This study addresses some aspects of the kinematics and structural setting of the Mediterranean Ridge accretionary complex, particularly those aspects related to the occurrence and distribution of Messinian evaporites. The approach is by (1) identification of the geometry of deformation through reprocessing of existing multichannel seismic reflection data from the Levantine Basin, aimed at the definition of the velocity field and depth imaging; (2) physical modeling in the laboratory, aimed at the study of the kinematics of shortening of sedimentary sequences detaching on viscous decollements; and (3) comparison between the results of the two approaches. We conclude that the thick Messinian sequence of the Levantine Basin is composed primarily of salt, so that the entire evaporitic sequence can be expected to behave as a viscous material. It follows that the main detachment of the post-Messinian wedge is located at the base of the Messinian salt layer. A viscous (salt) decollement would produce thrusting trending normal to the shortening direction, but boundary conditions affect structural trends even more than stress and/or movement direction. Both strain partitioning and the formation of major strike-slip faults within the post-Messinian wedge are prevented by the high angle of convergence between the African and Aegean plates as well as by the low intraplate friction. In addition, we show that curved and anastomosing thrust fronts are reflected in the cobblestone topography of the Mediterranean Ridge. We finally postulate that extension may occur in the central Mediterranean Ridge as a result of the geometry of the plate boundaries. This extension is considered as a possible cause of mud volcanism and mud diapirism.


A previously well 10-year-old girl presented with 3 months of L5-S2 back pain. This had started insidiously while in Sudan and woke her nightly. She reported 5 days of constipation and urinary frequency but no neurological symptoms, fevers or weight loss. Her body mass index was normal and she was premenarchal, although had signs of thelarche.

Cardiovascular and respiratory examinations were normal. Routine observations were unremarkable. She reported L5-S2 pain upon lumbar extension (not present on palpation). No neurological signs were elicited. Abdominal examination revealed suprapubic fullness, clinically thought to represent constipation, with no organomegaly.

What differentials should be considered? What are the red flag symptoms to elicit?

Back pain affects 17%–26% of adolescents yet specific diagnoses are reached in only half of the cases.1 Significant pathologies should be carefully considered …


Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between types of speech errors, including lexical and segmental variability, and phonological awareness in young children with and without speech sound disorders.Methods: This study included 40 children, 20 with typical speech and language, and 20 with speech sound disorder and typical language. Groups were matched on gender, age, maternal education, receptive and expressive vocabulary, nonverbal intelligence, and expressive morphosyntax. Hierarchical regression modeling was used to identify the best fit model for the relationship between vocabulary, speech errors, and phonological awareness.Results: Children with speech sound disorder had poorer phonological awareness skills than typically developing peers, despite similar vocabulary sizes. Segmental variability accounted for more variance in phonological awareness than did lexical variability, omissions, or atypical errors.Conclusion: Children with high levels of segmental variability have poor phonological awareness. Segmental variability on a single-word test of articulation may be an initial indicator of phonological awareness deficits in preschool-aged children.


Survival Conflict, Coping Style and Perception of the College Classroom: Factors in the Academic Success of African-American and African-Caribbean American Freshmen at Three Colleges in the New York/New Jersey Metropolitan AreaABSTRACTThe relationship between perception of the college classroom, academic performance as measured by first or second semester Grade Point Average (GPA), survival conflict, students' expectation of his/her academic performance and coping style were investigated in African-American college students. Subjects were 99 African-American and African-Caribbean American freshmen at three four year colleges in the New York/New Jersey metropolitan area. Questionnaires related to perception of the classroom, survival conflict and coping style, and a data sheet were administered. Gender comparisons were made. The hypothesis that African-American men and women would report different coping styles was supported. In addition, there is evidence to suggest that African-American men are more subject to survival conflict than African-American women. The hypothesis that African-American men would perceive the classroom more negatively than women was not supported. Students generally expressed positive attitudes about their high school and college classroom experiences. The results suggest that African-American men and women could benefit from the development of additional coping skills. Women could broaden their repertoire to include independent strategies, and men could develop more comfort in seeking external assistance.INTRODUCTIONThe crisis in higher education with regard to African-American students has been the cause of great concern to educators and researchers. Although more high school students are graduating, the numbers of African-Americans entering college have declined (Carter and Wilson, 1989). These changes have broad implications for the participation of African-Americans in the all areas of the American work force, particularly in high status, high income positions. Furthermore, the low retention and graduation rates have implications for family development and stability (with regard to the pool of employable African-American men), community stability, and role modeling for future African-American students. African-Americans who do not complete college have limited career options. Failure in college also has profound implications for students' self-esteem, which could influence their future educational and career aspirations.It is also evident that the outcome of the college experience is very different for African-American men and women. The statistics reveal that fewer African American men enter and finish college than African-American women (Carter and Wilson, 1989). It is important to attempt to determine which factors contribute to this outcome in order to intervene effectively. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of several non-cognitive variables on the academic performance of African-American men and women. These variables are perception of the high school and college classrooms, survival conflict, coping style and variables such as whether the student is a first generation college student, and the student's expectations of him/herself with regard to academic performance.REVIEW OF THE LITERATUREThere are a number of issues that deserve attention with regard to the academic success of African-American college students. Several researchers have found that non-cognitive variables are important. Nettles, Thoeney and Gosman (1986) suggest that college admissions offices should consider attitudinal measures since SAT scores do not predict college success for African-Americans as well as they do for Whites. Sedlacek (1987) found that variables such as positive self-concept, realistic self-appraisal, successful leadership experience and demonstrated community service are significantly related to the success of African-American students. …


This Essay serves as the foreword to the Denver University Law Review 2013 Symposium: Forty Years Since Keyes v. School District No. 1: Equality of Educational Opportunity and the Legal Construction of Metropolitan America. Over two-and-a-half days, the Law Review, in collaboration with the Tenth Judicial Circuit Historical Society, the Sturm College of Law's Office of the Dean, the Associate Dean of Institutional Diversity and Inclusiveness, the Constitutional Rights and Remedies Program, and the University of Denver's Morgridge College of Education, brought together original participants in the case, policy makers, school administrators as well as educators, community activists, and distinguished legal, social science, education, and humanities scholars to examine Keyes's impact today.As both the live symposium as well as the symposium articles printed attest, Keyes remains important for serious and thoughtful study as well as for legal application, although it failed miserably to become a more robust and wide-ranging Brown for the rest of America. Through the lens of Romero's experiences being born, raised, bused, and ultimately returning home to work and raise his family in the Denver area, the essay examines three ways to understand Keyes and its enduring legacy today. The essay begins by examining the many ways that Keyes pointed to an America in which the majority of inhabitants lived not only in urban areas but also in amorphous, sprawling metropolitan regions that lacked unifying hubs of culture, community, or local government. As this part surveys, a broad and diverse array of local, state, and federal government actions catalyzed a metropolitan revolution that continues to this very day.This metropolitization of the United States has had enormous consequences for racial relations that the Foreword explores in the next two parts. On the one hand, decentralization and fragmentation created opportunities for social mobility and achieving the American dream for unprecedented numbers of Americans, especially those who understood themselves as White and not subject to the racial sins of the past. By commuting in private automobiles that bypassed "blighted" neighborhoods and dying cities on federally financed expressways, and working and shopping in largely homogenous suburban communities, suburbanites evaded altogether the social mix and inequalities of their sprawling metropolitan regions. In this section, the essay details the many ways that the metropolitan revolution helped many Americans to believe that their cities were — as many believed Denver to be — one of relative social harmony where racial problems were a thing of the past. On the other hand, the fragmentation and isolation of metropolitan America obscured the extent that the nation was being fundamentally transformed by immigration from Latin America, Asia, and Africa, and the subsequent multiracial identities that emerged to claim space and place in these very same metropolitan regions. As this final section examines, a robust multi-color line, as in Keyes, had emerged to sweep away the spatial and racial certainties so clear in Brown and in every other Supreme Court desegregation case until 1973. It is a legacy that continues to this day. In the end, the essay argues that Keyes merits further reflection and study as lawyers and policy makers look for solutions to dismantle continued patterns of segregation and inequality in the twenty-first century United States.


Although art museums do not pay any substantial taxes, they are greatly affected by various U.S. tax rules. The individual receives a deduction for donations of art to museums, the estate gets a deduction for bequests, and the corporation gets a deduction for charitable gifts. Art museums also are not taxed on investment income or on some "related" business activities. This paper reviews the logic for these rules and discusses their economic effects. In combination, this set of tax provisions is found to have a tax expenditure that is larger than direct federal expenditures on art museums in the U.S. The amount of this tax expenditure or implicit subsidy has been falling in recent years because of reductions in the marginal personal income tax rates at which individuals deduct gifts. High income taxpayers are found to be the most responsive to marginal tax rates, and they also tend to give the largest amounts to the arts. Therefore the level of the top personal marginal tax rate is particularly important to art museums. Simulations here suggest that the personal marginal rate reduction in the Tax Reform Act of 1986 could reduce gifts to the arts by as much as 24 percent.


Two hypothecated charges to fund local public transport have recently passed
onto the statute books in the UK. The first is road user charging, with the London and
Durham the first to be implemented and the second is a workplace parking levy.
The use of such local hypothecated (or 'earmarked') mechanisms is not new.
Indeed a variety of such charges, local taxes and levies have been in use for decades
to fund public transport and (less frequently) as a tool for transport demand
management in the USA, Germany, Austria, Portugal, Scandinavia, India and
Singapore. In the general debate around the two new hypothecated charges in the UK,
this international experience has been largely neglected. The aim of this paper is to
detail a related and equally neglected area namely the local hypothecation of charges
to fund public transport improvements within Britain.
Under existing legislation it has been possible for some local authorities to
dedicate revenue streams from sources such as parking charges and planning gain to
develop and improve public transport services. There is also significant experience of
dedicated revenue streams in the private sector, for example at airports.
The paper details examples of the British experience of hypothecation and will
consider their lessons for the new and more radical measures that are now being
considered.


ABSTRACT We announce here the complete genome sequence of Paracoccus contaminans LMG 29738T, which we recently isolated from a contaminated water microcosm. The genome consists of a 2.94-Mb chromosome and a 94-kb plasmid. To our knowledge, we provide the first DNA methylation analysis of a Paracoccus species.


Malaysian trade has been traced since the period of 1947 and she experienced great instability in its export earning due to the high degree of trade dependence in that time period. However this crisis eliminated and the economic development emerged when the government decided to diversify the economy and embarked on an active policy of 'Import Substitution' in the 1970s. Following these policies Malaysian economy maintained sustained growth from 1970 to so far with the exception of the brief recession in the mid 1980s and 1997 financial crisis period and the sustained growth occurred within the framework of a liberal trade and investment regime as well as the extensive industrial policies. This paper studies the globalization process such as trade liberalization in the Malaysian economy and Malaysian environmental policies, environmental motivations toward sustainability from 1947 to 2005. Doing so, we extensively study various issues of Malaysia such as transition of Malaysian economy of pre and post industrial stage, trade liberalization policies that enhanced the trade liberalization, energy demand and air emission and Malaysian environmental policies of sustainability for 2020. Input-Output analytical model also used in this study to quantify the scenario emission estimation for 2020. In addition we also study various environmental legislations and rules, several agreements of Malaysia such as Montreal Protocol, Basel Convention, and Kyoto Protocol toward sustainable development.


Two European geographers and an economist analyze the impact of the 2008–2009 global economic recession on remittances in the Commonwealth of Independent States.
Drawing on balance-of-payments data as well as information on money transfers to and from the region, they detail the annual growth of remittances since 2001, illustrating the growing importance of this income stream to a number of countries in the region. Using quarterly data, they then provide details of the impact of the financial crisis on remittances starting with the 2007 credit crunch and intensifying with the collapse of global markets in 2008. Based on the impact of the 1998 Russian Crisis, they suggest that by 2012, remittances to the region could
fall to only one-third the 2008 level, and that a return to pre-crisis levels of remittances could
take almost a decade.


This chapter examines flightseeing as a new form of ecotourism that is emerging as popular by tourists who visit the South Island of New Zealand. The chapter sets out the cases that aerial viewing of unique areas of flora and fauna overcomes the many criticisms that ecotourism as an activity and industry sector have faced. The chapter presents the results of a detailed survey of users of a number of flightseeing companies and examines a range of issues including their motive for taking a scenic flight and their level of overall satisfaction with this unique experience. Industry personnel viewpoints are also assessed on issues ranging from overall safety, the perceived impacts caused and the scope for future growth of this sector of New Zealand's ecotourism industry.


Background: While people everywhere can struggle with sleep problems, poor sleep habits are clearly a problem on college campuses. Many studies reported that 15% of college students are unsatisfied with their quality of sleep. Many factors may contribute to the disturbances of sleep habits in college students.
Objectives: to examine the prevalence of nightmares among medical students and its gender relationship.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted over during the 2013-2014 academic year at the College of Medicine, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia.
Results: there were statistically significant relationship between students' gender and the frequency of nightmares per week (P-value=0.001), difficult falling in sleep (Pvalue=0.02), presence of insomnia (Pvalue= 0.01) , preferred drinks (P-value=0.001) and the frequency of eating fast food per week (Pvalue= 0.001).
Conclusion: These data demonstrate that sleep disturbances are a considerable issue among medical students. A high prevalence of nightmares was found in medical students.


The tropical tropopause layer (TTL) is the transition region between the well mixed, convective troposphere and the radiatively controlled stratosphere with air masses showing chemical and dynamical properties of both regions. The representation of the TTL in meteorological reanalysis data sets is important for studying the complex interactions of circulation, convection, trace gases, clouds and radiation. In this paper, we present the evaluation of climatological and long-term TTL temperature and tropopause characteristics in reanalysis data sets that has been performed as part of the SPARC (Stratosphere– troposphere Processes and their Role in Climate) Reanalysis Intercomparison Project (S-RIP). The most recent atmospheric reanalysis data sets all provide realistic representations of the major characteristics of the temperature structure within the TTL. There is good agreement between reanalysis estimates of tropical mean temperatures and radio occultation data, with relatively small cold biases for most data sets. Temperatures at the cold point and lapse rate tropopause levels, on the other hand, show warm biases in reanalyses when compared to observations. This tropopause-level warm bias is related to the vertical resolution of the reanalysis data, with the smallest bias found for data sets with the highest vertical resolution around the tropopause. Differences of the cold point temperature maximise over equatorial Africa, related to Kelvin wave activity and associated disturbances in TTL temperatures. Model simulations of air mass transport into the stratosphere driven by reanalyses with a warm cold point bias can be expected to have too little dehydration. Interannual variability in reanalysis temperatures is best constrained in the upper TTL, with larger differences at levels below the cold point. The reanalyses reproduce the temperature responses to major dynamical and radiative signals such as volcanic eruptions and the QBO. Long-term reanalysis trends in temperature in the upper TTL show good agreement with trends derived from adjusted radiosonde data sets indicating significant stratospheric cooling of around –0.5 to –1 K/decade. At 100 hPa and the cold point, most of the reanalyses suggest small but significant cooling trends of –0.3 to –0.6 K/decade that are statistically consistent with trends based on the adjusted radiosonde data sets. Advances of the reanalysis and observational systems over the last decades have led to a clear improvement of the TTL reanalyses products over time. Biases of the temperature profiles and differences in interannual variability clearly decreased in 2006, when densely sampled radio occultation data started being assimilated by the reanalyses. While there is an overall good agreement, different reanalyses offer different advantages in the TTL such as realistic profile and cold point temperature, continuous time series or a realistic representation of signals of interannual variability. Their use in model simulations and in comparisons with climate model output should be tailored to their specific strengths and weaknesses.


Abstract The purpose of the paper is to provide design and operational information for the conversion of small turboprop engines into land-based shaft power drives. These can provide economical solutions to individual power requirements such as standby electrical generators, combined heat and power units, fan drives or centrifugal compressor drives. Considerable numbers of ex-military engines are currently becoming available at economical prices. One such engine is the Rolls-Royce Dart turboprop gas turbine which, although there are over 2000 still in civil and military service worldwide, is now being phased out of Royal Air Force operation. This paper describes the modification of a Dart RDa 12 engine to drive a centrifugal compressor from a smaller RDa 7, Mk 552, engine for a compressed air facility on a university campus. The modified engine has a power of over 2400 hp (1790 kW) at 15000 r/min and the compressor was driven directly from the engine output shaft supplying 10.5 kg/s of air at a pressure ration of 3.3:1. To achieve this, the turboprop's main reduction gearbox was removed, the teeth on the engine drive pinion ground down and a flexible coupling fitted to it to drive the RDa 7 compressor which was flange mounted on the engine gearbox-air intake casing. The removal of the main gearbox removed the drives to the lubricating oil pumps the fuel pump and the engine control system. The manner in which these problems were overcome and the method of operating the system are described. One of the most important considerations in starting such a direct drive system is the complete closing off of the air intake to the driven compressor and the design of an annular valve to perform this duty is described. The operating parameters including the flow, pressure ratio and engine turbine entry temperatures for this system are given.


In this paper, I lay the groundwork for a new understanding of the origins and consequences of individual political predispositions. Borrowing from recent work in moral psychology, I adopt an intuitionist model. The theory suggests that a diverse set of deep moral intuitions – concerns for care, fairness, loyalty, respect, and purity – structure and constrain cognition in important ways. When individuals are confronted with political stimuli, flashes of positive or negative affect are causally prior to rational considerations. Because it offers a way to open the "black-box" of political predispositions, this new perspective has the potential to structure an integrated theory of individual attitudes and political behavior. I test the claims of the theory with nationally representative survey data collected in 2008. I develop hypotheses that link the intuitions to political orientations and behavior. With estimates of individuals' moral intuitions derived from a multidimensional item response model, I demonstrate the hypothesized relationships between intuitions and political identification. Individual differences in moral intuitions accounts for differences in partisanship, partisan stability and vote choice in primary and general elections. My results show that the intuitionist model has the potential to greatly increase our understanding of how individuals interact with the political world.


From 1392 until its dissolution in 1894, Chosŏn Korea's Office of Interpreters managed diplomatic relations with its vastly more powerful Ming and Qing neighbors. The Office was originally conceived out of a bureaucratic strategy to formalize the training of its interpreters and manage the volatile knowledge they possessed. This bureaucratizing of diplomacy created a distinct socio-economic niche for these interpreters, facilitating their social reproduction. This article argues that a distinct culture of knowledge also emerged in this process. Beyond language, interpreters also translated between multiple domains of knowledge. As experts of diplomatic protocol, they served as informants to their social and administrative superiors. As scholars, they produced compendia and handbooks that made their office legible to outsiders. As specialists, they asserted the dignity of their craft. And as diplomats, they were tasked with furnishing the "apt response" that enabled them to move between local exigency and the demands of state ideology. Herein lies the central dilemma of bureaucratic knowledge: the skill to do so required both cultivated erudition as well as accumulated experience, but its timely execution could not be legislated through bureaucratic rules—a tension between the desire to control and the need to preserve agency. The article deliberately locates bureaucracy in a domain (diplomacy), place (East Asia), and a time (premodern) that was not supposed to "have" bureaucracy in order to dispute the casual conflation of bureaucratization with modernization that has obscured the Korean Office of Interpreters in the global history of diplomacy. This article is part of a special issue entitled "Histories of Bureaucratic Knowledge," edited by Sebastian Felten and Christine von Oertzen.


The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in income and employment loss in many countries around the world. Yet, hardly any formal study exists on household finance and future economic expectations in poorer countries. To fill in this gap, we implemented and analyzed a web-based rapid assessment survey immediately after the removal of lockdown measures in Vietnam, a lower-middle-income country that has received widespread recognition for its successful fight against the pandemic. We find that having a job is strongly and positively associated with better finance and more income and savings, as well as more optimism about the resilience of the economy. Further disaggregating employment into different types of jobs such as self-employment and jobs with permanent and short-term contracts, we find those with permanent job contracts to be more strongly associated with better assessments and fewer job worries. Individuals with good health and higher educational levels also have more positive evaluations for their current and future finance. These findings are relevant for post-outbreak economic policies, especially regarding the labor market in a developing country context.


Content replication to many destinations is common in the IoT. IP multicast has proven inefficient due to a missing layer-2 support by IoT radios and its synchronous end-to-end transmission, which is susceptible to interference. Information-centric networking (ICN) introduced hop-wise multiparty dissemination of cacheable content, which proves valuable for lossy networks. Even Named-Data Networking (NDN), a prominent ICN, suffers from a lack of deployment.We explore a multiparty content distribution in an information-centric Web of Things built on CoAP. We augment CoAP proxies by request aggregation and response replication, which together with caches enable asynchronous group communication. Further, we integrate object security with OSCORE into the CoAP multicast proxy system for ubiquitous caching of certified content. We compare NDN, CoAP, and our data-centric approach in testbed experiments. Our findings indicate that multiparty content distribution with CoAP proxies performs equally well as NDN, while remaining compatible with the protocol world of CoAP.


In the recent past, sustainable tourism is a developing alternative type of tourism; this has led sustainable tourism to gain recognition by tourism developers and stakeholders. Nonetheless, tourism encounters various challenges such as people displacement, commercialization of culture, organic dilapidation, and economic dependency trough social economic development. However, sustainable tourism has gained recognition through providing alternative tourism development that is economically friendly, socially acceptable, and environmentally conducive. Sustainable tourism has led to better policing of eco-friendly practices. In Kenya, unsustainable practices such as mass tourism and stakeholders disagreements has for a long period challenged the economic, environmental and cultural development. However, Kenya has started to embraced sustainable goals in tourism development by realizing unsustainable practices negatively impact environmental and social economic development. Therefore, there is need to obtain a sustainable balance in development of social cultural practices in tourism development. These practices include stakeholders' participation, collaboration, and local community heritage interpretation on community sustainable tourism. Sustainable community heritage tourism involves people and place that is shared for decades hence the reason to sustainably protect the values for tourists experiences and the coming generations. Sustainable community challenges can be solved by understanding research objectives and gaps that focus on aspects that influence community based heritage tourism. Such gaps and objectives in this study include identifying the role of local communities in enhancing sustainable community based heritage tourism in Mt. Kenya region. The main objectives include identifying community interpretation of heritage, examining the role of stakeholders' participation, identifying stakeholders' collaborations and the impacts on sustainable community based heritage tourism. The study area covered Mt. Kenya region counties targeting the local communities and the park management. The targeted Mount Kenya region counties include Kirinyaga, Nyeri, Meru, Tharaka Nithi, and Embu. The research applied descriptive survey research design to allow comparison of findings of different respondents in different counties. Research questions and interview were used to collect the data which resulted to 85% questionnaire and 100% interview response rate of the total targeted 384 sample size. Demographics such as gender, age, marital status, and level of education were evident as key determining factors that influence local community roles in enhancing sustainability of community based heritage tourism in Mt. Kenya region. Male gender dominate in participating in sustainability of community based heritage tourism while age and marital status influence people availability based on commitments to family chores, roles and educational engagement of the young people. Similarly, level of education is a significant factor that determines knowledge of promoting sustainable practices in the region. The respondents indicated to have knowledge on heritage, value Mt. Kenya as a natural heritage site and can interpret heritage based on the availability of community forums and CBO in the region. The respondents indicated to be moderately involve in participating in CBT but highly indicated the desire to be included in Mt. Kenya heritage decision making and the need to have more stakeholders. The respondents indicated availability of local and international stakeholders' collaborations that promote sustainable tourism. Collaboration are importance in the region as a key factor in promoting sustainable inclusion of various stakeholders to promote sustainable community based heritage tourism in Mt. Kenya region. In recommendation, communities should be appropriately engaged without undermining their roles to enhance local people interpretation, create awareness, make informed decisions, and sustainability promote heritage. Moreover, policy makers should develop stakeholders' partnerships and collaborations policies for engagement.


Analytical methods for evaluating accessibility have been based on a spatial logic through which the impedance of distance shapes mobility and urban form through processes of locational and travel decision making. These methods are not suitable for understanding individual experiences because of recent changes in the processes underlying contemporary urbanism and the increasing importance of information and communications technologies (ICTs) in people's daily lives. In this paper we argue that analysis of individual accessibility can no longer ignore the complexities and opportunities brought forth by these changes. Further, we argue that the effect of distance on the spatial structure of contemporary cities and human spatial behavior has become much more complicated than what has been conceived in conventional urban models and concepts of accessibility. We suggest that the methods and measures formulated around the mid-twentieth century are becoming increasingly inadequate for grappling with the complex relationships among urban form, mobility, and individual accessibility. We consider some new possibilities for modeling individual accessibility and their implications for geographical analysis in the twenty-first century.


Employees can be seen as the most valuable asset of a company, as no company can operate without them. Therefore, it is important to keep them satisfied . The primary objective of this study is to investigate job characteristics and employee's job satisfaction with a specific focus on employees working in the steel manufacturing industry. The specific objectives were to determine the relationship between job characteristics and job satisfaction, to establish whether job resources and job demands, as independent variables, are significant predictors of intrinsic job satisfaction . A further objective was to determine whether job resources and job demands as independent variables are significant predictors of extrinsic job satisfaction . The research study, therefore, aims to gain valuable insight as to what the employees regard as important job characteristics to foster job satisfaction . This insight may be valuable for both management and organisation as a whole, in order to foster job satisfaction. In this study, a qualitative research approach was followed by using a crosssectional field survey, to include the wide range of age groups of the employees within the steel manufacturing industry. In this study, the participants consist of employees working in the steel manufacturing industry of South Africa. Questionnaires were distributed in Gauteng 600 hard copies, as well as an electronic version, were distributed to various steel manufacturing companies and CEOs of these companies. A total of n=278 responses were received. The finding of this study has shown that organisational support, growth opportunities and relationship with co-workers Uob resources) are all positively related to extrinsic motivation, while being negatively related to overload Uob demand) and job insecurity (small effect).


Biomimetic compound eyes with a high numerical aperture on a curved surface were successfully fabricated by intelligent integration of traditional top-down and bottom-up micro- and nanofabrication methods together. In addition, the new hybrid micro- and nanofabrication method allows us to fabricate the antireflective nanostructures on each ommatidium to increase its vision sensitivity by improving the light transmission. The fabricated compound eye was optically characterized and was shown to have a numerical aperture of 0.77 for each ommatidium. Furthermore, it is shown that the transmission of the compound eye can be improved by 2.3% for the wavelength of 632.8 nm and a clearer image can be formed by the fabricated compound eye with antireflective nanostructures compared with that without antireflective nanostructures. In addition, the developed hybrid manufacturing method can be adapted to the fabrication of other complex micro- and nanodevices for photonics or other research areas.


This poster paper describes the objectives, approach and use cases of the EC FP7 Integrated Project PERICLES. The project began on 1st February 2013 and runs for four years. The aim is to research and prototype solutions for digital preservation in continually evolving environments including changes in context, semantics and practices. The project addresses use cases focusing on digital art, media and science.


The paper by Masato Kimura seeks to clarify the contributions and limitations of Japanese business diplomacy by looking at the business mission to Britain and the US in 1921-22, and the Japanese Economic Mission to Europe and the United States of 1937. The paper argues that Japanese business diplomacy, while of significance particularly in building up international human networks, was insufficiently influential to prevent political and military conflict. Peter von Staden's paper focuses on the Iron and Steel Promotion Law of 1917 as a case study to explore the significance of the shingikai (deliberative councils) as a forum for formal and significant debate on isses of importance to both business and government. The paper argues that business interests saw the shingikai as a locus where conflicting interests could be resolved, calling into question the widespread assumption of across-the-board covert decision-making in the Japanese government-business relationship.


Gorham-Stout disease – also known as "disappearing bone disease" is currently considered a single entity with varying clinical manifestations. We reviewed the existent literature from the earliest historic description (Jackson in 1838) and Gorham and Stout's original series of patients, multiple case reports and series since. After analyzing 212 reported cases, we identified 76 cases with details that recorded either a history of multifocal disease or an identifiable history of preceding trauma. From this review, we have defined two distinct Gorham-Stout entities – those characteristically associated with lymphangiomatosis [a form of GLA (generalized lymphangiomatosis) questionably distinguishable by bone biopsy and radiologic appearance] with multifocal distributed bone lesions, and those others, usually self-limited, first appearing after a traumatic event and always confined to a single bone or closely adjacent one. Multifocal disease is more likely to have chylothorax as a complication. These two Gorham-Stout entities differ in their demographic distribution, clinical history and manifestations, and they follow divergent clinical courses. The prognosis differs, and so should approaches to monitoring as well as acute and long-term treatment. Further research should seek to identify and define the differences in pathology and molecular mechanisms. Lymphology 51 (2018) 18-27


This thesis is based on a case study of a Brazilian urban social movement that campaigns for state provision of low-income housing and that posits its demands in the language of citizenship and social rights. It makes a contribution to the study of state-society relations by detailing how understandings of citizenship shape the movement's interaction with different levels of the Brazilian state. The empirical data on which the thesis is based was gathered over the course of a year's fieldwork with the movement, involving participant observation and approximately seventy semi-structured interviews with movement leaders and members, politicians and professionals associated with the movement. It examines the activities of the movement in the context of Sao Paulo, a city characterized by high levels of income inequality, spatial segregation and illegally occupied land. Analysis of the movement's discourse highlights the link made by members and leaders between adequate housing and citizenship and their continued highly antagonistic stance towards the Brazilian state. Through the use of a 'politics of rights' the movement stresses the disjuncture between the constitutional right to housing and the state's wilful neglect of the housing needs of its poorer populations, developing the idea of limited citizenship. The movement's interactions with the state are then discussed in light of this disjuncture: these involve engagement in participatory policy councils, pursuit of legal cases against the state and acts of civil disobedience through occupations of empty buildings. The study concludes that in a context of illegality and exclusion it is through acts of 'transgressive citizenship' that the movement establishes its identity vis-a-vis the state and most successfully highlights the state's failure to provide housing.


This dissertation argues that the social and environmental problems we face are primarily the result of patriarchal or 'malestream' norms. These norms are constructed on hypermasculinist ways of being, thinking and doing that inhibit the growth and development of sustainable principles and practices. Responding to this assertion and following in the footsteps of deep ecology, social ecology and ecological feminism, the study brings masculinities concerns to the heart of the human/Nature relationship while also bringing concerns for society and the environment to the ways we think about men in the modern West. Further, it argues that if we are to achieve a truly sustainable future, then we must encourage men to reawaken their innate care. The dissertation declares that all men are born good and possess an infinite capacity to care and be caring. It is however recognised that these innate capacities for men to care and be caring are suppressed by 'men's oppression' and that this oppression can prevent men from expressing their fullest humanness to the detriment of all Others and themselves. The dissertation recommends that men develop emotional competencies along with their intellect and intuition in order to authentically nurture the relational space between Others and themselves. Building on feminist care theory, a theoretical framework termed ecological masculinism is introduced, which facilitates modern Western men to care for and be caring towards society, Nature and the self—concurrently. The dissertation constructs a theoretical framework for ecological masculinism that is accompanied by a plurality of ecomasculine praxes. This ecologised masculinities theory and praxes instigates a new conversation in environmental philosophy that facilitates the rise of 'ecomen' who serve important roles in forging a deep green future for all of life on Earth.


To simulate the spatiotemporal distribution of chemical compounds, we present BioFVM, an open-source reaction-diffusion equation solver using finite volume methods with motivation for biological applications. With various numerical solvers, we can simulate the interaction of dozens of compounds, including growth substrates, drugs, and signaling compounds in 3-D tissues, with cells by treating them as various source/sink terms. BioFVM has linear computational cost scalings and demonstrates first-order accuracy in time and second-order accuracy in space. Beyond simulating the transport of drugs and growth substrates in tissues, the ability to simulate dozens of compounds should make 3-D simulations of multicellular secretomics feasible.


We study the fluctuations of pulses in mode-locked lasers using the statistical light-mode dynamics approach. The analysis is based on a decomposition of the laser waveform into three parts: solitary pulse, intracavity noise continuum, and local overlap. We discover significant features in the fluctuation dynamics, beyond those known in existing theories that disregard the continuum component of the waveform, most notably oscillations in the autocorrelation functions of the pulse power and frequency parameters, and an enhancement of the phase jitter diffusion constant. The theoretical results are corroborated by numerical simulations.


Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a significant contributor to lifetime disability and frequently emerges in adolescence, yet little is known about the neural mechanisms of MDD in adolescents. Dynamic causal modeling (DCM) analysis is an innovative tool that can shed light on neural network abnormalities. A DCM analysis was conducted to test several frontolimbic effective connectivity models in 27 adolescents with MDD and 21 healthy adolescents. The best neural model for each person was identified using Bayesian model selection. The findings revealed that the two adolescent groups fit similar optimal neural models. The best across-groups model was then used to infer upon both within-group and between-group tests of intrinsic and modulation parameters of the network connections. First, for model validation, within-group tests revealed robust evidence for bottom-up connectivity, but less evidence for strong top-down connectivity in both groups. Second, we tested for differences between groups on the validated parameters of the best model. This revealed that adolescents with MDD had significantly weaker bottom-up connectivity in one pathway, from amygdala to sgACC (p=0.008), than healthy controls. This study provides the first examination of effective connectivity using DCM within neural circuitry implicated in emotion processing in adolescents with MDD. These findings aid in advancing understanding the neurobiology of early-onset MDD during adolescence and have implications for future research investigating how effective connectivity changes across contexts, with development, over the course of the disease, and after intervention.


In many real-world classication problems, the labels of training examples are randomly corrupted. Thus, the set of training examples for each class is contaminated by examples of the other class. Previous theoretical work on this problem assumes that the two classes are separable, that the label noise is independent of the true class label, or that the noise proportions for each class are known. We introduce a general framework for classication with label noise that eliminates these assumptions. Instead, we give assumptions ensuring identiability and the existence of a consistent estimator of the optimal risk, with associated estimation strategies. For any arbitrary pair of contaminated distributions, there is a unique pair of non-contaminated distributions satisfying the proposed assumptions, and we argue that this solution corresponds in a certain sense to maximal denoising. In particular, we nd that learning in the presence of label noise is possible even when the class-conditional distributions overlap and the label noise is not symmetric. A key to our approach is a universally consistent estimator of the maximal proportion of one distribution that is present in another, a problem we refer to as \mixture proportion estimation." This work is motivated by a problem in nuclear particle classication.


A generalized Filbert matrix is introduced, sharing properties of the Hilbert matrix and Fibonacci numbers. Explicit formulae are derived for the LU-decomposition and their inverses, as well as the Cholesky decomposition. The approach is to use q-analysis and to leave the justification of the necessary identities to the q-version of Zeilberger's celebrated algorithm.


One approach to improving efficacy in MS therapy is to identify medications that provide additive or synergistic benefit in combination. Orally administered cholesterol-lowering HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (known as statins), which exhibit immunomodulatory properties and are effective in treatment of the MS model EAE, are being tested in MS. As atorvastatin can enhance protective Th2 responses and has a different mechanism of action than glatiramer acetate (GA), a parenterally administered immunomodulatory agent approved for MS treatment, we tested whether the combination of these agents could be beneficial in EAE. Combination therapy using suboptimal doses of atorvastatin and GA prevented or reversed clinical and histologic EAE. Secretion of proinflammatory Th1 cytokines was reduced--and conversely Th2 cytokine secretion was increased--in these mice, but not in mice treated with each drug alone at the same doses. Monocytes treated with the combination of suboptimal doses of atorvastatin and GA secreted an antiinflammatory type II cytokine pattern and, when used as APCs, promoted Th2 differentiation of naive myelin-specific T cells. Our results demonstrate that agents with different mechanisms of immune modulation can combine in a synergistic manner for the treatment of CNS autoimmunity and provide rationale for testing the combination of atorvastatin and GA in MS.


Abstract. We present a new high-resolution marine pollen record from NW Iberian margin sediments (core MD03-2697) covering the interval between 340 000 and 270 000 years ago, a time period centred on Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 9 and characterized by particular baseline climate states. This study enables the documentation of vegetation changes in the north-western Iberian Peninsula and therefore the terrestrial climatic variability at orbital and in particular at millennial scales during MIS 9, directly on a marine stratigraphy. Suborbital vegetation changes in NW Iberia in response to cool/cold events are detected throughout the studied interval even during MIS 9e ice volume minimum. However, they appear more frequent and of higher amplitude during the 30 000 years following the MIS 9e interglacial period and during the MIS 9a-8 transition, which correspond to intervals of an intermediate to high ice volume and mainly periods of ice growth. Each suborbital cold event detected in NW Iberia has a counterpart in the Southern Iberian margin SST record. High to moderate amplitude cold episodes detected on land and in the ocean appear to be related to changes in deep water circulation and probably to iceberg discharges at least during MIS 9d, the mid-MIS 9c cold event and MIS 9b. This work provides therefore additional evidence of pervasive millennial-scale climatic variability in the North Atlantic borderlands throughout past climatic cycles of the Late Pleistocene, regardless of glacial state. However, ice volume might have an indirect influence on the amplitude of the millennial climatic changes in Southern Europe.


Background Within mathematics education research, policy, and practice, race remains undertheorized in relation to mathematics learning and participation. Although race is characterized in the sociological and critical theory literatures as socially and politically constructed with structural expressions, most studies of differential outcomes in mathematics education begin and end their analyses of race with static racial categories and group labels used for the sole purpose of disaggregating data. This inadequate framing is, itself, reflective of a racialization process that continues to legitimize the social devaluing and stigmatization of many students of color. I draw from my own research with African American adults and adolescents, as well as recent research on the mathematical experiences of African American students conducted by other scholars. I also draw from the sociological and critical theory literatures to examine the ways that race and racism are conceptualized in the larger social context and in ways that are informative for mathematics education researchers, policy makers, and practitioners. Purpose To review and critically analyze how the construct of race has been conceptualized in mathematics education research, policy, and practice. Research Design Narrative synthesis. Conclusion Future research and policy efforts in mathematics education should examine racialized inequalities by considering the socially constructed nature of race.


As part of the general helicopter research program being undertaken by the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics to provide designers with fundamental rotor information, the forward-flight performance characteristics of a typical single-rotor helicopter, which is equipped with main and tail rotors, have been investigated in the Langley full-scale tunnel. The test conditions included operation of tip-speed ratios from 0.10 to 0.27 and at thrust coefficients from 0.0030 to 0.0060. Results obtained with production rotor were compared with those for an alternate set of blades having closer rib spacing and a smoother and more accurately contoured surface in order to evaluate the performance gains that are available by the use of rotor blades having an improved surface condition. The wind tunnel results are shown to be in fair agreement with the results of both flight tests and theoretical predictions.


Prostatic diseases are common; benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) is almost ubiquitous in elderly men and 899,000 men were diagnosed with prostate cancer worldwide in 2008. The incidence of both is increasing and expected to continue to rise. Therefore, prostatic diseases represent a considerable economic burden, but there are currently no reliable markers available to accurately differentiate indolent from aggressive disease nor to predict who will benefit from treatment for either BPH or prostate cancer. This results in over and under-treatment of both diseases with consequent patient related morbidity and mortality.
The molecular mechanisms underlying the natural history of prostatic diseases remain elusive. It is accepted that prostate cell growth and survival are exquisitely dependent upon activation of the androgen receptor (AR) by androgens. Following ligand binding, AR undergoes further phosphorylation at serine residues, which inhibit proteolytic degradation, stabilise AR and influence AR transactivation. It is therefore plausible that alterations in AR phosphorylation may drive prostatic disease progression. However, few studies have explored the significance of AR phosphorylation, or the kinases driving AR serine phosphorylation in the clinical setting.
The over-riding objective of this study was to establish the clinical relevance of AR serine phosphorylation status in prostate tissue in both BPH and prostate cancer. The specific aims of the current study were:
• To firstly establish and validate a panel of AR phosphospecific antibodies.
• To evaluate site specific AR serine phosphorylation expression levels in prostate cancer and BPH patient cohorts, with full clinical data and follow-up.
• To investigate the expression of candidate kinases mediating such phosphorylation.
This involved establishing tissue banks with linked comprehensive clinical databases, and utilising this tissue to establish AR phosphorylation expression profiles for each patient.
Six AR phosphospecific antibodies (pARS81, pARS94, pARS213, pARS515, pARS578, pARS650) were verified using peptide competition assays and western blotting. Cdk1, ERK1/2, Akt and PKC were identified as putative kinases mediating AR phosphorylation using the online kinase search tool Scansite 2.0.
Immunohistochemistry was performed on hormone naive diagnostic prostate cancer tissue relating to 90 patients. High expression levels of AR phosphorylation at serine sites 81, 515 and 578 were each associated with a poorer clinical outcome. Following cox regression analysis, cytoplasmic pARS515 expression (p=0.038, HR 4.5 (95% CI 1.1–20.6)) and pARS81 nuclear expression (p=0.030, HR 0.033 95% CI 0.002-0.721) were independently associated with shorter time to biochemical relapse and shorter disease specific survival respectively. Cdk1 and/or pCdk1161 were significantly associated with pARS81 and pARS515 as predicted by Scansite 2.0. Similarly, nuclear PKC expression was significantly associated with pARS578 expression both in the cytoplasm and the nucleus. In patients with PSA at diagnosis ≤20ng/ml, high cytoplasmic pARS515 expression was associated with significantly shorter time to biochemical relapse (p=0.019). This translated into significantly shorter disease-specific survival (p<0.001, 10y survival 38.1% vs 100%).
Prostate cancer patients with a low serum PSA level at diagnosis may be suitable for delayed radical treatment via active surveillance. An investigation was therefore undertaken in 51 prostate cancer patients treated by active surveillance. Active surveillance is a deferred radical treatment approach which provides a potential solution to the problem of over treatment as a result of over-diagnosis. However some patients harbour occult aggressive disease and delay in treatment may result in disease progression and failure of radical therapy. Although none of the individual AR serine phosphorylation sites were associated with clinical outcome measures on univariate analysis, high expression of total AR in the cytoplasm (p=0.021, HR 4.6 (95% CI 1.3-16.8)) and presence of perineural invasion in the tumour specimen (p=0.003, HR 8.6 (95% CI 2.1-35.7)) were deemed independent with regards to shorter time to treatment intervention in a cox regression analysis.
Validation of the results seen in the first active surveillance prostate cancer cohort was undertaken in a second prospectively collected cohort consisting of 84 active surveillance patients. The results in the first cohort were not replicated in the second. Although cytoplasmic pARS81 was associated with time to intervention (p=0.032) and pARS515 expression trended towards an association (p=0.072), an increase in patient numbers in both cohorts may have provided more reliable results. However even with the numbers available in contrast to the first active surveillance cohort, but in line with the pilot prostate cancer cohort, Cdk1 was associated with pARS515 expression, and pCdk1161 trended towards an association.
BPH is also an androgen driven disease dependent upon the AR. Previous research into predictive and prognostic markers in BPH is scant. Therefore a comprehensive analysis of clinical and novel pathological factors, including markers of inflammation, was performed in 336 BPH patients. Following this a complete panel of AR serine phosphorylation sites, and associated kinases, was analysed with reference to clinical outcome measures in the BPH cohort. Low expression levels of total AR and AR phosphorylated at Ser-81, 515 and 650 were associated with poorer clinical outcomes. Low expression of smooth muscle pARS515 (p=0.029, HR 0.31 (95% CI 0.10-0.94)) and older age (p=0.004, HR 5.13 (95% CI 1.43-18.41)) were deemed independent on cox regression analysis with regards to shorter time to postoperative acute urinary retention (AUR). Furthermore, low expression of pARS515 in the smooth muscle was associated with increased incidence of postoperative AUR in patients over 70 years old (25.1% vs 2.8% at 10 years following transurethral resection of prostate (TUR)), (p=0.002, HR 0.20 (95% CI 0.06-0.62)). This may have important clinical implications in postoperative counselling of these patients. In addition it may influence the decision to commence early postoperative medical treatment (with 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors and/or alpha blockers) on a prophylactic basis in these patients. Cytoplasmic pARS650 expression (p=0.010, HR 0.50 (95% CI 0.29-0.86)) and PSA at diagnosis (p=0.018, HR 1.89 (95% CI 1.11-3.16)) were independently associated with time to failure of surgical intervention. Furthermore, low expression of pARS650 in the cytoplasm was associated with increased failure of surgical intervention in patients with PSA ≥4ng/ml at diagnosis (45.5% vs 13% at 5 years post TUR), (p=0.026, HR 0.52 (95% CI 0.29-0.93)).
This comprehensive study on immunohistochemical expression of site specific AR serine phosphorylation and associated kinases fills a gap in the current literature. It has demonstrated the clinical significance of AR serine phosphorylation in prostate cancer and BPH and uncovered potentially exciting new avenues for future investigation. Site specific serine phosphorylation of the AR may serve as a prognostic and predictive biomarker in prostatic disease and has potential as a future target for therapeutic intervention.


Most of modern controlled electric drive applications, such as lifts, cranes, and tooling machines, are characterized by a high ratio of the peak to average power. In addition, such applications have high demand for braking at the full rated power. In ordinary drives, the braking energy, which represents 30%-50% of the consumed energy, is dissipated on a brake resistor. Apart from this "energetic" issue, power supply interruption and the input current quality are two additional issues to be solved. A novel regenerative controlled electric drive based on an ultracapacitor as energy storage is presented in this paper. The ultracapacitor with an interface dc-dc converter is used to store and recover the braking energy. In addition, the dc-dc converter controls the rectifier current and reduces the drive input current total-harmonic-distortion factor down to 30%. Moreover, the dc bus voltage is boosted and controlled to be constant and ripple free regardless of the load and the mains voltage variation. In comparison to state-of-the-art solutions, the new solution has better performance regarding size, cost, and efficiency. The presented solution is theoretically analyzed and experimentally verified. The results are presented and discussed.


Trade integration has advanced far in East Asia whereas financial integration has been lagging. Important policy initiatives have, however, been taken. This process will eventually require further relaxation of cross-border capital controls, which in turn will make exchange rate stabilisation schemes more difficult to operate. These developments seem to run counter to the perceived need to promote intra-regional exchange rate stability in order to maintain trade integration. However, it would be risky to impose regional exchange rate stabilisation schemes over an indefinite period. Monetary union could still be a worthy objective, but near-term exchange rate stabilisation should not be part of the road map. Copyright 2008 The Authors Journal compilation 2008 Blackwell Publishing Ltd


The chiral discrimination in the self-association of 2,5-diketopiperazines derivatives has been studied using density functional theory (DFT) methods. Hence, clusters from dimers to tetramers have been considered. We have found a variety of linear and cyclic structures depending on the geometry of the monomers. In general, the heterochiral dimers (RR:SS or SS:RR) are more stable than the homochiral ones (RR:RR or SS:SS) with slight energetic differences. Nevertheless, most of the larger clusters (trimers and tetramers) show changes in stability, the homochiral cyclic structures being favored due to the better geometry of the hydrogen bond and/or the higher number of interactions. Some interesting correlations between the hydrogen bond geometrical descriptors and theoretical parameters obtained from the Natural Bond Orbital analysis (NBO), Natural energy decomposition analysis (NEDA), and the Atoms in Molecules theory (AIM) have been found. The chiral discrimination in the recognition process of these self-complexes has been evaluated. In addition, evidence of cooperative effects has been observed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


In order to accommodate the desired percentage of the target users of a product, decisions must be made to ensure that the design satisfies performance requirements such as user safety, comfort, and ease of use. The marketing concept of "utility theory" is one approach to quantifying the effects of design decisions. It is leveraged in this study to develop a design evaluation approach that considers: a) factors that may be either design-related (design specifications) or user-related (relevant body dimensions) and b) the raw material investment in the design. Based on data collected during a usage behavior study involving doorways of numerous sizes, a conditional logit model was developed to predict the utility of a doorway as a function of its size and the user's stature and shoul- der breadth. Next, an eco-design parameter was incorporated into the model as a penalty based on raw material usage. This approach was found to be useful in studying frequently encountered tradeoffs in decisions that could potentially increase product sustainability but could also reduce the utility of the product to the user.


Sensory cue integration in the human brain plays a crucial role in perception. The neurobiology community have assembled an ample amount of data and behavioral evidence in recent decades enhancing our understanding about sensory information processing in the human brain and in perception. The primary aim of this thesis is to model the sensory cue integration in the biological brain by drawing on the neurobiological findings gathered so far. At the higher level of abstraction, four main characteristics of sensory cue integration are examined this research endeavor by means of modeling; multimodal dynamics, hierarchical sensory cue integration, crossmodal interactions and multisensory integration. Moreover, the computational modeling effort addresses the limitations of some current fusion techniques and theoretical frameworks on multisensory integration. Four unsupervised neural network models are designed and implemented to capture the characteristics of sensory cue integration. Eventually a fusion framework is built by merging the functionalities and neuronal dynamics of these four neural network models. Empirical evaluation of the these models are performed using real data sources drawn from the application ~eas such as image processing, lip reading and bioinformatics. Further analysis of these models explains some of the key neurobiological properties in cross¬modal integration: binding problem, crossmodal matching, congruent/incongruent cue processing, reliability-based selective attention, inverse effectiveness, silent lip reading and ensemble coding hypothesis in cue integration. While these models explain possible mechanisms underlying sensory integration they can be used to solve problems in real data mining applications. The fusion framework allows proper integration of multiple data sources to discover hidden patterns and rela¬tionships in an unsupervised manner. Furthermore, it allows a data analyst to investigate patterns under different level of granularities from multiple data sources.


Regular exercise has been well established to be of physical and psychological benefit to the growing child. Recently, the issue of sudden death during sport has been brought to public attention after the tragic deaths of a few high profile athletes. The need for screening before participation has been queried and task forces have been established to devise recommendations in this area. Physicians are also being faced with a growing population of children and young adults with complex congenital heart defects who are surviving thanks to advances in medical and surgical treatment. An understanding of the residual haemodynamic lesions in these children is essential in order to make sensible recommendations for their ongoing participation in sport. The role of the physician is to impose sensible restrictions based on an assessment of the patient's potential risk of sudden death and of deterioration of cardiac haemodynamics as a result of sport while at the same time encouraging participation in sport as much as is safely possible.

In adults, regular exercise retards the development of coronary artery disease, hypertension, and obesity.1 Training improves cardiac output and oxygen extraction at the tissue level in addition to decreasing myocardial oxygen demands for the same level of external work.2 Exercise has also been shown to have psychological benefits and reduce the incidence of stress and depression. These findings are relevant to paediatrics as those who establish regular exercise patterns are more likely to continue these endeavours throughout adulthood.3 Participation in sports is an important part of social development for every child and unnecessary restriction can result in alienation and stigmatisation. Children with congenital heart disease can also benefit from regular exercise with an improvement in cardiac output, oxygen consumption, and treadmill times.4 5

Based on this information, some degree of regular exercise …


A complete theory describing the transmission of atomic vapor Faraday filters is developed. The dependence of the filter transmission on atomic density and external magnetic field strength, as well as the frequency dependence of transmission, are explained in physical terms. As examples, applications of the computed results to ongoing research to suppress sky background, thus allowing Na lidar operation under sunlit conditions, and to enable measurement of the density of mesospheric oxygen atoms are briefly discussed.


The nutritional status of an individual can directly interfere in the immune system. The aim of the present study was to analyze the influence of body mass index (BMI) on the total and differential circulating leukocytes count in women. 112 women aged 32.55±7.48 years, divided into 6 groups: G1 low weight (n=8), G2 eutrophic (n=26), G3 overweight (n=20), G4 obesity I (n=16), G5 obesity II (n=19) and G6 obesity III (n=23) were selected. Regular physical activity practitioners, diabetic, hypertensive and/or individuals with thyroid gland alterations were excluded. The blood samples were collected from the antecubital vein and the circulating leukocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils count were analyzed by blood smears in a Neubauer chamber. The statistical analysis used was ANOVA followed by Tukey's for multiple comparisons of parametric data, and when the data were nonparametric, Kruskal-Wallis test was used followed by Dunn's test (p≤0.05). G6 group presented a lower relative and absolute count of lymphocytes and higher count of relative neutrophils as compared with G2. In comparison with the G2, the G5 group presented higher total number of monocytes. In absolute number of eosinophils, G5 and G6 showed higher levels as compared with G4. G6 also presented lower absolute basophils count when compared with G5. It is possible that the higher number of neutrophils in G6 and eosinophils in G5 and G6 indicate a more inflammatory and allergic profile, which is related to excess of body mass.


"College students' alcohol expectancies, perceptions of risk, alcohol use, and risk behavior were examined. In line with existing research, alcohol expectancies were predicted to explain risky behavior, and risk perceptions were hypothesized to predict alcohol use. Theoretically relevant interactions were also explored. Participants completed questionnaires assessing alcohol use, risky behavior participation, alcohol expectancies, and perceptions of risk. As hypothesized, expectancies predicted alcohol use and risky behavior, but risk perceptions were not significantly related to risky behavior and marginally related to alcohol use. Nevertheless, the relationship between risk perception and alcohol use was stronger for males than females. Implications and future directions for investigation are discussed."--Abstract from author supplied metadata.


Since the passage of the "Help America Vote Act" in 2002, nearly half of the states have adopted a variety of new identification requirements for voter registration and participation by the 2006 general election. There has been little analysis of whether these requirements reduce voter participation, especially among certain classes of voters. In this paper we document the effect of voter identification requirements on registered voters as they were imposed in states in the 2000 and 2004 presidential elections, and in the 2002 and 2006 midterm elections. Looking first at trends in the aggregate data, we find no evidence that voter identification requirements reduce participation. Using individual-level data from the Current Population Survey across these elections, however, we find that the strictest forms of voter identification requirements—combination requirements of presenting an identification card and positively matching one's signature with a signature either on file or on the identification card, as well as requirements to show picture identification—have a negative impact on the participation of registered voters relative to the weakest requirement, stating one's name. We also find find evidence that the stricter voter identification requirements depress turnout to a greater extent for less educated and lower income populations, for both minorities and non-minorities.


AIM
To evaluate the incidence of late biliary complications in non-resectable alveolar echinococcosis (AE) under long-term chemotherapy with benzimidazoles.

METHODS
Retrospective analysis of AE patients with biliary complications occurring more than three years after the diagnosis of AE. We compared characteristics of patients with and without biliary complications, analyzed potential risk factor for biliary complications and performed survival analyses.

RESULTS
Ninety four of 148 patients with AE in Zurich had non-resectable AE requiring long-term benzimidazole chemotherapy, of which 26 (28%) patients developed late biliary complications. These patients had a median age of 55.5 (35.5-65) years at diagnosis of AE and developed biliary complications after 15 (8.25-19) years of chemotherapy. The most common biliary complications during long-term chemotherapy were late-onset cholangitis (n = 14), sclerosing cholangitis-like lesions (n = 8), hepatolithiasis (n = 5), affection of the common bile duct (n = 7) and secondary biliary cirrhosis (n = 7). Thirteen of the 26 patients had undergone surgery (including 12 resections) before chemotherapy. Previous surgery was a risk factor for late biliary complications in linear regression analysis (P = 0.012).

CONCLUSION
Late biliary complications can be observed in nearly one third of patients with non-resectable AE, with previous surgery being a potential risk factor. After the occurrence of late biliary complications, the median survival is only 3 years, suggesting that late biliary complications indicate a poor prognostic outcome.


In recent years, there has been a surge in the study of representation and elections in local politics. Scholars have made progress on many of the empirical barriers that stymied earlier researchers. As a result, the study of representation and elections in local politics has moved squarely into the center of American politics. The findings of recent research show that local politics in the modern, polarized era is much more similar to other areas of American politics than previously believed. Scholars have shown that partisanship and ideology play important roles in local politics. Due to the growing ideological divergence between Democrats and Republicans, Democratic elected officials increasingly take more liberal positions, and enact more liberal policies, than Republican ones. As a result, despite the multitude of constraints on local governments, local policies in the modern era tend to largely reflect the partisan and ideological composition of their electorates.


The treatment of periodontitis necessitates thorough removal of bacterial biofilm during the initial therapy andperiodontal
maintenance phase. However debridement using hand instruments and/ or oscillating scalers is both technically demanding,
time consuming, may lead to severe root damage over time and also may cause ulceration of the oral gingival epithelium
which allows oral biofilm microbiota to reach the blood stream.Subgingival air polishing has been introduced as a novel
approach to removal of biofilm as it causes minimal trauma to the hard and soft tissues. Light micrography studies have shown
that with some air polishing powders there is discernible erosion of the oral gingival epithelium with exposure of underlying
connective tissue. This inflammation along with the concentrated aerosol micro-environment of the gingival sulcus causes
systemic dissemination of the oral biofilm microbiota. Recent developments in subgingival air polishing powders have
improved upon their previous drawbacks as with causing no epithelial damage in addition to being
antiinflammatory,immunomodualatory and cytoprotective. The introduction of new aerosol reduction devices have resulted in
the generation of significantly fewer mean quantity of colony forming units which becomes pertinent in the present scenario of
rising cases of peri-implant diseases. The focus of this review article is to discuss the significance of subgingival air polishing
as a simple and cost effective medical insurance.


Market and accountability educational reforms have proliferated around the globe, along with high expectations of solving countries' school quality deficits and inequities. In this paper I develop an analytical framework from a critical sociology angle for analyzing the effects of these policies within schools. First I discuss conceptually the configuration of this quasi-market schema and develop the notion of the 'performing school'. Additionally, I study the effects of these policies within schools, based on a literature review of 130 papers, and focused particularly on a smaller body of critical sociology research (56 papers). The aim is not to produce a comprehensive overview of policy benefits and disadvantages, but to understand school transformations within the current policy scenario. Schools, in this context, are placed within a competition-based schema, where managers and teachers continuously have to compete, marketize and perform 'successfully' according to external criterion. These policies are not only changing school practices and triggering 'secondary' effects, but, moreover, they are transforming school life, ethics and teaching profession subjectivities in complex and deeply-rooted ways. In this paper I attempt to challenge policy assumptions and a technocratic view of policy implementation, and invite readers to rethink the nature and consequences of these policy formulae.


The title reaction has been investigated by experimental and computational (DFT) techniques, and subsequently compared to the corresponding carbocupration reaction, with particular emphasis on the stereoselectivity. For stannylcupration of an ynone substrate, only the anti-addition product is observed, whereas for the corresponding ynoate substrate, the stereoselectivity can be affected by the reaction conditions: in the presence of methanol as proton donor, the initial syn-addition product can be trapped, whereas a syn/anti mixture is obtained in a non-protic solvent. This is in sharp contrast to the carbocupration of the same ynone substrate with a cyanocuprate (RCu(CN)Li), which is highly selective for syn-addition. The product selectivities can be understood from a detailed computational characterization of the reaction paths, and in particular from the relative stabilities of the vinyl cuprate and allenolate intermediates. It is suggested that the stereodetermining step is protonation of vinyl cuprate intermediates.


The aim of this investigation was to explore the merits of the Unified Model of Task-specific Motivation (UMTM). As in this model task-specific components from several partly conflicting theories were integrated, this study constitutes an important contribution to the further development of consensus about motivation theory. Four relatively independent types of valences are the core of the UMTM. Affective and cognitive valences represent feelings while doing an activity and thoughts about the value of its consequences respectively; both types of valences can be positive and negative, hence calling for approach and avoidance motivation respectively. The interaction between these four categories of valences results in a valence expectation, which influences readiness for action. Valences in turn are influenced by four categories of task-specific antecedents, namely appraisals of autonomy, feasibility, and social relatedness, and subjective norm. The global question we tried to answer was to what extent motivational data on specific activities could be modeled in accordance with the UMTM and how different, specific activities affect the influence that the components of the model exert. Structural equation modeling of questionnaire responses of 335 teachers on all components of the model except negative valences with respect to three imaginary types of professional learning activities (formal training, personal study, and reflection on practice) revealed that characteristics of the task determine to what extent components of the model come into play. It is concluded that the model represents a first promising step towards reuniting conflicting theories of motivation.


Little lunch counter with your many stools, And your nervous pacing manager fools; How do you feel amid this confusion and strife? Do you object to a change inevitable in life? What's your stand in this crucial matter? Little lunch counter with your top full of salt and often sticky, Many of your managers are now getting tricky; They close the doors in haste and despair As soon as some citizens make an appearance there. What's your stand in this crucial matter? What's the solution little roach ridden creature? What kind of ideas do you have to feature? Do you suggest that we stand as we patronize? I'm sure if we did our troubles would be few. What's your stand in this crucial matter? If you could only speak and tell us what you have in mind, It's almost certain that your suggestion would not be unkind. " 'The trouble,' " I'm sure you'd say, " 'certainly is not my fault, And this stupid mess should be brought to a screeching halt.' " (1) Ode To A Lunch Counter was written by Robert Booker, a student leader and activist during the Knoxville, Tennessee, sit-ins. While the poem has sarcastic overtones, it does bring an awareness of what people will endure because "that's the way it is." Race relations in Knoxville in the late 1950s and 1960s differed from those in other southern cities. Knoxville was not a city in the "deep South," never had many slaves, and only ten percent of the population was African American. The violence encountered by civil rights activists in other southern cities did not take place in Knoxville. Racial discrimination was muted by an overriding paternalism. "You get caught up in things and you go along with it because it's the mood of the time," commented black civil rights activist Reverend Matthew A. Jones, Sr. regarding African Americans' willingness to deal with the paternalistic environment. (2) The Civil Rights Movement in Knoxville was influenced by the larger Movement, yet it retained distinctive elements that characterized Knoxville in the 1960s. A deeper understanding of the Civil Rights Movement will emerge from investigations into the individual communities in which civil rights protests occurred. The influence, reaction, and motivation for participants in specific communities depended on the political, social, and economic climate of that place at that particular time. While the Movement occurred across the South from the mid 1950s through the 1960s, and inspired protestors throughout the region, it was not homogeneous. Individuals and organizations were not always cohesive. Civil rights organizations and their members had differing reasons for being involved. Membership in a particular organization did not necessitate complete agreement with that organization's methods or goals. What is important to remember is that individuals and organizations participated because of a variety of influenc es. This research looks specifically at these influences in one community, particularly the political rhetoric that affected the Knoxville protests. While the Knoxville sit-in story deserves to be heard, this research looks at the effects of local political rhetoric on the non-violent movement in Knoxville. Methods of communication, specifically political rhetoric, can not be isolated from particular historical events. By listening to the voices of those involved, we become aware of the importance of language. These voices include segregationists and desegregationists whose rhetoric, while persuasive, was not always successful. The term political rhetoric often has pejorative overtones. Political is commonly associated with the evils of bureaucracy or a conniving sense of dishonesty. 'Within the context of this essay, political concerns the art of guiding or influencing specific governmental policy. In rhetoric, politically neutral is an oxymoron. Speech while important is but one aspect of rhetoric, "defined as the human effort to induce cooperation through the use of symbols. …


This study focuses on the organisation, and transformation of agriculture among the Kipsigis of Western Kenya in the period preceding and during colonialism. Data was collected from both primary and secondary sources and subjected to corroborative analysis using the historical method. An eclectic approach borrowing certain paradigms from the underdevelopment and dependency and articulation of modes of production theories were employed as the major tools of analysis. From the beginning it is demonstrated that the pre-colonial agriculture in the Kipsigisland was dynamic, innovative, diverse, efficient, self-reliant and suited to the needs of the Kipsigis people. It is argued that the Kipsigis agricultural organisation was sound and rational and based on the people's knowledge of their environment.
The colonial penetration set a chain of events in motion which systematically modified, marginalised and subordinated the Kipsigis indigenous agriculture. Animal husbandry fell prey to the colonial manouvrers of depleting the Kipsigis stock. The Kipsigis farmers were peasantised and their role as commodity producers was articulated and firmly enforced. Part of the Kipsigis labour was proletarianised as migrant and resident workers in settler farms, and later as a semi-proletariat in the Kipsigisland. The Kipsigis local industry was marginalised by the incoming merchant capital and as more and more Kipsigisland was alienated for European settler farming activities, the Kipsigis indigenous land tenure systems was gradually changed and tended to forms of privatization. However, it is argued, indigenous agricultural organization did not disappear; it kept readjusting, was articulated and co-existed with the colonial capitalist sector in a contradictory manner of "destruction/preservation" or"conservation/dissolution". It emerges more clearly from the study that although agricultural land, animal husbandry, labour, and trade policies were aimed at achieving maximum benefits for the white settlers and the colonial state, the Kipsigis seem to have reacted in their own ways to exploit such policies for their own economic advantages. The Kipsigis were definitely not passive to the new colonial agricultural policies - they perceived them correctly accepting those that were of benefit to them while rejecting the undesirable ones, even if for a while as was the case of maize.


Out of the first series of public lectures titled (Re) membering Kenya organised by the Volume editors together with Twaweza Communications and supported by the Goethe Institut Kenya, The Ford Foundation and the Institute for International Education, and whose key outcome was the publication of Remembering Kenya Vol.1 (2010) grew a second round of lecture series. The second series took cognisance of the fact that the problems that bedevil Kenya as a nation go far beyond questions of culture and identity that Volume 1 dealt with. Thus, the second presentations revolved mainly around issues of economics, governance and power. The awareness of the role and/or lack of equity and social justice in causing Kenya's persistent problems informed all these presentations. Issues of how to bring marginalised groups into the mainstream were discussed. This Volume, in part, arises from the second presentations. The authors of chapters attempt to provide answers to the question: what entails (re)membering in post-conflict Kenya? From their work, it is clear that there is a lot to (re)member in Kenya, and many ways in which to reconfigure project Kenya. (Re)membering is re-thinking and re organising our ways of doing things. It entails a juggling of priorities; between peace and reconciliation, peace and justice, and seeking justice and reconciliation without undermining peace, all of which are arduous exercises. Reconciling misconceptions about places, issues and people is part of this reconstitution too. New pathways require being embraced, past mistakes (individual and collective) acknowledged and giving earnest meaning to the vow "never again!" Yet, as observed in this Volume, Kenyans must be vigilant against individuals and groups that have often resisted change. There are also material constraints to the achievement of the various economic activities that come with reconfiguring the Kenyan nation. Worse still there exist certain cultural underpinnings that continue to have a debilitating effect on efforts to forge a sustainable peace after conflict. These aspects require deep reflection and honest work. In part, the contributors to this Volume suggest how it can be done. There is a hint in these chapters that we need to find new organizing spaces and principles on which a 'new' Kenya can move forward. Equally, debating the very meanings of social justice and reconciliation against the background of potential conflict should be a project of this endeavor. Questioning and identifying where impunity begun is key to this process. In doing so, we begin liberating ourselves from Kenyan society's deep-rooted impunity. (Re)membering Kenya, after all, calls for a reconstruction of "the journey to the conflict" in order to find the right balance between the right of remembrance and the duty of forgetfulness.


The worldwide transfer of non-indigenous invasive aquatic organisms via ships'
ballast water and shellfish translocation has been widely shown to cause significant
ecological, economic and human health impacts. In 2004 the International Maritime
Organisation (IMO) adopted the International Convention for the Control and
Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments. This legislation (still to be
ratified) requires all ships to introduce by 2016 approved systems capable of treating
ballast water to strict microbial standards. The latter has reinvigorated interest in the
application of chemical biocides, because mechanical separation and physical
treatment are unable to kill bacteria. The present work examined the effectiveness of
several proposed chemical ballast water treatment options using toxic dinoflagellate
resting cysts, vegetative marine microalgae and bacteria as model organisms.

The chemicals tested included the ballast water biocides Peraclean®Ocean and
SeaKleen®, the chlorine dioxide biocide Vibrex ®and the hull antifouling agent
Econea®. All biocide tests were conducted using filtered seawater (28 %o) and natural
estuarine water ranging in salinity from 23.7-28.6%o. Peraclean®Ocean was
biodegradable within 2-6 weeks, could effectively eliminate vegetative microalgae at
100 ppm, inactivated resting cysts of marine dinoflagellates (Gymnodinium
catenatum, Alexandrium catenella, A. pseudogonyaulax, Protoceratium reticulatum)
at 200-2000 ppm, and could control bacterial growth of Escherichia coli,
Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria innocua and Vibrio alginolyticus at 125-250 ppm.
SeaKleen®eliminated vegetative microalgae at 2 ppm and could control
dinoflagellate cysts at 6-20 ppm but displayed poor bactericidal properties (100-200
ppm required) and poor biodegradability. The burial of dinoflagellate cysts in 0.5 and
1 mm of ballast tank sediment severely reduced the effectiveness of Peraclean ®
Ocean and SeaKleen®. Vibrex®is not a suitable treatment option due to the need for
hydrochloric acid as an activator, however it was found to be the most effective
against bacteria (complete inhibition at 15 ppm) indicating that onboard chlorine
dioxide generators may provide an effective bacterial treatment. Econea®controlled
vegetative microalgae at 0.5 ppm but failed to inactivate G. catenatum cysts even at a
concentration of 1000 ppm, suggesting that the product lacks the penetrability required to infiltrate the walls of dinoflagellate cysts. The applicability of ballast
water biocides is limited by factors such as cost, biological effectiveness, reduced
efficacy in the presence of sediments and lower water temperatures (6°C compared
to 17°C), and possible residual toxicity of the discharged ballast water.

Translocation of bivalve shellfish for outgrowing purposes or to establish new
shellfisheries also poses a significant risk for transport of harmful algae. This study
showed that viable microalgal cells of A. catenella, Cryptoperidiniopsis brodyi, G.
catenatum, Karenia papilionacea, Kryptoperidinium foliaceum, Pfiesteria
shumwayae and cysts of G. catenatum can readily pass through the digestive tract of
adult Pacific oysters and blue mussels. Several treatment options currently used by
shellfish farmers for controlling fouling and pathogens were tested against Pacific
oysters. Vegetative cells of A. catenella, G. catenatum and K. fohaceum could not be
eliminated from the digestive tract of Pacific oysters following 24 h immersion in
freshwater or by 48 h exposure to hydrogen peroxide (400-600 ppm) or chlorine
dioxide (40-60 ppm). Depuration in filtered seawater for 7 days was identified as the
only effective treatment option. Recommendations for future research, along with
potential alternative treatment options, are identified and discussed.


Since 2007, Coke Studio has rapidly become one of the most influential platforms in televisual, digital and musical media, and has assumed a significant role in generating new narratives about Pakistani modernity. The musical pieces in Coke Studio's videos re-work a range of genres and performing arts, encompassing popular and familiar songs, as well as resuscitating classical poetry and the musical traditions of marginalised communities. This re-working of the creative arts of South Asia represents an innovative approach to sound, language, and form, but also poses larger questions about how cultural memory and national narratives can be reimagined through musical media, and then further reworked by media consumers and digital audiences. This article considers how Coke Studio's music videos have been both celebrated and criticised, and explores the online conversations that compared new covers to the originals, be they much loved or long forgotten. The ways in which the videos are viewed, shared, and dissected online sheds light on new modes of media consumption and self-reflection. Following specific examples, we examine the larger implications of the hybrid text–video–audio object in the digital age, and how the consumers of Coke Studio actively participate in developing new narratives about South Asian history and Pakistani modernity.


ANSC 618. Histology of Mammalian Organ Systems. 3 Hours. This course will cover the specialized cell biology and microscopic anatomy for each of teh mammalian organ systems, as well as consider current research with regards to each system. The objective is to understand how cells organize into tissues and organ systems and how these systems function in the body, as well as appreciate the microscopic appearance of cells, tissues and organs.


This document represents a contribution made by the Tripartite Committee comprising the Organization of American States (OAS), the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) and the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) to the fourth Ministerial Meeting of the Pathways to Prosperity in the Americas Initiative, in Santo Domingo, on 5 October 2011. This initiative for promoting growth and prosperity provides a forum for countries to learn from each other's experience and for them to share lessons learned and best practices as they seek to put broader opportunities within the reach of everyone in the region. Against this backdrop, this document sets out lessons learned and success stories, both in the region and elsewhere, concerning the thematic areas identified as priorities for the initiative. These priorities include promoting the development of micro-, small, and medium-sized enterprises by supporting, among other things, their productive linkages and their access to credit and the global market; facilitating trade; training a modern labour force; and developing sustainable business practices.


Tourism has been and will continue to be one of the biggest and most profitable industries in the world. Sport is obviously a very important aspect of society in many different ways: culturally, economically and socially. Like in the past, local authorities continue to regard all sporting events as a way of promoting and positioning their destination. Participation in sport events relates to tourism because it also involves travelling to host destinations. Therefore, the aim of our study is to compare participation in small and large sport-for-all events in relation to tourism in Slovenia. We analysed the factors determining differences in the travel behaviours of sport event participants and certain aspects of participation (travel behaviour, frequency of sport event participation, reasons for participation) at the largest cycling event in Slovenia (the Franja cycling marathon) and two smaller cycling events (the "Three hearts Radenci" recreational cycling marathon and the "Around the region of Prlekija" recreational cycling marathon). The study analysed the active participants of different cycling sport events. The sample of respondents consisted of 382 participants. We found that over the third of the participants take on the role of a sport tourist in their travels. They are also very sport-active in their leisure time. The majority of them are engaged in sport activities more than three times a week. The results indicate differences in travel behaviour and sport-active lifestyles among the participants of different types of small and larger sport events.