Canadian Storia del Canada: Dalle origini at giorni nostri. By Luca Codignola and Luigi Bruti Liberati. (Milan: Bompiani. 1999. Pp. 815. C 12.39 paperback.) This book is a remarkable achievement by two Italian academics who have dedicated most of their professional lives to the study of Canada. Codignola and Bruti Liberati are professors of history, the first at the University of Genoa and the second at the State University of Milan. A synthesis of Canadian history in two parts, Storia del Canada bears the distinctive imprint of each author. Codignola's section covers the precolonial, colonial, and nation-building periods culminating in 1867 with Confederation that marks the union of the most populous British North American colonies. His is a breathtaking and up-to-date overview. With rare skill that in Canada has largely been stifled by the highly specialized nature of the discipline, he integrates social and cultural themes within a comparative Atlantic perspective. For instance, the development of New France is discussed with reference to other British and French colonies in North America and the Caribbean, as well as to the relative strengths and differing strategies of the colonizing powers. One can only concur with one reviewer's assessment of this section as the finest synthesis available in any language. For his part, Bruti Liberati has given his shorter segment a clear political character, concentrating first on external relations, particularly with Canada's successive metropolises, Great Britain and the United States, and then on domestic politics. The direction changes somewhat abruptly in the final chapter which provides a succinct and effective survey of the history of Italian Canadians. Given the vast quantity of material published in all aspects of Canadian social history over the last thirty years, as well as the particular interests of the Italian reading public, Bruti Liberati's choice of focus seems quite reasonable. However, the disparity between the two authors' approaches is also glaringly evident. Few of the many overviews of Canadian history published in the recent past have succeeded in integrating religion into their narrative and certainly none has done so more deftly than Storia del Canada. Although practitioners of religious history have hardly been idle especially in the last dozen or so years, their work has largely been ignored by the broader community of historians who have alternately viewed religion as being synonymous with discord, backwardness, or bigotry. …


Background: The purpose of this retrospective audit was to compare patient based clinical outcomes to amputation healing outcomes twelve months after a minor foot amputation in people with diabetes.
Methods: Hospital admission and community outpatient data were extracted for all minor foot amputations in people with diabetes in 2017 in the Central Coast Local Health District.
Results: A total 85 minor foot amputations involving 74 people were identified. At the twelve-month follow-up 74% (n=56) of the minor foot amputations healed, 63% (n=41) of the participants achieved a good clinical outcome (healed, no more proximal amputations, or death within the 12 month follow up period), and the mortality rate was 18%. Poor clinical outcomes were associated with those aged greater than 60 (RR 5.75, 95% CI: 0.85 to 38.7, p=0.013), those undergoing a further surgical debridement procedure during their hospital stay (RR 2.42, 95% CI: 1.3 to 4.4, p=0.005) and those who did not attend CCLHD Podiatry clinics post-amputation (RR 2.3, 95% CI: 1.2 to 4.1, p=0.010).
Conclusions: To improve patient based clinical outcomes post-minor foot amputation, targeted follow-up in a high-risk foot clinic, and tailored discharge treatment plans for people aged over 60 or those undergoing a debridement procedure may be considered.


Abstract. Antarctic ice cores have often been dated by matching distinctive features of atmospheric methane to those detected in annually dated ice cores from Greenland. Establishing the timescale between these tie-point ages requires interpolation. While the uncertainty at tie points is relatively well described, uncertainty of the interpolation is not. Here we assess the accuracy of three interpolation schemes using data from the WAIS Divide ice core in West Antarctica; we compare the interpolation methods with the annually resolved timescale for the past 30 kyr. Linear interpolation yields large age errors (up to 380 years) between tie points, abrupt changes in duration of climate events at tie points, and an age bias. Interpolations based on the smoothest accumulation rate (ACCUM) or the smoothest annual-layer thickness (ALT) yield timescales that more closely agree with the annually resolved timescale and do not have abrupt changes in duration at tie points. We use ALT to assess the uncertainty in existing timescales for the past 30 kyr from Byrd, Siple Dome, and Law Dome. These ice-core timescales were developed with methods similar to linear interpolation. Maximum age differences exceed 1000 years for Byrd and Siple Dome, and 500 years for Law Dome. For the glacial–interglacial transition (21 to 12 kyr), the existing timescales are, on average, older than ALT by 40 years for Byrd, 240 years for Siple Dome, and 150 years for Law Dome. Because interpolation uncertainty is often not considered, age uncertainties for ice-core records are often underestimated.


Given the increasing demand for services that can guarantee a maximum end-to-end delay in the Internet, it is important to understand the behaviour of different existing networks. We consider networks that implement scheduling per aggregate flow. We give a worst case bound that is valid for any network topology given the maximum hop count for every flow and the utilization at every link. Unfortunately, this bound is finite only for small utilization. Using the context of arrival and service curves we can improve the result for the case of a ring.


Combustion homogenization of a fuel spray utilizing porous media (PM) has only recently been proposed and can be regarded as an untouched area of research. In this PhD program, the fundamental role of porous ceramic media on homogenization process of high pressure diesel fuel spray will be evaluated in diesel engine-like condition. In the study of high pressure diesel fuel spray combustion in presence of porous media, two main questions can be posed; what is the effect of porous media on fuel and air mixing process? How can porous media homogenize the diesel fuel spray combustion process? To answer these questions, cold (non-evaporating spray) and hot (combusting spray) experiments were conducted in a constant-volume chamber. Through the application of ultra-high speed imaging (UHSI) technique for cold flow experiment and developed image processing techniques, new insight into the transient nature of the fuel spray in different phases of spray interaction with a porous medium was gained. Besides developing a code for investigating the macroscopic characteristic parameters of the spray, a code was also developed to process the images for evaluating the probability density function (PDF) of the light intensity. Through PDF analysis, a discernible improvement of multijet dispersion and fuel atomization at higher chamber pressures in the last phase of spray interaction with the porous medium was achieved, irrespective of the injection pressure. This was interpreted as having a higher chance of uniform fuel distribution and a well homogenized mixture preparation for the combustion process, the first requirement for combustion homogenization, in both conventional as well as new diesel engine combustion concepts such as low temperature combustion (LTC). The combustion experiments were then conducted to shed light on the combustion characteristics of diesel spray in the presence of a porous medium with specific emphasis on combustion visualization and heat release analysis of the burning spray. Combustion imaging results showed the validity of the previous hypothesis gained from PDF analysis of cold flow results by showing the rapid development of homogenous combustion in the last phase of fuel interaction with the PM. Similar to the results of LTC combustion with retarded injection timing, a longer ignition delay, with a flatter and wider heat release rate pattern, compared to conventional diesel combustion, was observed in this study indicating the potential of PM assisted combustion in simultaneous reductions in soot and NOx emissions. Although more extensive experimentation will be required to determine performance over a wider range of conditions, these results suggest that porous media could be used to promote a distributed fuel air mixture resulting in slower, but more homogeneous heat release within the cylinder of an engine. The thesis provides detailed information for the experimental methodology developed in the Laboratory for Turbulence Research in Aerospace and Combustion (LTRAC) at Monash University.


Graphic displays, such as maps, that portray visible things are ancient whereas graphic displays, such as graphs and diagrams, that portray things that are inherently not visible, are relatively modern inventions. They serve a variety of functions, such as providing models, attracting attention, supporting memory, facilitating inference and discovery. Graphic displays use space to convey meaning in ways that are cognitively natural, as suggested by historical and developmental examples. Typically, icons are used to convey elements, based on likenesses and "figures of depiction" and spatial relations are used to convey other relations, based on proximity.


This paper addresses the problem of performing accurate semantic annotations in a large corpus. The task of creating a sense tagged corpus is different from the word sense disambiguation problem in that the semantic annotations have to be highly accurate, even if the price to be paid is lower coverage. While the state-of-the-art in word sense disambiguation does not exceed 70% precision, we want to find the means to perform semantic annotations with an accuracy close to 100%. We deal with this problem in the process of disambiguating the definitions in the WordNet dictionary. We propose in this paper a method that is able to tag words with high precision, using pattern extraction followed by pattern matching. This algorithm exploits the idiosyncratic nature of the corpus to be tagged, and achieves a precision of 99% with a coverage of 6%, measured on aW ordNet subset, respectively more than 12.5% coverage estimated for the entire WordNet.


Objectives: Congenital heart disease with increased pulmonary blood flow results in progressive pulmonary vascular endothelial dysfunction and associated increased perioperative morbidity. Using our ovine model of congenital heart disease with increased pulmonary blood flow, we have previously demonstrated progressive endothelial dysfunction associated with disruption in carnitine homeostasis, mitochondrial dysfunction, decreased nitric oxide signaling, and enhanced reactive oxygen species generation. However, potential alterations in these parameters in patients with congenital heart disease have not been investigated. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that children with increased pulmonary blood flow will have evidence of altered carnitine homeostasis, mitochondrial dysfunction, decreased nitric oxide levels, and increased reactive oxygen species generation. Design: A prospective single-center cohort study. Setting: A tertiary care cardiac ICU/PICU. Patients: Arterial blood samples from 18 patients with congenital heart disease associated with increased pulmonary blood flow (ventricular septal defect), 20 with congenital heart disease without increased pulmonary blood flow (tetralogy of Fallot), and 10 without heart disease (controls) were obtained. Interventions: Plasma levels of total carnitine, free carnitine, acylcarnitine, and lactate-to-pyruvate ratios, an indicator of mitochondrial function, were determined and compared. In addition, levels of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide were determined and compared in patients with ventricular septal defect and controls. Statistical analysis was performed using an unpaired t test and analysis of variance. Measurements and Main Results: Baseline acylcarnitine levels (25.7 ± 13 vs 12.7 ± 8.3; p < 0.05), the acylcarnitine-to-free carnitine ratio (0.8 ± 0.1 vs 0.3 ± 0.05; p < 0.05), and the lactate-to-pyruvate ratio were higher in ventricular septal defect (27.5 ± 3.8 vs 11.1 ± 4.1, p < 0.05) than tetralogy of Fallot; there were no differences between tetralogy of Fallot and control. Superoxide and H2O2 levels were also higher in ventricular septal defect compared with controls, and NOx levels were lower in ventricular septal defect patients compared with tetralogy of Fallot and controls (p < 0.05). Conclusions: These data suggest that increased pulmonary blood flow from ventricular septal defect results in altered carnitine and mitochondrial homeostasis, decreased nitric oxide signaling, and increased reactive oxygen species production. These data are consistent with our animal data demonstrating that altered carnitine homeostasis results in mitochondrial dysfunction, increased reactive oxygen species production, and decreased bioavailable nitric oxide. Since disruption of carnitine metabolism may contribute to endothelial dysfunction, carnitine supplementation may attenuate endothelial dysfunction associated with increased pulmonary blood flow and warrants further investigation.


Motivated by modern applications, such as online advertisement and recommender systems, we study the top-$k$ extreme contextual bandits problem, where the total number of arms can be enormous, and the learner is allowed to select $k$ arms and observe all or some of the rewards for the chosen arms. We first propose an algorithm for the non-extreme realizable setting, utilizing the Inverse Gap Weighting strategy for selecting multiple arms. We show that our algorithm has a regret guarantee of $O(k\sqrt{(A-k+1)T \log (|\mathcal{F}|T)})$, where $A$ is the total number of arms and $\mathcal{F}$ is the class containing the regression function, while only requiring $\tilde{O}(A)$ computation per time step. In the extreme setting, where the total number of arms can be in the millions, we propose a practically-motivated arm hierarchy model that induces a certain structure in mean rewards to ensure statistical and computational efficiency. The hierarchical structure allows for an exponential reduction in the number of relevant arms for each context, thus resulting in a regret guarantee of $O(k\sqrt{(\log A-k+1)T \log (|\mathcal{F}|T)})$. Finally, we implement our algorithm using a hierarchical linear function class and show superior performance with respect to well-known benchmarks on simulated bandit feedback experiments using extreme multi-label classification datasets. On a dataset with three million arms, our reduction scheme has an average inference time of only 7.9 milliseconds, which is a 100x improvement.


Recent technological developments and potential technological developments of the near future require us to try to think clearly about what it is to have moral status and about when and why we should attribute moral status to beings and entities. What should we say about the moral status of human non-human chimeras, human brain organoids, artificial intelligence, cyborgs, post-humans, and human minds that have been uploaded into a computer, or onto the internet? In this introductory chapter we survey some key assumptions ordinarily made about moral status that may require rethinking. These include the assumptions that all humans who are not severely cognitively impaired have equal moral status, that possession of the sophisticated cognitive capacities typical of human adults is necessary for full moral status, that only humans can have full moral status, and that there can be no beings with higher moral status than ordinary adult humans. We also need to consider how we should treat beings and entities when we find ourselves uncertain about their moral status.


Coasts are the primary habitat for humanity. Throughout history, coastal cities and towns have been a crucible for innovation. However, business and technological innovations imperil coastal communities, because prevailing practices are unsustainable. Consequently, coasts are the frontline in humanity's endeavour to learn to live sustainably in the face of global change. Governance innovations have done little to stem the tide of unsustainable coastal activities. Paradoxically, innovation is necessary to navigate a way out of the vulnerability trap that past innovation has unwittingly set. This is the first of two articles that examine, in turn, the coastal innovation paradox and the coastal innovation imperative. This article explains the coastal problematique and innovation paradox. Then, the nature and dimensions of innovation are outlined. Notwithstanding wholesale innovations in governance and public sector management, the sustainability crisis is deepening. Why is it so difficult to mobilize effective collective action for coastal sustainability? Locating coastal management within the wider milieu of evolving and multi-layered governance helps to answer this question. Resolving the coastal innovation paradox necessitates coherent innovation across governance episodes, processes and cultures. The second article posits a transformative foundation of deliberative coastal governance to foster innovation and facilitate the transition to coastal sustainability.


To what degree are rolling, or layered, contracts binding? A number of courts, starting with the now infamous case of ProCD, Inc. v. Zeidenberg, have held that, rather than a contract for the sale of a good, such as a computer, being completed in-store, the contract is formed when deferred terms found inside the package are reviewed by the buyer and accepted by some act -- usually use of the good (or declining to return it). This approach, which has been called the rolling contract, has been widely criticized by commentators as an abomination of contract law that ignores a true application of the Uniform Commercial Code ("UCC") as well as the spirit of that code. The approach is not without its allure, however, as it permits contracts to be formed in an efficient manner that may very well appeal to consumers and merchants alike. However, too strict of an adherence to the approach threatens to impose terms upon parties that they never expected or agreed upon. But the opposite is also true -- too strict of an adherence to traditional roles of offer and acceptance threatens to displace terms that were contemplated and not objectionable to the consumer. Thus, rather than relegating the rolling contract approach to a dark corner of contract law in favor of a more traditional approach, this article proposes that the rolling contract should be rehabilitated. Existing contract law does a good job of defining contract offers. However, what is the trickier issue, particularly when a transaction involves an initial oral component, is identifying when the offer is actually made. In other words, when is it fair to say that an offer is made in-store by the buyer, and when is it fair to say that the in-store interaction is nothing more than a preliminary event to the actual offer, which comes later when the buyer gets home and opens the product? Legal realism, which was a foundational principle driving the drafting of the Restatement (Second) of Contracts, as well as the UCC, may offer some insights into how to approach the rolling contract theory. But so may a more recent approach to contract law -- the relational contract approach. Relational contract theory, which essentially treats contracts not as isolated events but ongoing relationships, provides a useful way of making this determination. Relational contract theory has its roots in the writings of Ian Macneil who believed most contracts were rarely, if ever, fully thought-out and expressed representations of the parties' obligations. It would therefore seem to be a logical extension of both legal realism and relational contract theory that certain situations exist where the parties expect that a contract has not been fully formed in the store, but rather further terms, i.e., the formal "offer," will come later. If parties to a contract know that there is more to the contract than simply the price and the good, then it should come as no surprise that more terms are to come, or that a more detailed offer will be forthcoming. Thus, in some scenarios, it is perfectly reasonable to assume that the contract has not been formed in-store, but rather a deferred offer will come later. Thus rolling contract theory can be explained under a legal realism approach, as influenced by a relational approach; however, this is not to say that all contracts are now subject to the rolling contract approach. As this article explains, some contracts really are formed at the point of contact under a relational contract approach. The challenge to the courts is to determine which will be which. This article describes how legal realism and the relational contract theory can be used to explain the rolling contract approach and makes suggestions for how this relational contract theory can be used to aid courts in determining which contracts involve a rolling or deferred offer.


This article develops two key insights. First, copyrighted works are affected by two types of competitive forces: substitutive competition and Schumpeterian competition. Second, the relevant magnitude of each of these competitive forces changes at various points over the life cycle of copyrighted works. The earlier stages of a work's life cycle are dominated by substitution effects, whereby many other works can function as very close substitutes. As the work develops to a full product, to which many other inputs have been added, it becomes less easily substitutable. This process intensifies as network effects of various kinds secure successful works' market position and render them less vulnerable to competition from close imitations. The competitive threat to which such works may be exposed becomes more Schumpeterian in nature: competition from other works that offer something new, and potentially preferable. Generally, copyright law unequivocally discourages merely substitutive competition, but is much less interested in discouraging Schumpeterian competition. This article's time-based analysis provides both a justification for this distinction, as well as grounds for evaluating various existing rules and doctrines. It suggests that broader copyright protection (perhaps broader than the current protection) may be desirable at the early stages of works' life cycle, whereas narrower protection (perhaps narrower than the current) may be justified at later stages.


Persistent pain that occurs after nerve damage can be debilitating, and its management is hindered by a lack of understanding of the underlying signaling mechanisms. Tsuda et al. now provide relief, at least from some of the ignorance of mechanism, by identifying an unsuspected receptor in an unexpected cell type where it appears to have a key regulatory role. The authors used a rat model of neuropathic pain that occurs after injury of a spinal nerve in which they measured hypersensitivity to a normally innocuous touch sensation (such hypersensitivity is called allodynia). They found that sensitivity of allodynia to pharmacological inhibition had a pattern that suggested a role for the purinergic receptors known as P2X4R, membrane ion channels that are opened in response to binding of ATP. The effect of the inhibitors was specific to allodynia, and sensitivity of the animals to normal acute-pain responses was not affected. The amount of P2X4 receptor protein was increased in response to nerve injury, and immunofluorescence labeling showed that the newly synthesized receptors were expressed not on neurons, but rather in microglial cells. Reducing the increased expression of P2X4Rs by perfusion with antisense oligodeoxynucleotides to the receptor reduced allodynia in the animals. Furthermore, pain sensitivity of the animals was enhanced when rats were injected with cultured microglial cells that had been activated through their P2X4Rs. The studies offer promise for the development of therapies specific to allodynia that either prevent expression of P2X4Rs or inhibit signaling by those receptors in microglia. M. Tsuda, Y. Shigemoto-Mogami, S. Koizumi, A. Mizokoshi, S. Kohsaka, M. W. Salter, K. Inoue, P2X4 receptors induced in spinal microglia gate tactile allodynia after nerve injury. Nature 424, 778-783 (2003). [Online Journal]


How can technology and digitalization be used to challenge and develop an analog idea? What happens in the translation from the analog to the digital? Can technology reveal previously hidden aspects of an art object? What happens to the relationship between art and viewer in the process of digitalization? The Layer Project, still in progress, originated in analog mode: cutting paper photographs into strips as layers. Digital filming became important for documenting the objects, as photographing them did not capture the changeability of their three-dimensional aspects. What happens at these borders of 2D and 3D, analog and digital? What defines them and what explains them? How can we compare them, relate them to each other? How are they different? Does media transform or simply transmit imagery? This statement also discusses how technology can be a tool for reflecting on an artwork—a tool to evaluate, develop and challenge an artistic concept.


Contraction of smooth muscle cells, such as those that line blood vessels, is regulated through phosphorylation of the myosin light chain. Phosphorylation by myosin light-chain kinase (and consequent increased contraction) is opposed by dephosphorylation (and consequent relaxation) catalyzed by the myosin light-chain phosphatase (PP1M). Some agents that control blood pressure act by modulating this regulatory system. Nitric oxide, a vasodilator, causes increased intracellular production of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), which in turn activates cGMP-dependent protein kinase (cGKIα). Surks et al. provide evidence that cGKIα localizes as part of a multienzyme complex at the contractile apparatus through direct interaction with the myosin-binding subunit (MBS) of PP1M. This association was required for cGMP-dependent activation of PP1M and dephosphorylation of myosin light chain. The CGKIα enzyme adds yet another component to the cluster of regulatory components bound to the MBS, which includes the catalytic subunit of PP1M and another protein kinase, Rho-associated kinase, which has an opposite (inhibitory) action on PP1M. Surks, H.K., Mochizuki, N., Kasai, Y., Georgescu, S.P., Tang, K.M., Ito, M., Lincoln, T.M., and Mendelsohn, M.D. (1999) Regulation of myosin phosphatase by a specific interaction with cGMP- dependent protein kinase Iα. Science 286: 1583-1587. [Abstract] [Full Text]


Few questions in the field of Federal Courts have captivated scholars like the question of whether Congress can simultaneously divest both lower federal courts and the U.S. Supreme Court of jurisdiction to hear federal constitutional claims and thereby leave those claims to be litigated in state courts alone. Such a divestiture is known today as "jurisdiction stripping," and, despite literally decades of scholarship on the subject, scholars have largely been unable to reconcile two widely held views: jurisdiction stripping should be unconstitutional because it deprives constitutional rights of adjudication by independent judges and jurisdiction stripping is nonetheless perfectly consistent with the text and original understanding of the Constitution. In this article, I show how the scholarly impasse that has pitted constitutionalism and judicial independence on the one hand versus text and history on the other can be overcome. In particular, I show that something important has changed in the years since the Constitution was ratified: the gap between the independence of state and federal judges. At the time of the founding, much like their federal counterparts, no state judges were elected and the vast majority of them enjoyed life tenure. Precisely the opposite is true today. As such, the consequences of depriving federal courts of jurisdiction to hear constitutional claims were much different then than they are today. Because state courts were the background against which Article III of the Constitution was written and ratified, these changes enable the answer to the question of whether jurisdiction stripping is constitutional to change as well. In other words, just because jurisdiction stripping was constitutional in 1789 does not mean it must be constitutional today, and it does not mean we must ignore the original understanding of the Constitution to reach that conclusion. The history I have uncovered in this article has the potential to reshape many other jurisdictional doctrines of the federal courts.


Oral pharyngeal candidiasis (Oropharyngeal Candidiasis) is an opportunistic disease resulting from weakness of immune system caused by chemotherapy to Leukemia patients. Candida albicans yeast is the causative agent of this infection. There are many types of antifungals used to treat this fungal infection depending on the degree or type of candidiasis; but noted in recent days, increasing resistance to antifungals. This study included isolation and identification of Candida from oral cavity of ten leukemia patients who suffered from oral candidiasis in three hospitals in Sana'a city. Samples were collected by swabbing the lesional tissues in the oral cavity and cultured on Sabroud's Dextrose Agar SDA. Six of the oral swabs gave noticeable growth on this medium, while 4 of them didn't give any growth. Morphological and biochemical tests done to the six isolates confirmed that all were Candida albicans. These isolates were tested for antifungal susceptibility test. Antifungal agents used in this test were Miconazole 50µg, Fluconazole 25µg, and Nystatin 100µg. Results showed that Miconazole was the most efficient antifungal against all tested isolates, while Nystain and Fluconazle showed various inhibitory effects among tested isolates. Some isolates were resistant, while others were susceptible. Due to resistance development of some Candida isolates to antifungal agents, Cinnamon was examined for its ability to inhibit the growth of this yeast. Cinnamon aqueous and ethanolic extracts were prepared by using bioshaker. Antimicrobial activity of cinnamon extracts were screened by using agar disk diffusion technique ADD, and tested C.albicans inoculums were prepared by bioassay plate method. The results showed that cinnamon aqueous extract 100% concentration could slightly inhibit the growth of some isolates. By contrast cinnamon ethanolic extract could effectively inhibit the growth of all tested C.albicans isolates. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration MIC of ethanolic extract was varied among C.albicans isolates.


As a consequence of the financial crisis, the effectiveness of self-regulation has been increasingly questioned. In particular, self-regulatory initiatives on corporate governance have been often put under scrutiny so as to assess whether, by favouring the actual adoption of best practices, these codes are really effective in prompting better governance. Looking at one of the most important features of the Code, this paper tries to address this issue by building up an indicator (so-called CoRe) that assesses the actual level of compliance for Italian listed companies. We find that actual compliance, as measured by the CoRe indicator, is much lower than formal compliance, as declared by issuers. A second finding is that actual compliance is driven by some key aspects of firms' governance. The CoRe indicator is systematically higher in firms in which: i) minority shareholders have appointed one or more directors; ii) independent directors are organized in a committee; iii) institutional investors, especially if foreign, participate to GMs; iv) normative control enhancing mechanisms are adopted, v) there is no separation between ownership and control by means of pyramids.


Background: To explore the role of clinical features, current symptoms and a past hypomanic symptom checklist in distinguishing bipolar from unipolar depression among patients with current major depressive episodes.

Method: Patients with bipolar I disorder (BDI, N=122), bipolar II disorder (BDII, N=160) as well as major depressive disorder (MDD, N=353) were enrolled. We collected clinical features and current symptoms on these patients, asked them to complete a 15-item checklist about prior symptoms of hypomania (HCL-15), and administered the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale.

Results: Multivariate analyses showed that patients with BDI, compared with MDD, were less likely to be female and to endorse the symptoms of diminished interest; more likely to be obesity/overweight and to have more total episodes. Patients with BDII, compared with MDD again, were more likely to have an earlier age onset, more total episodes, more seasonal depressive onset, and to manifest irritable symptoms. Inclusion of HCL-15 in the comparison significantly increased the area under curve of BDII versus MDD.

Conclusion: Our study suggests that clinical features and current symptoms could provide good ability in differentiating BDI from MDD. Combination of clinical features and the result of HCL-15may assist clinicians better to identify BDII.

Trial registration number: This trial was registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (www. chictr. org) and was assigned ChiCTR-TNRC-10001112 on December 23, 2010.


The first cases of a new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) were identified toward the end of 2019 in Wuhan, China. Over the following months, this virus spread to everywhere in the world. By now no country has been spared the devastation from the loss of lives from the disease (Covid-19) and the economic and social impacts of responses to mitigate the impact of the virus. Our lives in South Africa have been turned upside down as we try to make the best of this bad situation. The 2020 school year was disrupted with closure and then reopening in a phased approach, as stipulated by the Department of Education. This booklet is a collective effort by academics who are Members of the Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf) and other invited scholars to help you appreciate some of the basic scientific facts that you need to know in order to understand the present crisis and the various options available to respond to it. We emphasise that the threat of infectious diseases is not an entirely new phenomenon that has sprung onto the stage out of nowhere. Infectious diseases and pandemics have been with us for centuries, in fact much longer. Scientists have warned us for years of the need to prepare for the next pandemic. Progress in medicine in the course of the 20th century has been formidable. Childhood mortality has greatly decreased almost everywhere in the world, thanks mainly, but not only, to the many vaccines that have been developed. Effective drugs now exist for many deadly diseases for which there were once no cures. For many of us, this progress has generated a false sense of security. It has caused us to believe that the likes of the 1918 'Spanish flu' pandemic, which caused some 50 million deaths around the world within a span of a few months, could not be repeated in some form in today's modern world. The Covid-19 pandemic reminds us that as new cures for old diseases are discovered, new diseases come along for which we are unprepared. And every hundred or so years one of these diseases wreaks havoc on the world and interferes severely with our usual ways of going about our lives. Today's world has become increasingly interconnected and interdependent, through trade, migrations, and rapid air travel. This globalisation makes it easier for epidemics to spread, somewhat offsetting the power of modern medicine. In this booklet we have endeavoured to provide an historical perspective, and to enrich your knowledge with some of the basics of medicine, viruses, and epidemiology. Beyond the immediate Covid-19 crisis, South Africa faces a number of other major health challenges: highly unequal access to quality healthcare, widespread tuberculosis, HIV infection causing AIDS, a high prevalence of mental illness, and a low life expectancy, compared to what is possible with today's medicine. It is essential that you, as young people, also learn about the nature of these new challenges, so that you may contribute to finding future solutions.


In this paper we examine whether refugee flows are associated with an increase in electoral support for populist-right parties. The empirical evidence on this so far remains mixed. We argue that refugee inflows alone are an inaccurate predictor of the success of populist-right parties. Rather, refugee inflows can lead to a rise in electoral support for populist-right parties where traditional welfare states are expansive —the so called 'welfare chauvinism' argument, wherein natives already dependent on high levels of social welfare are likely to see refugees as interlopers who free-ride on welfare and thereby threaten the welfare of locals. Using panel data on 27 OECD countries during 1990–2014 period (25 years), we find no evidence to suggest that refugee inflows per se increase electoral support for populist-right parties. However, a positive effect of refugee inflows on electoral support for populist-right parties is conditional upon a higher degree of social welfare and unemployment benefit spending, which supports the propositions of 'welfare chauvinism.' Moreover, support for populist-right parties increase when the degree of labor market regulations and welfare spending is high. Our results are robust to alternative data, sample and estimation techniques.


Business models are perhaps the most discussed and least understood aspect of the web. There is so much talk about how the web changes traditional business models. But there is little clear-cut evidence of exactly what this means.

In the most basic sense, a business model is the method of doing business by which a company can sustain itself - that is, generate revenue. The business model spells-out how a company makes money by specifying where it is positioned in the value chain.


The importance of actively managing and analyzing business processes is acknowledged more than ever in organizations nowadays. Business processes form an essential part of an organization and their ap-plication areas are manifold. Most organizations keep records of various activities that have been carried out for auditing purposes, but they are rarely used for analysis purposes. This paper describes the design and implementation of a process analysis tool that replays, analyzes and visualizes a variety of performance metrics using a process definition and its execution logs. Performing performance analysis on existing and planned process models offers a great way for organizations to detect bottlenecks within their processes and allow them to make more effective process improvement decisions. Our technique is applied to processes modeled in the YAWL language. Execution logs of process instances are compared against the corresponding YAWL process model and replayed in a robust manner, taking into account any noise in the logs. Finally, performance characteristics, obtained from replaying the log in the model, are projected onto the model.


The Institute of Area and Global Studies (IAGS) at EPFL invites applications for two full-time PhD positions in the Anthropology of Cultural Heritage. Starting date : April 1, 2020. Duration : 4 years. Terms of employment : Fixed-term at 100% work rate. EPFL offers internationally competitive salaries and generous research support. Deadline for application : January 31, 2020. Plus d'informations dans le document (...)


The discrete slip-link theory is a hierarchy of strongly connected models that have great success predicting the linear and nonlinear rheology of high-molecular-weight polymers. Three of the four parameters of the most-detailed model, which can be extracted from primitive-path analysis, give quantitative agreement with experimental data for all examined chemistries (polystyrene, polyisoprene, polybutadiene, and polyethylene). Here, we attempt to extract the remaining friction parameter from atomistic simulations. In particular, an available quantum chemistry-based force field for polyethylene oxide (PEO) was used to perform molecular-dynamics simulations of a 12 kDa melt. The Kuhn friction is obtained from the mean-squared displacement of the center-of-mass of the chains (MSD of COM) in the melt. The result is also corroborated using the relaxation modulus calculated through the Green–Kubo formula. Once the four parameters are determined for any chemistry, all parameters for all members of the slip-link hierarchy are determined. Then, using a coarser member of the hierarchy, the dynamic modulus of a 256 kDa PEO melt was predicted. The predictions are compared to experimental measurements performed at the same temperature. Unfortunately, the extracted friction is about 30% larger than the one observed in the experiment. However, two fundamentally different methods, one utilizing the MSD of COM and the other the relaxation modulus, gave consistent results for the extracted Kuhn friction. Therefore, the discrepancy presumably arises from insufficient accuracy in the force field. Nonetheless, the work demonstrates that theory predictions without adjustable parameters should be possible.


Over the past few years we have witnessed a minor cultural phenomenon in China, with the production and enthusiastic reception nationwide of several television dramas about Chinese workers in the socialist decades. Set in the industrial plants of Liaoning in China's northeast, once the industrial powerhouse of the socialist nation, these drama series centre on the dramatic transformation in workers' experiences from 1949 to the start of economic reforms. In this paper I explore these series, asking: what does the smallscale production but enthusiastic reception of this genre tell us about the contemporary cultural politics of class? This paper addresses this question by (1) highlighting the key aspects of workers' experiences with socialism as depicted in these television narratives; (2) considering the creative agenda of Gao Mantang, the script writer of the most successful industrial-themed television series; and (3) identifying some crucial ways in which the subjectivity of workers and other social groups in contemporary Chinese society intersect to shape the cultural politics of class. This discussion shows that television dramas have indeed become the basis of a widely accessible public forum that helps forge a renewed appreciation of the moral integrity of China's working class, vent a widespread sense of injustice, and foster a certain degree of solidarity between workers and other social classes. At the same time, while television dramas about workers may hold significant potential for mobilising public support for the working class and advocating workers' interests, this discussion also suggests that so far this potential has not been fully exploited.


This study investigates how well weekly Google search volumes track and predict bank failures in the United States between 2007 and 2012, contributing to the expanding literature that exploits internet data for the prediction of events. Different duration models with time-varying covariates are estimated. Higher Google search volumes go hand in hand with higher failure rates, and the coefficients for the Google volume growth index are highly significant. However, Google's predictive power quickly dissipates for future failure rates.


The main goal of this study is to examine TOJET (The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology) in terms of concept, ethical values, goals, mission statement, publishing values, interest field, indexing, evaluation publishing activities, and visitor's profile. There are four parts of this presentation, starting by explaining the online journal and its benefits, continuing by the structure of TOJET, then talking about the effect s of the journal on the global education, and finally, the expected future of TOJET.


We investigate the luminous X-ray sources in the Lockman Hole (LH) and the extended Groth strip (EGS) detected at 24 μm using the Multiband Imaging Photometer (MIPS) and also with the Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) on board the Spitzer Space Telescope. We assemble optical/infrared spectral energy distributions (SEDs) for 45 X-ray/24 μm sources in the EGS and LH. Only about one-quarter of the hard X-ray/24 μm sources show pure type 1 active galactic nucleus (AGN) SEDs. More than half of the X-ray/24 μm sources have stellar emission-dominated or obscured SEDs, similar to those of local type 2 AGN and spiral/starburst galaxies. One-third of the sources detected in hard X-rays do not have a 24 μm counterpart. Two such sources in the LH have SEDs resembling those of S0/elliptical galaxies. The broad variety of SEDs in the optical-to-Spitzer bands of X-ray-selected AGNs means that AGNs selected according to the behavior in the optical/infrared will have to be supplemented by other kinds of data (e.g., X-ray) to produce unbiased samples of AGNs.


Measurement of lactate is becoming a common procedure in assessing the physiological effects of capture stress in sharks, although the necessity to measure the concentrations in the laboratory limits the ability for field assessments. Portable lactate analysers offer an alternative, but await validation against laboratory assays for sharks. The present study assessed the reliability of a portable Lactate Pro analyser for measuring whole-blood lactate in the school shark, Galeorhinus galeus, in the field. Laboratory determination of whole-blood and plasma lactate obtained by spectrophotometry was highly correlated with field determinations. Because shark lactate concentration can exceed the upper detection limit of the portable analysers, which were designed for mammalian use, a method for dealing with values greater than the maximum detection limit was evaluated. Whole-blood diluted by 50% with acidified saline solution, tap water and distilled water gave measured values of 55, 56 and 52%, respectively, of the original values, allowing accurate estimation of concentrations exceeding the upper detection limit of the analyser. These findings indicated that the Lactate Pro can be used to rapidly and reliably measure lactate for sharks in the field.


This paper describes the development of a model for the trialing of alcohol ignition interlocks with drink driving offenders in Queensland. A range of information sources were used to develop the model, including: an extensive review of the international literature relating to interlocks; an analysis of data relating to the operation of the Under the Limit rehabilitation program in Queensland; and extensive consultation with key government and non-government stakeholders. These investigations revealed support for a judicially imposed model similar to that used for Under the Limit . It is proposed that Magistrates in selected courts will offer drink driving offenders the option of driving an interlock-fitted vehicle for a period of time, most likely in return for receiving the minimum period of licence disqualification. In addition to the interlock requirement (the experimental condition), the offenders in the trial will also complete Under the Limit during their disqualification. A comparison group of offenders will complete Under the Limit , but not be offered the interlock option.


When many hypotheses are tested simultaneously, the control of the number of false rejections is often the principal consideration. In practice, this is insatisfacory since we also have to keep in mind the power of detecting true effects. At the moment, the preferred choice of practitioners is often restricted to family-wise error rates (FWER) and false discovery rates (FDR). We recently introduced the scaled multiple testing error rates, which includes most existing error rates and bridges the gap between the FWER and the FDR. For example, the Scaled False Discovery Rate (SFDR) limits the number of false positives (FP) relative to an arbitrary increasing function (s) of the number of rejections (R), by bounding E(FP/s(R)). We compare the performance for different choices of the scaling function s and discuss the optimality of the error rates in some practical scenarios by considering the number of false positives FP separately from the number of true positives TP.


Can shocks to one generation propagate to the next? To answer this question, we study how the Vietnam draft lottery affected the next generation's labor market. Using the universe of federal tax returns, we link fathers from draft cohorts to their sons' outcomes and find that sons of fathers randomly called by the draft 1) have lower earnings and labor force participation than their peers, and 2) are more likely to volunteer for military service. These findings highlight the strong role family plays in human capital development and occupational choice. More generally, our results provide sound evidence that malleable aspects of a parent's life course can influence children's labor market outcomes and that policies that only directly alter the circumstances of one generation can have important long-run effects on the next.


This study reports on a corpus analysis of samples of online and face-to-face intercultural communication among a group of British and Taiwanese adolescents, with the aim of exploring the particular lexical, grammatical and discourse features of the online and spoken discourse from three perspectives: a keyness approach, a discourse analytical perspective and a multi-word sequence perspective. Keyness approach brings together three levels of keyness analysis: keywords, semantic domains and parts-of-speech, and further highlights those linguistic features that deserve particular attention. Furthermore, a discourse analytical approach adds greater detail and depth of description of language patterning by examining the particular linguistic features in context. Such findings that pertain to discourse and pragmatic functions in context are not likely to be made when only keyness is examined. The third approach of this thesis focuses on recurrent multi-word sequences, paying particular attention to their discourse functions in online and spoken settings. It is evident that multi-word sequences often perform systematic discourse functions, even though they do not usually constitute complete grammatical or idiomatic structures. The approach also examines the developmental perspectives of multi-word sequences, showing that intercultural contact with native speakers of English fosters the longitudinal development of the use of sequences by the Taiwanese learners. The method here, which focuses on naturally occurring language output, diminishes the effects of the artificial contexts often created in language testing settings. In light of the potential significance of the research to EFL pedagogy, the thesis further reports on the extent to which EFL textbooks used in Taiwan represent the particular linguistic features identified in authentic intercultural communication. The research findings demonstrate the pedagogical merit of the analyses of the three perspectives and thus help in the design of courses for adolescent intercultural interaction in both online and face-to-face settings.


What is happening in the brain when we drink too much alcohol, get high on ecstasy or experience road rage? Emotion, says internationally acclaimed neuroscientist Susan Greenfield, is the building block of consciousness. As our minds develop we create a personalized inner world based on our experiences. But during periods of intense emotion, such as anger, fear or euphoria, we can literally lose our mind, returning to the mental state we experienced as infants. Challenging many preconceived notions, Susan Greenfield's groundbreaking book seeks to answer one of science's most enduring mysteries: how our unique sense of self is created.


We consider the problem of controlling the electrical state of a three-phase distribution network by enforcing the explicit power injection. More precisely, we assume that the power injection is constrained to reside in some uncertainty set, and the problem is to ensure that the electrical state remains in a set that satisfies feasibility constraints. To formalize this, we say that a set S of power injections is a "domain of V-control" if any continuous trajectory of the electrical state that starts in the set V must stay in V as long as the corresponding trajectory of the power injection stays in S. First, we show that the existence and uniqueness of load-flow solution is not enough to guarantee V-control, and give sufficient additional conditions for V-controllability to hold. Incidentally, the derivation of our conditions establishes that local uniqueness implies nonsingularity of the load-flow Jacobian (the converse is well known by the inverse function theorem). Then, we give a concrete algorithm to determine whether a given set of power injections is a domain of V-control for some feasible and nonsingular set V. The algorithm is evaluated on IEEE test feeders. Our method can be used to perform admissibility tests in the control of distribution networks by power injections.


The social construction of identity in a multi-cultural setting becomes more intricate within the context of marginalized sexual identities and family interactions, dynamics, and roles. The research focused on the construction and reconstruction of identities of self-identified gay men within their families utilizing phenomenology as the theoretical underpinning to describe and analyze lived experiences. Qualitative research was employed utilizing one-on-one semistructured interview questions. A total of 33 respondents were interviewed and data were recorded and transcribed. Data was analyzed utilizing a content analysis matrix for thematic and experiential construction and reconstruction of identity within family relationships and dynamics. Mixed results were found in terms of family expectations, family structure, family dynamics, family roles, family expectations, and family objections based on the identity of the gay respondents. Flexibility in adjustment to the sexual identity of the respondents was sometimes obstructed by family obligations, but also reflected acceptance and family affection. Cultural expectations of maintaining the "face" of the family were also taken into consideration by respondents when constructing their identities. The family is important in the construction of sexual identity in terms of acceptance and integration into familial roles. As roles are played out and expectations are met, a certain flexibility is evident in how families interact with gay male family members. Dynamics become more nuanced and require more intersubjective clarification and creation. While not reflective of Malaysian society in its entirety, the data indicates that change is occurring in terms of acceptance and integration of gay men within ethnic familial contexts.


Due to the non-linear but highly interpretable representations, decision tree (DT) models have significantly attracted a lot of attention of researchers. However, it is difficult to understand and interpret DT models in ultrahigh dimensions and DT models usually suffer from the curse of dimensionality and achieve degenerated performance when there are many noisy features. To address these issues, this paper first presents a novel data-dependent generalization error bound for the perceptron decision tree (PDT), which provides the theoretical justification to learn a sparse linear hyperplane in each decision node and to prune the tree. Following our analysis, we introduce the notion of budget-aware classifier (BAC) with a budget constraint on the weight coefficients, and propose a supervised budgeted tree (SBT) algorithm to achieve non-linear prediction performance. To avoid generating an unstable and complicated decision tree and improve the generalization of the SBT, we present a pruning strategy by learning classifiers to minimize cross-validation errors on each BAC. To deal with ultrahigh label dimensions, based on three important phenomena of real-world data sets from a variety of application domains, we develop a sparse coding tree framework for multi-label annotation problems and provide the theoretical analysis. Extensive empirical studies verify that 1) SBT is easy to understand and interpret in ultrahigh dimensions and is more resilient to noisy features. 2) Compared with state-of-the-art algorithms, our proposed sparse coding tree framework is more efficient, yet accurate in ultrahigh label and feature dimensions.


There are also, probably in every culture, in every civilization, real places - places that do exist and that are formed in the very founding of society - which are something like counter-sites, a kind of effectively enacted Utopia in which the real sites, all the other real sites that can be found within the culture, are simultaneously represented, contested, and inverted. Places of this kind are outside of all places, even though it may be possible to indicate their location in reality. Because these places are absolutely different from all the sites that they reflect and speak about, I shall call them, by way of contrast to Utopias, heterotopias.


PURPOSE
We evaluated the use of adjuvant therapy for breast cancer using the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Development Conference statements as guideposts for assessing how rapidly community physicians adopt recommended therapies.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
Women with stage I through IIIA breast cancer diagnosed in 1987 through 1991 and in 1995 were randomly sampled from the population-based National Cancer Institute Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End-Results program. A total of 8,106 women were included in the study with younger women, < or = 50 years, being oversampled. Their treating physicians were asked to verify whether chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, or both were given.

RESULTS
After adjusting for clinical and nonclinical factors, the use of 1985 recommendations for adjuvant therapy in women with node-positive disease was already high at 80% in 1987 and increased slightly to 84% by 1995. Use of combined multidrug chemotherapy plus tamoxifen increased. In contrast, the use of 1990 recommendations for adjuvant therapy for node-negative disease was slightly less than 13% in 1987 and increased markedly to 57% by 1995. For women with node-negative tumors > or = 1 cm in size diagnosed in 1995, 40% received tamoxifen, 16% combination chemotherapy, and 7% both, an increase from 10%, 5%, and 0.4%, respectively, in 1987.

CONCLUSION
Community physicians began prescribing adjuvant chemotherapy and hormonal therapy in advance of publication of the NIH consensus statement in 1990. Adoption of recommended treatments for node-negative disease has been less complete compared with node-positive tumors, perhaps reflecting the more complex nature of the clinical trials data or the smaller anticipated benefit from adjuvant therapy for this disease subset.


Abstract Many firms have elevated their supply chain management decision-making responsibilities through the creation of 'Chief Supply Chain Officer' (CSCO) positions. This is widely attributed to the recognition that superior supply chain operations can generate a competitive advantage. Prior studies have found that firms with CSCOs outperform firms without CSCOs along many financial dimensions. However, these prior efforts did not examine the pathways by which these improvements occur. This study addresses this gap in the literature by investigating whether supply chain characteristics of manufacturing firms differ within firms with CSCOs. To explore this, we investigate the relationship between CSCOs and operational dimensions of supply chain performance using data from the 10-year period between 2008 and 2017. We find that the presence of a CSCO in a firm is associated with shorter cash conversion cycles, lower levels of operational slack, and larger buffers of inventory during periods of high market instability.


European-wide standard methodologies for rock fall hazard assessment and mapping would constitute a very important step towards more transparent and reproducible procedures used for these purposes, and would provide as well a higher uniformity in land use planning and risk management. However, the current situation in Europe shows the opposite tendency, as the mapping methodologies are far from being possibly harmonised, due to two issues: the differences in the national guidelines and those concerning the the way the hazard is quantified. This paper is mainly focused on the second problem, and analyses some practical difficulties to account for when trying to compare and harmonise methodologies for rockfall hazard mapping. Three hazard mapping methods based on rock fall trajectory modelling are compared, developed according to the Swiss, Andorran and French guidelines. The methods are applied at a Swiss site, following one given set of guidelines, and are based on the results obtained by the same trajectory simulation code, in order to show the dependency of the results strictly on the mapping techniques.


Objective Hydrosoft coils were developed to serve as finishing coils to prevent aneurysmal recurrence at the neck. Initial animal studies were encouraging since some studies showed endothelial healing across the neck without recurrence over time. However, theoretical concerns exist regarding the potential threat to parent vessels as the Hydrosoft coils at the neck expand, as well as whether such coils can be adequately supple to safely serve as a true finishing coil. A retrospective review of the initial clinical experience utilizing Hydrosoft coils from three high-volume centers was performed. Methods Each center was asked to report angiographic (aneurysmal location, aneurysmal maximal size, neck size, incidence of intraprocedural parent vessel thrombosis, coil herniation, aneurysmal rupture as well as Raymond scale and percent occlusion after coiling) and clinical (rupture status, Hunt and Hess grade, incidence of stroke, hemorrhage, vasospasm and hydrocephalus) data on consecutive patients who underwent placement of Hydrosoft coils. Results A total of 141 patients were enrolled. Embolization achieved a Raymond Scale score of I (complete obliteration) in 79 aneurysms (56%), II (residual neck) in 40 aneurysms (28%) and III (residual dome) in 21 aneurysms (15%); in one case the Hydrosoft coil could not be placed. Procedural morbidity and mortality were 2.1% and 1.4%, respectively. No complications were definitively attributed to the use of Hydrosoft coils. There were three cases (2.1%) of parent vessel thrombosis, two of which resolved after intraprocedural administration of thrombolytic agents and did not lead to neurological sequelae. The incidences of intraprocedural or periprocedural aneurysmal rupture (2.1%), cerebral hemorrhage (3.5%), stroke (4.9%), vasospasm (26.2%) or hydrocephalus (31.1%) were comparable to contemporary literature. Conclusion The use of Hydrosoft coils appears to be safe and does not lead to higher complication rates than are currently accepted in the literature. Further prospective studies are required to determine whether the use of Hydrosoft coils results in a lower incidence of aneurysmal recurrence.


Purpose – This study seeks to synthesize theories from communication, psychology and criminologyto examine the factors that influence the two most popular topics in industry – internet abuse andaddiction at the workplace. Design/methodology/approach – The survey results of 351 responseswere analyzed to test the proposed hypotheses and research model using structural equationmodeling. Data were collected in Southern Science Park in Taiwan.Findings – It was found that personality factors such as locus of control and self-esteem significantlyinfluence employees' internet addictions; and internet addiction significantly impacts employees'internet abuse at the workplace. Practical implications – Employers should pay special attention toemployees' personalities because they play important roles in internet addiction and internet abuse.Also a good internet policy will be useful especially to a panoptic working environment, which isbecoming popular. Originality/value. his study provides a comprehensive theoretical foundation tobetter understand the two controversial issues in industry. The empirical study validates theimportant theories of locus of control, self-esteem, use and gratification, control, and containment inworkplace surveillance and deviant behavior research


The South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) is undoubtedly the most widely discussed truth and reconciliation process in the world, and by many accounts, the TRC is among the most effective any country has yet produced. What is the explanation for its success? This article has two objectives. First, it seeks to identify the characteristics of South Africa's truth and reconciliation process that contributed to its performance. Second, it then asks whether the truth and reconciliation process is itself endogenous. Thus, the ultimate objective is to assess whether truth and reconciliation processes can have an independent influence on reconciliation and especially on the likelihood of consolidating an attempted democratic transition. The conclusion of this article is that the truth and reconciliation process in South Africa did indeed exert independent influence on the democratization process through its contributions toward creating a more reconciled society.


At the recent UN summit on the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases, oral conditions were highlighted as one of the major global health priorities.1 In childhood, dental caries (tooth decay) is the main oral disease. Dental caries although preventable still affects many children, particularly those from more disadvantaged social backgrounds. In high- and middle-income countries, caries rates overall have declined in recent decades. In low-income countries, however, the prevalence of caries is rising rapidly due to the increasing availability and consumption of sugary foods and drinks.

Dental caries has a significant impact on a child's quality of life. The consequences of caries include pain and discomfort, chronic infection, sleepless nights and hospitalisation for tooth extractions. The consumption of sugary foods and drinks is the key cause of dental caries. High sugars consumption is also associated with weight gain and obesity. Current clinical caries preventive approaches are ineffective in tackling oral health inequalities, and are too costly for most populations. A paradigm shift in preventive approaches is urgently required to tackle the underlying causes of dental caries. The aim of this paper is to highlight the public health significance of dental caries and to stress the key aetiological role played by sugars consumption in both caries development and obesity. Proposals are then outlined for public health strategies to reduce sugars consumption to promote child health.

Despite being a preventable condition, dental caries is highly prevalent and has a significant negative impact on the individuals affected and wider society.2 Globally, epidemiological studies indicate that between 40% and 90% of 12-year-old children have dental caries, with the highest rates found in South …


From the Publisher:
When we speak, we mean more than we say. In this book Stephen C. Levinson explains some general processes that underlie presumptions in communication. This is the first extended discussion of preferred interpretation in language understanding, integrating much of the best research in linguistic pragmatics from the last two decades. Levinson outlines a theory of presumptive meanings, or preferred interpretations, governing the use of language, building on the idea of implicature developed by the philosopher H. P. Grice. Some of the indirect information carried by speech is presumed by default because it is carried by general principles, rather than inferred from specific assumptions about intention and context. Levinson examines this class of general pragmatic inferences in detail, showing how they apply to a wide range of linguistic constructions. This approach has radical consequences for how we think about language and communication.


Abstract At Cova Eirós, we discovered 13 panels with paintings and engravings that stylistically point to the final moments of the Upper Paleolithic. Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy were used to identify charcoal as black pigment. Although contamination from medieval fires inside the cave complicates the dating of these pictographs, analyses of unpainted rock backgrounds allowed calculation corrections for contaminated samples. We used plasma oxidation and accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) to directly radiocarbon (14C) date two charcoal paintings—confirming that the images are more than 9000 yr old. As these paintings superimpose engravings, these 14C dates also provide a minimum age for an engraving at Cova Eirós that is stylistically Final Magdalenian/Epipaleolithic. This is the first known evidence of Paleolithic cave art in Galicia of NW Iberia.


This paper describes the localization of newly identified visual pigment opsins in the tiered retina of the Japanese yellow swallowtail Papilio xuthus. We first cloned three cDNAs encoding visual pigment opsins, PxRh1, PxRh2 and PxRh3, and then carried out histological in situ hybridization to localize their mRNAs in the retina. By combining the present data with our previous electrophysiological results, we concluded that both PxRh1 and PxRh2 correspond to visual pigments expressed in photoreceptor cells sensitive in the green wavelength region (green receptors), whereas PxRh3 corresponds to a pigment in red receptors. The in situ hybridization studies showed that some photoreceptor cells express two opsin mRNAs. In the ventral half of the eye, all green receptors in the distal tier were labelled by both PxRh1 and PxRh2 probes. The labelling by the PxRh2 and PxRh3 probes was detected throughout the eye in the proximal tier; in 18 % of ommatidia, the probes labelled the same photoreceptor cell. These results suggest that the possible co-localization of two different visual pigments will broaden the sensitivity spectrum of the photoreceptor cells.


The Madre de Dios region of Peru is significant for its wealth of biodiversity and natural resources that sustain the local economy and provide ecosystem services. Current demand for extractive land uses (e.g., gold mining) favors land conversion over conservation, leading to questions about how to sustain this ecosystem. The purpose of this study was to understand the relationship between landholder preferences for land use and evaluate the potential to motivate landholders to support forest conservation. Using secondary data from a household survey of 400 landholders, we examined relationships between landholder characteristics and willingness to conserve for cash and services (e.g., healthcare, education). Additionally, respondents ranked preferences for these services. The population was generally not well-educated and lacked health insurance and bank accounts. Most landholders expressed a willingness to participate in forest conservation in exchange for payments (78%) and for services (76%). Of the three main types of livelihoods examined, farmers ranked education and health insurance higher than Brazil nut harvesters. Wood harvesters did not differ significantly in their preferences. Landholders demonstrated very little practical differences in their preferences for services indicating that the potential for successful forest conservation programs in the region exists, despite the increased demand for extractive land uses. Although financial payments are common tools used to promote conservation, the high preferences for health insurance and education indicate that social outcomes may be an effective inducement for conservation programs. However, additional research is required to understand factors that influence participation in such programs.


This study compares individual preferences across incentives (i.e., hypothetical vs. real incentives) and over time (i.e. elicitation at two different points in time) in a choice experiment involving charitable donating decisions. We provide evidence of hypothetical bias but little evidence of instability of individual giving. There is significant heterogeneity in individual preferences, with real incentives either dampening or pronouncing the observed donating behaviour. Neither hypothetical bias nor instability is observed when we examine the propensity of individuals to make internally consistent decisions over identical choices.


PURPOSE
Older adults are less likely than any other age group to use the federal Food Stamp Program. The personal and social costs of elderly diet insufficiency include disease exacerbation, depression, and increased hospitalization. In order to improve targeting and outreach efforts, this study identifies the characteristics of eligible older Americans who are not receiving food stamps and assesses the validity of the Andersen behavioral model for predicting impoverished older adults food stamp use.

DESIGN AND METHODS
We conducted a secondary analysis of the 2003 American Community Survey, which is a nationally representative survey with a response rate of 96.7%. We restricted our study subsample to the 14,724 impoverished American citizens who were aged 65 years and older. We used bivariate and logistic regression analyses to compare the 2,796 food stamp recipients with the 11,928 nonrecipients.

RESULTS
One in five impoverished older American citizens had received foods stamps in the preceding year. Female respondents, renters, younger respondents, disabled individuals, and those who received Supplemental Security Income or welfare were more likely to receive food stamps. The pseudo-R-square value indicated that the Andersen Behavioral Model explained 28% of the model's variability.

IMPLICATIONS
Improved targeting is needed to enhance older adults' participation rates. Mobile and satellite food stamp offices in lower income neighborhoods and other innovative outreach programs that collaborate with community partners could also improve access. With the vast majority of impoverished older adults not receiving food stamps, strategies such as these are extremely important to rectify this situation among the most vulnerable group of older Americans.


Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) can support massive accesses in 5G. Sparse code multiple access (SCMA) is a typical NOMA technology. Basic principle of SCMA is that multiuser bit data directly map into multi-dimensional complex sequences through codebooks. Grantfree SCMA allows users to select codebooks from codebook pool to send data instantly, reducing the cost of overhead and delay of granting process. When the receiver and the sender use same codebook information, the data can be transmitted correctly. But in current SCMA researches, the problem of asymmetric codebook information between sender and receiver caused by the intrusion of codebook pool is not considered. In this paper, abnormal codebook detection is proposed in the grant-free SCMA. Because most of intrusion is unknown, initial detection is realised by comparing characteristics of tested codebooks with those legal ones concluded during codebook design process. In this paper, tested objects in the test process can include but not limit to codebook structure, constellations, distribution of constellations, overall feature of codebook pool. Test is executed until discovering error states or accomplishing all tested contents. Inspired by the distinction between self and non self in the artificial immune system, tested abnormal codebooks are saved to act as detectors. To take full advantages of known non-self codebooks, saved detectors are further evolved, and future detection can do match with detectors which are evolved from those known abnormal codebooks to discover some kinds of unknown abnormal codebooks


The Europeans who first settled North America were endlessly intrigued by the indigenous people they found there; even before the colonials began to record the landscape, they drew and painted Indians. This study offers a new visual perspective on westward expansion through a survey of the major Indian images painted by Euro-American artists before and after the American Revolution. William H. Truettner's accessible readings of paintings by artists such as Benjamin West, Gilbert Stuart, Charles Bird King, and George Catlin relate these images to social and political events of the time and tell us much about how North American tribes would fare as they fought to survive during the second half of the nineteenth century.


Pollution of the marine environment from hydrocarbon spills is a potential environmental issue with many incidents being reported in recent times. The need for a better understanding of the ocean circulation for spill predictions is essential so that correct response actions can be implemented to minimise environmental damage. There are currently several ocean current models available in the Australian region. This study was aimed at investigating which forecast currents work best when tracking surface drifters deployed during operational oil spill response. The track of a drifter deployed during the Montara well release in the Timor Sea (October 2009) was modelled using six different current models including BLUElink, FOAM, GSLA, HYCOM, NCOM and NLOM. Wind forcing was also required to simulate the track of the drifter and was provided by two wind forecast models, GFS and NOGAPS. Therefore, an ensemble of 12 different model forcing combinations were possible. The NCOM current model with NOGAPS winds produced the best result with an absolute error of 7.19 km after 120 hours (5 days); however NCOM currents with GFS winds tended to more closely predict the track throughout the entire simulation, although the error at the end of the simulation was slightly higher at 11.51 km.


Detailed analysis of a number of passages in 32-37 establishes: (1) that Elihu does not present a solution to the problem of the suffering of the innocent: his view of suffering as punishment for actual sin and intended to communicate to man the necessity of repentance, is not an enunciation of a distinctive conception of divine pedagogy or discipline, but represents essentially the same position as that of the three friends; (2) that neither his name nor his more extensive genealogy is significative of a spectral mediatorial role; it is probable that they merely fulfil the interpolator's purpose in symbolising the exalted spiritual status of Elihu and thereby legitimising the belated appearance of a hitherto unacknowledged participant in the debate; (3) that there is no basis for the conception of Elihu as a mediator between God and man; on the contrary, it is evident that he intervenes on behalf of God and against Job; his speeches are principally a polemic against the Divine speeches, to be understood, not as providing a transition to the theophany, but as rendering the appearance of God altogether unnecessary.

In conclusion, it is suggested that a diachronic approach has continuing value in application not only to the book of Job, but to the Old Testament as a whole. A synchronic approach is in danger of assuming an intrinsic unity which in actuality does not exist. In its final form, Job is an amalgam that, far from possessing a theological or a literary, even a dramatic, unity, contains a multiplicity of voices and traditions, of which Elihu is one. To see the book otherwise is to neutralise the dynamic quality or message which has made it so enduring.


Abstract A fast-ion formation and confinement experiment is performed using the ion cyclotron range of frequencies (ICRF) minority heating scheme in Heliotron J. In particular, the role of one of the Fourier components, the bumpiness, is an important issue for the design principle of the magnetic field of Heliotron J, where the particle confinement is controlled by the bumpiness. We study the dependence of the fast-ion confinement on the bumpiness using fast ions produced by the ICRF heating. High-energy ions are produced up to 10 keV by injecting an ICRF pulse into electron cyclotron heating target plasmas. Moreover, ions up to 36 keV are observed in the combination heating of ICRF and neutral beam injection (NBI), where the NBI energy is 28 keV. To clarify the role of the bumpy component for the high-energy ions, three configurations with various bumpy components are selected. The tail temperature is highest in the high bumpy case. It is considered that bumpy control is effective for the fast-ion confinement in Heliotron J. An increase of the bulk-ion temperature from 0.2 to 0.4 keV is observed during the ICRF pulse. The heating efficiency also depends on the bumpy component.


This essay reviews Michael Carrier's analysis of antitrust and standard setting in his new book: Innovation for the 21st Century: Harnessing the Power of Intellectual Property and Antitrust Law. While Innovation for the 21st Century offers a balanced and informative summary on patent holdup, we find that Carrier's treatment of antitrust and standard setting avoids too many of the critical policy questions. One critical and emerging issue in this area, and one Professor Carrier largely ignores, is the use of Section 5 of the FTC Act to govern the standard setting process, as in In re N-Data. We explore and highlight some of the critical legal and economic issues associated the use of Section 5 in the patent holdup context, the standard courts should apply to this conduct under Section 2 of the Sherman Act, and the fundamental issue of whether innovation and economic growth would be better served by relying on contract and patent law rather than antitrust. We conclude that it is highly unlikely that optimal regulation of standard setting activity includes the creation of perpetual contractual commitments backed by the threat of antitrust and state consumer protection remedies, without rigorous economic proof of substantial consumer injury that cannot be reasonably avoided. In our view, the current state of affairs described herein presents a critical threat to standard setting activity and innovation.


Objective To examine the predictors and temporal patterns of head injury (HI) presentation in the emergency department among cohorts of homeless and low-income housed men. Methods Retrospective review and logistic regression of HIs found in emergency department records for three groups of men, those: (1) who were chronically homeless with drinking problems (CHDP) (n=50), (2) in the general homeless population (GH) (n=60) and (3) in low-income housing (LIH) (n=59). Results The proportion of individuals with non-minimal HIs documented in the previous year were 28%, 3% and 5% with annual rates of 0.47, 0.017 and 0.037 among the CHDP, GH and LIH groups (p<0.0001). In the multivariate model, independent associations with having an HI included: an HI in the previous year (OR 11.8, 95% CI 3.83 to 36.4), drug dependence (OR 3.67, 95% CI 1.11 to 12.13) and seizures (OR 3.50, 95% CI 1.13 to 10.90), while mood-disorders were protective. Homelessness had a crude risk increase of HI (OR 3.15, 95% CI 1.21 to 8.23) but was not significant in the multivariate model. Among those with HIs, chronic homelessness with drinking problems was associated with a higher rate of HI. With each successive HI, the time interval to another HI was 12 days shorter (p=0.0004). The chronic subdural haematoma incidence in the under-65-year-old CHDP group was 11 per 1000 (95% CI 2.8 to 45). Conclusions Having an HI is better predicted by previous head injuries, drug dependence or a seizure disorder than a history of homelessness or alcohol dependence. HIs may become more frequent with time.


[Under international law, internal mechanisms have provided the appropriate responses to terrorist acts. The weakness of domestic criminal law is, however, evident in the face of transnational terrorist groups whose operations spreads across many borders. The challenge is compounded when states actively or passively support terrorism. Though traditionally state responsibility has been the vehicle through which pressure is exerted on states sponsoring terrorism, the lethal capabilities of terrorists demonstrated by the 11 September 2001 attacks has fundamentally changed the landscape. The consequences of breaches arising out of a failure by a state to effectively curtail terrorist organisations based or operating out of its territory have expanded sharply, permitting not just financial reparations or other traditional benign countermeasures, but even the extensive use of deadly military force. With the linkage between the terrorist and the sponsoring state becoming crucial to providing states with the justification for a response against rogue states, this article discusses the issue of state-sponsored terrorism and the use of military force in combating terrorism in the context of the UN Charter regime on the use of force.] CONTENTS I Introduction II Defining Terrorism III Anatomy of State-Sponsored Terrorism A Defining State-Sponsored Terrorism B ICJ Jurisprudence and the Declaration concerning Friendly Relations IV Countermeasures against Terrorism V Terrorist Acts and the UN Charter Regime on Force A Article 2(4) and the Prohibition of the Use of Force B The Move towards the Legitimate Use of Force against Terrorism C Self-Defence in the Context of Terrorism VI Expanding the Definition of an Armed Attack VII State-Sponsored Terrorism and Armed Attacks VIII Conclusion I INTRODUCTION The tragic events of 11 September 2001, prompted the international community to examine international terrorism anew. The magnitude of the acts went beyond terrorism as it was known, and statements from various capitals around the world pointed to a need to develop new strategies to confront a new reality. The response of the United States (with the active support of the international community) was to launch a broad assault on al-Qaeda and its host government, the Taliban regime of Afghanistan. The attacks of September 11, the US response and the international community's approval of the military action represent a new paradigm in international law relating to the use of force. Previously, acts of terrorism were seen as criminal acts, carried out by private, non-governmental entities. In contrast, the September 11 attacks were regarded as an act of war. This effectively marked a turning point in the long-standing premise of international law that force, aggression and 'armed attacks' are instruments of relations between states. Terrorism was no longer merely a serious threat to peace and stability to be combated through domestic and international penal mechanisms--use of force was now an avenue for managing the consequences of terrorist strikes. This paradigm-shifting event generated a new dimension in international legal and political debate. Though international discourse on terrorism is abundant and terrorism continues to be the subject of sustained debate, the attacks of September 11 elevated the discourse to another level. The attacks instigated the momentum for the international legal system to co-opt military responses to counter terrorism within the regime of lawful force contained in the Charter of the United Nations. Many of the strict requirements of Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v US) (Merits) (1) which considered the issue of state responsibility in light of international norms on the use of force, are now being challenged, infusing art 51 of the UN Charter with a new focus. …


Purpose Perfusion and diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provide important biomarkers for brain tumor analysis. Our aim was to investigate if regions of increased perfusion or tumor with restricted diffusion on the immediate post-operative MRI examination would be predictive of time to tumor progression in patients with high-grade gliomas. Materials and methods Twenty-three patients with high-grade gliomas were retrospectively analyzed. We measured the perfusion at the resection area and evaluated the presence or absence of the restricted diffusion in residual tumor masses. The associations of the perfusion, diffusion and contrast enhancement (delayed static enhancement (DSE)) characteristics with time to tumor progression were statistically calculated. We also evaluated if the location of the tumor progression was concordant to the areas of the elevated perfusion, tumor type restricted diffusion and enhancement. Results Patients with >200 days to progression are more likely to have no elevated relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) ratio (p = 0.0004), no tumor restriction (p = 0.024), and no DSE (p = 0.052). The elevated mean rCBV ratio (p<0.001) and tumor type restricted diffusion (p = 0.002) were significantly associated with a higher risk of progression. All cases with rCBV ratio of >1.5 progressed in 275 days or earlier. Tumors tended to progress at the area where patients with post-operative MRIs showed elevated perfusion (p = 0.006), tumor-type restricted diffusion (p = 0.005) and DSE (p = 0.008). Conclusions Post-operative analysis of rCBV, tumor type restricted diffusion and enhancement characteristics are predictive of time to progression, risk of progression and where tumor progression is likely to occur.


We discuss stiffening of matter in quark-hadron continuity. We introduce a model that relates quark wave functions in a baryon and the occupation probability of states for baryons and quarks in dense matter. In a dilute regime, the confined quarks contribute to the energy density through the masses of baryons, but do not directly contribute to the pressure; hence, the equations of state are very soft. This dilute regime continues until the low momentum states for quarks get saturated; this may happen even before baryons fully overlap, possibly at density slightly above the nuclear saturation density. After the saturation the pressure grows rapidly while changes in energy density are modest, producing a peak in the speed of sound. If we use baryonic descriptions for quark distributions near the Fermi surface, we reach a description similar to the quarkyonic matter model of McLerran and Reddy. With a simple adjustment of quark interactions to get the nucleon mass, our model becomes consistent with the constraints from 1.4-solar mass neutron stars, but the high density part is too soft to account for two-solar mass neutron stars. We delineate the relation between the saturation effects and short range interactions of quarks, suggesting interactions that leave low density equations of state unchanged but stiffen the high density part.


Entity resolution is the problem of determining which records in a database refer to the same entities, and is a crucial and expensive step in the data mining process. Interest in it has grown rapidly, and many approaches have been proposed. However, they tend to address only isolated aspects of the problem, and are often ad hoc. This paper proposes a well-founded, integrated solution to the entity resolution problem based on Markov logic. Markov logic combines first-order logic and probabilistic graphical models by attaching weights to first-order formulas, and viewing them as templates for features of Markov networks. We show how a number of previous approaches can be formulated and seamlessly combined in Markov logic, and how the resulting learning and inference problems can be solved efficiently. Experiments on two citation databases show the utility of this approach, and evaluate the contribution of the different components.


In The Reality of the Mass Media, Luhmann extends his theory of social systems-applied in his earlier works to the economy, the political system, art, religion, the sciences, and law-to an examination of the role of mass media in the construction of social reality. Luhmann argues that the system of mass media is a set of recursive, self-referential programs of communication, whose functions are not determined by the external values of truthfulness, objectivity, or knowledge, nor by specific social interests or political directives. Rather, he contends that the system of mass media is regulated by the internal code information/noninformation, which enables the system to select its information (news) from its own environment and to communicate this information in accordance with its own reflexive criteria. Despite its self-referential quality, Luhmann describes the mass media as one of the key cognitive systems of modern society, by means of which society constructs the illusion of its own reality. The reality of mass media, he argues, allows societies to process information without destabilizing social roles or overburdening social actors. It forms a broad reservoir (memory) of options for the future coordination of action, and it provides parameters for the stabilization of political reproduction of society, as it produces a continuous self-description of the world around which modern society can orient itself. In his discussion of mass media, Luhmann elaborates a theory of communication in which communication is seen not as the act of a particular consciousness, nor the medium of integrative social norms, but merely the technical codes through which systemic operations arrange and perpetuate themselves.


A new (to our knowledge) method for generating the modified spectrum autointerferometric correlation (MOSAIC) trace from the second-harmonic generation frequency-resolved optical gating (SHG FROG) dataset is shown. Examples are presented illustrating enhanced visual sensitivity, applicability, and complementary qualitative pulse characterization using SHG FROG.


Services are playing an increasingly important role in modern economies. But services and innovations in services are not only a phenomenon in the service sectors, they also occur in the manufacturing industry. Services in the manufacturing industry are product-related services which are offered to customers together with the main products as an integrated solution. Based on firm level data from the European Manufacturing Survey 2006 for Germany, this paper explores the empirical relevance of product-related services and service innovations for manufacturing enterprises. The paper empirically analyses which types of traditional and advanced services manufacturing firms offer to their customers. Furthermore, it is shown that product-related services and service innovations significantly contribute to the sales of manufacturing firms. Using a multivariate regression model, it can be shown that services are particularly important for manufacturers of complex products and single unit or small batch size manufacturers.


European Union (EU) integration has boosted inward EU foreign direct investment (FDI) into the United Kingdom (UK). Within the EU, the UK has a relatively significant stock of inward FDI, having reached 61% of its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2017 and risen strongly since 2005. The exit of the UK from the EU and the Single Market will probably result in reduced FDI amongst both investment destinations. The aim of this study is to look at the "real-time" effects of the Brexit June 2016 referendum outcome and its aftermath on UK-related FDI activity. Although FDI flows are notably volatile and biased by periodic non-systematic outliers, and despite some caveats on data sources and availability of time series data, we find tentative evidence of a post-referendum slowdown in gross FDI flows between the UK and the EU, notably involving the big EU economies and Ireland. Regarding a very favoured form of FDI, greenfield FDI, we document a post-referendum fall in announced projects and capital expenditures into the UK by both other EU countries as well as one of the most important non-EU partners, the United States. A different approach is also used to analyse the Brexit effect on FDI activity, based on estimating the effect of two successive stages in the European integration process – EU membership and the Euro area launch – and considering Brexit effects as the reversal of the UK integration into the EU. By using a fixed-effect gravity model to estimate the effects of these integration processes on bilateral FDI activity with the UK, the empirical results suggest that, on the one hand, this country played a role as a gateway for a set of international investor countries outside the Euro area to enter European markets and, on the other, it acted as a hub that reallocated these inflows and those coming from Euro countries across the Euro area itself. Thus the disconnection of the UK from the EU may have further implications for FAI than just reverting the effect of EU membership. Larger trade barriers and lower integration between the UK and the Euro area countries' markets will likely have a negative impact on FDI activity in the UK and might have, in the short run, a negative effect in the Euro area.