UNLABELLED
Radioimmunotherapy (RIT) of solid tumor is often limited in efficacy because of restrictions in achieved tumor dose. In an effort to overcome this, the combination of RIT with other therapeutic modalities was investigated in an animal model of breast carcinoma. The rationale for this combined-modality RIT (CMRIT) was to increase the therapeutic efficacy of RIT through the use of paclitaxel to arrest cells in the radiosensitive G(2)/M phase of the cell cycle.

METHODS
In this study, the biodistribution and therapeutic efficacy of (90)Y-radiolabeled humanized anti-Lewis Y hu3S193 monoclonal antibody ((90)Y-hu3S193) RIT in combination with paclitaxel chemotherapy was explored in a Lewis Y-expressing MCF-7 tumor xenografted BALB/c nude mouse model of breast cancer.

RESULTS
Biodistribution studies demonstrated excellent tumor targeting and limited normal tissue uptake by (90)Y-hu3S193. A therapeutic study with established tumors assessed (90)Y-hu3S193 as a single agent and demonstrated significant antitumor effects in all animals receiving a single intravenous 1.85 or 3.70 MBq dose of this treatment compared with phosphate-buffered saline placebo controls (P = 0.0008 vs. P < 0.0001). Complete responses were observed in all animals in the 3.70 MBq study arm for the duration of the study. Single-dose (90)Y-hu3S193 plus paclitaxel (600 microg) CMRIT displayed improved efficacy over single-modality therapies, with a significant difference (P < 0.0001) between the mean percentage change in tumor volume in mice receiving 0.46 MBq (90)Y-hu3S193 alone and when combined with 600 mug paclitaxel.

CONCLUSION
The significant efficacy of (90)Y-hu3S193 and paclitaxel CMRIT at low radiation doses in this model of breast carcinoma indicates its therapeutic potential and warrants further investigation into this promising therapeutic approach.


A seven-million-word newspaper corpus that was made up of approximately 7,600 newspaper articles posted to The New York Times website between June, 2015 and October, 2016 was created and analyzed to identify the technical vocabulary of a newspaper and determine its lexical coverage. The results showed that there were 405 technical words of the newspaper as a whole that accounted for 9.76% of the running words in the NYT corpus, and an average of 748 technical words of each newspaper section with an average lexical coverage of 23.82%. Identifying the technical vocabulary of a newspaper is valuable for language learners, because leaning these words before reading articles may help to reduce the vocabulary burden. The findings also indicated that reading newspapers from the same section is likely to be more effective to learn vocabulary than reading articles randomly.


Supplemental Digital Content is Available in the Text. Background: In 2017, the Nebraska Unicameral passed legislative bill 506, which required physicians to inform patients carrying fetuses diagnosed with a life-limiting anomaly of the option to enroll in a comprehensive perinatal hospice program. The bill also required the Department of Health & Human Services to provide information about statewide hospice programs. Families enrolled in hospice programs are better prepared for the birth and death of their child. This large academic medical center was listed on the registry but did not have a formal perinatal hospice program. Purpose: Implementation of a comprehensive perinatal hospice program. Methods: The program was designed and implemented, beginning with the formation of an interdisciplinary team. Guidelines were developed for program referral, care conferences, team communication, and family follow-up. The team was educated. Electronic record documentation and order set were implemented. A data collection process was developed to track referrals and critical data points. Results: The perinatal hospice program has been accepting referrals but has not had any qualifying referrals. Implications for Practice: The development of an evidence-based guideline for referral that can improve referral consistency. While trisomy 13 and 18 diagnosis was historically considered life-limiting, these families now have the option of full intervention and transfer for specialists. Implications for Research: Future research will include collecting data from patients who could have benefited from hospice, including infants who were born 20 to 22 weeks, or for maternal reasons. Future research will evaluate the experience after bereavement, the hospice team's experience, and the effectiveness of the referral process.


Social science research offers critical race theory (CRT) scholars a useful methodology to advance core CRT claims. Among other things, social science can provide CRT with data and theoretical frameworks to support key empirical claims. Social psychology and sociology in particular can help to explain how race constructs key aspects of social experience—for example, the role of race in suspicion of African Americans as potentially criminal and the use of excessive force by law enforcement. At the same time, a collaboration between CRT and social science risks undermining CRT critiques of objectivity and neutrality and potentially limits the theory's ability to combat structural forms of racial inequality. CRT scholars can mitigate these risks by choosing social science methods carefully and by recognizing that social science is only one among several modes of knowledge production.


This paper investigates several important performance metrics of cognitive amplify-and-forward (AF) relay networks with a best relay selection strategy and subject to non-identical Rayleigh fading. In particular, assuming a spectrum sharing environment consists of one secondary user (SU) source, K SU relays, one SU destination, and one primary user (PU) receiver, closed-form expressions for the outage probability (OP), average symbol error probability (SEP), and ergodic capacity of the SU network are derived. The correctness of the proposed analysis is corroborated via Monte Carlo simulations and readily allows us to evaluate the impact of the key system parameters on the end-to-end performance. An asymptotic analysis is also carried out and reveals that the diversity gain is defined by the number of relays pertaining to the SU network (i.e., K), being therefore not affected by the interference power constraint of the PU network.


In this manuscript, we report the design, synthesis and X-ray characterization of nitrodiene derivatives that present crucial π–hole interactions involving the nitro group as a π–hole donor. The solid state structures of 1,4-dinitro-1,3-butadiene (1), its co-crystal 1·Diox, and homologous 1,4-dinitro-1,3-pentadiene (2) and 2,4-dinitro-2,4-hexadiene (3) feature competition of lone pair–π–hole interactions with common weak CH⋯O bonding and gradually increased role of the NO2⋯NO2 interactions. Regular evolution of the supramolecular patterns (1 to 3) results in generation of an unprecedented 3D non-covalent framework in 3 that is controlled exclusively by short π–hole contacts (O⋯N = 2.9615(18), 3.1304(18) A). These findings complement the results of high level ab initio calculations (MP2/def2-TZVP) and unite theory and experiment, thus supporting the functional relevance of this novel π–hole interaction.


The Chinese domesticating translation norms and Sino-centric values have been historically dominating print media translation in China, hindering the introduction of foreignness in the form of written text. Recent Sino-centric values in the Chinese translation field further hamper the introduction of foreign translation study methods. In this context, this paper looks at the non-localization strategy of Apple's official websites; this strategy produces original English texts, such as iPhone, on the target website. It verifies the point that this strategy could effectively give foreignizing and challenging exceptions to how texts have been traditionally domesticated in China with strategies that sit in line with Chinese translation norms. That is to say, characterized by industrial natures of localization, internationalization and digital media, the implementation of non-localization strategy and the display of highly foreign non-localized texts on the Chinese site are almost under the control of source website owner, i.e. Apple Company. This non-localization strategy, therefore, has a foreignizing impact on the Chinese translation norm, due to its source-driven and digital-media based industrial nature. The cultural study of localization is necessary, as it greatly transcends instrumentalism, which could have implications on mainstream translation studies.


OBJECTIVE--To describe the prevalence of psychiatric disorder and the treatment needs of sentenced prisoners in England and Wales. DESIGN--Population survey based on a 5% sample of men serving prison sentences. SETTING--Sixteen prisons for adult males and nine institutions for male young offenders representative of all prisons in prison type, security levels, and length of sentences. SUBJECTS--406 young offenders and 1478 adult men, 404 and 1365 of whom agreed to be interviewed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--History of psychiatric disorder, clinical diagnosis of psychiatrist, and required treatment. RESULTS--652 (37%) men had psychiatric disorders diagnosed, of whom 15 (0.8%) had organic disorders, 34 (2%) psychosis, 105 (6%) neurosis, 177 (10%) personality disorder, and 407 (23%) substance misuse. 52 (3%) were judged to require transfer to hospital for psychiatric treatment, 96 (5%) required treatment in a therapeutic community setting, and a further 176 (10%) required further psychiatric assessment or treatment within prison. CONCLUSIONS--By extrapolation the sentenced prison population includes over 700 men with psychosis, and around 1100 who would warrant transfer to hospital for psychiatric treatment. Provision of secure treatment facilities, particularly long term medium secure units, needs to be improved. Services for people with personality, sexual, and substance misuse disorders should be developed in both prisons and the health service.


More and more products and services are being deployed on the web, and this presents new challenges and opportunities for measurement of user experience on a large scale. There is a strong need for user-centered metrics for web applications, which can be used to measure progress towards key goals, and drive product decisions. In this note, we describe the HEART framework for user-centered metrics, as well as a process for mapping product goals to metrics. We include practical examples of how HEART metrics have helped product teams make decisions that are both data-driven and user-centered. The framework and process have generalized to enough of our company's own products that we are confident that teams in other organizations will be able to reuse or adapt them. We also hope to encourage more research into metrics based on large-scale behavioral data.


Owing to the recent availability of intense X-ray sources, small-angle X-ray scattering experiments can now be performed with pseudo-pinhole collimation. However, smearing effects are still present in 'pinhole' data collected with one-dimensional detectors, owing to both the finite size of the beam and particularly the finite width of the detector window or mask. The smearing effects are shown to be severe at very low scattering vectors, leading to grossly incorrect values of the correlation lengths determined for samples with a random two-phase morphology. Though the degree of smearing induced by 'pinhole' collimation is smaller than that from slit collimation, the effect on the correlation lengths determined from the smeared data is similar in magnitude for common camera parameters. With simulated data and incorporation of both random noise and a truncated q range, it is shown that data can be desmeared using the iterative method of Lake [Acta Cryst. (1967), 23, 191 - 194] to yield reasonable values of the correlation length.


Abstract Controlling the transport in the plasma edge of high temperature plasmas has recently been extended by a sophisticated option - the stochastization of the magnetic cage confining the plasma. The idea is to induce a chaotic magnetic field structure in the edge which can act as a magnetic valve to control heat and particle fluxes between the confined plasma and the plasma facing components. This tool is applied in both, stellarators as well as tokamaks. In this lecture an introduction into the topic will be given. The topics are (a) generation and structure of chaotic magnetic edge layers, (b) plasma transport with stochastic magnetic fields including the resulting three-dimensional plasma wall interaction and (c) impact of a plasma response. However, this field is matter of intense ongoing research and hence this lecture gives a systematic introduction into the challenges based on examples from the TEXTOR tokamak.


The content based image retrieval (CBIR) technique is one of the most popular and evolving research areas of the digital image processing. The goal of CBIR is to extract visual content like colour, texture or shape, of an image automatically. This paper proposes an image retrieval method that uses colour and texture for feature extraction. This system uses the query by example model. The system allows user to choose the feature on the basis of which retrieval will take place. For the retrieval based on colour feature, RGB and HSV models are taken into consideration. Whereas for texture the GLCM is used for extracting the textural features which then goes into Vector Quantization phase to speed up the retrieval process.


SynopsisTen varieties and a mixture of alfalfa were grown at 60°, 70°, and 80° F. at 8-, 12-, and 16-hour daylengths for each temperature. Growth responses measured in cm. showed the greatest height differences at 60° F. and 12-hour daylength. At this temperature, the varieties and mixtures could be divided into three groups according to the magnitude of the variances. Varieties within each group were significantly different in height from varieties in other groups.


A process and method for fabricating multi-grid, high-resolution rotating modulation collimators for arcsecond and sub-arcsecond x-ray and gamma-ray imaging involves photochemical machining and precision stack lamination. The special fixturing and etching techniques that have been developed are used for the fabrication of multiple high-resolution grids on a single array substrate. This technology has application in solar and astrophysics and in a number of medical imaging applications including mammography, computed tomography (CT), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and gamma cameras used in nuclear medicine. This collimator improvement can also be used in non-destructive testing, hydrodynamic weapons testing, and microbeam radiation therapy.


Quantum annealing is a heuristic quantum algorithm which exploits quantum resources to minimize an objective function embedded as the energy levels of a programmable physical system. To take advantage of a potential quantum advantage, one needs to be able to map the problem of interest to the native hardware with reasonably low overhead. Because experimental considerations constrain our objective function to take the form of a low degree PUBO (polynomial unconstrained binary optimization), we employ non-convex loss functions which are polynomial functions of the margin. We show that these loss functions are robust to label noise and provide a clear advantage over convex methods. These loss functions may also be useful for classical approaches as they compile to regularized risk expressions which can be evaluated in constant time with respect to the number of training examples.


Background: As the minimally invasive surgery revolution approaches 30 years, many techniques are now available for cholecystectomy: open, conventional laparoscopy, ini-laparoscopy, single incision, robotic, and natural orifice. Although much has been published about patient preferences regarding these techniques, less is known about surgeon perceptions and preferences. The aim of this study was to survey attending and trainee surgeons about which cholecystectomy technique they would prefer for themselves and what factors determine their decision. Methods: Attending fellow and resident surgeons globally completed a Google Forms online questionnaire that was posted in 3 closed groups for surgeons on Facebook and WhatsApp. Results: The online questionnaire was completed by 600 surgeons (453 attending surgeons and 147 residents/fellows). Most respondents were male individuals (87.6% of attending surgeons, 78.2% of trainee surgeons). The most common age range of respondents was 31 to 40 years. Surgeon response was global, with especially good representation from North American, Asian, and European physicians. When conventional laparoscopy, mini-laparoscopy, and robotic surgery were the options offered for cholecystectomy, 58.5% of trainees and 45.7% of surgeons chose conventional laparoscopy. When asked if they would consider a single-incision or natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery approach, 91.5% answered no. When asked which technique they would prefer if hypothetically all techniques were equally safe, about three-fourths chose either conventional laparoscopy (46%) or mini-laparoscopy (27%). When asked to rank which factors they considered most important in choosing a surgical technique, surgeon experience (52%) and safety of the procedure (45%) were the 2 most important factors. Conclusions: When an international sample of 600 attending and trainee surgeons were asked about undergoing a cholecystectomy on themselves, most chose either conventional laparoscopy or mini-laparoscopy as their preferred access technique. Single-incision and natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery approaches were unpopular. Surgeons ranked the experience of the operating surgeon and safety of the procedure as the most important factors guiding their decision.


Intellectual property (IP) is often used narrowly to refer to areas of the law that provide generally settled legal protections for expressive works and inventions. However, the classic concepts of IP law – e.g., patent, design, copyright, trademark and trade secret — no longer afford easy categorization for taxation purposes. As the "knowledge economy" has expanded, so too have the types of value-producing intangible assets that are often technological and critical to describing business values. Of perhaps the greatest consequence is the shrinking ability of sovereign governments to capture a fair share of tax from quasi-sovereign multinationals that set their own tax liabilities, in part because of the difficulty of determining which country should tax the income attributable to the IP assets. The purview of IP — or at least the scope of what we need to consider in a digitalized, globalized, and deeply commercialized world to establish appropriate IP tax provisions — has become much broader, and characterization has become more difficult. This article explores underlying themes in ten recent articles on IP taxation. Particular attention is given to the ease with which intangible IP assets can be transferred among affiliates and the resulting tax avoidance and base erosion possible for IP-intensive industries when old rules are applied. On the supportive side of the flexibility that movement of intangible assets provides are supportive arguments for IP-intensive profit shifting and development of patent or even broader "innovation" boxes providing extremely low corporate tax rates for IP-intensive industries, but on the other side are innovative approaches to transfer pricing and profit splitting that see base erosion and profit shifting as a global problem. One author suggests that tried and true IP litigation strategies may be effective in preventing the worst of the IP-intensive multinationals' tax avoidance, using their own claims of artificially low IP valuations against them. Also examined is the treatment of the creative arts, both domestically and internationally. One author methodically considers domestic IP protection for creative artists to conclude that the special breaks for songwriters, and the various bills for Artist-Museum Partnerships make no sense. Others look at the problems with international (and domestic) film production credits or in distinguishing royalty from service income for athletes travelling to different jurisdictions and facing different tax rules. Finally, an assessment of the ways states address the taxation of cloud computing demonstrates the need to develop tax policy that moves beyond the traditional tax category cubbyholes.


This paper presents a demonstration of the visualization and the characterization of gas–liquid mass transfer in a small bubbly column. The aim is to show how simple experiments can be used to directly quantify mass transfer without the need of sophisticated probes or complex titrations. The method here proposed is based on the "red bottle" reaction, i.e., the reversible oxidation by oxygen of dihydroresorufin to red resorufin. This reaction produces a distinctive red color, and in the specific condition identified, the time required to turn from colorless to red solution can be directly correlated with the inverse of the volumetric mass transfer coefficient kLa (s–1). Therefore, this reaction can be used to estimate the mass flux of oxygen transferred from the gas phase (bubbles) to the liquid phase and to study how this flux is affected by geometrical and operating parameters of bubbly flows. The lab work described is thus very convenient for education purposes. This is the first visual demonstration allowing mass transfer to be quantified with good precision, opening up a wide range of applications.


In the United States, the law of wills professes to be organized around the principle of freedom of testation. "Work and earn and save," it says, "so that you can pass your wealth to whomever you please." This principle is attractive, but it simply is not borne out in the administration of too many testators' estates. Rather, judges and juries routinely substitute their preferred distributions for testators' expressed preferences.
One particularly troubling situation arises when a testator attempts to pass her estate to an organization that champions unpopular beliefs. If the judge or jury dislikes the testator's beliefs, they may be tempted to invalidate the devise as the product of an insane delusion. Sometimes these supposed "delusions" have been beliefs about divisive social issues—like advancing women in the early twentieth century. Other supposed "delusions" have been religious beliefs that depart from the mainstream faiths. Allowing judges and juries to label these beliefs "delusional" does not further testamentary freedom. Rather, it substitutes majoritarian preferences for the counter-majoritarian views of the testator. This is a dangerous proposition. It was once regarded as fact that the Earth was flat. Now the prevalent view is that the Earth is round. Should a devise that champions either one of those ideas be labeled "delusional"? Unfortunately, the outcome may be dictated by the popular opinion of the testator's times.
This Article shares two ideas for reform. First, the doctrine of insane delusions should not be applied to devises that seek to advance beliefs, ideas, or viewpoints. There is just too great of a risk that judges and juries will strike down such devises when the testator's viewpoints diverge from their own.
Second, the time may have come to admit that the law of wills is not as committed to the principle of testamentary freedom as it is often espoused to be. The literature is rife with examples of a latent norm of familial support. Currently, this norm is expressed when judges and juries manipulate flexible doctrines to distribute a decedent's estate to her family members against her stated preferences. Perhaps it is time for the law to expressly acknowledge that familial support is important in our society and reserve a share of every decedent's estate for distribution to the decedent's family. The second proposal set forth in this Article, "the forced intestate share," would compel distribution of a portion of each estate to the decedent's intestate takers. Adopting some version of this proposal may actually afford testators with greater testamentary freedom overall because, by expressly fulfilling the norm of familial support, it would reduce decisionmakers' biased tendencies to invalidate devises to non-family members. Indeed, the counterintuitive solution to achieving greater actual testamentary freedom may be to remove testators' control over some share of their estate through a forced intestate share.


Given a smoothly embedded 2-manifold in ${\Bbb R}^3,$ we define the elevation of a point as the height difference to a canonically defined second point on the same manifold. Our definition is invariant under rigid motions and can be used to define features such as lines of discontinuous or continuous but non-smooth elevation. We give an algorithm for finding points of locally maximum elevation, which we suggest mark cavities and protrusions and are useful in matching shapes as for example in protein docking.


AbstractBACKGROUND: Referral from primary care to the mental health specialty sector is important but poorly understood.
                        OBJECTIVE: Identify physician characteristics influencing mental health referral.
                        DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial using Standardized Patients (SPs).
                        SETTING: Offices of primary care physicians in 3 cities.
                        PARTICIPANTS: One hundred fifty-two family physicians and general internists recruited from 4 broad practice settings; 18 middle aged Caucasian female actors.
                        INTERVENTION: Two hundred and ninety-eight unannounced SP visits, with assignments constrained so physicians saw 1 SP with major depression and 1 with adjustment disorder.
                        MEASUREMENTS: Mental health referrals via SP written reports; physician and system characteristics through a self-administered physician questionnaire.
                        RESULTS: Among 298 SP visits, 107 (36%) resulted in mental health referral. Referrals were less likely among physicians with greater self-confidence in their ability to manage antidepressant therapy (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 0.39, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.17 to 0.86) and were more likely if physicians typically spent ≥10% of professional time on nonclinical activities (AOR 3.42, 95% CI 1.45 to 8.07), had personal life experience with psychotherapy for depression (AOR 2.74, 95% CI 1.15 to 6.52), or usually had access to mental health consultation within 2 weeks (AOR 2.94, 95% CI 1.26 to 6.92).
                        LIMITATION: The roles portrayed by SPs may not reflect the experience of a typical panel of primary care patients.
                        CONCLUSIONS: Controlling for patient and health system factors, physicians' therapeutic confidence and personal experience were important influences on mental health referral. Research is needed to determine if addressing these factors can facilitate more appropriate care.


In the past years, Web Services (WS) have become the standard for exposing services as application programming interfaces to be consumed from anywhere in the world. Since many operations require the collaboration between two or more WS, the need to have languages to express Web Service Compositions has emerged. Web Service Composition presents a problem very similar to Business Process Management (BPM), both disciplines aim to express complex combinations of operations to achieve broader goals. In BPM these combinations are generally known as Workflows. The current industry standard for representing Web Service Workflows is BPEL, a language developed by Microsoft, IBM and others. PEWS is another language proposed to describe Web Service Compositions. Simplicity and neatness of descriptions are two relevant features of this language. This work proposes some extensions to PEWS in order to support the most common workflow patterns. The extended version of PEWS is able to fully support 36 out of the 43 Workflow Control Patterns as defined in the literature. This new version creates the foundation for further studies on the language, especially future extensions to capture other patterns and features (such as data manipulation, error handling, etc.) as well as the addition of semantic information to compositions.


The CernVM File System (CernVM-FS) provides a scalable, reliable and lowmaintenance software distribution service. It was developed to assist High Energy Physics (HEP) collaborations to deploy software on the worldwide-distributed computing infrastructure used to run data processing applications. CernVM-FS is implemented as a POSIX read-only file system in user space (a FUSE module). Files and directories are hosted on standard web servers and mounted in the universal namespace /cvmfs. Internally, it uses content-addressable storage and Merkle trees in order to maintain file data and meta-data. CernVM-FS uses outgoing HTTP connections only, thereby it avoids most of the firewall issues of other network file systems. It transfers data and meta-data on demand and verifies data integrity by cryptographic a hash. By means of aggressive caching and reduction of latency, CernVM-FS focuses specifically on the software use case. Software usually comprises many small files that are frequently opened and read as a whole. Furthermore, the software use case includes frequent look-ups for files in multiple directories when search paths are examined. CernVM-FS is actively used by small and large HEP collaborations. In many cases, it replaces package managers and shared software areas on cluster file systems as means to distribute the software used to process experiment data.


In this article, the authors examine how consumer choice between hedonic and utilitarian goods is influenced by the nature of the decision task. Building on research on elaboration, the authors propose that the relative salience of hedonic dimensions is greater when consumers decide which of several items to give up (forfeiture choices) than when they decide which item to acquire (acquisition choices). The resulting hypothesis that a hedonic item is relatively preferred over the same utilitarian item in forfeiture choices than in acquisition choices was supported in two choice experiments. In a subsequent experiment, these findings were extended to hypothetical choices in which the acquisition and forfeiture conditions were created by manipulating initial attribute-level reference states instead of ownership. Finally, consistent with the experimental findings, a field survey showed that, relative to market prices, owners of relatively hedonic cars value their vehicles more than do owners of relatively utilitarian cars. The authors discuss theoretical implications of these reference-dependent preference asymmetries and explore consequences for marketing managers and other decision makers.


In large lecture courses, encouraging participation is challenging. Pytania is a Student Response System (under development and testing at GMU) that collects students' responses and shows graphs of student responses. It encourages practice and exploration; it guides class discussions by uncovering common misconceptions. We can track students' course-long participation history. Students can also use completed questions as review materials for test preparation. The intended use is to offer a batch of 3-5 questions on a new topic, covering both common and special cases. Students can compare results, discuss, run the example code (in our programming course), and use any means of exploration to choose an answer. They submit answers on any web-enabled device. After time is up, we lock answers, and show the results to discuss, as well as a bar-graph of students' responses. The tool currently offers the following styles of questions: (a) open-response (text), (b) numeric (integer or float), (c) true/false, (d) multiple choice, and (e) multiple answer. Often, the best questions are open-ended and have a single correct answer, such as "what is printed when we run this code?" Another useful style of question is the multiple-answer prompt. We show a "sentiment graph" that colors each option as correct(green) or incorrect(red), with a bar proportional to number of student responses. This quickly identifies correct options that few students chose, or incorrect options that many students chose. It also serves as a great repository for study questions when questions are left in review-mode.


The incidence of sporadic malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) in general population is as low as 0.001%. Whereas in association with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), the lifetime risk of MPNSTs is estimated to be 8-13%. MPNSTs are potentially found on the trunk and extremities. They are infrequently observed in the head and neck. Thus, they are extremely rare to arise from the para-pharyngeal space. Consequently, to the best of our knowledge, benign neurofibroma malignant transformation has never been reported in the para-pharyngeal space yet. Therefore, in this article, we report the first case of neurofibroma transformation into MPNST in the parapharyngeal space of an NF1 patient. The cornerstone treatment is complete surgical excision of the tumor. In most cases, it is not possible to obtain clear margins in the head and neck region because of the lack of circumscription and anatomical complexity of the area. Recurrence rate ranges from 40% to 68%, whereas 5-year survival was reported ranging from 16% to 52%. Poor prognosis is linked with tumor size exceeding 5 cm, association with NF1, old age, distant metastases, inability to achieve tumor-free margins, high tumor grade, and poor differentiation. In conclusion, due to the rarity of this disease, only a few large studies investigated recurrence rate and survival. Poor outcomes are attributed to the rarity of the disease and complexity of the region. More cases shall be reported to improve our knowledge about the incidence, course, and prognosis of the disease, and allow for new effective management techniques discovery.


As humanity continues to exceed the ecological carrying capacity of the earth in its use of nonrenewable energy sources, it is imperative to find and shift to alternative renewable energy sources that can sustain human civilization. The ocean based phenomenon of tides, current, and waves are a way in which that source of energy can be obtained and broadened for human consumption. Oceanic energy can serve not only as a means to provide cleaner energy, but also improve the economy and the land based environment. The natural sciences and social sciences are examined within the quantitative data present. The natural sciences present within the data are not limited to the wave and tidal/current electrical generation within a given body of water, the quality of electrical transfer from generation to the grid, and the potential for impact on the water quality and marine life in the area. On the other hand, the quantitative data of the social sciences is reflective within the number of current wave and tidal/current renewable energy programs and those under planning, in relation to the political policies and civilian interests. The three disciplines that I explore include environmental politics, environmental geography and oceanography, and environmental engineering. I specifically target the environmental geography of the state of New York's continental shelf and its surrounding coastal zone. As for environmental politics, I examine coastal state and federal politics, laws, regulations, and civilian incentives/disincentives. In regards to environmental engineering, I discuss the relative technology currently being used within the field of obtaining ocean wave and tidal/current energy and the significance of certain grades of material within an oceanic environment. I utilize the Roosevelt Island Tidal Energy program as a case study to indicate the significance and necessary expansion for further use of offshore renewable energy within New York territorial waters. My policy recommendations focus on the benefits that offshore renewable energy may provide given a combination of funding, and maritime geographic and ecological consideration.


This study examines the educational experiences of African American adult learners who have described their journey through higher education as transformative; particularly, learners who have attended or are attending community college. This study looks at how transformation helps move minority learners towards academic achievement and personal empowerment. The research attempted to answer the following three questions: 1) How do adult African American learners who are attending or have attended community college define their transformation within the context of transformative learning?, 2) What are the sociocultural, spiritual, and empowerment dimensions of transformative learning for this population?, and 3) What factors within this transformative experience contributed to what African American adult learners define as personal growth and achievement/success? As part of this phenomenological narrative study, data was collected primarily through one-on-one, semi-structured interviews with five, adult, African American learners, including three females and two males. Each participant described experiencing: a life change through a major event or crisis, an increase in cultural consciousness, an increase in spiritual evolution, and a stronger sense of purpose in life due to their community college learning. A conceptual framework that incorporates transformative learning, critical race and spirituality theories was used to analyze the learners' narratives. Data show that participants developed an overwhelming sense of empowerment while going through their educational journey that helped them develop into academically, socially, and emotionally prepared individuals ready to face an unjust society. This study suggests that understanding the journey of African American adult learners can help educational leaders improve the transfer, retention, and graduation rates of this student population. These learners' journeys can also help educators and researchers better appreciate the social, spiritual, and cultural dimensions of transformative learning at the community college level.


The European Water Supply and Sanitation Technology Platform (WSSTP) is an industry driven organisation aiming to strengthen the potential for technological innovation and the competitiveness of the European Water Industry. In response to global challenges and regional demands a strategy has been proposed to ensure safe, secure and sustainable water and sanitation services for the benefit of industry, the society and the environment. Integrated Water Resources Management is used as a guiding principle. Water supply, wastewater treatment (sanitation), river basin management and concerns of regulators, financing institutions and the civil society are the key elements of a system to be sustainably managed. Decision makers of the private and the public sector are to understand that investment in research, technology development and implementation of innovation is an important element in the process of securing economic prosperity, social stability and functioning of the ecological systems which we as human beings are a part of. A hierarchic, practice oriented structure is proposed to organize and govern research and technology development in Europe. Research will be organized within the framework of thematically designed pilot programmes containing a distinct number of implementation cases to execute close-to-reality research.


Pagan and mythological statuary still functioned in the Late Roman city. Studies on this kind of imagery all too often focus on only one aspect or one type of action, frequently assuming that destruction was the preferred way of dealing with conflicted images. To understand the status of statues in an age when the Christian faith was steadily conquering the Roman world, an overview based on various kinds of evidence ranging from production and conscious preservation to violent destruction is necessary. This article brings this data together for the cities of Asia Minor to enhance the general picture.


The iron bioavailability of human milk (HM) is substantially greater than that of cow's milk (CM), but the factor responsible for this high bioavailability is unknown. This study evaluated the effects of various HM and CM fractions on iron bioavailability. Milk was separated into fat, casein and whey fractions by ultracentrifugation. Whey was further fractionated by ultrafiltration with a 10-kDa membrane to produce a 10-kDa retentate (10kR) and a 10-kDa filtrate (10kF). Samples were prepared by mixing various combinations of the fractions, bringing the samples to prefractionation weight with minimum essential medium (MEM), and adding iron (10 micro mol/L) as ferrous sulfate. Samples were divided into two aliquots: one was subjected to in vitro digestion, the other was not. Bioavailability was assessed by applying the samples to Caco-2 cell monolayers and incubating for 24 h. Ferritin formation in the cells was used as an index of iron uptake. Removing the fat from undigested HM samples doubled the ferritin formation, but removing the whey or casein had no effect. Results with digested HM samples were similar, except that removing the whey decreased ferritin formation by 48%. Removing the fat from digested CM samples had no effect, but removing the casein doubled the ferritin formation. Removing the 10kF from HM reduced ferritin formation by 60%, but removing the 10kR had no effect. These data suggest that a low-molecular-weight factor (<10 kDa) in human milk enhances iron absorption.


In the standard Λ-cold dark matter (ΛCDM) cosmological model, the present-day universe contains dominant components of dark energy (Λ) and cold dark matter (CDM). Fluctuations in the initial distribution of dark matter collapse to form dense, gravitationally bound dark matter haloes, which then evolve hierarchically through repeated mergers. Although the ΛCDM model is largely successful in describing our universe, the nature and identity of dark matter and dark energy remain unclear. ΛCDM may have problems describing structure on small scales, while on large scales, there are mild tensions between different estimates of the cosmological parameters. The structural properties of individual dark matter haloes, including their shape, spin, concentration, and substructure, are linked to halo growth history and thus reflect the cosmological model. The goal of this thesis is to understand how dark matter halo structural properties evolve in minor and major mergers, and to study how halo evolution can inform cosmology. Halo mergers can be classified as either major or minor based on the mass ratio of the merging systems. In minor mergers, smaller subhaloes fall into larger host haloes and evolve through tidal stripping. Predicting the evolution of subhaloes has important applications to studies of galaxy evolution and the nature of dark matter; in particular, the dense central regions of haloes dominate the signal from dark matter annihilation, so understanding how these central regions evolve is important for predicting the strength of the annihilation signal, and thus placing constraints on dark matter particle candidates. In the first part of this thesis (Chapters 2 and 3), we develop a simple, physically motivated model of tidal stripping that can be applied to any collisionless system to predict its structural evolution. In the second part of the thesis (Chapters 4 and 5), we perform a large suite of simulations of binary equal-mass mergers between isolated haloes with various density profiles to study the effects of major mergers on dark matter halo properties. We find that the axis ratios describing the 3D shapes of the merger remnants vary linearly with a scaled dimensionless energy parameter, κ, and an angular momentum (or spin) parameter, λ. The mass distribution is determined mainly by κ, where energetic (low-κ) encounters produce more extended remnants while mergers of strongly bound (high-κ) systems produce compact remnants. Surprisingly, major mergers seem to be relatively ineffective at changing the central densities of haloes, and thus unlikely to explain the mean trends in the concentration–mass–redshift relation. Overall, Chapters 2–5 present models for how haloes evolve in mergers, including the evolution of tidally stripped haloes in minor mergers, as well as a description for how halo spin, shape, mass distribution, and concentration evolve in major mergers. In the final


Communication of confidential data over the internet is becoming more frequent every day. Individuals and organizations are sending their confidential data electronically. It is also common that hackers target these networks. In current times, protecting the data, software and hardware from viruses is, now more than ever, a need and not just a concern. What you need to know about networks these days? How security is implemented to ensure a network? How is security managed? In this paper we will try to address the above questions and give an idea of where we are now standing with the security of the network.


Aims: To determine the frequency of methamphetamine- and GHB-related presentations; knowledge of methamphetamine, gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and drug-related problems; preparedness to discuss the risks associated with these drugs; role support and resource needs, as perceived by emergency medicine healthcare professionals. Methods: A convenience sample (n = 192) was recruited from 12 hospitals in eight major centres across Australia. A closed-response questionnaire was utilized. Findings: Daily presentations related to methamphetamine and GHB were not widely reported but were more likely at hospitals in areas where use of these drugs was higher. Participants generally felt knowledgeable about methamphetamine and GHB, supported in their role and well prepared to manage such intoxications. There was a demand for additional resource materials. Conclusions: Findings highlight the wide disparity in patterns of use of methamphetamine and GHB between jurisdictions in Australia. Overall, emergency medicine healthcare professionals were comfortable with the management of methamphetamine- and GHB-related presentations. An additional resource focusing on the clinical management of methamphetamine and GHB intoxication would be useful. Testing actual knowledge of emergency medicine healthcare professionals and how this correlates with perceived knowledge would be an important area for future research.


The fundamental conceptualisation of what animation actually is has been changing in the face of material change to production and distribution methods since the introduction of digital technology. This re-conceptualisation has been contributed to by increasing artistic and academic interest in the field, such as the emergence of Animation Studies, a relatively new branch of academic enquiry that is establishing itself as a discipline.

This research (documentation of live events and thesis) examines animation in the context of performance, rather than in terms of technology or material process. Its scope is neither to cover all possible types of animation nor to put forward a new 'catch-all' definition of animation, but rather to examine the site of performance in character animation and to propose animation as a form of performance. In elaborating this argument, each chapter is structured around the framing device of animation as a message that is encoded and produced, delivered and played back, then received and decoded.

The PhD includes a portfolio of projects undertaken as part of the research process on which the text critically reflects. Due to their site-specific approach, these live events are documented through video and still images. The work represents an intertwining, interdisciplinary, post-animation praxis where theory and practice inform one another and test relationships between animation and performance to problematise a binary opposition between that which is live as opposed to that which is animated. It is contextualised by a review of historical practice and interviews with key contemporary practitioners whose work combines animation with an intermedial mixture of interaction design, fine art, dance and theatre.


Current fueling tactics for endurance exercise encourage athletes to ingest a high carbohydrate diet. However, athletes are not generally encouraged to use fat, the largest energy reserve in the human body. A low carbohydrate, high fat ketogenic diet (KD) is a nutritional approach ensuring that the body utilizes lipids. Although KD has been associated with weight-loss, enhanced fat utilization in muscle and other beneficial effects, there is currently no clear proof whether it could lead to performance advantage. To evaluate the effects of KD on endurance exercise capacity, we studied the performance of mice subjected to a running model after consuming KD for eight weeks. Weight dropped dramatically in KD-feeding mice, even though they ate more calories. KD-feeding mice showed enhanced running time without aggravated muscle injury. Blood biochemistry and correlation analysis indicated the potential mechanism is likely to be a keto-adaptation enhanced capacity to transport and metabolize fat. KD also showed a potential preventive effect on organ injury caused by acute exercise, although KD failed to exert protection from muscle injury. Ultimately, KD may contribute to prolonged exercise capacity.


Gender is often viewed as an inherent aspect of personal identity. But a gender-entrapped concept of identity engenders biases that could demean not only one gender or the other but humanity in general. An examination of various notions of masculinity in the Filipino context shows that characterizations of the genders are ambiguous save with respect to reproductive roles. Those characterizations are not compatible with ethically sound interpersonal relations. Respect for humanity requires a gender-neutral view of personal roles and responsibilities.


For many years, universities have been regarded as operating in isolation from their socioeconomic and political environment. However, there is now a demand for universities to verify their relevance to society. One way of embedding universities in society is by involving external actors. This paper elaborates on stakeholder regimes as a means of studying the norms and structures for stakeholder influence over time. It contributes to the research in this area by linking stakeholder theory to a specific selection of normative and structural aspects of governance. This is done in order to construct a theoretical framework for analysing their effect on stakeholder influence in higher education practice. Furthermore, methodical issues such as policy tracing, document analysis and motivation for selecting cases are discussed.


As healthcare professionals working in the area of management of the lower limb in neurological conditions, it is encouraging to note that there is growing interest and an expanding body of research investigating orthotic interventions, particularly the use of ankle-foot orthoses (AFOs) for cerebral palsy (CP) and stroke. There is an increasing need for Evidence Based Practice (EBP) to inform clinical decision making. EBP is reliant on a clinician's training and experience combined with an understanding and use of the evidence established through scientific research [1]. The expanding body of knowledge on the efficacy of orthotic interventions has the potential to both impact on further research and, importantly, clinical practice. However this can only happen if studies are well designed with robust testing protocols and appropriate outcomes measures, and if they report on homogeneous patient groups, providing explicit details on participants and interventions. While there is some evidence to support the use of lower limb orthoses following stroke and in the management of children with CP, literature reviews carried out in the areas of cerebral palsy [2-5] and stroke [6, 7] have identified a lack of important detail in previously published research. If an enhanced level of detail can be considered and reported in future studies, synthesis of results across studies will contribute to an improved evidence base. This will improve the generation of prescription and clinical guidelines which will facilitate enhanced service provision, clinical decision making and the prescription of more appropriate orthoses. Many clinicians face barriers to becoming more active in research, however there are a numbers of ways in which the National Health Service and industry can engage with Higher Education Institutions to expedite the research process. Effective partnerships and collaborations will facilitate the process of establishing quality research and an evidence base to inform clinical practice.


In a previous study Moodley, Kritzinger and Vinck (2014) found that formal English Additional Language (EAL) instruction contributed significantly better to listening and speaking skills in Grade R learners, than did a play-based approach. The finding in multilingual rural Mpumalanga schools was in agreement with numerous studies elsewhere. Additional extraneous variables such as teachers' first language, qualifications, age and experience, and learners' first language and gender may also relate to EAL performance. The aim of the present study has been to determine whether these variables were significantly associated with learners' EAL performance scores. A matched two group comparison study was conducted, utilising 175 learners and 10 teachers from isiNdebele, isiZulu, Sepedi, siSwati and Xitsonga first language backgrounds. The English Language Proficiency standards assessment tool was used. Learners of IsiNdebele teachers and young qualified teachers performed better than other learners. Learners with isiNdebele as first language performed better than learners from other languages. No association between gender and learner performance was found. The advantage of isiNdebele speaking teachers and learners in EAL teaching and learning may relate to the many borrowed phonemes and words from English. Further research is required to strengthen the evidence. Keywords: English Additional Language instruction; English Language Proficiency (ELP) standards assessment tool; Grade R; isiNdebele; isiZulu; Sepedi; siSwati; teacher qualifications; Xitsonga


Abstract Continuous development of advanced technologies has created increasing demand for rare-earth elements (REE), with global emphasis on identifying new alternate sources to ensure adequate supply. Ore deposits containing physically adsorbed lanthanides are substantially lower grade than other REE deposit types; however, the low mining and processing costs make them economically attractive as sources of REE. To evaluate the commercial potential for the recovery of REEs from ion-adsorption deposits in a systematic manner, a standardized procedure for REE leaching was developed previously. Using this procudure it was found that, regardless of variations in ore origin and REE content, all REE consistently reached peak extraction levels under ambient conditions with fast kinetics. Various techniques to improve the REE extraction through process variations were also investigated: it was found that decreasing the L:S ratio, re-using leachate on fresh ores and counter-current leaching were all capable of increasing REE concentrations in the resultant leachate, albeit at the expense of REE extraction levels. In addition, the water content trapped in the leached material was found to contain significant amounts of REE and residual lixiviant requiring thorough washing of the solid residue.


Victor Fuchs is a towering figure. His contributions to economics have spanned nearly 35 years. As his career has progressed, he has increasingly come to write on subjects of broad interest in a style that is accessible to noneconomists, thereby magnifying his influence. His gift is an ability to ask questions that are usually based on simple theory, but which nonetheless in his hands seem novel, and then proceed to answer those questions with simple, straightforward data analysis that is all the more powerful for its simplicity. Victor's work is usually "low tech," to use his term, but almost always persuasive in ways that high-tech methods would not necessarily be. In this essay, I focus principally on Victor's contributions to the economics of health and medical care, but I have a bit to say about his other contributions as well.


Estimating bird and bat fatalities caused by wind-turbine facilities is challenging when carcasses are rare and produce counts that are either exactly or very near zero. The rarity of found carcasses is exacerbated when live members of a particular species are rare and when carcasses degrade quickly, are removed by scavengers, or are not detected by observers. With few observed carcass counts, common statistical methods like logistic, Poisson, or negative binomial regression are unreliable (statistically biased) and often fail to provide answers (i.e., fail to converge). Here, we propose a binomial N-mixture model that estimates fatality rates as well as the total number of carcasses when rates are expanded. Our model extends the 'evidence of absence' model (Huso et al., 2015; Dalthorp, Huso, and Dail, 2017) by relating carcass deposition rates to study covariates and by incorporating terms that naturally scale counts from facilities of different sizes. Our model, which we call Evidence of Absence Regression (EoAR), can estimate the total number of birds or bats killed at a single wind energy facility or a fleet of wind energy facilities based on covariate values. Furthermore, with accurate prior distributions the model's results are extremely robust to sparse data and unobserved combinations of covariate values. In this paper, we describe the model, show its low bias and high precision via computer simulation, and apply it to bat carcass counts observed at 21 wind energy facilities in Iowa.


I am honoured by your invitation to give this keynote address. At the same time, I am conscious of my inadequacies for doing so. Though my interests in Reformation history, and especially in Erasmus studies, and, to a degree, in Australian religious history have obliged me to engage with Catholic history, I cannot claim to be a historian of the Catholic church. You might fairly have called on someone in that category to deliver your keynote address. Earlier this year the conference of the Religious History Society commemorated the achievements of two eminent members, supporters and mentors of this Society, Patrick O'Farrell and Tony Cahill. Would that they were still among us today, and even, we might add, performing this function! I have thought to begin by taking these two friends and colleagues once again as our guides and to explore through two small, occasional pieces of theirs issues that arise in "Writing Religious History in Australia'. My selection is a rather self-indulgent one. In December 1989 the Journal of Religious History produced a special number, a kind of Festschrift, celebrating my twenty-eight years as founding Editor of the journal. Both Patrick and Tony, who was then Editor, contributed pieces; Patrick's was entitled "Spurious Divorce? Religion and Australian Culture' and Tony's 'Cardinal Moran's Politics'. These are characteristic pieces, though I would not for a moment suggest that they are fully representative of the two men's work. Patrick's is in essay form, highly personal and challenging in its judgments. We find similar judgments in his larger works, similar ironies and even paradoxes, but there they are embedded in books of original and summative scholarship on a grand scale. There is a greater immediacy, even rawness, to the essay form, and those confronted here might, if sensitive enough, have been set to thinking about their historiographical and cultural assumptions. Tony's piece is a more conventional learned article, one of a series of papers which, taken together, make up a very substantial, if not complete, study in Moran biography. But there are aspects of the piece which remind us that Tony was renowned among Sydney historians for the range of his reading across many fields of history and his innovative thinking about the subject. We get a glimpse of this in his historiographical reflections on the literature about Moran, to which we will come. I want now to take these two pieces in turn and draw out from what they say points of interest for those writing religious history in Australia. Patrick early makes a shift from the place of religion in Australian culture to its presence or absence among the interests and preconceptions of Australian historians. 'Do we', he asks, not just rhetorically, "need to investigate the historians before we accept their history?' He then, in the most sensitive part of his essay, deals with the marginalizing of Christopher Dawson by a historical profession unresponsive to the sweep of his studies of religion and culture and the sad outcome of the application by Dawson's pupil, J. J. Saunders, for an Australian academic appointment. To this historiographical issue, asking about the historians as well as the history, I will return in considering Tony's paper, as I have said. Patrick moves from the power relations in the historical profession, which could stand in the way of certain trends or approaches appearing or prospering, to the realities of Australian white culture. Resettlement could involve desacralization for many migrants, separated from the sacred places and associations of home. In the nineteenth and into the twentieth century, the clergy in all denominations remained more 'home'-oriented, the laity more acclimatized to Australia. The gap was plastered over, he says, in the Catholic case 'with an artificial culture of elastic Irish-manufactured consistency' and, among the denominations deriving from Great Britain, with "composites of flags, patriotism and various social appurtenances and rituals" of distant cultures. …


One of the most complex doctrines in contemporary international law, jus cogens is the immediate product of the socialization of the international community following the Second World War. However, the doctrine resonates in a centuries-old legal tradition which constrains the dynamics of voluntarism that characterize conventional international law. To reconcile this modern iteration of individual-oriented public order norms with the traditionally state-based form of international law, Thomas Weatherall applies the idea of a social contract to structure the analysis of jus cogens into four areas: authority, sources, content and enforcement. The legal and political implications of this analysis give form to jus cogens as the product of interrelation across an individual-oriented normative framework, a state-based legal order, and values common to the international community as a whole.


There are some distributed storage systems with linked data structure based on the content hash ID mechanism. In such systems, the user needs to wait to traverse multiple links to reach the requested data. Too slow total response time may degrade the usability of application. If the cache system is running on the user's site, it can help to reduce the total response time of user's request. But, there is no cache management mechanism that is applicable to such link type data structure. In this paper, we propose a novel management mechanism suitable for content hash ID based distributed storage system. The proposed mechanism is based on the expanded reference counter. We explain it as a concrete design for WOODS, which is a simple archiving data management system we have proposed. We evaluate the proposed cache mechanism using a measured data of Gnutella queries.


Sponsored by the International Association of Facilitators, The IAF Handbook of Group Facilitation offers the need-to-know basics in the field brought together by fifty leading practitioners and scholars. This indispensable resource includes successful strategies and methods, foundations, and resources for anyone who works with groups. The IAF Handbook of Group Facilitation provides an overview of the field for new and aspiring practitioners and a reliable reference for experienced group facilitators, including chapters on * Creating positive ongoing client relationships * Building trust and improving communications * Facilitating group brainstorming sessions * Drawing out the best in people * Developing a collaborative environment * Designing and facilitating dialogue * Managing conflicting agendas * Working with multicultural groups * Using improvisation * Understanding virtual meetings * Facilitating team start-up * Assessing group decision processes Building expertise in facilitation * Reviewing core facilitation competencies * Modeling positive professional attitudes


This study evaluated the adaptation of natural laminar flow airfoils for Grand Touring (GT) sports car racing and the influence of wing geometry and flow control devices on rear-wing aerodynamics. The mean camber lines for the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) 651-412 and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) LS(1)-0413 airfoils were calculated. Numerical analysis was conducted using thin-airfoil theory and finite-wing theory. Airfoil variables included zero-lift angle of attack and centre-of-pressure location. Wing variables encompassed induced and effective angles of attack, lift and drag coefficients, and lift-to-drag ratio. Modelling consisted of variations in wing aspect ratio and the integration of end plates and a Gurney flap. A tapered rectangular planform is quasi-elliptical and attains near-unity Oswald efficiency. The NASA LS(1)-0413 airfoil is stall resistant and produces high downforce at the expense of extra drag because of factors related to camber, profile thickness, leading edge radius, and concave pressure recovery. The wing should be set at an incidence above that for best lift-to-drag ratio. The NACA 651-412 airfoil is aerodynamically more efficient but produces less downforce and may be used as a stabilizer. Augmented aspect ratio, end plates, and a Gurney flap enhance wing aerodynamics via flow control and modified downwash configuration. The analysis suggests that a tapered LS(1)-0413 wing of 5.56 aspect ratio fitted with end plates and a Gurney flap, set at high incidence, is an appealing single-element arrangement for applications in Grand Touring sports car engineering.


The Convention on Cybercrime (the Convention) adopted in the framework of the Council of Europe is the main international legislative tool in the fight against cybercrime. It is the first international treaty on crimes committed via the Internet and other computer networks, dealing particularly with infringements of copyright, computer-related fraud, child pornography and violations of network security. Lithuania is among its signatory states, therefore, the provisions of the Convention have become binding on its legislator, obliging it to take all necessary measures to harmonize national legal acts with the framework set out therein. The Criminal Code of the Republic of Lithuania (the CC) in force is the legal act establishing liability for criminal offences known as computer crimes and Internet crimes. Although the legislator of Lithuania had been combating cybercrimes since as early as 1994 by means of the amendments to the Soviet era Criminal Code of 1961, a significant effort was required to transpose the requirements of the Convention into the Lithuanian law, starting from the year 2007. The end result was not always as expected, leaving several serious gaps in the field of criminalization, which are thoroughly addressed in the article. In particular, this article deals with the topic of computer-related crimes and the legal approaches related to substantive criminal law of the Republic of Lithuania. The study is based on a comparative legal analysis of the Lithuanian CC and the Convention.


The inadequacy of Chinese language skills of the South Asian language minorities has raised concerns among educators and policymakers in recent years. Further to the notification given by the Equal Opportunities Commission to the Education Bureau of its concerns about the education of language-minority students, the provision of educational support to them became one of the priorities in the "Initiatives of the 2014 Policy Address" of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government. This study adopts habitus as a research method to gain a deeper understanding on the South Asian language minorities' language acquisition in Hong Kong. Whilst there are a number of initiatives to enhance the teaching and learning of Chinese for language-minority students, in this study I work closely with a group of six language minorities who studied in and graduated from the most historical designated school in Hong Kong. In attempting to understand the complexities of language practices and strategies employed by the participants to cope with their language needs in Hong Kong, I draw heavily from Bourdieu's notions of symbolic power, habitus, capital and field. The study uncovers the familial and linguistic habitus of the participants. All of them were multilingual speakers with various degrees of proficiency. Socioeconomic status appeared to have an effect on the motive for the student participants to re/produce Chinese language as their cultural capital. Meanwhile, Chinese language in terms of Cantonese was much valued by the graduate participants when they had opportunities to interact with their Chinese counterparts after they had left the designated school. The acquisition of Chinese language among the South Asian language minorities presents an interesting issue for those working in the educational field. Lacking primary familial and linguistic habitus of Chinese, the language minorities rely heavily and even entirely on the schools to help them cultivate their linguistic habitus of Chinese. I draw specifically from the relational notions of habitus and field to argue that the language minorities' linguistic habitus of Chinese can only be inculcated effectively through exposures and immersion in arenas where the Chinese counterparts are located.


A behavioral model for acute responses in bivalves, was developed using time series analysis for use in a real-time biomonitoring unit. Stressed bivalves closed their shell and waited for the stressful conditions to pass. Baseline data showed that group behavior of fifteen bivalves was periodic, however, individuals behaved independently. Group behavior did not change over a period of 20 minutes more than 30 percent, however, following toxic exposures the group behavior changed by more than 30 percent within 20 minutes. Behavior was mathematically modeled using autoregression to compare current and past behavior. A logical alarm applied to the behavior model determined when organisms were stressed. The ability to disseminate data collected in real time via the Internet was demonstrated.


In recent years, a series of power saving (PS) protocols has been proposed in the family of 802.11 standards to save energy for mobile devices. To evaluate their performance, many works have been carried out on testbeds or simulation platforms. However, till now, there is a lack of accurate theoretical models to analyze the performance for these protocols. In an effort to fill this gap, we present a Markov chain-based analytical model in this paper to model these PS protocols, with its focus on multicast services in wireless LANs. The proposed analytical model successfully captures the key characteristic of the power saving system: the data delivery procedure starts periodically at the previously negotiated time, but ends at a rather random time with its distribution depending on the end time of data delivery in the last delivery period as well as the arrival rate of incoming traffic. In the situations with light to moderate traffic loads and under the Poisson assumption for incoming traffic, the amount of data delivered between consecutive delivery periods possesses the Markov property, which builds up our Markov chain-based model. For incoming traffic with long-range dependence (LRD), a multistate Markov-Modulated Poisson Process (MMPP) is used to approximate the traffic, making the analytical model valid in more general cases. We verify our model by simulations on ns2 and the results show that the model can faithfully predict the performance of these PS protocols over a wide variety of testing scenarios.


Investment banks are an essential part of the financial sectors of modern economies Providing alternative savings tools to savers and non-bank sources of financing for enterprises, the markets promote economic growth through improved efficiency in savings mobilization (Hunter, 2003). Nevertheless, in an economy of many private enterprises, many firms list in the market while many that qualify to do so do not Capital market authorities may be unaware of plausible factors that induce firms to list in the market Worse, they may be unaware of persisting negative factors that may inhibit qualified firms from listing in the stock exchange The capital markets consist of the primary market and the secondary market The primary markets are where new stock and bonds issues are sold (underwritten) to investors The secondary markets are where existing securities are sold and bought from one investor or speculator to another, usually on an exchange This study was a descriptive study According to Schinler and Coopers (2004) descriptive studies are more formalized and typically structured with clearly stated hypotheses or investigative questions. It serves a variety of research objectives such as descriptions of phenomenon or characteristics associated with a subject population, estimates of proportions of a population that have these characteristics and discovery of associations among different variables This study was carried on investment banks in Kenya and the population of the study was all the 23 investment banks in Kenya (CBK, 2008). Census was used in carrying out the study. The whole population was covered hence no sampling done. Secondary data was used in this study. This was obtained from NSE database and included Gross Domestic Product measured as the real Gross Domestic Product generated within the year, average commission fee charged by the investment banks in Kenya, the total number of investment banks in Kenya within the year; The total value of stocks traded or transacted within the year; the trading cycle within the investment market to measure the microstructure of investment markets. The study revealed that efficient investment banking in the general economy strives to; improve their capital bases, reduce operational costs, improve assets quality by reducing the rate of nonperforming loans, employ revenue diversification strategies as opposed to focused strategies and keep the right amount of liquid assets Indeed the descriptive analysis of these factors by number of investment banking showed that large investment banks perform better than the small and medium investment banks hence superior in their contribution to economic growth This study therefore, sought to establish the impact of investment banking on economic growth of Kenya


This study postulates the relationships between earning quality and investment efficiency among Tehran Stock Exchange-listed companies with an emphasis on the moderating role of board characteristics including independence, the duality of executives and the financial expertise of members. The research is applied in terms of purpose and takes a correlative-descriptive approach. The statistical population is comprised of TSE listed companies from 2008 to 2018 and, the final sample consisting of 78 companies was selected using systematic (purposeful) elimination. To test the hypotheses, two regression models were estimated using Ordinary Least Squares method through Eviews software. The empirical results revealed a positive and significant relationship between the quality of earning and investment efficiency in TSE publicly-traded companies. As well as, the board members' independence and financial background can significantly exaggerate such a relationship. Based on our findings, capital market legislators, regulators, and policymakers may reinforce the governance role of the board of directors in monitoring the behavior of firms, and as a result, increase the efficiency of allocating capital among companies listed in TSE and also in macroeconomic levels. The findings can persuade corporate shareholders to pay more attention to the degree of independence and expertise of their board of directors to gain more return on their investment opportunities.


The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) guarantees that persons with disabilities ('PWD') are to be equal before and under the law. There are almost identical equality guarantees in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and Hong Kong's mini constitution – the Basic Law. Australia boasts similar legislative equality guarantees for PWD. The CRPD Committee has interpreted the right broadly, whereas constitutional courts have taken a proportionality approach, balancing the right to substantive equality against competing concerns. The tension between these methods of rights protection means the CRPD is being positioned as an alternative model of rights protection, but it is not an alternative mechanism for enforcement. This article calls on the Committee to modify its guidance to make suggestions to state parties as to how incremental advances in rights protection can be immediately implemented, even if in the short-term, these advances fall short of full inclusion.


Land surface temperature (LST) is estimated from thermal infrared data provided by the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) onboard Meteosat Second Generation (MSG), using a generalized split-window (GSW) algorithm. The uncertainty of the LST retrievals is highly dependent on the input accuracy and retrieval conditions, particularly the sensor view angle and the atmospheric water vapor content. This paper presents a quantification of the uncertainty of LST estimations, taking into account error statistics of the GSW under a globally representative collection of atmospheric profiles, and a careful characterization of the uncertainty of input data, particularly the surface emissivity and forecasts of the total water vapor content. Such analysis is the basis for LST uncertainty estimation, also distributed to users, in the form of error bars, along with the LST retrievals. Moreover, the spatial coverage of SEVIRI LST is essentially determined by the LST expected uncertainty, instead of being restricted to view zenith angles below a given threshold (e.g., 60°). Within the MSG disk, the atmosphere is often dry for clear-sky conditions where angles are large (e.g., Northern and Eastern Europe and Saudi Arabia). By considering several factors that contribute to LST inaccuracies, it is possible to increase the spatial coverage to regions such as those mentioned earlier. Retrieved values are also compared with in situ observations collected in Namibia, covering a seasonal cycle. The two data sets are in good agreement with root-mean-square differences ranging between 1°C and 2°C, which is well below the average error estimated for the satellite retrievals.


In the EU there are longstanding and ongoing pressures towards a tax that is levied on the EU level to substitute for national contributions. We discuss conditions under which such a transition can make sense, starting from what we call a "decentralization theorem of taxation" that is analogous to Oates (1972) famous result that in the absence of spill-over effects and economies of scale decentralized public good provision weakly dominates central provision. We then drop assumptions that turn out to be unnecessary for this results. While spill-over effects of taxation may call for central rules for taxation, as long as spill-over effects do not depend on the intra-regional distribution of the tax burden, decentralized taxation plus tax coordination is found superior to a union-wide tax.


Since the onset of its emancipation from its philological origins in the early nineteenth century, linguistics has been affected by a disciplinal self-conception that is resulting in the perception of language becoming increasingly detached from its culturality. In a continuing process of disentanglement, socio-historical, cultural and media scenarios of linguistic and communicative processes have been pushed to the periphery of linguistic studies, whereas they have been increasingly becoming the focus of study in neighboring disciplines in cultural studies. In addition to describing possible reasons for this development, the paper also aims to point out that, contrary to the prevailing anti-culturalistic movement, such as, e. g., Chomsky's "cognitive revolution", the origin of linguistic knowledge is fundamentally interwoven with its cultural processing. The paper calls for a need to reflect upon the "structural gap" which has resulted from the extensive lack of linguistics being represented in recent cultural-scientific debates in the humanities and social sciences.


Here, we report a dual catalytic approach for room temperature direct arylation of C–H bonds with aryldiazonium salts as a simple aryl group donor, also working as an internal oxidant via C–N2 bond cleavage. This unified strategy has been achieved by the synergistic combination of visible-light metal-free photoredox and palladium catalysis under silver-, base- and/or additive-free conditions. The broad substrate scope, functional group tolerance, excellent regioselectivity and redox-neutral conditions of this process make it attractive for the effective synthesis of a wide range of important N-heterocyclic commodities such as dibenzo[b,d]azepine, carbazole and phenanthridine.


In this paper we address the extended use of transfer bound analysis of bit error rate (BER) properties. In conjunction with proper parameter modeling, we offer a method to resolve the problem of transfer bound applicability on a system with random and possibly correlated continuous valuednuisance parameters. We introduce a new additional parameter space into the original error space and join them in a product matrix for an extended transfer function evaluation. Example applications with simple trellis code for Rayleigh fading channel and phase synchronization error are investigated to demonstrate the functionality of the proved principle. Computer simulation results are presented for two different codes and various fading scenarios, and comparisons are made among analytical and measured system error performances.


This Article addresses ongoing confusion in federal habeas corpus doctrine about one of the most elemental concepts in law: reasonableness. The Supreme Court recently announced a new standard of reasonableness review for habeas cases, intended to raise the bar state prisoners must overcome to obtain federal relief. This new standard demands that errors in state court decisions be so profound that "no fairminded jurist could disagree" that the result is incorrect. Scholars have decried the rigid and exacting nature of this standard, but very little interpretive work has yet been done to theorize what it means and how it should be used. This Article develops a theoretical framework for understanding the new habeas standard and shows that the assumptions lower courts are making about its meaning are wrong. It concludes that federal courts need more data beyond the mere possibility of fairminded disagreement to find that a decision is reasonable. The Article draws on scholarship and jurisprudence in other areas of law that employ reasonableness standards, and argues that the missing data should be supplied by examining the state adjudicative process. The case for focusing on state process in federal habeas cases is not new, but this Article represents the first argument that the new habeas standard not only permits such a focus but, in fact, requires it.


We have successfully produced a laser pulse with a peak power of 0.85 PW for a pulse duration of 33 fs in a four-stage Ti:sapphire amplifier chain based on chirped-pulse amplification. To our knowledge this result represents the highest peak power pulses yet produced in any Ti:sapphire chirped-pulse amplification system.


Civil rape shield laws exist to protect victims of sexual misconduct from unwarranted intrusions into their private lives as they litigate their claims. Gaps in current federal and New York State civil rape shield laws, however, mean that victims of sexual misconduct still experience significant privacy intrusions during litigation. These intrusions may have the effect of deterring victims from coming forward. Part of the reason that these gaps exist, however, is to ensure that defendants are given a fair opportunity to assert defenses. In 2019, New York revised the New York State Human Rights Law to make it easier for victims to bring sexual harassment claims. The revisions included the elimination of two commonly asserted defenses to sexual harassment claims. The defenses that survived the revisions, however, may force defendants to probe into plaintiffs' private sexual histories more than was necessary when more defenses were available. The reforms to the New York State Human Rights Law, therefore, may have the unintended consequence of increasing the use of tactics that deter victims from coming forward. This Note argues that New York should enact a civil rape shield statute to better protect the privacy of sexual harassment plaintiffs, without further limiting the defenses available to sexual harassment defendants, and proposes the appropriate mechanisms for doing so.


Objective We investigated whether prior clopidogrel influenced long-term ischaemic and bleeding risks and modified the randomised treatment effect of clopidogrel versus prasugrel among medically managed patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) treated with dual antiplatelet therapy. Methods Medically managed patients with ACS in the Targeted Platelet Inhibition to Clarify the Optimal Strategy to Medically Manage Acute Coronary Syndromes (TRILOGY ACS) trial were randomised to clopidogrel versus prasugrel (plus aspirin), stratified by prior clopidogrel use. From the analysis population (n=8927), we compared two groups: 'clopidogrel in-hospital (n=6513)' (clopidogrel started ≤72 h of presentation for index ACS event) and 'prior-clopidogrel (n=2414)' (on clopidogrel ≥5 days before index hospitalisation). Treatment-related differences in ischaemic (all-cause death, cardiovascular (CV) death, myocardial infarction (MI), stroke and the composite of CV death/MI/stroke) and bleeding outcomes (severe/life-threatening or moderate bleeding events based on Global Use of Strategies to Open Occluded Coronary Arteries (GUSTO) criteria) through 30 months were analysed between patients in the two groups. Results Compared with 'clopidogrel in-hospital,' 'prior clopidogrel' patients were younger (median 64 years vs 66 years, p<0.001), more likely to have prior CV events/revascularisation, and had a higher frequency of CV death, MI or stroke through 30 months (20.8% vs 18.2%, p=0.002), with no difference in bleeding events (2.3% vs 3.4%, p=0.50). Randomised treatment effect (prasugrel vs clopidogrel) was similar for ischaemic and bleeding outcomes in both groups (all pinteraction>0.05). Conclusions Patients receiving clopidogrel before admission for ACS and subsequently treated only medically are at higher risk for CV events versus those not previously receiving clopidogrel. More potent antiplatelet inhibition with prasugrel versus clopidogrel did not significantly reduce this risk. Trial registration number NCT00699998.


Mechatronic robotic systems are today widely used worldwide to ease human work, but especially where work is dangerous, in toxic, radioactive, chemical, explosive atmospheres, without air such as underwater or in the cosmos, or in places hard to reach the man. Robots can take the tedious repetitive work under any circumstances and they can perform a difficult operation for a long time, with no meal or rest breaks. Serial mobile mechanical systems are generally the most used mechatronic systems because they have good dynamics, high reliability and lower manufacturing cost with modest technologies. In general, anthropomorphic robotic structures are generally used in serial mechanical systems as they are more versatile, more economical, more reliable, more penetrating, faster and generally have a beautiful and innovative design. Anthropomorphic structures have been used for the first time in the automotive industry to facilitate human work, but also to replace it with repetitive, tiring, or toxic work. For this reason, the first anthropomorphic robots were manipulators and the following were dyeing robots in toxic environments, so that welding anthropomorphic, assemblies, those who checked technological lines and so on would still appear. Almost all operations in the automotive industry were automated based on anthropomorphic robots. For this reason, their study is today as necessary as ever for their continuous improvement. Anthropomorphic robots work at high speeds and therefore their dynamics is an extremely important issue. In this paper, we aim to present an original method of scientific, analytical study of the dynamics of the anthropomorphic mobile mechanical structures. Dynamics is the discipline that studies the real movement of a point, object, or a body, mechanical system ... The dynamic study attempts to capture the real movement of the studied object, as it is in reality. The movement of a body is derailed by the kinematic equations, the movement being generally studied by the kinematics, but when we are interested in the actual movements of a binding object, a dynamic motion study must be introduced. The dynamics besides the kinematics constrain the influence of the masses and forces on the movement of a body, as well as the elastic deformations, the inertial forces, or other external forces capable of influencing the movement of the body, including those caused by the bonds of the body, its object of that mechanism.


We connect two seemingly unrelated problems in graph theory. Any graph $G$ has a neighborhood multiset $\mathscr{N}(G)= \{N(x) \mid x\in V(G)\}$ whose elements are precisely the open vertex-neighborhoods of $G$. In general there exist non-isomorphic graphs $G$ and $H$ for which $\mathscr{N}(G)=\mathscr{N}(H)$. The neighborhood reconstruction problem  asks the conditions under which $G$ is uniquely reconstructible from its neighborhood multiset, that is, the conditions under which $\mathscr{N}(G)=\mathscr{N}(H)$ implies $G\cong H$. Such a graph is said to be neighborhood-reconstructible . The cancellation problem for the direct product of graphs seeks the conditions under which $G\times K\cong H\times K$ implies $G\cong H$. Lov a sz proved that this is indeed the case if $K$ is not bipartite. A second instance of the cancellation problem asks for conditions on $G$ that assure $G\times K\cong H\times K$ implies $G\cong H$ for any bipartite~$K$ with $E(K)\neq \emptyset$. A graph $G$ for which this is true is called a cancellation graph . We prove that the neighborhood-reconstructible graphs are precisely the cancellation graphs. We also present some new results on cancellation graphs, which have corresponding implications for neighborhood reconstruction. We are particularly interested in the (yet-unsolved) problem of finding a simple structural characterization of cancellation graphs (equivalently, neighborhood-reconstructible graphs).


We present high-contrast angular differential imaging (ADI) observations of the debris disk around HD 32297 in H-band, as well as the first polarimetric images for this system in polarized differential imaging (PDI) mode with Subaru/HICIAO. In ADI, we detect the nearly edge-on disk at >5sigma levels from ~0.45 arcsec to ~1.7 arcsec (50-192 AU) from the star and recover the spine deviation from the midplane already found in previous works. We also find for the first time imaging and surface brightness (SB) indications for the presence of a gapped structure on both sides of the disk at distances of ~0.75 arcsec (NE side) and ~0.65 arcsec (SW side). Global forward-modelling work delivers a best-fit model disk and well-fitting parameter intervals that essentially match previous results, with high-forward scattering grains and a ring located at 110 AU. However, this single ring model cannot account for the gapped structure seen in our SB profiles. We create simple double ring models and achieve a satisfactory fit with two rings located at 60 and 95 AU, respectively, low-forward scattering grains and very sharp inner slopes. In polarized light we retrieve the disk extending from ~0.25-1.6 arcsec, although the central region is quite noisy and high S/N are only found in the range ~0.75-1.2 arcsec. The disk is polarized in the azimuthal direction, as expected, and the departure from the midplane is also clearly observed. Evidence for a gapped scenario is not found in the PDI data. We obtain a linear polarization degree of the grains that increases from ~10% at 0.55 arcsec to ~25% at 1.6 arcsec. The maximum is found at scattering angles of ~90degrees, either from the main components of the disk or from dust grains blown out to larger radii.


This text is a benchmark critique of Freudian theory in which a dialogue between the Frankfurt School, the Lacanian tradition and post-Lacanian developments in critical and feminist theory is developed. Considering afresh the relations between self and society, Elliot argues for the importance of imagination and the unconscious in understanding issues about the self and self-identity, ideology and power, sexual difference and gender. The second edition surveys the recent changes that have taken place in psychoanalytic social theory. Traditions of thought covered include critical theory, Lacanian and post-Lacanian theory, post-structuralism and feminism.


Recruitment and selection are processes which precede the formal HR (human resource) employment cycle (Searle and Skinner, ch. 1 in this volume). HR recruitment processes generate potential applicants from which the organization assesses and selects suitable new employees(Searle, 2009). While research has identified high levels of trust as common within the early stages of the employment relationship (Robinson, 1996), few have considered applicants' trust in the organization during the pre-employment stage. We contend that as the start of a relationship is the 'most critical time frame for organizational participants to develop trust' (McKnight et al., 1998: 473), this is a serious omission. Recruitment and selection present a unique context in which to examine organizational trust as they comprise key situations in which the trustworthiness of an organization is articulated and enacted.

In this chapter, we shall demonstrate how these processes affect not only the trust perceptions of applicants, but also those of existing staff. By explicitly recognizing the role of organizational trust in pre-entry processes, we reveal new insights about the behaviour of applicants and recruiters, and demonstrate the fragility of trust. We contend that applicant attraction is predicated on organizational trust made salient through these processes, which underpin applicants' recruitment, subsequent selection and job offer behaviour.


Media use among children and adolescents is common. The term is used for broadcast and interactive communication, including television, radio, video games, mobile phones and the internet (social media websites and 'video-chatting'). Television contributes most to media usage time (Ofcom, 2015)1 closely followed by devices connected to the internet. On average, children aged 8–15 years watch 15 hours of television per week,1 and one in four teenagers describe themselves as 'constantly connected' to the internet.2

The advantages of being able to easily access information and entertainment and to stay in contact with friends and family contrast with evidence linking increased media use and rising levels of obesity.3 There are also associated risks of sleep disturbance, issues surrounding online safety, compromised privacy and cyberbullying.

In November 2016, the American Academy of Paediatricians (AAP) published two policy statements entitled 'Media and Young Minds'4 and 'Media Use in School Aged Children and Adolescents'.5 Supported by a number of linked resources, they aim to address some of these issues, provide recommendations on managing the use of media and encourage parents to work together with paediatricians and schools.

In 1999, the AAP issued a policy statement addressing media use by children and adolescents.6 A further policy statement was published in 2011 addressing the use of media specifically by children under 2 years of age. While the previous statements have recommended avoiding the use of media in children less than 2 …


Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by a chronic airflow limitation caused by both small airways disease and parenchymal destruction [1]. The involvement of small airways is related to the progression of disease, with the accumulation of inflammatory mucous exudates in the lumen and infiltration of the wall as an innate and adaptive response [2] [3]; these changes are coupled to a remodeling process causing a thickness of the walls of airways [2] [3]. Structural changes affecting the terminal bronchioles precede emphysematous destruction [3]. The small airways, defined by an internal diameter ≤ 2 millimeters [1-4], represent in COPD patients the functional major site of airflow obstruction [1][2]; for this reason the term of small airways dysfunction (SAD) is often used to characterize it [1][2]. Due to discrepancy between the extensive damage of SAD and the occurrence of any symptom, the small airways are defined as a "silent zone" [1][2][5].