Candida dubliniensis is the closest known relative of Candida albicans, the most pathogenic yeast species in humans. However, despite both species sharing many phenotypic characteristics, including the ability to form true hyphae, C. dubliniensis is a significantly less virulent and less versatile pathogen. Therefore, to identify C. albicans-specific genes that may be responsible for an increased capacity to cause disease, we have sequenced the C. dubliniensis genome and compared it with the known C. albicans genome sequence. Although the two genome sequences are highly similar and synteny is conserved throughout, 168 species-specific genes are identified, including some encoding known hyphal-specific virulence factors, such as the aspartyl proteinases Sap4 and Sap5 and the proposed invasin Als3. Among the 115 pseudogenes confirmed in C. dubliniensis are orthologs of several filamentous growth regulator (FGR) genes that also have suspected roles in pathogenesis. However, the principal differences in genomic repertoire concern expansion of the TLO gene family of putative transcription factors and the IFA family of putative transmembrane proteins in C. albicans, which represent novel candidate virulence-associated factors. The results suggest that the recent evolutionary histories of C. albicans and C. dubliniensis are quite different. While gene families instrumental in pathogenesis have been elaborated in C. albicans, C. dubliniensis has lost genomic capacity and key pathogenic functions. This could explain why C. albicans is a more potent pathogen in humans than C. dubliniensis.


Citation network analysis of scholarly articles and journals has already been explored in-depth and the subtlety of the differences between citations and references has also been recognized. Despite this recognition, citation network is mainly used for judging the contribution of an author or a journal for the scientific community. Analyzing citations of an article or of the journal to which it belongs, follows a bottom-up approach and provides a varying degree of information. These include the pattern of spread and the influence it has in academics, per se. However, analysis of references provides a top down approach. The present paper introduces the concept of reference network analysis with the objective of measuring the extent of scholarly inculcation of knowledge and effort while pursuing specific research work. Such reference networks can examine how variegated a research is (diversity) and intensity of the concepts studied (depth) by a researcher. We prove that both these aspects play crucial roles in generating recognition by not relying on citations explicitly. The paper uses these features to devise article-level and author-level metrics,like Scholastic Evidence Score and Trust Score. Using two different case studies of highly reputed scholars, we further demonstrate that Trust score of reputed and reliable authors do not fluctuate noticeably with time. On a broader spectrum, the durability of citation might reflect the depth of a scientific contribution. Our contribution imparts multidimensional approach to scholarly influence and creates avenues for future explorations in journal credibility study.


A servomechanism is described which simulates the eye response in directing visual receptors. Feedback to provide corrective directing is based upon matching the images conducted to the "brain" by the neurons. The model uses photoelectric cells to receive the images. The image from each receptor unit (eye) is separated into two parts. The images are reproduced in the "brain" by illuminating light bulbs corresponding to the photoelectric cell receptors. A photoelectric scanner in the "brain" determines the amount of agreement of the images depicted by the several banks of light bulbs, Feedback leading to corrective directing (fusion) is produced by voltages generated in the scanner bridge circuit and causes a motor to oscillate the "eyeball" until images from both eyes are matched. Brain damage would cause continual oscillation of the eyeball and lead to the peculiar patterns drawn by some head-injured people.


Arterial hypertension (AH) and various metabolic disorders are some of the most important problems of modern medical science and healthcare. This article describes the distribution of dyslipidemia among patients, one of the most important risk factors for hypertension, and its age and gender characteristics. The results of studies on diurnal changes in blood pressure in patients with arterial hypertension with dyslipidemia, important aspects of correction are also presented. The article provides important practical tips on the treatment of hypertension and blood pressure control for dyslipidemia.


Abstract. The currently used "kinetic-fractionation" (KF) model of the differential incorporation of water-molecule isotopologues into vapor-grown ice omits surface processes on crystal facets that may be important in temperature reconstructions. This article introduces the "surface-kinetic" fractionation model, a model that includes such surface processes, and shows that differences in deposition coefficients for water isotopologues can produce isotopic fractionation coefficients that significantly differ from those of KF theory. For example, if the deposition coefficient of H 2 18 O differs by just 5% from that of ordinary water (H 2 16 O), the resulting fractionation coefficient at 20% supersaturation may deviate from the KF value by up to about ±17‰, and even more at greater supersaturation. As a result, the surface-kinetic theory may significantly change how fractionation depends on supersaturation. Moreover, the model introduces possible new temperature dependencies from the deposition coefficients. These parameters need to be constrained by new laboratory measurements.


The coherent hole transfer in three types of DNA hairpins containing strands with adenine (A) and guanine (G) nucleobases has been studied. The investigated hairpins involve An+1GGAn, AnGAGAn, or (AG)2nA strands that connect the hole donor and hole acceptor located on opposite ends of hairpins. The positive charge transfer from the photo-excited donor to the acceptor is shown to be slower for An+1GGAn in comparison with AnGAGAn and (AG)2nA sequences. We have revealed that this is due to the reflectional symmetry of the last two sequences with respect to the axis passing through the middle base. As has been demonstrated, the symmetry of the sequence structure manifests itself in the reflectional symmetry of the energy eigenstates. In addition, it has been shown that (AG)2nA is the only symmetric sequence with a zero energy state in the middle of the LUMO tight-binding energy band. Based on our theoretical findings, we predict that the hairpin with this sequence should have the fastest coherent hole transfer rate among the class of base sequences studied.


Since its coming of age in the mid 1960s, continuum biomechanics has contributed much to our understanding of human health as well as to disease, injury, and their treatment. Nevertheless, biomechanics has yet to reach its full potential as a consistent contributor to the improvement of health–care delivery. Because of the inherent complexities of the microstructure and biomechanical behaviour of biological cells and tissues, there is a need for new theoretical frameworks to guide the design and interpretation of new classes of experiments. Because of continued advances in experimental technology, and the associated rapid increase in information on molecular and cellular contributions to behaviour at tissue and organ levels, there is a pressing need for mathematical models to synthesize and predict observations across multiple length– and time–scales. And because of the complex geometries and loading conditions, there is a need for new computational approaches to solve the boundaryand initial–value problems of clinical, industrial, and academic importance. Clearly, much remains to be done. The purpose of this paper is twofold: to review a few of the many achievements in the biomechanics of soft tissues and the tools that allowed them, but, more importantly, to identify some of the open problems that merit increased attention from those in applied mechanics, biomechanics, mathematics and mechanobiology.


Exclusionary and sometimes violent behaviours have historically been tacitly accepted in surfing under the banner of 'localism', or territorialism. In competition for an increasingly scarce resource (waves), vice is often celebrated and glorified within the subculture. Attempts at codifying acceptable behaviour have failed, not least because of an ingrained antipathy towards bureaucracy and formal organization. In rejecting the notion of surfing being able to operate in a special moral context, this paper proposes that the practice of virtue ethics holds the most likely chance of reversing moral decline. Virtuous action could operate in an exponential process, through replication and reciprocation, and might result in changing the current moral climate in which harmful acts of localism are tacitly accepted.


Most people know little about their country's central bank; so far as they are concerned, a central bank is merely involved in determining the interest rate on their home loans and overdrafts. As recent events in the global financial markets have shown, however, there is more to a central bank than lending rates and signatures on banknotes. On Wednesday, 8 October 2008, world central banks intervened in an effort to alleviate clogged money markets and reinstil confidence in the panic-stricken international financial system and the global economy. Six central banks, including the United States Federal Reserve, the European Central Bank and the Bank of England, cut interest rates together. Other central banks that also cut interest rates included those of Canada, Sweden, and Switzerland. China also cut interest rates, though it did not join in the group statement. This was the first coordinated interest rate reduction since the terrorist attacks in the United States of America in September 2001.
The global economy is showing clear signs of financial duress and distress. National and international media reports are dominated by references to higher energy prices, higher food prices, a slowdown in economic growth, monetary instability and the ever-present fear of uncontrollable inflation. These concerns prevail not merely in one or two countries, but worldwide, involving some of the biggest economies and monetary role-players. Regular reference is made to the 'credit crunch' and sub-prime mortgage crises in the United States of America that have created extra-territorial financial losses in Europe and the United Kingdom in particular. There is a significant downturn in the United Kingdom housing market, whilst the European Union is experiencing a definite economic slowdown. The consequences of these issues are not only of concern to private companies, financial institutions and multinational corporations, but are equally important to all governments, public institutions, and ultimately every human being. As a result the turmoil in financial markets has a global impact, and quick and decisive steps would indeed be in the interest of both public and private sectors. Although often forgotten, the poorest people of the world are the hardest hit in troubled times. Every government has a responsibility to act, taking appropriate steps to protect its people and ensure that appropriate mechanisms are in place to aid them during difficult times.
The central bank is one of the most important institutions created to manage economic growth and fiscal stability in a country. It is customary for most states in the world to create and empower a specific institution to manage and oversee certain financial powers and functions. These institutions are of particular importance for financial markets and local economies because the proper fulfilment of their functions is directly attributable to economic growth, inflationary control and financial stability. Central banks were established throughout the world because of the realisation that under typical, normal conditions of banking and financial business, it was advantageous to have centralised monetary reserves, currency control and credit management that enjoyed the support of the state and were subject to some form of governmental supervision and participation. A central bank should be created by legislative intervention as a core pillar within a particular financial system. Given the differences of circumstances and political structures, the central banks in each country have different constitutional positions. However, these banks not only act 'offensively' (pro-actively), but are often also called upon to act defensively in times of financial trouble and instability. Although it must be noted that the creation of central banks is no guarantee against financial crisis, their quick and committed fulfilment of their powers and functions should have an important impact on financial markets, with resultant benefits for consumer bankruptcies and corporate failures and liquidations.


This original and provocative reinterpretation of Hamlet presents the play as the original audiences would have viewed it-a much bleaker, stronger, and more deeply religious play than it has usually been assumed to be. Arthur McGee draws a picture of a Devil controlled Hamlet in the damnable Catholic court of Elsinore, and he shows that the evil natures of the Ghost and of Hamlet himself were understood and accepted by the Protestant audiences of the day. In an epilogue, McGee sums up the history of criticism of Hamlet, demonstrating the process by which the play gradually lost its Elizabethan bite.


This collection analyses the impact and influence of the Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America (ALBA), whose vision of alternative regionalism has spearheaded Latin America and the Caribbean's collective challenge to neoliberal globalisation in the twenty-first century. The volume's comprehensive coverage incorporates insights from the domestic level in Nicaragua, the Anglophone Caribbean, and especially Venezuela, while also exploring ALBA's key regional economic and social-policy initiatives and its place in the wider international relations of Latin American and the Caribbean. Moving beyond normative debates about the project's desirability and descriptive accounts of its initiatives, this volume provides critical analyses that consider equally ALBA's progress, problems, and prospects. In tackling many of the key questions about the past and future of ALBA it reveals a frequently misunderstood organisation whose impacts have been significant but whose failings also jeopardise the project's long-term sustainability. This timely volume helps us to understand the dynamics shaping the region at a time when its global relevance has never been greater.


This article seeks to advance our understanding of international courts' legitimacy and its relationship to who sits on the bench. It asks whether we should care that few women sit on international court benches. After providing statistics on women's participation on eleven of the world's most important courts and tribunals, the article argues that under-representation of one sex affects normative legitimacy because it endangers impartiality and introduces bias when men and women approach judging differently. Even if men and women do not think differently, a sex un-representative bench harms sociological legitimacy for constituencies who believe they do nonetheless. For groups traditionally excluded from international law-making or historically discriminated against, inclusion likely strengthens sociological legitimacy and continued exclusion perpetuates conclusions about unfairness. Finally, sex representation is important to democratic legitimacy of international courts, although it may endanger sociological legitimacy for constituencies who associate authority with male judges or if women are unqualified or perceived as less qualified.


Portable devices, like smartphones and tablets, are often subject to runtime configuration changes, such as screen orientation changes, screen resizing, keyboard attachments, and language switching. When handled improperly, such simple changes can cause serious runtime issues, from data loss to app crashes. This work presents, to our best knowledge, the first formative study on runtime change handling with 3,567 Android apps. The study not only reveals the current landscape of runtime change handling, but also points out a common cause of various runtime change issues -- activity restarting. On one hand, the restarting facilitates the resource reloading for the new configuration. On the other hand, it may slow down the app, and more critically, it requires developers to manually preserve a set of data in order to recover the user interaction state after restarting. Based on the findings of this study, this work further introduces a re starting-free runtime change handling solution -- RuntimeDroid. RuntimeDroid can completely avoid the activity restarting, at the same time, ensure proper resource updating with user input data preserved. These are achieved with two key components: an online resource loading module, called HotR and a novel UI components migration technique. The former enables proper resources loading while the activity is still live. The latter ensures that prior user changes are carefully preserved during runtime changes. For practical use, this work proposes two implementations of RuntimeDroid: an IDE plugin and an auto-patching tool. The former allows developers to easily adopt restarting-free runtime change handling during the app developing; The latter can patch released app packages without source code. Finally, evaluation with a set of 72 apps shows that RuntimeDroid successfully fixed all the 197 reported runtime change issues, meanwhile reducing the runtime change handling delays by 9.5X on average.


Most mobile devices today are equipped with multiple and heterogeneous wireless interfaces. In this paper we ask the following question: what is the best approach to leverage the multiple interfaces available at a mobile device in terms of the performance delivered to the user? In answering the question we argue that simple "bandwidth aggregation" approaches do not provide any meaningful benefits when the multiple interfaces used have highly disparate bandwidths as is true in many practical environments. We then present super-aggregation, a set of mechanisms that in tandem use the multiple interfaces intelligently and in the process is able to achieve a performance that is "better than the sum of throughputs" achievable through each of the interfaces individually. We prototype super-aggregation on both a laptop and the Google Android mobile phone and demonstrate the significant (up to 3x throughput) performance improvements it provides in real-world experiments.


extract] The judgments have largely reinstated the views underlying the three traditional British cases in this area, namely, Brown v British Abrasive Wheel Co, Dafen Tinplate Co v Llanelly Steel Co and Sidebottom v Kershaw, Leese & Co. These cases stand for the principle that it is not permissible, in the absence of a specific statutory power, for the majority to alter the articles so that it can, simply for its own benefit, eliminate the minority. This short article examines the legal and intellectual bases for the judgments and concludes there is both a proper purpose test and a concept of fairness which are being appealed to by the High Court. A number of issues are referred to briefly, including the High Court's treatment of views on shares as an item of property, their view on section 180(3) of the Corporations Law and some possible implications for the future.


Urban planners in developed countries are pushing hard for closer integration of land use and transport. At the same time, gaps in knowledge and understanding are becoming more apparent, as the traditional focus has been on the shape of the city, rather than how it functions as a place to live and visit. How Great Cities Happen addresses this challenge by developing a wider, all-encompassing agenda for more productive, inclusive and sustainable cities.


Evidence bearing on the utility of biochemical profiles for ambulatory care screening and preadmission testing was reviewed, and recommendations were formulated. Certain biostatistical principles relevant to this analysis include the concepts of regression to the mean, the meaning of biochemical "normality" (particularly as it relates to multiple testing), and the effects of disease prevalence on the post-test probability of disease for individual test results. Applying these principles to a typical 12-test battery in asymptomatic adults, one would expect a low yield of unanticipated diagnoses and a high proportion of false-positive results. For the typical test battery, the empirical evidence supports these expectations in ambulatory care screening. In addition, routine preadmission use of biochemical profiles is not supported by studies examining their impact on patient care, hospital costs, or lengths of stay. Whereas components of these profiles can be endorsed for screening or preadmission testing, we recommend that the routine use of the entire profile be abandoned in these settings.


In the presented work solvent-free film preparation from molecular glass resists, the evaluation of the patterning performance using thermal scanning probe lithography (tSPL) and an efficient etch transfer process are demonstrated. As the presented materials have a high tendency to crystallize and thus form crystalline films of bad quality when processed by solution casting, two component mixtures prepared by coevaporation were investigated. Stable amorphous films were obtained by selecting compatible material pairs for the coevaporation. One optimized material pair is based on trissubstituted, twisted resist materials with a distinct difference in molecular design. Here a high resolution tSPL prepared pattern of 18 nm half pitch in a 10 nm thick film is demonstrated. A further optimization is reported for "small" cubic silsequioxane molecules. Again single component films show independent to applied film preparation techniques bad film forming properties due to the high crystallinity of the symmetric cubic silsequioxane molecules. But coevaporation of the phenyl substituted octaphenylsilsequioxane combined with the fully aromatic 2,2',7,7'-tetraphenyl-9,9'-spirobi[fluorene] results in stable amorphous thin films. tSPL investigations demonstrate the patternability by writing high resolution line features of 20 nm half pitch. An important advantage of such a silicon rich resist material is that it can be directly converted to SiO2, yielding to a patterned hardmask of SiO2. This proof of principle is demonstrated and an efficient pattern transfer of 60 nm half pitch line into the underlying HM8006 is reported.


This paper explores the nature of vulnerability and its relationship to chronic poverty in rural Bangladesh drawing from 293 life-history interviews conducted by the author and a small team of researchers in rural Bangladesh in 2007. The aim of the paper is to provide insights into causal processes, within contextual detail, in order to complement quantitative research into patterns of vulnerability and to inform social protection policy. The paper explores vulnerability as a key aspect of poverty and takes a longitudinal and multidimensional perspective. The paper focuses on causes of long-term well-being decline in poor people's lives, explored as the combination of: a lack of opportunities, or impeded ability to exploit opportunities; exposure to acute 'shocks' and chronic downward pressures; and the long-term diminution of coping resources. It considers how short-term coping with shocks and downward pressures can sometimes affect prospects for long-term improvement, including the danger that poverty traps may be deepened by destructive coping strategies. It also discusses how perceived future threats to life and livelihood can have present consequences, again particularly for the poorest, who tend to be most exposed to key causes of decline and least protected when they happen. The paper provides evidence that poverty traps are linked to vulnerability. It argues that this linkage occurs not only because of the denuded endowments of key assets and capabilities of vulnerable people, but also because of liabilities and disabilities. Increased exposure to the most damaging forms of shocks and downward pressures, and impeded or damaging coping strategies result. These all combine to contribute to patterns of cumulative decline for the most vulnerable.


Abstract Research on domain-specific teaching and learning has experienced an enormous upswing in the last twenty years. For a further development of this research it would be beneficial if certain clusters or research designs would be elaborated, which are typical for research on domain-specific teaching and learning and which stimulate and orient new research projects. This article addresses this question on the basis of a study in Religious Didactics. First, it discusses the use of the concept of research design to establish a cluster of relevant research procedures (1.). Then the results of the study will be described, namely that such designs are characterized by a) the theories, they refer to, b) the subject area they address, and c) the methodologies they conduct (2.) It will be generalized beyond the field of Religious Didactics and seven potential designs of research on domain-specific teaching and learning will be sketched (3.) An invitation to reflect this question further on ends this article (4.)


Data-centric dynamic systems are systems where both the process controlling the dynamics and the manipulation of data are equally central. We study verification of (first-order) mu-calculus variants over relational data-centric dynamic systems, where data are maintained in a relational database, and the process is described in terms of atomic actions that evolve the database. Action execution may involve calls to external services, thus inserting fresh data into the system. As a result such systems are infinite-state. We show that verification is undecidable in general, and we isolate notable cases where decidability is achieved. Specifically we start by considering service calls that return values deterministically (depending only on passed parameters). We show that in a mu-calculus variant that preserves knowledge of objects appeared along a run we get decidability under the assumption that the fresh data introduced along a run are bounded, though they might not be bounded in the overall system. In fact we tie such a result to a notion related to weak acyclicity studied in data exchange. Then, we move to nondeterministic services and we investigate decidability under the assumption that knowledge of objects is preserved only if they are continuously present. We show that if infinitely many values occur in a run but do not accumulate in the same state, then we get again decidability. We give syntactic conditions to avoid this accumulation through the novel notion of "generate-recall acyclicity", which ensures that every service call activation generates new values that cannot be accumulated indefinitely.


The primary objective of the work presented was to investigate whether or not 10 – 11 year old children would show solution and causal reasoning transfer from a base to target analogy problem. It was predicted that more sophisticated solutions and/or causal reasoning explanations would be given to a target (difficult) problem when preceded by an analogous base (easy) counterpart than when responded to alone. Overall, a mixed design was used whereby two-hundred and two 10-11 year old children either participated in the initial or main stage of the study, but one of the main stage groups involved a repeated measures design. The initial stage of the study established that 'easy' (n=29) and 'difficult' (n=29) problems, named "Battleship" and "Growth" problem respectively, were disparate in terms of solutions and causal reasoning responses. During the main stage of the study one group of children (n=120; consisting of sub-groups n=57; n=30; n=33) responded to the 'difficult' problem preceded by the analogous 'easy' counterpart with solution and another group of children (n=24) to the 'difficult' problem preceded by the analogous 'easy' counterpart without solution. All responses to problems were written in ready prepared booklets and coded in keeping with the existing literature. Analyses revealed that causal reasoning explanations but not solutions were transferred from 'easy' to 'difficult' problem, regardless of whether or not a solution was provided to 'easy' problem preceding 'difficult' problem. It was concluded that evidence of re-structuring occurred, supporting knowledge based accounts of analogy development, with implications for similarity reasoning during the course of knowledge acquisition.


There are approximately 800,000 miles of water and sewer pipelines in the U.S. that need remedial work. About 2% need work each year, usually due to normal or accidental corrosion. Normal corrosion is defined as that occurring of the 30-50 year life of a pipeline. Accidental corrosion could be due to chemical spills, overburden loads, or improper cleaning. Using slip liners with grout is a widely used method of rehabilitation. The proper grout type and viscosity as well as the installation are critical to a successful rehab. Techniques and problems are described for slip liners used in large diameter pipes, those greater than 36 in. inside diameter. Types of grout, mixing procedures, pressure limits and bulkhead design are outlined. Responsibilities of the designer, contractor and pipe supplier are also suggested. There are currently no applicable codes or standards to govern or regulate grouting combined with slip lining pipe, and case history literature is sparse. Where replacement is necessary, many public agencies are switching to plastic pipes instead of rehabilitating existing pipe. Several new types of pipe made of plastic or plastic derivatives are described.


Objective Although global left ventricular longitudinal systolic strain (GLS) is a sensitive measure of left ventricular mechanics, its relationship with adverse cardiovascular (CV) events in atrial fibrillation (AF) has not been evaluated. This study sought to examine the ability of GLS in predicting CV events in AF. Design Observational cohort study. Setting Department of cardiology in a university hospital. Patients 196 persistent AF patients referred for echocardiographic examination. Main outcome measures The risk of GLS measured by index beat method for CV events was assessed by Cox proportional hazards analyses. CV events were defined as CV death, non-fatal stroke and hospitalisation for heart failure. Results There were 19 CV deaths, 12 non-fatal stroke and 28 hospitalisations for heart failure during an average follow-up of 21±10 months. Multivariate analysis showed worsening GLS (HR 1.121; 95% CI 1.023 to 1.228, p=0.014) was independently associated with increased CV events. In direct comparison, GLS outperformed left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and systolic mitral annulus velocity (Sa) in predicting adverse CV events both in univariate and multivariate models (p≤0.043). Besides, the addition of GLS to a Cox model containing chronic heart failure, hypertension, age ≥75 years, diabetes, prior stroke score, estimated glomerular filtration rate, LVEF and Sa provided an additional benefit in the prediction of adverse CV events (p=0.022). Conclusions GLS was a major parameter and stronger than LVEF and Sa in predicting adverse CV events and could offer an additional prognostic benefit over conventional clinical and echocardiographic systolic parameters in AF.


Background:  GTD developing after a normal pregnancy is reported in 25% of patients and it is usually choriocarcinoma. It occurs in approximately 5 per 100,000 pregnancies in Southeast Asia.  Case:  A 34 year-old Malay lady, gravida 4 para 4+0 presented with vaginal bleeding in two weeks after the delivery of her fourth child who was born as full term through LSCS. She admitted to hospital and underwent Suction and curettage. The histopathology came back as choriocarcinoma. On post-op day 7, she developed massive hemoperitoneum due to uterine perforation caused by tumour rupture. Therefore, total abdominal hysterectomy was performed. Post-surgery serum beta hCG was 209,320 IU/L. Thyroid function test was normal. Histopathology examination revealed choriocarcinoma at the fundus with haemorrhagic necrotic areas, infiltrating myometrial wall and right fallopian tube stump with serosal breach. CT imaging showed normal brain and multiple bilateral lung nodules in upper and lower lobes. She was given first cycle of EMA-CO (Etoposide, Methotrexate, Actinomycin D, Vincristine, Cyclophosphamid) in view of high-risk choriocarcinoma with lungs metastasis, stage III with WHO prognostic scoring 11. Her pre-chemotherapy beta hCG was 263,753 IU/L which gradually went down and became less than 0.1 after cycle-5. CT scan was also normal. After that, another two more cycles of chemotherapy were proceeded. Therefore, she has completed seven cycles of chemotherapy in March 2016. She has been monitored under oncology follow-up for one year. Monthly βhCG was always normal until now without signs and symptoms of recurrence.  Conclusion:  Generally, high-risk GTDs are resistant to single agent chemotherapy and multiple chemotherapy regimens are necessary. Although this patient is a case of choriocarcinoma having high risk features, such as antecedent full-term pregnancy and pre-treatment beta-hCG of 263,753 IU/L (more than 100,000), she gained complete remission after seven cycles with EMA-CO. Once the patient has achieved complete remission for one year with normal serum beta-hCG, the probability of a late recurrence is less than 1%. Therefore, risk stratification with WHO criteria and appropriate choice of chemotherapy are very important for long-term outcomes.


NE trending granitoid batholiths in South Korea are part of the huge Phanerozoic granitoid belt in east Asia. The crystallization ages of granitoid plutons show three episodes of Mesozoic magmatism in South Korea: Triassic (248–210 Ma), Jurassic (197–158 Ma), and Late Cretaceous–early Tertiary (110–50 Ma), with a Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous (∼50 m.y.) hiatus. The granitoid ages and kinematic analyses of the Mesozoic structures in South Korea suggest that the Middle Jurassic (180–170 Ma) dextral strike‐slip ductile shear zones formed by the northwest (orthogonal) subduction of the Izanagi plate, whereas the Cretaceous sinistral faults formed by the northward (oblique) subduction of the same plate, which generally agree with proposed reconstruction of plate motions, albeit uncertain, around east Asia. Among the models proposed to explain magmatic lull in a continental arc, shallow angle subduction associated with high convergence rate and subduction of oceanic plateaus might be the probable cause for the magmatic hiatus in South Korea and Japan. The huge width (∼500 km) of the east Asian granitoid belt may be explained by oceanward retreat of subduction zone in the Cretaceous in association with change in the movement direction of the subducting plate.


In 1974, screening trials indicated that both the sensitivity and specificity of single-view mammography are high. During the subsequent three years, 11 cases of breast carcinoma have been detected in the study population of 6,845 women aged 40 or older. The average incidence was three cases per year, compared to the expected rate of 8.9. The age-adjusted incidence rate in 1975, the year after screening, was 55.4 per 100,000, which is 40% of the expected rate of 140. In 1976 it was 75.9, or 54% of the expected rate of 141. These results support the view that single-view mammography is an efficient screening method, at least in the subject population described.


Paleotempestology has become more contentious in recent years because the exact nature of storm deposition and preservation is still poorly understood. Whereas historical records of hurricanes along the Atlantic coast are limited to the past 300 years, and reliable instrumental records extend back only half that length of time, proxy records taken from coastal sedimentary archives offer the potential to extend this record several thousand years, offering better statistical constraints on hurricane prediction. Two primary proxies have been the most studied during the last decade: sedimentary criteria and microfossils. In this study, we used a microfossil-based proxy—displaced marine foraminifers—to investigate a 1500-year paleostorm record of Onslow Bay, North Carolina, USA, and to compare marsh sediments and foraminifers preand post–Hurricane Irene, which made landfall in Onslow Bay on 27 August 2011. We found fewer hurricanes archived in the 1500 years of back-barrier marsh strata than have made landfall in Onslow Bay since 1950. This absence of preserved hurricane deposits, as well as the lack of a definitive signature from Hurricane Irene, suggests that caution should be used with respect to the sensitivity of sedimentological or micropaleontological proxies in paleotempestology studies. We conclude that, at best, only direct strikes from intense storms are being preserved, and it is likely Hurricane Irene's landfall will not be detectable in the future in the marginal-marine sediments from this region.


Flow reversal chambers are common design elements in mufflers. Here an idealized flow reversal chamber with large cross-section but small depth has been studied. The inlet and outlet ducts as well as the cross-sectional area are fixed while the depth of the chamber can be varied. The resulting systems are then characterized experimentally using the two-microphone wave decomposition method and compared with results from both finite element modeling and various approaches using two-port elements. The finite element modeling results are in excellent agreement with the measurements over the whole frequency range studied, while two-port modeling can be used with engineering precision in the low frequency range. The influence of mean flow was studied experimentally and was shown to have relatively small influence, mainly adding some additional losses at low frequencies. This study yields an insight into the modeling approach necessary to capture the acoustical behavior of a flow reversal chamber. For initial studies of the performance the recommendation is to model the flow reversal as a straight duct two-port element connecting the inlet and outlet. For more in depth studies finite element modeling should be used to construct a two-port element for inclusion in a network model.


Daily administration of dithiobiuret (DTB, 1 mg/kg X 6 days, ip) produced delayed onset muscle weakness in rats as indicated by failure in a treadmill test. In nerve-muscle preparations from DTB-intoxicated rats neuromuscular toxicity was manifested as contractile fatigue during tetanic nerve stimulation. As muscle weakness developed, feed intake decreased and the animals lost body weight. Water intake was not altered during this time, but urine output was increased concomitant with the development of muscle weakness and resulted in a state of negative water balance. Daily administration of d-penicillamine (d-PEN) antagonized DTB-induced treadmill failure in a dose-dependent fashion. A daily dose of d-PEN (1 mMol/kg, ip) that completely antagonized treadmill failure also antagonized the contractile fatigue, reduced feed intake, weight loss and negative water balance caused by DTB administration. In rats already intoxicated with DTB, initiating daily d-PEN treatment or discontinuing further DTB administration, caused the animals to recover normal treadmill performance after a latent period of five days. A single dose of d-PEN (1 mMol/kg, iv) was not effective in reversing treadmill failure or contractile fatigue in rats already intoxicated with DTB. Thus, continuous daily administration of d-PEN was necessary for it to be effective. A single dose of d-PEN (1 m Mol/kg, ip) administered one hr after [14C]-DTB (1 mg/kg, ip) did not affect the plasma and tissue concentrations of DTB-derived radioactivity or their corresponding elimination kinetics. Cumulative urinary and fecal excretion of DTB-derived radioactivity were also unaffected by d-PEN administration as were the relative proportions of DTB and two of its metabolites, monothiobiuret and thiuret, in urine. Other agents that produced dose-dependent antagonism of DTB toxicity were diethyldithiocarbamate, disulfiram, cysteamine and 2,2'-dipyridyl. Considering the chemical and biological properties of DTB and its antagonists, a mechanism of antagonism involving an alteration of the thiol-disulfide and/or divalent metal cation status of motor axon terminals is postulated.


Several factors influence children's initial choices of word-formation options––simplicity of form, transparency of meaning, and productivity in current adult speech. The coining of new words is also constrained by general pragmatic considerations for usage: Reliance on conventionality, contrast, and cooperation between speaker and addressee. For children acquiring French, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish, the data on what they know about word-formation for the coining of new words consist primarily of diary observations; in some cases, these are supplemented with experimental elicitation studies of the comprehension and production of new word-forms. The general patterns in Romance acquisition of word-formation favor derivation over compounding. Children produce some spontaneous coinages with zero derivation (verbs converted to nouns in French, for example) from as young as 2 years, 6 months (2;6). The earliest suffixes children put to use in these languages tend to be agentive (from 2;6 to 3 years onward), followed by instrumental, objective, locative, and, slightly later, diminutive. The only prefixes that emerge early in child innovations are negative ones used to express reversals of actions. Overall, the general patterns of acquisition for word-formation in Romance are similar to those in Semitic, where derivation is also more productive than compounding, rather than to those in Germanic, where compounding is highly productive, and emerges very early, before any derivational forms.


This study answers the question of which of the four economic integration areas, that is, trade, security, roadways, and energy, can help both Ethiopia and Kenya to speed up their integration more effectively. It hypothesizes that trade and security accelerate integration more than roadways and energy. The results of this study support this hypothesis. However, empirical evidence about the road that connects Ethiopia and Kenya modify somewhat the hypothesis by revealing that roads have contributed more than expected, to the integration of the two countries. Even though the volume of trade is quite small and there are many more obstacles to trade, there is progress in trade between Ethiopia and Kenya. The energy sector has many challenges, and the findings show that energy production in Ethiopia is not very conducive to integration. Security has a far-reaching impact on economic integration. It appears to be the number one concern for both Ethiopia and Kenya since the Horn of Africa is synonymous with war, violence, and conflict. Concerns about security have helped the two countries make some progress in their integration efforts, despite the recent spike of protests and brutal repression by governments. Overall, there is a bright prospect for integration in East Africa and the realization of African renaissance in the years to come. The empirical part of this study was conducted in the summer of 2016 in Addis Ababa. Data for the research were obtained from interviews, archives, and document analysis. Ten informants were interviewed and selected on the basis of snowball sampling. Secondary sources were also used. The study is among the first to assess integration areas in both countries that can lead them to quick integration. It helps organizations such as IGAD, COMESA or EAC to revise or reassess their policies and their organizational strengths and weaknesses for the successful accomplishment of their goal of integration. Economic Integration in East Africa: The Case of Ethiopia and Kenya


Croatia is among countries that are still in process of institutional restructuring. Recent global economic crisis in Croatia is still very much present. Many country reports on Croatia are witnessing of the slow reform process in the country. Major reforms have been omitted. Research, in the area of transition is recognizing importance of informal institutions (behavioral norms) over transition process whose importance, according to researchers (Acemoglu, Helmke, Rodrik, etc), has been ignored. North (1993) states that informal institutions are rooted in culture and as such imbued to slow change. In line with that, the thesis work is to analyse features of Croatian transition in regard to informal institutions and thereafter investigate the impact of interaction between informal institutions and political power over reform process. Case- study is divided into two parts: institutional and structural analysis of Croatian transition based on country and cross-country analyses; and historic economic development of the Dalmatia region. The result have shown existence of two informal modes of behaviour, distinguished as town respective hinterland culture, enforced primarily by the colonial nature of political administration, frequency of change in political powers and impact of dominant religious organisation. It is evident that informal institutions in the Croatian transition process have a dominant role. These conflicting modes of behavior are infiltrated into the mindset of the power structures in the society (one inclined to divergent-, and the other inclined to convergent outcome in relation to post-industrial types of formal institutions). The challenge for Croatia is how to reach political equilibrium that is supportive of faster reforms towards institutions present in the developed countries. It is to assume that de jure power of the hinterland culture is declining while de facto could be traced in the cases of corruption, which makes difficult to identify the current power position of the de facto power on national level. On the regional level, de facto power has infiltrated de jure power. The sensitiveness of the current political instability is due to the unstable political consensus on national level (conflict between two cultures within de jure power). Instability´s persistency have slowed reforms down and underrated credibility of the formal institutions. The additional reinforcement mechanism, such as Haag Tribunal's proclamation of the homeland war as being a product of the criminal organisation has created a new space for competing modes of behavior to persist despite de jure affords to combat corruption. Thesis came to conclusion that, addressing reforms from top-down might not create an effect as local political powers are inclined to the competing modes of behavior, enforcing it over majority, majority that lacks trust in the state´s de jure power. Future research is needed to understand how these two levels can be coordinated towards the same political equilibrium that is in favor of convergence type of informal institution.


We examined the ability of scleractinian corals with different polyp sizes to remove picoeukaryotes by predation and the effect of coral exudates on picoeukaryote growth. Experiments were conducted by adding picoeukaryotes to Stylophora pistillata (SP) and Montipora stellata (MS). Within six hours the picoeukaryote concentration in the SP and MS tanks was significantly lower than the control without corals. SP showed higher overall activity than MS, and the particle removal activity of MS decreased in light conditions. Picoeukaryotes exposed to SP exudates grew significantly denser than those exposed to MS exudates or those in water without coral exudates. Dissolved organic carbon concentrations in the SP tanks were also significantly higher. We concluded that the picoeukaryote removal rates were higher in S. pistillata than in M. stellata , and coral exudates can reciprocally enhance picoeukaryote growth.


1989 signifies the collapse of Soviet communism and the end of the Cold War, a moment generally recognised as a triumph for liberal democracy and when capitalism became global. The Global 1989 challenges these ideas. An international group of prominent scholars investigate the mixed, paradoxical and even contradictory outcomes engendered by these events, unravelling the intricacies of this important moment in world history. Although the political, economic and cultural orders generated have, for the most part, been an improvement on what was in place before, this has not always been clear-cut: 1989 has many meanings, many effects and multiple trajectories. This volume leads the way in defining how 1989 can be assessed both in terms of its world historical impact and in terms of its contribution to the shape of contemporary world politics.


One economic tool that can aid in the achievement of waste minimisation targets is unit-pricing. Unit-pricing in the waste management sector refers to a pricing system that charges households for their collection and disposal service relative to the amount of waste disposed by the household. This research investigates the potential impact of implementing a unit-pricing policy for domestic waste collection and disposal services in Christchurch. Data is collected using a Contingent Valuation survey. A Poisson Quasi-Maximum Likelihood count model is specified for econometric analysis of demand for Christchurch City Council domestic collection services.


We present a technique for applying arbitrary invertible nonlinear functions to the internal signals of a prototype linear time-invariant digital signal processor, without causing any output disturbances. By using our proposed technique, the external input-output behavior of the DSP remains linear, and identical to that of the prototype, despite the nonlinear behavior of its internal signals. We explore the specific application of our technique to instantaneous companding, in which the introduced nonlinearities compress the dynamic range of the internal signals, so that the latter span most of the available bits in the system, thus improving the signal-to-noise-plus-distortion-ratio at the output, for low to medium input signal levels. We discuss the choice of nonlinear functions for this companding application, and we present an efficient hardware implementation for the standard 15-segment piecewise-linear approximation to the 255-μ law. We compare the performance and hardware overhead of our technique with that of other companding architectures.


1. Radioactive 15 micrometer and 50 micrometer diameter microspheres were used to determine cardiac output, its regional distribution and tissue blood flow in adult normotensive Wistar and Okamoto spontaneously hypertensive rats. 2. Cardiac output in the spontaneously hypertensive rats was the same as in Wistar normotensive rats, but its distribution in the hypertensive rats appeared to differ: there was a significant increase in the proportion of microspheres trapped in the liver whereas fewer were found in the gastrointestinal tract. This indicates that a greater fraction of the cardiac output passes along the hepatic artery and less through the splanchnic bed. 3. Blood flow in skin and skeletal muscle in spontaneously hypertensive rats was approximately 50% of that in Wistar normotensive rats.


A new design for an electro-optically induced tilted phase grating inside a waveguide is proposed. The electric field and the refractive-index distribution induced inside a waveguide by voltage applied to two systems of interdigitated electrodes that are shifted with respect to each other are calculated rigorously on the basis of an original technique. The model accounts for the arbitrary electrode shift distance d(0⩽d⩽2l), where l is the electrode spatial period. It is shown that the proper choice of the shift can minimize the structure's capacitance and consequently its time response. The refractive-index distributions are calculated for various schemes for application of electric potential and electrode position that demonstrate the possibility of switching the direction of the grating wave vector. It is shown how the concept can be use to build electro-optically controllable transmissive (long-period) and reflective (short-period) tilted gratings and couplers in both multilayered (transverse) and planar (lateral) configurations.


Components of the respiratory physiology and water relations of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1C resistant and susceptible beet armyworms, Spodoptera exigua, and pyrethroid resistant and susceptible German cockroaches, Blattella germanica, were investigated. Standard metabolic rates of third and fifth instar larvae and 1 to 7 day old pupae of S. exigua and adult B. germanica were determined using closed-system respirometry. Standard metabolic rates (ml g-1h-1) of third instar resistant larvae reared continuously on toxin (CryonT) were significantly greater than resistant third instar larvae reared on toxin for 5 days and reared thereafter on untreated diet (Cry5dT), resistant larvae reared
on untreated diet (CryReg), and the susceptible parental strain (SeA) reared on untreated diet. No difference in metabolic rates among treatment groups was detected for fifth instar larvae. CryonT larvae and pupae weighed significantly less than those receiving other treatments. One day-old pupae of all treatment groups exhibited a high metabolic rate. Metabolic rates of all treatment groups declined between days 2 and 4 then increased between days 4 and 7. Overall metabolic rate (ml g-1 h-1) was not significantly different between strains of B. germanica but different strains reacted differently to increasing temperature. Mean cockroach body mass differed significantly between strains and metablic rate (ml g-1 h-1) scaled with temperature and mass in all strains.
Resistant and susceptible S. exigua pupae and adult B. germanica exhibited a discontinuous gas exchange cycle (DGC), which was characterized using flow-through respirometry at 10-35oC. DGC was exhibited mostly at 10oC; frequency of cyclic CO2 release increased with increasing temperatures. There was no clear distinction between the closed and flutter phases in most DGCs, from B. germanica. The three phases were distinct in S. exigua. Respiratory water loss was 4.5+1.3%, 2.1+2.4%, 3.4 + 1.9% and, 4.4 +2.2% for toxin exposed S. exigua, unexposed S. exigua, insecticide exposed B. germanica and unexposed B. germanica, respectively. Toxin exposed S. exigua pupae had a significantly greater cuticular permeability (26.01+1.9 µg cm-2 h-1 mmHg-1) than unexposed pupae (9.64+0.9 µg cm-2 h-1 mmHg-1). The cuticular permeability of B. germanica was 2.26 µg cm-2 h-1 mmHg-1 for the resistant strain and 3.42 µg cm-2 h-1 mmHg-1 for the susceptible strain. In both strains of S. exigua and B. germanica cuticular transpiration (>93%) far exceeds respiratory transpiration.


The taxonomy and nomenclature of Iberian Algyroides are problematic. The first taxon described, A. hidalgoi Boscá, 1916, was based on a single specimen that was subsequently lost. The description of the second taxon, A. marchi Valverde, 1958, was based on the comparison of a newly discovered population with the original description of A. hidalgoi. However, A. hidalgoi specimens have never been recorded since for any locality. Therefore, three questions need to be addressed: Is A. hidalgoi Boscá, 1916 a morphologically diagnosable taxon different from all non-Iberian species of Algyroides? are A. hidalgoi and A. marchi conspecific? And if so, which is the correct name for the species? To clarify the taxonomic status of the Iberian Algyroides we (1) compare Boscá's A. hidalgoi original description against the descriptions of all other species of Algyroides, (2) test the accuracy of Boscá's A. hidalgoi by comparing it against 204 Iberian museum specimens, and (3) designate a neotype of A. hidalgoi that fits the head pholidosis described in the original description. We show that none of the diagnostic characters used by Valverde to differentiate between A. hidalgoi and A. marchi are actually diagnostic, as we found high levels of variability on those characters in the studied specimens. Our results validate Boscá's description of A. hidalgoi, which fits within the morphological variability observed for southern Iberian Algyroides. As a result, we propose the strict synonymy of A. marchi Valverde, 1958 with A. hidalgoi Boscá, 1916.


An innovative array diagnosis technique based on a compressive-sensing (CS) paradigm is introduced in the case of linear arrangements. Besides detecting the faulty elements, the approach is able to provide the degree of reliability of such an estimation. Starting from the measured samples of the far-field pattern, the array diagnosis problem is formulated in a Bayesian framework and it is successively solved with a fast relevance vector machine (RVM). The arising Bayesian compressive sensing (BCS) approach is numerically validated through a set of representative examples aimed at providing suitable user's guidelines as well as some insights on the method features and potentialities.


It happens all the time. Two parties with common interests fail to reach an agreement--about a sale, a merger, a technology transfer--because they have different expectations about the future. They are both so confident in their prediction, or so suspicious of the other side's motives, that they refuse to compromise. Such impasses are hard to break through. Fortunately, they can often be avoided altogether by using a straightforward but frequently overlooked type of agreement called a contingent contract. The terms of a contingent contract are not finalized until the uncertain event in question--the contingency--takes place. In some areas of business, such as compensation, contingent contracts are common: a CEO's pay is tied to the company's stock price, for instance. But in many business negotiations, contingent contracts are either ignored or rejected out of hand. That's mistake, according to the authors. In an increasingly uncertain world, flexible contingent contracts can actually be more rational and less risky than rigid, traditional ones. In particular, contingent contracts offer six benefits: they enable a difference of opinion to become the basis of an agreement, not an obstacle to it; they cancel out the biases of negotiators; they level the playing field by reducing the impact of asymmetric information; they provide a means of uncovering deceitful dealings; they reduce risk by sharing it among parties; and they motivate parties to fulfill their promises. While contingent contracts are not appropriate in all instances, they are much more broadly applicable than managers may think.


[1] Aerosol particle size is one of the fundamental quantities needed to determine the role of aerosols in forcing climate, modifying the hydrological cycle, and affecting human health and to separate natural from man-made aerosol components. Aerosol size information can be retrieved from remote-sensing instruments including satellite sensors such as Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and ground-based radiometers such as Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET). Both satellite and ground-based instruments measure the total column ambient aerosol characteristics. Aerosol size can be characterized by a variety of parameters. Here we compare remote-sensing retrievals of aerosol fine mode fraction over ocean. AERONET retrieves fine mode fraction using two methods: the Dubovik inversion of sky radiances and the O'Neill inversion of spectral Sun measurements. Relative to the Dubovik inversion of AERONET sky measurements, MODIS slightly overestimates fine fraction for dust-dominated aerosols and underestimates in smoke- and pollution-dominated aerosol conditions. Both MODIS and the Dubovik inversion overestimate fine fraction for dust aerosols by 0.1–0.2 relative to the O'Neill method of inverting AERONET aerosol optical depth spectra. Differences between the two AERONET methods are principally the result of the different definitions of fine and coarse mode employed in their computational methodologies. These two methods should come into better agreement as a dynamic radius cutoff for fine and coarse mode is implemented for the Dubovik inversion. MODIS overestimation in dust-dominated aerosol conditions should decrease significantly with the inclusion of a nonspherical model.


Island territories and their coastal regions are subject to a wide variety of stresses, both natural and anthropogenic. With increasing pressures on these vulnerable environments, the need to improve our knowledge of these ecosystems increases as well. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have recently shown their worth as a tool for data acquisition in coastal zones. This literature review explores the field of UAVs in the context of coastal monitoring on island territories by highlighting the types of platforms, sensors, software, and validation methods available for this relatively new data acquisition method. Reviewing the existing literature will assist data collectors, researchers, and risk managers in more efficiently monitoring their coastal zones on vulnerable island territories. The scientific literature reviewed was strictly analyzed in peer-reviewed articles ranging from 2016 to 2022. This review then focuses on the operationalization of the concept of resilience as a risk management technique. The aim is to identify a procedure from raw data acquisition to quantifying indicators for the evaluation of the resilience of a territory and finally linking the analyzed data to a spatial decision support system. This system could aid the decision-making process and uses the islands of French Polynesia and its Resilience Observatory as a case study.


North Atlantic right whales were instrumented with suction-cup mounted, time-depth recorders (TDR) during the summers of 2000 and 2001 to examine their diving and foraging behav- ior. Simultaneous observations of temperature, salinity and the vertical distribution of their principal prey, Calanus finmarchicus stage 5 copepodites (C5), were obtained along each whale's track with a conductivity-temperature-depth instrument (CTD) and an optical plankton counter (OPC). Right whale feeding dives were characterized by rapid descent from the surface to a particular depth between 80 and 175 m, remarkable fidelity to that depth for 5 to 14 min and then rapid ascent back to the surface. The average depth of dive was strongly and positively correlated with both the aver- age depth of peak C. finmarchicus C5 abundance and the average depth of the bottom mixed layer's upper surface. Significantly longer surface intervals were observed for reproductively active females and their calves when compared to other individuals, indicating that this critical segment of the pop- ulation may be at increased risk of ship strikes owing to their diving behavior. Ingestion rates calcu- lated from TDR and OPC data exceeded estimated daily metabolic requirements for most of the tagged right whales; however, short deployment durations and uncertainty in metabolic rates make it impossible to judge whether individual right whales were obtaining sufficient energy to meet the metabolic costs of reproduction. Improvements in attachment durations and the development of novel methods to estimate the metabolic rates of large whales in situ are required to determine whether right whale reproduction is limited by insufficient food resources.


A 15-year-old girl with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) who has been on high-dose steroids develops a painful right hip. Although plain radiographs are normal, there are changes indicating osteonecrosis on MRI. You remember that osteonecrosis can develop after use of high-dose steroids, and recall a discussion with an orthopaedic surgeon who had said he thought bisphosphonates could help in some patients. You wonder whether they would be of value for your patient.

In a patient with osteonecrosis, presumed secondary to steroid use, in childhood ALL (patient), what is the evidence for use of bisphosphonates (intervention) versus no bisphosphonates (control) in reducing pain or improving functional or radiological outcomes (outcome)?

### Primary search

EMBASE and Medline were searched using the Ovid Medline database (1946 to present) in August 2014. The following terms were used (subject headings=SH): ('osteonecrosis' (SH) OR 'avascular necrosis' OR 'aseptic necrosis') AND ('glucocorticoids' (SH) OR steroids) AND ('diphosphonates' (SH) OR 'alendronate' (SH) OR 'bisphosphonates' OR 'pamidronate' OR 'zoledronic acid' OR 'risedronate'). The search was restricted to studies conducted on human beings and limited to publications in English. Five hundred and twenty-one articles were identified using Embase. Only studies looking at the effect of bisphosphonates in osteonecrosis were included, leaving 11 articles. There were only three relevant comparative studies described in full-text articles,1–3 with one conference abstract of interest identified.4 However, none of these studies included patients who were less than 17 years of age. There were seven …


The fashion system has increasingly been imbued by ecology and sustainability. While in the recent years a lot on approaches to more sustainable consumption behaviour from the con- sumers' side have been suggested, this study focuses on the very practice of how sustainabil- ity - in an applied matter - is realised within a fashion company. In this dissertation, two Swe- dish fashion brands, Nudie Jeans co and Filippa K, are being investigated and analysed due to their brand philosophies and concepts dealing with sustainability. If Nudie Jeans co's first all- organic denim collection launched in Autumn 2012 or Filippa K's emphasis to the longevity of clothing by classic shapes and plain colours; both ideas foster a slow fashion movement. One of this thesis' implications is the fact, that the term sustainability is much more far- reaching and expansive as commonly defined. Also timelessness and tradition could be sus- tainable, if still taking care of environment and society. Finally, concepts of sustainability which are commonly not highlighted shall be identified and fill the yet existing gap.


The purpose of this paper is to clarify the nature of research methods in the history of economic thought. In reviewing the "techniques" which are involved in the discipline, four broader categories are identified: a) textual exegesis; b) "rational reconstructions"; c) "contextual analysis"; and d) "historical narrative". After examining these different styles of doing history of economic thought, the paper addresses the question of its appraisal, namely what is good history of economic thought. Moreover, it is argued that there is a distinction to be made between doing economics and doing history of economic thought. The latter requires the greatest possible respect for contexts and texts, both published and unpublished; the former entails constructing a theoretical framework that is in some respects freer, not bound by derivation, from the authors. Finally, the paper draws upon Econlit records to assess what has been done in the subject in the last two decades in order to frame some considerations on how the past may impinge on the future.


A growing body of behavioral results demonstrates cross-linguistic sensitivity to the SSP (Daland et al. 2011; Berent et al . 2007; Berent et al. 2008; Jarosz to appear; Ren, Gao & Morgan 2010). These consistent findings suggest a role for prior bias in phonological learning, but recent modeling studies question this conclusion, showing that for some languages these preferences can be derived from the input (Daland et al. 2011; Hayes 2011). Building on these results and Jarosz's (to appear) developmental findings for Polish, the present paper investigates adult Polish speakers' sensitivity to the SSP experimentally and computationally. We report the results of an online acceptability judgment experiment focusing on initial clusters and present the results of computational simulations evaluating the ability of phonotactic models to predict participants' ratings on the basis of the lexical statistics of Polish. Our main findings are that 1) SSP is predictive of adults' ratings, 2) sonority projection arises in both attested and unattested clusters, 3) while phonotactic models have significant predictive value, they do not subsume the SSP preferences observed in the participants' ratings, and 4) participants' sonority sequencing preferences are not entirely compatible with the SSP, suggesting a combined effect of prior bias and experience.


Recently, I have received many spam calls every day. My phone number is associated with many essential accounts due to this reason, so I could not change a new phone number. Sometimes the spam call wakes me up at 7 am on the weekend. This situation has sustained from March to June. It bothers my life. I have tried to put them in my phone blacklist, however every time the number call in is different, so my blacklist does not help so much. This paper proposes an application to automatically detect the call content and tell the user what kind of call it is. We applied our application to the call, especially from other states or countries. The results show that the app can detect if the call is a spam call or not.


Online material : Timeline movie

The M 9.0 11 March 2011 Tohoku, Japan, earthquake and associated tsunami near the east coast of the island of Honshu caused tens of thousands of deaths and potentially over one trillion dollars in damage, resulting in one of the worst natural disasters ever recorded. The U.S. Geological Survey National Earthquake Information Center (USGS NEIC), through its responsibility to respond to all significant global earthquakes as part of the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program, quickly produced and distributed a suite of earthquake information products to inform emergency responders, the public, the media, and the academic community of the earthquake's potential impact and to provide scientific background for the interpretation of the event's tectonic context and potential for future hazard.

Here we present a timeline of the NEIC response to this devastating earthquake in the context of rapidly evolving information emanating from the global earthquake-response community. The timeline includes both internal and publicly distributed products, the relative timing of which highlights the inherent tradeoffs between the requirement to provide timely alerts and the necessity for accurate, authoritative information. The timeline also documents the iterative and evolutionary nature of the standard products produced by the NEIC and includes a behind-the-scenes look at the decisions, data, and analysis tools that drive our rapid product distribution.

The NEIC operates a 24/7 service dedicated to the rapid determination of the location and size of all significant earthquakes worldwide and to the immediate dissemination of this information to concerned national and international agencies, scientists, critical facilities, and the general public.

Within its 24/7 operations, the NEIC is constantly staffed by at least two geophysicists who are responsible for reviewing and reporting all magnitude 5 or larger events within 20 minutes of origin time. These analysts also field incoming calls from the …


Judgmental adjustments to statistically generated forecasts have become a standard practice in demand forecasting, especially at a stock keeping units level. However, due to the subjective nature of judgmental interventions this approach cannot guarantee optimal use of available information and can lead to substantial cognitive biases. It is therefore important to monitor the accuracy of adjustments and estimate persistent systematic errors in order to correct final forecast. This paper presents an appropriate methodology for such analysis and focuses on specific features of source data including time series heterogeneity, skewed distributions of errors, and generally nonlinear patterns of biases. Enhanced modelling and evaluation techniques are suggested to overcome some imperfections of well-known standard methods in the given context. Empirical analysis showed that a considerable proportion of final forecast error is formed by a systematic component which can be pre- dicted. Proposed bias correction procedures allowed to substantially improve the accuracy of final forecasts. In particular, one-factor mod- els of the relationship between forecast error and adjustment were found to be a simple, robust and efficient tool for the given purpose.


This is a masterful volume on remembrance and war in the twentieth century. Jay Winter locates the fascination with the subject of memory within a long-term trajectory that focuses on the Great War. Images, languages, and practices that appeared during and after the two world wars focused on the need to acknowledge the victims of war and shaped the ways in which future conflicts were imagined and remembered. At the core of the "memory boom" is an array of collective meditations on war and the victims of war, Winter says. The book begins by tracing the origins of contemporary interest in memory, then describes practices of remembrance that have linked history and memory, particularly in the first half of the twentieth century. The author also considers "theaters of memory"--film, television, museums, and war crimes trials in which the past is seen through public representations of memories. The book concludes with reflections on the significance of these practices for the cultural history of the twentieth century as a whole.


This paper examines the factors affecting adolescent motherhood in Bangladesh using the 2007 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey data. Overall, 69.3 per cent of the married adolescents began childbearing. Among them 56.4 per cent were already mothers and 12.9per cent were pregnant for the first time. Of the adult married women age 20–49, 62.1 per cent initiated childbearing before age 19. The multiple logistic regression analyses revealed that women's education, husband's education, place of residence, ever use of contraceptive method, religion, wealth and region are important determinants of adolescent motherhood in Bangladesh.


Gluconobacter species are capable of incomplete oxidations which are exploited in food biotechnology. Levans isolated from exopolysaccharide (EPS)-overproducing Gluconobacter species are promising functional compounds for food applications. Fructan production strongly depends on the corresponding fructosyltransferases (Ftfs), which catalyze the formation of these polymers from sucrose. Therefore, we characterized novel Ftfs from three EPS-overproducing food-grade strains, i.e. Gluconobacter sp. TMW 2.767 and Gluconobacter sp. TMW 2.1191 isolated from water kefir, and Gluconobacter cerinus DSM 9533T isolated from cherries. Several PCR techniques, including degenerate gradient temperature PCR, modified and standard inverse PCR, modified site-finding PCR and modified single primer PCR, were used to finally detect complete open reading frames coding for Ftfs. The prospective ftf-gene sequences were heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli Top 10. E. coli transformants harboring one of the three different ftf-genes produced polysaccharides from sucrose in contrast to the E. coli wildtype. Each of the heterologously expressed proteins encoded a levansucrase, catalyzing the formation of b-(2→6)-linked fructose polymers, which corresponded to our previous analyses about the chemical nature of the isolated polymers formed by these Gluconobacter strains. Structurally, these enzymes belong to the glycoside hydrolase 68 family (GH 68), sharing the typical modular topology of levansucrases from gram-negative bacteria. In conclusion, we could identify novel active levansucrases, which can be used for ex situ (enzymatic catalyses) or in situ (fermentation) production of functional fructan polymers by Gluconobacter strains in food and other applications.


Simon Frith. Music for Pleasure: Essays in the Sociology of Pop. New York: Routledge, 1988. Simon Frith (ed.) Facing the Music. New York: Pantheon Books, 1988. Simon Frith and Andrew Goodwin, (eds.) On Record: Rock, Pop and The Written Word. New York: Pantheon Books, 1990. Peter Wicke. Rock Music: Culture, Aesthetics and Sociology (trans. Rachel Fogg). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. [Originally published in German as Rockmusik: Zur Asthetik und Soziologie eines Massenmediums. Leipzig: Reclam, 1987] At a recent conference devoted to charting new directions in "Cultural Studies," one of the keynote speakers confessed to me that he only attended events of this kind in order to travel to hitherto unvisited cities and explore their record stores. The conference had been fine, he acknowledged, but the international circulation of intellectuals and theoretical paradigms took place with such efficiency that there were few academic reasons to travel from one city to another. The exciting and unexpected were to be found in the delete bins of record stores, rattier than in the conference presentations of intellectuals speaking about popular culture. It occurred to me that this had not always been the case, especially with regard to the academic study of popular music. In 1975 and 1985, for example, the things being thought and said about popular music in the academic world were, in a variety of ways, more interesting than the popular music being made at the time. The last two years, in contrast, have been a period of relative calm in popular music studies, coincident with the emergence of what might be considered highly interesting tendencies within the production and consumption of music itself (such as the regionalized dance music cultures of Great Britain and North America). The texts reviewed here represent an enterprise of consolidation and summary in popular music research, with book-length collections and studies signalling the conclusion of a decade and a half of intense activity. Simon Frith and Peter Wicke have both been involved in popular music in a variety of extra-academic capacities - the former as a working critic and journalist, the latter as an influential organizer of rock music concerts in the German Democratic Republic during the 1970s. Each, as well, is now the director of a research centre devoted wholly or partially to the analysis of popular music. (Simon Frith at The John Logie Baird Centre at the Universities of Glasgow and Strathclyde; Peter Wicke at the Centre for Popular Music Research at the Humboldt University in Berlin.) The principal tension running through academic and semi-academic writing on rock and related forms of popular music is not, as is commonly perceived, one between the pleasures offered by those musics and an academic discourse which feels compelled to diminish or demystify those pleasures. If, over the past two decades, the academic study of rock music has been a problematic enterprise, this is not because an affective relationship between those writing and their objects of study has been lacking. What has been striking, on the contrary, is the committed and justificatory tone of even the most avowedly distanced of academic treatments of popular music. In that body of writings which has celebrated the liberating force of the pop music of the past decade (such as Iain Chambers's Urban Rhythms), this affective link has been most evident. It may be discerned as well, however, in the sense of betrayal with which many writers, in the decade which saw the winding down of punk music, have turned away from this celebratory stance towards an insistence that popular music scholars become attentive, once again, to the links between popular music and the structures of monopoly capitalism. In both cases, arguably, developments within rock music and the culture which surrounds it have been the principal forces shaping the tone and substance of popular music studies. …


In the course of the 1980s, Turkey came to recognize the
need to change its attitude towards foreign investment,
assigning a significant role to direct foreign investment.
Hence, after the 1980s, there was a significant increase in
the number of foreign firms operating in Turkey and the inf low
of foreign capital to Turkey. Although the importance of
foreign direct investment in the Turkish economy has been
increasing, a variety of questions are far from being
resolved. The important obstacle is that the available data do
not let us analyze the extent and performance of foreign
firms. In this study a considerable effort was made in
collecting new data from foreign firms operating in the
Turkish manufacturing industry.
The main purpose of this study is to analyze and evaluate
the economic effects of direct foreign investment on Turkish
manufacturing. At the centre of our analysis has been the role
of foreign firms in industrial concentration, technological
choice and trade behaviour.
In the first chapter we outline the main issues to be
analyzed in this study and explain the method of collecting
and processing data from foreign firms operating in the
Turkish manufacturing industry. The second chapter discusses
the theories and empirical evidence concerning the
determinants of foreign direct investment. We also analyse the
industrial distribution of direct foreign investment in
Turkish manufacturing. In the third chapter we undertake an
overview to the historical background of foreign firms and the
legislation covering foreign investment in Turkey. At the
beginning of the following three main chapters we analyze the
performance of foreign firms in terms of those basic issues in
the literature, according to the market imperfection approach,
and later on we investigate the performance of foreign firms
in Turkish manufacturing using our own data, supplemented by
public sources of information.


South Korea is one of the world's most urbanised countries. While the country is well known for the rapid economic growth and massive urbanisation in the past, it is overlooked that approaches to urban development in South Korea are beginning to change. The paper addresses this by considering different urban design projects in the Seoul metropolitan region in terms of how they address the local history and culture, the quality of everyday life, economic competitiveness, diverse uses of public space and civic participation in decision-making. The Kkummaru Visitors Centre, Dongdaemun Design Plaza and Park, Bupyeong Culture Street and Gwanghwamun Plaza are discussed as case studies of recent urban design projects. While all cases show that novel approaches to urban development are taking place in South Korea, the paper argues that the urban design, which fails to sustain the existing social and cultural structures, to create inclusive places of social interaction or to involve citizens in the decision-making...


edited by Reinhilde Veugelers Publication Launch 'Manufacturing Europe's Future''Industrial policy is back!' This is the message given in the European Commission's October 2012 communication on industrial policy (COM(2012) 582 final), which seeks to reverse the declining role of the manufacturing industry, and increase its share of European Union GDP from about 16 percent currently to above 20 percent. Historical evidence suggests that the goal is unlikely to be achieved. Manufacturing's share of GDP has decreased around the world over the last 30 years. Paradoxically, this relative decline has been a reflection of manufacturing's strength. Higher productivity growth in manufacturing than in the economy overall resulted in relative decline. A strategy to reverse this trend and move to an industrial share of above 20 percent might therefore risk undermining the original strength of industry – higher productivity growth.This Blueprint therefore takes a different approach. It starts by looking in depth into the manufacturing sector and how it is developing. It emphasises the extent to which European industry has become integrated with other parts of the economy, in particular with the increasingly specialised services sector, and how both sectors depend on each other. It convincingly argues that industrial activity is increasingly spread through global value chains. As a result, employment in the sector has increasingly become highly skilled, while those parts of production for which high skill levels are not needed have been shifted to regions with lower labour costs.But this splitting up of production is not driving the apparent manufacturing decline.Participation in global value chains within Europe is strongly EU-oriented with a central position for the EU15 and in particular Germany in EU manufacturing. This internationalisationof production has resulted in deeper integration of EU manufacturing,withmember states specialising in sectors according to their comparative advantage.It has therefore helped to raise productivity and growth. As a result, the foreign content of countries' exports has increased. Germany, in particular, has been able to benefit from the greater possibilities to outsource parts of production to central and eastern Europe and to emerging markets, and is in fact one of the countries with the smallest manufacturing share declines in the last 15 years. The Blueprint also highlights the importance of energy for the structure and specialisation of manufacturing.Capital-intensive manufacturing faces both urgent challenges and medium-term challenges. In the short-term, one of the most pressing problems is the fragmentation of financial markets in Europe,which undermines access to finance. This affects small to medium-sized firms in particular because they are the most dependent on bank credit. In some southern European countries, even the financing of working capital is endangered. It should therefore be a high priority for policymakers to fix Europe's banking problems and create better functioning capital markets, including for venture capital.A second important conclusion is that, given the strong links between innovation,internationalisation and firm productivity, it is important to erase the dividing lines between industrial policy, single market policy, ICT policy and service sector policy. A highly integrated economic system needs a coherent set of policies that aim at improving business conditions everywhere. Attempts to promote one sector at the expense of another one are likely to result in significant inefficiencies and weaker overall growth. Governments are notoriously bad at picking winners. Instead, Europe needs policies that are conducive to a better business climate, less-burdensome regulations and the right framework conditions.Third, public policies need to be more supportive of industry and other parts of the economy. For example, the education system is of central importance for the economy and needs to be adapted to the needs of modern economies. The single market is important for both manufacturing and services and progress is needed to unleash its potential for growth. Reducing trade barriers is particularly important for industrial firms that increasingly rely in global value chains. Distortions in energy prices are also detrimental to industrial activity and should be avoided.'Manufacturing Europe's future' therefore means getting the policies right for firms to grow and prosper. It is not about picking one sector over another, but primarily about setting the right framework conditions for growth, innovation and jobs.Guntram Wolff, Director of BruegelBrussels, September 2013


Antitrust violations in the field of intellectual property rights are particularly difficult to detect because practices like cross licensing, patent pools or refusal to deal are not prohibited as such. Furthermore, more than in any other field of antitrust enforcement, decisions by competition authorities may directly affect the incentive to innovate and therefore antitrust authorities have to exercise great care in what they do. Antitrust laws prohibit behavior that go beyond what patents, copyright and trademarks generally allow. For example price fixing, coordinated output restrictions or foreclosure of innovation are the most important practices to be prohibited by antitrust provisions. Among these, foreclosure of innovation is the most controversial. For example the European Commission in a number of recent cases has suggested that a dominant company abuses its dominant position by refusing access to an essential facility (protected by an intellectual property right) in circumstances when a new product is denied to consumers. The case law developed so far in Europe does not identify precise criteria for defining what is actually "new". From the existing case law, it is only possible to conclude that the Commission does not impose an obligation to license only when the licensee would produce just a replica of the IP protected product/service. Much more straight forward are situations where market foreclosure originates from practices that directly impede the entry of competitors, especially at times when intellectual property rights are no longer available. The problem that arises is the extent of the use of presumptions. However there are no reasons to abandon the general approach that there is a proof of a violation when there is no other explanation for a given behavior than its abusive (exclusionary) objective. For example, this may be the case for reverse payments so common in pharmaceuticals that have no other explanation than to avoid a judgment of patent nullity.


Few topics in education have sparked as much interest and debate as the teaching of reading. Throughout the past century, instructional approaches have come and gone but one thing has remained constant: the teacher. Behind every effective classroom lies a teacher. It is ultimately the teachers decisions that drive daily instruction in the classroom.
But what is the best way for teachers to teach children how to read? For decades, researchers have plagued studies seeking to find the best method for accomplishing this. Just as students physical characteristics are very diverse, so too are their academic abilities. Reading teachers must be able to understand these differences and consequently choose and employ teaching materials that meet the needs of all the students among the class. With the ever-increasing importance of high-stakes testing and accountability, schools expect their teachers to deliver effective reading instruction that will produce results.
The purpose of this study was to compare two approaches to reading instruction: a basal program and balanced literacy. Classroom observations and teacher interviews were conducted and collected in order to investigate the following questions: How do basal programs and balanced literacy impact reading instruction in elementary school classrooms? How are the perceptions of teachers and students impacted in these respected settings?


Purpose of this research is to know and analyses product attribute variables composing core product attribute, actual product and additional product had an effect on significant to decision of consumer buys car Toyota Avanza; To know and analyses among product attribute variables composing core product attribute, actual product and addition product having an effect on biggest to decision of consumer in buying car Toyota Avanza.
In this research, writer takes two hypothesises, that is : anticipated product attribute consisted of by core product, actual product and additional product had an effect on positive and significant to decision of consumer buys car Toyota Avanza; and anticipated by actual product attribute had an effect on biggest to decision of consumer buys car Toyota Avanza.
Analyzer applied that is factor analysis where aim to identify, groups draught to summarize factors which is dimension a variable. And know level of free variable influence consisted of by core product, actual product, and additional product to variable tied it is purchasing decision, applies doubled linear regression analysis.
From result of factor analysis and doubled linear regression, sesuai with yardstick applied, where actual product is factor giving bigger positive influence compared to additional core product factor and product to decision of consumer buys car toyota avanza. This reality showing that consumer tends to majors actual storey of goods like model/ design, merk, interior appearance and exterior, and car individuality compared to usefulness of core or supplementary benefit from car Toyota Avanza x'self.
Based on conclusion is upper, implication writer can that is better if producer Mobil Toyota doesn't disregard additional core product and product as supporting facilities for transportation so that later can be draw consumer more amount. As well as is better if producer remain to anticipate about perception of consumer, product attribute might possibly be certain is felt to become all important attribute a period of now but value doesn't be important is period to come.


The Crossett Story slide show was developed in 1980 to detail the history of logging, field forestry, and research centered on the USDA Forest Service=s Crossett Experimental Forest (CEF). However, science and technology have advanced considerably over the last several decades and the regulatory environment has changed, making an update of the Crossett Story inevitable. The original slide show involved a montage of historical photographs, recent images, and commentary from Russ Reynolds. Using desktop computers, scanners, audio and video editing software, and an expanded selection of photographs and research, we updated the Crossett Story to a series of digital formats, providing CD-, DVD-, and internet-based delivery mechanisms with captioning capabilities.


The driving factors that influence the spatial and annual variability of thunderstorms across Europe are still poorly understood. Due to a lack of long‐term, reliable and consistent information about the occurrence of convective storms, a weather type classification has been developed that estimates thunderstorm probability from a combination of appropriate meteorological quantities on the mesoscale. Based on this approach, the temporal and spatial variability of convection‐favouring environments is investigated between 1958 and 2014 using a high‐resolution reanalysis dataset. To identify potential drivers for convective days, typical upper‐level flow patterns were deduced using a multivariate approach. Our results suggest a strong link between local‐scale thunderstorm activity and large‐scale flow and air mass properties, such as stability, moisture, or vertical lifting. For example, while all over central Europe the most prominent pattern is given by a southwesterly flow type over the respective area, distinct regional discrepancies regarding further favourable flow types are observed. The crucial role of large‐scale flow is further studied by assessing the relation between Northern Hemisphere teleconnection patterns and widespread convective activity. It is found that positive phases of the East Atlantic or Scandinavian patterns go along with a significant enhancement of convection‐favouring conditions in several European regions, which can be explained by anomalies in the large‐scale temperature and flow fields. Sea‐surface temperature over the Bay of Biscay likewise impacts the convective environment, with the largest positive effect over the western part of the study area.


This paper concerns the relationships between notions of weak n-category dened as algebras for n-globular operads, as well as their coherence properties. We focus primarily on the denitions due to Balanic and Leinster. A correspondence between the contractions and systems of compositions used in Bat- anin's denition, and the unbiased contractions used in Leinster's denition, has long been suspected, and we prove a conjecture of Leinster that shows that the two notions are in some sense equivalent. We then prove several coherence theorems which apply to algebras for any operad with a contraction and system of compositions or with an unbiased contraction; these coherence theorems thus apply to weak n-categories in the senses of Batanin, Leinster, Penon and Trimble. We then take some steps towards a comparison between Batanin weak n-categories and Leinster weak n-categories. We describe a canonical adjunction between the categories of these, giving a construction of the left adjoint, which is applicable in more generality to a class of functors induced by monad morphisms. We conclude with some preliminary statements about a possible weak equivalence of some sort between these categories.


Abstract Previous analyses of the history of Phanerozoic marine biodiversity suggested that the post-Paleozoic increase observed at the family level and below was caused, in part, by an increase in global provinciality associated with the breakup of Pangea. Efforts to characterize the Phanerozoic history of provinciality, however, have been compromised by interval-to-interval variations in the methods and standards used by researchers to calibrate the number of provinces. With the development of comprehensive, occurrence-based data repositories such as the Paleobiology Database (PaleoDB), it is now possible to analyze directly the degree of global compositional disparity as a function of geographic distance (geo-disparity) and changes thereof throughout the history of marine animal life. Here, we present a protocol for assessing the Phanerozoic history of geo-disparity, and we apply it to stratigraphic bins arrayed throughout the Phanerozoic for which data were accessed from the PaleoDB. Our analyses provide no indication of a secular Phanerozoic increase in geo-disparity. Furthermore, fundamental characteristics of geo-disparity may have changed from era to era in concert with changes to marine venues, although these patterns will require further scrutiny in future investigations.