This thesis questions the use of the 'voice' metaphor in contemporary Irish cultural studies in order to examine
the ways in which gendered identities are constructed in some Irish Catholic communities in twentieth-century
Ireland. With reference to novels by Brian Moore and
John McGahern as well as to Judith Butler's theories of performativity and citational practices, it argues that gendered identities are constructed through the repetitive citation of hegemonic cultural discourses. This thesis
focuses on the ways in which gendered identities are produced and maintained through the citation of the official discourses of the Catholic Church and the State as
well as the more mundane discourses related to popular nationalism and the family.

The first two chapters concentrate on novels whose protagonists are trying to construct powerful identities in urban Irish society through the manipulation of gendered discourses. The discussion of Moore's The Lonely Passion of Judith Hearne identifies some of the strategies through which conventional Irish women's voices are constructed
and questions the validity of the category of 'authentic' women's voices. In the chapter relating to McGahem's The
Pornographer, the powerful, abstract male voice is exposed as a performative construct which is sustained only through the abjection of those elements which disrupt the narrator's performance of masculinity.

The remaining chapters concentrate on the use of idealised images such as those of the 'woman-as-nation' and the iconised mother in novels by Moore and McGahem. Moore's The
Mangan Inheritance provides the basis for a discussion of whether or not voices attributed to women in texts by Irish men can be read in ways that disrupt the apparent authority of Irish men's voices. This thesis discusses the issues
raised when men participate in the deconstruction
of idealised images of Irish women. The final chapter examines the processes through which conventional identities are discursively constructed and maintained in two novels by John McGahem: The Dark and Amongst Women. This thesis contends that through the strategic
redeployment of those voices attributed to idealised images of Irish women, voices which are conventionally regarded
as silent, patriarchal gendered identities can be destabilised or displaced.


The feminist journal Shafts , which ran from 1892 to 1899, edited by Margaret Shurmer Sibthorp, was an important forum for the discussion of women's oppression and liberation at the fin de siecle - though it has received comparatively little scholarly attention. In this article I outline the significance of Shafts' sometimes contradictory contribution to the social and political debates of the period, focusing in particular on the convergence of enlightenment and anti-enlightenment discourses in its pages. The relationship of these discourses is knotted together around the concept of 'influential force', which is of signal importance to the argument of the opening article of the journal's inaugural issue, entitled 'Shafts of Thought'. I contend that, to the main contributors of Shafts , the metaphorical significance of the notion of 'influential force', which draws on contemporaneous scientific and spiritualist theories, lies in its capacity for reconceptualising the social and intellectual relations that obtain, at the end of the nineteenth century, among the readers of a progressive periodical.


Collaborative practice agreements (CPAs) facilitate collaborative, interdisciplinary patient care by serving as a mutually agreed upon written plan between physicians and pharmacists delineating the primary care and medication management functions of pharmacists. CPAs have not been widely implemented. This study aims to (1) identify solutions for external barriers affecting the implementation and scalability of CPAs, and (2) develop a model for operationalizing CPAs within chain community pharmacy organizations. Of major public health significance, determining how to implement and scale CPAs is critical to ensuring all people access to primary care services in their own communities. This study employed the National Implementation Research Network's conceptual model of implementation to determine the multilevel influences affecting the uptake and dissemination of CPAs. Key informant interviews were conducted with licensed pharmacists who hold either a pharmacy staffing or clinical management position within a traditional, supermarket, or mass merchant chain with pharmacies located in New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and/or West Virginia. The semi- structured interview script was developed based on the Systems Engineering Initiative for Patient Safety (SEIPS) model of work system and patient safety. Interviews were conducted until data saturation was achieved. The data underwent thematic analysis guided by the conceptual model and the SEIPS work system framework. This study revealed that there are multiple strategies to facilitate the implementation and scalability of CPAs. These strategies include establishing physician relationships, enhancing pharmacists' education and training, addressing patients' perception, structuring time and workload, and advocating for CPA laws at the state level and provider status at the national level. Strategies for addressing these needs can be incorporated into a model for operationalizing CPAs within chain community pharmacy organizations. There must be coordination between the patient, the community pharmacies, and the physician in order for CPAs to be implemented successfully. District and corporate management can create opportunities to support patient, pharmacist, and physician coordination and is critical to replicating CPAs. Collaboration with professional organizations and schools of pharmacy can be essential to scaling CPAs within an organization.


Many authors have argued, for good reasons, that in a range of applications the lens put-put law is too strong.  On the other hand, the present authors have shown that very well behaved lenses, which do satisfy the put-put law by definition, are algebras for a certain monad, and that this viewpoint admits fruitful generalisations of the lens concept to a variety of base categories. In the algebra approach to lenses, the put-put law corresponds to the associativity axiom, and so is fundamentally important. Thus we have a dilemma. The put-put law seems inappropriate for many applications, but is fundamental to the mathematical development that can support an extended range of applications. In this paper we resolve this dilemma. We outline monotonic put-put laws and introduce a new mixed put-put law that appears to be immune to many of the objections to the classical put-put law, and still supports a very satisfactory mathematical foundation.


Separating Semantic and Phonological Short-term Memory in Aphasic Patients Using a Novel Concurrent Probe Paradigm by Heather Raye Dial Previous research suggests that short-term memory (STM) processes are separable into at least two buffers: a lexical-semantic and a phonological buffer. While there are multiple tasks used to measure phonological STM, only one task is commonly employed to test semantic STM, the category probe task. The current study used a novel paradigm, the concurrent probe paradigm (Shivde & Anderson, 2011), to measure semantic and phonological maintenance in aphasia patients. In Experiment 1, which evaluated semantic maintenance, we replicated the findings of Shivde and Anderson (2011) with older adults and revealed dissociations in patient performance depending on the type of STM deficit. The concurrent probe paradigm provided converging evidence with the category probe task in measuring semantic STM deficits. In Experiments 2 and 3, we applied the task to phonological maintenance. We replicated the findings of Shivde and Anderson (2011) with older adults, but for patients the results were less clear.


Background: Rosacea is a chronic skin disease with an unknown etiology. Some reports have suggested an increased prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in rosacea patients, but it is controversial. This study was designed to compare the prevalence of H. pylori and serological cag A+ species between the rosacea patients and the healthy control group. Methods: This case-control study was performed on 30 rosacea patients and 60 healthy individuals as the control group. The results were reported based on clinical and serological enzymelinked immunosorbent assay IgG antibody and cag A examination in two groups. Results: Mean age of the rosacea patients and the control group was 45.8 ± 14.05 and 41.4 ± 12.3 years respectively and 56.7% of the patients and 86.2% of controls were infected by H. Pylori (P=0.002). Furthermore, cag A+ was seen in 53.5% of the patients and 50% of the controls (P=0.23). Conclusion: This study showed a reduction in the prevalence of Helicobacter Pylori in acne rosacea patients compared to other studies in the world. The authors believe that it is necessary to conduct more studies to demonstrate the exact prevalence of this organism in Iranian rosacea patients.


The current competitive situation on electricity markets forces conventional power plants into cyclic operation regimes with frequent load shifts and starts/shutdowns. In the present work, the cyclic mechanical behavior of ferritic-martensitic 9-12 % Cr steels under isothermal and thermomechanical loading was investigated for the example of grade P92 material. A continuous softening was observed under all loading conditions. The introduction of hold periods to the applied cycles reduced material lifetime, with most prominent effects at technologically relevant small strain levels. The microstructural characterization reveals a coarsening of the original "martensitic" lath-type microstructure to a structure with polygonal subgrains and reduced dislocation density. The microstructural data forms the input for a physically-based modelling approach.


In addition to coatings, microstructures can increase abrasion-resisting quality of sheet bulk metal forming tools by influencing friction conditions. The use of ultrashort pulsed lasers offers a possibility for manufacturing flexible microstructures with very high precision. Thus the processing with picosecond laser allows the generation of structures with dimensions down to the range of single microns. Because of the characteristic ablation process temperature sensitive materials can be structured without any heat transfer into the material. Applying appropriate processing parameters avoids complex post-finishing processes because of the achieved good structure qualities without any melt and any material throw-up. For implemention of a fast structuring process with high ablation rates it is shown, that only fluences near the ablation threshold allow a processing result of high quality and with the maximum ablation efficiency.


Economists have long attributed the existence of firms to their ability to exercise authority through a hierarchy. Superiors can command subordinates through fiat and, in so doing, avoid the negotiation and haggling costs that come with the use of contracts. Yet the body that wields ultimate authority in the firm, the board of directors, exercises relatively little of its plenary authority to run the corporation. Boards typically make only a handful of decisions, they meet only a few times a year, and many directors have a full-time job doing something else. This Article asks why boards put such sharp limits on their day-to-day involvement with the companies they control when the exercise of authority is so central to the existence of firms.To answer this question, this Article draws on recent developments in the theory of the firm. This work examines how firms are likely to allocate authority among different constituencies, and it identifies the dangers associated with intrafirm lobbying. If the people who care most about a decision do not have the power to make that decision, they may exert substantial effort trying to influence those choices. This Article argues that this intrafirm dynamic can help to explain why boards circumscribe their authority. If directors try to exert too much authority, managers may spend too much of their time trying to influence the board rather than devoting effort to more productive tasks. This theory suggests that the scope of authority the board exercises will depend, in part, on a tradeoff between the minimization of agency costs and lobbying costs. This Article argues that this conception of the board's role helps to understand why the movement to make boards more independent has not been a uniform success and why corporate law takes a unique approach to the regulation of agency costs.


While functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has identified which regions of interests (ROIs) are functionally active during a vergence movement (inward or outward eye rotation), task-modulated coactivation between ROIs is less understood. This study tested the following hypotheses: (1) significant task-modulated coactivation would be observed between the frontal eye fields (FEFs), the posterior parietal cortex (PPC), and the cerebellar vermis (CV); (2) significantly more functional activity and task-modulated coactivation would be observed in binocularly normal controls (BNCs) compared with convergence insufficiency (CI) subjects; and (3) after vergence training, the functional activity and task-modulated coactivation would increase in CIs compared with their baseline measurements. A block design of sustained fixation versus vergence eye movements stimulated activity in the FEFs, PPC, and CV. fMRI data from four CI subjects before and after vergence training were compared with seven BNCs. Functional activity was assessed using the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) percent signal change. Task-modulated coactivation was assessed using an ROI-based task-modulated coactivation analysis that revealed significant correlation between the FEF, PPC, and CV ROIs. Prior to vergence training, the CIs had a reduced BOLD percent signal change compared with BNCs for the CV (p<0.05), FEFs, and PPC (p<0.01). The BOLD percent signal change increased within the CV, FEF, and PPC ROIs (p<0.001) as did the task-modulated coactivation between the FEFs and CV as well as the PPC and CV (p<0.05) when comparing the CI pre- and post-training datasets. Results from the Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Survey were correlated to the percent BOLD signal change from the FEFs and CV (p<0.05).


The three major oxygen deficient zones (ODZs) of the world oceans (eastern tropical North and South Pacific (ETNP and ETSP, respectively), and Arabian Sea (AS) host the vast majority of pelagic fixed nitrogen (N) loss and up to half of total marine N loss. The input of organic matter is an important control on the absolute and relative importance of the two main pathways of N removal (denitrification and anammox). We investigated the response of N loss in the ETSP and AS ODZs to additions of organic matter in the form of glucose and naturally derived dissolved and particulate organic matter (DOM and POM, respectively). In the ETSP ODZ, the addition of glucose stimulated denitrification (1.6‐fold increase after 5 d) but not anammox (14‐fold decrease after 5 d). In the AS ODZ, only POM, not DOM, significantly increased rates of denitrification at the base of the oxycline (5.4–6.4‐fold increase after 2 d), but not at the secondary nitrite maximum. These results suggest that denitrification was generally limited by organic matter supply at the time of this study in both the ETSP and AS ODZs, although the lability of the organic matter supplied was important. Interestingly, 15N2 produced in ETSP and AS incubations was not binomially distributed relative to the reactants after the influence of anammox was taken into account, suggesting an unknown production mechanism or pathway of N removal.


Greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide or water vapour are the most frequently discussed when climate change issues are raised. However, nowadays methane, whose potential is 21 times higher than that of carbon dioxide, is more and more often mentioned. Methane clathrates also called methane hydrate are one of the emission sources of this gas. They occur in sea and oceanic sediments. These compounds are stable under specific physicochemical conditions. A change of chemical composition of bottom deposit, aqueous solution surrounding clathrates or physical parameters like temperature and pressure may cause destabilization of gas hydrate which results in methane rapid release to water and then to the atmosphere. Methane deposits in form of methane clathrate arouse mixed emotions. There are hopes for obtaining huge amounts of "green fuel" as an alternative to petroleum or natural gas, on the other hand they arouse anxiety of climate hazard thus hazard for Earth's life.


We consider an asymptotically free vectorial gauge theory, with gauge group $G$ and $N_f$ fermions in a representation $R$ of $G$, having an infrared (IR) zero in the beta function at $\alpha_{IR}$. We present general formulas for scheme-independent series expansions of quantities, evaluated at $\alpha_{IR}$, as powers of an $N_f$-dependent expansion parameter, $\Delta_f$. First, we apply these to calculate the derivative $d\beta/d\alpha$ evaluated at $\alpha_{IR}$, denoted $\beta'_{IR}$, which is equivalent to the anomalous dimension of the ${\rm Tr}(F_{\mu\nu}F^{\mu\nu})$ operator, to order $\Delta_f^4$ for general $G$ and $R$, and to order $\Delta_f^5$ for $G={\rm SU}(3)$ and fermions in the fundamental representation. Second, we calculate the scheme-independent expansions of the anomalous dimension of the flavor-nonsinglet and flavor-singlet bilinear fermion antisymmetric Dirac tensor operators up to order $\Delta_f^3$. The results are compared with rigorous upper bounds on anomalous dimensions of operators in conformally invariant theories. Our other results include an analysis of the limit $N_c \to \infty$, $N_f \to \infty$ with $N_f/N_c$ fixed, calculation and analysis of Pade approximants, and comparison with conventional higher-loop calculations of $\beta'_{IR}$ and anomalous dimensions as power series in $\alpha$.


We employ a new thermodynamic method for self-consistent computation of compositional and thermal effects on phase transition depths, density, and seismic velocities. Using these profi les, we compare theoretical and observed differential traveltimes between P410s and P (T 410 ) and between P600s and P410s (T 660‐410 ) that are affected only by seismic structure in the upper mantle. The anticorrelation between T 410 and T 660‐410 suggests that variations in T 410 and T 660‐410 of ~8 s are due to lateral temperature variations in the upper mantle transition zone of ~400 K. If the mantle is a mechanical mixture of basaltic and harzburgitic components, our traveltime data suggest that the mantle has an average temperature of 1600 ± 50 K, in agreement with temperature estimates from magma compositions of mid-ocean ridge basalts. We infer a 100 K hotter mantle if we assume the mantle to have a homogeneous pyrolitic composition. The transition-zone temperature beneath hotspots and within subduction zones is relatively high and low, respectively. However, the largest variability in T 410 and T 660‐410 is recorded by global stations far from subduction zones and hotspots. This indicates that the 400 K variation in upper mantle temperature is complicated by tilted upwellings, slab fl attening and accumulation, ancient subduction, and processes unrelated to present-day subduction and plume ascent.


1. The effect of the hypertensive process on vascular sensitivity to serotonin and methysergide was studied. 2. Isometric contractions were recorded from arteries isolated from spontaneously hypertensive (SHR), Kyoto-Wistar normotensive (WKY), deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-hypertensive and Sprague-Dawley normotensive rats. 3. Arteries from hypertensive rats (except SHR aorta) were more sensitive (lower ED 30 ) to noradrenaline, serotonin and methysergide relative to those from controls. 4. The magnitude of the leftward shift in ED 30 was similar for the three agonists in mesenteric and tail arteries from DOCA rats, whereas the shift in ED 30 for serotonin and methylsergide in aortae exceeded that to noradrenaline. In SHR, the shift in ED 30 for serotonin and methylsergide in tail and mesenteric arteries was greater than that to noradrenaline; SHR aortae did not differ from WKY aortae. 5. Arteries from hypertensive rats (except SHR aorta) developed a greater maximal contraction to methysergide than those from controls; maximal contractions to noradrenaline and serotonin were either less than or similar to those of controls. 6. The agonistic action of methysergide in DOCA rats paralleled the development of high arterial pressure. Low sodium diet abated the high pressure in DOCA rats and reduced vascular sensitivity to all agonists. 7. These observations support the view that in hypertension there is a generalized increase in vasoconstrictor sensitivity. The major finding is that, in two hypertensive models, there is a uniquely greater increase in vascular responsiveness to the agonistic action of methysergide.


Quantitative ultrasound (QUS) imaging techniques based on ultrasonic backscatter have been used successfully to diagnose and monitor disease. A method for improving the contrast and axial resolution of QUS parametric images by using the resolution enhancement compression (REC) technique is proposed. REC is a coded excitation and pulse compression technique that improves the axial resolution and enhances the -6-dB bandwidth of an ultrasonic imaging system. In this study, the improvements in variance of average scatterer diameter (ASD) estimates by using REC-QUS were quantified. Furthermore, RECQUS was used to extend the tradeoff between estimate variance and the spatial resolution of QUS parametric imaging using ASD estimates. Simulations and experimental measurements were conducted with a single-element transducer (f/4) having a center frequency of 10 MHz and a -6-dB bandwidth of 80%. Using REC, the -6-dB bandwidth was enhanced to 155%. In simulations, to monitor the improvements in contrast a software phantom with a cylindrical lesion was evaluated. In experimental measurements, a tissue mimicking phantom that contained glass spheres with different scatterer diameters was evaluated. Estimates of ASD in the simulations and experiments were obtained by comparing the normalized backscattered power spectra to theory. Improvements in REC-QUS over conventional QUS were quantified through estimate bias and variance, contrast-to-noise ratio and histogram analysis of QUS parametric images. Overall, a 51% increase in contrast and an 80% decrease in the variance of ASD estimates were obtained during simulations, while a reduction 93% was obtained in the variance of ASD for the experimental results.


Multi-party multimedia networking applications such as e-commerce, distributed data analysis, Internet TV and advanced collaborative environments feature stringent end-to-end Quality of Service (QoS) requirement and require globally distributed user groups to be interconnected. The variety of delivery requirements posed by such applications are best satisfied using highly customised networking protocols. Hence, a demand for networks to migrate from the current fixed service model to a more flexible architecture that accommodates a wide variety of networking services is emerging.

New approaches are required in order to build such service oriented networks. Active networking is one such approach. Active networks treats the network as a programmable computation engine, which provides customised packet processing and forwarding operations for traffic flowing through network nodes. User applications can download new protocols into network elements at runtime, allowing rapid innovation of network services. This thesis makes the case for employing mobile agents to realise an active networking architecture, and describes such an architecture called the Netlets architecture. Netlets are autonomous, mobile components which persist and roam in the network independently, providing predefined network services.

This thesis presents the design and implementation of the Netlet node and the service deployment m echanisms that are required to distribute Netlet services in the network. Using the Netlet toolkit, variety of network services were designed to provide network support for multimedia applications in the Internet. A service was implemented to enhance the working of the RSVP protocol in order to provide robust end-to-end QoS support even when the network is only partially QoS provisioned. A scalable and reliable multicast protocol was implemented using the unicast communication model that accommodate heterogeneous receiver terminals. Another service integrates client-side server selection support into web sessions established over the Internet. A service was also developed which provides QoS signalling support to legacy applications.

It is shown that these Netlet services are of practical value using performance measurements to assess Netlet responsiveness. Netlet based solutions maybe deployed using existing technologies to provide support for a wide range of multimedia applications in the Internet. The Netlets architecture has thus been shown to allow value-added services to be added to existing networks. By optimising the Netlet architecture implementation, this may be extended to services operating on high-speed (1Gb/s and upwards) links. It thus shows promise as an architecture for building the next generation of active networking solutions.


Talkers can express different meanings or emotions without changing what is said by changing how it is said (by using both auditory and/or visual speech cues). Typically, cue strength differs between the auditory and visual channels: linguistic prosody (expression) is clearest in audition; emotional prosody is clearest visually. We investigated how well perceivers can match auditory and visual linguistic and emotional prosodic signals. Previous research showed that perceivers can match linguistic visual and auditory prosody reasonably well. The current study extended this by also testing how well auditory and visual spoken emotion expressions could be matched. Participants were presented a pair of sentences (consisting of the same segmental content) spoken by the same talker and were required to decide whether the pair had the same prosody. Twenty sentences were tested with two types of prosody (emotional vs. linguistic), two talkers, and four matching conditions: auditory-auditory (AA); visual-visual (VV); auditory-visual (AV); and visual-auditory (VA). Linguistic prosody was accurately matched in all conditions. Matching emotional expressions was excellent for VV, poorer for VA, and near chance for AA and AV presentations. These differences are discussed in terms of the relationship between types of auditory and visual cues and task effects.


Recent financial reporting and auditing scandals on both sides of the Atlantic have led to a global realization of the importance of sound corporate governance (CG) practices in alleviating the agency problems in the corporate form of business and for efficient allocation of capital in international markets. Transparency and disclosure (T&D) practices followed by firms are an important component and a leading indicator of CG quality. Transparent and full-disclosure of information is especially vital for Turkey where external capital is necessary to sustain the high growth rate and the biggest agency problem centers on asymmetric information and expropriation by majority shareholders. We collaborate with Standard and Poor's (S&P) and base our survey on their scoring methodology, a customized version of the 98 desirable T&D attributes they used in several other countries, and their classification of the attributes into three categories: ownership structure and investor relations, financial transparency and information disclosure, and board and management structures and processes. We evaluate the T&D practices of the 52 largest and most liquid firms in the Istanbul Stock Exchange (ISE), based on their English and local language annual reports and websites. Our rankings provide a first time, objective assessment of the corporate disclosure practices of ISE firms and uncover that they are, at best, moderate and vary with respect to the three sub-categories of T&D. We also consider a simple model that sequentially links agency costs to CG/T&D mechanisms in place which, in turn impact firm-level and economy-wide financial performance. Concentrating on the causal side of the model - the determinants of T&D scores - we provide out-of-sample evidence that among the commonly used proxies for agency conflicts, firm size, financial performance, market-to-book equity best explain the variation in T&D scores in the ISE. While our results provide considerable support for prior findings in developed markets, they also shed light on how specific agency problems faced by ISE firms impact their T&D scores.


Photographs have been doctored since photography was invented. Dictators have erased people from photographs and from history. Politicians have manipulated photos for short-term political gain. Altering photographs in the predigital era required time-consuming darkroom work. Today, powerful and low-cost digital technology makes it relatively easy to alter digital images, and the resulting fakes are difficult to detect. The field of photo forensics -- pioneered in Hany Farid's lab at Dartmouth College -- restores some trust to photography. In this book, Farid describes techniques that can be used to authenticate photos. He provides the intuition and background as well as the mathematical and algorithmic details needed to understand, implement, and utilize a variety of photo forensic techniques. Farid traces the entire imaging pipeline. He begins with the physics and geometry of the interaction of light with the physical world, proceeds through the way light passes through a camera lens, the conversion of light to pixel values in the electronic sensor, the packaging of the pixel values into a digital image file, and the pixel-level artifacts introduced by photo-editing software. Modeling the path of light during image creation reveals physical, geometric, and statistical regularities that are disrupted during the creation of a fake. Various forensic techniques exploit these irregularities to detect traces of tampering. A chapter of case studies examines the authenticity of viral video and famously questionable photographs including "Golden Eagle Snatches Kid" and the Lee Harvey Oswald backyard photo.


The ease with which digital data can be duplicated and distributed over the media and the Internet has raised many concerns about copyright infringement. In many situations, multimedia data (e.g., images, music; movies, etc) are illegally circulated, thus violating intellectual property rights. In an attempt to overcome this problem, watermarking has been suggested in the literature as the most effective means for copyright protection and authentication. Watermarking is the procedure whereby information (pertaining to owner and/or copyright) is embedded into host data, such that it is: (i) hidden, i.e., not perceptually visible; and (ii) recoverable, even after a (possibly malicious) degradation of the protected work. In this thesis, we prove some theoretical results that establish the fundamental limits of a general class of watermarking schemes.
The main focus of this thesis is the problem of joint watermarking and compression of images, which can be briefly described as follows: clue to bandwidth or storage constraints; a watermarked image is distributed in quantized form, using RQ bits per image dimension, and is subject to some additional degradation (possibly due to malicious attacks). The hidden message carries RW bits per image dimension. Our main result is the determination of the region of allowable rates ( RQ, RW), such that: (i) an average distortion constraint between the original and the watermarked/compressed image is satisfied, and (ii) the hidden message is detected from the degraded image with very high probability. Using notions from information theory, we prove coding theorems that establish the rate region in the following cases: (a) general i.i.d. image distributions, distortion constraints and memoryless attacks, (b) memoryless attacks combined with collusion (for fingerprinting applications), and (c) general—not necessarily stationary or ergodic—Gaussian image distributions and attacks, and average quadratic distortion constraints. Moreover, we prove a multi-user version of a result by Costa on the capacity of a Gaussian channel with known interference at the encoder.


Nesh (pronounced "Naysh") Dhillon is operations manager for the Santa Cruz Community Farmers' Markets, which include locations in downtown and Westside Santa Cruz, Live Oak, Felton, and (added in 2009, after this oral history was recorded) Scotts Valley. All operate open year-round except the Felton market, which is open May through October. Dhillon's parents both grew up poor—his father in a farming family in northern India, his mother in rural Oregon—but with a preference for fresh, nutritious foods, which they passed on to their son. A high-school education at a Jesuit institution in Portland, Oregon, instilled in the young Dhillon a deep concern for ethical behavior, cooperation, and justice—values that, he says, have also informed his career choices. Initially aiming toward medical school, he shifted direction when he discovered sustainable agriculture at the University of Oregon. After a stint of post-graduation employment in bars and restaurants on the Oregon coast, he relocated to Santa Cruz, where he joined the staff of a local winery before taking a job as assistant manager for the farmers' market in 2000, eventually moving into the operations manager position. In this oral history, conducted by Sarah Rabkin on Thursday, November 20, 2008, at Rabkin's home in Soquel, California, Dhillon discussed the emergence of the Santa Cruz Community Farmers' Market out of the rubble of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake; the market's growth and evolution over the ensuing two decades, and the pleasures and challenges of managing year-round farmers' markets in an agriculturally rich, socially diverse, sometimes politically contentious community.


Sexual victimization among college women is a common problem. This two-part study sought to examine social interaction anxiety as a risk factor of sexual victimization and to examine the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of a computer-based risk reduction program. A total of 1095 undergraduate females completed an online survey to assess social anxiety as a risk factor (study part I), a subsample of whom (n = 136, including 51 above the clinical cutoff on a social anxiety measure and 85 below the cutoff) completed the subsequent in-lab study (study part II). During study part II, participants were randomly assigned to either receive a computer-based risk reduction program or an educational program on campus resources (control condition), and their predicted use of resistance techniques was assessed both before and after their assigned program. Participants also responded to an audio recording of a sexual assault vignette to assess risk detection. After controlling for past victimization and depression, social interaction anxiety was not related to predicted use of assertive resistance techniques or to risk detection. However, social anxiety positively predicted use of passive resistance techniques at the lowest level of unwanted sexual advances (i.e., breast fondling) in a series of three escalating sexual advances (i.e., breast fondling, genital fondling, and rape threat). No participants dropped out of the study, and ratings on a questionnaire assessing acceptability of the risk reduction program were positive. Program condition predicted change scores for predicted use of assertive resistance at a low level of unwanted sexual advances (i.e., breast fondling) such that the control group decreased in predicted use of assertive resistance significantly more than the risk reduction program group. Additionally, the risk reduction program group had significantly better risk detection compared to the control group. Therefore, support for the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of the risk reduction program was found. The finding that the control group decreased significantly more than the risk reduction program group in assertive resistance between the two story administrations is important because assertive resistance techniques tend


The Whitbread Investment Company (WIC), commonly referred to as the Whitbread Umbrella, was an investment trust comprising minority shareholdings in a large array of regional and family brewers that was established in 1956. It was a listed company quoted on the UK stock exchange but was majority owned by the Whitbread group and members of the Whitbread family; the chairman of Whitbread was also a director of WIC. The structure survived in this form as a quasi-independent entity until 1994, when, under increasing pressure from institutional shareholders, the Whitbread group was forced to end its own two-tier voting structure as well as acquire, then subsequently divest, the minority shareholdings of WIC.
As an essentially bid-proof trust WIC served to maintain the independence of not just the many regional brewers it had invested in - at least for a time - but also the wider Whitbread business. As explained in the 1989 anti-trust inquiry into the UK brewing industry, the backdrop to the establishing of WIC was the post-World War II fledgling market for corporate control emanating from the changes in legislation brought about by the Companies Acts of 1947 and 1948. Fearing that their independence was at risk from hostile approaches from early financial entrepreneurs, a group of family-managed and property-rich regional brewer-retailers sought the help of the larger patriarchal Whitbread, under the auspices of the influential Colonel W.H. Whitbread. Whitbread obliged with equity investment in return for formalised trading agreements and in some cases an invitation for a Whitbread director to join the board of the regional brewer. As the 1950s progressed, Whitbread expanded the number of such relationships and ring-fenced them in the WIC structure. In addition, the relationship between WIC, Whitbread and the Whitbread family was strengthened by WIC accepting Whitbread 'A' (ordinary) shares in lieu of payment for Whitbread's acquisition of control of some of WIC's investments and the purchase of high voting 'B' shares (twenty times the vote of an 'A' share) from Whitbread family members when they became available.
By the time of the 'merger wave' of 1968-72 that saw the entry of influential property finance entrepreneur Maxwell Joseph into the Beerage through the hostile bid for southern neighbour Watney Mann, Whitbread, via the agency of WIC, had brought under full ownership and control the majority of the original 20 or so regional brewery investments. It had become one of the largest national brewer-retailers through sequential acquisition without recourse to the capital markets. While the umbrella structure did not of itself prevent third party approaches to one of the regional firms (WIC considered offers on longer term merits alone, and in the case of the 1992 hostile bid for Morland from rival Greene King, it sold its 28.5 per cent stake to the predator) the complexity of the arrangement and the involvement of the larger Whitbread were seen as an effective defence to a hostile bid.
WIC was a firm-sponsored solution to a perceived issue arising in the post-world war II period, specifically changes in company law that created a market for corporate control. That this might not have acted in the best interests of the wider brewing industry was summed up in a Campaign for Real Ale poster: "a fine idea in principle, but as the murdered diplomat Gregory Markov discovered, an Umbrella can be a pretty nasty weapon in the wrong hands" (CAMRA poster, 1988).

References:
Bower, J. and Cox, H. (2012) 'Regulatory capture and special interest pleading: how Scottish & Newcastle became the UK's largest brewer', Business History Review, 86 (Spring): 43-68.
Franks, J. and Mayer, C. (1996) 'Hostile takeovers in the UK and the correction of managerial failure', Journal of Financial Economics, 40 (1): 163-181.
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"What are the possible impacts of social protection benefits on economic growth? Although the main objective of these benefits is to protect people from poverty, shocks and social risks?and not promote economic growth?this question pervades both the theoretical and the empirical literature on social policy. The main concern is that social protection could have negative effects on certain behaviours associated with economic growth. They could, for instance, negatively affect savings, labour supply and fertility, all potentially relevant factors to induce short- and long-term economic growth. However, they could also lift liquidity constraints that prevent people from investing more in children's education, starting a new business or migrating to a place where there are more opportunities in the labour market". (...)


Peroxisomes are subcellular organelles involved in lipid metabolic processes, including those of very-long-chain fatty acids and branched-chain fatty acids, among others. Peroxisome matrix proteins are synthesized in the cytoplasm. Targeting signals (PTS or peroxisomal targeting signal) at the C-terminus (PTS1) or N-terminus (PTS2) of peroxisomal matrix proteins mediate their import into the organelle. In the case of PTS2-containing proteins, the PTS2 signal is cleaved from the protein when transported into peroxisomes. The functional mechanism of PTS2 processing, however, is poorly understood. Previously we identified Tysnd1 (Trypsin domain containing 1) and biochemically characterized it as a peroxisomal cysteine endopeptidase that directly processes PTS2-containing prethiolase Acaa1 and PTS1-containing Acox1, Hsd17b4, and ScpX. The latter three enzymes are crucial components of the very-long-chain fatty acids β-oxidation pathway. To clarify the in vivo functions and physiological role of Tysnd1, we analyzed the phenotype of Tysnd1−/− mice. Male Tysnd1−/− mice are infertile, and the epididymal sperms lack the acrosomal cap. These phenotypic features are most likely the result of changes in the molecular species composition of choline and ethanolamine plasmalogens. Tysnd1−/− mice also developed liver dysfunctions when the phytanic acid precursor phytol was orally administered. Phyh and Agps are known PTS2-containing proteins, but were identified as novel Tysnd1 substrates. Loss of Tysnd1 interferes with the peroxisomal localization of Acaa1, Phyh, and Agps, which might cause the mild Zellweger syndrome spectrum-resembling phenotypes. Our data established that peroxisomal processing protease Tysnd1 is necessary to mediate the physiological functions of PTS2-containing substrates.


In a 2007 article, Adam Cox and Eric Posner developed a "Second Order" theory of immigration law that offered predictions about when countries are likely to provide non-citizens with strong legal protections from removal. They argued that states benefit when migrants make "country-specific" investments, but that migrants are only willing to make those investments when they are afforded strong legal protections that would secure their place in the host country. One implication of this theory was that because countries with less common national languages require greater country-specific investments from migrants, those countries are likely to provide migrants with strong legal protections. In this essay, we empirically evaluate that hypothesis. Consistent with the theory, we find that countries with less common national languages are more likely to provide a Right to Asylum in their constitution or sign Bilateral Labor Agreements.


Author(s): Kaplan, S. C. | Advisor(s): Brown, Cynthia J. | Abstract: In Late Medieval France, it is generally accepted that women learned from experience and men from reading. Close examination of medieval tracts about and for female education used in the teaching of Agnes de Bourgogne (1405/7-1476), duchess of Bourbon from 1434-1456, and found in her collection of manuscripts reveals otherwise. I demonstrate that the category of experience is differentiated into experience and imitation, and also that by the 15th century, medieval authors were challenging these gendered stereotypes, particularly in works aimed at a female readership. A critical synthesis of writings about women's education from St. Jerome, Vincent de Beauvais, Durand de Champagne, the Chevalier de la Tour Landry, and Giovanni Boccaccio brings to light the shift in emphasis from preparing women for a cloistered life (Jerome) to readying them to participate in life at the French court (La Tour Landry). I show that Christine de Pizan modifies her predecessors' theories in her privileging of feminine experiential knowledge over abstract male instruction in the Epistre Othea, the Chemin de longue etude, the Livre de la cite des Dames, and the Livre des trois vertus, the images adorning various manuscript copies of these works, and letters from the Querelle du Roman de la Rose. A text commissioned by Agnes in 1438-1442, Antoine de La Sale's Paradis de la reine Sibylle, pushes the boundaries of Christine's position of self-as-model by inviting the reader not to replicate the author's experience but to share it, while at the same time relying heavily on learning in the abstract to teach the female dedicatee. Analyzing the books acquired by Agnes from the middle of the 15th-century until her death that afterward passed to daughter-in-law Jeanne de France foregrounds the changing integration of learning by experience and imitation, and the increasing reliance on women's ability to learn in the abstract and both genders' ability to learn by imitation. This dissertation helps us understand gendered perceptions about the transmission of knowledge and their impact on how and what women taught their children in 15th-century France.


Nematode responses to changes in oxygen concentration depend on the neuron-specific expression of distinct guanylate cyclases. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is found in near-hypoxic environments as well as those with atmospheric (21%) O2 concentrations, but, given a choice, it moves toward intermediate O2 concentrations (5 to 10% O2). Noting that mutation of genes encoding soluble guanylate cyclases (sGCs, a class of proteins that bind gases) affects C. elegans aerotaxis, Zimmer et al. explored the properties of two classes of sensory neurons that express sGC and have been implicated in avoidance of high O2. By combining neuronal ablation with behavioral analyses, the authors determined that URX neurons were required for behavioral responses to increased O2, whereas BAG neurons were required for behavioral responses to decreased O2. Experiments using a genetically encoded calcium sensor targeted to either URX or BAG neurons revealed that URX responded to increasing O2 from 10% to 21% with an increase in calcium (indicative of membrane depolarization and neuronal activation); in contrast, BAG neurons were activated by decreasing O2 concentration. Behavioral analysis of mutant worms implicated the sGC genes gcy-35 and gcy-36 in the response to increased O2, gcy-31 in the response to decreased O2, and gcy-33 in both. gcy-35 and gcy-36 are known to be expressed in URX neurons, and analyses of fluorescent fusion proteins indicated that gcy-31 was expressed in BAG neurons, whereas gcy-33 was expressed in both URX and BAG. O2-evoked calcium signals in URX neurons depended on gcy-35 and gcy-36, whereas O2-evoked calcium signals in BAG depended on gcy-31 and gcy-33. Intriguingly, transgenic expression of gcy-35 and gcy-36 in BAG neurons of worms with mutant gcy-31 and gcy-35 (or triple mutant gcy-31, -33, and -35) conferred URX-like calcium responses on BAG neurons and enabled them to mediate behavioral responses to increased O2. Thus, nematode responses to changes in O2 appear to depend on the neuron-specific expression of distinct sGCs. M. Zimmer, J. M. Gray, N. Pokala, A. J. Chang, D. S. Karow, M.. A. Marletta, M. L. Hudson, D. B. Morton, N. Chronis, C. I. Bargmann, Neurons detect increases and decreases in oxygen levels using distinct guanylate cyclases. Neuron 61, 865–879 (2009). [PubMed]


This study focuses on the uncompleted multi-storey residential buildings located in hot climates. This construction pattern is common in the case of incremental housing, where additional floors are added to the building as housing needs grow. Top roofs in these buildings are usually left without thermal insulation until the rest of upper floors are erected. This causes higher thermal discomfort in the top flats compared to the lower ones. Thus, the aim of this study is to investigate thermal effect of some proposed temporary measures that are intended to protect these roofs from unwanted heat gains until the rest of storeys are constructed. This has been carried out using thermal modelling to find out the effect of these measures on the amount of heat transfer through the roof in both summer and winter times. The analysis showed that it is possible to achieve competent thermal protection of the top roof compared to the layered thermal insulation using simple, cost-effective, and reversible measures. Among the examined measures, covering the roof with white foldable sheets and the use of pergolas have been found to be the most effective measures. In both cases, a reduction of 38% in conductive heat transfer through the top roof in summer was observed compared to the unprotected modelling case.


Lost in Lace (exhibition and catalogue, Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery, Oct. 2011–Feb. 2012) was the outcome of a three-year research project, extending my earlier inquiry for Textural Space (exhibition and catalogue, 2001). The project explores and develops the dialogue between contemporary cross-discipline approaches to lace, and current discourse concerning the divisions of space within the built environment – the role of the boundary/border in urban design (Sennett 2011; Lambertucci 2010). The research was placed within the context of Japanese notions of Ma and Hashi and the writings of Tschumi (1990), Rendell (2006), Ishigami (2010), Bachelard (1968) and Riley (1995).

Within the UK, interest in lace as a vehicle for both art and design innovation is in the early stages (Bartlett, University College London 2005, Caruso St.John/Nottingham Contemporary 2009). Outside the UK there have been initiatives using the tradition and history of lace as a means of challenging and subverting preconceptions around function and use (Radical Lace & Subversive Knitting, USA, 2007, Kantlijnen, Belgium, 2008, Lace in Translation, USA, 2009, Love Lace, Australia, 2011). Lost in Lace brings together Eastern and Western understandings of the articulation of space, building upon the rich tradition of the relationship between lace and architecture. It aims to provide new insights into the ways in which we configure and negotiate the thresholds and boundaries we encounter as we move through space.

The research investigates the material processes of making through interviews with artists, architects and relevant others. The exhibition and publication expanded the themes and ideas identified during the research through a series of architectonic installations developed in discussion between myself as curator, and each of the international cohort of exhibitors. Funding was provided by the Crafts Council, Arts Council England, Esmee Fairbairn, Culture Ireland, Embassy of Brazil, Japan Foundation, and Great Britain Sasakawa Foundation.


Correlations between past biotic diversity and climate can inform humanity's response to predictions of future global climate change, e.g., extinction risk with global warming. Paleodiversity studies, however, frequently use genera as a proxy for species diversity, a practice that has often been questioned. Tests using actual data of the impact of using species-level versus genus-level taxonomy in paleodiversity-paleoenvironmental studies are also lacking. We conduct such a test, based on a recent study that showed a strong correlation of Cenozoic marine planktonic diatom species diversity to geochemical climate proxies. Using an updated version of the data set, we still find a strong correlation of Cenozoic diatom species diversity to environment. Using identical data but instead genera results in the loss of all significant correlations of diversity to environmental change. This occurs due to the earlier rise and later stability in genus versus species diversity data, a pattern known to be common between taxonomic ranks in the fossil record, and in general models of diversification. We conclude that studies of paleodiversity, particularly those addressing biotic responses to future environmental change, need to demonstrate the adequacy of genera as a proxy for species diversity, or use species-level data.


Seasonal changes in the distribution of an important commercial and recreational fish species, Trachurus mediterraneus (Steindachner, 1868), from the family Carangidae were investigated in the Golden Horn Estuary of Istanbul. Environmental conditions were also considered to evaluate distributional patterns in the region. Sampled fish size ranged between 7.5 and 20.1 cm in total length and 3.4 and 86.2 g in total weight during the sampling period. Adult individuals (>12.5 cm) preferred not to be in the estuary during the summer period, while only immature adults were found with a 7.5-12.5 cm total length size range from May to August 2009. It was observed that on a regional basis this species was only found at the entrance of the Golden Horn. Environmental parameters such as surface temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen values did not display significant correlations with its distribution throughout the study period. However, chlorophyll a and Secchi disk values displayed significant negative correlations with the distribution of immature adults in the Golden Horn.


Abstract We examined the effect of prior winning and losing experiences on the initiating and responding strategies of contestants in contests between individuals of Rivulus marmoratus (Cyprinodontidae). Each contestant was given a penultimate and a recent fighting experience approximately 48 and 24 h prior to the dyadic contests, respectively, through randomly selected procedures. Winning and losing experience appeared to influence different types of fighting behaviours. Losing experiences decreased the probability of an individual initiating a confrontation and thus increased its tendency to retreat immediately when challenged. Winning experiences did not affect the probability of initiation, but significantly increased the likelihood of an individual initiating with attacks that effectively deterred its opponents. A substantial proportion (59/153) of individuals retreated immediately when challenged and reduced the number of fights available for examining experience effects on responding strategies at later stages of a contest. None the less, winning experiences consistently increased the likelihood of an individual retaliating by attacking its opponent at various stages of a contest, and eventually increased its probability of escalating a confrontation into physical fights. However, the effects of losing experiences on these responding strategies were undetectable. Recent experiences significantly affected all fighting behaviours examined, but penultimate experiences significantly affected only the tendency to initiate a confrontation with attacks and the likelihood of escalation. These results indicated that prior experiences had the longest lasting effect on the potentially most costly fighting behaviour. Prior experiences influenced the outcome of nonescalated contests as well as the probability of escalation, but did not significantly affect the outcome of escalated contests. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that prior experiences modify the information that an individual has about its fighting ability but do not alter its actual fighting ability and that actual fighting ability becomes the more important influence on outcomes of escalated contests.


This paper draws on research conducted for over a decade on the musical cultures of the New South Wales Far North Coast, as a contribution to debates in geography and popular music studies on the links between music, place and articulations of cultural identities. Patterns of migration and economic restructuring over the last 20 years have transformed the Far North Coast region, with associated changes in the images conjured to describe the region – from those centred on dairying, fishing and sugar harvesting to those of a 'lifestyle' or 'alternative' region, with growth in employment in tourism, recreational services, 'gourmet' agricultural production, culinary delights, homewares retail and the arts. Music has been a constant presence in the region throughout generations, but became much more pronounced after significant counter-urban migrations to the area began in the 1970s. As music emerged as a unique part of the cultural mix of the region, it became much more diverse, was entangled in local politics, and in the transitions and tensions that have surrounded successive waves of new migrants – both domestic and international – to the region. This article discusses music as a social practice within the region that has played a part in shaping and reflecting evolving regional identities; but at the same time, music constitutes a set of activities that unsettle notions of 'boundedness' or 'stable' associations between place identities and music. I begin with debates about the links between music, place and identity, and the extent to which such associations are performative – constituted in an embodied fashion in the process of describing and enacting certain cultural discourses. Two broad trends are outlined here as 'storylines': one focused on constructions of music as 'authentic' that are linked to place identities, the second emphasises mobility of musical languages, and network metaphors for the repetition of musical practices across locations. Interpretations of musical practices on the Far North Coast hold these storylines in tension; one focused on 'fixing' musical practices in place, the other emphasizing the fluidity of 'the region' in a wider musical geography.


From Rome to Canberra, parliaments and policymakers are seeking to fashion responses to irregular migration by sea. The dominant response to this form of irregular migration is one of control, through the implementation of measures to deter and prevent asylum seekers reaching the State's territory. Since the 1980s, western States have used deterrence or non-entree measures to keep asylum seekers from accessing their territory and asylum procedures. Existing scholarly work details a range of migration control measures undertaken by these States, including visa controls, carrier sanctions, establishment of so-called 'international zones', excision of territory for the purposes of migration, and interdiction on the high seas. As migration control has shifted from the territory of western States to project beyond States' borders, it has – at least in some cases – been carried out with the cooperation of nearby States.
Since little attention has so far been given to a comparative analysis of such cooperation arrangements, this paper aims to investigate two cases of bilateral cooperation on migration control – between Italy and Libya, and between Australia and Indonesia. Such a comparative approach acknowledges the commonalities – and divergences – between migration control policies across the developed world in a rapidly shifting policy area. Existing academic work focuses on extraterritorial control measures undertaken by Italy and Australia, but so far authors who have examined this cooperative dimension have tended to confine their analysis to the compatibility of these practices with the law of the sea, human rights law, and refugee law.
The two arrangements share common features. Both Italy and Australia are targets of irregular migration by sea, by virtue of their coastal geography. Both Indonesia and Libya are important transit states for irregular migrants seeking access to international protection. Neither Indonesia nor Libya is party to the Convention on the Status of Refugees (Refugee Convention). Non-governmental organisations (NGOs) have criticised the treatment of asylum seekers and refugees in Indonesia and Libya, respectively, in recent years. Indonesia has recently adopted a presidential decree on refugees, but there remains no legal avenue for local integration of irregular migrants found to require international protection. Libya, despite being a party to the Convention governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa, has yet to adopt national asylum legislation or procedures.


Time-resolved hard x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (trHAXPES) is established using the x-ray free-electron laser SACLA. The technique extends time-resolved photoemission into the hard x-ray regime and, as a core-level spectroscopy, combines element and atomic-site specificity and sensitivity to the chemical environment with femtosecond time resolution and bulk (sub-surface) sensitivity. The viability of trHAXPES using 8 keV x-ray free-electron-laser radiation is demonstrated by a systematic investigation of probe and pump pulse-induced vacuum space-charge effects on the V 1s emission of VO2 and the Ti 1s emission of SrTiO3. The time and excitation energy dependencies of the measured spectral shifts and broadenings are compared to the results of N-body numerical simulations and simple analytic (mean-field) models. Good agreement between the experimental and calculated results is obtained. In particular, the characteristic temporal evolution of the pump pulse-induced spectral shift is shown to provide an effective means to determine the temporal overlap of pump and probe pulses. trHAXPES opens a new avenue in the study of ultrafast atomic-site specific electron and chemical dynamics in materials and at buried interfaces.


The Deep Extragalactic VIsible Legacy Survey (DEVILS) is a large spectroscopic campaign at the Anglo-Australian Telescope (AAT) aimed at bridging the near and distant Universe by producing the highest completeness survey of galaxies and groups at intermediate redshifts ($0.3<z<1.0$). Our sample consists of $\sim$60,000 galaxies to Y$<$21.2mag, over $\sim$6deg$^{2}$ in three well-studied deep extragalactic fields (Cosmic Origins Survey field, COSMOS, Extended Chandra Deep Field South, ECDFS and the X-ray Multi-Mirror Mission Large-Scale Structure region, XMM-LSS - all Large Synoptic Survey Telescope deep-drill fields). This paper presents the broad experimental design of DEVILS. Our target sample has been selected from deep Visible and Infrared Survey Telescope for Astronomy (VISTA) Y-band imaging (VISTA Deep Extragalactic Observations, VIDEO and UltraVISTA), with photometry measured by ProFound. Photometric star/galaxy separation is done on the basis of NIR colours, and has been validated by visual inspection. To maximise our observing efficiency for faint targets we employ a redshift feedback strategy, which continually updates our target lists, feeding back the results from the previous night's observations. We also present an overview of the initial spectroscopic observations undertaken in late 2017 and early 2018.


long-term research on freshwater ecosystems provides insights that can be difficult to obtain from other approaches. Widespread monitoring of ecologically relevant water-quality parameters spanning decades can facilitate important tests of ecological principles. Unique long-term data sets and analytical tools are increasingly available, allowing for powerful and synthetic analyses across sites. long-term measurements or experiments in aquatic systems can catch rare events, changes in highly variable systems, time-lagged responses, cumulative effects of stressors, and biotic responses that encompass multiple generations. Data are available from formal networks, local to international agencies, private organizations, various institutions, and paleontological and historic records; brief literature surveys suggest much existing data are not synthesized. Ecological sciences will benefit from careful maintenance and analyses of existing long-term programs, and subsequent insights can aid in the design of effective future long-term experimental and observational efforts. long-term research on freshwaters is particularly important because of their value to humanity.


Despite its importance for the analysis of life-cycle behavior and, in particular, retirement planning, stock ownership by private households is poorly understood. Among other approaches to investigate this puzzle, recent research has started to elicit private households' expectations of stock market returns. This paper reports findings from a study that collected data over a two-year period both on households' stock market expectations (subjective probabilities of gains or losses) and on whether they own stocks. We document substantial heterogeneity in financial market expectations. Expectations are correlated with stock ownership. Over the two years of our data, stock market prices increased, and expectations of future stock market price changes also increased, lending support to the view that expectations are influenced by recent stock gains or losses.


"CONTEXT
 In recent years, the construction industry began to use the World Wide Web (WWW) as an information dissemination vehicle. The amount of construction information available on the WWW is increasing exponentially, ranging from product data to technical publications, from building regulations to best practice guides. However, the task of finding the right information becomes more and more difficult. At present, users rely on two types of solutions to the information discovery and retrieval problem on the Internet, "yellow pages like information gateways" and "robot-based Internet search engines". While acknowledging the success for both solutions so far, the authors will discuss their growing evident limitations in supporting construction specific information retrieval on the WWW.
 OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY
 The aim of this study is to develop an intelligent information broker for the construction information on the Internet, which will facilitate collaboration between users for the benefit of improved information search and retrieval on the WWW network. The objectives are:
 ·to examine the information needs of different types of users in the construction industry;
 ·to capture these information needs conceptually as user profiles and information context models;
 ·to incorporate construction domain knowledge into the information network;
 ·to improve speed and accuracy of users search for construction information by developing a information network that facilitates the sharing of search results and knowledge;
 ·to develop a hierarchical distributed client/server architecture to enable the most efficient service both Intranet and Internet users.
 RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
 The intelligent information broker described in paper has a client/server architecture based on software agents technology. It has two distinct features: (1) supporting user collaboration; (2) applying construction domain and user profile knowledge to improve the information search.
 Collaborative Information Searching
 Collaborative searching or social filtering is often the most effective method of ranking Internet documents. The developed information broker enables users with the same interest to share the results of their search and their rating of each document's quality and relevance.
 Construction knowledge and User Profile
 The information broker server is in essence a construction oriented WWW searching engine. What distinguishes it from other searching engines is its evolving knowledge base of construction specific keyword sets and construction user profiles. Using the knowledge base, the information broker server is able to answer intelligent queries other than simple keyword matching."


Abstract. More than 30 shallow landslides were caused by heavy rainfall that occurred on July 26 and 27, 2011, in Halmidang Mountain, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. To precisely analyze shallow landslides and to reflect the mechanism of fluid flow in void spaces of soils, we apply a fully coupled hydro-mechanical model considering two-phase fluid flow of water and air. The available GIS-based topographic data, geotechnical and hydrological properties, and historical rainfall data are used for infiltration and slope stability analyses. Changes in pore air and water pressures and saturations of air and water are obtained from the infiltration analysis, which were used to calculate the safety factor for slope stability assessment. By comparing the results from numerical models by applying a single-phase flow model and a fully coupled model, we investigate the effects of air flow and variations in hydraulic conductivity affected by stress–strain behavior of soil on slope stability. Our results suggest that air flow and hydro-mechanical coupling affects the rate of increase in pore water pressure, thus influencing the safety factor on slopes when ponding is more likely to occur during heavy rainfall. Finally, we conduct slope failure assessments using the fully coupled model, slightly more consistent with actual landslide events than the single-phase flow model.


The Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) has been designed to include an adaptive optics system and associated laser guide star (LGS) facility to correct for the image distortion due to Earth's atmospheric turbulence and achieve diffraction-limited imaging. We have calculated the response of mesospheric sodium atoms to a pulsed laser that has been proposed for use in the LGS facility, including modeling of the atomic physics, the light–atom interactions, and the effect of the geomagnetic field and atomic collisions. This particular pulsed-laser format is shown to provide comparable photon return to a continuous-wave (cw) laser of the same average power; both the cw and pulsed lasers have the potential to satisfy the TMT design requirements for photon return flux.


In France, the Group of Scientific Interest (GIS), Infrastructures in Biology, Health and Agronomy (IBiSA) (http://www.ibisa.net/) is in charge of implementing a concerted policy in terms of infrastructure for life sciences. In the field of bioinformatics, this strategy has resulted in a network of regional platforms (PFs) aimed at fostering the coordination of their activities. At the moment, 13 PFs clustered into six regional centres belong to this network, the ReNaBi ( http://www.renabi.fr /) (French Bioinformatics Platforms Network), which is also the French national node for EMBnet. Those six regional centres span the French territory (ReNaBi-NE, North-East; PRABI, Rhone-Alpes region; ReNaBi-GS, Great South; ReNaBi-SO, South-West; ReNaBi-GO, Great West; APLIBIO, Paris area), and they are all embedded in bioinformatics research laboratories. Their corresponding manpower is about 100 Full-Time Equivalents (FTEs) in terms of permanent staff, and 57 FTEs for people hired on fixed-term contracts; this represents about 30% of the whole French bioinformatics community. The main limitation of this network is that the resources and know-how are geographically distributed and somehow redundant. This makes the pooling of resources and expertise more difficult to harness. In addition, this 'scattered' structure is not intelligible from outside the French bioinformatics community, particularly for international partners. Therefore, the ReNaBi is moving toward a more centralised structure, the French Bioinformatics Infrastructure (IFB).


Hybridization is often considered maladaptive, but sometimes hybrids can invade new ecological niches and adapt to novel or stressful environments better than their parents. However, the genomic changes that occur following hybridization and facilitate genome resolution and/or adaptation are not well understood. Here, we address these questions using experimental evolution of de novo interspecific hybrid yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae x Saccharomyces uvarum and their parentals. We evolved these strains in nutrient limited conditions for hundreds of generations and sequenced the resulting cultures to identify genomic changes. Analysis of 16 hybrid clones and 16 parental clones identified numerous point mutations, copy number changes, and loss of heterozygosity events, including a number of nuclear-mitochondrial mutations and species biased amplification of nutrient transporters. We focused on a particularly interesting example, in which we saw repeated loss of heterozygosity at the high affinity phosphate transporter gene PHO84 in both intra- and interspecific hybrids. Using allele replacement methods, we tested the fitness of different alleles in hybrid and S. cerevisiae strain backgrounds and found that the loss of heterozygosity is indeed the result of selection on one allele over the other in both S. cerevisiae and the hybrids. This illuminates an example where hybrid genome resolution is driven by positive selection on existing heterozygosity, and generally demonstrates that outcrossing need not be frequent to have long lasting impacts on adaptation.


Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia encountered in clinical practice with rapidly rising prevalence and incidence predominantly due to advancing age in Western populations. Of particular concern however is the strong relationship between AF and stroke. This relates to a number of factors, but there is an emerging body of evidence to suggest that AF confers a hypercoagulable state. Disruption of endothelial homeostasis (damage vs. repair) is thought to be central to this process. The endothelium appears to be damaged both by AF and various other vascular diseases (e.g. hypertension) that frequently co-exist with the arrhythmia, with similar disruption to endothelial repair (normally effected by endothelial progenitor cells). Endothelial damage seems to be an essential prerequisite to thrombogenesis in AF. Significantly, the endothelium also links a number of processes including inflammation, growth factors, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system among others, which may directly or indirectly lead to activation of the coagulation cascade. This thesis investigates the relationship between the temporal pattern of AF (paroxysmal, persistent, permanent) and established markers of endothelial dysfunction (vonWillebrand factor, vWf; soluble E-selectin, sEsel), angiogenesis (vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, VEGF), apoptosis (soluble Fas/Fas ligand, sFas/sFasL) and inflammation (C-reactive protein, CRP; Interleukin-6, IL-6) in AF with particular reference to circulating progenitor cells (CPCs) as a novel marker of endothelial health/angiogenesis. Additionally the impact of restoration of sinus rhythm using electrical cardioversion on these indices and the relevance of the AF arrhythmia burden in influencing these markers is investigated. In conclusion, the endothelium seems to be a central link through which all three components of Virchow's triad interact in AF. This thesis finds a possible link for CPCs to interact with various other reported aberrancies of the hypercoagulable state in this process. Also reported is a modest alteration in CPC counts following restoration of sinus rhythm, however, only limited numbers of patients were assessed and this requires examination with a more in depth study. Finally, the thesis has also examined the role of paroxysmal AF in influencing surrogate markers of the hypercoagulable state, but failed to find any significant differences on the basis of the arrhythmia burden. These findings must however been considered in light of numerous study limitations, the most notable of which is limited statistical power.


This is a comprehensive review of all published, quantitative studies focused on adoption of agricultural conservation practices in the United States between 1982 and 2017. This review finds that, taken as a whole, few independent variables have a consistent statistically significant relationship with adoption. Analyses showed that variables positively associated with adoption include the farmer self-identifying primarily as stewardship motivated or otherwise nonfinancially motivated, environmental attitudes, a positive attitude toward the particular program or practice, previous adoption of other conservation practices, seeking and using information, awareness of programs or practices, vulnerable land, greater farm size, higher levels of income and formal education, engaging in marketing arrangements, and positive yield impact expected. Some variables often thought to be important, such as land tenure, did not emerge as consistently important in this cross-study review. Other variables, such as farmers' sense of place, training, presence of institutional conditions supporting adoption, and the role of collective decision making are not measured in enough studies to draw conclusions but potentially have a relationship with adoption decisions. Implications for how to promote conservation adoption and directions for future research are discussed. Because positive attitudes and awareness of conservation programs or practices are positive predictors of adoption, practitioners should share benefits of specific practices and programs and leverage existing practice adoption. Further work to explore relationships between conservation adoption and the role of farmer identity, nuances of land tenure, and the influence of structural factors is needed. Moreover, we suggest that future research should focus on the impact of different messages and avenues of reaching farmers in order to continue to inform conservation practices. Future research should consider both individual and institutional factors that facilitate and constrain adoption.


Abstract Modern societies have failed to find affordable ways to fund needed infrastructure. Problems have multipliedfrom ignoring the particular characteristics of infrastructure and assuming the adequacy of the conventionalfinance of recent times, be this publicly or privately sourced. These failures, compounded by insensitivemonetary stances, have led to a lingering economic and financial malaise, one particularly evident in someregions. Such failures have also contributed to the parlous position of many governments and the currentglobal crisis. Infrastructure affordability is a central theme in this paper. Affordability, investment and creditare explored using simple numerical illustrations to highlight important aspects of probably the mostpervasive means of finance, debt. Interest rate and other movements over decades can generate significantvariations in yields realised from investments. Conditions over recent decades appear to have made debt-financed infrastructure more unaffordable than any time in the century since the States of Australia federated.It is little wonder that all States are currently struggling with infrastructure provision. A new era may beemerging from current crises but its eventual success, or otherwise, will reflect how well (un-)affordability isaddressed. Prospective yields on investments need to be sufficiently realisable. Recognition andaccommodation of the peculiarities of various forms of investment will be part of any adequate newfoundations. The "infrastructure (un-)affordability problem" needs to be much better appreciated, understoodand accommodated, by private and public parties alike.


Cognitive linguistics as a disciplinary school of thought concerns itself with investigating the relationship between human language, the mind and socio-physical experience. It sees language as embedded in the overall cognitive capacities of man, places special emphasis on topics such as the structural characteristics of natural language categorization including, but not limited to, prototypicality, systematic polysemy, cognitive models, mental imagery, and metaphor. This study examined sexual euphemisms and dysphemisms in the Kenyan Dholuo within the framework of Cognitive Linguistics, specifically anchoring itself on Conceptual Integration Theory (Fauconnier and Turner 2002). The study had two objectives: to identify and explain the sex-related dysphemistic words and phrases in Dholuo and to account for the cognitive processes in the creation of sex-related euphemisms. To achieve its objectives, the study used a descriptive design in which the researcher identified the sex-related dysphemisms by asking native Dholuo speakers to name the male and female sexual organs and sex- related physiological processes associated with both males and females. In addition, the respondents were asked to give the alternative terms that were used to refer to the sex-related dysphemistic terms mentioned. The euphemisms collected were analyzed using Conceptual Integration Theory. They were mapped into the different kinds of conceptual mappings (also known as the mental spaces). The study found out that Conceptual Integration Theory adequately and appropriately accounted for the euphemisms in Dholuo in terms of their interpretation. It provides solid tools for understanding, interpreting and accounting for the euphemisms in Dholuo. It is also demonstrated that not only is there a gendered usage of both euphemisms and dysphemisms, but also that their use is socially and culturally constrained. It is concluded that, just like in other languages, Dholuo euphemisms and dysphemisms are analyzable from a cognitive linguistics perspective


Purpose: To determine the safety and describe the antitumor activity of tipifarnib in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) using an alternate-week schedule. Experimental Design: Patients with MDS were given tipifarnib, escalating from 100 mg orally twice daily until the maximum tolerated dose for 8 weeks followed by maintenance therapy (same dose/schedule) for patients with stable disease or better. Results: Sixty-three patients were treated. The most common toxicity was myelosuppression (60% of patients). Twenty percent of patients had no side effects. Nonhematologic toxicities included fatigue (20%), skin rash (9%), diarrhea (16%), increase in liver transaminases (14%) and bilirubin (11%), and nausea (11%). Dose-limiting toxicities of ataxia (n = 1), fatigue (n = 1), nausea (n = 1), and neutropenic fever (n = 2) occurred at tipifarnib doses above 1,200 mg/d. Sixteen of 61 (26%) evaluable patients responded (3 complete remissions and 13 hematologic improvements) with major platelet responses being most common (11 of 16 responders). There was no obvious dose-response relationship. Four of the 16 responders (25%; including a complete responder) were treated at the lowest dose level (100 mg twice daily). Only one responder had a Ras mutation. Giving tipifarnib resulted in potent inhibition of farnesyl transferase (usually more than 75%) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells regardless of dose. Partial farnesyl transferase inhibition persisted during the week off. Conclusions: Alternate-week tipifarnib is active and well tolerated in patients with MDS at doses up to and including 600 mg orally twice daily. The biological activity of tipifarnib is not dependent on dose.


SIP signaling protocol relies on centralized SIP servers deployed on the infrastructure of the network to route SIP messages in order to enable user endpoints to discover each other. However, the lack of the infrastructure in ad hoc networks requires that the network nodes support the tasks of participants discovery and SIP messages routing. In this paper, we propose AdSIP protocol which is a completely distributed architecture for SIP that implements SIP servers in selected nodes. The SIP servers are selected using a distributed algorithm constructing a connected minimal global offensive alliance. AdSIP is implemented and compared under NS-2 with TCA protocol which uses a cluster based approach. The simulation results show the advantages of AdSIP and confirm that it is adapted to mobile ad hoc networks by giving low session establishment time, low control overhead and high service availability.


This thesis takes as its focus book I of Procopius' Persian Wars in an attempt to investigate both the events it describes and the way in which they are reported. A two-fold approach has therefore been employed, on the one hand dealing with the actual events, and on the other with Procopius' handling of them compared to that of other sources. While the first chapter thus considers Procopius himself and the genre of 'classicising' history, the second provides the fifth-century background to the events. Subsequent chapters generally consider the events in question first, before going on to examine Procopius' account in detail. The third chapter investigates Procopius' information on Sasanian history and the Hephthalite Huns, which is remarkably detailed. The following chapter considers his account of the war waged against the Persians under the Emperor Anastasius (502-506), and concludes that he is offering a very partial account. Chapters five and six consider the centrepiece of Persian Wars I: the campaigns of 530 and 531, including Belisarius' victory at Dara and defeat at Callinicum. Close comparison with the chronicler John Malalas is undertaken in the case of the latter battle. Chapter seven analyses Procopius' excursus into southern Arabian affairs. where he seems to have had access to good geographical and historical information. Chapter eight considers the final events reported in Persian Wars I, which, it is argued, were added at a later stage; his account of the Nika riot in Constantinople is omitted from consideration, but his final detailed excursus on internal Persian history and his report on the coup at Dara are examined. A conclusion is offered at the end, emphasising the general accuracy of Procopius, particularly concerning events of his own day, and seeking to account for his selectiveness in the deployment of information.


Extracted from text ... REVIEW
The South African Gastroenterology Review - August 2003 12
Mesalazine: The gold standard for
maintenance therapy in Inflammatory
Bowel Disease
while sulfapyridine accounts for many of its side effects.
The newer 5-ASA compounds, if delivered to the site of
the disease, should have a similar efficacy to
sulfasalazine but with fewer side effects. Orally ingested
5-ASA is rapidly absorbed in the small bowel and therefore
delayed release formulations have been developed
to overcome this.
The available 5-ASA preparations are coated to delay
premature absorption. In Asacol the 5-ASA is coated
with an acrylic resin in a single capsule ..


Preserving audio scenes in the form of audio objects has become common in recent years. Object-based audio techniques provide more flexibility for personalized rendering as well as a more accurate audio object trajectory. For encoding and transmitting multiple audio objects in a lossy manner, a new compression framework for multiple simultaneously occurring audio objects is presented in this work. The proposed encoding approach is based on the intra-object sparsity (approximate k-sparsity). After establishing a quantitative measure of approximate k-sparsity, statistical analysis is employed to validate the proposed intra-object sparsity of audio objects. By exploring this intra-object sparsity, multiple simultaneously occurring audio objects are compressed into a mono downmix signal with side information. This downmix signal can be further compressed by legacy audio codecs. Meanwhile, the side information is transmitted in a lossless manner. The objective and subjective evaluations revealed that the proposed compression framework achieved better perceptual quality compared to an existing technique where up to eight audio objects are considered. The subjective evaluations also confirmed that the proposed approach is able to achieve scalable transmission according to the bandwidth while preserving the perceptual quality of both the individual audio objects and the spatial audio scenes.


17th Euro Fed Lipid Congress: Oils, Fats and lipids: Driving Science and Technology to New Horizons, 20-23 October 2019, Seville


Recent years have seen significant changes in the landscape of elementary education (EE) in India. Yet, updated estimates on public and private expenditure on EE are not available. This paper fills the gap by providing a methodology and estimates of per student public expenditure on children enrolled in government schools, and per student private expenditure on children enrolled in private unaided schools, for major states in India for the year 2011-12. The paper also provides estimates of total (public and private) expenditure on EE. Our findings indicate that India spent 1.75% of the GDP (centre and states combined) on EE, while private expenditure was at least 0.71% of the GDP in 2011-12. Richer states spent less on EE as a % of their GDP but more in terms of absolute amounts, compared to the poorer states. Preliminary analysis indicates a strong relationship between per student public expenditure and learning levels. But this does not mean that more expenditure is needed to improve learning levels because government expenditure on EE is highly inefficient. It produces low levels of outcomes at high expenditure. Changing this requires prioritising learning outcomes and demanding accountability toward learning outcomes from all officials, above everything else.


5:00 a.m., July 2010: Immigration agents arrive at the home of Farhan Ezad, a thirty-five-year-old Pakistani national who has been living in the United States since the age of five.Agents place Ezad in handcuffs in front of his wife and three children, all U.S. citizens, and inform him that he is being deported based on a 1995 conviction for a fifteen-dollar drug sale in his college dorm room. Despite having had no further brushes with the law since serving five years of probation for his offense, Ezad faces the prospect of separation from his family and forced return to a land that he barely knows.


We analyze theoretically and empirically the impact of comparative advantage in international trade on fertility. When industries differ in the extent to which they use female relative to male labor, and countries are characterized by Ricardian comparative advantage in either female-labor or male-labor intensive goods, countries with comparative advantage in female-labor intensive goods are characterized by lower fertility. This is because female wages, and therefore the opportunity cost of children are higher in those countries. We demonstrate empirically that countries with comparative advantage in industries employing primarily women exhibit lower fertility. on market issues in countries solid basis for building and development of future labor market policies.


Recent entity resolution approaches exhibit benefits when addressing the problem through unmerged duplicates: instances describing real-world objects are not merged based on apriori thresholds or human intervention, instead relevant resolution information is employed for evaluating resolution decisions during query processing using "possible worlds" semantics. In this paper, we present the first known approach for efficiently handling complex analytical queries over probabilistic databases with unmerged duplicates. We propose the ENTITY-JOIN operator that allows expressing complex aggregation and iceberg/top-k queries over joins between tables with unmerged duplicates and other database tables. Our technical content includes a novel indexing structure for efficient access to the entity resolution information and novel techniques for the efficient evaluation of complex probabilistic queries that retrieve analytical and summarized information over a (potentially, huge) collection of possible resolution worlds. Our extensive experimental evaluation verifies the benefits of our approach.


World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated that there are about 45 million visually handicapped people worldwide. These visually impaired people experience serious difficulties in leading an independent life due to reduced perception of the environment. Most of them confront serious difficulties in mobility and navigation, when they find themselves in new, unknown environment. The visually impaired people greatly rely on vision aids to perform their daily activities. In this paper, we have discussed in detail all the design issues involved in the development of stereo vision based navigation technique for the blind people. In this paper, we have described a technique that automatically detects obstacles and help the blind user in navigation. The developed technique makes use of calibrated stereo cameras to acquire stereo images of an object from nearby viewpoints. The acquired stereo images are rectified to ease the stereo correspondence problem, which is computationally hard


With the fast development of big data and the encryption of network behavior was increasing, it was not enough to use single network behavior for big data analysis and mining in encrypted network environment. In this paper, a large number of network behaviors were analyzed in the process of handling cases, and the features of network behavior were extracted in order to identify different kinds of biological groups, and then the information mining scoring model which based on the integrated network behavior of big data was proposed, and the knowledge of frontline intelligence analysts were processed into expert model, then the key suspects were automatically and exactly found through the expert knowledge and scoring model, and it can also be used in the biological areas to find special objects. Experiments and practical project applications showed that this method could not only solve the difficult in the practical work, but also improve the efficiency of the work.


Background: Epigenetic disturbances are crucial in cancer initiation, potentially with pleiotropic effects, and may be influenced by the genetic background. Methods: In a subsets (ASSET) meta-analytic approach, we investigated associations of genetic variants related to epigenetic mechanisms with risks of breast, lung, colorectal, ovarian and prostate carcinomas using 51,724 cases and 52,001 controls. False discovery rate–corrected P values (q values < 0.05) were considered statistically significant. Results: Among 162,887 imputed or genotyped variants in 555 candidate genes, SNPs in eight genes were associated with risk of more than one cancer type. For example, variants in BABAM1 were confirmed as a susceptibility locus for squamous cell lung, overall breast, estrogen receptor (ER)–negative breast, and overall prostate, and overall serous ovarian cancer; the most significant variant was rs4808076 [OR = 1.14; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.10–1.19; q = 6.87 × 10−5]. DPF1 rs12611084 was inversely associated with ER-negative breast, endometrioid ovarian, and overall and aggressive prostate cancer risk (OR = 0.93; 95% CI = 0.91–0.96; q = 0.005). Variants in L3MBTL3 were associated with colorectal, overall breast, ER-negative breast, clear cell ovarian, and overall and aggressive prostate cancer risk (e.g., rs9388766: OR = 1.06; 95% CI = 1.03–1.08; q = 0.02). Variants in TET2 were significantly associated with overall breast, overall prostate, overall ovarian, and endometrioid ovarian cancer risk, with rs62331150 showing bidirectional effects. Analyses of subpathways did not reveal gene subsets that contributed disproportionately to susceptibility. Conclusions: Functional and correlative studies are now needed to elucidate the potential links between germline genotype, epigenetic function, and cancer etiology. Impact: This approach provides novel insight into possible pleiotropic effects of genes involved in epigenetic processes. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 26(6); 816–25. ©2017 AACR.