The low unemployment rates traditionally enjoyed by Sweden have often been attributed to the country's extensive system of active labour market programmes, which have thus often been regarded as a model for other countries to emulate. The paper investigates the presence of short- and long-term treatment effects on a number of outcomes, including employment and unemployment benefit collection. Special attention is devoted to subsequent outcomes experienced by former participants, in particular to their job attachment and their performance should they fall back into unemployment. Finally, the distinctive feature of the Swedish labour market policy, whereby participation in programmes renews eligibility to generous unemployment compensation, is investigated in relation to the incentives it is likely to create to keep cycling between compensated unemployment spells and programme participation. The approach used is propensity score matching, with some additional analyses trying to account for a partially unobserved outcome variable due to misclassification problems in the data. Joining a programme as opposed to waiting longer in open unemployment appears on average to have a positive dynamic effect on participants' employment rates. The overall findings indicate however that the human capital-enhancing component of the programmes may not always be strong enough to outcompete the work disincentives provided by the system. Furthermore, even when cycling has been ruled out by focusing on individuals observed to exit their unemployment spell, programmes are found to have no effect on any of the outcomes considered.


The thought-translation device (TTD) consists of a training device and spelling program for the completely paralyzed using slow-cortical brain potentials (SCP). During the training phase, the self-regulation of SCPs is learned through visual-auditory feedback and positive reinforcement of SCPs; during the spelling phase, patients select letters or words with their SCPs. A psychophysiological system for detection of cognitive functioning in completely paralyzed patients is an integral part of the TTD. The neurophysiological and anatomical basis of SCP-regulation was investigated by recording of BOLD-response in functional magnetic resonance imaging. Results showed involvement of basal ganglia and premotor cortex for required SCP positivity. The clinical outcome of 11 paralyzed patients using the TTD and quality of life of severely paralyzed patients is described. First attempts to improve learning of brain regulation with transcranial magnetic stimulation were successful.


Teenage pregnancy is a contemporary issue within Human Geography that is highly publicised in the media. However, research and information about the role of the father within teenage pregnancy is limited and inconsistent. Teenage pregnancy holds geographical importance regarding the context of changing populations as birth rates are very manipulative over a society's demography. This can be seen in how a population is structured, the needs of a local labour force, and the supply and demand for purpose built accommodation, just to name a few. The aim of this study was to investigate whether father involvement is influential over social and environmental factors within teenage pregnancy, and this was done by using 17 controlled variables derived from the Millennium Cohort Study First Survey 2001-2003. This variable-controlled study targeted older mothers as well as the subject teenage mothers to emphasise any significant differences between the two age groups. This aimed to confirm whether or not the results were specifically a teenage-related consequence to test the hypothesis that father involvement is an influential factor within the experience of teenage pregnancy. The categorisation of father involvement was defined using 13 variables tallied up to show how many were present in each of the 18496 cases, and then categorised as 'father involvement' and 'no father involvement' on a scale basis of these variables present. The analysis assessed influence of father involvement using cross tabulations, expected values and chi square analysis. Findings showed that the majority of teenage mothers (76.5%) within the study experienced no father involvement in comparison to older mothers, whereby the majority (53.2%) did experience father involvement with their child. However, the presence of father involvement overall was influential towards all social and environmental factors within pregnancy, except for the receiving of benefits. Nonetheless, there was no distinct difference within the variables that showed that the results were teenage specific, suggesting that such influences are not age related. From this, interpretations were made that additional aspects other than father involvement were influential towards these social and environmental factors of teenage pregnancy. Suggestions of incentives offered by the government to stay in education for longer and the priorities of low cost housing made for young mothers could be gestured as such additions. The results and interpretations of this study have contributed to the lack of knowledge available about the role of the father within teenage pregnancy. However, due to the nature of its findings, it can be suggested that teenage mothers are more independent from the father of the child, but more dependant on the services, policies, and benefits offered by local authorities and the government


Fic domains from bacteria and humans can AMPylate Rho family guanosine triphosphatases. The bacterial pathogen Histophilus somni secretes IbpA (immunoglobulin-binding protein A), a surface antigen with a domain that resembles YopT (a cytotoxic protein produced by pathogenic Yersinia species). Interested in determining whether the IbpA YopT-like domain functions like YopT (a cysteine protease that targets Rho family GTPases, thereby disrupting the actin cytoskeleton), Worby et al. expressed a fluorescently labeled fusion protein containing the region of IbpA that includes the YopT-like domain (IbpA-COOH) in HeLa cells. Although IbpA-COOH disrupted stress fibers and elicited rounding, the phenotype was less severe than that produced by YopT. Moreover, mutational analysis revealed that the effects of IbpA-COOH depended not on the YopT-like domain but on two Fic (filamentation induced by cAMP) domains—a domain recently implicated in Vibrio parahaemolyticus pathogenesis, through addition of adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP) to a threonine residue of Rho GTPases. IbpA Fic 1 and Fic2 inhibited binding of activated RhoA and Rac to downstream effectors, whereas a noncytotoxic form of Fic2, in which a conserved histidine was substituted with an alanine, failed to do so. Mass spectrometric analysis revealed that, when GST-labeled Fic2 was incubated with ATP, Mg2+, and GST-labeled RhoA, Rac, or Cdc42, an AMP residue was added to a conserved tyrosine found in all three GTPases. Consistent with these observations, 32P was transferred by Fic2 from α32P-ATP to RhoA, Rac, and Cdc42 but not to forms in which the conserved tyrosine was substituted with phenylalanine (or to dominant-negative forms). BLAST analysis identified Fic domains in bacteria, prophages, and eukaryotes, including huntingtin yeast interacting protein E (HYPE) in humans. HYPE, the only human protein with a Fic domain, retained the ability to AMPylate Rho GTPases, although it did not elicit HeLa cell rounding and was less effective at inhibiting RhoA-effector interaction. Thus, the authors conclude that AMPylation is a Fic domain–mediated posttranslational modification that has been evolutionarily conserved. C. A. Worby, S. Mattoo, R. P. Kruger, L. B. Corbeil, A. Koller, J. C. Mendez, B. Zekarias, C. Lazar, J. E. Dixon, The Fic domain: Regulation of cell signaling by adenylylation. Mol. Cell 34, 93–103 (2009). [Online Journal]


Candidate choice survey experiments in the form of conjoint or vignette experiments have become a standard part of the political science toolkit for understanding the effects of candidate characteristics on vote choice. We collect 67 such studies from all over the world and reanalyze them using a standardized approach. We find that the average effect of being a woman (relative to a man) is a gain of approximately 2 percentage points. We find some evidence of heterogeneity across contexts, candidates, and respondents. The difference is somewhat larger for white (vs. black) candidates and among survey respondents who are women (vs. men) or, in the US context, identify as Democrats or Independents (vs. Republicans). Our results add to the growing body of experimental and observational evidence that voter preferences are not a major factor explaining the persistently low rates of women in elected office.


This article documents the evolution of "cap and trade" as a policy response to global climate change. Through an analysis of 33 distinct policy venues, the article describes how the cap and trade policy domain has developed along spatial, temporal, and institutional dimensions. This discussion demonstrates that following initial discussions of cap and trade in the Kyoto Protocol negotiations, the idea quickly spread to other policy venues, creating a complex system of multilevel governance, where many questions about how to govern emissions trading remain contested. The analysis contextualizes recent questioning of emissions trading as an appropriate mechanism for controlling GHG emissions, as well as the ongoing debates about who should govern cap and trade and how it should be carried out. The findings highlight the value added of a domain-level perspective and suggest the need for future research on the sociopolitical nature of cap and trade policy debates.


A study was conducted in a Chardonnay vineyard located in the Carneros district of Napa Valley to derive vineyard evapotranspiration (ETc) and seasonal crop coefficients (Kc) values. The vineyard was planted on 2.13 m rows, using a vertical shoot-positioned trellis. Vineyard ETc was measured using the soil water balance method. Soil water content (SWC) was measured in one-fourth of an individual vine's soil profile (six access tubes per site) to a depth of 2.75 m. In addition, vines were irrigated with applied water amounts at 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, and 1.25 of estimated vineyard ETc. Vineyard ETc the first year of the study was ~400 mm. Thereafter calculated vineyard ETc (the product of reference ET [ETo] and the Kc) ranged from 346 to 503 mm per season. Midday leaf water potential (Ψl), leaf net CO2 assimilation rate (A), and stomatal conductance (gs) were used to indirectly validate estimated ETc (to determine that vines were not stressed for water) and the derived Kc values. Midday Ψl, A, and gs were linearly related with applied water amounts and SWC across irrigation treatments and years. The diurnal measurements of A and gs resulted in differences among irrigation treatments, from early morning until late afternoon, with significant differences among treatments dependent upon actual applied water amounts. The results from this study are the first in which vineyard ETc has been measured on vines grown at a cool vineyard site in California. Estimates of ETc from this study would be valid for a vineyard with a row spacing of 2.13 m and a canopy vertically positioned using a maximum Kc of 0.74.


This thesis investigates the processes and influential factors affecting the internationalisation of SMEs in manufacturing industries in Malaysia. Internationalisation of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) has been widely researched but little is known of how and why internationalisation takes place in developing countries and this lack of evidence in the literature provides strong grounds for this study. Jones and Coviello (2005) suggest investigation of internationalisation should include the broad range of internationalisation theories, such as the Incremental and Rapid internationalisation models, Networking, Resource-based and International Entrepreneurship perspectives. These perspectives examine the awareness, process, driving forces and influential factors relevant to SME internationalisation. Therefore, the patterns and dimensions of internationalisation, including the modes of foreign entry, market selection, triggering factors, awareness of international opportunities were investigated, as were the problems and challenges faced by internationalising firms and the key drivers influencing the internationalisation process.

A critical realism paradigm and qualitative method were employed. In-depth interviews were conducted with 16 Malaysian experts and 54 Malaysian-based CEOs, owners, and/ or key executives from SME manufacturing industries using a semi-structured interview guide. The data was analysed with the statistical package NVivo 7 and also manually to improve triangulation of the results. The results are largely inductive and interpretive and are presented in qualitative-themes as well as some basic statistical analyses.

The findings indicate that interrelated factors influence the internationalisation process of Malaysian SMEs. Various paces, a myriad of entry modes and broad market scopes determine the pattern of internationalisation undertaken. A traditional internationalisation pattern is strongly evident, although some companies exhibited rapid and born global patterns, depending on their industry, products, organisational competencies, knowledge and access to information or because of a change of management. The main drivers of internationalisation centred on key personnel and firm competencies. The study also found that while domestic and global forces motivate internationalisation, aspects of Government policy, procedures and international requirements inhibit the process. More importantly, the findings suggest that networking relationships create internationalisation awareness and provide appropriate pathways to internationalisation for manufacturing SMEs in Malaysia and this is an area where strategies could be improved. The increasing emphasis on the SME sector for enhancing economic and social development in Malaysia means they can make substantial contributions to development and understanding how to improve internationalisation strategies will increase those gains. More transparent government policies and coherence among supporting agencies as well as structured and relevant networks would assist the internationalisation of Malaysian SMEs. Currently, internationalisation processes are constrained by limited resources and difficulty in accessing assistance and supports. This study provides new knowledge and important insights that will benefit manufacturing and other industries in Malaysia and other developing countries.


How do firms decide to provide HIV/AIDS prevention services? In this CGD Working Paper, Visiting Fellow Vijaya Ramachandran analyzes data from 860 firms and 4,955 workers in Uganda, Tanzania, and Kenya. She finds that larger firms, and those with more highly skilled workers invest more in AIDS prevention. Firms in which more than 50 percent of workers are unionized are also more likely to do more prevention activity. Finally, these characteristics are significant in determining whether or not a firm carries out pre-employment checks of its workers. The results shed light on the likelihood of private intervention and the gaps that will require public sector assistance.


New data was obtained for a previously studied T-junction experimental setup [1] for a range of flow ratios between hot and cold flows in order to validate new Large Eddy Simulations (LES). The instantaneous velocity field downstream of the T-junction was measured with two-component Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) in several horizontal and vertical planes at the centre line downstream of the T-junction. The generated PIV database enables a thorough validation of CFD turbulence statistics. The turbulence statistics are shown to be well predicted despite the fact that the mesh in the LES is rather coarse. By usage of time resolved PIV the temporal evolution of the predominant low frequent large-scale structures, responsible for much of the mixing and the high amplitude temperature fluctuations on the walls, were captured. Those structures are, however, weaker in LES than in PIV, being in line with the fact that the wake region behind the penetrating vertical hot jet is underpredicted in LES. Tests regarding the influence of the LES-results to the shape of the inlet boundary conditions (developed or flat symmetric mean-velocity profiles) were carried out and the sensitivity in the results was shown to be small. Furthermore, the results show good agreement with the experimental data independent of the flow ratio between the hot and the cold flows.Copyright © 2009 by ASME


Objective: To determine the degree to which hypertension is a risk factor for macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes. Design: Observational prospective study. Subjects: Newly diagnosed Type 2 diabetic patients recruited into the UK Prospective Diabetes Study (n=3648; mean age 52 years), 40% of whom were hypertensive (blood pressure ≥160mmHg systolic and/or ≥90mmHg diastolic or already being treated for hypertension). Measurements: The incidence of fatal and non-fatal major diabetes- and hypertension-related clinical events was determined over a median of 4.6 years' follow-up. The 3-year change in prevalence of subclinical indices of macrovascular and microvascular disease was assessed, including ECG abnormalities (Minnesota coding), left ventricular hypertrophy (ECG and chest x-ray), microalbuminuria (albumin/creatinine ratio) and moderately severe retinopathy (grading of retinal photographs). Results: The hypertensive patients had (1) a greater incidence than normotensive patients of death from diabetes-related, mainly cardiovascular events (age-adjusted odds ratio 1.82) and (2) a greater incidence of diabetes-related death and major morbidity combined, including myocardial infarctions, angina, strokes and amputation (age-adjusted odds ratio 1.56). These associations were still present after allowance for other risk factors present at the time diabetes was diagnosed. The change in the prevalence of microvascular disease over 3 years was similar in both hypertensive and normotensive subjects. Conclusions: Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in type 2 diabetes. Comparison with other studies suggests that patients with both hypertension and diabetes have approximately four times the cardiovascular risk of non-diabetic non-hypertensive subjects. Antihypertensive therapy may provide greater benefit in this high-risk group than in the general population.


THE CHORALIST'S DOUBLE DOZEN. Albert Stoessel [C. C. Birchard & Co.]. A P R EF ACE by Caroline Beeson Fry is so admirable that it should receive first mention. Seldom does one find so much information and advice about choral vocal technique, all in perfectly intelligible and practicable form, packed in so small a space. I t alone is worth the price of the book -and this is said without knowledge of what that price may be. The exercises that constitute the body of the book are well chosen for definite and desirable ends, and with Mrs. Fry's Preface to guide the manner of their practice, which after. all determines whether the singers will derive benefit from them or not, they must prove highly effective. In an Introduction Mr. Stoessel defines and gives excellent specific directions for their use. They are well planned to give practice simultaneously to both high and low voices. A further commendable feature is the large use of excerpts from the Messiah and Bach's Mass in B-Minor and lesser compositions-a feature which justifies the author's description of the exercises as "case-studies." Collectively the exercises seek tone or "voice," intonation, "agility and flexibility of voice, and expressive dynamics of the sustained tone." The little book is an excellent addition to the choral library, and should be widely used.-wILL EARHART.


PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES
To create and evaluate an educational video designed to increase breast cancer-related knowledge and screening behaviors among women who are deaf and use American Sign Language (ASL) as their preferred communication method.

DESIGN
A test-retest survey was used to determine retained knowledge following an intervention with an ASL breast cancer education video.

SETTING
Deaf-friendly community settings in southern California.

SAMPLE
122 women who were deaf with a preference for communicating via ASL.

METHODS
Participants completed a knowledge survey to determine their breast cancer screening practices and baseline breast cancer awareness. Participants then viewed a 30-minute video in ASL. Immediately after viewing the video, participants completed an identical knowledge survey. The survey was administered again two months after the initial intervention to determine long-term breast cancer knowledge retention.

MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES
Age, breast cancer knowledge and screening practices, education, and health insurance.

FINDINGS
At baseline, breast cancer knowledge varied widely and respondents' answered an average of 3 out of 10 questions correctly. Postintervention, respondents answered an average of 8 out of 10 questions correctly, a significant increase from the baseline scores. At the two-month follow-up, respondents answered an average of 6 out of 10 questions correctly, still a significant increase from the baseline scores.

CONCLUSIONS
Breast cancer knowledge of women who are deaf increased significantly by viewing an educational video in ASL and most of the new knowledge remained at the two-month follow-up.

IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING
Nurses can help improve the Deaf community's (DC's) access to breast cancer-related information by disseminating awareness of this online program.

KNOWLEDGE TRANSLATION
With this online resource, nurses can more easily initiate discussions to help improve knowledge and screening behaviors in a linguistically and culturally appropriate manner. Improving the DC's access to breast cancer information is of paramount importance to reducing breast cancer morbidity and mortality in the DC.


The movement of hours worked over the business cycle is an important input into the estimation of many key parameters in macroeconomics. Unfortunately, the available data on hours do not correspond precisely to the concept required for accurate inference. We study one source of mismeasurement--that the most commonly used source data measure hours paid instead of hours worked--focusing our attention on salaried workers, a group for whom the gap between hours paid and hours worked is likely particularly large. We show that the measurement gap varies significantly and positively with changes in labor demand. As a result, we estimate that the standard deviations of the workweek and of total hours worked are 25 and 6 percent larger, respectively, than standard measures of hours suggest. We also find that this measurement gap is an unlikely source of the acceleration in published measures of productivity since 2000.


Multilayered hydrogel coatings can be developed on the surface of glass slides via layer-by-layer deposition of hydrogen-bonded interpolymer complexes formed by poly(acrylic acid) and methylcellulose. Chemical modification of the glass surface with (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane with subsequent layer-by-layer deposition and cross-linking of interpolymer complexes by thermal treatment allows fabrication of ultrathin hydrogel coatings, not detachable from the substrate. The thickness of these coatings is directly related to the number of deposition cycles and cross-linking conditions. An unusual dependence of the hydrogel swelling properties on the sample thickness is observed and can be interpreted by gradual transitions between two- and three-dimensional networks. The hydrogels exhibit pH-responsive swelling behaviour, achieving higher swelling degrees at pH > 6.0. These coatings can be used as model substrates to study the adhesive properties of pharmaceutical tablets and can potentially mimic the total work of adhesion observed for the detachment of mucoadhesives from porcine buccal mucosa but fail to exhibit identical detachment profiles.


A radioimmunoassay has been developed for the measurement of 3,5-diiodo-L-tyrosine (DIT) in serum. DIT was coupled to porcine thyroglobulin (PTg) with a molar ratio of 205:1. Rabbits were immunized with 1 mg of immunogen emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant. Sera were screened for their ability to bind trace amounts of [125I]DIT. A serum that bound 40% of the tracer at a final dilution of 1:1,750 was used in the assay. Assay specificity was improved by the use of thyroxine (T4)-binding globulin as a second ligand-binding protein to decrease T4 and triiodothyronine (T3) cross-reactivity with the antibody. Double antibody and polyethylene glycol radioimmunoassays were compared. DIT present in the second antiserum shifted the double antibody assay standard curve and altered estimates of assay specificity and assay sensitivity. By using the polyethylene glycol system and butanol:ethanol extracts of serum, DIT was measured in human serum. In 35 apparently healthy young adult controls DIT levels averaged 156 ng/100 ml. Random DIT levels averaged 158 ng/100 ml in 11 untreated hyperthyroid patients and 84 ng/100 ml in 15 untreated primary hypothyroid patients. No diurnal pattern in DIT levels could be demonstrated. Thyroid-stimulating hormone administration led to a variable but small rise in DIT levels, but short term T3 suppression was not associated with a measurable fall in DIT concentrations. Paired serum samples from the carotid artery and thyroid vein of 10 euthyroid goiter patients and one patient with a toxic solitary adenoma all showed a positive transthyroidal gradient indicating the thyroidal release of DIT in each patient. Measurable DIT levels of 45, 47, 68, and 80 ng/100 ml, respectively, were found in four fasting athyrotic patients indicating that the thyroid is not the only source of serum DIT.


ABSTRACT This article analyses the large-scale popular urban uprisings that shook Mozambican cities on 1 and 2 September 2010, following the government's announcement of successive rises in the price of public transport fares and basic commodities. Using ethnographic material from the city of Chimoio and the capital Maputo, the following work highlights the organisational character of the 'strikes' (greves), as the popular uprisings were called, and explores them as a new form of organising political discontent. Comparing them to other historical and contemporary popular uprisings, this article argues that the strikes violently and rhizomically generated ephemeral and egalitarian forms of political authority and order that simultaneously confronted, replicated and undercut the aspects of Mozambican statehood. Deploying Durkheim's notion of effervescence, the work further argues that the creative fervour, multisemic aspects and festive character of the popular uprisings need to be recognised; thus, this analysis challenges the reductive labelling of these events as 'riots' or 'food riots'.


Wet tundra environments of the Siberian Arctic are considerable natural sources of methane, a climate relevant trace gas. The Arctic is observed to warm more rapidly and to a greater extent than the rest of the earth surface. It is suggested, that the tundra in Alaska and Russia has changed from a net sink to a net source of atmospheric carbon. The potential impact on the terrestrial methane oxidation is likely to be influenced by the level of diversity and specialisation within the methane oxidising (methanotrophic) community (MOC). Presently, however, little is known about how these factors determine the stability of microbial communities.Incubation experiments on soil samples from the Lena Delta, Siberia, using 14CH4 as a radiotracer showed shifting temperature optima of the potential methane oxidising activity with increasing depth of the seasonally thawed permafrost layer (active layer). In deep layers close to the permanently frozen ground maximum rates were detected at 4°C. These results contradict the idea of a community of survivors in permafrost soils but indicate cold loving MOC in constantly cold permafrost layers. Moreover, cell counts determined by fluorescence in situ hybridisation showed highest abundance of methanotrophs in soil layers with potential methane oxidation rates that were independent of the temperature. In contrast, cell counts were significantly lower in soil layers exhibiting a distinct temperature optimum. In combination with the analysis of structure and diversity of the active layer MOC as reflected in bacterial clone libraries, these results give first insights into the correlation between specialisation and diversity with regard to microbial stability in extreme habitats.


This paper examines the risk assessment procedure for a Nordic hydropower production process while taking climate change into account. It is evident that climate change poses new risks and concerns for hydropower companies, especially with regards to the high uncertainty that results from the ignorance of relationships between climate change and hydropower production (descriptive uncertainty). However, climate change may also provide opportunities. This paper focuses on the development of a risk assessment procedure to support the risk identification process as a means of reducing the descriptive uncertainty. The intention of the study was to develop and test a procedure in which climate scenarios and traditional technical risk assessment have been integrated. This allows us to obtain a practical method as well as associated support tools for identifying and evaluating climate change-related risks and opportunities for hydropower plants. This new procedure is intended to help hydropower plants plan their future investments and strategies by identifying and prioritizing the risks caused and opportunities created by climate change. The study was conducted as a part of the Nordic Energy Research funded Climate and Energy Systems (CES) project and was coordinated by VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland.


Lawrence Cremin delivered the Horace Mann lecture in 1965, an interesting moment in the political and social history of the United States. Allow me to set the context for a moment using some significant events from 1964 and 1965. At the University of California at Berkeley, Mario Savio had launched the Free Speech Movement which also reached many other campuses in subsequent years. On August 7, 1964--nineteen years and one day after Hiroshima had been destroyed by the first atomic bomb--the U.S. Congress adopted the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. President Lyndon Johnson ordered the build-up of troops in Viet Nam the following December. And, The Civil Rights Act of 1965 extended political protections to millions of African Americans, following, of course, the activities and tragedies of Freedom Summer. In other words, Cremin's address to the University of Pittsburgh audience was on the cusp of an era that divided the America of Eisenhower and MacCarthy from the America that would witness the shame of Richard Nixon, the dissemination of computer technology, the development of human liberation movements, and the end of the Cold War. Was this the dawning of the Age of Aquarius? Juxtaposing the era described above with our current context, reading Cremin today, however, finds us in a nation on a not-so-distinct cusp. Arguably our society is driven by intelligentsia diametrically bifurcated by opaque culture wars in which there seems to be more war than culture. It's a scene evincing politicians espousing anti-liberal views of a paradoxically non-Christian Christian right against a left who offers sound-bite after sound-bite about service, justice, and equity, but is immobilized by questions of whose definitions, understandings, or methods should be used. Thus, it seems that our only choices in politics are between an empire building neo-conservative movement and the remnants of the Woody-Allen-left trying to find contentment with Howard Dean screaming on television. Will this era be remembered for the war in Iraq and No Child Left Behind, the grinding poverty that was exposed to public view by Hurricane Katrina, and a Congress unable to address the nation's problems but quite able to intervene in the Terry Schiavo case? If the two eras aren't so different, yet are separated by forty years, is there a genius to the American system of education? Cremin's lecture was published as The Genius of American Education, a little book (especially when compared to his magnum opus The History of American Education) in which he discusses the growing conflation of the notions of education and schooling, the rise of the school as an institution, of public responsibility to support education and the education profession's need to be independent of public pressure, and the essential linkage between an educated public and democratic institutions. To address these concerns, Cremin divides his book into three sections: The Commitment to Popular Education; Popular Education and Popular Culture; and, The Politics of Popular Education. A Commitment to Popular Education In the first section, Cremin is careful to convey an understanding that popular education has not always been, of course, the taken-for-granted experience that we know today. "Jefferson's plan [for universal primary education] was turned down, but one can trace an unbroken line of influence from Jefferson to Horace Mann to John Dewey--and to trace it to Dewey is, like it or not, to trace it to ourselves" (Cremin, 1965, 4). Of course, as Cremin points out, Jefferson's plan only included white children (and not all of those, beyond a certain point), so it was not truly universal in its own time. But, over the course of years the popular expectation has grown up that all children will be educated, preferably at least through high school. Hence the annual angst when schools release information about the drop-out rate. In the early years of the Republic, as Cremin points out, education was not confined to the school-house. …


This paper presents an overview of an adaptive setup planning system that considers both the availability and capability of machines on a shop floor. It integrates scheduling functions at setup planning stage, and utilizes a two-step decision-making strategy for generating machine-neutral and machine-specific optimal setup plans. The objective is to enable adaptive setup planning for dynamic machining job shop operations. Particularly, this paper documents basic algorithms and architecture of the setup planning system for dynamically assigned machines. It is then validated through a case study.Copyright © 2009 by ASME


This Article examines the problem of enigmatic chronic pain. The principal contention is that psychosomatic explanations of chronic pain are flawed, despite their inordinate popularity with social critics, expert witnesses, and a growing number of judges. There is little empirical evidence to support the view that chronic pain is principally a symptom of psychic conflict and distress, and much evidence to rebut it. Most compelling is the emerging biological evidence demonstrating that much chronic pain results from pathology in the central nervous system, rather than discrete injury or illness like that which produces acute pain. The problem of chronic pain is examined by focusing on the most prevalent chronic pain syndrome found in litigation today, fibromyalgia. Fibromyalgia is nothing less than the widespread pain of rheumatism that has distressed humanity throughout recorded history. This pain syndrome has been described as one of the "most controversial conditions in the history of medicine," and it is at the center of the debate about the nature of chronic pain. Part II begins by examining how chronic pain often straddles competing diagnoses in medicine and psychiatry, thus lending credibility to both organic and psychogenic concepts of pain. Part III then examines how the concept of psychosomatic pain or "somatization" has attained prominence in cultural history and critical medical literature. Although the concept of somatization does not intrinsically disparage chronic pain, it has acquired a distinct secondary meaning - that pain symptoms are exaggerated or feigned and, ultimately, within the control of the sufferer. Segments of the insurance and health care industries have now appropriated the theme of somatization to minimize the chronic pain experience and control health care costs. Part IV next assesses empirical research concerning the role of psychological distress in the generation of chronic pain. As demonstrated, there is widespread acceptance that psychological factors play a role in the pain process. But research does not support the much broader claim that chronic pain syndromes are largely the consequence of psychological distress. The neo-Freudian concept of somatization has been greatly oversold and is driven more by theory than scientific evidence. Finally, Part V examines the developing biological model of chronic pain. A compelling body of evidence now demonstrates that the acute-pain model still dominant in medical practice and the law is incomplete. There is growing recognition that the central nervous system is far more plastic than previously imagined. In an appreciable segment of the population the central mechanisms governing pain can be fundamentally altered, resulting in the persistent production of pain with no discernible relationship to bodily injury or illness. These central mechanisms, rather than mental disturbances, dispel the enigma of much chronic pain. Part VI concludes that, somewhat remarkably, while a fundamental reassessment of chronic pain has occurred in the scientific literature, this reassessment has gone unnoticed in the law. Until courts rethink the prevailing model of pain and its mechanisms, chronic pain will remain a stubborn mystery, and its sufferers will remain under suspicion as latter-day hysterics and malingerers.


Abstract Background: the decline in South Africa's HIV infection rates especially among young women is encouraging. However, studies show that the 15–24-year-old cohort remains vulnerable. As they still report early sexual debut, being involved in sexual partnerships with older men as well as having unprotected sex. These risky sexual behaviors may be linked to factors such as the parent–child sexual health communication and the timing of the first talk. The quality of sexual health information received in school may also be important for enhancing healthier sexual behaviors. Aims and Objectives: to investigate the what, when and how sexual health communication occurs in rural South African families and to determine whether such communication patterns have changed over time. We also wanted to get an in-depth understanding of the roles played by culture, sexual health education and peers in the socialization of young women on sexual matters. Methods: a purposive sample of (n = 55) women who were 18–35 years old was selected and interviewed in focus group discussions (FGDs). Results: the FGD findings show that parent–child communication on sexual matters in rural communities is limited to messages that warn against pregnancy. It is also laden with cultural idioms that are not well explained. The school sexual health curriculum also fails to adequately equip adolescents to make informed decisions regarding sexual matters. All this seems to leave room for reception of misguided information from peers. Conclusions: findings highlight a need for designing interventions that can create awareness for parents on the current developmental needs and sexual behavior of adolescents. For adolescents programs would need to focus on providing skills on personal responsibility, and how to change behavior to enhance sexual health.


Abstract A human α-1,3-fucosyltransferase (Fuc-TVII) was expressed by recombinant baculovirus-infected insect Sf9 cells as a secretory fusion protein. The fusion protein consisted of the human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor signal peptide followed by an IgG-binding domain of protein A, a Fuc-TVI-derived peptide, and the putative catalytic domain of Fuc-TVII. The signal peptide was correctly cleaved and the recombinant Fuc-TVII was secreted into the culture medium at a concentration of 10 μg/ml. The recombinant Fuc-TVII could be highly purified in a single-step purification procedure, i.e., IgG–Sepharose column chromatography. The enzymatic properties of the Sf9-produced Fuc-TVII were compared with the properties of that expressed by a human B-cell line, Namalwa KJM-1, transfected with an episomal plasmid carrying the fusion Fuc-TVII cDNA. Both recombinant proteins showed α-1,3-fucosyltransferase activity toward a type II oligosaccharide with a terminal α-2,3-linked sialic acid among various acceptors. The apparentKmvalues of Sf9-produced Fuc-TVII for GDP-fucose and its acceptor substrate were slightly lower than those of the Fuc-TVII produced by Namalwa KJM-1 cells. Sf9-produced Fuc-TVII has N-linked carbohydrate chains whose molecular weights are lower than those linked to Namalwa KJM-1-produced Fuc-TVII. This difference in carbohydrate structure hardly affects the thermal stability of Fuc-TVII. The baculovirus expression system is available for high-level expression of stable and enzymatically active secretory Fuc-TVII.


Purpose – This chapter explores the actual situation of women as patent originators in the European Union (EU) and provides insights into the innovation climate in companies by presenting best-practice examples.

Methodology/approach – Based on a gendered secondary patent database analysis from the European Patent Office (EPO), gender-specific patent data were obtained by a first name assignment, followed by a statistical analysis and input–output comparisons with a focus on high-technology sectors. The best-practice examples are based on expert interviews with male and female inventors.

Findings – The success of women in patenting is lower than their participation in research and development would otherwise predict. The production of technological knowledge depends also on scientific subcultures with dramatic input–output gaps even in feminised sectors. Exemplarily, the case studies reveal success factors on the organisational as well as on team and individual levels which enhance women's performance in the innovation arena.

Research limitations/implications – Further qualitative research is needed to investigate factors in the innovation area which have an impact on the patenting behaviour of men and women.

Social implications – Women are contributing significantly to European patents. Yet overall, their high potential is not being fully included in the innovation process. Their under-representation in patenting should be a concern to policy makers in the EU.

Originality/value of chapter – The availability of gender-disaggregated data in innovation supports the political commitment for the long-term promotion of women's participation in science and technology.


TRNG is an essential component for security applications. A vulnerable TRNG could be exploited to facilitate potential attacks or be related to a reduced key space, and eventually results in a compromised cryptographic system. A digital FIRO-/GARO-based TRNG with high throughput and high entropy rate was introduced by Jovan Dj. Golic (TC'06). However, the fact that periodic oscillation is a main failure of FIRO-/GARO-based TRNGs is noticed in the paper (Markus Dichtl, ePrint'15). We verify this problem and estimate the consequential entropy loss using Lyapunov exponents and the test suite of the NIST SP 800-90B standard. To address the problem of periodic oscillations, we propose several implementation guidelines based on a gate-level model, a design methodology to build a reliable GARO-based TRNG, and an online test to improve the robustness of FIRO-/GARO-based TRNGs. The gate-level implementation guidelines illustrate the causes of periodic oscillations, which are verified by actual implementation and bifurcation diagram. Based on the design methodology, a suitable feedback polynomial can be selected by evaluating the feedback polynomials. The analysis and understanding of periodic oscillation and FIRO-/GARO-based TRNGs are deepened by delay adjustment. A TRNG with the selected feedback polynomial may occasionally enter periodic oscillations, due to active attacks and the delay inconstancy of implementations. This inconstancy might be caused by self-heating, temperature and voltage fluctuation, and the process variation among different silicon chips. Thus, an online test module, as one indispensable component of TRNGs, is proposed to detect periodic oscillations. The detected periodic oscillation can be eliminated by adjusting feedback polynomial or delays to improve the robustness. The online test module is composed of a lightweight and responsive detector with a high detection rate, outperforming the existing detector design and statistical tests. The areas, power consumptions and frequencies are evaluated based on the ASIC implementations of a GARO, the sampling circuit and the online test module. The gate-level implementation guidelines promote the future establishment of the stochastic model of FIRO-/GARO-based TRNGs with a deeper understanding.


The focus of the study was to determine the factors that influence the acceptance and use of online feedback in an undergraduate module using the modified unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT2). The participants were third-year pre-service teachers in the Bachelor of Education degree who were taking a fully online Teaching Studies module, in addition to their specialist subject areas at one of the universities in South Africa. A survey instrument was developed from the original UTAUT2 instrument and modified where appropriate, to fit the formative feedback context. Exploratory factor analysis was used to validate the instrument. The validated instrument yielded respectable reliability and construct validity. Confirmatory factor analysis verified the measurement model. The findings suggest that hedonic motivation, perceived relevance, habit, and social influence significantly affect the behavioral intention to use and accept online formative feedback, accounting for 63.6% of the variance explained, hence, signifying their importance.


Several authors have pointed out a significant gap between Requirements Engineering (RE) theory and practice.
It is then natural that we try to find answers to questions such as: What is the nature of the gap? Which is the magnitude of
the gap? Why does the gap exist? and What could be done to narrow the gap? In this paper, we try to answer those questions from the point of view of the former students of a
RE course that have been involved in projects with a significant RE activity. We have surveyed over 70 former students to know
how they perceive the degree to which a set of six RE artifacts are created in practice, and how they perceive the improvement
potential of the creation of those artifacts in practice.
For each artifact, we asked a question on the use of the artifact, and one on the recommendation of use of the artifact.
The usage question aimed at knowing the degree to which the artifact is explicitly created in practice. The recommendation
question aimed at knowing whether or not the respondent would have recommended the creation of the artifact when it was not created. We believe that there may be an improvement opportunity of the RE practice when a significant number of respondents would have recommended the creation of an
artifact in the cases in which it was not created. In the paper, we report the results of the survey. We try to identify the
reasons why the artifacts were not created, and what would be needed to convince stakeholders and developers to create
the artifact, when it is recommended to do it. Finally, we point out a few implications for RE practice and research that are
suggested by the results of the survey


Understanding the mechanisms underlying Argania spinosa responses to drought stress is essential for its regeneration and domestication. Toward that end, an integrative study of tolerance responses to drought stress in four A. spinosa ecotypes (2 contrasting coastal ecotypes (Adm and Rab) and 2 contrasting inland ecotypes (Alz and Lks)) have been conducted. Responses to soil drying and re -watering were measured at physiological and biochemical levels. Soil drying resulted in significant increase in leaf concentrations of potassium (K + ), calcium (Ca 2+ ) and magnesium (Mg 2+ ) with differential responses between ecotypes. The glutathione-related enzymes: glutathione peroxidase (GP), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) showed a significant increase in their enzymatic activity in A. spinosa plants subjected to drought stress. Additionally, a significant increase in thiol protein content in the four ecotypes was recorded, during drought stress. These antioxidant traits responded differently depending on ecotype. However, rapid and significant changes in the studied physiological and biochemical traits were observed during recovery from drought, only after four days. According to the traits having the most discriminating power, the both inland ecotypes, especially Lks ecotype, seem to be potential candidates for regeneration of argan forest and their domestication in arid and semi-arid environments. Key words : Argania spinosa, drought stress, glutathione enzymes, thiol compounds, recovery.


Palaeolimnological techniques were used to study the recent acidification history of Lilla Oresjon in southwest Sweden, and its relation to the deposition of airborne pollutants and land-use. The sediment analyses suggest that water quality began to deteriorate at the beginning of the 20th century and resulted in an acute acidification phase in the 1960s. An indifferent (circumneutral) diatom flora with some planktonic taxa was replaced by a non-planktonic acidophilous and acidobiontic flora; diatom inferred pH decreased from 6.1 in the 19th century to the present value of about 4.6. The history of acidification and of major biological change in the lake is reinforced by the analyses of chrysophyte scales and cladocera and chironomid remains, which show that alterations of species composition and an impoverishment of faunal communities took place. There is close stratigraphic agreement between these biological changes and indicators of the deposition of atmospheric pollutants. The concentration of Pb, Zn, Cu and S increased from the beginning of the 19th century to peak values during the 1960s and 1970s. Spheroidal carbonaceous particles, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and `hard' isothermal remanence, indicative of oil and coal combustion, peaked during the 1970s and 1980s, respectively. The increased deposition of airborne pollutants from fossil fuel combustion and industrial processes is suggested as the main cause of the acidification of the lake, although vegetation changes, such as a recent expansion of spruce-pine forest, have also occurred during the 200-300 year period studied.


Fractures of the hip are uncommon in children with incidence is less than 1% in all paediatrics fracture. It requires careful attention because of the incidence of complications is high. There is no consensus over ideal treatment of each group, but there are different options for each group has been described in literature, we report a case of unusual proximal femur fracture in ten-year-old girl which is not described in literature in best of our knowledge. A 10 years old girl was brought to us with pain in right hip joint and inability to bear weight on right lower limb after road traffic accident (child was hit by a car while walking on the road). Evaluated and found to have fracture of proximal femur. fracture was fixed with long PHILOS plate, which united in eight weeks duration, implant was removed at 10 month. At present after 14 months, she is able to perform her routine activities comfortably. and her Harris hip score is 95. We propose to add this type of fracture as 5th type of Delbet's classification as the fracture pattern in my patient was not fitting in any group of Delbet's classification and it belongs to proximal femur group and anatomically this fracture pattern was next to type IV fracture. Uncommon fracture of hip in children can be expected, this type of fracture can be added as 5th type in Delbet's classification. Long term outcome and ideal treatment yet to be described.


Woodchip bioreactors that stimulate denitrification are proposed to reduce nitrogen (N) loads emanating from subsurface agricultural drainage. However, agricultural drainage water contains both N and phosphorus (P), frequently in concentrations exceeding environmental criteria. A mixed-media bioreactor containing woodchips plus reactive media that binds soluble P could concurrently lower both N and P loads in subsurface agricultural drainage. This study evaluated the P concentration and load reductions achieved with woodchip and mixed-media bioreactors in full-scale field installations in the cold, humid climate of Quebec, Canada, during a three-year period. Bioreactors contained either woodchips-only or woodchips plus an activated alumina/gravel mixture (mixed media). Total P, particulate P, soluble P, soluble reactive P, and soluble organic P concentrations and loads for the bioreactor influents and effluents were assessed weekly and also following >10 mm rainfall events. In the first two months of operation, both woodchips-only and mixed-media bioreactors released P but became either a negligible source or net sink for P retention within the first year of operation. While the mixed-media bioreactor had 9% lower total P concentration and about 19 times greater reduction in total P load than woodchips-only bioreactors during the study period, the total P concentration was not reduced to the critical environmental threshold level of 0.03 mg L−1 with either bioreactor type. Both configurations were effective at reducing the soluble P fraction, especially the soluble reactive P species that are bioavailable and thus contribute directly to eutrophication. A woodchips-only bioreactor can adsorb P from subsurface agricultural drainage; however, a woodchips bioreactor containing the activated alumina/gravel mixture has greater P sorption capacity and should be considered as part of an integrated system for concurrent N and P removal from subsurface agricultural drainage.


This book presents the powerful and proven Solution Selling[registered] process, updated for today's high-speed, higher-pressure sales challenges The original "Solution Selling" rewrote the rules for the sales profession. Today, the revolutionary yet practical Solution Selling method remains the primary selling process for salespeople competing in every industry around the world, and in every size of business - from the smallest firms to the largest Fortune 500 corporations. "The New Solution Selling" comprehensively updates this proven effective approach to help you succeed with today's no-nonsense markets and buyers.A practical guide designed to provide hands-on value to frontline salespeople as well as sales managers and executives, this step-by-step book shows you how to streamline the sales process by: understanding your buyers, their situations and, most importantly, their needs; supplying mutually defined solutions to your customers' recognized problems; gaining access to key decision makers; controlling the buying process; and, defining milestones that can be measured and forecasted. Solution Selling first won its well-earned reputation among technology companies. Now "The New Solution Selling" shows how the same principles and process may be applied to any business relationship in any industry.This results-based book will show you how to improve your sales performance by first understanding your customers' challenges - and then providing intelligent, accessible, and field-proven solutions to those challenges. 'We have put the principles of Solution Selling[registered] at the core of our selling process - helping all of our 5,000-strong sales professionals, and thousands of Microsoft's business partners, consistently apply proven sales principles to make a real difference to our customers and meet expectations. "The New Solution Selling" describes how top-performing salespeople behave, and how this behavior fosters success - for both the customer and the salesperson' - Kevin Johnson, Group VP Worldwide Sales, Marketing, and Services, Microsoft (From the Foreword).The sales profession has changed tremendously in the past decade. Buyers who once made time to discuss their problems now expect sales professionals to have the business acumen that's necessary to understand and diagnose those problems before they arrive. More importantly, these buyers will only listen to - and buy from - salespeople who can provide them with solutions that are both convincing and workable. "The New Solution Selling" shows how to apply the proven Solution Selling approach in the can't-stop-to-talk pace of today's business. The result is a logical and practical process for sales success, one that improves both individual productivity and organizational return on investment.This important book features: completely updated Solution Selling sales process, principles, and management systems for today's tough sales environment; new tools designed to increase the quality and velocity of sales pipeline opportunities; improved methods for overcoming the all-too-common situation when your product is not your buyer's first choice - or even their second; new techniques for dramatically improving your prospecting accuracy and success; and, effective strategies for shifting an organization's focus from product selling to Solution Selling - at every level, throughout every operation.The original edition of "Solution Selling" changed the face of selling by transforming the rules for one-to-one selling. "The New Solution Selling" focuses on streamlining the proven Solution Selling process by showing you how to quickly understand and address your buyers' problems, use your offerings to provide insightful and workable solutions to those problems, and dramatically decrease the time spent between initial qualification and a successful, profitable close.


It has been shown [ Appl. Opt.22, 0000 ( 1983)] that good quality stripe dielectric waveguides can be made by silver ion-exchange in glass if the diffusion mask is of alumina, made by anodization of an aluminum thin film. In this paper we present results of an experimental investigation of directional couplers, waveguide bends, and guide attenuation in waveguides of this type. Directional coupler transfer lengths are found to be in good agreement with theoretical prediction; bends behave as expected according to an approximate theory, and attenuation is found to be low (2dB/cm for a guide width of 2 μm). The optimum radius for a 2-μm wide monomode guide is found to be ~500 μm.


The objective of this paper was to review the irrigation system of Israel and to identify the most common irrigation methods used for safe, efficient and sustainable agricultural production in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Israel is one of the most densely populated countries in the world and characterized by desert and semi-desert climatic conditions. Major constraints of the country include: Frequent droughts, desertification of agricultural land, rapid urbanization, depleting resources: technological uncertainty and high cost of non-conventional sources, degradation of water quality and increased water scarcity. Among these constrains, water scarcity is the primary limiting factor in Israel agriculture while the country depends on irrigation. The main water source for agriculture is pressure drip irrigation systems. Drip irrigation has the highest water efficiency rate in agriculture, reaching a 70 to 80% rate, versus open irrigation, which achieves 40%. Recycled use of water, waste water, adding nutrients mixed in with the water and desalination are the recent new innovation used to solve problem of water scarcity in Israel. Therefore, technology currently innovated to alleviate problem of irrigation water resources by Israel should have to be adopted in arid and semi arid of the world to increase the productivity.

 Key words: Water resource, types of irrigation, drip irrigation system in Israel.


Motivated by the belief, 'to serve existing consumers costs less than acquiring new consumers', firms' marketing strategies then evolve around retaining consumers and building long-term consumer relationships. In the pursuit of acquiring consumer loyalty, enhancing consumer value has been the focus of many firms' relationship building efforts. Hence, this study aims to understand the affect of using the Internet as a relationship marketing tool on consumer retention as well as the determinants of online consumer satisfaction affecting loyalty and retention. Although there are many factors affecting the implementation of 'E-CRM', that is companies' CRM initiatives on the Internet channel; this study focuses on examining consumer perceptions towards the constituents of building online consumer relationships. Adopting a positivist approach, this research asks the following major questions: 1) How are online consumer satisfaction, loyalty and retention constructed?, and 2) How does the use of Internet technology in CRM influence the satisfaction, loyalty and retention of consumers? Data for this research were collected through questionnaire survey on Internet users in major cities of Malaysia and were analyzed using statistical techniques namely, descriptive, Structural Equation Modeling and Multivariate Analysis of Variance. The results from this study reveal that the use of Internet in building consumer relationships affects consumer satisfaction, loyalty and retention. The effectiveness of E-CRM program determines the level of which online features, such as customer service efficiency, ease of navigation, information quality, personalization and online community would be implemented on firms' Web sites. In addition, older and welleducated users, more experienced as well as users who are involved in higher risk activities, such as online banking tend to be less tolerant. Hence, these groups of consumers seek superior quality of services from online service providers. This research contributes to knowledge in several ways. Most importantly, it demonstrates the roles of Internet technology pertinent in enhancing consumer values leading to long-term consumer relationships. In particular, this research highlights the critical dimensions of E-CRM program, which firms should invest in their consumer retention strategies. While repeat visits do not necessarily reflect consumer loyalty and commitment to a Web site, this research advocates that when salient elements of building consumer relationships exist, service providers are more likely to improve satisfaction and gain consumer loyalty. As indicated in the E-CRM model, firms' relationship marketing strategies should focus on identifying varying consumer expectations of service quality based on demographics, consumer level of experience with Internet technology and perceived risk.


Book 41, Title 1 of the Digest of Justinian, is entitled "The Acquisition of Ownership of Things". In it (D. 41,1,36) Julian discusses the problem of acquisition (Digest, book 13) when there is agreement on the thing delivered but a dispute over the grounds for delivery. The answer of the classical jurist is "I see no reason why the delivery should not be effective". The modern German theory of effective delivery - even where there is such a misunderstanding - as prepared by Savigny in the nineteenth century, is based on Julian's text. The very peculiar "why not" phrase non animadverto cur inefficax sit traditio could be explained as an expert reply (responsum) to a question in a practical case. In particular, the final example given of misunderstanding - for when I give you coined money and you receive it as a loan - shows e contrario what the real dispute between the parties was, namely an action (condictio) based on a loan where one party denies that it is a loan and claims it is a gift. Julian is cited and criticised by Ulpian in his Disputationes (book 7), referring to the same case of gift/loan (D. 12,1,18: I give you money as a gift but you receive it as a loan for consumption). The extract from Ulpian records an exchange of views in the light of threatened litigation. While Julian denies that there was a gift, but does not express his opinion on a loan, Ulpian also denies that there was a loan and proposes an exceptio doli after consumption.


ABSTRACT Till sampling near the Lac des Iles Pd mine north of Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada has led to the identification of heavy mineral dispersal trains in till as unique as the local Pd deposits. The till at Lac des Iles was deposited by ice actively flowing in a 240° direction. It is commonly thin and ideal for exploration sampling. Several dispersal trains of chrome-andradite garnet and chromite occur within the area surrounding the Mine Block Intrusion (MBI). Cr-andradite garnet is normally a hybrid, assimilation-type indicator mineral; however, here the Cr-andradite is of a low-temperature, cryptocrystalline form, suggesting that hydrothermal alteration, possibly associated with the Lac des Iles late-stage mineralizing event, may have played a significant role in its formation. A major Cr-andradite + chromite dispersal train occurs over the MBI. It is a narrow, ribbon-shaped, composite train that trends 240°, is c. 600 m in width and exceeds 5 km in length. Its farthest up-ice source appears to be located to the NW of the margin of the MBI, in rocks of the Northern Lac des Iles Intrusion (NLDI-I). The distal part of the dispersal train SW of the MBI may contain additional indicator mineral grains from a septa of ultramafic rocks associated with the North Lac des Iles intrusion that lies west of the MBI. The accompanying chromite dispersal trains are shorter and appear to be derived from similar source areas as well as an area in the vicinity of the Baker zone. The indicator mineral contribution of the main Roby (ore) zone is difficult to assess due to a sampling gap but appears to be minimal, probably because this zone occurs in the interior of the intrusion and is hosted mainly by Cr2O3-poor gabbro. The only PGM are rare grains of Pt and Pd arsenides, which are uncommon in the mineralized zones but are stable in near-surface till.


In the continuing environment of efficiency and accountability, too often we have created false distinctions between reducing costs and improving productivity as opposed to examining the quality of the product produced and the work completed. In higher education, professional and regional accreditation agencies have traditionally been the standard setters for academic program quality. Accrediting agencies describe the areas of learning that institutions and programs should provide in order to be recognized as meeting minimal standards in the preparation of their graduates. The accreditor's recognition of an institution or program signifies that its graduates meet minimal levels of knowledge or competence and therefore financial aid can be provided to the institution's students. It also signifies that the institution's or program's graduates are worthy of consideration for employment in their respective areas of study. Given the emphasis on increasing access to higher education, connecting the funding of public institutions to student retention and completion, and decreasing the time to degree by shortening degree programs and reducing the costs of attendance, both accreditors and institutions are under pressure. As a result, much of the public discourse and policy discussion has been focused on the number and percentage of students entering and completing college, with little, and definitely not equal, emphasis on the quality of learning. Accrediting bodies have been the one organizational entity that has required institutions to provide evidence of student learning outcomes. The challenge is that the measures of student learning readily available to capture and report at the institutional or programmatic level typically have been restricted to a very small set of outcomes and are not directly connected to the curriculum and co-curriculum. Learning that Matters University and college faculty and other academic and student affairs professionals have been telling us that students need a broad range of learning outcomes in order to meet the challenges of contemporary global society. In an Association of American Colleges and Universities (2007) publication, College Learning for the New Global Century, the results of surveys, focus groups, and conversations with faculty from all types of higher education institutions across the country were synthesized and the learning outcomes deemed essential for college graduates were summarized. These "Essential Learning Outcomes" (figure 1) provide a succinct listing of the learning embedded in the curriculum and co-curriculum of our higher education institutions and reflected in our mission statements and college catalogs. Since the 2007 College Learning report was issued, hundreds of campuses, including state systems of higher education in California, Wisconsin, and Oregon, have adopted and/or adapted the Essential Learning Outcomes as the learning outcomes for all of their graduates. In a series of national surveys conducted by Peter D. Hart Research Associates (2006, 2008, 2010), employers echoed the need for college graduates to possess higher levels of learning in all of the Essential Learning Outcomes. Although stated in slightly different language than that used by faculty, employers strongly expressed that today's global environment requires employees who can apply their knowledge in complex, sophisticated, and unscripted situations that are not necessarily similar to the types of challenges confronted in past decades. Knowledge is critical, but being able to make higher-order judgments about the knowledge needed in new, innovative, and unanticipated circumstances is also increasingly necessary for success. Figure 1 The Essential Learning Outcomes Beginning in school, and continuing at successively higher levels across their college studies, students should prepare for twenty-first-century challenges by gaining: Knowledge of Human Cultures and the Physical and Natural World * Through study in the sciences and mathematics, social sciences, humanities, histories, languages, and the arts Intellectual and Practical Skills, including * Inquiry and analysis * Critical and creative thinking * Written and oral communication * Quantitative literacy * Information literacy * Teamwork and problem solving Personal and Social Responsibility, including * Civic knowledge and engagement-local and global * Intercultural knowledge and competence * Ethical reasoning and action * Foundations and skills for lifelong learning Integrative Learning, including * Synthesis and advanced accomplishment across general and specialized studies Association of American Colleges and Universities 2007, p. …


Researchers often invoke strong assumptions in empirical analyses to identify significant statistical outcomes. Invoking assumptions that do not sufficiently reflect the occurrence of true phenomenon reduces the credibility of inferences. Literature suggests that the potential effects of assumptions on credibility of inferences can be mitigated by comparing and combining insights from alternative econometric models. I use this recommendation to conduct robustness checks of commonly used methods in environmental and health economics. The first chapter proposes a novel nonparametric regression model to draw credible insights from meta-analyses. Existing literature on benefit-transfer validity is examined as an application. Nonparametric regression is found to be a viable approach for drawing robust policy insights. The second chapter proposes an alternative structural and simulations based framework to understand elicitation effects in survey response data. This analysis explains the structural mechanisms in which response anomalies occur and is important for building credible insights from survey data. The last chapter uses methods in program evaluation to investigate the impacts of institutional child deliveries on long-term maternal health in the context of developing countries. The outcomes of this analysis indicate that institutional deliveries positively affect maternal health in lower socio-economic states. Based on the findings of my three chapters, I recommend that researchers should combine insights from alternative models to mitigate the scope of specification bias in empirical outcomes and inform policy about the potential uncertainty that arises in uncovering the truth using statistical methods.


Isabelle/Isar provides named cases to structure proofs. This article contains an implementation of a proof method casify, which can be used to easily extend proof tools with support for named cases. Such a proof tool must produce labeled subgoals, which are then interpreted by casify. As examples, this work contains verification condition generators producing named cases for three languages: The Hoare language from HOL/Library, a monadic language for computations with failure (inspired by the AutoCorres tool), and a language of conditional expressions. These VCGs are demonstrated by a number of example programs.


National Statistical Institutes often have the need to merge administrative files from a variety of sources for which unique identifiers are not available to facilitate matching. Agencies such as Eurostat have the need to connect data sources from different countries and sources and to verify the confidentiality of microdata. To do this merging of administrative lists, agencies need fast software for cleaning up and standardizing lists and for merging the lists. The U.S. Bureau of the Census has software for name standardization, address standardization, and matching that are considered state-of-the-art. The standardization software breaks names and addresses into components that are easily compared. The matching software accounts for typographical error, automatically estimates matching parameters, and optimizes sets of assignments over large groups of pairs of records.


A wide range of factors, including individual animal health, genetic diversity and demographics, are associated with wildlife population declines and investigation of these factors may be more sensitive in detecting early impacts on wildlife populations, than estimates of population size alone. Defining wildlife population health as the ability of a wildlife population to remain viable in the long term, this project developed and implemented a holistic health assessment framework for platypuses to gather baseline data, to investigate environmental, temporal and individual patterns within this data, and to provide insights into potential threatening processes.

Platypus distribution and population density in two river catchments in northwest Tasmania were investigated in a live capture/release field study during which 154 individuals were captured. The effect on capture numbers of broad habitat characteristics was investigated. A survey of public sightings provided additional information on platypus distribution and population density. The novel use of in-stream microchip readers to monitor platypus movements/survivorship was developed. Data was collected on the timing and frequency of platypus movements, as well as continued use of monitoring sites by individuals captured in this study and in a study three to six years earlier. The timing of the breeding season in Tasmania was investigated using hormonal, ultrasonographic and remote monitoring observations. Genetic diversity and geographical distribution of alleles at the Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II DZB locus was also investigated. The reliability of existing and novel body condition indices was studied. The prevalence of exposure to a range of parasitic, fungal and bacterial agents was determined. Haematology and biochemistry reference intervals were produced.

Little evidence was found that the two study populations were in poor health. Baseline population health data, that for many species has been absent when population declines have occurred, was collected for platypuses; and the project's general approach will serve as a template for similar research in other species.


Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is one of the primary source gases for aerosols in the atmosphere. Even at low concentrations, its presence in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UT/LS) provides an important source for aerosol nucleation and growth, and SO2 has been postulated to be important for the stratospheric sulfur budget. To understand aerosol nucleation and global radiative effects, it is therefore important to quantify how much SO2 emitted from biogenic and anthropogenic processes at the surface is transported into the UT/LS. Much of the potential transport is expected to occur in regions of significant deep convection such as the western Pacific warm pool. Here we use measurements from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) WB‐57F Pacific Oxidants Sulfur Ice and DehydratiON (POSIDON) mission that was based in Guam in 2016 to examine the distribution and sources of SO2 in the western Pacific UT/LS region. During POSIDON, a few events related to volcanic emissions as well as transport by tropical cyclones were observed that brought up to 86 pptv of SO2 above 14‐km altitude. Overall however, the measurements corroborate our earlier findings that SO2 near the tropical tropopause is typically quite low (~5 pptv) and globally the transport of SO2 into the stratosphere is likely a minor source of stratospheric aerosols.


This paper argues that the prevailing scholarship that has put the Constitution at the apex of any law (domestic or international) and treaties on equal footing with proclamations is a consequence of the mistaken approach which allows domestic law to determine the position of treaties at the national level. The contention here is that, unless the status of human rights treaties is analysed outside the four corners of domestic law, the analysis continues to be a self-fulfilling prophesy. Owing to the customary principles of good faith and pacta sunt servanda, domestic law cannot sit in judgment of its hierarchical interactions with international law. Any other approach would lead to domestic legislatures issuing a normative regime that not only denigrates but also violates international standards, automatically giving rise to states' international responsibility for violations of international law through legislative means. The starting point of the present enquiry is, therefore, to cut domestic law to size (without abandoning it) in the determination of its status vis-a-vis international standards, and to transcend domestic legal and institutional hurdles and analyse the place of international human rights treaties from the international law standpoint. This approach, arguably supported by the text of the Constitution and Ethiopian legislative and judicial practices, makes it evident that international human rights treaties ratified by Ethiopia are superior to proclamations and share equality of status with the Constitution. It would thus become impossible for latter laws to prevail over ratified treaties which are presumably consistent with the letters and spirit of the Constitution's Bill of Rights.


There are significant variations in how healthcare systems and health professionals are regulated globally. One feature that they increasingly have in common is an emphasis on the value of including members of the public in quality assurance processes. While many argue that this will help better serve the public interest, others question how far the changing regulatory reform agenda is still dominated by medical interests. Bringing together leading academics worldwide, this collection compares and critically examines the ways in which different countries are regulating healthcare in general, and health professions in particular, in the interest of users and the wider public. It is the first book in the Sociology of Health Professions series.


The effect of radiation processing on the germination of the sprout seeds mung (Phaseolus aureus), matki (Phaseolus aconitifolius), chana (Cicer arietinum), and vatana (Pisum sativum) in terms of percent germination, germination yield, sprout length, vitamin C content, and texture was investigated. Gradual decreases in the percent germination, germination yield, and sprout length with increases in radiation dose (0.5 to 2.0 kGy) were observed. Vitamin C content and texture remained unaffected for the seeds treated with doses of up to 2 kGy. To determine the efficacy of radiation treatment in elimination of foodborne pathogens, seeds inoculated with 4 log CFU/g of Salmonella Typhimurium were treated with radiation doses of 1 and 2 kGy. A reduction in counts of Salmonella Typhimurium in inoculated seeds after radiation treatment was observed. A radiation dose of 2 kGy resulted in the complete elimination of 4 log CFU/g of Salmonella Typhimurium from the inoculated seeds. However, on sprouting for 48 h, the count of Salmonella Typhimurium reached 8 log CFU/g for the control seeds and the seeds treated with a 1-kGy radiation dose. The aerobic plate counts for seeds were 2.0 to 2.6 log CFU/g, which were reduced to 0.9 to 1.2 log CFU/g on treatment with a 2-kGy radiation dose. On sprouting for 48 h, the aerobic plate count reached 8 log CFU/g for both the control and radiation-treated seeds. The study demonstrates that irradiation can control bacterial levels on seeds but not contamination introduced during posttreatment handling. Therefore, radiation processing of the final product (sprouts) is recommended, rather than of the seeds.


Importance
Surgeons are frequently faced with clinical adverse events owing to the nature of their specialty, yet not all surgeons disclose these events to patients. To sustain open disclosure programs, it is essential to understand how surgeons are disclosing adverse events, factors that are associated with reporting such events, and the effect of disclosure on surgeons.

Objective
To quantitatively assess surgeons' reports of disclosure of adverse events and aspects of their experiences with the disclosure process.

Design, Setting, and Participants
An observational study was conducted from January 1, 2011, to December 31, 2013, involving a 21-item baseline questionnaire administered to 67 of 75 surgeons (89%) representing 12 specialties at 3 Veterans Affairs medical centers. Sixty-two surveys of their communication about adverse events and experiences with disclosing such events were completed by 35 of these 67 surgeons (52%). Data were analyzed using mixed linear random-effects and logistic regression models.

Main Outcomes and Measures
Self-reports of disclosure assessed by 8 items from guidelines and pilot research, surgeons' perceptions of the adverse event, reported personal effects from disclosure, and baseline attitudes toward disclosure.

Results
Most of the surgeons completing the web-based surveys (41 responses from men and 21 responses from women) used 5 of the 8 recommended disclosure items: explained why the event happened (55 of 60 surveys [92%]), expressed regret for what happened (52 of 60 [87%]), expressed concern for the patient's welfare (57 of 60 [95%]), disclosed the adverse event within 24 hours (58 of 60 [97%]), and discussed steps taken to treat any subsequent problems (59 of 60 [98%]). Fewer surgeons apologized to patients (33 of 60 [55%]), discussed whether the event was preventable (33 of 60 [55%]), or how recurrences could be prevented (19 of 59 [32%]). Surgeons who were less likely to have discussed prevention (33 of 60 [55%]), those who stated the event was very or extremely serious (40 of 61 surveys [66%]), or reported very or somewhat difficult experiences discussing the event (16 of 61 [26%]) were more likely to have been negatively affected by the event. Surgeons with more negative attitudes about disclosure at baseline reported more anxiety about patients' surgical outcomes or events following disclosure (odds ratio, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.16-2.06).

Conclusions and Relevance
Surgeons who reported they were less likely to discuss preventability of the adverse event, or who reported difficult communication experiences, were more negatively affected by disclosure than others. Quality improvement efforts focused on recognizing the association between disclosure and surgeons' well-being may help sustain open disclosure policies.


This paper reports on an extension of the Haefele-Manne model that assesses energy supply strategies for a transition from fossil fuel to nuclear and solar alternatives, and illustrates several optimized strategies. The expanded model solves the problem of how the electricity, petroleum-and-gas, and hydrogen produced by eight possible energy supplying alternatives (two fossil, three nuclear, two solar and one auxiliary) can be allocated to each of the three demand sectors (residential and commercial; industrial; transport) over a 100-year planning horizon, by using a ten-year period formulation. Relevant data for calculation are based on the Aerospace Corporation study for solar technologies, the NASA Systems Design Institute study for hydrogen technologies, and the Haefele-Manne study for fossil fuels and nuclear technologies. Since there are some uncertainties about these data, sensitivity analyses were carried out on the capital cost of solar power stations and on the fuel cost of coal.


We present the first Herschel PACS and SPIRE results of the Vela C molecular complex in the far-infrared and submillimetre regimes at 70, 160, 250, 350, and 500 um, spanning the peak of emission of cold prestellar or protostellar cores. Column density and multi-resolution analysis (MRA) differentiates the Vela C complex into five distinct sub-regions. Each sub-region displays differences in their column density and temperature probability distribution functions (PDFs), in particular, the PDFs of the 'Centre-Ridge' and 'South-Nest' sub-regions appear in stark contrast to each other. The Centre-Ridge displays a bimodal temperature PDF representative of hot gas surrounding the HII region RCW 36 and the cold neighbouring filaments, whilst the South-Nest is dominated by cold filamentary structure. The column density PDF of the Centre-Ridge is flatter than the South-Nest, with a high column density tail, consistent with formation through large-scale flows, and regulation by self-gravity. At small to intermediate scales MRA indicates the Centre-Ridge to be twice as concentrated as the South-Nest, whilst on larger scales, a greater portion of the gas in the South-Nest is dominated by turbulence than in the Centre-Ridge. In Vela C, high-mass stars appear to be preferentially forming in ridges, i.e., dominant high column density filaments.


We propose a method for the production of a fiber-shaped three-dimensional (3D) cellular construct of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPS-CMs) for the quantification of the contractile force. By culturing the cardiomyocytes in a patterned hydrogel structure with fixed edges, we succeeded in fabricating hiPS-CM fibers with aligned cardiomyocytes. The fiber generated contractile force along the fiber direction due to the hiPS-CM alignment, and we were able to measure its contractile force accurately. Furthermore, to demonstrate the drug reactivity of hiPS-CM fibers, the changes in the contractile frequency and force following treatment with isoproterenol and propranolol were observed. We believe that hiPS-CM fibers will be a useful tool for pharmacokinetic analyses during drug development.


We do little more than state the obvious when, trying to come to terms with the politico-institutional earthquakes traversing our times, we say that language is the key to politics. --from Capital and Affects Communication as work: we have recently experienced a profound transformation in the processes of production. While the assembly line (invented by Henry Ford at the beginning of the last century) excluded any form of linguistic productivity, today, there is no production without communication. The new technologies are linguistic machines. This revolution has produced a new kind of worker who is not a specialist but is versatile and infinitely adaptable. If standardized mass production was dominant in the past, today we produce an array of different goods corresponding to specific consumer niches. This is the post-Fordist model described by Christian Marazzi in Capital and Affects (first published in 1994 as Il posto dei calzini [The place for the socks]). Tracing the development of this new model of labor from Toyota plants in Japan to the most recent innovations, Marazzi's critique goes beyond political economy to encompass issues related to social life, political engagement, democratic institutions, interpersonal relations, and the role of language in liberal democracies. This translation at long last makes Marazzi's first book available to English readers. Capital and Affects stands not only as the foundation to Marazzi's subsequent work, but as foundational work in post-Fordist literature, with an analysis startlingly relevant to today's troubled economic times. This Semiotext(e) edition includes the afterword Marazzi wrote for the 1999 Italian edition.


Introduction: COPD self-management through eHealth is effective to improve the quality of integrated disease management (IDM). Nevertheless, adoption of eHealth stays behind with implementation problems. Aim: to analyze the influence of eHealth implementation on the health status of COPD patients in primary care, using the Clinical COPD Questionnaire (CCQ). Methods: The e-Vita COPD study compared 3 levels of integration of self-management platforms in IDM (high, medium, non) and randomization of 2 levels of personal assistance for patients (high and low). Interrupted time series (ITS) design was used to collect CCQ data at multiple time points (before/after intervention) and multilevel linear regression modelling to analyze CCQ data before and after intervention. Results: Of the 702 invited COPD patients, 215 registered to a platform. 82 participated in group 1 (high integration); 36 with high, 46 with low assistance. 96 participated in group 2 (medium integration); 44 with high, 52 with low assistance. 37 participated in group 3 (no integration, no assistance). In the total group, no significant difference was found in CCQ-trend (p=0.334) before (-0.47% per month) and after intervention (-0.084% per month). No significant difference was found in CCQ changes before vs. after intervention between groups with high vs. low personal assistance (p=0.429). In all subgroups, there was no significant change in the CCQ trend before and after intervention. Conclusion: The e-Vita intervention had no beneficial impact on health status of COPD patients. No differences were found between different levels of integration or between patients receiving different levels of personal assistance.


Abstract. Ecosystem CO2 fluxes in high Arctic are rather dynamic, as they are sensitive to climatic variability through multiple ecosystem processes, for instance, vegetation and snow dynamics as well as permafrost thawing, operating at different time scales. Uncertainties from both high-frequency measurements and model assumptions challenge model calibration to describe both short- and long-term phenomena related to weather and climate variabilities. In this study, we generated three model ensembles using a Monte-Carlo based uncertainty approach with acceptance criteria for 15 years of eddy covariance CO2 measurements of a high Arctic heath ecosystem based on the time-integrated CO2 fluxes within the day, the year and the entire period. The temporal distribution of residuals between the model and measurements indicated that the three model ensembles reasonably simulated diurnal, seasonal and long-term behaviours of CO2 fluxes respectively. The inter-annual variation of CO2 fluxes over 15 years showed the current ecosystem is at a transition from being a C sink to a C neutral balance. The long-term behaviour model ensemble simulated a more intensified diurnal C cycle than the short-term behaviour model ensembles. The intensified C cycle was mainly attributed to a faster depletion of the soil C pools. The sensitivities of posterior parameters to the model performance index (coefficient of determination, R2) reflected that parameters in the processes of soil water and heat transfer and snow dynamics regulated the short-term behaviour of CO2 fluxes, while parameters in the process of soil decomposition regulated the long-term behaviour of CO2 fluxes. Our results suggest that the development of ecosystem models should diagnose their effectiveness in capturing ecosystem CO2 exchange behaviour across different time scales. A clear trade-off may exist when the model is tuned to capture both the short- and long-term variation of CO2 fluxes. To constrain the model with the time-integrated CO2 fluxes is a simple and useful method to reduce the non-explained errors and to identify the crucial link to controlling parameters and processes.


Abstract Background: In the post-GWAS era, investigating gene-environment interactions for disease in large-scale observational studies poses new challenges. Existing single studies are not originally powered to investigate gene-environment interactions when genome-wide variation is taken into account. Pooling studies still may not offer enough power, and introduces the problem of heterogeneity in study designs and specifically in the measurement of environmental characteristics. Therefore, current approaches are multistage, with the first stage aimed at prioritizing SNPs, thereby reducing the number of SNPs before testing their interactions with environmental factors. Methods: Current strategies for prioritizing SNPs in gene-environment interaction studies 1) with available genome-wide data for genetic variation, or 2) without readily available genome-wide data for genetic variation as in The Netherlands Cohort Study on diet and cancer are described and discussed. Results: In current gene-environment interaction studies with genome-wide data for genetic variation, several approaches are used to prioritize SNPs to be tested in further gene-environment interactions. Two screening test statistics proposed are either marginal genetic association or correlation based. The underlying idea is that SNPs likely to show interactions with environment will at least show a slight association with outcome or correlation with the environment. Gene-environment interactions are then usually first tested on a SNP by SNP basis. In the Netherlands Cohort Study on diet and cancer (NLCS), genome-wide data on genetic variants are not readily available. For ongoing projects within the NLCS, the strategies for SNP reduction to a priority list of up to 100 SNPs, depend on the hypothesis to be tested. First, genes are selected from pathways thought to be involved in the association between the environmental factor and the outcome. After gene selection using the KEGG database and literature, further prioritizing of SNPs is conducted using literature through MEDLINE and the HuGE Navigator using a pre-defined search strategy focusing on a particular pathway. The search strategy includes the SNP and either the outcome, related outcomes (that share similar etiology), or environmental factors. Inclusion criteria for SNPs further include a minor allele frequency over 10% in North Europeans or Caucasians, a positive SNP validation status according to dbSNP, and a position within 10 kb upstream of the 5'untranslated region and 10 kb downstream of the 3'untranslated region of the gene. SNPs are then ranked according to a pre-defined scoring strategy based on the number of significant associations observed in the literature with outcome and exposure. Gene-environment interactions can be explored using several complementary approaches, both exploratory (random forests and multifactor dimensionality reduction techniques) and parametric methods. Conclusions: Different strategies for prioritizing SNPs for gene-environment interaction studies exist. They show some similarity in that prioritizing is based on the association between the SNP and the outcome and/or the SNP and the environment, either in own data (availability of tag SNPs) or in the literature (e.g. NLCS pathway based approach). There is a need for a formal discussion and a more uniform strategy for prioritizing SNPs in gene-environment interaction studies especially when focusing on specific pathways. This proffered talk is also presented as Poster 53. Citation Format: Matty P. Weijenberg, Colinda C.J.M. Simons, Leo J. Schouten, Milan S. Geybels, Bas A. Verhage, Janneke G. Hogervorst, Andras P. Keszei, Roger W. Godschalk, Frederik-Jan van Schooten, Piet A. van den Brandt. Prioritizing SNPs for gene-environment interaction studies. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Post-GWAS Horizons in Molecular Epidemiology: Digging Deeper into the Environment; 2012 Nov 11-14; Hollywood, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2012;21(11 Suppl):Abstract nr PR4.