There is growing concern that many children in Britain do not take sufficient exercise to benefit cardiovascular health. This is supported by extensive evidence advocating the importance of regular physical activity for lifelong health and well-being, and is of particular relevance in Scotland given it's notorious record of adult coronary heart disease death. This study examined aspects of fitness and physical activity in groups of Edinburgh school children, aged between 13 and 14 years. A three stage investigation was adopted:

Phase One: A repeated measures, same subject design was used to examine the reliability and validity of selected measures (20m shuttle run test, peak oxygen uptake (VO2 Peak), and anthropometric measures). Thirty three children (15 boys, 18 girls) performed each test on 3 separate days. Anthropometric measures showed strong reliability (r>0.94, n=33) whilst reliability for the treadmill test of VO2 peak and shuttle run performance was lower (r=0.89 and r=0.79 respectively). Multiple regression analysis yielded a new equation for predicting VO2 peak for children. This age specific prediction equation incorporated shuttle run performance in conjunction with skinfold thickness measures (Boys, R2=0.64 SEE=3.46; Girls, R2=0.79, SEE=2.81). Repeat testing was also recommended.

Phase Two: An evaluation of methods of heart rate data analysis to assess physical activity in children. Twenty eight children (14 boys, 14 girls) wore continuous heart rate monitors (polar Electro PE4000, Finland) over a period of 7 days (Monday to Sunday), mean duration 737 (+/-55) mins/day. A detailed 7 day self report activity diary was also completed. Variability of heart rate measures was high (R=0.10-0.30), and it was noted that using data for just 4 days or less resulted in considerable underestimation of total weekly activity levels (44-100% error). If activity levels are to be compared against current recommendations, researchers must endeavour to achieve weekly rather than daily estimates of activity. Evaluation of methods of heart rate data analysis showed good correlation between heart rate activity indices and reported seven day activity. For boys strongest correlation was achieved using the number of 5 minute periods with HR> 139 b.min-1 and the number of 5 minute periods with HR>50% heart rate reserve (r=0.80, n=14). Total activity time was similar for both males and females but girls engaged in fewer sustained bouts of activity (>5 minutes) and a better correlate with activity in females was achieved using the total number of elevated heart rates (total HR>50% heart rate reserve, r=0.64, n=14).

Phase Three: A cross sectional survey was conducted to investigate standards of aerobic fitness and patterns of physical activity in groups of Edinburgh school children. Height, weight, skinfold thickness, shuttle run performance and physical activity (assessed by heart rate monitoring and activity diary) were recorded in a sample of 91 children (44 Boys, 47 Girls). Overall, males performed significantly better on the shuttle run test (t=5.4, df=88, p<0.05), had higher predicted peak oxygen uptake (t=5.6, df=87, p<0.05), and engaged in more bouts of moderate to vigorous activity than females. Seventy percent of boys and 50% of girls fulfilled current physical activity guidelines. Most activities were school based (131 mins per week as compared to 85 mins per week of out of school activities). Activity tended to be sporadic with active days interspersed with inactive days (mean 3.2 +/-1.6 days per week). After school activities specifically targeting young girls should be promoted.


Demand and consumpsion of beef meat increases every year in Indonesia. The increase of  demand is not followed by the availability supply of beef cattle production nationaly. Statistical data from Direktorat Jenderal Peternakan Indonesia  showed that on the year of 2016 the demand of beef was 604.968 ton and the production of beef was only 354.770 ton. The goverment imported of beef and cattle to fulfill the lack of supply, as of 2016 there was  116.761 ton beef and 1.298.560 cattle imported to Indonesia (1) . Indonesia has determined to achieve beef self–sufficiency by 2024. To achieve that goal the goverment want to increase the cattle population nationaly by requiring the cattle and buffalo farm industry to oblige the breeding programe. The goverment made some policy including Upsus SIWAB and an obligation of the feedloters of imported cattle to do breeding. According to PERMENTAN no 49 thn 2016 and it's add on PERMENTAN no 2 thn 2017, importation of beef cattle must meet the ratio 1:5 between breeding cattle and feeder cattle. Reproductive efficiency is a parameter used to determine the success of breeding programe. Reproductive eficiency is a measure of the ability if a cow to become pregnant and produce offspring (2) . Optimalization of reproductive efficiency can be one of means to increase national cattle population. Brahman Cross is one of the most common imported cattle breed to Indonesia. Husbandry and reproductive management play an important role to achieve the best result on cattle breeding programe. Feedloters who conduct breeding programe of Brahman Cross cattle (Breedlot) have the capacity and potential to increase the reproductive efficiency of their breeding programe due to they have capital and good management. Thus it is important to assess and measure the reproductive efficiency of Brahman Cross cattle artificially inseminated with frozen semen to increase the reproductive efficiency of beef cattle in the Breedlot.


The evaluation of nursing students' clinical learning in the preceptorship model of clinical teaching is a shared responsibility between the lecturer and the preceptor in the educational institution where this research took place. The purpose of the study is to explore the preceptor's role in student evaluation. This thesis uses a comparative descriptive design to investigate the similarities and differences between lecturers' and preceptors' valuing of specific clinical evaluation criteria as set out in the clinical evaluation tool. The lecturers' and preceptors' perceptions of the clarity of the clinical evaluation tool are also explored using a qualitative approach. A sample of ten lecturers and seventy preceptors who provide clinical teaching to second year undergraduate nursing students in acute care settings, was drawn to compare if the clinical evaluation criteria were valued differently between the groups. A questionnaire was developed using the clinical evaluation tool used by the educational institution. Data analysis demonstrated more similarities than differences between the criteria selected as most critically important by lecturers and preceptors. Differences were demonstrated on four criteria which were rated more highly by lecturers than preceptors. This suggested that preceptors' evaluations of students' clinical practice pertaining to those criteria would differ from lecturers' expectations of students' practice. A quasi-statistical content analysis of open-ended questions explored lecturers' and preceptors' perceptions of the clarity of the clinical evaluation tool. The influence of preceptors' educational level on the valuing of specific criteria was also explored and was shown to have most influence on preceptors' valuing of cultural safety. Factors which might explain these findings are identified and discussed, namely socialisation of preceptors to work-based values; variability of exposure to the education environment for preceptors; difficulty defining clinical competence and preceptors' level of experience. The study endorses preceptors' involvement in clinical evaluation and highlights future directions for research and development of the preceptor role.


Hydroxyapatite (HA) is a particularly attractive material for bone and tooth implants since it does not only closely resemble human tooth and bone mineral but it has also biologically proven to be compatible with these tissues. The applications of pure HA are restricted to non load bearing implants due to the poor mechanical properties of HA. Biomaterials of synthetic HA are highly reliable but the synthesis of HA is often complicate and expensive. Bioceramics of naturally derived biological apatites are more economic. Aim of the present work is to introduce sheep teeth dentine HA material as an alternative source of bioactive biomaterials for grafting purposes. The work was started with such a way that extracted sheep teeth were cleaned. The teeth were calcinated at 850°C in air. It was seen that enamel matter was easily separated from dentine after calcination. The collected dentine parts were crushed and ball milled. The powder was pressed between hardened steel dies to produce samples suitable for compression and microhardness tests. The obtained powder compacts were sintered at different temperatures, specifically 1000, 1100, 1200, and 1300°C in air. Results of microhardness and compression strength (along with the statistical analysis of these results) as well as those of SEM and XRD analyses are presented. In the literature, there is very little information about the mechanical properties of dentine and enamel matter derived from sheep, bovine and human. The highest compression strength value in the present study was measured around 146 MPa (from human dentine derived HA the highest value was almost 60 MPa after sintering at 1300°C). The best microhardness in the present study was found as nearly 125 HV. The results of this study showed that the HA material produced from sheep tooth dentine can be qualified as a promising source of HA needed to produce bioactive ceramics.


In Texas, earthquakes have occurred in close association with activities accompanying petroleum production since 1925. Here we develop a five‐question test to categorize individual events as "tectonic," "possibly induced," "probably induced," or "almost certainly induced." In Texas, the probably induced and almost certainly induced earthquakes are broadly distributed geographically—in the Fort Worth basin of north Texas, the Haynesville Shale play area of east Texas, along the Gulf Coast in south Texas, and the Permian basin of west Texas. As the technologies applied to manage petroleum fields have evolved, induced earthquakes have been associated with different practices. In fields being driven by primary recovery prior to 1940, earthquakes occurred in fields extracting high volumes of petroleum from shallow strata. Subsequently, as field pressures decreased and secondary recovery technologies became common, earthquakes also occurred in association with waterflooding operations. Since 2008, the rate of earthquakes with magnitudes greater than 3 has increased from about 2 events/yr to 12 events/yr; much of this change is attributable to earthquakes occurring within a few kilometers of wastewater disposal wells injecting at high monthly rates. For three sequences monitored by temporary local seismograph networks, most hypocenters had focal depths at and deeper than the depth of injection and occurred along mapped faults situated within 2 km of injection sites. The record clearly demonstrates that induced earthquakes have been broadly distributed in several different geographic parts of Texas over the last 90 years.


One of the most labor-intensive aspects of performing computational simulations of the flow over aerospace configurations is the design and generation of appropriate computational grids, especially of the block-structured variety. A major difficulty with current systems is the design of a suitable blocking plan (or flowfield decomposition) for an arbitrary configuration. This paper presents aa integrated approach to the blocking design problem which is comprised of three key technologies: ̄ a set of procedures which automatically convert an abstract topological specification into a real block-structured grid; ̄ a rule-based expert system which controls the blocking process, based upon expertise garnered from a variety of block-structuring experts; and ̄ a nonlinear, integer optimization technique which is used to "fine-tune" the blocking plan and the resulting computational grid. It is shown that the combination of these three technologies makes it possible to efficiently generate near-optimal block-structured grids for previously-studied classes of multi-body configurations. The issue of extending the knowledge base to arbitrary multi-body configurations is explored, with special emphasis placed on the challenges posed by three-dimensional geometries.


TheKugarchi Section in the Zilair Synclinorium in the SouthUrals (Russia, Bashkortostan) is one of themost complete sections of the Bukharcha Formation, including the entire Serpukhovian and the lower Bashkirian. This is the type section of the Bogdanovkian Regional Infrasubstage ('Horizon'), the lowermost Bashkirian of the Urals. The section spans the Visean-Serpukhovian andMid-Carboniferous boundaries and contains various ammonoids, conodonts, and foraminifers, providing a good basis for the regional stratigraphy and global correlations. The section has been measured and logged, and its microfacies and fossils are identified in this study. http://dx.doi.org/10.29041/strat.14.1-4.319-347


This thesis focuses upon media and legal representations of five case studies of women who kill taken from the decade 1870-1880. All of the five women, Mary Ann Cotton, Mary Ann Barry, Frances Stewart, Selina Wadge and Kate Webster through their murderous acts, challenged the ideal of Victorian femininity. The women were 'othered' due to their failed gendered performance and cast as double failures, or 'doubly deviant', failures to the laws of gender and failure to abide by the laws of the land.

This research is a work of passion. Upon reading media and legal texts it became apparent that criminal women (both within my chosen decade and also, today) were both tried and represented as essentially different to 'normal' women. The woman who kills is either 'mad' or 'bad' with the main purpose of this categorisation to deny her agency. If she does not have the tools to communicate through the dominant mode of expression, then her experience will also remain muted. Within this thesis, I highlight the discursive undercurrent of the media and the law and emphasise the need for women who kill to be given their own agency; I also question the application of Victorian 'justice'.

Legal and media discourse are dominant knowledge's, dominant discourses, which are readily available to the masses and due to their power can be regarded as 'truth' over lower ranking, subjugated knowledges such as personal experience. However, there are competing discourses: The petitions within this thesis are alternative truths and important examples of subjugated knowledge's, which serve to challenge the dominant discourses surrounding the five cases.

I undertook this research utilising both relevant literature (contemporary and historical) and original historical documentation analysed using critical discourse analysis. The documents were sourced from both The National Media Library (newspapers), which then led me to The National Archives (petitions, transcripts and depositions) in London. These documents provided an essential view of the five women and allowed for their discursive construction or 'abnormality' to be highlighted.

The aim is to draw upon the theoretical position of standpoint feminism and by applying Foucault to prioritise experience over patriarchal (or dominant) knowledge (such as the law and media). Utilising the above documentation this thesis aims to allow criminal women their agency; not to relate to these women or condone their actions, but to give these women the same legal standards, which are afforded to men.


Abstract. Outcomes of 28 peer-reviewed journal articles published between 1981 and 2007 were evaluated quantitatively to assess the effectiveness of classroom-wide interventions for the improvement of social skills. All interventions included in the study were implemented with intact classrooms that included both socially competent children and those with social skills difficulties. In general, the overall effect of school interventions on social behavior was positive but small (effect size = 0.15). Studies were further analyzed according to several variables of interest (e.g., grade of intervention, socioeconomic status, length of intervention, and so on). Several variables moderated the outcome. Particular attention was given to the finding that early interventions were more effective than interventions with older students. These results suggest that resources in classroom-based social skills interventions are best invested in younger students, particularly those in preschool and kindergarten.


The aim of this research is to know how (good) is the popularity of meatball branded Raja and Gangsar among people in Blitar. Data Analysis which is used in this research is frequency distribution which is used to measure brand awareness, brand percieves quality and brand loyalty, and for measuring brand association respondens freely to write their own association to the product of Gangsar and Rasa meatball. The result of data analysis about brand awareness are ; top of mend, brand recall, brand recognition and brand unware. Gangsar meatball is a brand that firstly to remember when the respondens are being remembered about meatball or it has the highly level of top of mind than others. Gangsar meatball is the first
brand of meat ball which is in the top rank of meatball restaurant. Gangsar is the most forgetable brand among people in Blitar when the writter ask them about meatball restaurant. While roasted meatball is the most unrecogniceable among the people in Blitar. Based on the analysis of brand association. It can be concluded that it price is cheap. It contain of a lot meat, there are various taste, good for moslem and the brand is familiar among the people in Blitar. The result of perceived quality is that the Gangsar or Raja meat ball has delicious taste, has good smell, contain a lot of meat ball and has various taste. Based on the analisys of brand loyal, it can be known that the customers don't choose other brand of meatball, there is a habit among the customers to consume Gangsar meatball, they like the meat ball very much and they don't choose others. They always eat and buy Gangsar and Raja meat ball.


In 2015, same-sex couples throughout the United States obtained formal marriage equality. But is the prospective ability to obtain marriage licenses sufficient to achieve Obergefell's promise of equality? What about individuals whose same-sex relationship did not survive — either through death or dissolution — to see marriage equality become the law of the land? Or those who did ultimately wed but now have a marriage that appears to be artificially short when considering just how long the couple has actually been together in a marriage-like relationship? With marriage benefits conditioned not only on the fact of marriage but also the length of marriage, individuals in both categories continue to suffer harm as a result of the unconstitutional laws that prevented them from marrying at an earlier point in time. Although some states have attempted to remedy this problem by backdating same-sex marriages, the reality is that the availability of such relief varies by state and, even so, no state has yet to formulate a test to adequately protect the interests of those individuals. This Article is the first to propose a specific solution to these problems — a solution that requires states to formulate and adopt a new equitable remedy, referred to here as Equitable Marriage. Drawing upon existing equitable doctrines that states have already developed to extend formal family law benefits to those in informal family-like relationships, Equitable Marriage would treat same-sex relationships that pre-dated formal marriage equality as the equivalent of a legal marriage with all the attendant rights and obligations. In the case of same-sex couples who ultimately wed, Equitable Marriage would require that this time count as part of the formal marriage so as to extend all marital benefits conditioned on length of marriage. To succeed, claimants would need to establish that the couple would have wed during that time period but for the unconstitutional laws depriving them of that fundamental right. Understanding the complexity of such an approach, this Article offers guidance on how courts should implement and apply Equitable Marriage so as to achieve full marriage equality while, at the same time, resisting impermissible gender stereotypes and hetero-sexist notions of how marriage "should" look.


Motivated by an increased focus on recycling of aluminium alloys, for which elements like Mn, Fe and Si tend to increase, a comprehensive investigation of the softening behavior during annealing after cold rolling of Al-Mn-Fe-Si alloys has been carried out. It is clearly demonstrated that the kinetics and final microstructure are the result of a delicate balance between processing conditions and microchemistry. In general, at the same processing condition, more and finer dispersoids, whether preexisting or formed during annealing (concurrent precipitation) strongly affect the kinetics and either mainly suppress recrystallization or give coarse non-equiaxed recrystallized grains. Faster softening kinetics is observed at large deformations and conditions less affected by dispersoids, together with equiaxed fine grains. The precipitation behavior before the completion of recrystallization is accelerated by high solid solution levels of Mn, large deformations and high temperature. However, even with a strong supersaturation of Mn in solid solution, annealing at high temperature accelerates recrystallization so that it is mainly completed before substantial concurrent precipitation take place, giving a fine equiaxed grain structure. Moreover, annealing treatments at low heating rates produce more inhomogeneous microstructures than isothermal annealing.


Gaussian signal is produced by ordinary random vibration controllers to test the products in the laboratory, while the field data usually is non-Gaussian. To synthesize non-Gaussian random vibration, both the probability density function (PDF) and the damage effects must be considered. A new method is presented in this paper to synthesize non-Gaussian random vibration that is characterized by running RMS (root mean square). The essential idea is to model the non-Gaussian signal by a Gaussian signal multiplied by an amplitude modulation function (AMF). A two-parameter Weibull distribution is used to model the PDF of the running RMS and to create the AMF. The shock response spectrum (SRS) is used to detect significant shocks within the non-Gaussian signal. A case study is presented to show that the synthesized non-Gaussian signal has the same power spectral density (PSD), kurtosis, PDF and fatigue damage spectrum (FDS) as the field data.


Due to the discrepancy of diseases and symptoms, patients usually visit hospitals irregularly and different physiological variables are examined at each visit, producing large amounts of irregular multivariate time series (IMTS) data with missing values and varying intervals. Existing methods process IMTS into regular data so that standard machine learning models can be employed. However, time intervals are usually determined by the status of patients, while missing values are caused by changes in symptoms. Therefore, we propose a novel end-to-end Dual-Attention Time-Aware Gated Recurrent Unit (DATA-GRU) for IMTS to predict the mortality risk of patients. In particular, DATA-GRU is able to: 1) preserve the informative varying intervals by introducing a time-aware structure to directly adjust the influence of the previous status in coordination with the elapsed time, and 2) tackle missing values by proposing a novel dual-attention structure to jointly consider data-quality and medical-knowledge. A novel unreliability-aware attention mechanism is designed to handle the diversity in the reliability of different data, while a new symptom-aware attention mechanism is proposed to extract medical reasons from original clinical records. Extensive experimental results on two real-world datasets demonstrate that DATA-GRU can significantly outperform state-of-the-art methods and provide meaningful clinical interpretation.


As part of the efforts to arrive at alternative
solutions for roofing at lower cost, an experiment
of a modified papyrus roof was carried out.
Polythene sheets of three different thicknesses
were placed between two layers of papyrus mats.
This experiment was initiated by Mr. J. Eygelaar,
materials engineer of the HRDU, in 1977.
Though in certain rural areas "in Kenya, papyrus
is used as a roofing material, transportation
of big quantities is very costly, which in turn
reduces the amount available for roofing.
Polythene for water tightness was thought to be a
good replacement, due t6 the limited availability
of papyrus. An experimental roof was erected on
a terrace of the building of the Faculty of
Architecture, Design and Development of the University
of Nairobi. (See Photograph 1 below) .
Photograph 1. Overall view of the experimental roof
structure.
The purpose of this experiment was (i) to check the
durability of papyrus against rot, fungi and tear,
(ii) to check the durability of black polythene
sheeting against ultra violet radiation, heat, rot
and (iii) to check the combination of both materials.
This study only deals with the technical aspects
of these materials. Acceptability of this type of
roof in rural areas where papyrus is largely used,
has riot been investigated. Papyrus is also used for
sleeping mats in the rural areas.
-4-
photograph 2. Detailed picture of the method
of sandwiching the polythene and
papyrus mats. View of


The thesis concerns pilgrimages undertaken by members of both Christian and Hindu communities in Central Kerala, especially in the Ernakulam area. "Community pilgrimages" undertaken by Syrian Orthodox ("Jacobite") Christians are discussed in detail. These are shown to be occasions for expressing the identity and interests of Jacobites in the context of a long-running dispute which has divided Orthodox Christians in Kerala. For Jacobites, pilgrimage makes a statement about loyalty to their Patriarch and about rights of access to disputed sites. These occasions are distinguished from other pilgrimages, especially one to a famous Catholic site, which maintain broad, cross-community appeal. Parallel examples ofHindu pilgrimages of both types are described. In addition, the thesis emphasises the value of attending to experiential aspects of the pilgrimage journey. Descriptions of the pilgrimages, together with comments on the general character of experience for participants, are supplemented by personal accounts provided by individual pilgrims. A phenomenological approach is taken in order to understand the themes which emerge, in particular processes of learning and change undergone by participants.


Long time series of offshore meteorological measurements in the lower marine atmospheric boundary layer show dynamical regimes and variability that are forced partly by interaction with the underlying sea surface and partly by the passage of cloud systems overhead. At low wind speeds, the dynamics and stability structure of the surface layer depend mainly on the air-sea temperature difference and measured wind speed at a standard height. The physical processes are mostly understood and quantified through Monin-Obukhov (MO) similarity theory. At high wind speeds, different dynamical regimes become dominant, with breaking waves, sea spray, and organized boundary layer convection cells contributing to observed effects. Data from offshore meteorological monitoring sites typically show different behavior and regime shifts depending on the local winds and synoptic conditions. However, the regular methods to interpret time series through spectral analysis only give a partial view of the dynamics in the atmospheric boundary layer. Wind speed and the air-sea temperature difference are important factors that characterize the dynamics of the lower atmospheric boundary layer, and they provide a dynamic and thermodynamic constraint to frame observed processes, especially at high wind speeds. Early studies of long time series of automated offshore meteorological data recognized the value of the joint probability distribution on axes of wind speed and air-sea temperature difference to summarize large segments of the data. The approach can be extended to probe the marine atmospheric boundary layer conditions that are important for the loading of offshore wind turbines: turbulence intensity and wave conditions. The increasing numbers of offshore meteorological masts that are associated with the offshore wind industry are amenable to a similar approach to understand the main characteristics of the boundary layer. In this case, the diagnostic figure provides a method to 'fingerprint' the atmospheric conditions at an offshore site. © 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the Austrian Academy of Sciences.


The purpose of this research work is to evaluate the Inhibitory Zone Diameter (IZD) of crude Spondias mombin extracts against thirty infectious clinical and environmental organisms. The root, leaf and stem-bark of S. mombin were harvested and air-dried. The dried S. mombin was milled into powdered form using manual grinder. Powdered S. mombin (1kg) each of the different S. mombin parts was extracted with 3 L of 70% (v/v) ethanol, ethyl acetate and distilled water for 72 h at room temperature. The antimicrobial assay of crude Spondias mombin extracts on the test bacteria was determined by the agar diffusion method. A 0.1 ml of 1:10,000 dilutions (equivalent to 106 cfu /ml) of fresh overnight broth culture of the test bacteria was seeded on molten Mueller-Hinton agar plate. Using a sterile cork borer of 6 mm diameter, equidistant wells were bored on the agar. One millimeter of the various re-suspended extracts (7.5, 15, 30 and 60 mg / ml) was introduced into the wells. Ofloxacin (5 µg) was used as control. The plates were then incubated at 37°C for 24 to 48 hours. Antifungal assay of crude root, leaf, and stem bark of Spondias mombin extracts were determined using Agar well diffusion method. A 5- day old fungal culture on potato dextrose agar (PDA) was flooded with 2 ml of sterile distilled water containing 3% glycerol. The spores were harvested by scraping with a sterile inoculating loop. Sterile PDA plates were inoculated with 0.1 ml of the fungal spore suspension using the spread plate technique. Five wells were bored on the potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates using a 6 mm sterile cork borer. The plates were allowed to stand on the bench for 1 hour before incubating at 25°C for 5 days. Diameter of zones of growth inhibition was then measured in millimeter with a vernier caliper. Aqueous leaf extract of S.mombin had the zone of inhibition of 23 mm against B. cepacia at 60 mg/ml. The aqueous stem bark and root of S. mombin extracts at 60 mg/ ml had the highest zone of inhibition of 23 mm, each against C. koseri and K. ozaenae. However, the aqueous Stem bark extract of S.mombin did not show any antibacterial activity against M. abscessus neither did the aqueous root extract show antibacterial activity against E. coli. This study revealed that the plant extracts possessed antibacterial and antifungal activities against some highly infectious clinical and environmental pathogens which justified their use in ethnomedicine for treatment of infectious diseases.


The year 2005 marks the beginning of the "International Decade for Action: Water for Life" and renewed effort to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGS) to reduce by half the proportion of the world's population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and sanitation by 2015. Currently, UNICEF and WHO estimate that 1.1 billion people lack access to improved water supplies and 2.6 billion people lack adequate sanitation. Providing safe water and basic sanitation to meet the MDGs will require substantial economic resources, sustainable technological solutions and courageous political will. We review five major challenges to providing safe water and sanitation on a global basis: (1) contamination of water in distribution systems, (2) growing water scarcity and the potential for water reuse and conservation, (3) implementing innovative low-cost sanitation systems, (4) providing sustainable water supplies and sanitation for megacities, and (5) reducing global and regional disparities in access to water and sanitation and developing financially sustainable water and sanitation services.


Grief as a lifelong human experience is the scope of this absorbing book. Kenneth Mitchell and Herbert Anderson explore the multiple dimensions of the problem, including the origins and dynamics of grief, loss throughout life, caring for those who grieve, and the theology of grieving. This examination is enriched by vivid illustrations and case histories of individuals whose experiences the authors have shared.


This paper presents an experiment that has been carried out in the context of the research on the origins of language that is going on at the Free University of Brussels and at Sony CSL in Paris. Two mobile robots ground time series of motor commands into categories. The categorization is based on the theory on phase space reconstruction and learning by generation and selection. With the categories, the robots try to develop a language-like lexicon. Lexicon formation occurs within the concept of language games in which agents can communicate about a topic and try to develop a coherent communication system. Again this is learned by generation and selection. The paper concludes that although the categorization works ne, the success of the lexicon formation is still unsatisfying.


Policy frameworks of the IMF, the World Bank, and the EU are discussed in order to come up with criteria of macroeconomic and financial stability and sustainability for Future Member States of the EU (candidate and potential candidate countries). The key deficiency of the EU policy framework is that it lacks a short-term stabilization policy model and instruments for adjustment, such as the IMF. It also lacks an appropriate model for investment support, though not necessarily the funds if not the instruments. The paper suggests a set of criteria for surveillance.


This background paper provides a comprehensive survey of the role of the media in informing and communicating climate change. This paper looks at how media coverage has shaped discourse and action – in complex, dynamic and non-linear ways – at the interface of climate science and policy. Moreover, this work explores influences of media on practices, politics and public opinion and understanding related to climate change. Research on these interactions are delineated through work that has been undertaken in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Japan, New Zealand, Australia, Honduras, Mozambique, Jamaica, Sri Lanka and Zambia, and explorations of newspaper coverage in forty English-language newspapers in seventeen countries, across five continents. Through these examinations of media coverage of climate change, links are made to related work on public perception and the relationship to international assistance.


Abstract The academic community can play a vital role in the development of open data standards within the real estate, appraisal, and mortgage banking professions as a key stakeholder group. What becomes clear from an examination of the future of data standards is the need for a strong academic/practitioner connection. It is also clear that the primary source for education and analytic cal tool sets must be the academic community, yet at present there is only minimal involvement by academics in the data standards effort. The impact of open data standards in the real estate profession raises some critical questions for academic practitioners on how to meet the challenges that the continuing adoption of such standards pose for the profession. An open data standard is one in which different software and systems work with one another independent of vendor, similar to the current functionality of web browsers and web servers. In appealing to the academic community, several key questions must be examined and evaluated. The first question relates to the importance of standards to the real estate profession. Why should the academic community care about open data standards and what should the level of their participation be? Further, how does this open data standards effort differ from other technology-based standards efforts? The valuation segment of real estate is the critical driver to understanding the marketplace, and how profound the changes could ultimately be. Lenders rely on collateral valuation to quantify risk and to hedge potential losses. If real estate has lagged other industries in its drive to integrate technological and data standardization, then valuation and standards within valuation space represent the final frontier. Open data standards and technology innovation within the valuation and finance sectors of the real estate profession have reached a tipping point, and the drive towards wrenching the estimated $1 trillion in cost efficiencies will cause both chaos and create opportunities for those who can provide a meaningful solution to the industry. Industry estimates project that the overall drive towards data and process standardization will be so significant that the word ''tectonic'' has been suggested to describe the impact and scope. Change has defined the status quo for virtually all business and organizational structures in recent years, and the real estate and appraisal industry are the focal points for changes that are ongoing within the financial services and informational service sectors of the economy. Literature Review Thomas Friedman, in ''The World is Flat'' (2005) describes the change in the status quo, and discusses how the world is being flattened by the drive towards technology and standards. These two drivers-open data standardization and technological innovation-are flattening the real estate world, and by extension, the valuation terrain. Far from self-serving hyperbole, it is clear that process and data standardization efforts will not only drive significant efficiencies into the market, they will eventually change the very nature of real estate analytics. For the first time, real estate practitioners who have been fond of saying that ''appraisal is an art, not a science'' will be in a position of having access to data and tools that can analyze that data at a level that will truly begin to resemble real estate econometrics. It is generally recognized that greater efficiencies are one critical benefit of the adoption of standards (Cirincione, 2007). This is certainly true, but there are likely even greater structural changes on the horizon that might change the very paradigm of current analysis and analytics. It is clear that there are both practical and theoretical ramifications that must be considered and evaluated. The time may be right for a greater introspection of how standards may change the nature of the profession, and ultimately drive ever greater amounts of aggregated data that can be used for research and analysis in dramatically more efficient ways. …


The constitutional package that was approved by Turkey's electorate in the September 12th referendum can decidedly be considered a step forward towards the drafting of a new civilian constitution, which is sorely needed for a rapidly changing, vibrant and dynamic Turkey. Nevertheless, the referendum was bitterly fought between the governing AKP and the opposition parties – CHP and the ultra nationalist MHP – both of which launched a 'no' campaign and some 42% of the population voted against it. This Commentary explores why the initiative continues to be subject to debate and criticism in some segments of the mainstream media.


This paper uses the transcripts from the FOMC meetings to characterize the interactions between policymakers and macro models in the formulation of U.S. monetary policy. We develop a taxonomy of these interactions and present two case studies. The first case focuses on the debate on the choice of monetary target and the second case focuses on the 1990/1991 recession. The analysis reveals that U.S. monetary policy relies on models for information. Models give estimates of both the outlook and the response of the economy to policy changes. Models also evolve to recognize the changing context in which policymakers operate exchange rate flexibility, financial deregulation, and international trade agreements.


During World War II blacks were nationally identified as Zoot-Suiters, and New York's Harlem was considered by some as the Zoot-Suit capital. Eddie "Rochester" Anderson in the film Star Spangled Rhythm (1942) and Cab Calloway in Stormy Weather (1943) donned Zoot-Suits and made them synonymous with blacks. But many whites, such as Italians and Mexicans in Los Angeles, wore them too.Several reasons were basic for youths wearing Zoot-Suits. Some were declaring their independence from parents, society and their social and cultural norms. For others, it was a spontaneous youth movement. Some youths adopted it as the proper costume for jitterbugging on the dance floor. A very small minority used it as a cover for crime and gang activity (Rogers 259-61; Redl, "Zoot-Suits..." 25961). Horace R. Cayton said this element had a "Bigger Thomas mentality" (a reference to the protagonist in Richard Wright's novel Native Son who accidentally killed a white girl [Cayton 13]). Bigger Thomas a was a ghetto youth whose criminal activity resulted from anti-social behavior brought on by racial discrimination and segregation which restricted his opportunities for employment and social mobility in mainstream American society.Zoot-Suit culture was an invented tradition, a youth culture. Eric Hobsbawm defined an invented tradition this way: "Inventing tradition...is essentially a process of formalization and ritualization, characterized by reference to the past, if only by imposing repetition" (Hobsbawm and Ranger 4). The black press and films featuring popular black entertainers helped spread the wearing of Zoot-Suits. The black press, by portraying Zoot-Suiters as criminals or as persons dressed in the latest fashion, conducted "rituals of status elevation" of Blacks and at the same time reflected "rituals of status reversal" to defy white authority and culture (Turner 167).Noel Dyck's study of the recent Indian "Political Powwow" movement on the West Coast from Canada to New Mexico helps to shed light on the Zoot-Suiters and their culture and influence on black and white society. Dyck said that urban Indians took over the traditional Indian culture and "Powwow" and eclipsed the power and authority of traditional leaders still on the reservations. They thereby gained social and cultural authority over Indian affairs in the national governments of Canada and the United States (Dyck 165-84). Zoot-Suiters threatened to do the same in black social and cultural life. The black assimilationists felt threatened by Zooters because they appeared to be too militant. Also, they rejected white culture and authority, threatening the civil-rights movement because many whites resented black Zoot-Suiters as troublemakers in their outlandish dress.Black Zoot-Suiters were perceived as carefree party-goers and draft-dodgers who rejected patriotism and unity during World War II. Similarly, the Carnival in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil was dominated by blacks and mulattoes. Groups called "blocos, with their own songs and sambas, often subversive of the regime and not at all respecters of its persons" dominated. "In addition, countless people dressed in their 'private fantasies' stroll, flirt, get drunk, and make love in the streets and squares...." The submerged underclass blacks used the Carnival in Rio to elevate their status and reverse the status of the wealthy and powerful political and bureaucratic leaders (Turner 130-31). Zoot-Suiters threatened to do the same in the United States during World War II. This generated widespread concern among the black press, civil rights leaders and local and national authorities seeking to restrict the use of cloth needed for uniforms for the armed services.The black press attempted to counter black Zoot-Suiters with their own "status degradation ceremony." That is "any communicative work between persons, whereby the public identity of an actor is transformed into something looked on as lower in the local scheme of social types, will be called a 'status degradation ceremony'. …


This paper presents utility for the design of the cross-coupled charge pump, which is used for supplying peripherals with low current consumption on the chip, as the EEPROM or FLASH memories. The article summarizes the knowledge in the field of the theoretical and practical analysis of the cross-coupled charge pump (design relationships and their connection with the pump parameters, as the threshold voltage, power supply voltage, clock signal frequency, etc.) that are applicated in the design algorithm. Optimal MOSFETs sizes (W, L) were find based on the construct of the time response characteristics of the pump sub-block and finding of the maximal voltage increase in the active interval of the clock signal and minimizing of the pump losses, as the switch reverse current, inverter cross current, etc. Synthesis process includes the design of the pump functional blocks with dominant real properties, which are described based on BSIM equations for long channel MOSFET. The pump stage complex model is applicated for estimation of the number of pump stages via state-space model description and using of the interpolation polynomial functions in the algorithm. It involves the construction of the time response characteristic due to the state variables and prediction of the number of the pump stages for the next cycle based on the previous data. Optimization of the pump area is based on the minimizing of the main capacitor in each of the pump stages (number of the pump stages must be increased to obtain the desired output voltage value.) Access is designed to stress the maximum pump voltage efficiency. The whole procedure is summarized in the practical example, in which the solution is shown both in terms of maximal voltage efficiency and the optimal pump area on a chip with respect to the clock signal frequency. Added functions of the design environment are explained, inclusive of the designed pump netlist generating for professional design environment Mentor Graphics including the real models of components that are available in library MGC Design Kit. The procedure gives designer credible results without long timeconsuming optimization process. In addition, the complex model allows the inclusion effects of higher-levels.


The high degree of methylation of the frog virus 3 (FV3) genome suggests that FV3-infected cells are capable of transcribing highly methylated DNA. We tested this hypothesis by assaying the transcriptional activity of adenovirus promoters known to be inhibited by methylation. Plasmid constructs containing the E1a and E2aE promoters of adenovirus type 12 linked to the gene for chloramphenicol acetyltransferase [(CAT) EC 188.8.131.52], when methylated and introduced into eukaryotic cells, promoted CAT synthesis only when the cells were subsequently infected with FV3. Mapping of transcriptional initiation sites revealed that the same sites in the E1a promoter were used for the initiation of transcription in uninfected and infected cells. Moreover, Southern blots showed that transfected plasmid DNA from FV3-infected cells was not demethylated. The absence of CAT-specific RNA in transfected cells infected with FV3 in the presence of protein synthesis inhibitors demonstrated that a virus-induced protein was responsible for the trans-activation. Inhibition of transcription from the methylated template by alpha-amanitin indicated that a functional host RNA polymerase II is required for transcription of methylated DNA in FV3-infected cells. The virus-induced trans-acting protein presumably alters either host RNA polymerase II or the methylated DNA template to allow transcription from the methylated adenovirus promoters.


Down and Out in Paris and London is a work of memoir by
George Orwell in 1933. It provides realistic reportage style commentary with a sentiment
of social criticism. Down and Out has been translated into Korean three times
over a period of 18 years, which is unusual for a literary text less popular
than Orwell's other works. These three translated texts are different from each
other in terms of style, translators' affiliations to Orwell, and level of
localisation. This thesis investigates the literary features of Down and Out in
Paris and London, and compares the approaches taken by Korean translators to
represent key source text elements in the target texts. It identifies important
shifts over the course of time in the translators' approaches at textual and
contextual level, and relates these shifts to the rapid globalisation of South
Korean society in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. In contrast,
translators' understanding of social dynamics is found to remain relatively
static across the three translations. This analysis contributes to
understandings of how translators interpret context. Interpretation of context
does not mean seeking equivalence between the source text and target text in
translation activity. Rather, it is about identifying indicators of core
message in the source text, weaving patterns and inter-connectivity between key
elements in the source text, and representing them according to the prevailing,
and constantly changing, norms of the target culture.


This thesis investigates whether there is a social cleavage structure across the Russian regions and whether this structure is mirrored in the electoral vote shares for Putin and his party United Russia on one hand, versus the Communist Party of the Russian Federation and its leader Gennady Zyuganov on the other. In addition to mapping different economic, demographic and cultural factors affecting regional vote shares, this thesis attempts to determine whether there is a party system based on social cleavages in Russia. In addition, as the Russian context is heavily influenced by the president, this thesis investigates whether the same cleavages can explain the distribution of vote shares during the presidential elections. Unemployment, pensioners, printed newspapers and ethnicity create opposing effects during parliamentary elections, while distance to Moscow, income, pensioners, life expectancy, printed newspapers and ethnicity created opposing effects during the presidential elections. The first finding of this thesis is not only that the Russian party system is rooted in social cleavages, but that it appears to be based on the traditional "left-right" cleavage that characterizes all Western industrialized countries. In addition, despite the fact that Putin pulls voters from all segments of the society, the pattern found for the party system persists during presidential elections. The concluding finding shows that the main political cleavage in today's Russia is between the left represented by the communists and the right represented by the incumbents. The data used to answer the research question is comprised of regional electoral results and statistics. The methodological approach accounts for the unique nature of the data, with a random effects model specified to control for endogeneity bias as well as to let the effect of each variable vary both within and between regions. The findings significantly contribute to future studies of Russia in general, but also to research fields studying party systems and political cleavages, elections under authoritarian rule, electoral systems and the relationship between parties and presidents in a semi-presidential system.


Alison Bass weaves the true stories of sex workers with the latest research on prostitution into a gripping journalistic account of how women (and some men) navigate a culture that routinely accepts the implicit exchange of sex for money, status, or even a good meal, but imposes heavy penalties on those who make such bargains explicit. Along the way, Bass examines why an increasing number of middle-class white women choose to become sex workers and explores how prostitution has become a thriving industry in the twenty-first-century global economy. Situating her book in American history more broadly, she also discusses the impact of the sexual revolution, the rise of the Nevada brothels, and the growing war on sex trafficking after 9/11. Drawing on recent studies that show lower rates of violence and sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV, in regions where adult prostitution is legal and regulated, Bass makes a powerful case for decriminalizing sex work. Through comparisons of the impact of criminalization vs. decriminalization in other countries, her book offers strategies for making prostitution safer for American sex workers and the communities in which they dwell. This riveting assessment of how U.S. anti-prostitution laws harm the public health and safety of sex workers and other citizens - and affect larger societal attitudes toward women - will interest feminists, sociologists, lawyers, health-care professionals, and policy makers. The book also will appeal to anyone with an interest in American history and our society's evolving attitudes toward sexuality and marriage.


OBJECTIVES
To devise a veterinary triage list (VTL) and to determine whether the application of this VTL results in more accurate categorization of emergency patients compared with intuitive triage.

DESIGN
Prospective and retrospective observational study.

SETTING
Private veterinary emergency clinic.

ANIMALS
Four hundred and eighty-five client-owned dogs and cats.

INTERVENTIONS
None.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS
A VTL was composed using a human triage system and data from medical records of the study group. Target waiting times were prospectively determined using intuition by veterinary nurses (TWT-N).  Target waiting times were subsequently determined retrospectively by the use of the VTL (TWT-VTL).  Both TWT-N and TWT-VTL were compared against target waiting times determined by a review team (TWT-R), which was considered the gold standard. TWT categories included 0, 15, 30-60, and 120 minutes, and were associated with triage categories red, orange, yellow, and green, respectively. Differences in agreement were tested for significance. One hundred and eighty-five dogs and 300 cats fulfilled the inclusion criteria. TWT-N and TWT-R agreed on 30 cases of 67 (44.8%) in triage category red and 22 of 89 (24.7%) in category orange. TWT-VTL and TWT-R agreed on 64 cases of 67 (95.5%) in category red and 75 of 89 (84.3%) in category orange. Agreement between TWT-VTL and TWT-R (Pearson's R = 0.848) was significantly greater (P < 0.001) than agreement between TWT-N and TWT-R (Pearson's R = 0.519).

CONCLUSIONS
Intuitive triage performed by veterinary nurses showed significantly less correlation with TWT-R than triage performed with the VTL. A short physical examination in all emergency patients appears to be essential in recognizing critical disease. The use of a standardized VTL can help to categorize veterinary emergency patients.


The study analyzes the shaping of the image of Russia through media focused on the countries of the Asia-Pacific region China, Japan and South Korea. Based on the analysis of bilateral relations between Russia and the People's Republic of China, Russia and the Republic of Korea, Russia and Japan, a model of communication between our country and the countries of the Asia-Pacific region has been built.The goal of the study is to carry out a quantitative content analysis of the image of Russia broadcast through the media focused on the countries of the Asia-Pacific region (China, Japan and South Korea). The study used the method of content analysis, the theoretical model of communication and the theory of the image. The mechanisms of forming the image of the state in political psychology are described.The main theoretical approaches are considered and the study of communicative and informative perception of the image of Russia, formed through the media of the APR countries, is carried out. Totally 4244 messages in the years 2015 - 2017 were analyzed.The results of content analysis show that most of the reports about Russia and the events connected with it are of a neutral, informative nature. The articles have no emotional tone, the bulk of the reports contain a dry statement of facts. Information agencies broadcast events through the prism of their ideology, most of them keep neutrality, the articles have an analytical, overview, commentary or narrative orientation.


Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex and multifactorial disease. In order to understand the genetic influence in the progression of AD, and to identify novel pharmaceutical agents and their associated targets, the present study discusses computational modeling and biomarker evaluation approaches. Based on mechanistic signaling pathway approaches, various computational models, including biochemical and morphological models, are discussed to explore the strategies that may be used to target AD treatment. Different biomarkers are interpreted on the basis of morphological and functional features of amyloid β plaques and unstable microtubule-associated tau protein, which is involved in neurodegeneration. Furthermore, imaging and cerebrospinal fluids are also considered to be key methods in the identification of novel markers for AD. In conclusion, the present study reviews various biochemical and morphological computational models and biomarkers to interpret novel targets and agonists for the treatment of AD. This review also highlights several therapeutic targets and their associated signaling pathways in AD, which may have potential to be used in the development of novel pharmacological agents for the treatment of patients with AD. Computational modeling approaches may aid the quest for the development of AD treatments with enhanced therapeutic efficacy and reduced toxicity.


Teams are an established part of organisations and are, by definition, 'groups'—but the business discourse within which they are conceptualised, and within which teamwork takes place, discounts key aspects of groupwork, essentially related to its values. Hence, we argue, the true potential of teamwork is stifled. This is compounded in relation to interprofessional 'teams', by the top-down, prescriptive, policy drivers which have led to their setting-up and because of 'new managerialism' embedded in their operation. In other words, they are essentially 'business' teams and, as such, constricted. Groupwork, we argue, has the potential, first, to liberate interprofessional teams to function more successfully and hence, second, to deliver better to the service user and, third, we believe, to contribute to reducing the risks of failure in interprofessional working as exhibited in recurring 'tragedies'. Social workers, with their values, knowledge and training in groupwork, have potentially a special role to play in facilitating interprofessional teamwork. In turn, this role, if they carry it out well, might help improve their status in the interprofessional team, where currently they often feel marginalised.


Product compatibility is becoming increasingly important especially in the IT industry due to a high level of network effect in this industry. This study empirically examines the business value of IT product compatibility initiatives with respect to the nature of the compatibility achieved (i.e., horizontal compatibility, vertical compatibility) and the type of focal product (i.e., software, hardware) for which compatibility is achieved. Using event study methodology, this paper investigates the market reaction to announcements of compatibility initiatives over a three-year period. The results show that business announcements associated with horizontal compatibility yield higher abnormal returns than the ones with vertical compatibility. Also compatibility initiatives for software products tend to be associated with a more positive stock market reaction than those for hardware products. Our findings reveal the nuances in IT product compatibilities and the need to develop a richer theory to enhance our understanding of the various IT compatibilities. Our findings also provide business insights to strategic planners and help them understand how and when to invest in IT product compatibilities to obtain positive reactions from investors.


Objective: The aim of this study is to establish the pattern of amputation in our environment, analyze the procedures done and outcome, compare our findings with various reports coming out from developing countries namely, indication, level of amputation, rehabilitation and outcome and recommend ways of mitigation and improved outcome.Methodology: This is a retrospective study in whichcase histories of patients that had undergone amputations at National Orthopaedic Hospital Enugu (NOHE), Nigeria over 5 year period (Jan 1 2011 – Dec 31 2015) were reviewed.Results: Results showed: There were forty – six (46) patients with forty seven (47) amputations, thirty-eight (38) (82.61%) were males and eight (8) (17.39%) Females with M.F ratio of 4:75:1. The Mean Age (in years) was 36.6 ± 17.08 with a of Range 1 – 90 (yrs) Eight (8) (17.39%) of the patients were diabetic and the remaining thirty eight (38) (82.6%) were non diabetic patients. Thirty three (33) (70.21%) of these amputations were in the lower limb while fourteen (14) (29.79%) were in the upper Limb. There was a re-amputation in five (50 (10.87%) patients. Twenty four (24)(52.17%) patients had complications.Discussion: Six of the patients died representing a mortality rate of 13.04%. Seventeen (17) (36.96%) patients were rehabilitated with prosthesis. The highest indication in our series is due to gangrene secondary to diabetic foot followed closely by mismanaged tibia fractures by the Traditional Bone Setters (TBS) and poor wound management by doctors.Conclusion: Most of our amputations are above knee with phantom limb as the most noted complications. Out rate of rehabilitation is quite low. We therefore recommend the following: continued education for doctors on wound management and management of diabetic foot, regulation and education of practice of Traditional Bone Setters to enable them recognize and not exceed their limits, development, equipping and capacity building for prosthetic units to enable them meet with the challenges facing the amputee, further studies to establish the real cause of low rate of rehabilitation.Keywords -Amputation, Complications, Developing Country, Indications, and Rehabilitation


Preserving wild coffee in the natural forest, especially in southwest Ethiopia, is important for maintaining the genetic diversity of Arabica coffee and sustaining coffee production. To monitor the changes in wild coffee in the natural forest, we conducted an in situ baseline survey in 2015, and 30 of those survey sites were re-visited in 2019. Those surveys involved counting the number of mature mother trees, saplings and seedlings, as well as recording details of the sites, including disturbance, accessibility and forest conditions. Satellite imagery was combined with the site-specific in situ survey data to provide evidence of the forest condition around the study sites and therefore help more fully explore the causes for the changes in the wild coffee stock. The results show that, overall, the population of mother coffee trees was maintained during the 4-year period, and a slight increase in saplings occurred. Closer examination reveals considerable variations between sites, with some equally accessible sites showing a sharp decline in the number of mother trees while others show consistent increases. This study demonstrates the importance of systematic surveys, especially for the areas where forest cover and wild coffee plants are highly variable, and this may help explore community-specific approaches in managing wild coffee in the forest.


The Design is mainly Intended for High Speed Random Frequency Carrier Wave Generator of Tbps Data Rate using 2e15-1 Tapped PRBS Pattern Sequence. The PRBS is Designed by using LFSR Linear Feed Back Shift Register & XOR Gate with Specific Tapping Points as per CCITT ITU Standards. RTL Design Architecture Implemented by using VHDL &/ Verilog HDL, Programming & Debugging Done by using Spartan III FPGA Kit. Transmission done through this carrier frequency. Propagation Carrier Done either Serially / Parallel lines I/O.


This paper proposes an algorithm to incorporate the reliability network equivalent concept into reliability assessment of complex radial distribution networks (RDNs). Using this concept, there is no need to analyze the system response to every single contingency. Instead, the equivalent impact of a group of contingencies is used to decrease the network dimension. In the proposed algorithm, the reduction takes place at protection zones. The topology of the network is given in matrix form. In different steps, this matrix is modified to derive new matrices, which are then used to perform network reduction, fault isolation, upstream and downstream restoration, and integration of the unsuccessful operation of protective devices. Use of the matrix form makes the algorithm straightforward to implement. The Roy Billinton Test System (RBTS) is used to validate computational efficiency of the proposed algorithm.


A number of cognitive skills relevant to conceptual design have been previously identified: divergent thinking, visual thinking, spatial reasoning, qualitative reasoning, and problem formulation. A battery of standardized test has been developed for each of these skills. This is the second paper in a series of papers on testing individual skill level differences in engineers and engineering students. In the first paper, we reported on the theoretical and empirical basis for divergent thinking test, as well as, on test formulation, data collection, norming studies, and statistical validation of that test. This paper focuses similarly on the efforts related to the visual thinking and spatial reasoning in engineering context. We have decomposed visual thinking into six categories: visual comprehension including perceptual speed, visual memory (that is, the visual memory system), visual synthesis mental image manipulation/transformation, spatial reasoning, and graphical expression/elaboration. We discuss the theoretical basis of a comprehensive test for engineers, test composition, trial runs, and computation of reliability measures. The alpha version was given to a small set of subjects to determine clarity of the questions and gauge difficulty level. The beta version was used for norming and test validation from over 500 samples that included engineering students and a smaller number of practicing engineers. Construct validation was achieved through basing the construction of our instrument off other well-known measures of visual thinking, while content validity was assured through thoroughly sampling the domain of visual thinking and including a variety of items both pertinent and specific to the engineering design process. The factor analysis reveals that there are possibly two eigenvalues above 1.0, an indication that it is a stable and accurate instrument. We emphasize that these tests are not just dependent on native abilities, but on education and experience; design skills are teachable and learnable.


Abstract This article examines the influence of ethnicity on sporting men's attitudes towards homosexuality. We employed Herek's Attitudes Towards Lesbians and Gay Men, Revised Version (ATLG-R) scale to collect data with British undergraduate sports students, as well as interview data with the players of an English Premier League (EPL) football academy, to show that black and minority ethnic (BME) men espouse more conservative attitudes towards homosexuality than their White counterparts. This, we theorize, is attributable to multiple factors, such as socialization into a fundamentalist version of Christianity by family, and the influence of immigration from countries where attitudes towards homosexuality remain more conservative in comparison to the UK. In documenting these findings, this research is consistent with other studies which document higher rates of intolerance among groups of BME men.


This thesis uses empirical data to explore criminal justice social workers' experience of 'ethical stress,' which is the discomfort experienced by workers when they cannot achieve value/behaviour congruence in their practice. The research was operationalised via questionnaires distributed to criminal justice social workers in four Scottish local authorities, from which both quantitative and qualitative data were gathered. From the data, it appears that the more risk averse a workplace is perceived to be, and the less valuebased the ethical climate is judged to be, the more ethical stress will be experienced. The approach to working with offenders, however, seems not to have a direct effect on ethical stress experienced. Rather, workers are very clear that public protection/risk work takes priority and this only becomes a source of stress when the ethical climate is such that any additional welfare, helping work the social worker is inclined to undertake, is thwarted. A worker's experience of ethical stress may depend upon where they work, as levels vary significantly between local authorities, as do perceptions of ethical climate. Approaches taken to risk and to working with offenders, however, do not vary between local authorities, probably because of the strength of influence from government. A model of ethical stress in criminal justice social work (CJSW) is ultimately suggested, highlighting the connections and influences above, and depicting the important role of the senior social worker. Finally, significant differences on all variables were found between older, more experienced workers and younger, less experienced workers who appear to be happier with a 'new penological' approach to the management of (as opposed to engagement with) offenders. Less experienced workers seem to accept, more uncritically, the prioritisation of public protection and reduced autonomy and, although they do experience ethical stress when value based practice is impeded and risk aversion prevails, it is experienced to a


Sacral osteoradionecrosis is a pelvic radiation-induced injury. The case illustrates this complication with interventional radiology support. Combination of imaging modalities aided in diagnosis and a biopsy confirmed it. An initial sacral cementoplasty procedure was not sufficient to obtain analgesia, because necrosis continued to evolve. In order to better stabilize the weakened pelvic girdle and reduce pain, percutaneous screw fixation was performed. The patient has a favorable outcome, with reduction of pain and early rehabilitation. No infectious, hemorrhagic complication nor migration of the screws were observed at 6 months' follow-up. Percutaneous image-guided screwing is a minimally invasive technique allowing stabilization of weakened bone and may be proposed in combination with cementoplasty in patients with sacral osteoradionecrosis.


A An effective query processing plays an important role in the uncertain data streams. Specifically, multiple top-k queries processing on uncertain data streams obtained from large applications of several fields such as sensor network monitoring and internet traffic control requires periodic execution of queries and sharing results among them. The system that monitors uncertain events in such data streams manipulates the top-k queries .Here the problem is that existing systems were not designed to allow query results sharing which in turn leads to high computation cost and inaccurate response from the system. To overcome these issues (Queries results sharing), the proposed system using a sampling algorithm for sample the top possible worlds from wellknown possible worlds based on their high probability. Consequently, proposed system uses an optimal dynamic programming approach that split the multiple queries into number of groups.Then the query groups are scheduled and planned for sharing results to yield minimum computation cost. Consequently, a faster greedy algorithm is used to reduce the time and storage space of the top-k queries based on the greedy rule. Thus the proposed approach allows sharing computation among multiple top-k queries and generates best plan of query execution.


Information Technology Law is the ideal companion for a course of study on IT law and the ways in which it is evolving in response to rapid technological and social change. This ground-breaking new work is the first textbook to systematically examine how the law and legal process of the UK interacts with the modern 'information society' and the fast-moving process of digitization. It examines the challenges that this fast pace of change brings to the established legal order, which was developed to meet the needs of a traditional physical society. To address these issues, this book begins by defining the information society and discussing how it may be regulated. From there it moves to questions of internet governance and rights and responsibilities in the digital environment. Particular attention is paid to key regulatory 'pressure points', including:DT copyright for digital productsDT identity fraudDT electronic commerceDT privacy and surveillancePossible future challenges and opportunities are outlined and discussed, including e-government, virtual environments and property, and the development of web 3.0. Information Technology Law: The law and society covers all aspects of a course of study on IT law, and is therefore an ideal text for students. The author's highly original and thought-provoking approach to the subject also makes it essential reading for researchers, IT professionals and policymakers. Online Resource Centre This book is accompanied by an Online Resource Centre containing the following resources for students: DT Regular podcast updates from the authorDT A selection of useful web linksDT A glossary of key terms DT A link to the author's IT law blog


The accurate modeling and simulation of the spread of contaminants within water distribution networks (WDNs) is an important task for drinking water security. In commonly used water quality simulation platforms the mixing of concentrations at junctions is assumed to be a complete mixing behavior. Experimental investigations have shown that this assumption is only true for certain flow conditions. Indeed, mixing depends on the geometry and the load configuration and often it is incomplete or there is some shortcut and preferential flow pathway with no mixing at all. In this paper, we present a more representative model of mixing at nodes that is valid for double T- and cross-junctions. Statistics on real WDNs are used to define realistic junction scenarios. From the latter, two-dimensional and three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations for the mixing process at different types of junctions were made and compared to experiments. Both the simulations and experiments were in agreement and show a difference in mixing of 10% and more compared to perfect mixing models. CFD results were used to build a lookup table and Kriging interpolation was applied for entries not in the table.


With the increasing prevalence of breast cancer among female internationally, occupies about 25% of all cases of cancer, with a measured 1.57 million up to date cases in 2012. Breast cancer has turn a most warning to health of female in Iraq, where it is the major cause of death among women after cardiovascular diseases, with a mortality rate of 23% related cancer. Recently there is a crucial requirement to include community pharmacists in health elevation activities to support awareness and early diagnosis of cancer, specially breast cancer. The aim of this study is to assess knowledge, attitude and perceived barriers amongst Iraqi community pharmacists towards health promotion of breast cancer. This study is cross sectional research. A questionnaire was given to pharmacists. The questionnaire comprised from four parts: community pharmacist's demographics and description of practice; knowledge of signs, symptoms and risk causes; knowledge around breast cancer screening and perceived barriers.300 questionnaires were finished and returned by Iraqi community pharmacists. Mean score of knowledge and screening of breast cancer was 7.9 ± 1.86 and 1.69± 0.33 points respectively, categorizing the overall knowledge and screening of breast cancer among participants as poor level, while mean score for pharmacist attitude was 26.44± 3.86   points, categorizing the overall attitude as favorable. Lack of time was perceived by a great proportion of pharmacists (68.2%) as a major barrier to providing patient education.


It is proposed that an athlete's overtrained state is more perceptible in its etiology, diagnosis, treatment and prevention if considered from the context of a biopsychosocial disorder of adjustment. By shifting focus from a limited notion of excessive training loads and inadequate recovery schedules onto a comprehensive model of maladjustment, the full scope of the phenomenon becomes clearer. Specifically, the overtrained state is reconceptualized as an Adjustment Disorder and thus should be treated from the perspective of this diagnosis. Adjustment Disorder is viewed as a response to an identifiable stressor or stressors that results in clinically significant symptoms, and 'can be triggered by a stressor of any severity and may involve a wide range of possible symptoms' (DSM-IV-TR, 2000, p. 682). A rationale for the adoption of this definition is proposed. Included in this rationale is a comprehensive model of maladjustment with an overview of relevant subtypes to clarify the complex interaction of variables involved in the etiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of the athlete's maladjusted state.


This Article provides an overview of the labyrinth of media tort defenses, specifically the four privileges – fair comment, fair report, neutral reportage, and wire service – that come into play when the media republish defamatory content about criminal suspects and defendants without specific intent to injure. The Article then discusses these privileges in light of a hypothetical case involving a highly publicized crime and an indicted suspect, against whom charges are later dropped, but who suffers perpetual reputational harm from the out-of-context republication online of news related to his indictment. The Article demonstrates how the four privileges would operate in defense of the online news republisher and how the fault lines of these privileges would be pressured to yield to liability in light of the unusual conditions in cyberspace in contrast with traditional media, and in light of how legal norms tend to codify the social norms of journalistic practice and ethics, and of readers' expectations. The Article concludes by calling on the media to self-regulate, rather than be regulated by shifting legal norms. Specifically, the Article suggests that news media can renew their commitment to journalistic principles and head off top-down legal reform by taking greater responsibility for online content, and by minimizing the risk of unfair process and perpetual reputational harm to the subjects of news coverage through the use of tools, such as hyperlinks, to keep content updated.


Complexity in software systems is a major factor driving development and maintenance costs. To master this complexity, software is divided into modules that can be developed and tested separately. In order to support this separation of modules, each module should provide a clean and concise public interface. Therefore, the ability to selectively hide functionality using access control is an important feature in a programming language intended for complex software systems.

Software systems are increasingly distributed, adding not only to their inherent complexity, but also presenting security challenges. The object-capability approach addresses these challenges by defining language properties providing only minimal capabilities to objects. One programming language that is based on the object-capability approach is Newspeak, a dynamic programming language designed for modularity and security. The Newspeak specification describes access control as one of Newspeak's properties, because it is a requirement for the object-capability approach. However, access control, as defined in the Newspeak specification, is currently not enforced in its implementation.

This work introduces an access control implementation for Newspeak, enabling the security of object-capabilities and enhancing modularity. We describe our implementation of access control for Newspeak. We adapted the runtime environment, the reflective system, the compiler toolchain, and the virtual machine. Finally, we describe a migration strategy for the existing Newspeak code base, so that our access control implementation can be integrated with minimal effort.


With the Mobile Aerosol Raman Lidar (MARL) of the AlfredWegener Institute (AWI) we participated in a field campaign at mid latitudes (Lindenberg/Germany, 53°N, 15°E) from May to October 2003. During the frequent good weather periods of that unusual summer we observed a relatively high fraction (55 %) of coverage with thincirrus. By means of a video camera we kept track of persistent contrails which occurred simultaneously with subvisible cirrus and which were often embedded inside the clouds. The cloudiness and the ice water content calculated by the ECMWF operational analysis agree in many cases remarkably well with the lidar observations. This is surprising since the ECMWF cloud formation scheme does not account for high supersaturation. As recently shown, such high supersaturations occur frequently in the upper troposphere. We will present an assessment of the most likely formationpath for ice clouds in the upper troposphere based on backward trajectories, model data and our lidar observations.


Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has the capacity to provide crucial clinical benefits in patient care, patient outcomes, and public health, however, clinical laboratories must find ways to overcome operational, technical, regulatory, and strategic challenges in order to effectively employ NGS-based diagnostic tests. The Academy convened a colloquium on this topic in April 2015. Beyond the potential lifesaving impact of NGS methodologies, the report examines the main deterrents and shortcomings of the technology such as the data analysis and management pipelines, regulatory concerns and reimbursement issues, and the creation and maintenance of curated and secure databases. The report, titled Applications of Clinical Microbial Next-Generation Sequencing provides recommendations and suggestions for combating these current limitations to implement NGS in clinical settings.


Recently, there has been a broadening concern on forecasting techniques that are applied on large data sets, since economists in business and management want to deal with the great magnitude of information. In this analysis, the issue of forecasting a large data set by using different model averaging approaches is addressed. In particular, Bayesian and frequentist model averaging methods are considered, including Bayesian model averaging (BMA), information theoretic model averaging (ITMA) and predictive likelihood model averaging (PLMA). The predictive performance of each scheme is compared with the most promising existing alternatives, namely benchmark AR model and the equal weighted model averaging (AV) scheme. An empirical application on Inflation forecasting for five countries using large data sets within the model averaging framework is applied. The average ARX model with weights constructed differently according to each model averaging scheme is compared with both the benchmark AR and the AV model. For the comparison of the accuracy of forecasts several performance indicators have been provided such as the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), the Mean Absolute Error (MAE), the U-Theil's Inequality Coefficient (U), Mean Square Forecast Error (MSFE) and the Relative Mean Square Forecast Error (RMSFE). Next, within the Granger causality framework through the Diebold & Mariano (DM) test and the Clark & McCracken (CM) test, whether the data-rich models represented by the three different model averaging schemes have made a statistically significant improvement relative to the benchmark forecasts has been tested. Critical values at 5% and at 10% have been calculated based on bootstrap approximation of the finite sample distribution of the DM and CM test statistics. The main outcome is that although the information theoretic model averaging scheme is a more powerful approach, the other two model averaging techniques can be regarded as useful alternatives.


In spite of trying to understand processes in the same spatial domain, the catchment hydrology and water quality scientific communities are relatively disconnected and so are their respective models. This is emphasized by an inadequate representation of transport processes, in both catchment‐scale hydrological and water quality models. While many hydrological models at the catchment scale only account for pressure propagation and not for mass transfer, catchment scale water quality models are typically limited by overly simplistic representations of flow processes. With the objective of raising awareness for this issue and outlining potential ways forward we provide a nontechnical overview of (1) the importance of hydrology‐controlled transport through catchment systems as the link between hydrology and water quality; (2) the limitations of current generation catchment‐scale hydrological and water quality models; (3) the concept of transit times as tools to quantify transport; and (4) the benefits of transit time based formulations of solute transport for catchment‐scale hydrological and water quality models. There is emerging evidence that an explicit formulation of transport processes, based on the concept of transit times has the potential to improve the understanding of the integrated system dynamics of catchments and to provide a stronger link between catchment‐scale hydrological and water quality models. WIREs Water 2016, 3:629–657. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1155


This is a remarkable account by a pioneering woman explorer who was described by Rudyard Kipling as 'the bravest woman of all my knowledge'. Until 1893, Mary Kingsley lived the typical life of a single Victorian woman, tending to sick relatives and keeping house for her brother. However, on the death of her parents, she undertook an extraordinary decision: with no prior knowledge of the region, she set out alone to West Africa to pursue her anthropological interests and collect botanical specimens. Her subsequent book, published in 1897, is a testament to understatement and humour - few explorers made less of the hardships and dangers experienced while travelling (including unaccompanied treks through dangerous jungles and encounters with deadly animals). Travels in West Africa would challenge (as well as reinforce) contemporary Victorian prejudices about Africa, and also made invaluable contributions to the fields of botany and anthropology. Above all, however, it has stood the test of time as a gripping, classic travel narrative by a woman whose sense of adventure and fascination with Africa transformed her whole life. This Penguin edition includes a fascinating introduction by Dr Toby Green examining Victorian attitudes to Africa, along with explanatory notes by Lynnette Turner. Mary Kingsley was born in north London in 1862, the daughter of the traveller and physician George Kingsley and his former housekeeper, Mary Bailey. Her education was scant: while her younger brother was sent away to school, she stayed at home. Later she lived in Cambridge, and cared for her bedridden mother. Following the deaths of her parents, Kingsley embarked on a voyage to West Africa in August 1893, with the object of studying native religion and law and collecting zoological specimens. In December 1894, she undertook a second trip to the region, during which she became the first woman to climb West Africa's highest mountain, Mount Cameroon. On returning home eleven months later, she wrote Travels in West Africa, which was published in 1897 and was followed by West African Studies in 1899. Kingsley made one final trip to Africa, enlisting as a volunteer nurse in South Africa during the Boer War. She had only been there for two months when she developed typhoid fever and died, on 3rd June 1900, before being buried at sea in accordance with her wishes. Lynnette Turner is Associate Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences at Edge Hill University. Toby Green is Lecturer in Lusophone African History and Culture at Kings College London. His book The Rise of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade in Western Africa appeared in 2011.


Community development practitioners and researchers are fully aware of the multi faceted nature of the development process and the many diverse groups involved in the various steps. In the beginning, successful development requires a project(s) that meets a need within the community and has local support. The project must be sold to local leaders and managed in a way that is accepted by constituents to gain their involvement. To succeed, a project must also be financed adequately with appropriate incentives provided to investors and other agencies involved. Finally, documenting outcomes and their contributions to the local area is important to build support for a sustainable local development process. The articles presented in this volume of COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENTtouch on most of these issues and provide interesting examples of successful, new, or unusual approaches. In this regard, both development practitioners and scholars should find the discussions of interest, and perhaps they offer some thought-provoking ideas for future activities. Long-term funding is necessary for sustainable local community and economic development initiatives. In the article, "Wealth Transfer: A Philanthropic Opportunity for Community Development Practitioners," Mark Edelman and Sandra Charvat Burke start this volume off with a discussion of community foundations in Iowa as a way to capture a portion of the impending transfer of wealth for local community development projects. These foundations can serve many purposes, but they have been used in supporting local projects designed to improve quality of life and community development even in relatively small communities. Not every resident in the community supports community development or economic expansion, and the next article, "Jobs Now, Later, or ... Never? An Exploration of Resistance to Economic Change in Communities," by Scott Loveridge, Janet Bokemeier, and Peter Kakela, presents the findings from a survey of residents in Michigan regarding attitudes about in-coming businesses. Respondents clearly differ in attitude about economic development with some relatively surprising findings. Diversity in a community is usually considered a desirable outcome from a development process, but it also can make the process more difficult when various ethnic groups have opposing attitudes and positions. The findings of a project in the Mississippi Delta region described in an article by Jerry Robinson, Jr., and Brent Hales, "Models and Methods for Creating Sustainable Community-Based Development Organizations in Diverse Communities," suggest that certain development approaches can make major differences in outcomes of a development project. This article suggests that it is possible to bring diverse groups together for a common purpose(s) to achieve significant results. Many, if not most, community developers would agree that telecommunications are essential to the future of local development and that community leaders should place high priority on building capacity on this issue. A project involving five communities in four states, described in the next article, "Leading Community Innovation: Organizing Successful Rural Telecommunications Self-Development Projects," by Ann Hollifield, Joe Donnermeyer, Owen Wolford, and Robert Agunga, finds that the ways in which the telecommunications initiatives are formulated—and which institutions are involved— make a substantial difference in ultimate outcomes.


This study seeks to investigate "Language-crossing" (or Code-crossing) ( a complex sociolinguistic phenomenon where speakers freely opt to adopt the speech/variety of another group). Sudanese mainstreamers (speakers of Standard Colloquial Sudanese Arabic (SCSA) have been observed to cross to "Randok" ; a variety spoken by an extremely marginalized social group known by their pubic name of (Shamasha). This is a kind of a street language (or anti-language, to borrow Halliday's term) with unique linguistic features. A tiny literature exists whether on "crossing", (coined and pioneered by Rampton), or "Randok". The phenomenon of mainstreamers crossing to Randok, has, to our knowledge, never before been examined (as a "crossing" act). Drawing on Hewitt (1986), Rampton (1995,1996,1997), Cutler (1999), and others, crossing to Randok, has been closely observed, analysed and interpreted; based on a host of sociolinguistic\discourse approaches: Identity formation/construction/shift/representation, code-switching/mixing/choice, New Ethnicities, Anti-languages, etc. Collected over several years, the data encompasses observation, interviews (Randok speakers and (SCSA) mainstreamers of various backgrounds: street venders, intellectuals, academics, writes, linguists, middle class youths, etc.), focusdiscussions, and phenomenological materials such as 'introspections/retrospections". Results confirm the existence of language-crossing among (SCSA) mainstreamers to Randok. However, the interpretation of the phenomenon stop short of arriving at a conclusive argument. Instead, Randok crossing has been shown to be supremely interesting, a complex multi-faceted sociolinguistic behavior with a wide range of implications for sociolinguistics, discourse analysis (power relations), language policy, identity theory, knowledge representations, etc. A final distinctive feature of Randok crossing, is the existence of mediators (venders and football fans/journalists) who spread the behaviour among mainstreamers.


Growing degree days (GDD) were calculated for 40 meteorological stations distributed across Greece, on the basis of daily maximum and minimum air temperature (TMAX and TMIN, respectively) for the 10 year period from 1978 to 1987. Duration of growing periods (classified in 10 d intervals) differed among stations. The longest period was from April 1 to November 30, and the shortest from May 1 to September 30. Growing season varies across Greece from about 1600 GDD in the northern mountainous areas to >2900 GDD in the lowlands and the southernmost regions. Most spring-sown crops need no more than 1500 GDD to mature; consequently, there are no temperature limitations in Greece for crops such as corn, cotton and tobacco. Despite the sparse climatic network it was possible to create high resolution maps with statistically significant results (r = 0.83 to 0.89; p = 0.95), providing reliable information for agricultural planning.


Over one hundred and thirty years ago, pioneers arriving in Colorado during the Civil War era brought the game of baseball to the high and dry Rocky Mountains frontier. From the days of games in pastures with no gloves to the high drama of Coors Field and the Colorado Rockies, baseball and Coloradans have had a love affair that has continued to flourish over the decades. In THEY CAME TO PLAY, historians and avid baseball fans Duane Smith and Mark Foster have collected the finest historic baseball photographs of teams, players, and games from around the state. They are all here, the town teams, company teams, early professional clubs, and the ethnic teams that made baseball an integral part of the life and times in Colorado's mountain towns, prairie hamlets, and bustling frontier cities. Combined with the wonderful photographs and captions is an essay that brings baseball's rich heritage in Colorado to life for the reader.


The immune response to SARS-CoV-2 is critical in both controlling primary infection and preventing re-infection. However, there is concern that immune responses following natural infection may not be sustained and that this may predispose to recurrent infection. We analysed the magnitude and phenotype of the SARS-CoV-2 cellular immune response in 100 donors at six months following primary infection and related this to the profile of antibody level against spike, nucleoprotein and RBD over the previous six months. T-cell immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 were present by ELISPOT and/or ICS analysis in all donors and are characterised by predominant CD4+ T cell responses with strong IL-2 cytokine expression. Median T-cell responses were 50% higher in donors who had experienced an initial symptomatic infection indicating that the severity of primary infection establishes a 'setpoint' for cellular immunity that lasts for at least 6 months. The T-cell responses to both spike and nucleoprotein/membrane proteins were strongly correlated with the peak antibody level against each protein. The rate of decline in antibody level varied between individuals and higher levels of nucleoprotein-specific T cells were associated with preservation of NP-specific antibody level although no such correlation was observed in relation to spike-specific responses. In conclusion, our data are reassuring that functional SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell responses are retained at six months following infection although the magnitude of this response is related to the clinical features of primary infection.