This article is in Russian. It describes the manner in which the concept of righteous ruling survived in early Irish wisdom-literature. Mainly concerned with such texts as De duodecim abusivis saeculi, Audacht Moraind, and Tecosca Cormaic, a good deal of attention is devoted to the concept of iustitia regis and fir(inne) flathemon. As these are the central principles of the wisdom-text genre, the descriptions represent a detailed exposition of the characteristics of a righteous ruler. The author focuses on such topics as the creative consequences of the just ruling and the destructive consequences of the unjust one, both in Hiberno-Latin and in Early Irish sources. The ethical notions pertinent to the texts of the genre are also dealt with. They are not necessarily Christian, although modern scholarship tends to connect the "righteous ruler" concept exclusively with Christian morality. Towards the end of the work, the author brings some light to bear on the problem of the concept's origin and its genesis, its Christian editing and its synthetic (native Irish-cum-Christian) character. The final passages are devoted to the fate of the concept of the righteous ruler as developed by Irish clerical scribes in the works of authors of Carolingian Europe and those of early medieval Kiev Rus. The analogies and ideas outlined were not necessarily borrowed from a common source: their provenance in sources such as The Life of Charles the Great by Einhardt and The Instruction by Vladimir the Monomachus may be cultural and typological .


Objective: The purpose of the study was to investigate morphological changes, lectin specificity features and toluidine blue staining specifics of the structural components of human embryos chorionic villi (CV), died out as a result of the first trimester miscarriage.Methods: Histological material included 27 4-13-week human embryos CV tissue samples, obtained after sporadic miscarriage (SM), recurrent miscarriage (RM) and 23 control group CV samples. They were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and toluidine blue. Lectin peroxidase technique was applied, using 4 lectins (SBA, HPA, CNFA (CNL), STA).Results: Destructive changes, edema and a probable decrease of synthetic activity were observed in RM chorionic villi samples. With the help of lectin peroxidase technique, we have identified two most active lectins – CNFA (CNL) and STA.Conclusion: One of the mechanisms of a regular early pregnancy loss can be a reduced expression of LacdiNAc and its component – GlucNAc and, as a result, unmasking an embryo against negative external factors, including such of immune nature. The other probable mechanism can be a reduced synthetic activity of RM chorionic villi, which can result in a decreased invasion activity and growth.


An international team of researchers is looking toward the next frontier of high-energy laser physics: building efficient, high–average-power lasers. With a revolutionary architecture that combines thousands of coherent fibers, the laser being developed under the ICAN project could transform nuclear medicine, detect nuclear waste and form the basis for the next great particle accelerator.


Due to their structural complexity, English relative clauses (RCs) are difficult to acquire for EFL learners. This study tested the predictions of seven major hypotheses proposed on the difficulty order of SS, SO, OO, and OS RCs for Persian EFL learners with different levels of English proficiency. Data was collected from 39 university students aged between 18 and 22 who performed a sentence comprehension task which consisted of 20 items involving reversible animate head nouns, with 5 items representing each of the SS, SO, OO, and OS RCs. Results showed that the determining factor in the difficulty order of the RCs for Persian EFL learners is the role of the head noun in the RC rather than the position of relativization, as some hypotheses predict. Moreover, Persian EFL learners opt for a linear parsing strategy in processing RC structures. Besides, Proficiency level did not bring about a drastic change in the difficulty order of the RCs.


The reoptimization of a Point-to-Multipoint (P2MP) Traffic Engineering
(TE) Label Switched Path (LSP) may be triggered based on the need to
reoptimize an individual source-to-leaf (S2L) sub-LSP or a set of S2L
sub-LSPs, both using the Sub-Group-based reoptimization method, or the
entire P2MP-TE LSP tree using the Make-Before-Break (MBB) method. This
document discusses the application of the existing mechanisms for path
reoptimization of loosely routed Point-to-Point (P2P) TE LSPs to the
P2MP-TE LSPs, identifies issues in doing so, and defines procedures to
address them. When reoptimizing a large number of S2L sub-LSPs in a
tree using the Sub-Group-based reoptimization method, the S2L sub-LSP
descriptor list may need to be semantically fragmented. This document
defines the notion of a fragment identifier to help recipient nodes
unambiguously reconstruct the fragmented S2L sub-LSP descriptor list.


IN THIS issue of theArchives, the analysis of Gilbert and colleagues 1 of the extensive literature on neuroleptic withdrawal makes clear that all treatment approaches to schizophrenia have significant risk. Years of a narrow treatment focus on psychosis and rehospitalization (rather than broad psychopathologic and quality-of-life assessment), apprehension regarding litigation, and the false hope that increasing drug dose will increase efficacy have led to excessive medication for most patients despite adverse effects, high rates of non-compliance, and patient dissatisfaction. Dose-reduction strategies are feasible, advantageous, and effective for many patients 2 but do not necessarily require complete drug withdrawal. What, then, are the circumstances appropriate for neuroleptic drug withdrawal? Consider the following: (1) a clinically stable patient who refuses to comply with a continuous medication strategy; (2) emerging evidence of tardive dyskinesia, dystonia, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, water intoxication, or severe cardiac effects; (3) a stable patient of advancing years with


Chronic arsenic exposure is associated with increased cardiovascular disease (CVD). Prenatal arsenic exposure at 49 ppm arsenic accelerates atherosclerosis underlying CVD in ApoE-/- mice, but the mechanism is unknown. This dissertation examines the mechanisms by which prenatal arsenic exposure accelerates atherosclerosis. Arsenic is a hepatotoxicant, and liver disease increases atherosclerosis risk. I hypothesized that prenatal arsenic exposure alters liver development and primes the liver for susceptibility to other environmental insults, predisposing to liver disease and accelerated atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice. I showed that prenatal arsenic exposure caused subtle but significant liver damage in 10 and 24 week old ApoE-/- mice, thus increasing the risk of atherosclerosis. This arsenic-induced liver injury was characterized by increased basal levels of plasma ALT and AST (circulating markers of liver damage), and IL-6 (pro-inflammatory cytokine). Determination of the effects of prenatal arsenic exposure on Hsp70 and Hsc70 expression during pre- and postnatal development (GD18, and 3, 10 and 24 weeks) showed that Hsp70 was induced at age 3 and 10 weeks, but returned to unexposed levels by 24 weeks, thus indicating a temporal state of stress. However Hsc70 expression was not altered at any of these ages. Determination of Hsp70 and Hsc70 expression in isolated liver cell types showed that Hsp70 is expressed only in the liver hepatocytes, while Hsc70 is expressed in all liver cell types. It is likely that stressed hepatocytes can release excess Hsp70 into the circulation, thus contributing to increased atherosclerosis as reported in the literature. Hsp70 induction was also associated with increased CpG site methylation at +503 to +856 bp, thus indicating epigenetic change. Lastly, I showed that prenatal and "whole-life" arsenic exposures at lower exposures (4.9 and 1 ppm arsenic) increased atherosclerotic lesion formation in aortic aches, which was associated with altered plasma triglyceride and cholesterol. However, there was no difference in lesion formation between prenatal and "whole-life" exposures. Both exposure types also increased plasma cytokine/chemokine expression, thus indicating inflammation which is proatherogenic. Thus, infants are at high risk of developing atherosclerosis even at very low exposure levels.


The aim of this study was to value of TWEAK protein in stroke diagnosis and the correlation between Tweak level and lesion size on diffusion MRI in patients admitted to emergency department for acute stroke. Our study was prospectively conducted in a group of patients diagnosed with stroke in the emergency department and a control group between 1 June 2014 and 31 August 2014. Age, sex, vital parameters, comorbid conditions, neurological deficit level, Tweak level, and involved volume on D-MRI were analyzed. Age, sex, vital parameters, comorbid conditions, and Tweak levels were compared between the patient and control groups. Tweak level was compared with neurological deficit and diffusion on D-MRI imaging in the patient group. The results were evaluated in a confidence interval of 95% and at a significance level of p 0.05). There was no correlation between Tweak level and the involved area on diffusion MRI (p>0.05).In conclusion, Tweak appears as a parameter that can be used in patients with a clinical presentation consistent with Stroke. It can be used for diagnostic purposes when cranial CT does not support the diagnosis or for supporting diagnosis when D-MRI is not available.


Parallelising ray tracing using a data parallel approach allows arbitrarily large models to be rendered, but its inherent load imbalances may lead to severe inefficiencies. To compensate for the uneven load distribution, demand-driven tasks may be split off and scheduled to processors that are less busy. We use a hybrid scheduling algorithm which brings tasks and data together according to coherence between rays. Coherent tasks are suitable for demand driven scheduling and the remainder is executed in data parallel mode. This method removes the worst hot-spots from the data parallel component and reschedules those as demand driven tasks, thereby evening out the workload while keeping communication overheads at bay. Results are presented for scenes of up to 295,000 polygons using a large cluster of Sun workstations. Finally, the hybrid scheduling algorithm is expanded by also sampling diffuse inter-reflection. This puts a significant additional strain on the data parallel component, the implications of which are examined by presenting and discussing relevant results.


This study sought to find out whether social distance associated with social identity manifests itself in intergroup differentiation in communication patterns in multiple types of communication networks with the in-group and out-group members. Survey data were collected from workers in international organizations with bicultural (U.S. and Japanese) workforces. The results provided evidence to support the first hypothesis that the overall patterns differ between in-group and out-group communication for both the U.S. and Japanese samples. Three other hypotheses predicted that, compared to workers who do not exhibit much identification with their in-groups, those highly identified with their in-groups communicate in such a manner that manifests more social distance from the out-group members and less social distance from the in-group members. Although the results provided some evidence to support the hypotheses, they suggest that the relationship between social identification and intergroup differentiation is more complex than anticipated. Theoretical implications are discussed.


The surface-selectivity of photo-grafting has been used as a crucial parameter to evaluate the 'grafting-from' efficiency of the synergist immobilization method developed in our recent work. The factors that affect surface-selectivity of photo-grafting have been further investigated. It was shown that the competition of solvent with the membrane surface towards the generation of starter radicals led to a decrease in the degree of grafting and surface-selectivity of photo-grafting. High UV intensity made the functionalization mechanism more complicated, due to the generation of a new type of starter radical at the membrane surface with immobilized synergist in the absence of BP and because it could lead to cross-linking in the grafted layer. An appropriately low photo-initiator concentration was also required in order to achieve the ideal surface-selectivity of photo-grafting. In addition, this method has been successfully applied to the track-etched PET membranes. Pore size distributions as well as ethanol and water permeability of the membranes were used to retrieve information about the effective thickness of the grafted polymer layers.


This paper describes a study on the sense of presence and task performance in a virtual environment as affected by copresence (one subject working alone versus two subjects working as partners), level of control (control of movement and control of navigation through the virtual environment), and head tracking. Twenty subjects navigated through six versions of a virtual environment and were asked to identify changes in locations of objects within the environment. After each trial, subjects completed a questionnaire designed to assess their level of presence within the virtual environment. Results indicated that collaboration did not increase the sense of presence in the virtual environment, but did improve the quality of the experience in the virtual environment. Level of control did not affect the sense of presence, but subjects did prefer to control both movement and navigation. Head tracking did not affect the sense of presence, but did contribute to the spatial realism of the virtual environment. Task performance was affected by the presence of another individual, by head tracking, and by level of control, with subjects performing significantly more poorly when they were both alone and without control and head tracking. In addition, a factor analysis indicated that questions designed to assess the subjects' experience in the virtual environment could be grouped into three factors: (1) presence in the virtual environment, (2) quality of the virtual environment, and (3) task difficulty.


The evidence‐based practice agenda in many healthcare professions has increased the importance of teaching research skills to students in these professions. However, concern exists that many healthcare educators may be reluctant to teach research. This study investigated potential barriers to their adoption of this role. A questionnaire was distributed to 111 healthcare educators within the Faculty of Health of a post‐1992 university in the north‐west of England. Items enquired about career activities, and included 20 attitude statements concerning research teaching, with a 5‐point Likert scale for responses. The final sample comprised 72 respondents (55 female: 65% response rate). Males rated themselves more likely to volunteer to teach research than did females. A principal components analysis and varimax rotation on attitude responses yielded three factors explaining 54.792% of variability. It was concluded that the development of a positive commitment to research teaching by healthcare educators was an important priority in delivering evidence‐based curricula, and consequently for patient care. However, vigilance was required to prevent gender disparities developing in research teaching.


In many DSP applications (image and voice processing), several dBs of SNR loss can be tolerated without noticeable impact on application level performance. For power optimization in such applications, voltage overscaling (VOS) can be used to operate the arithmetic circuitry at or marginally below the critical circuit path delay while incurring tolerable SNR loss due to the resulting periodic errors in computation. In this paper, low cost checksum codes are used for detection and compensation of intermittent errors due to voltage overscaling in linear digital filters. In traditional coding theory, diagnosis of errors is a key problem and incurs significant computation and latency cost. In the proposed approach, low-precision shadow latches are used to identify likely sources of errors due to voltage overscaling to avoid error diagnosis. This allows accurate error compensation with distance-2 checksum codes that are normally good only for error detection but not for correction. Very precise compensation is achieved by distributing the negative of the error value evenly across only the likely erroneous states. This is called guided probabilistic compensation, as compensation is not exact when errors occur simultaneously in more than one state. A feedback controller is used for dynamic voltage overscaling (DVOS) while keeping the error rate in the system within an acceptable range. It is shown that the low cost accurate error compensation allows significant power savings with minimal degradation in system performance (SNR).


Having first reached epidemic proportions in coastal metropolitan areas, COVID-19 has spread around the country. Reported case rates vary across counties from zero to 126 per thousand population (around a state prison in the rural county of Trousdale, Tennessee). Overall, rural counties are underrepresented relative to their share of the population, but a growing proportion of all daily cases and deaths have been reported in rural counties. This analysis uses daily reports for all counties to present the trends and distribution of COVID-19 cases and deaths in rural counties, from late March to May 21, 2020. I describe the relationship between population density and case rates in rural and non-rural counties. Then I focus on noteworthy outbreaks linked to prisons, meat and poultry plants, and nursing homes, many of which are linked to high concentrations of Hispanic, American Indian, and Black populations. The growing epidemic in rural counties is apparently driven by outbreaks concentrated in these institutional settings, which are conducive to transmission. The impact of the epidemic in rural areas may be heightened due to their weaker health infrastructure and more vulnerable populations, especially due to age, socioeconomic status, and health conditions. As a result, the epidemic may contribute to the ongoing decline of health, economic, and social conditions in rural areas.


A novel porcelain was obtained by sintering 50% kaolinite clay, 25% waste glass and 25% fly ash (a byproduct of Turkey thermal power plant) at different temperatures of 1373-1523 Κ (ΠΟΟ-1250 °C). The microstructure and phase changes on heating were studied using SliM and XRD techniques. Fly ash used in this study contributed towards development of anorthite (CaO.Al2O3.2SiO2) phase by crystallization of melted glassy phase. In samples exposed to sintering for 5 hours in 1523 K, viscosity and porosity in the structure decreased when the glassy phase melted. Dielectric permittivity (real and imaginary), conductivity and tan8 as a function of temperature were analyzed at 10 KHz frequency. Samples exposed to sintering for 5 hours exhibit increased conductivity in the 200-260 °C temperature range. This observation corresponds to the settlement of changeable cations in more stable octahedral sites during sintering. These results are significant in terms of usability of waste materials like waste glass and fly ash in obtaining new generation materials and in electric-electronic industry.


Single-user massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems have a large number of antennas at the transmitter and receiver. This results in a large overall throughput (bit-rate), of the order of tens of gigabits per second, which is the main objective of the recent fifth-generation (5G) wireless standard. It is feasible to have a large number of antennas in mm-wave frequencies, due to the small size of the antennas. This chapter deals with the coherent detection of orthogonal frequency division multiplexed (OFDM) signals transmitted through frequency-selective Rayleigh fading MIMO wireless channels. Low complexity, discrete-time algorithms are developed for channel estimation, carrier and timing synchronization, and finally turbo decoding of the data at the receiver. Computer simulation results are presented to validate the theory.


This memo describes a mechanism to provide a secure binding between the multiple addresses with different prefixes available to a host within a multihomed site. This mechanism employs either Cryptographically Generated Addresses (CGAs) or a new variant of the same theme that uses the same format in the addresses. The main idea in the new variant is that information about the multiple prefixes is included within the addresses themselves. This is achieved by generating the interface identifiers of the addresses of a host as Bagnulo Standards Track [Page 1] RFC 5535 HBA June 2009 hashes of the available prefixes and a random number. Then, the multiple addresses are generated by prepending the different prefixes to the generated interface identifiers. The result is a set of addresses, called Hash-Based Addresses (HBAs), that are inherently bound to each other.


[1] The reconstruction of deep-sea bottom water temperature (BWT) is important to assess the ocean's response to and role in orbital- and millennial-scale climate change. Deep-sea paleothermometry employs magnesium to calcium (Mg/Ca) ratios in calcitic benthic microfaunas (foraminifera, ostracodes) as a primary proxy method. Mg/Ca paleothermometry may, however, be complicated by bottom water carbonate ion chemistry, which might affect Mg/Ca ratios in shells. To address temperature and carbonate ion influence on Mg/Ca ratios, we studied Mg/Ca ratios in the benthic ostracode genus Krithe in the North Atlantic and Arctic oceans using a 686-specimen core top collection, including 412 previously unpublished analyses. Mg/Ca ratios are positively correlated to temperature in multiple species from the North Atlantic [BWT = (0.885 × Mg/Ca) − 5.69, r2 = 0.73] and for K. glacialis in the Arctic Ocean and Nordic Seas [BWT = (0.439 × Mg/Ca) − 5.14, r2 = 0.50], consistent with previously published calibrations. We found no evidence for a relationship between Krithe Mg/Ca and carbonate ion saturation in the North Atlantic Ocean, Nordic Seas, and Arctic Ocean, supporting the use of Krithe Mg/Ca for reconstructing past BWT.


Over the past 12 years, since the publication of the Institute of Medicine's report, "To Err is Human: Building a Safer Health System," improving patient safety has been the focus of considerable public and professional interest. Although such efforts required changes in policies; education; workforce; and health care financing, organization, and delivery, the most important gap has arguably been in research. Specifically, to improve patient safety we needed to identify hazards, determine how to measure them accurately, and identify solutions that work to reduce patient harm. A 2001 report commissioned by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, "Making Health Care Safer: A Critical Analysis of Patient Safety Practices" (1), helped identify some early evidence-based safety practices, but it also highlighted an enormous gap between what was known and what needed to be known.


Estimates of mental health disorders among youth involved with the juvenile justice system range from 50% to 75%, while general population prevalence is 9% to 20%. The system is ill-equipped to supervise these juveniles, and many are funneled deeper into the system due to noncompliance and often preventable problems. The authors used a retrospective design and evaluated a pre-adjudication diversion initiative utilizing specialized juvenile probation officers in Texas. Use of specialized supervision was effective at diverting youth with mental health needs from adjudication and increased participation and access to services by juveniles with such needs. Youth who received specialized supervision were significantly less likely to be adjudicated for the initial offense than those in a comparison group who received traditional supervision.


Abstract: This thesis explores the meanings of 'race' and racism in the identity work of young, 'mixed-race' children aged between 8 and 11 years old. Using feminist ethnographic methods, it interrogates the ways in which children in three schools are negotiating discourses of 'race', nation, family and home in order to form multiply positioned flexible identifications. The children, parents and teachers interviewed all show the failings of existing theories of 'race' and ethnicity for understanding what it means to occupy multi-locational positionalities. In addition, it reveals the gap between current academic discourses and everyday use of language in contemporary contexts. Terms such as 'ethnicity' and 'culture' are not replacing 'race'; multiculturalism is often seen as issues of representation; and 'racism' in its crudest form is commonplace to the children in this study. In order to operationalise spaces for themselves in their daily cultural practices, children are using readings of popular culture and discourses of family to insert themselves into more ambiguous and flexible matrices of identity. Collective use of popular culture and narratives of self and home are deployed in creative and unique ways by the heterogenous groups of children who took part in the project. The findings show that the children of this age are becoming aware of a politics of 'race' being one of 'singularity', and are happy to subvert it. It also reveals that one of the most important factors to negotiating a politics of 'race' and culture, is 'class'. The ways in which ethnicity interacts with classed positions forms the basis for the interrogation into the production of the normative sexualised gender identifications of the children in the study.


Volaterra's harbour system. A possible topographic model North Etrurian coastline is marked by harbour systems which take advantage of the landscape geomorphologic peculiarity. Vada Volaterrana's system is one of them: it was used as Volterra's harbour in the Etruscan and Roman period, and it consisted of many ports and landing places distributed along coastal lagoons. Through the analysis of literary sources and of the Tabula Peutingeriana's cartography we can deduce that the name Vada Volaterrana may refer to the geographical region, or to the statio of Vada Volaterrana appearing in the Tabula Peutingeriana or even to the harbour of Volterra. The ports and landing places of the harbour system had a variable importance and were used at different times. The main centers are the site nowadays called Mazzanta and a northern one, close to Vada; the area excavated in S. Gaetano was depended on the last one.


Objective: In 2004, the Ministry of Health adopted revised protocols for the syndromic management of sexually transmitted infections (STI) that included routine HIV testing. A training programme for providers was developed on the revised protocols that featured interactive case studies and training videos. An objective of the first phase of the training programme was to test its effect on four measures of clinical practice: (1) routine HIV testing; (2) performance of physical examination; (3) risk-reduction counselling and (4) patient education. Methods: Clinical practice in a district where providers were trained was compared with a district without training. The measures of clinical practice were reported by 185 patients of providers who had been trained and compared with reports by 124 patients at comparison clinics. Results: Relative to patients at comparison clinics, a higher percentage of patients of trainees reported that the provider: (1) offered an HIV test (87% versus 29%; p<0.001); (2) conducted a physical examination (98% versus 64%; p<0.001); (3) helped them to make a plan to avoid future STI acquisition (95% versus 76%; p<0.001) and (4) provided patient-specific information about HIV risk (65% versus 32%; p<0.001). Among patients offered HIV testing, the percentage who accepted did not differ between groups (38% of 161 patients of trainees versus 50% of 36 comparison patients; p = 0.260). Overall, 33% of patients of trainees and 14% of comparison patients were tested (p<0.001). Conclusion: A multifaceted training programme was associated with higher rates of HIV testing, physical examination, risk-reduction counselling and better HIV risk education.


Beginning in 1988, the Merced County Human Services Agency in California realized it needed to find a solution to the rising costs of providing human services to a growing population and to the 35-percent turnover rate among its caseworkers. After selecting Andersen Consulting to provide assistance in solving its problems, the agency was helped with a little MAGIC (Merced automated global information control). MAGIC uses an expert system designed to determine client eligibility for public aid and calculate benefits based on information in the database. Behind the scenes, MAGIC resides on Hitachi Data Systems mainframes, uses database software from Software AG, and connects a series of Hewlett-Packard (HP) minicomputers and microcomputers through an Ethernet local area network. The expert system was created using ADS (Aion development system) from Aion Corporation. In addition to increasing the services provided by the agency, MAGIC earned the 1991 Hewlett-Packard High Tech Award and is a finalist for the Computer-world/Smithsonian Award.


"Economy of Force: Allocate minimum essential combat power to secondary efforts." "Mass: Concentrate the effects of combat power at the decisive place and time." --US Army Field Manual 3-0, Operations, 2001 Mass and economy of force are intimately related principles of war. This article explores the characteristics of this relationship and how new warfighting concepts and capabilities--in particular, network-centric warfare--are likely to change that relationship and even the principles themselves. Economy of force has the distinction of being one of the most misunderstood and unappreciated principles of war. (1) The confusion as to its meaning is no doubt because of the connotations of the word "economy"; in particular, most of us associate the idea of economy with reducing cost--that is, "economizing." Hence, some believe that the principle encourages operational commanders to use as little combat power as possible to achieve the mission--that the commander should be frugal. However, as Bernard Brodie once observed, when originally propounded the concept meant "to suggest shrewd husbandry or usage" of military forces. (2) The commander was to employ effectively all available combat power--massing forces to achieve the primary objective while allocating minimum, but all necessary and essential, power to secondary tasks. Hence, the true sense of the concept is well stated in the US Army's doctrinal Field Manual 3-0, Operations: "Economy of force is the reciprocal of mass. It requires accepting prudent risk in selected areas to achieve superiority--overwhelming effects--in the decisive operation. Economy of force involves the discriminating employment and distribution of forces. Commanders never leave any element without a purpose. When the time comes to execute, all elements should have tasks to perform." (3) Carl von Clausewitz was also adamant that all forces be used: If a segment of one's force is located where it is not sufficiently busy with the enemy, or if troops are on the march--that is, idle--while the enemy is fighting, then these forces are being managed uneconomically. In that sense they are being wasted, which is even worse than using them inappropriately. When the time for action comes, the first requirement is that all parts must act. (4) Shrewd and Judicious Effects Justification for employing all forces, and in a calculated or "shrewd" manner, arises from the numerous instances where commanders lost battles at least partly because they failed to do so. For example, in the American Civil War, General Robert E. Lee's Confederate army defeated General Joseph Hooker's Federal force at Chancellorsville in 1863 despite Hooker's large numerical advantage--half the Northern troops never engaged. At sea, the World War II battle of Midway in 1942 is instructive. The Japanese theater commander, Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, commanded over 160 warships to Admiral Chester Nimitz's 76; but some of them, including two light carriers, were thousands of miles away carrying out a needlessly elaborate distraction scheme. (5) Arguably, if Yamamoto had massed more assets and more logically arrayed his total force, the Japanese would have won, despite the American signals intelligence advantage and strokes of luck. (6) The straight fact is that massing forces is not always the best means to effectively employ them. Properly conducted economy-of-force operations can be just as important, or more so. For instance, an operational commander could "practice" economy of force in order to create opportunities. Traditionally, opportunities have been created by the shrewd and balanced dispersion of combat power; such dispersion can compel the enemy to do the same, or to at least adjust the disposition of his own forces. Ideally the enemy's response facilitates the execution of the commander's operational idea, making the main attack more effective by allowing a preponderance of combat power at the decisive time and place. …


The past two centuries have witnessed the rise of nationalist movements and widespread nationalism. As these movements gained strength in Europe, sport played a role in their development. Media representations of sport recount events in a way that reinforces cultural values and this research investigates media representations of Croatian nationalism in the weeks surrounding the country's third place victory in the 1998 FIFA World Cup. Sociological theories alongside more contemporary theories of sport and nation construction are considered. Croatian newspapers were analyzed for elements of national identity construction. The study concludes that the 1998 World Cup played an important role in Croatia's on-going construction of nationhood and invention of nationalist traditions. This research further demonstrates sport's ability to evoke strong emotions that are difficult to witness in other areas of social life and the direct role of sport in garnering nationalism. URI http://hdl.handle.net/10464/5131 Collections M.A. Applied Health Sciences Brock University | Copyright © 2006-2015 Contact Us | Send Feedback Nationalism and Sporting Culture: A Media Analysis of Croatia's Participation in the 1998 World Cup 


Recent debates in the ethics of forensic psychiatry have centered on the applicability of traditional medical ethics to forensic practice. Two prominent theories, one taking a principled approach and another taking a narrative approach, have attempted to resolve the tension between medical and legal settings. In this article we contend that the two theories are related closely and work at two different levels: principles at the level of theory and narrative at the level of application. We offer an approach to forensic ethics that reconciles competing theoretical views by relating professional role and personal integrity.


Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in adult patients is often resistant to current therapy, making the development of novel therapeutic agents paramount. We investigated whether mTOR inhibitors (MTIs), a class of signal transduction inhibitors, would be effective in primary human ALL. Lymphoblasts from adult patients with precursor B ALL were cultured on bone marrow stroma and were treated with CCI-779, a second generation MTI. Treated cells showed a dramatic decrease in cell proliferation and an increase in apoptotic cells, compared to untreated cells. We also assessed the effect of CCI-779 in a NOD/SCID xenograft model. We treated a total of 68 mice generated from the same patient samples with CCI-779 after establishment of disease. Animals treated with CCI-779 showed a decrease in peripheral-blood blasts and in splenomegaly. In dramatic contrast, untreated animals continued to show expansion of human ALL. We performed immunoblots to validate the inhibition of the mTOR signaling intermediate phospho-S6 in human ALL, finding down-regulation of this target in xenografted human ALL exposed to CCI-779. We conclude that MTIs can inhibit the growth of adult human ALL and deserve close examination as therapeutic agents against a disease that is often not curable with current therapy.


Vertical walls are commonly used as berthing structures. However, conventional vertical quays may have serious technical and environmental problems, as they reflect almost all the energy of the incident waves, thus affecting operational conditions and structural strength. These drawbacks can be overcome by the use of low reflective structures, but for some instances no theoretical equations exist to determine the relationship between the reflection coefficient and parameters that affect the structural response. Therefore, this study tries to fill this gap by examining the wave reflection of an absorbing gravity wall by means of evolutionary polynomial regression, a hybrid evolutionary modelling paradigm that combines the best features of conventional numerical regression and genetic programming. The method implements a multi-modelling approach in which a multi-objective genetic algorithm is used to get optimal models in terms of parsimony of mathematical expressions and fitting to data. A database of physical laboratory observations is used to predict the reflection as a function of a set of variables that characterize wave conditions and structure features. The proposed modelling paradigm proved to be a useful tool for data analysis and is able to find feasible explicit models featured by an appreciable generalization performance.


Growth has slowed in many emerging-market economies (EMEs) since the 2007-09 global financial crisis, reflecting both cyclical and structural factors. In this context, it will be increasingly important for EMEs to raise potential growth by maintaining steady progress on structural reforms. How do structural reforms generally support growth? What are the re-form priorities for EMEs over recent history and today? Finally, what will be the impact of planned structural reforms on potential output growth among the world's larger EMEs? These are some of the questions considered by the authors.


Large, slow turning bearings remain difficult to analyze for diagnostics and prognostics. For critical equipment, such as drilling equipment, top drives, mining equipment, wind turbine main rotors, helicopter swash plates, etc. this poses safety and logistics support problems. An undetected bearing fault can disrupt service, and causes delays, lost productivity, or accidents. This paper examines a strategy for analysis of large slow bearings to improve the fault detection of condition monitoring systems, thus reducing operations and maintenance cost associated with these bearing faults. This analysis was based on vibration, temperature and grease analysis from three wind turbines, where one turbine was suspected of having a faulted main bearing.


The effects of one's spirituality can provide peace, hope and encouragement in the face of chronic and life threatening illness and thereby should be included when planning and providing a holistic approach to nursing care. The purpose of this study was to determine if individuals with a higher number of co-morbidity illnesses had a more significant spiritual base. A convenience sample of clients from western North Carolina and upstate South Carolina was utilized. All clients completed questionnaires regarding their past and current medical problems and their perception of their personal spirituality. Data was collected over a two week period utilizing a researcher developed demographic questionnaire and King's (2008) Spiritual Intelligence Self-Report Inventory (SISRI). The results of the study indicated that there is a significant relationship between a person's self-reported spirituality and their number of medical problems. Results of data analysis showed patients with more comorbidity illnesses reported lower levels of spirituality.


This article explores how notions of collaboration in the writing classroom are challenged and altered when that classroom is located in a medium-security prison. Based on a for-credit multimodal writing course co-taught by the lead authors, this text (itself a collaboration between the instructors and ten of our incarcerated students) unpacks the processes and practices through which communication is regulated by the institutional authority of the prison (collectively termed the Carceral Communication Framework, or CCF) and places them in conversation with the innovations demanded by the prison's technological constraints. Contending that collaboration in a prison setting tactically subverts the CCF and provides agency to people who are systematically disenfranchised, we focus on two different dimensions of that process: collaborations between students and teachers and collaborations between the students themselves.


Many allergens, such as hazelnut, peanut, charlock, celery, sesame, lupine, walnut, almond, macadamia nut, hickory, pistachio, wheat gliadins, may be present in food products, however, undeclared or as unintentional additives. Due to the growing number of allergic reactions, it is crucial to have fast, reliable methods of allergen detection in processed food products. This review summarizes the recent methods of allergen detection in food products based on PCR reactions, namely PCR-ELISA, Real-time PCR, PCR-PNA-HPLC, Duplex PCR and Multiplex Real-time PCR, describing their principles, applications, detection limits, drawbacks and advantages.


In a recent paper [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A14, 596 (1997)], S. Kaushik describes a modal theory of diffraction in which a number of features from scalar optics are generalized. The paper describes an S-matrix propagation algorithm that is characterized as being new and an improvement over earlier work. In a response to this paper, L.
 Li
 [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A.15, 1006 (1998)] disputes this claim and claims that the algorithm is well known and presents no significant improvement over earlier work. These criticisms are addressed in this reply. Specifically, it is shown that unlike earlier work cited by Li, the method described by Kaushik is a genuine S-matrix method since energy balance is automatically guaranteed for dielectric gratings, irrespective of truncation order. Further, it is shown that the algorithm is easier to relate to scalar optics and is computationally more efficient than the specific algorithms cited by Li.


Past, Present and Future Environmental Status of the University of Central
Lancashire Is a comprehensive dissertation to appreciate the importance of
sustainability in relation to the University.
The literature review recognises the past knowledge and concepts that are
viewed in relation the changing dynamics of the international and national opinion
of environmental status.
The University of Central Lancashire, (UCLan) has had a positive introduction to
environmental issues, being the first university in England to hold an
environmental committee and produce a sustainable audit of all its departments.
The identification of the data for this research was one of qualitative methods that
were then used to attain statistical analysis to develop the attentiveness of
issues towards environmental concerns at UCLan.
A comprehensive questionnaire and completed by 115 people, the survey group
was recognised to identify the behavior of the cross section of students,
academic staff and teaching staff in relation to sustainable and environmental
questions.
4
Interviews were also carried out with the management staff whose job roles are
primary concerned with sustainability at UCLan.
The sustainability of the University is assed also through a myriad of topics,
transport, energy consumption and environmental management system just to
mention three. All the topics are related to the environmental status of UCLan.
The outcome of the research identifies that UCLan is sustainable for the near
future coming. The Universities attentiveness towards market forces has
achieved growth of student numbers and courses over many years. In
recognition the University has been awarded many accolades that the author
discusses in this paper.


Fiber reinforced polymeric (FRP) composites are finding wide-spread industrial applications because of their exceptionally high specific strength and specific modulus of elasticity. Nevertheless, it is very seldom to get ready-for-use components or products made of FRP composites. Secondary processing by machining, particularly drilling, is almost always required to make holes for fastening components together to produce assemblies. That creates problems since the FRP composites are neither homogeneous nor isotropic. Some of the problems that are encountered include the subsequent damage in the region around the drilled hole and the drilling – induced delamination of the layer of ply, that occurs both at the entrance and the exit planes of the work piece. Evidently, the functionality of the work piece would be detrimentally affected. The current work was carried out with the aim of eliminating or at least minimizing the work piece damage associated with drilling of FPR composites. Each test specimen involves a woven reinforced graphite fiber/epoxy composite having a thickness of 12.5 mm (0.5 inch). A large number of test specimens were subjected to drilling operations with different combinations of feed rates and cutting speeds. The drilling induced damage was taken as the absolute value of the difference between the drilled hole diameter and the nominal one taken as a percentage of the nominal diameter. The later was determined for each combination of feed rate and cutting speed, and a matrix comprising those values was established, where the columns indicate varying feed rate while and rows indicate varying cutting speeds. Next, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) approach was employed using Minitab software, in order to obtain the combination that would improve the drilling induced damage. Experimental results show that low feed rates coupled with low cutting speeds yielded the best results. Keywords—Drilling of Composites, dimensional accuracy of holes drilled in composites, delamination and charring, graphiteepoxy composites.


Tracking Twitter for public health has shown great potential. However, most recent work has been focused on correlating Twitter messages to influenza rates, a disease that exhibits a marked seasonal pattern. In the presence of sudden outbreaks, how can social media streams be used to strengthen surveillance capacity? In May 2011, Germany reported an outbreak of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC). It was one of the largest described outbreaks of EHEC worldwide and the largest in Germany. In this work, we study the crowd's behavior in Twitter during the outbreak. In particular, we report how tracking Twitter helped to detect key user messages that triggered signal detection alarms before MedISys and other well established early warning systems. We also introduce a personalized learning to rank approach that exploits the relationships discovered by: (i) latent semantic topics computed using Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA), and (ii) observing the social tagging behavior in Twitter, to rank tweets for epidemic intelligence. Our results provide the grounds for new public health research based on social media.


This paper proposes a bootstrap-based procedure to build confidence intervals for single components of a partially identified parameter vector, and for smooth functions of such components, in moment (in)equality models. The extreme points of our confidence interval are obtained by maximizing/minimizing the value of the component (or function) of interest subject to the sample analog of the moment (in)equality conditions properly relaxed. The novelty is that the amount of relaxation, or critical level, is computed so that the component (or function) of theta, instead of theta itself, is uniformly asymptotically covered with prespecified probability. Calibration of the critical level is based on repeatedly checking feasibility of linear programming problems, rendering it computationally attractive. Computation of the extreme points of the confidence interval is based on a novel application of the response surface method for global optimization, which may prove of independent interest also for applications of other methods of inference in the moment (in)equalities literature. The critical level is by construction smaller (infinite sample) than the one used if projecting confidence regions designed to cover the entire parameter vector. Hence, our confidence interval is weakly shorter than the projection of established confidence sets (Andrews and Soares, 2010), if one holds the choice of tuning parameters constant. We provide simple conditions under which the comparison is strict. Our inference method controls asymptotic coverage uniformly over a large class of data generating processes. Our assumptions and those used in the leading alternative approach (a profiling based method) are not nested. We explain why we employ some restrictions that are not required by other methods and provide examples of models for which our method is uniformly valid but profiling based methods are not.


An experiment was conducted at the Department of Horticulture, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India to screen ten vegetables for cultivation under shadenet house (33% shade) and open field for year round production of vegetables. Tomato, eggplant, chilli, cucumber, cluster bean, radish, amaranthus, coriander, bhendi and capsicum were grown in the summer and winter. The influence of environmental variables temperature, relative humidity and light intensity were studied. Tomato, eggplant, chilli, cucumber, radish, amaranthus and coriander registered better performance for growth and yield during both seasons. Cluster bean performed well in the open field during both seasons. Relative humidity was always higher under shadenet house than in open field during both seasons. Light intensity in the shadenet house was lower than in the open field. Mean weekly temperature during summer and winter were higher under open field conditions than in the shadenet house. Lower temperature caused plant height, number of branches, internodal length, average fruit weight and yield per plant to be higher in the shadenet house than in the open field. Hence, the growing of tomato, eggplant, chilli, cucumber, radish, amaranthus and coriander under shade house conditions will be more profitable irrespective of the seasons.

 Key words: Shadenet cultivation, season, quality.


Criminal profiling and its investigative utility for policing have been examined at some length despite there being only an embryonic body of robust empirical research. The use of profiling knowledge in assisting the curial process in Australian courts, however, has had much less attention, although a few academics and legal commentators have debated its probative value. At present, profiling evidence is generally not accepted in this country, although some limited aspects have been introduced into court settings. Yet no empirical work has investigated the opinions of lawyers regarding its probative versus prejudicial nature. This preliminary study of lawyers in two states suggests that barristers and solicitors possess little knowledge about profiling; maintain that profiling is not accurate or valid and is of little value in adjudications; and subscribe to the view that the discipline of psychology is the most likely area of expertise to proffer profiling opinions. The following issues are considered: the need for greater training within the legal profession; the elements of profiling processes that might yield utility; and the necessity for further development of the field to generate the greater confidence that will be required if it is ever to be widely accepted in Australian courtrooms.


Areas with thick basaltic aquifers are used for drinking water supply and irrigation purposes, such as the Columbia River Basalt group in northwest USA and the Deccan Traps in India. However, rainfall-runoff processes in these basaltic areas are poorly understood. Cooling joints can transport large amounts of water, but – due to their limited porosity – they are vulnerable for over-abstraction. On Iceland, in the small Skaftafellsheiði basaltic catchment (4 x 6 km), field data were collected in 2014 and 2015. Two small streams discharge the rain surplus. Precipitation was measured at various elevations on the ridge. Also, the discharge of the streams was measured. A groundwater flow model was constructed in order to get more insight in the physical properties of the basalt aquifer and its rainfall-runoff properties. The field experiments showed that precipitation increases linearly with surface elevation. On average, the precipitation at 800 m+msl was almost double, relative to the precipitation at 200 m+msl. Calculated ETpot was rather high, due to the 19 potential sun hours per day during the Icelandic summer. Field experiments revealed quick discharge response on rainfall events, but also rather constant base flow during dryer periods. This indicates a limited infiltration capacity, but also a considerable storage capacity in the subsequent layers. The peat layer is believed to be the dominant storage/reservoir. Peat, regolith and an organic layer formed the top layer in the GMS-Modflow groundwater model. The thick basaltic aquifer was split in a series of model layers. Best results were obtained by using a decreasing hydraulic conductivity to depth. The transient model overestimated the groundwater levels at the outlet, but managed to reproduce the wet/dry conditions in the catchment rather well. This indicates that it is possible to model complex basaltic aquifers, by taking a large Representative Elementary Volume (REV) as starting point


This paper focuses on the US occupation of Iraq from the seizing of Baghdad in April 2003 until the official hand-over of sovereignty to the Iraqi government in June 2004. It seeks to explain the reasons for the failure of US forces to impose order on and then stabilise the country by examining the political and sociological legacy of Saddam Hussein, US planning before and after the war and how the occupation set about trying to build political structures in post-Saddam Iraq. Ultimately it argues that the most important reasons for the failure of the occupation have been ideological. US administrators charged with planning for and then occupying the country fundamentally misunderstood the size and nature of the task they were about to undertake. They set out to apply neoliberal measures of state reform only to find that the state had collapsed and they were now involved in a prolonged exercise of state construction. They then applied a primordial understanding of Iraqi society, exacerbating a divisive and potentially violent sectarianism into Iraqi politics.


This paper provides an economic explanation for the non-existence of a vaccine against AIDS. It comments on previously claimed economic reasons why private laboratories do not have incentives to invest in an AIDS vaccine and provides a new one: private companies already operate in the market for treatment of already infected patients, which market is threatened by the eventual emergence of a vaccine that cuts the cycle of infection. Finally, the paper discusses some mechanisms to provide incentives for further private research in diseases where a treatment product already exists.


To the Editor: Since 1997, routine surveillance has demonstrated periodic reemergence of influenza A (H5N1) viruses (avian influenza) in retail markets in Hong Kong, People's Republic of China (1,2), leading to stepped implementation (progressively implementing more measures over time) of measures to reduce human exposure to influenza subtype H5N1. From 2006 through November 2008, progressive importation and farm restrictions and curtailed retail capacity cut Hong's live poultry supply in half, from 40,000 to <20,000 chickens daily (3,4).

To determine whether the decline in the Hong Kong live poultry supply was paralleled by declines in avian influenza risk perceptions and protective hygiene behavior, we conducted a telephone survey. During December 2005–March 2006, we recruited 1,760 adults >17 years of age. We randomly called households and then interviewed 1 adult (randomly selected by Kish grid) within each household (5,6). Ordering by age and starting from the oldest eligible member in the household, 1 selected member was then invited to participate in the survey. Of 1,613 (92%) respondents consenting to follow-up survey, 680 (42%) were resurveyed during July–August 2010. The same items were used in both surveys to measure avian influenza risk perceptions, personal live poultry exposures, and hygiene practices.

Overall, 461 (68%) respondents completed the initial (2006) and follow-up (2010) surveys. Compared with respondents lost to follow-up, these 461 respondents were more likely to be female, slightly older, and married; they were comparable with the general population (7), except more respondents were older (data not shown).

Respondents perceived that their likelihood of contracting avian influenza was the same in 2010 as in 2006, but they reported worrying less about contracting avian influenza and risks from buying live poultry in 2010 than in 2006 (Table). When categorized into "unchanged," "increasing," and "declining" in 2010 relative to 2006, these groups were comparable demographically, except younger respondents more often perceived declining likelihood of contracting avian influenza (odds ratio [OR] 2.30, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.25–4.24 for those 18–34 years of age); declining worry about contracting avian influenza (OR 2.01, 95% CI 1.10–3.66 for those 18–34 years of age; OR 1.87, 95% CI 1.13–3.09 for those 35–54 years of age), and declining risk from buying live poultry (OR 2.31, 95% CI 1.33–4.01 for those 35–54 years of age); respondents who had completed secondary education were more likely to report declining worry about contracting avian influenza (OR 1.90, 95% CI 1.09–3.31).

Table

Changes in perception of risk for avian influenza, live poultry exposure, and hygiene practices, Hong Kong, 2006–2010*

The percentage of respondents who reported household buying of live poultry declined from 73% in 2006 to 41% in 2010 (Table); 22% of nonbuying households in 2006 were again buying in 2010, and 52% of those buying in 2006 had stopped buying in 2010. After adjustment for demographics, perceived increased risk from buying was associated with not buying live poultry in 2010 (OR 0.34, 95% CI 0.19–0.60).

In contrast, rates of touching poultry during buying (5%) were unchanged (Table). Using a standardized estimate (5), we determined that purchasing households bought on average 11.4 live chickens/household/year in 2010 versus 14.4 in 2006 (Table). Purchase rate × touch rate gave an estimated average of 0.57 exposures/household/year in 2010, a 21% decline from 0.72 exposures/household/year in 2006 (p = 0.011) (Table).

Substantial improvement was noted for most personal hygiene practices, except frequencies for daily handwashing and covering the mouth when sneezing or coughing were each lower in 2010 than in 2006 (Table). Changed hygiene practices were independent of demographic factors except that male respondents more often reported less covering of the mouth when sneezing or coughing (OR 1.60, 95% CI 1.00–2.56) and less use of liquid soap for handwashing (OR 1.64, 95% CI 1.04–2.60); immigrants were more likely to have reduced daily handwashing frequency (OR 1.58, 95% CI 1.04–2.41). Only perceived declining worry about contracting avian influenza was significantly associated with declining frequency of handwashing after sneezing, coughing, or touching the nose (OR 1.61, 95% CI 1.04–2.47).

The 21% decline in exposure from less buying, but not touching, of live poultry suggests that limiting poultry availability, but not health education efforts, was responsible. Perceptions of avian influenza risk and worry also mostly declined, as did frequency of some personal hygiene practices, including handwashing, particularly among younger male and immigrant respondents. Although our previous studies suggest that public health education might have contributed to an ≈43% reduction in rate of touching when buying live poultry in Hong Kong from 2004 to 2006 (5,6), the prolonged warning that a future pandemic is likely to be sparked by influenza A (H5N1) viruses is likely to cause pandemic fatigue in the public and therefore would not change their perception of avian influenza risk and associated protective behavior. As exposure risk has declined (as a result of government policy), so has perceived infection risk also declined, paradoxically increasing population vulnerability to other influenza viruses through reductions in preventive hygiene behavior.


Psychological factors contribute to motivation and learning for international students as much as teaching strategies. 254 international students and 144 local students enrolled in a private education institute were surveyed regarding their perception of psychological needs support, their motivation and learning approach. The results from this study indicated that international students had a higher level of self-determined motivation and used a deep and surface learning approach more extensively than local students. Perceived psychological needs support positively predicted intrinsic motivation, identified regulation and a deep learning approach for both groups. There were also differences in the effects of motivation on learning approach between the two groups. Further possibilities for exploration are discussed in this study.


In this dissertation we propose a new technique for efficient query processing in knowledge base systems. Query processing in knowledge base systems poses strong computational challenges because of the presence of combinatorial explosion. This arises because at any point during query processing there may be too many subqueries available for further exploration. Overcoming this difficulty requires effective mechanisms for choosing from among these subqueries good subqueries for further processing.
Inspired by existing works on stochastic logic programs, compositional modeling and probabilistic heuristic estimates we create a new, nondeterministic method to accomplish the task of subquery selection for query processing. Specifically, we use probabilistic heuristic estimates to make the necessary decisions. This approach combines subquery and knowledge base properties and previous query processing experience with conditional probability theory to derive a probability of success for each subquery. The probabilities of success are used to select the next subquery for further processing. The underlying, property-specific probabilities of success are learned via a machine learning process involving a set of training sample queries.
In this dissertation we present our new methodology and the algorithms used to accomplish both the training and query processing phases of the system. We also present a method for determining the minimum training set size needed to achieve probability estimates with any desired limit on the maximum size of the errors.


Early Dynastic Egypt spans the five centuries preceding the construction of the Great Pyramid at Giza. This was the formative period of ancient Egyptian civilization, and it witnessed the creation of a distinctive culture that was to endure for 3,000 years. This book examines the background to that great achievement, the mechanisms by which it was accomplished, and the character of life in the Nile valley during the first 500 years of Pharaonic rule.
The results of over thirty years of international scholarship and excavation are presented in a single highly illustrated volume. It traces the re-discovery of Early Dynastic Egypt, explains how the dynasties established themselves in government and concludes by examining the impact of the early state on individual communities and regions.


Science activities that evoke positive emotional responses make a difference to students' emotional experience of science. In this study, we explored 8th Grade students' discrete emotions expressed during science activities in a unit on Energy. Multiple data sources including classroom videos, interviews and emotion diaries completed at the end of each lesson were analysed to identify individual student's emotions. Results from two representative students are presented as case studies. Using a theoretical perspective drawn from theories of emotions founded in sociology, two assertions emerged. First, during the demonstration activity, students experienced the emotions of wonder and surprise; second, during a laboratory activity, students experienced the intense positive emotions of happiness/joy. Characteristics of these activities that contributed to students' positive experiences are highlighted. The study found that choosing activities that evoked strong positive emotional experiences, focused students' attention on the phenomenon they were learning, and the activities were recalled positively. Furthermore, such positive experiences may contribute to students' interest and engagement in science and longer term memorability. Finally, implications for science teachers and pre-service teacher education are suggested.


Scholars have long recognized the importance of gender and hierarchy in the slave societies of the New World, yet gendered analysis of Cuba has lagged behind study of other regions. Cuban elites recognized that creating and maintaining the Cuban slave society required a rigid social hierarchy based on race, gender, and legal status. Given the dramatic changes that came to Cuba in the wake of the Haitian Revolution and the growth of the enslaved population, the maintenance of order required a patriarchy that placed both women and slaves among the lower ranks. Based on a variety of archival and printed primary sources, this book examines how patriarchy functioned outside the confines of the family unit by scrutinizing the foundation on which nineteenth-century Cuban patriarchy rested. This book investigates how patriarchy operated in the lives of the women of Cuba, from elite women to slaves. Through chapters on motherhood, marriage, education, public charity, and the sale of slaves, insight is gained into the role of patriarchy both as a guiding ideology and lived history in the Caribbean's longest lasting slave society. Sarah L. Franklin is assistant professor of history at the University of North Alabama.


The portable devices used in video communication application are powered by batteries. Video encoding schemes, however, are often computationally intensive and energy-demanding, even after being fully optimized with existing software and hardware energy-minimization techniques. As a result, the operational lifetime of current portable video systems is still very short. Therefore, one of the central challenging issues in portable video communication system design is to minimize the energy consumption of video encoding so as to extend the operational lifetime of devices. In this work, An operational power-rate-distortion (P-R-D) approach is developed to minimizing the video encoding energy under rate-distortion constraints. Theoretically, we analyzed the energy saving gain of P-R-D optimization. Practically, we developed an adaptive scheme to estimate the P-R-D model parameters and performed on-the-fly energy optimization for real-time video compression. Our results show that, for typical videos with non-stationary statistics, using the proposed P-R-D optimization technology, the encoder energy consumption can be significantly reduced. This has many important applications in energy-efficient portable video communication system design.


Background Glucose increases the expression of glycolytic enzymes and other hypoxia-response genes in pancreatic beta-cells. Here, we tested whether this effect results from the activation of Hypoxia-Inducible-factors (HIF) 1 and 2 in a hypoxia-dependent manner. Methodology/Principal Findings Isolated rat islets and insulin-secreting INS-1E cells were stimulated with nutrients at various pO2 values or treated with the HIF activator CoCl2. HIF-target gene mRNA levels and HIF subunit protein levels were measured by real-time RT-PCR, Western Blot and immunohistochemistry. The formation of pimonidazole-protein adducts was used as an indicator of hypoxia. In INS-1E and islet beta-cells, glucose concentration-dependently stimulated formation of pimonidazole-protein adducts, HIF1 and HIF2 nuclear expression and HIF-target gene mRNA levels to a lesser extent than CoCl2 or a four-fold reduction in pO2. Islets also showed signs of HIF activation in diabetic Leprdb/db but not non-diabetic Leprdb/+ mice. In vitro, these glucose effects were reproduced by nutrient secretagogues that bypass glycolysis, and were inhibited by a three-fold increase in pO2 or by inhibitors of Ca2+ influx and insulin secretion. In INS-1E cells, small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of Hif1α and Hif2α, alone or in combination, indicated that the stimulation of glycolytic enzyme mRNA levels depended on both HIF isoforms while the vasodilating peptide adrenomedullin was a HIF2-specific target gene. Conclusions/Significance Glucose-induced O2 consumption creates an intracellular hypoxia that activates HIF1 and HIF2 in rat beta-cells, and this glucose effect contributes, together with the activation of other transcription factors, to the glucose stimulation of expression of some glycolytic enzymes and other hypoxia response genes.


The Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 5 (Stat5) plays a significant role in normal hematopoiesis and a variety of hematopoietic malignancies. Deficiency in Stat5 causes impaired cytokine-mediated proliferation and survival of progenitors and their differentiated descendants along major hematopoietic lineages such as erythroid, lymphoid, and myeloid cells. Overexpression and persistent activation of Stat5 are sufficient for neoplastic transformation and development of multi-lineage leukemia in a transplant model. Little is known, however, whether a continuous activation of this signal transducer is essential for the maintenance of hematopoietic malignancies. To address this issue, we developed transgenic mice that express a hyperactive mutant of Stat5 in hematopoietic progenitors and derived lineages in a ligand-controlled manner. In contrast to the transplant model, expression of mutant Stat5 did not adversely affect normal hematopoiesis in the presence of endogenous wildtype Stat5 alleles. However, the gain-of-function of this signal transducer in mice that carry Stat5a/b hypomorphic alleles resulted in abnormally high numbers of circulating granulocytes that caused severe airway obstruction. Downregulation of hyperactive Stat5 in diseased animals restored normal granulopoiesis, which also resulted in a swift clearance of granulocytes from the lung. Moreover, we demonstrate that Stat5 promotes the initiation and maintenance of severe granulophilia in a cell autonomous manner. The results of this study show that the gain-of-function of Stat5 causes excessive granulopoiesis and prolonged survival of granulocytes in circulation. Collectively, our findings underline the critical importance of Stat5 in maintaining a normal balance between myeloid and lymphoid cells during hematopoiesis, and we provide direct evidence for a function of Stat5 in granulophilia–associated pulmonary dysfunction.


Direct Digital Synthesis technique is fast evolving and is becoming a key point in the design of advanced communication equipments. The growing interest in the use of such a type of technique is strictly related to the increase of speed and bandwidth in the components and the corresponding achievement of attractive performance in terms of frequency resolution and spectral purity. The increase in the synthesised bandwidth forces the use of very high speed technologies and the use of gallium arsenide devices becomes mandatory to obtain the required performance. The gallium arsenide technology has been playing since many years ago a key role in high-speed analog communication, electronic warfare and analog MMICs but in the recent past has become an astounding weapon also for digital applications. Furthermore processes which combine low-power RF analog and LSI digital functions are now available and they represents a valid alternative to using discrete-components and multichip hybrids for low-power microwave designs. After a brief review of the DDS concept the paper describes the basic design of the Gallium arsenide numerically controlled oscillator which is the key element of the DDS chain. The experimental results are shown with a particular attention to the spectral purity performance and the modulation capability. The trend of the future on-board applications is given with emphasis on the projects in which Alenia Spazio is presently reusing this specific development.


The purpose of this paper is to define and discuss the core-customer concept. This concept examines how a company develops its operations around a single or only a few customers. The customer steers what products and services the supplier develops, which means that it is the customer that dictates the supplier's operations. The core-customer concept may be one method for designing a company's operations, but the paper also aims to challenge companies to consider how they think about customers. The paper contributes to research on customer value and extended service offerings by indicating a business-development strategy based on the customer rather than the supplier's operations. Building a company around a single customer, requires flexibility and competences in finding collaboration partners or in adjusting the organisation to new requirements. The paper refers to these as secondary/supporting competences, while the core competence upon which the company builds its operation is the customer.


Capital flows are increasingly global across all asset classes, including the real estate world. Because global real estate portfolios contain assets influenced by different national economies, with very different drivers, growth rates, and risk, the correlation of total returns between assets in these markets can be very low. Low or negative correlations provide the ultimate recipe for the "free lunch" of modern portfolio theory: returns that are the weighted average of assets within the portfolio, but volatility less than the weighted volatility of the individual assets. Unlike the case in domestic investments, however, the movement of foreign exchange rates must be considered, as unfavorable currency movements can severely hinder performance. Real estate is generally a long-hold investment strategy, but property income and ultimately the final selling price will be received in the local currency and must, at some point, be repatriated to U.S. dollars. The authors examine investments in global office properties, both with and without currency exchange rate factors, and make a compelling case for investment in the global office sector instead of investment only in the U.S. market.


This Article provides a summary comparison of the processes in the United States and Canada for governmental approval of bank mergers. The topic came to prominence in 1998 when four of Canada's five largest banks unveiled plans that would have resulted in the Royal Bank of Canada merging with the Bank of Montreal and the Toronto Dominion Bank combining with the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce ("CIBC"). These proposed mergers were rejected by the then Finance Minister, Paul Martin. The reasons given included: (1) the resulting banking industry structure would have concentrated too much economic power in the hands of too few financial institutions; (2) the combinations would have reduced competition in the Canadian financial services sector; and (3) the reduction in the number of banks would have reduced the Canadian government's flexibility to address future concerns. Although the government rejected the 1998 mergers, the Finance Department in 1999 acknowledged that business combinations could be an appropriate business strategy in some circumstances. The government promised guidance as to when such combinations of large banks would be permitted. In 2001, the Department of Finance set forth its broad outlines for bank merger policy. One of the obvious differences with U.S. law is that the Canadian approach explicitly provides that the views of the public and political leaders are to be incorporated into the merger approval process. Since the issuance of the bank merger policy, the government has promised specific guidance about what types of combinations will be permitted, but it has yet to complete that policy document. This Article provides a comparison, in summary form, of the U.S. and Canadian approaches to the approval of bank mergers. It starts with a brief explanation of U.S. bank merger law and then lays out the evolving Canadian approach to large bank mergers. It concludes with a discussion of whether the Canadian approach will help the regulators of Canadian financial institutions address the deficiencies identified in the 1998 transactions.


1. Nebivolol, a selective beta 1-adrenoceptor antagonist with antihypertensive effects, has haemodynamic effects suggestive of a direct vasodilator action. 2. The dorsal hand vein technique was used to determine whether nebivolol has venodilator action in vivo in man. 3. Nebivolol and atenolol were infused into the phenylephrine preconstricted superficial hand veins of 11 healthy male volunteers. In separate studies L-NMMA (0.1 microgram min-1) was pre- and co-infused with nebivolol to determine whether nitric oxide (NO) mediated mechanisms were present. Further studies with prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) preconstriction were performed to exclude an alpha-adrenergic antagonistic effect of nebivolol. Effects of L-NMMA infusion on nitroglycerin venodilation were also determined. 4. Nebivolol produced a dose dependent venodilation, (72 +/- 18% maximum), whereas atenolol produced no significant venodilation. At doses of nebivolol producing plasma concentrations comparable with plasma levels achieved after standard oral dosing (10(-13)-10(-12) mol min-1) small (14 +/- 6% and 23 +/- 8%) but significant (P < 0.05) venodilation was observed. 5. The venodilator response to nebivolol was significantly reduced by infusion of L-NMMA (maximum dilation 18% vs 72%, P < 0.01). Venodilator responses to nitroglycerin were unaffected by L-NMMA infusion. A venodilator effect to nebivolol was also seen following preconstriction with PgF2 alpha (40 +/- 20% maximum). 6. Nebivolol has nitric oxide mediated, venodilator effects in man.


The "green building revolution" is happening right now. This book is its chronicle and its manifesto. Written by industry insider Jerry Yudelson, "The Green Building Revolution" introduces readers to the basics of green building and to the projects and people that are advancing this movement. With interviews and case studies, it does more than simply report on the revolution; it shows readers why and how to start thinking about designing, building, and operating high-performance, environmentally aware (LEED-certified) buildings on conventional budgets.Evolving quietly for more than a decade, the green building movement has found its voice. Its principles of human-centered, environmentally sensitive development have reached a critical mass of architects, engineers, builders, developers, professionals in government, and consumers. Green buildings are showing us how we can have healthier indoor environments that use far less energy and water than conventional buildings do. The federal government, eighteen states, and nearly fifty US cities already require new public buildings to meet "green" standards. According to Yudelson, this is just the beginning." The Green Building Revolution" describes the many "revolutions" that are taking place today: in commercial buildings, schools, universities, public buildings, health care institutions, housing, property management, and neighborhood design. In a clear, highly readable style, Yudelson outlines the broader "journey to sustainability" influenced by the green building revolution and provides a solid business case for accelerating this trend.Illustrated with more than 50 photos, tables, and charts, and filled with timely information, "The Green Building Revolution" is the definitive description of a major movement that's poised to transform our world.


Clinical trials indicate efficacy of drugs inhibiting the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in the treatment of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (GEP-NET); however, information on detailed expression and activity patterns of mTOR in these tumours is sparse. We investigated the expression of mTOR and expression as well as phosphorylation of its downstream targets 4EBP1, S6K and eIF4E in a cohort of 99 human GEP-NET by immunohistochemistry. We correlated our findings with clinicopathological variables and patient prognosis. We found that 61, 93, 80, 69, 57 and 79% of GEP-NET were positive for mTOR, 4EBP1, cytoplasmic phospho-4EBP1 (p-4EBP1), nuclear p-4EBP1, phospho-S6K (p-S6K) and phospho-eIF4E (p-eIF4E) respectively. mTOR expression and activity were higher in foregut than in midgut tumours. In foregut tumours, expression of mTOR was higher when distant metastases were present (P=0.035). Strong mTOR activity was associated with higher proliferative capacity. In patients with stage IV midgut tumours, strong p-S6K expression was associated with poor disease-specific survival (P=0.048). In conclusion, mTOR shows considerable variations in expression and activity patterns in GEP-NET in dependence of tumour location and metastatic status. We hypothesise that these differences in mTOR expression and activity might possibly influence response to mTOR inhibitors.


Existing methods for the measurement of technical efficiency in the dynamic production models obtain it from the implied distance functions without making use of the information about intertemporal economic behavior in the estimation beyond an indirect appeal to duality. The main limitation of such an estimation approach is that it does not allow for the dynamic evolution of efficiency that is explicitly optimized by the firm. This paper introduces a new conceptualization of efficiency that directly enters the firm's intertemporal production decisions and is both explicitly costly and endogenously determined. We build a moment-based multiple-equation system estimation procedure that incorporates both the dynamic and static optimality conditions derived from the firm's intertemporal expected cost minimization. We operationalize our methodology using a modified version of a Bayesian Exponentially Tilted Empirical Likelihood adjusted for the presence of dynamic latent variables in the model, which we showcase using the 1960-2004 U.S. agricultural farm production data. We find that allowing for potential endogenous adjustments in efficiency over time produces significantly higher estimates of technical efficiency, which is likely due to inherent inability of the more standard exogenous-efficiency model to properly credit firms for incurring efficiency-improvement adjustment costs. Our results also suggest material improvements in efficiency over time at an about 2.6% average annual rate, which contrasts with near-zero estimates of the exogenous efficiency change.


Software engineering environments (SEE) support the construction and maintenance of large-scale software systems. They integrate tools for the production and maintenance of documents such as requirements definitions, architecture definitions or user manuals. Very few SEE tools meet all the developers' requirements. Some requirements that are important in practice have not been appropriately addressed. These are inter-document consistency handling, version and configuration management and cooperative work. We claim that the reason for current tools not meeting these requirements is the fact that the required database support for maintaining documents is only now becoming available. The British Airways SEE meets these new requirements. Its tools were constructed using the O2 object database management system, which has been extended to become a database management system for software engineering. We discuss the experiences we made during tool construction for this SEE.


Problem. The Corinthian tongues is a subject that has been extensively covered in the literature, especially in exegetical Bible commentaries, but no empirically developed curriculum for college-level instruction has been found. The purpose o f this study was to develop such a curriculum. The approach to the interpretation o f the tongues of 1 Corinthians 14 was interdisciplinary: both theological and sociological. Method. The instructional product development method formulated by Baker and Schutz and revised by Naden was used in this study. The process consisted of ten steps including; assessment of the need for a new curriculum, identification and description of the learners, formulation of measurable behavioral objectives, preparation of pre- and post-tests, development of test item criteria, development of an instructional outline, preliminary tryout of instructional product with a small group of participants, modification of instructional product based on multiple exposures to members of the target population, presentation of the developed instructional product in a regular college class setting and statistical analysis of the cognitive and affective test scores. Results. The standard of performance required that 80 percent of the participants score 80 percent or higher in the cognitive post-tests in each of the twelve behavioral objectives of the curriculum. The test results showed that the empirically developed curriculum was effective. More than 80 percent of the participants scored above 80 percent in each of the twelve behavioral objectives. The difference between the mean of the pre- and post-test scores was statistically significant and ranged from 85 to 89 percent. Modification of affect was also discernable. The results of the Likert scale instrument in pre- and post-test format showed a positive change in students' attitude and learning experience. Conclusion. The statistical analysis of the data was carried out by the use of the t-est to compare the pre- and post-test scores. The scores were correlated with the level of significance set at .05 (critical t=2.0167,t42=4.81). Therefore, it was assumed that the learners were adequately motivated and that the empirically tested method used in this study contributed to cognitive mastery of the curriculum.


Using biological fertilizers and pesticides based on beneficial soil microbes in order to reduce mineral fertilizers and chemical pesticides in conventional agriculture is still a matter of debate. In this regard, a European research project seeks to elucidate the role of root-endophytic fungi and to develop molecular tools to trace and quantify these fungi in the rhizosphere and root tissue. To do this, the draft genome sequence of the biocontrol fungus Trichoderma virens (T. virens) was screened for simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and primers were developed for 12 distinct loci. Primers were evaluated using a global collection of ten isolates where an average of 7.42 alleles per locus was detected. Nei's standard genetic distance ranged from 0.18 to 0.27 among the isolates, and the grand mean of haploid diversity in AMOVA analysis was 0.693 ± 0.019. Roots of tomato plants were inoculated with different strains and harvested six weeks later. Subsequent PCR amplification identified root-endophytic strains and co-colonization of roots by different strains. Markers were applied to qPCR to quantify T. virens strains in root tissue and to determine their identity using allele-specific melting curve analysis. Thus, the root-endophytic lifestyle of T. virens was confirmed, strains in roots were quantified and simultaneous colonization of roots by different strains was observed.


In this paper, we perform a nonlinear multiscale analysis for incompressible Euler equations with rapidly oscillating initial data. The initial condition for velocity field is assumed to have two scales. The fast scale velocity component is periodic and is of order one. One of the important questions is how the two-scale velocity structure propagates in time and whether nonlinear interaction will generate more scales dynamically. By using a Lagrangian
framework to describe the propagation of small scale solution, we show that the two-scale structure is preserved dynamically. Moreover, we derive a well-posed homogenized
equation for the incompressible Euler equations. Preliminary numerical experiments are presented to demonstrate that the homogenized equation captures the correct averaged solution of the incompressible Euler equation.


Seismic reflection data from the Wasdale area, Cumbria, reveal reflector-poor and reflector-rich areas within components of the Lake District batholith. A representative panel of seismic data crossing the western boundary of the intrusion has been modelled with synthetic seismograms. The preferred model indicates that the Ennerdale Granophyre is a sheet-like body some 1100 m thick. Beneath this, the batholith comprises multiple poorly-reflective laccolithic granitic intrusions, interfingered with moderately reflective wedges of country rock, to give the steep western margin of the granite complex a 'cedar-tree' profile. Within the main body of the batholith, reflector-rich zones may arise from either areas of included country rock, basic sills or zones of mafic material within granite.


ABSTRACT:
 Body size is an important trait involved in overall fitness through its effects on mating success, fecundity, resource acquisition and mortality, and desiccation resistance. In this study, we raised inbred Culex quinquefasciatus mosquito cohorts at different developmental temperatures of 20°, 23°, and 27° C. As an indicator of the amount of genetic variation in body size, we estimated the narrow-sense heritability of body sizes defined as wing aspect ratios. Our results show that narrow-sense heritability of the body size increased as the developmental temperature increased. We also detected the presence of strong genotype-by-environment (G × E) interaction from low cross-environmental correlations. The body size of each temperature regime followed the general rule that higher temperatures produce smaller individuals. We suggest that the increase in genetic variation with increasing temperature might be due to an unleashing of the cryptic genetic variation of the putative genes affecting body size. We conclude that this increase in genetic variation tracking the environmental (developmental temperature) change could have considerable implications for the distribution and range expansion of Cx. quinquefasciatus, especially in warmer environments.


As society becomes more global, educators are searching for models of education that provide students with the ability to be competitive in the global marketplace. Bilingual education offers students the opportunity to learn two languages while maintaining student achievement in other content areas. One option of bilingual education is called two-way immersion (TWI) programs. TWI classrooms are comprised of students who are native speakers of two different languages. Together, these students communicate in both languages, while receiving instruction in both languages as well. These programs have been shown to be effective in teaching two languages without lowering student achievement. Bilingual education also takes advantage of children's natural ability to acquire language. Being exposed to language at a young age is much easier than learning another language after the age of ten. TWI programs in elementary schools provide the language learning supports needed to become bilingual without detriment to other areas of content learning. Now, the question that remains is the feasibility of implementing these programs in the United States. Societal attitudes, budget concerns and the availability of qualified teachers could pose to be challenges for TWI programs to expand. By examining these possible challenges through qualitative research, the researcher compiles evidence indicating whether or not TWI programs can be implemented practically. With this understanding, policy makers and educators can decide to implement and fund more TWI programs in the United States. Acknowledgements A special thank you goes to Dr. Colleen Gallagher, Dr. Patricia Hart and the University of Dayton Honors Program for their constant support and guidance.


Nonparametric partitioning-based least squares regression is an important tool in empirical work. Common examples include regressions based on splines, wavelets, and piecewise polynomials. This article discusses the main methodological and numerical features of the R software package lspartition, which implements modern estimation and inference results for partitioning-based least squares (series) regression estimation. This article discusses the main methodological and numerical features of the R software package lspartition, which implements results for partitioning-based least squares (series) regression estimation and inference from Cattaneo and Farrell (2013) and Cattaneo, Farrell, and Feng (2019). These results cover the multivariate regression function as well as its derivatives. First, the package provides data-driven methods to choose the number of partition knots optimally, according to integrated mean squared error, yielding optimal point estimation. Second, robust bias correction is implemented to combine this point estimator with valid inference. Third, the package provides estimates and inference for the unknown function both pointwise and uniformly in the conditioning variables. In particular, valid confidence bands are provided. Finally, an extension to two-sample analysis is developed, which can be used in treatment-control comparisons and related problems.


INTRODUCTION Between the Internet bubble burst1 and the current economic recession,2 corporate bankruptcy filings are increasing.3 Sales of substantially all of the assets of companies that have opted to close their doors or exit a particular line of business are also increasing." Of course, the creditors of these companies are desperate to maximize their recoveries.3 None of this is particularly surprising. However, a new problem has arisen in the cases of e-commerce companies seeking to liquidate their assets -their privacy promises to users could prevent the sale of customer lists compiled by the now floundering Internet companies. The sale of customer lists is not a new method to increase the capital available to failing companies.6 However, the nature of the contact between consumer and retailer has changed with the advent of e-commerce.7 Moreover, the manner in which customer lists were compiled in the past and the way they are compiled by Internet companies today differs greatly.8 The terms under which such information is collected has also changed.9 Because of these changes in the interactions between buyers and sellers, all customer lists are not treated equally when a company chooses to sell its assets due to bankruptcy or failure.10 This Note further explores this conflict. Part I provides an overview of the goals of bankruptcy law and presents the relevant statutes, in both the brick and mortar and Internet business contexts. The section concludes that the goals of bankruptcy law favor the sale of customer lists. Part II defines the term customer list, discusses the use and sale of customer lists for both traditional brick and mortar businesses" and Internet retailers, explains the current legal protections available to e-commerce customers, and considers policy concerns about data privacy and Internet commerce. Part II concludes that there exists a clear conflict between the treatment of customer lists for brick and mortar businesses and e-commerce businesses. Part III discusses the conflict between the goals of bankruptcy law and the problems of consumer privacy present in e-commerce, which does not generally exist in brick and mortar businesses. Specifically, the discussion focuses on the seminal Toysmart case and its consequences on other Internet businesses and concludes that while the Toysmart case has caused many Internet retailers to change their policies, the problem has not been permanently resolved. No one has addressed the differing outcomes possible between brick and mortar and Internet sales. Part IV provides a discussion of currently proposed and pending legislation in the area of e-commerce privacy. This section concludes that while the bills under consideration may resolve the privacy issues of Internet business customers, they will not resolve the fact that different outcomes occur in the e-commerce and brick and mortar retail businesses. This Note concludes that the treatment of customer lists in bankruptcies and acquisitions differs greatly. Additionally, the differing outcomes in the sale of customer lists in different types of bankruptcy have not been considered by courts, legislators, or even the Federal Trade Commission ("FTC"). Furthermore, this final section proposes that greater public awareness is needed by consumers, many of whom do not realize that their information is subject to divesture even when they conduct business with traditional brick and mortar businesses. As a result, any pending legislation should aim for a consistent outcome in bankruptcy proceedings and ideally should protect the privacy rights of all consumers, both Internet and traditional. I. THE IMPLICATIONS OF BANKRUPTCY When the Internet bubble burst, many e-commerce businesses went out of business, merged with other companies, or declared bankruptcy.12 For many of these companies, one of their most valuable assets was their customer list.13 Other valuable intangible assets included domain names,14 licensed technology,15 and human capital. …