control should be able to raise the stable βN up to near the ideal-wall limit in FIRE with moderate requirements on the feedback electronics bandwidth.


Lung cancer is one of the major causes of cancer related mortality worldwide. Brain metastases (BM) complicate clinical evolution of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in approximately 25-40% of cases, adversely influencing quality of life (QoL) and overall survival (OS). Systemic therapy remains the standard strategy for metastatic disease. Nevertheless, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) makes central nervous system (CNS) a sanctuary site. To date, the combination of chemotherapy with whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT), surgery and/or stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) represents the most used treatment for patients (pts) with intracranial involvement. However, due to their clinical conditions, many pts are not able to undergo local treatments. Targeted therapies directed against epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), such as gefitinib, erlotinib and afatinib, achieved important improvements in EGFR mutated NSCLC with favorable toxicity profile. Although their role is not well defined, the reported objective response rate (ORR) and the good tolerance make EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) an interesting valid alternative for NSCLC pts with BM, especially for those harboring EGFR mutations. Furthermore, new-generation TKIs, such as osimertinib and rociletinib, have already shown important activity on intracranial disease and several trials are still ongoing to evaluate their efficacy. In this review we want to highlight literature data about the use and the effectiveness of EGFR-TKIs in pts with BM from NSCLC.


This essay examines the only book published by the late Harald Kaas. His collection of short stories Uhren und Meere (1979), dealing with depictions of psycho-pathological states of mind, gained Kaas a short-lived notoriety as he himself was a certified schizophrenic possessing first-hand experience of psychiatric treatment. This essay sets out to investigate whether or to what extent the stories in Uhren und Meere can be understood as a document of the language of madness. It concludes that despite the biographical dimension of his schizophrenic experience, Kaas's texts fail to voice an as it were unadulterated language of madness. However, when read in conjunction with his quasi-poetological interview statements, it is possible to determine the very nature of madness as a collapse of a logical system of language. Meaning that language cannot actively be used to express madness, while at the same time madness can express itself in a language that we necessarily fail to understand. The language of madness manifests itself as the madness of language.