Introduction1. Warriors on the Homefront: American Women and World War II"We Want to Live, Not Merely Exist", by A Black Woman's Letter to FDR"I Got Caught Up in That Patriotic 'Win the War' ", by Juanita Loveless"A Guidebook for Women War Workers": Wanted, Women in War Industry, by Laura Nelson Baker"Hitler Was the One That Got Us Out of the White Folks' Kitchen", by Fanny Christina Hill"The Changes Started When I First Started Working", by Beatrice Morales Clifton"I Felt Degraded, Humiliated, and Overwhelmed", by Yoshiko Uchida"Saying 'No' Was the Only Way You Could Become a Wave", by Mary Meigs"I Believe the War Was the Beginning of My Seeing Things", by Peggy Terry"There Was Prejudice Against Conscientious Objectors", by Wilma and William Ludlow"Please Come Back to Me Soon", by Letters from the Home Front"The Girls Proved to Be Simply Remarkable", by Jacqueline Cochran"Women Are Idealistic", by Eleanor Roosevelt"I Learned Things I Didn't Even Know Happened in the World", by Susan Laughlin"The War Marked Me", by Betty Basye Hutchinson2. The Unquiet Decade: Domesticity, Work, and Social Activism in Postwar AmericaModern Woman: The Lost Sex, by Marynia Farnham and Ferdinand Lundberg"To Rescue Us Wretched Slaves", by Adlai Stevenson"I Knew I Wasn't Going to Make It... to the 'Colored Ladies' Toilet", by Melba Pattilo Beals"Things Cannot Go On as They Are in Dixie", by Lillian Smith"I Speak as a Woman", by Margaret Chase Smith"I Didn't Think I Should Have to Give It Up", by Rosa Parks"It Was the Longest Block I Ever Walked in My Whole Life", by Elizabeth EckfordWant Ads, by Atlanta Journal-Constitution"We Saw Women as a Vehicle for a New Peace Action", by Dagmar Wilson"The Union Wasn't for Us Blacks", by Florence Rice"A Grim Specter Has Crept Upon Us", by Rachel Carson"Is This America?", by Fannie Lou Hamer"Having a Baby Inside Me Is the Only Time I'm Really Alive", by Anonymous"Before I Knew It, I Was Caught Up", by Adrienne Mann"I Was There to Help Them", by Nannie Washburn and Mary Dora Jones"The Newest Glamour Girl of Our Times", by Helen Gurley Brown3. Making the World Anew: Different Paths to Sexual Equality"I Felt the World Was Passing Me By", by Herma L. Snider"The Problem That Has No Name", by Betty FriedanCivil Rights Act: Title VII, 1964"The Time Has Come for a New Movement Toward True Equality", by National Organization of Women (NOW)"1968, a Year of Exhilaration", by Dana Densmore"Women Are an Oppressed Class", by Redstockings Manifesto"Your Time Is Now, My Sisters", by Shirley Chisholm"What Is Liberation?", by Editorial in Women: A Journal of Liberation"I Gave Every Ounce of Time and Energy... to Let People Know How Ghastly the War Was", by Lucy Whitaker Haessler"New Approaches to the Study of Women in American History", by Gerda Lerner "Talking Want Ad": From a Women's Song BookJanet Smith"Consciousness: That's Exactly Why We're Here", by Vivian Gornick"The Male God Language Is Just So Overwhelming to Me", by Terri Berthiaume Hawthorne"I Want the Right to Be Black and Me", by Margaret Wright"I Am Angry for My Sisters", by A Letter to Ms. Magazine"A New Revolution Within a Revolution Has Begun", by Jennie V. Chavez"The Woman Is the Victim", by Sarah WeddingtonRoe v. Wade, 1973, by The United States Supreme CourtOur Bodies, Ourselves, by Boston Women's Health Book Collective"What It's Like to Be Me", by A Round Table of Perspectives by Young Ms. Readers"You Can't Talk About Women's Rights Until We Include All Women", by Dorothy Bolden"We Remember Our Sisters": A Jewish Women's Haggadah, by Aviva Cantor Zuckoff"Recognizing Ourselves in History", by Michelle Russell"We Are Here to Move History Forward", by Declaration of American Women, 1977"Black Women Are Inherently Valuable", by Combahee River Collective"The Positive Woman Knows Who She Is", by Phyllis Schlafly"Dear Mary Catherine", by A Collection of Letters by Rural Kentucky Women4. Retrenchment: Gains and Losses During the Reagan/Bush Era"We Support Equal Rights and Equal Opportunities for Women", by 1980 Republican Party Platform"You Just Want to Do a Little Better", by Wendy Robinson Brower"Good Husbands Are Good Leaders", by Jerry Falwell"Homemakers Need the Equal Rights Amendment", by Homemakers' Equal Rights Association"We Are Gathering Because Life on the Precipice Is Intolerable", by Women's Pentagon Action"Liberation... Isn't Finished", by Betty Friedan"The Best-Kept Secret About Men", by Ellen Kreidman"An Ethic of Care", by Carol Gilligan"An Inequality of Sacrifice", by Coalition on Women and the Budget"I Proudly Accept Your Nomination", by Geraldine Ferraro"It Created a Myth Among Women", by Smart Women, Foolish Choices"It's a Gentle Life, Sometimes", by Frances Wells Burck, ed."Something Moved--Some Possibility of Trust Was Created", by Rachel Bagby"This Motherhood Business", by Nina Barrett"The Woman's 'Part' ", by Pope John Paul II, Apostolic Letter on Women"The Huge, Hidden Emotional Cost to Women", by Arlie Hochschild"The High-Performing Career-and-Family Woman Can Be a Major Player", by Felice Schwartz"Our Holding Will Allow Some Governmental Regulation of Abortion", by United States Supreme Court"How Long Can This Go On?", by Catherine Whitney"I Want the Chance to Excel", by Patricia Godley"Cherish Your Human Connections", by Barbara Bush"Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus", by John Gray"I Am Not Given to Fantasy", by Anita Hill"You Have Made Us Ladies Again", by Sarah J. McCarthy"The Educational System Is Not Meeting Girls' Needs", by How Schools Shortchange Girls"The Myth of the Miserable Working Woman", by Rosalind C. Barnett and Caryl River"Rape in America Is a Tragedy of Youth", by Rape in America: A Report to the Nation"A Woman's Right to Reproductive Choice Is One of Those Fundamental Liberties", by Justice Harry Blackmun, Planned Parenthood v. Casey"Just Another Lifestyle Choice", by Vice President Dan Quayle"Few Generalizations to Be Made About Single Mothers", by Roberto Suro5. The Third Wave: Feminism and Family Values in the 1990s"It Was Payback Time", by Eloise Salholz et al."The Military Services Shall Open Up More Specialties and Assignments to Women", by Defense Department Directive, 1993The Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993"We Won't Stop Fighting", by Naomi Wolf"Domestic Violence Is a Staggering Social Problem", by Family Violence Prevention Fund"We're Coming Home, America", by Torie Osborn"This Extraordinary Chance and Challenge", by Ruth Bader Ginsburg"I'm Not Giving Up", by David Anthony Forrester"Women's Rights Are Human Rights", by Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, 1995"You Gotta Do What You Gotta Do", by Virginia Schein, ed."I Have Long Opposed Government Recognition of Same-Gender Marriages", by President Bill Clinton"To End Welfare As We Know It", by Welfare Reform Legislation"Our Society's Ugly Secret", by Virginia Macken Fitzsimmons"All Mommies Are Monsters", by Erica Jong"A Wife Is to Submit Herself to Her Husband", by Baptist Faith and Message"It Was Now or Never", by Doris Haddock"The Modern Diva of Domesticity", by Molly O'Neill"Our Biology Hasn't Changed One Bit", by Claudia Kalb et al.Approval of the Abortion Pill, by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Directive"I Will Work My Heart Out for You", by Hillary Rodham Clinton6. Shaping a New Millennium: Old Problems and New Visions"To Be Known on Our Own Terms", by Kate Shanley"No One Teaches Women How to Know Pleasure", by Amy Larocca"I Am Still Single", by Lynne Hektor"Best Practices", by Catalyst"To Raise a Successful Daughter", by Nicky Marone"It's Extremely Disheartening to See How Far We Have Not Come", by Reed Abelson"When Women Speak Their Minds, They're Seen as Harsh", by Neela Banerjee"Out of Our Sheer Humanity Comes Common Ground", by Elizabeth Birch"I Feel I'm Neither Here Nor There", by Diane K. Shah"Raising Kids Is Like Competing in a Triathlon", by Barbara Kantrowitz"The Fruit of a Patriarchal System", by Barbara Newman"We Must Find Community Out of Differences", by Gerda Lerner"We Will Keep Moving Forward", by National Organization of Women (NOW)"The Future Is Ours to Lose", by Naomi Wolf"Breaking Tradition", by Janice MirikitaniFurther Reading About Twentieth-Century American WomenIndex


Books * Berger, Arthur Asa (2003). Media & Society: A Critical Perspective. Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield Publisher, pp. 256. * Hanson, Ralph (2004). Mass Communication: Living in a Media World. New York: McGraw-Hill. Ralph Hanson begins his book Mass Communication: Living in a Media World with an apt metaphor to describe the challenge facing scholars who write about media and society today. He employs Jon Krakauer's attempt to experience and write about climbing Mount Everest with other journalists and the ensuing deaths of eight climbers as an entrypoint to discuss the complexities and consequences of living in a media world. Climbing Mount Everest strikes me as an appropriate way to describe the challenge facing both Hanson and Arthur Asa Berger as they try to make sense of the mountain of literature under the media and society umbrella in a pedagogically coherent and comprehensive manner. It is a mammoth task and one that both authors accomplish admirably within their own theoretical frameworks. They seamlessly cover topics that run from media economics and structures to representations, the impact of technology, law, ethics, and advertising. Indeed, a main merit of both books is that they offer an impressive overview of a large field that straddles many disciplines. However, while both texts deliver on their attempts to introduce students to the mediated world that they inhabit, the limitations of their approaches are apparent in the first few pages. "Consider Howard's day as a sophomore in college," starts Hanson's Mass Communication: Living in a Media World. Berger begins Media SSociety: A Critical Perspective with: "One night in 2003, a young college student-let's call him Johnny Q. Public-turned on his television set to watch an episode of Friends." While the two authors should be applauded for trying to engage with student audiences through data that highlight the relevance of media to their daily lives, the choice of these anecdotes suggests that both texts suffer from a lack of feminist engagement. Indeed, the fact that both leads-to borrow a journalistic term-identify young male readers indicates that these books might benefit from some critical analyses of their own. I must admit that as a feminist scholar, I was concerned about the gendered assumptions implicit in these introductions. If the authors were trying to mimic the masculinist representations inherent in some mainstream media texts, they succeeded. If not, their approaches, while thoughtful and relevant additions in most respects, need to be questioned on how they conform to gender stereotyping in the media. Part of the blame can be laid at the door of the wide-ranging demands of writing an introductory textbook. When authors attempt to survey a large field or network of fields like media and communications studies, it is reasonable to assume that some issues will invariably be left behind. However, when two communications textbooks from different theoretical perspectives begin with similar gendered anecdotes, it begs the question of whether there is a larger problem within communications studies. Or, more specifically, whether these examples reflect a discipline that pays attention to media and gender but has yet to recognize feminist critique in its own pedagogical practices. …


Abstract. The two-way transition between closed and open cellular convection is addressed in an idealized cloud-resolving modeling framework. A series of cloud-resolving simulations shows that the transition between closed and open cellular states is asymmetrical and characterized by a rapid ("runaway") transition from the closed- to the open-cell state but slower recovery to the closed-cell state. Given that precipitation initiates the closed–open cell transition and that the recovery requires a suppression of the precipitation, we apply an ad hoc time-varying drop concentration to initiate and suppress precipitation. We show that the asymmetry in the two-way transition occurs even for very rapid drop concentration replenishment. The primary barrier to recovery is the loss in turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) associated with the loss in cloud water (and associated radiative cooling) and the vertical stratification of the boundary layer during the open-cell period. In transitioning from the open to the closed state, the system faces the task of replenishing cloud water fast enough to counter precipitation losses, such that it can generate radiative cooling and TKE. It is hampered by a stable layer below cloud base that has to be overcome before water vapor can be transported more efficiently into the cloud layer. Recovery to the closed-cell state is slower when radiative cooling is inefficient such as in the presence of free tropospheric clouds or after sunrise, when it is hampered by the absorption of shortwave radiation. Tests suggest that recovery to the closed-cell state is faster when the drizzle is smaller in amount and of shorter duration, i.e., when the precipitation causes less boundary layer stratification. Cloud-resolving model results on recovery rates are supported by simulations with a simple predator–prey dynamical system analogue. It is suggested that the observed closing of open cells by ship effluent likely occurs when aerosol intrusions are large, when contact comes prior to the heaviest drizzle in the early morning hours, and when the free troposphere is cloud free.


As the number of violent extremist attacks in the Sahel has expanded rapidly in recent years, the number of Violent Extremist Offenders (VEOs) in prison has grown in parallel at an alarming pace. This policy brief focuses on VEOs held in prisons in Mali, using primary data gathered during semi-structured interviews with VEOs conducted between 2016 and 2019. The brief provides a profile of the VEOs, including their backgrounds and, crucially, their reasons for engagement with terrorist groups. It also provides an overview of the prison structure, in order to illustrate the system for managing the VEO population, and identifies gaps or opportunities for improvement, particularly in relation to managing risk and implementing rehabilitation interventions. Finally, this brief provides recommendations for additional efforts needed to ensure that both Malian and international policymakers are able to tailor their responses to the growing issue of VEOs in a manner that will ensure that prisons become places that contribute to successful (eventual) reintegration of inmates, rather than places that exacerbate the problem of extremism and radicalisation.


Introduction: Intramedullary nail fixation has become the standard of treatment for tibial shaft fractures. Aims: The aim was to compare the results of the interlocking nail with Ender′s nail, which are less expensive in our country for diaphyseal fracture of the tibia. Materials and Methods: This prospective pilot project was conducted on 30 patients after taking institutional ethical clearance and consent of the subjects in a time period of 1-year. Fifteen patients were treated with intramedullary nailing (Group I) in the tertiary care hospital while 15 with Ender′s nail (Group II) in a rural hospital (with the lack of modern operative facilities). Results: The skeletal injury was classified according to AO/OTA classification. The majority of the patients were operated in 2 nd week of injury in our study. Average time taken for Ender′s nail was 41.33 min and the average time for interlocking nail was 74 min, and the difference was highly significant (P < 0.01). The mean c-arm shot needed 18.66 and 49.00 for Ender′s nail and interlocking nail, respectively; which was highly significant (P < 0.01). The majority of Ender nail group were allowed partial weight-bearing after 6 th weeks postoperatively while in interlocking nail group it could be allowed as early as 3 weeks. The majority of cases shows sign of clinical union in 8-12 th week in the interlocking group (%) and 13-16 th week in Ender′s nail group. About 60.00% cases in Ender group and 86.66% cases in interlocking nail group had excellent results. Conclusion: Interlocking nails should be the first implant of choice to operate tibial diaphyseal fractures and the use Ender′s nails should be done with caution in selected low-demand patients with suitable fracture patterns having financial constraints as well.


It is frequently argued that the political culture of the United States has been dominated by liberal values. Yet there is good evidence that the American state has been particularly prone to sanction the use of violence against its own subjects – violence directed not only against those who were deemed ethnic or racial outsiders but also – more perplexingly – against insiders, like white workers. How can this be explained? This paper suggests that, contrary to conventional wisdom, there was an important strand of European-style conservatism in the United States. While labour leaders made regular use of the language of liberty, business elites and their political and military allies repeatedly reached for the language of order versus chaos. These conservatively-minded elites were the main instigators of state repression against insiders, especially during the periods of high industrial conflict from the 1870s to the 1930s. The paper considers why they were more prone to reach for repression than their European counterparts. It examines differences in their capacity to engage in repression – including the absence of an aristocratic officer corps and an independent state bureaucracy – as well as differences in the ideological environment.


To our knowledge, this is the first study of the mitochondrial proteome or N-terminome during bacterial infection. Identified cleavage sites that had not been previously reported in the mitochondrial N-terminome and that were not generated in canonical apoptosis revealed a pathogen-specific strategy to control human cell apoptosis. These data inform new mechanisms of virulence factors targeting mitochondria and apoptosis during infection and highlight how enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) manipulates human cell death pathways during infection, including candidate substrates of an EPEC protease within mitochondria. This understanding informs the development of new antivirulence strategies against the many human pathogens that target mitochondria during infection. Therefore, mitochondrial stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture-terminal amine isotopic labeling of substrates (MS-TAILS) is useful for studying other pathogens targeting human cell compartments. ABSTRACT Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) causes severe diarrheal disease and is present globally. EPEC virulence requires a bacterial type III secretion system to inject >20 effector proteins into human intestinal cells. Three effectors travel to mitochondria and modulate apoptosis; however, the mechanisms by which effectors control apoptosis from within mitochondria are unknown. To identify and quantify global changes in mitochondrial proteolysis during infection, we applied the mitochondrial terminal proteomics technique mitochondrial stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture-terminal amine isotopic labeling of substrates (MS-TAILS). MS-TAILS identified 1,695 amino N-terminal peptides from 1,060 unique proteins and 390 N-terminal peptides from 215 mitochondrial proteins at a false discovery rate of 0.01. Infection modified 230 cellular and 40 mitochondrial proteins, generating 27 cleaved mitochondrial neo-N termini, demonstrating altered proteolytic processing within mitochondria. To distinguish proteolytic events specific to EPEC from those of canonical apoptosis, we compared mitochondrial changes during infection with those reported from chemically induced apoptosis. During infection, fewer than half of all mitochondrial cleavages were previously described for canonical apoptosis, and we identified nine mitochondrial proteolytic sites not previously reported, including several in proteins with an annotated role in apoptosis, although none occurred at canonical Asp-Glu-Val-Asp (DEVD) sites associated with caspase cleavage. The identification and quantification of novel neo-N termini evidences the involvement of noncaspase human or EPEC protease(s) resulting from mitochondrial-targeting effectors that modulate cell death upon infection. All proteomics data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD016994. IMPORTANCE To our knowledge, this is the first study of the mitochondrial proteome or N-terminome during bacterial infection. Identified cleavage sites that had not been previously reported in the mitochondrial N-terminome and that were not generated in canonical apoptosis revealed a pathogen-specific strategy to control human cell apoptosis. These data inform new mechanisms of virulence factors targeting mitochondria and apoptosis during infection and highlight how enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) manipulates human cell death pathways during infection, including candidate substrates of an EPEC protease within mitochondria. This understanding informs the development of new antivirulence strategies against the many human pathogens that target mitochondria during infection. Therefore, mitochondrial stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture-terminal amine isotopic labeling of substrates (MS-TAILS) is useful for studying other pathogens targeting human cell compartments.


Japanese researchers reported this week that the first trial of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells in a human has proved safe and effective in halting the progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), though there was minimal improvement in vision. AMD is the leading cause of vision loss in the elderly. The team took a skin sample from the patient and derived iPS cells, which can be used to create all the tissues within a body. They differentiated the iPS cells into the kind of retinal tissue damaged by AMD and surgically slipped a small replacement graft into one of the patient9s eyes. Starting with the patient9s own cells avoids the chance of immune rejection of the new tissue. But deriving such genetically matched cells is so expensive the group will use material from an iPS cell bank for further trials.


Adolescence is usually described as a period of search for sensations, great impulsivity, and risky behavior. How can this circumstance affect the intentional inference of adolescents who have to reconsider their intentions after performing a task? In this article we show that adolescents who had seen a very cautious agent acting in a Classic Wumpus World (CWW) environment and who had quite reliably predicted their movements in a later round, adopted a much more risky prediction of the agent's movements when they had to reconsider some of their original intentions in a slightly modified Wumpus World environment (or MCWW-Modified Classic Wumpus World-version). This result could support the vision of adolescents as optimistic improvisers in their decisionmaking processes.


We have previously described a cyclotriveratrylene (CTV)-based complex, [Pd6L8](12+), that forms a highly symmetric stella octangula cage. Here we report on the ability of this system to host sodium salts of three alkyl sulfates; octyl (SOS), dodecyl (SDS) and tetradecyl (STS). (1)H NMR chemical shift and diffusion coefficient measurements reveal that two molecules of alkyl sulfate reside in the cage, though rapid exchange between cage and bulk solvent is apparent. Host : guest association constants have been determined and support for the internalisation of the sulfates is available from 2D ROESY and NOESY data.


Traditionally, by means of full quantum theory, we present the intensity noise transfer function of an Er-doped fiber laser, on the basis of which we analyze the spectrum of the intensity noise. Our theoretical results are in agreement with the existing experiment results. This model explains not only how the noise is produced, but also how the spontaneous emission and dipole fluctuations have an effect on the output noise, which cannot be explained via rate equation theory. We analyze the physical sources of various contributions to the noise spectrum as well. The simulation results show that the noise of the Er-doped fiber laser mainly consists of the vacuum noise resulting from the output coupling, dipole fluctuation noise, the pump source intensity noise, and the spontaneous emission from the upper level to the ground level, which provides the theoretical basis for noise suppression. Compared to the solid laser, the Er-doped fiber laser shows lower resonant relaxation oscillation frequency.


Mutually pumped phase conjugation with a recording time of few milliseconds is obtained in Bi12TiO20 crystals by use of transient photorefractive beam coupling under a dc external electric field. It is demonstrated that the additional acceleration of the positive-feedback-loop formation is required for successful generation of transient phase-conjugate wave fronts. This acceleration is provided by the high-intensity transient photorefractive surface wave that appears immediately after application of the external electric field as the result of coupling of the incident beam with the reflected fanning beams. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first experimental observation of a transient photorefractive surface wave.


In Edward Said: Continuing the Conversation, Edward Said's long-time friends and collaborators continue their dialogue with Said where they left off following his death in the fall of 2003. The essays, imagining and recalling the cadences of Said's conversation, take various forms, including elaborations on his ideas, applications of his thought to new problems, and recollections of the indescribable electricity that made conversation with him intense and memorable. This lively, personal tone is a direct result of editors Homi Bhabha and W. J. T. Mitchell urging contributors to write in the spirit of a conversation interrupted, a call on hold, a letter waiting for a reply, a question hanging in the air. This is a work of immense imaginative and intellectual force and compelling candor, honoring Said's legacy as an activist intellectual. This collection includes essays by Lila Abu-Lughod, Daniel Barenboim, Akeel Bilgrami, Paul Bove, Timothy Brennan, Noam Chomsky, Ranajit Guha, Harry Harootunian, Saree Makdisi, Aamir Mufti, Roger Owen, Gyan Prakash, Dan Rabinowitz, Jacqueline Rose, and Gayatri Spivak.


Four experiments were conducted to determine the effects of plant pigments (carotenoids) on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) broodstock, egg quality, growth, FCR, SGR, survival and carotenoids retention in the flesh, skin, egg of female and male broodstocks. Six experimental diets with different sources of plant pigments containing alfalfa, clover, carrot, tomato, acorn fruit and corn gluten meal and two other diets consisting of commercial feed + 50ppm artificial astaxanthin for broodstock and commercial feed +100ppm for fingerling and juvenile were examined. In the first experiment the effects of plant pigments on broodstock were studied. In this experiment, each replication contained 10 females and 5 males broodstock aged about four years old with 1240 + 10g lives weight. There were 8 treatments namely control (A) which contained commercial feed and treatment B (A+5%alfalfa meal), treatment C (A+5% clover meal), treatment D (A+5% carrot meal), treatment E (A+5% acorn fruit meal), treatment F (A+5% tomato meal), treatment G (A+5% corn gluten) and treatment H (A+50ppm artificial astaxanthin) for broodstock and (A+100ppm astaxanthin) for fingerling. Duration of this experiment was six months. Results indicated that higher amount of carotenoids deposited in female broodstock as compared to the male broodstock. The amount of different carotenoids deposited in their tissues also varies. For example, females fed with diet H (artificial astaxanthin) retained astaxanthin 32.87 mg/kg and 25.57mg/kg of canthaxanthin in their flesh, while fish fed diet B (alfalfa meal) retained 43.15mg/kg -carotene and 38.2mg/kg -carotene in their flesh. Lycopene was retained the most in fish fed diet F (41.75mg/kg). The female broodstock also retained higher amount of carotenoids in eggs and skin and significantly (P<0.05) different than the control treatment. Similarly, the same results were observed in the flesh, skin and testis of the male broodstocks. Plant pigments had no adverse effect on mortality of broodstock and is significantly different (P<0.05) with the control treatment. Plant pigments also had no negative effect on all stripped fish, but instead they increased the relative fecundity and production of green egg. Fish fed diet F (tomatoes) had the highest relative fecundity of 451.4g/fish and 45991 green egg were produced while the control treatment had only a fecundity of 332.7g/fish and 28997 of green eggs produced and was significantly different (P<0.05) with other treatments. It was shown that plant pigments also increased egg fertilization, survival and reduced mortality in different stages of egg development. Similarly fish fed diet containing tomatoes had the highest fertilized and eyed eggs and hatched into larvae. Plant pigments increased the survival of fish fingerlings that similarly pigments were deposited in the flesh of the fingerlings. Fish fed diet containing artificial astaxanthin had 93.6% survival compared to control and other treatments and was significantly different (P<0.05). Similar results in juvenile were also observed, which showed that plant pigments would increase survival and retention of carotenoids in their flesh. The juvenile fed diet containing tomato had the highest total length (24.2 cm), survival (92.3%), SGR (1.7) and FCR (1.1) and were significantly different (P<0.05) to control. It can be concluded that plant pigments have significant positive effects on health, survival, FCR, SGR, development of egg, and pigment retention in the flesh, skin and gonads. Additionally, carotenoids were shown to protect the fishes against most diseases because they have important roles in respiration, membrane permeability, light absorption and immune system.


Abstract. The close association between planktic foraminiferal assemblages and local hydrography make foraminifera invaluable proxies for environmental conditions. Modern foraminiferal seasonality is important for interpreting fossil distributions and shell geochemistry as paleoclimate proxies. Understanding this seasonality in an active upwelling area is also critical for anticipating which species may be vulnerable to future changes in upwelling intensity and ocean acidification. Two years (2012–2014) of plankton tows, along with conductivity–temperature–depth profiles and carbonate chemistry measurements taken along the north-central California shelf, offer new insights into the seasonal dynamics of planktic foraminifera in a seasonal coastal upwelling regime. This study finds an upwelling affinity for Neogloboquadrina pachyderma as well as a seasonal and upwelling associated alternation between dominance of N. pachyderma and Neogloboquadrina incompta, consistent with previous observations. Globigerina bulloides, however, shows a strong affinity for non-upwelled waters, in contrast to findings in Southern California where the species is often associated with upwelling. We also find an apparent lunar periodicity in the abundances of all species and document the presence of foraminifera even at very low saturation states of calcite.


The question on gender inequalities sounds strange in the circles of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Southern Africa. Currently, issues of hegemonic systems of patriarchy and kyriarchy are not openly discussed given the existence of several women and men ministries introduced in the church. The challenge and fact remain: the institution continues to fail many women and men based on its perennial patriarchal and kyriarchal systems, practices and culture. The current structure and culture of teaching, management, leadership and governance do not favour the course of women. The presence of the prayer women's league (PWL) as a women ministry structure deepens the pain and scars of patriarchy and kyriarchy. In fact the course and commitment for women space and support remain a mere matter of decorum and nothing else. The article questions the structure and culture in the church that deliberately undermines women in the household of God. This article will also aim to challenge how systems and processes oppress and silence women. A number of case studies will be cited as examples in this regard. The work of the PWL within ELCSA will be highlighted as a lame dog without teeth to bite but remain a compromised God's mission.


The article addresses human rights issues that arise from the use of unmanned military systems in armed conflict. It is assessed when and to what extent human rights law applies in times of armed conflict. The major focus is the question of whether or not human rights law applies extraterritorially. It is argued that it applies to a greater extent to the use of unmanned military systems than might be expected under the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights. Hence, a new approach to the concept of 'jurisdiction' is submitted. In addition, specific scenarios, in which unmanned military systems are frequently deployed, are measured against the legal framework.


Previous research has found that children who are born later in the academic year have lower educational attainment, on average, than children who are born earlier in the year, especially at younger ages; much less is known about the mechanisms that drive this inequality. The paper uses two complementary identification strategies to estimate an upper bound of the effect of age at test by using rich data from two UK birth cohorts. We find that differences in the age at which cognitive skills are tested accounts for the vast majority of the difference in these outcomes between children who are born at different times of the year, whereas the combined effect of the other factors (age of starting school, length of schooling and relative age) is close to zero. This suggests that applying an age adjustment to national achievement test scores may be an appropriate policy response to overcome the penalty that is associated with being born later in the academic year. Age at test does not, however, explain all of the difference in children's view of their own scholastic competence. Age adjusting national achievement test scores may help to overcome differences in ability beliefs between children who are born at different times of the year, but our results suggest that additional policy responses may be required.


Essential Clinical Global Health is a brand-new, pioneering, and evidence-based textbook that provides a clinical overview of the increasingly prominent specialty of global health. Originally developed from a course at Harvard Medical School, and now with contributions from nearly 100 world-renowned global health experts from across the globe, this textbook presents vital information required of students, trainees, and clinicians during their international experiences and training.

Essential Clinical Global Health introduces readers to the up-to-date knowledge, skills, and approaches needed for productive and rewarding global health experiences. It provides essential clinical information on the diagnosis, management, and prevention of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in low- and middle-income countries. The textbook also includes practical guidance on topics such as health systems, population-based approaches, cultural awareness and sensitivity, travel preparedness and safety, and career development in global health.

With key learning objectives in each chapter, practical clinical advice, setting-appropriate guidelines, personal field experiences from student and clinician contributors, Essential Clinical Global Health is the first global health textbook with a clinical focus for healthcare students, trainees, and providers.

A companion website at www.wileyessential.com/globalhealth features self-assessment questions and video


In recent years, the international legality of economic activity in occupied territories has emerged as matter of significant debate, largely focused on Israeli-controlled territories. Some European officials, supported by prominent scholars and a wide range of NGOs, claim that international law requires limiting or prohibiting economic relations involving the Israeli-controlled West Bank and Golan Heights. Claims are increasingly being heard that international law requires a boycott of Israeli settlements, or at least the clear labeling of goods produced there.The question of the lawfulness of such activity has even greater salience and urgency with Russia's annexation of Crimea and belligerent occupation of Eastern Ukraine. These areas have a significantly greater economic potential than most currently occupied territories, and Moscow is actively seeking foreign investment there.Discussions of these legal issues have proceeded largely along theoretical lines, ignoring the rich trove of relevant state practice from other occupied territories such as Western Sahara, Northern Cyprus, Nagorno-Karabakh and Abkhazia. The EU, the U.S. and other states have adopted a variety of formal positions regarding activities in these territories. Moreover, recent years have seen a proliferation of state practice and, for the first time, judicial decisions, involving these very questions.This article conducts a comprehensive survey of the relevant current state practice and judicial precedent regarding occupied territories, aside from the well-examined case of Israel. Much of this practice has never been considered by scholars, let alone examined holistically. Clear patterns emerge when state practice is examined globally, and the principles they suggest are in turn reaffirmed by recent path-breaking decisions of European national courts.State practice and decisions of important national courts support a fully permissive approach to economic dealings by third-party states or nationals in territories under prolonged occupation or illegal annexation. There is no obligation on third-party states to block such activity, or to insist on particular language on product labels, or to ensure that their foreign aid funds do not cross into occupied territory. That does not mean that third countries are prohibited from taking such actions for diplomatic, rather than legal, reasons – though given in the absence of a public law prohibition, WTO and other trade rules may actively bar third-country restrictions on such activity. Practice is most varied on the question of trade treaties extending to occupied territory, as this seems to depend more on the interpretation of the particular instruments, rather than general principles.


Boltzmann machines are often used as building blocks in greedy learning of deep networks. However, training even a simplified model, known as restricted Boltzmann machine (RBM), can be extremely laborious: Traditional learning algorithms often converge only with the right choice of the learning rate scheduling and the scale of the initial weights. They are also sensitive to specific data representation: An equivalent RBM can be obtained by flipping some bits and changing the weights and biases accordingly, but traditional learning rules are not invariant to such transformations. Without careful tuning of these training settings, traditional algorithms can easily get stuck at plateaus or even diverge. In this work, we present an enhanced gradient which is derived such that it is invariant to bit-flipping transformations. We also propose a way to automatically adjust the learning rate by maximizing a local likelihood estimate. Our experiments confirm that the proposed improvements yield more stable training of RBMs.


Could changing the locations of polling places affect the outcome of an election by increasing the costs of voting for some and decreasing them for others? The consolidation of voting precincts in Los Angeles County during California's 2003 gubernatorial recall election provides a natural experiment for studying how changing polling places influences voter turnout. Overall turnout decreased by a substantial 1.85 percentage points: A drop in polling place turnout of 3.03 percentage points was partially offset by an increase in absentee voting of 1.18 percentage points. Both transportation and search costs caused these changes. Although there is no evidence that the Los Angeles Registrar of Voters changed more polling locations for those registered with one party than for those registered with another, the changing of polling places still had a small partisan effect because those registered as Democrats were more sensitive to changes in costs than those registered as Republicans. The effects were small enough to allay worries about significant electoral consequences in this instance (e.g., the partisan effect might be decisive in only about one in two hundred contested House elections), but large enough to make it possible for someone to affect outcomes by more extensive manipulation of polling place locations.


Biotransformation of inorganic arsenic (iAs) involves methylation catalyzed by arsenic ( 1 3 oxidation state) methyltransferase ( As3mt ) yielding mono-, di-, and trimethylated arsenicals. To investigate the evolution of molecular mechanisms that mediate arsenic biotransformation, a comparative genomic approach focusing on the invertebrate chordate Ciona intestinalis was used. Bioinformatic analyses identified an As3mt gene in the C. intestinalis genome. Constitutive As3mt RNA expression was observed in heart, branchial sac, and gastrointestinal tract. Adult animals were exposed to 0 or 1 ppm of iAs for 1 or 5 days. Steady-state As3mt RNA expression in the gastrointestinal tract was not modulated significantly by 5 days of exposure to iAs. Tissue levels of iAs and its methylated metabolites were determined by hydride generation-cryotrapping-gas chromatography-atomic absorption spectrometry. At either time point, exposure to iAs significantly increased concentrations of iAs and its methylated metabolites in tissues. After 5 days of exposure, total speciated arsenic concentrations were highest in branchial sac (3705 ng/g), followed by heart (1019 ng/g) and gastrointestinal tract (835 ng/g). At this time point, the sum of the speciated arsenical concentrations in gastrointestinal tract and heart equaled or exceeded that of iAs; in branchial sac, iAs was the predominant species present. Ciona intestinalis metabolizes iAs to its methylated metabolites, which are retained in tissues. This metabolic pattern is consistent with the presence of an As3mt ortholog in its genome and constitutive expression of the gene in prominent organs, making this basal chordate a useful model to examine the evolution of arsenic detoxification.


Over recent years the kinome has provided a rich source of druggable therapeutic targets, with over 25 kinase inhibitors now on the market and many more undergoing clinical evaluation. That said, there remain significant challenges to overcome in kinase drug discovery. For example, poor physicochemical properties and non-mechanism based toxicity, often arising from broader kinome activity, are frequently responsible for attrition during development. Accordingly, specificity for the desired therapeutic target and well optimized physicochemical and pharmaceutical properties are crucial for increasing the overall likelihood of success. Fragment Based Drug Discovery (FBDD) has firmly established itself as a productive approach to the discovery of small molecule drugs and, when supported by X-ray crystallography, can offer a unique platform from which to optimize molecules with both attractive physicochemical property profiles and a high degree of specificity for the target of interest. This presentation will describe the use of FBDD and iterative structure based design to deliver selective small molecule inhibitors for two kinase targets, whilst maintaining desirable physicochemical properties. You can download this presentation as a PDF .


Factors affecting marketing margins were identified and assessed using a relative price spread technique. Margins were disaggregated into slaughter-to-wholesale and wholesale-to-retail for a more complete understanding. Marketing costs, concentration, demand, and price were used to explain variations within these margins. Results showed that packer concentration had a significant effect on margins. Forces of supply and demand (as represented by production and market price) and changes in marketing costs also explained the variation in margins. A higher degree of price transmission from slaughter-to-wholesale level was observed in comparison to the wholesale-to-retail level.


Literacy, as it applies to linguistic minorities, is examined as a discourse of power in this theoretical article. Literacy needs to be redefined in order for librarians to be able to provide people whose languages are not the dominant or official ones in society with appropriate literacy services. This redefinition recognizes the politics of language and literacy, challenges the mainstream (dominant culture) concept of literacy, and includes (1) expanding the definition of literacy that takes into account the language and cultural knowledge of linguistic minorities, (2) examining the nature of literacy and literacy practices of linguistic minorities from a social perspective, and (3) understanding how the literacy of linguistic minorities is measured. By understanding these critical issues of adult literacy in linguistic minority communities, librarians can implement the proposed strategic directions for delivering appropriate literacy services to linguistic minorities.


The Open Access movement in scientific publishing has been gathering momentum in the European Union and its member states, partly due to the policies of some of its main research funders. Already we have seen encouraging research results on the effects of openness on the dissemination of scientific outputs. As business models of Open Access publishing are still under development, the aim of our paper is to assess the statistical tools and data that the Finnish libraries currently have for comparing the costs associated with different modes of disseminating scientific publications. We will also analyse the potential costs associated with Open Access publishing models and compare them with the current cost structure of – mostly – paywalled (PW) access. The discussion will include a description of current Finnish Open Access policies and their funding models. The financial analysis will be based on the statistical data found in the national Research Library Statistics database and the Finnish National Research Publications database, Juuli. We will discuss the alternatives on how best to develop statistical tools to estimate the true costs of scientific publishing.


This monograph addresses divergent views in the linguistic literature on whether German displays the that-trace effect and other subject/object asymmetries commonly found for long extractions in English and other languages. Using newly developed rating methodologies, the author exposes consistent and robust subject/object asymmetries in German – a surprisingly unequivocal result given that the existence of these effects is controversial. This finding raises important questions: how can one account for the discrepancy between the clear experimental evidence on the one hand, and the lack of consensus in the linguistic literature on the other? And secondly, it raises again the old question of why subject extractions are dispreferred. This work also provides intriguing new insights into the long-standing question on how to analyse German constructions such as Wer glaubst du hat recht? – the 'parenthesis versus extraction debate'. In this work decisive evidence points in favour of the parenthetical analysis.


This paper is an empirical study of the market for managers, more specifically the effects of agency, human capital, and preferences on their promotion, tenure, turnover and compensation. From a large longitudinal data set compiled from observations on executives and their publicly listed firms, we construct a career hierarchy and report on its main features. Our summary results motivate a dynamic competitive equilibrium model, whose parameters we identify and estimate. Controlling for heterogeneity amongst firms, which differ by size and sector, and also managers, whose backgrounds vary by age, gender and education, our estimates are used to evaluate how important moral hazard and job experience are in jointly determining promotion rates, turnover and compensation.


Silicon reliability has reemerged as a very important problem in digital system design. As voltage and device dimensions shrink, combinational logic is becoming sensitive to temporary errors caused by single event upsets, transistor and interconnect aging and circuit variability. In particular, computational functional units are very challenging to protect because current redundant execution techniques have a high power and area overhead, cannot guarantee detection of some errors and cause a substantial performance degradation. As traditional worst-case design rules that guarantee error avoidance become too conservative to be practical, new microarchitectures need to be investigated to address this problem.
To this end, this dissertation introduces Self-Imposed Temporal Redundancy (SITR), a speculative microarchitectural temporal redundancy technique suitable for pipelined computational functional units. SITR is able to detect most temporary errors, is area and energy-efficient and can be easily incorporated in an out-of-order microprocessor. SITR can also be used as a throttling mechanism against thermal viruses and, in some cases, allows designers to design very aggressive bypass networks capable of achieving high instruction throughput, by tolerating timing violations.
To address the performance degradation caused by redundant execution, this dissertation proposes using a tiled-dataflow model of computation because it enables the design of scalable, resource-rich computational substrates. Starting with the WaveScalar tiled-dataflow architecture, we enhance the reliability of its datapath, including computational logic, interconnection network and storage structures. Computations are performed speculatively using SITR while traditional information redundancy techniques are used to protect data transmission and storage. Once a value has been verified, confirmation messages are transmitted to consumer instructions. Upon error detection, nullification messages are sent to the instructions affected by the error.
Our experimental results demonstrate that the slowdown due to redundant computation and error recovery on the tiled-dataflow machine is consistently smaller than on a superscalar von Neumann architecture. However, the number of additional messages required to support SITR execution is substantial, increasing power consumption. To reduce this overhead without significantly affecting performance, we introduce wave-based speculation, a mechanism targeted for dataflow architectures that enables speculation only when it is likely to benefit performance.


Agents must decide what to do and by what order. Autonomy is a key notion in a multi-agent system, since it is the main justification for the unpredictability and complexity of the environment. Autonomy has a role in deciding which are the new goals of the agent, and it has another in choosing which of the agent's goals are going to be addressed next. Our (BVG) agent architecture relies the use of values (multiple dimensions against which to evaluate a situation) to perform choice among a set of candidate goals. In this paper we propose that values can also be used to guide the adoption of new goals from other agents. In this setting, we introduce rules for adoption and evaluate their impact by conducting experiments to trace the adoption of goals through a simulated society of simple agents.


Broomrapes are obligate root parasitic weeds and major constraint to many dicotyledon crops especially in Mediterranean agricultural lands. Due to the fact that no single control measure is able to control broomrapes in the field satisfactorily, integrated management is recommended in general. The use of of trap crops or catch crops is an important strategy for controlling the weeds; and allelopathic plants are also utilized for the control. Trap crops, also called false hosts, are plants which stimulate the germination of the parasite seed but cannot be infested and thus reduce the seed population in the soil. On the other hand, catch crops stimulate the germination of the parasite seeds at a high frequency and allow the development of the parasite. Seed bank of the broomrapes are decreased by destroying the catch crops before the seed creating period of broomrape begins (Sauerborn, 1991). Field trials were conducted using flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) as a trap plant; lentil (Lens culinaris L.) as a catch plant; members of the Brassicaceae species, such as cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.), Brussels sprouts (Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera (DC.) Thell.), broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica Plenck), cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.), canola (Brassica napus L.) and turnip (Brassica rapa var. rapa L.) as allelopathic plant in the Adana province (Turkey) in 2007-2009. Flax was the most effective treatment by decreasing 52% and 71% in shoot number and 55% and 26% in dry weight of O. crenata in the first and second year, respectively. Broccoli of the Brassicaceae family, was found to reduce the number of O. crenata shoots by 48% and 39% in two years. Regarding the effect of Brassicaceae family on O. crenata, broccoli was found to reduce the number of O. crenata shoots by 39%. It is concluded that growing flax as a trap plant or lentil as a catch crop two months before the sowing of lentil as a crop is can be a main element of integrated broomrape managament, which cause to reduce the soil seed bank of crenata broomrape.


Abstract Kaleidographic is a dynamic and interactive data visualization tool that allows users to observe and explore relations between any number of variables. The tool is useful for displaying the complex ways in which textual elements interact across a range of texts. Thus far, the tool has been used to display the results of corpus studies as well as corpus-assisted multimodal discourse analyses that investigate text-image relations. To facilitate broader applications of the tool, it is now publicly available online for use without charge. This paper explains the background and motivation for Kaleidographic and presents two case studies demonstrating its utility. Limitations of the tool are discussed and its potential uses in corpus linguistics research and beyond are introduced.


Microsoft Access is a database development and maintenance program, but it can be confusing when trying to learn how to complete the tasks required to create an application. Microsoft Access 2003 In a Snap can quickly show you how to complete a specific task in an easy-to-follow format complete with illustrated steps. Sections of the book are organized into task categories such as Table Creation, Queries and Form Design. Intended to keep you focused and on-target, this book does not spend time explaining database architecture or application design. If you are the casual Access user or if you use it in your day-to-day work life, this book is a great reference tool!


Non-powered flight vehicles such as kites can provide a means of transmitting wind energy from higher altitudes to the ground via tethers. Although there is increased world wide interest for systems to extract wind energy from higher altitudes with kites, research into kite properties such as the coefficients and the stability is limited. Such research is required to increase the knowledge on kites, which would enable the design of purpose-built kites for energy extraction. This paper presents one of the concepts for wind energy extraction from high altitudes; the Laddermill. Furthermore it presents the hardware that was built to do such tests, test procedures for kites and early results of testing of commercially available surf kites.


Abstract The Devonian Alamo Breccia is a thick (<30–130 m) unit, interpreted as a bolide impact deposit, which is bracketed by marine carbonates. Samples were collected within the breccia and above/below the breccia for a contact test to determine if the breccia acted as a conduit for fluids that could have caused the widespread chemical remanent magnetizations (CRMs) present in Palaeozoic Era rocks in Nevada. The carbonates above, below and in the breccia contain a Cretaceous Period syn-tilting CRM that resides in pyrrhotite and a pre-tilting late Palaeozoic Era CRM that resides in magnetite. The contact test is negative. Despite these results, diagenetic alteration by externally derived fluids is interpreted as the most likely mechanism of remagnetization. This hypothesis is supported by 87Sr/86Sr values in the breccia and surrounding rocks that suggest alteration by fluids with a radiogenic signature. The fluids were not localized in the breccia but are interpreted to have moved pervasively through the rocks. The results differ from some other studies that found that fluids caused localized CRMs around fluid conduits.


On June 23, 2016, the Supreme Court issued a 4-4 ruling in the immigration case of United States v. Texas, blocking two "deferred action" programs announced by President Obama on November 20, 2014: extended Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA Plus) and Deferred Action for Parents of Americans and Legal Residents (DAPA). The 4-4 ruling by the justices creates a non-precedential non-decision, upholding an injunction placed by a panel of federal judges in the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals. While the future of these programs remains uncertain in the long term, the immediate effects are pronounced, as millions of qualifying young people ("Dreamers") and parents who would have been able to request deferred action programs are unable to do so in the foreseeable future. The outcome of the ruling highlights the need for greater information about existing prosecutorial discretion tools, including a longstanding deferred action program on which DACA and DAPA are based.This essay examines 185 deferred action cases processed by the United States Citizenship Immigration Services (USCIS), a unit within Department Homeland Security (DHS or Department). While previous scholarship examines deferred action historically and in depth, this is the first piece to review cases under the Department's current enforcement policy. The author's goal is to provide advocates and policymakers with accurate information about the deferred action program outside of DACA (and what would have been DACA Plus and DAPA) and to facilitate a dialogue about the possibilities of advancing a robust deferred action policy for Dreamers, parents and others who present humanitarian equities. A second goal of this essay is to (re)address the continued transparency challenges faced by the deferred action program and recommendations for moving forward. Beyond the scope of this essay is an analysis of whether certain noncitizens may be currently eligible for relief outside of deferred action or a discussion on those who should qualify for immigration status under unrealized but critical legislative reforms.


Organizations often use Cloud based services to manage their financial transactions, like fees payment, invoice payment etc., with their end users. These services allow payment using credit cards and thus need to adhere to the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS) standard. To effectively manage this policy, educational institutions dealing with card transaction currently monitor their payment gateway flow manually in order to be compliant. We propose a novel approach to automate this process using semantic web technology and natural language processing. In this paper we describe our technical approach and the ontology that we have developed to automatically extract key terms and rules from various compliance documents and represent them in a machine processable knowledge graph. We used Semantic Web's Web Ontology Language (OWL) to create this knowledge graph which is machine processable and so can contribute significantly in automating the continuous monitoring of credit card PII data operation, transfer and sharing


The benefits of using electronic portfolios (e-portfolios) in social work education have been well recognised. Yet, as technology advances, their potential outstrips the initial, relatively modest goals of producing summative documents. The latest version of PebblePad facilitates the creation of a personalised online learning environment - one product of which can be an e-portfolio - that facilitates a wide range of reflective learning activities. This conceptual article discusses the rationale for embedding such a learning environment and e-portfolio generator at the core of a new Master of Social Work (Professional Qualifying) degree. In applying social constructivist pedagogy, it explores how e-portfolio technology can support the construction of knowledge and meaning-making in a social environment, including the facilitation of skills in critical reflection. It is argued that this technology can enable collaborative learning and professional socialisation, build capacity to respond to complexity and uncertainty in practice situations, and help in making sense of, and articulating, a social work identity. Key challenges include a lack of empirical data supporting the use of this technology, adjusting to the requirements of employing new technology, and modifying staff workloads to reflect different modes of teaching and learning.


PurposeThis open-label, multicenter study was designed to allow access to vemurafenib for patients with metastatic melanoma, bridging the time between end of enrollment in the phase III registration trial (December 2010) and commercial availability following US Food and Drug Administration approval of vemurafenib for the treatment of unresectable or metastatic BRAFV600-mutated melanoma (August 2011). Patients and MethodsEligible patients had metastatic melanoma with a BRAFV600 mutation (detected by the cobas 4800 BRAF V600 Mutation Test). Unlike previous vemurafenib trials, patients with poor performance status (PS) and treated brain metastases were permitted. Enrolled patients received oral vemurafenib 960 mg twice daily. ResultsOf 374 patients enrolled at 29 US sites (December 2010 to October 2011), 371 patients received vemurafenib and were followed up for a median of 2.8 months (the study had a prespecified end upon vemurafenib approval and commercial availability). At baseline, most patients (75%) had stage M1c disease, and 19% had an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group PS of 2 or 3; 72% of patients had received prior systemic therapy for metastatic melanoma, 27% received prior ipilimumab, and 29% radiotherapy for prior brain metastases. Because reassessment data to confirm response were not available for most patients, point estimates of objective response rate (ORR) are reported. Among 241 efficacy-evaluable patients, the ORR was 54% (median time to response, 1.9 months). The ORR in non–central nervous system sites in patients with previously treated brain metastases (n = 68) was 53%. The ORR in prior ipilimumab-treated patients (n = 68) was 52%. For patients with PS of 0 or 1 (n = 210) and 2 or 3 (n = 31), the ORRs were 55%, and 42%, respectively. The safety profile observed was consistent with that reported in previous studies. The number of patients with grade 3 or 4 treatment-related adverse events was higher in patients with PS 2 or 3 than in those with PS 0 or 1 (10% vs. 5%, respectively). Adverse events requiring a dose reduction (at least 1 level) occurred in 11% of patients, and 9 patients (2%) experienced events leading to vemurafenib withdrawal, including 2 with repeated QT interval prolongation. DiscussionThis study confirmed the established rapid and high tumor response rate achievable with vemurafenib in BRAFV600 mutation–positive metastatic melanoma. Several groups not included in previous studies, including patients with previously treated brain metastases, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group PS 2 to 3, or previous ipilimumab treatment had benefitted from vemurafenib similar to the overall population. No new safety signals were detected.


Introduction: White hairy seeds (cottony tufts) which are spreading to the air from poplar and willow trees, are mostly supposed to be a pollen grain by many people and there is a misconception that consisting allergenic symptoms thought to be due to these seeds. Whereas the air dispersed fluffy structures occur on female poplar and willow trees that are not producing any pollen. In this term, when the seeds of poplar and willow trees matured and dispersed, there are not any pollen grains of these plants in the atmosphere. The pollen grains belonging to both taxa have especially seen in the spring term and they cause sensitization in varying proportions on many individuals suffering from seasonal rhinitis and/or asthma. Materials and Methods: In this study, monthly changes and frequencies of pollen grains belonging to Populus (poplar) and Salix (willow) genera, belonging to Salicaceae family, from 62 airborne pollen studies carried out in Turkey, which prepared both volumetric method by using Lanzoni/Burkard samplers and gravimetric method by using Durham samplers, and studies on pollen sensitivities for both taxa are evaluated. Also daily distributions of poplar and willow pollen grains were investigated in Bursa city in the year 2013. Results: In many regions that airborne studies performed, pollen grains of poplar tree found in the air especially in march-april term and the pollen grains of willow tree in april-may term. In Bursa city, main pollen season of poplar tree found between 27 February- 26 April and for willow tree it was between 25 March-28 April. Conclusion: In many regions that atmospheric studies undertaken both of poplar and willow tree pollen grains founded in low levels. Also pollen amounts of both taxa determined in the air of Bursa were low as in the other regions.


This thesis is about new digital moving image recording technologies and how they augment the distribution of creativity and the flexibility in moving image production systems, but also impose constraints on how images flow through the production system. The central concept developed in this thesis is 'creative space' which links quality and efficiency in moving image production to time for creative work, capacity of digital tools, user skills and the constitution of digital moving image material. The empirical evidence of this thesis is primarily based on semi-structured interviews conducted with Swedish film and TV production representatives.This thesis highlights the importance of pre-production technical planning and proposes a design management support tool (MI-FLOW) as a way to leverage functional workflows that is a prerequisite for efficient and cost effective moving image production.


Water saturation is a key parameter in studies of pollutant transport in the vadose zone and an important factor controlling the rate of waste degradation in municipal solid waste landfills. The partitioning interwell tracer test (PITT) has been suggested as a useful tool for measuring water saturation over large measurement volumes in both systems. However, heterogeneous water distributions may result in mass transfer limitations, which can affect the accuracy of the measurements. In this study, we examined the influence of water saturation, Henry's Law constant, injected tracer mass, tracer quantification limit, and local rates of mass transfer between air and water on PITT measurements. A single‐region model was used to describe transport of gas‐phase tracers in a one‐dimensional system and to investigate the effect of these factors on measurement error. To verify the conclusions drawn from this modeling exercise, laboratory‐scale partitioning tracer tests were conducted in four different sand packings. Finally, the results from the mathematical modeling and laboratory experiments were used to suggest guidelines for minimizing measurement error in field‐scale PITTs for water saturation measurement.


Winner of the 2014 Central Eurasian Studies Society Book Award in the Social Sciences. "Under Solomon s Throne" provides a rare ground-level analysis of post-Soviet Central Asia s social and political paradoxes by focusing on an urban ethnic community: the Uzbeks in Osh, Kyrgyzstan, who have maintained visions of societal renewal throughout economic upheaval, political discrimination, and massive violence.Morgan Liu illuminates many of the challenges facing Central Asia today by unpacking the predicament of Osh, a city whose experience captures key political and cultural issues of the region as a whole. Situated on the border of Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan newly independent republics that have followed increasingly divergent paths to reform their states and economies the city is subject to a Kyrgyz government, but the majority of its population are ethnic Uzbeks. Conflict between the two groups led to riots in 1990, and again in 2010, when thousands, mostly ethnic Uzbeks, were killed and nearly half a million more fled across the border into Uzbekistan. While these tragic outbreaks of violence highlight communal tensions amid long-term uncertainty, a close examination of community life in the two decades between reveals the way Osh Uzbeks have created a sense of stability and belonging for themselves while occupying a postcolonial no-man s-land, tied to two nation-states but not fully accepted by either one.The first ethnographic monograph based on extensive local-language fieldwork in a Central Asian city, this study examines the culturally specific ways that Osh Uzbeks are making sense of their post-Soviet dilemmas. These practices reveal deep connections with Soviet and Islamic sensibilities and with everyday acts of dwelling in urban neighborhoods. Osh Uzbeks engage the spaces of their city to shape their orientations relative to the wider world, postsocialist transformations, Islamic piety, moral personhood, and effective leadership. Living in the shadow of Solomon s Throne, the city s central mountain, they envision and attempt to build a just social order."


The effectiveness of hormonal treatments to induce gamete emission in Labeo parvuswas investigated in two spawning seasons (2007 and 2008). Brood fishes measuring 15 to 30 cm were gill netted in the Oueme River (Benin) during their migration to their spawning habitat and then held in captivity (ponds). Captive fish (N = 30 males and N= 37 females) were treated with GnRHa combined with a dopamine antagonist during their natural spawning season from July through October. Ovulation was stimulated in four experimental groups of females by injecting Dagin (0.2 to 0.3 mlkg−1 body weight) and Ovaprim (0.5 to 0.6 mlkg−1 body weight). No female ovulated either in the groups receiving normal (as recommended by the manufacturers) dose injections of Dagin and Ovaprim (0.2 and 0.5 mlkg−1 body weight respectively) or in the group treated with a Dagin injection of 0.3 mlkg−1 body weight. Successful ovulation was only obtained with Ovaprim in the group treated with 0.6 mlkg−1 body weight. Latency times ranged from 10 to 14 h after hormone injection. L. parvus eggs were nonadhesive and transparent at ovulation. Fertilisation rates ranged from 74.0 to 97.7%. Hatching occurred after 10 to 14 h of incubation at 27 to 30°C and lasted 5 to 7 h. Hatching rates ranged from 70.0 to 83.3%. Larvae were 3.0 ± 0.4 mm long (total length) at hatching. In the two reproductive seasons, fertilisation rates and hatching were not significantly different (P > 0.05). The water temperature was shown to significantly affect spawning latency and incubation time. Our study demonstrated that captive L. parvus could be successfully induced to produce sperm and ova using injection of a synthetic gonadotropin-releasing hormone coupled with a dopamine antagonist (Ovaprim). Their ova could also be artificially fertilised in an experimental hatchery at water temperatures ranging from 27 to 30°C. The results obtained indicate that Ovaprim is the most effective agent for inducing artificial reproduction in L. parvus.

 Key words: GnRH analogues, Induced spawning, Labeo parvus.


How do employees of dynamic consulting firms deal with their demanding professional environment, where they must be accessible, responsive and flexible seemingly around the clock? This case study of a large consulting firm explores employee experiences of flexible working through the lens of paradox. It finds that flexible working far exceeds the set of approved flexible work arrangements and practices enshrined in formal HR policies. Rather, individuals develop varied perceptions, expectations and ways of organizing flexible working, which emerge and evolve as they accumulate experience in a context where client-focused responsiveness is key. The article argues that flexible working is part of the deeper psychological contract between professional employees and the firm. This allows us to better understand how the paradoxical tensions that characterize workplace flexibility are experienced as evolving combinations of contributions and inducements. Employees manage these tensions in different ways, including vacillating between polar opposites and integrating contradictory elements, creating an overall mental picture of their flexible working experience.


Neural network based diagnostic algorithms have been an effective approach to machine diagnostics. A feature extraction routine calculates parameters indicating the relative changes in signal phase along different paths to multiple accelerometers as might be due to localized damage along one path. These parameters were calculated for accelerometer data from the Westland seeded fault helicopter gearbox experiment. Perfect fault discrimination was achieved using a conventional feed forward neural network classifier on only a small training set, with no special treatment for the confounding influence of varying torque levels. A hybrid neural network was designed, which implemented a simple springs and masses mechanical model of a more complex structure, where sensor locations served as the mass points. This approach is able to localize structural damage using only a small training set on data generated by a finite elements model, and exhibits excellent interpolation and extrapolation. Extending the hybrid neural network approach, a method is proposed for solving for the external forces applied to surface‐mounted sensors, from vibrating machine components. The derived forces will then serve as inputs to the signal phase change feature extraction routine. It is hoped this method will train well on small data sets and reduce ambiguities due to signal multipath effects. [See NOISE‐CON Proceedings for full paper.]


Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a musculoskeletal pathology. It is a complex spinal curvature in a 3-D space that also affects the appearance of the trunk. The clinical follow-up of AIS is decisive for its management. Currently, the Cobb angle, which is measured from full spine radiography, is the most common indicator of the scoliosis progression. However, cumulative exposure to X-rays radiation increases the risk for certain cancers. Thus, a noninvasive method for the identification of the scoliosis progression from trunk shape analysis would be helpful. In this study, a statistical model is built from a set of healthy subjects using independent component analysis and genetic algorithm. Based on this model, a representation of each scoliotic trunk from a set of AIS patients is computed and the difference between two successive acquisitions is used to determine if the scoliosis has progressed or not. This study was conducted on 58 subjects comprising 28 healthy subjects and 30 AIS patients who had trunk surface acquisitions in upright standing posture. The model detects 93% of the progressive cases and 80% of the nonprogressive cases. Thus, the rate of false negatives, representing the proportion of undetected progressions, is very low, only 7%. This study shows that it is possible to perform a scoliotic patient's follow-up using 3-D trunk image analysis, which is based on a noninvasive acquisition technique.


Depression and other mood disorders are common and disabling disorders. We present work towards an objective diagnostic aid supporting clinicians using affective sensing technology with a focus on acoustic and statistical features from spontaneous speech. This work investigates differences in expressing positive and negative emotions in depressed and healthy control subjects as well as whether initial gender classification increases the recognition rate. To this end, spontaneous speech from interviews of 30 subjects of each depressed and controls was analysed, with a focus on questions eliciting positive and negative emotions. Using HMMs with GMMs for classification with 30-fold cross-validation, we found that MFCC, energy and intensity features gave highest recognition rates when female and male subjects were analysed together. When the dataset was first split by gender, root mean square energy and shimmer features, respectively, were found to give the highest recognition rates in females, while it was voice quality for males. Overall, correct recognition rates from acoustic features for depressed female subjects were higher than for male subjects. Using temporal features, we found that the response time and average syllable duration were longer in depressed subjects, while the interaction involvement and articulation rate wesre higher in control subjects.


Volunteer beach cleanups along the coast of the northwestern Gulf of Mexico over the last years have resulted in removal of anthropogenic trash loads with a cumulative weight of more than a ton per mile. Working through the Gulf of Mexico Program, a Marine Debris Action Plan was developed by public and private representatives from the five Gulf States to encourage cooperation and support from specific marine user groups associated with the Gulf's solid-waste pollution problem. State and Federal laws prohibit disposal of solid waste in coastal and marine waters, yet punitive controls have had little obvious effect on disposal habits of many marine fishermen and recreational boaters. A strategy devised and promoted through the Gulf of Mexico Program is a project called Boater's Pledge for a Clean Gulf. It was designed to elicit a personal stewardship commitment from fishermen and small boat owners throughout the Gulf region. Through the Gulf Program's Marine Debris Subcommittee a standard pledge statement and a decal were developed to maintain a semblance of uniformity and unanimity in regional implementation of the project.Besides describing the project concept and its progress to date, this paper reviews the various methods and materials used by the Gulf of Mexico Program office, participating Gulf States, and others to reach and influence disposal habits of coastal and marine boaters and fishermen. This is one of many projects being promoted as part of the Year of the Gulf celebration.


This comprehensive evidence-based guide to bruxism provides answers to many questions arising in everyday dental practice. The first part reviews general bruxism knowledge as well as guidelines for diagnosis, sleep physiology, etiology, peripheral and emotional factors, movement disorders, and bruxism in children. The second part is devoted to the effects of bruxism on the different components of the masticatory system and explores its relationship to pain. The final part addresses the various aspects of bruxism treatment-both pharmacologic and clinical management-as well as particulars of restoration specific to the bruxing patient, including recommended dental materials, considerations for use of implant-supported prostheses, and an overview of complex oral restoration. Researchers, students, and specialists will benefit from the in-depth analysis of bruxism and its treatment and the extensive, up-to-date bibliographies.


During recent years, provision of key social services in low-income countries has been affected by adverse macroeconomic conditions and by radical changes in economic thinking. For example, the welfarist approach, which gives prominence to the state in delivering and financing social services, has been challenged by the neoliberal approach, which limits the role of the government to that of residual provider for the very poor. According to the neoliberal approach, the private sector could, by relying on price mechanisms, achieve more efficient provision. However, this approach relies on a rather narrow definition of efficiency which ignores social externalities in the delivery and use of services. "Social Provision in Low-Income Countries" analyses the merits and limitations of both welfarist and neoliberal approaches to the provision of key social services in terms of the outcomes and sustainability of the two approaches. The volume proposes an alternative model of social provision, characterized by multiplicity in service delivery and financing. The new model, in which households, civil society, and government play important roles, avoids the inefficiencies of state provision and the exclusion and fragmentation of market-based systems. The authors argue for an integrative approach which encourages the equity and efficiency gained from a synergistic relationship between various service providers. They further argue that the well-known market and government failures in social provision are due to undesirable extremes in policy design, rather than to inherent characteristics of market or government institutions. The strengths of this new approach are illustrated with case studies from Chile, China, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe. The volume also describes how social services in Finland were organized in the early stages, and draws policy lessons for present day developing countries. Contributors to this volume - Germano Mwabu, Reino Hjerppe, Cecilia Ugaz, and Gordon White Douglass C. North Sarah Cook and Gordon White Pier Luigi Sacco and Stefano Zamagni Mark Robinson and Gordon White Sanjay Reddy Nanneke Redclift Cecilia Ugaz Simon Appleton Germano Mwabu Dagmar Raczynski Kevin Watkins Marja Liisa Swantz Dezhi Yu A. Sakari Haro and Esko Kalimo


Epithelial-cadherin (E-cadherin; encoded by CDH1 ) is a member of the classical cadherins (the others being neural cadherin (N-cadherin) and vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin)). These single-pass transmembrane glycoproteins are expressed by a variety of tissues and are involved in Ca2+-dependent cell–cell adhesion. Initially described as liver cell adhesion molecule in chickens1 and uvomorulin in mice,2 the name E-cadherin was first used by Takeichi and colleagues in the early 1980s.3 ,4 Since then its role in normal epithelial cell architecture and tissue formation, as well as a tumour suppressor gene in cancer development and progression, has been extensively studied. Cell–cell adhesions are vital to maintain the integrity of cells and cohesion of tissues, and the control of these junctions therefore plays an important part in tumourigenesis. E-cadherin mediates cell–cell contact at the basolateral membrane in adherens junctions and its expression is the hallmark of epithelial cell layers.5 This short review focuses on the structure and function of E-cadherin at the cell junction, including the cadherin–catenin complex and its involvement in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Finally, the role of E-cadherin in cancer and the therapeutic implications are discussed.

The CDH1 gene is located on chromosome 16q22.1, spanning a region of approximately 100 kb.6 CDH1 comprises 16 exons and 15 introns and is highly conserved between species.6 The resulting E-cadherin protein is a 120 kDa glycoprotein consisting of an extracellular domain of five tandem repeated domains, a cytoplasmic domain and a single transmembrane domain.7 ,8 The extracellular domain has binding sites for Ca2+ ions and extends from the cell surface to bind to cadherins on adjacent cells by lateral dimerisation.9 This allows a cadherin–cadherin interface and thus cell–cell adhesion. The cytoplasmic domain consists of the juxtamembrane domain (JMD) and the catenin-binding domain (CBD), each …


Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is a carboxylate-exuding legume that enhances the phosphorus (P) nutrition of subsequently grown cereals. In an earlier study we found variation in soil P acquisition among 50 faba bean genotypes, but little is known about the rhizosphere processes that may contribute to P efficiency and whether these processes impact on the growth of subsequent cereal crops. In this study, we investigated rhizosphere dynamics (P fractions depleted, pH and carboxylate exudation) in three P-inefficient and five P-efficient faba bean genotypes in a glasshouse study on soils differing in P dynamics. The results suggest that P efficiency in the acidic soil was not driven by rhizosphere processes, consistent with earlier findings that root growth parameters contributed to P efficiency in this soil. In contrast, in the alkaline soil the most P-efficient genotypes had the highest malate exudation, which might enhance P solubilisation. For the first time, we showed a faba bean genotype-specific enhancement of growth and P uptake of subsequently grown wheat plants. This genotypic variation could be exploited to further increase the benefit of faba beans in rotation with wheat on P-limited soils.


Until now, the relationships between late-life depression and Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and vice versa have only been investigated in terms of one-directional relationships. However, due to the central neuropathological mechanisms underlying both diseases, it is proposed that the interaction is bi-directional. These mechanisms include the stress-response hypothesis, amyloid hypothesis, inflammatory hypothesis, and genetic hypothesis. By reviewing these shared underlying mechanisms, as well as investigating the evidence for both one-directional relationships, a new model is proposed, namely the bi-directional threshold model. Whereas previous research only focused on one-directional interaction, this model is novel in accounting for the bi-directional interaction between AD and late-life depression. Thereby the model contributes to the literature on late-life depression and AD by serving as a starting point for further research. A better understanding of this new model could have major implications in ameliorating the course of both clinical conditions.


Technology assessment is a systematic examination of the effects on or of new developments such as technologies, processes, policies, organizations, and so on. In this paper, we present a systematic method for technology assessments a part of the suite of tools for Forecasting Innovation Pathways (FIP). We explore means to combine tech mining tools with human intelligence in several idea exchange rounds to uncover potential secondary effects, and array them in terms of likelihood and magnitude. Big Data is studied as the case study. This is on-going research. We are currently on the 2nd round of state 2. Technology assessment is a necessary component of FIP. It identifies areas in which significant impacts may occur, their likelihood, and their significance. The forecaster must evaluate these impacts, consider measures to enhance or inhibit them, and factor them into the planning process for developing the technology.


Abstract In 1992, 1,700 of the world's top scientists issued a public statement titled The World Scientists' Warning to Humanity. They reported that "a great change in our stewardship of the Earth and the life on it is required if vast human misery is to be avoided and our global home on this planet is not to be irretrievably mutilated." More than a decade later, the authors of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment were moved to echo the scientists' warning asserting that "[h]uman activity is putting such a strain on the natural functions of the Earth that the ability of the planet's ecosystems to sustain future generations can no longer be taken for granted." Ours is allegedly a science-based culture. For decades, our best science has suggested that staying on our present growth-based path to global development implies catastrophe for billions of people and undermines the possibility of maintaining a complex global civilization. Yet there is scant evidence that national governments, the United Nations, or other official international organizations have begun seriously to contemplate the implications for humanity of the scientists' warnings, let alone articulate the kind of policy responses the science evokes. The modern world remains mired in a swamp of cognitive dissonance and collective denial seemingly dedicated to maintaining the status quo. We appear, in philosopher Martin Heidegger's words, to be "in flight from thinking." Just what is going on here? I attempt to answer this question by exploring the distal, biosocial causes of human economic behavior. My working hypothesis is that modern H. sapiens is unsustainable by nature—unsustainability is an inevitableemergent property of the systemic interaction between contemporary technoindustrial society and the ecosphere. I trace this conundrum to humanity's once-adaptive, subconscious, genetic predisposition to expand (shared with all other species), a tendency reinforced by the socially constructed economic narrative of continuous material growth. Unfortunately, these qualities have become maladaptive. The current coevolutionary pathway of the human enterprise and the ecosphere therefore puts civilization at risk—both defective genes and malicious "memes" can be "selected out" by a changing physical environment. To achieve sustainability, the world community must write a new cultural narrative that is explicitly designed for living on a finite planet, a narrative that overrides humanity's outdated innate expansionist tendencies.


This study investigates the effect of temperature on CdSe/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) in GaN-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs) using the phosphor conversion efficiency (PCE) and LED junction temperature. In our simulation, the blue chip and CdSe/ZnS QDs temperature are similar because of their minimal thickness. Furthermore, to verify the effect of temperature on CdSe/ZnS QDs, we use continuous wave and pulsed current sources to measure the relationship between the temperature and relative PCE. Higher junction temperatures are observed with greater CdSe/ZnS QD volume in LEDs. This is attributed to the thermal conduction and nonradiative energy between CdSe/ZnS QDs and blue chip. Therefore, if thermal management is improved, CdSe/ZnS QDs are expected to be used as color converting material in LEDs.


This paper considers the class of deterministic continuous-time optimal control problems (OCPs) with piecewise-affine (PWA) vector field, polynomial Lagrangian and semialgebraic input and state constraints. The OCP is first relaxed as an infinite-dimensional linear program (LP) over a space of occupation measures. This LP is then approached by an asymptotically converging hierarchy of linear matrix inequality (LMI) relaxations. The relaxed dual of the original LP returns a polynomial approximation of the value function that solves the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equation of the OCP. Based on this polynomial approximation, a suboptimal policy is developed to construct a state feedback in a sample-and-hold manner. The results show that the suboptimal policy succeeds in providing a suboptimal state feedback law that drives the system relatively close to the optimal trajectories and respects the given constraints.


Adopting the perspective of Ellis's (2007) Associative-Cognitive CREED, this chapter proposes a measure of accuracy in learner production that is based on conditional probabilities. More specifically, we develop a definition of accuracy that involves 'the proficient selection of constructions in their preferred constructional context in a particular target genre'. Comparing this approach to previous work on linguistic units larger than the word, we discuss how this definition (i) does away with a strict separation of lexis and grammar, shifting the focus to interactions between constructions; (ii) embraces various aspects of accuracy (phonology, morphology, lexis, etc.) instead of being restricted to target-like vocabulary choice alone; and (iii) reflects our understanding of native-like proficiency as a gradual, probabilistic phenomenon that transcends a native-nonnative speaker divide. We then exemplify this measure in two small case studies using lexico-grammatical association patterns from L1 and L2 corpora and discuss implications of the theoretical perspective and the empirical measure for task design.


Abstract Certain reactor transients cause a reduction in moderator temperature and, hence, increased attenuation of neutrons and decreased response of excore detectors. This decreased detector response is of concern because of the credit assumed for detector-initiated reactor trip to terminate the transient. Explicit modeling of this phenomenon presents the analyst with a difficult problem because of the dense and optically thick neutron absorption media, given the constraint that precise response characteristics must be known in order to account for this phenomenon. The solution in this study was judged to be the use of Monte Carlo techniques coupled with robust variance reduction to accelerate problem convergence. A fresh discussion on the motivation for variance reduction is included, followed by separate accounts of manual and automated applications of variance reduction techniques. Finally, the results of both manual and automated variance reduction techniques are presented and compared.


-----------------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT---------------------------------------------------------------Here a modified decision based unsymmetrical trimmed median filter algorithm for the restoration of gray scale, and colour images that are highly corrupted by salt and pepper noise is proposed. This algorithm replaces the noisy pixel by trimmed median value when other pixel values, 0's and 255's are present in the selected window and when all the pixel values are 0's and 255's then the noise pixel is replaced by mean value of all the elements present in the selected window. This proposed algorithm shows better results than the Standard Median Filter (MF), Decision Based Algorithm (DBA), Modified Decision Based Algorithm (MDBA), and Progressive Switched Median Filter (PSMF). The proposed algorithm is tested against different gray scale and colour images and it gives better Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) and Image Enhancement Factor (IEF).


This paper generalizes the distribution of residual autocovariance matrices in VARMA(p,q) models obtained previously in Hosking (1980). A new simplified version of the multivariate relation between sample correlation matrix of the errors and its residuals is also established. The modifications are effective tools for identifying and dealing with the curse of dimensionality in multivariate time series.


Stability is a primordial concern of power systems. From the generator point of view, it means that the machine must be able to attain an equilibrium state (possibly the pre-fault state) once the system is back to normal operation. For Synchronous Generators, the Equal Area Criterion (EAC) can be used to determine the maximum fault clearing time also known as critical clearing time. Such criterion is not valid for Induction Generators. In fact, only a few works aimed for a stability criterion for Doubly-Fed Induction Generators (DFIG). Since the EAC uses the power-angle profile of the synchronous machine, the work done here proposes the use of the power-slip profile of the DFIG. Using the power-slip profile of a DFIG, an analytic method for critical fault clearing time for a DFIG is developed. The analytic values calculated using the criterion are compared with values obtained through simulations showing accurate results. Hence, the method can be used as an indicator for transient stability for DFIG.


For a simple diffraction pattern, the time required to calculate interplanar distances from measurements of the pattern is not excessive. If more than a few lines are present, however, or if several patterns are to be studied, it is very advantageous to have available a table giving interplanar spacings directly in terms of the linear measurements made on the film of the lines appearing on the diffraction pattern. The preparation of the table given here was undertaken when the expansion of research activities involving X-ray diffraction techniques indicated that such a table would greatly decrease the time required to analyze diffraction patterns. The table was prepared for use with K alpha(sub 1) radiation from the following target materials: molybdenum, copper, cobalt, iron, and chromium.


The aim of this study was determine the relationship between maternal glycemia with foetal glycemia and development of foetal endocrine pancreas. Eighteen pregnant alpacas and their respective foetus were grouped in the three thirds of the gestation period (n = 3, 4 and 11 for first, second and third third respectively). The relationship between levels of maternal glycemia and the levels of foetal glycemia, number of Langerhans islets (IL) per area (N°IL/mm2) and diameter of IL were of r: 0.98, 0.99, 0.93, respectively. Levels of maternal-foetal glucose, N°IL/mm2 and IL diameter were significantly higher (p<0.001) in the last third of gestation. The results would show that maternal glycemia affects the development of foetal endocrine pancreas.