The director of the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) plays a central role in advising the president on the impact of science and technology on domestic and global affairs, and on federal funding of scientific research. This paper provides recommendations for the next president to consider when choosing a science advisor and establishing science and technology policy priorities. The project also offers guidance to the next science advisor for developing effective policy while serving in the White House. The recommendations are based on lessons learned from past presidential science advisors as well as feedback from more than 60 reviewers, including individuals who currently serve or have served the OSTP, the Presidentメs Council of Advisors for Science and Technology, federal agencies, Congress or congressional staff, and nongovernmental organizations as well as policy scholars. The project, released on Sept. 14, 2016, at the National Press Club in Washington, D.C., was funded by a grant from the Richard Lounsbery Foundation and by the Baker Institute Science and Technology Policy Program.


The homology search problem and the gene finding problem are two fundamental problems in bioinformatics. The homology search problem is to find the homologous regions of two biological sequences; the gene finding problem is to find all the genes in both strands of a genomic sequence. Recently, gene finding research has demonstrated that homology search results can be used to improve the accuracy of gene finding. By combining the two problems, we define a new problem called the homologous gene finding problem. The homologous gene finding problem is to find homologous genes of a query gene in a target genomic sequence. Consequently, we present a new homologous gene finding algorithm in this thesis. We borrow the idea of gene mapping and alignment algorithms, and apply existing seed-based homology search algorithms and hidden Markov model-based (HMM-based) gene finding algorithms to solve the homologous gene finding problem. After we find high-scoring segment pairs (HSPs) between the query gene and the target genomic sequence, we locate target regions that we believe contain a gene homologous to the query gene. Then, we extend existing HMM-based gene finding algorithms to find homologous gene candidates. To improve the accuracy of homologous gene finding, we train a HMM to be biased toward the query gene. We also introduce a new coding sequence (CDS) length penalty as a measure of how the CDS lengths of the query gene and its homologous gene vary to further improve the accuracy. We use the new CDS length penalty together with our enhanced Viterbi algorithm and our flexible finish condition to improve the speed of homologous gene fining without harming the accuracy. Finally, we use protein alignment to pick and rank the best homologous gene candidates. In this thesis, we also describe several experiments to evaluate and support our homologous gene finding algorithm.


In this study, indoor radon concentrations obtained from the radon surveys conducted in the Van. Radon monitoring was performed by applying a passive, time‐integrating measuring technique. For this purpose, CR‐39 nuclear track detectors were installed in dwellings for 2 months. After the monitoring period, detectors were collected. In order to make the alpha tracks visible, chemical etching was applied to the exposed detectors. Nuclear track numbers and the corresponding indoor radon concentrations were determined. Annual effective dose equivalents and the risk probabilities caused by indoor radon inhalation were calculated, and the found results compared with the indoor radon concentrations' data measured in different provinces of Turkey.


Background: Childhood obesity is a fast emerging problem for which national representative data is scarce. Effective preventive of adult obesity will require prevention and management of childhood obesity. Objectives: To know the prevalence of obesity in two affluent school children of Davangere city studying between 5th and 10th standard and to identify the factors influencing childhood obesity. Methods: A cross sectional study followed by a case control study was conducted in two affluent schools of Davangere city - Sri. Siddaganga and Sri. Taralabalu residential school. A total of 1496, school children studying between 5th & 10th standard aged between 10 and 15 years were enrolled and data on family history of obesity, diet, snacking habits and physical activity was collected. Results: Out of 1496 children 86 were obese. Prevalence of obesity was 5.74 %. Prevalence of obesity was more in girls (8.82%) than boys ( 4.42%). Prevalence of obesity increased, with increase in age in both boys and Girls. Family history of obesity, snacking of high energy foods and lack of physical activity were the important influencing factors of obesity. Conclusion : Consumption of high fat and high energy (Junk foods) and snacking in between the meals should be avoided by children. Health education should be given to parents, teachers and children regarding dietary habit and sedentary life style.


Abstract Since 1945, many teams have made it to the World Series and have won. The New York Yankees, Philadelphia/Oakland Athletics, and St. Louis Cardinals have won many. The Boston Red Sox, Chicago White Sox, and San Francisco Giants endured decades-long dry spells before they finally won the World Series. Even expansion teams like the New York Mets, Toronto Blue Jays, Kansas City Royals, and Florida Marlins have won multiple championships. Other expansion teams like the San Diego Padres and Texas Rangers have been to the Fall Classic multiple times, although they did not win. Then we have the Chicago Cubs. The Cubs have not been to a World Series since 1945, and have not won one since 1908. In the seventy years since their last World Series appearance, the Cubs have flirted with a return to the Fall Classic several times. Unfortunately, each time they would suffer some amazing calamity that would stunningly snatch defeat from the grip of victory. This is their story.


Recent work has suggested that weathering processes occurring in the subsurface produce the majority of silicate weathering products discharged to the world's oceans, thereby exerting a primary control on global temperature via the well‐known positive feedback between silicate weathering and CO2. In addition, chemical and physical weathering processes deep within the critical zone create aquifers and control groundwater chemistry, watershed geometry and regolith formation rates. Despite this, most weathering studies are restricted to the shallow critical zone (e.g. soils, outcrops). Here we investigate the chemical weathering, fracturing and geomorphology of the deep critical zone in the Bisley watershed in the Luquillo Critical Zone Observatory, Puerto Rico, from two boreholes drilled to 37.2 and 27.0 m depth, from which continuous core samples were taken. Corestones exposed aboveground were also sampled. Weathered rinds developed on exposed corestones and along fracture surfaces on subsurface rocks slough off of exposed corestones once rinds attain a thickness up to ~1 cm, preventing the corestones from rounding due to diffusion limitation. Such corestones at the land surface are assumed to be what remains after exhumation of similar, fractured bedrock pieces that were observed in the drilled cores between thick layers of regolith. Some of these subsurface corestones are massive and others are highly fractured, whereas aboveground corestones are generally massive with little to no apparent fracturing. Subsurface corestones are larger and less fractured in the borehole drilled on a road where it crosses a ridge compared with the borehole drilled where the road crosses the stream channel. Both borehole profiles indicate that the weathering zone extends to well below the stream channel in this upland catchment; hence weathering depth is not controlled by the stream level within the catchment and not all of the water in the watershed is discharged to the stream. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Dr. Brewer is doing a little plant-testing in his basement. Nothing to worry about. Harmless, he says. But Margaret and Casey Brewer are worried about their father. Especially when they...meet...some of the plants he is growing down there. Then they notice that their father is developing plant like tendencies. In fact, he is becoming distinctly weedy-and seedy. Is it just part of Dr. Brewer's 'harmless' experiment? Or does Dad have more than just a green thumb...?


We report a peculiar multifocal micronodular proliferation of pneumocytes occurring in a 24-yr-old woman with tuberous sclerosis and lymphangioleiomyomatosis. A computed tomographic scan of the chest demonstrated multiple minute nodules present throughout both lung fields. Histologically, the nodules were well demarcated, measured up to 1.6 mm in diameter, and were composed of thickened, fibrotic, alveolar septa lined by pleomorphic, type II pneumocytes. Positive immunohistochemical stains for keratin, BER-EP4, and surfactant, and negative immunohistochemical staining with an antibody recognizing Clara cells support an epithelial origin from type II pneumocytes. The absence of immunohistochemical staining for HMB45 suggests a histogenesis separate than the lesions of lymphangioleiomyomatosis. We failed to detect estrogen or progesterone receptors in either the lesions of lymphangioleiomyomatosis or the micronodular proliferations. Recognition of these unique lesions facilitates their distinction from other epithelial proliferations, particularly atypical bronchioloalveolar cell hyperplasia. This lesion appears to be a distinctive manifestation of tuberous sclerosis. It is probably hamartomatous.


Seismic reflection imaging is a geophysical method that provides greater resolution at depth than other methods and is, therefore, the method of choice for hydrocarbon-reservoir exploration. However, seismic imaging has only sparingly been used to explore and monitor geothermal reservoirs. Yet, detailed images of reservoirs are an essential prerequisite to assess the feasibility of geothermal projects and to reduce the risk associated with expensive drilling programs. The vast experience of hydrocarbon seismic imaging has much to offer in illuminating the route toward improved seismic exploration of geothermal reservoirs — but adaptations to the geothermal problem are required. Specialized seismic acquisition and processing techniques with significant potential for the geothermal case are the use of 3D arrays and multicomponent sensors, coupled with sophisticated processing, including seismic attribute analysis, polarization filtering/migration, converted-wave processing, and the analysis of the diffracted wavefield. Furthermore, full-waveform inversion and S-wave splitting investigations potentially provide quantitative estimates of elastic parameters, from which it may be possible to infer critical geothermal properties, such as porosity and temperature.


Species distribution models (SDMs) are widely used in ecology, biogeography and conservation biology to estimate relationships between environmental variables and species occurrence data and make predictions of how their distributions vary in space and time. During the past two decades, the field has increasingly made use of machine learning approaches for constructing and validating SDMs. Model accuracy has steadily increased as a result, but the interpretability of the fitted models, for example the relative importance of predictor variables or their causal effects on focal species, has not always kept pace. Here we draw attention to an emerging subdiscipline of artificial intelligence, explainable AI (xAI), as a toolbox for better interpreting SDMs. xAI aims at deciphering the behavior of complex statistical or machine learning models (e.g. neural networks, random forests, boosted regression trees), and can produce more transparent and understandable SDM predictions. We describe the rationale behind xAI and provide a list of tools that can be used to help ecological modelers better understand complex model behavior at different scales. As an example, we perform a reproducible SDM analysis in R on the African elephant and showcase some xAI tools such as local interpretable model-agnostic explanation (LIME) to help interpret local-scale behavior of the model. We conclude with what we see as the benefits and caveats of these techniques and advocate for their use to improve the interpretability of machine learning SDMs.


In the nineteenth century, the paradigm of the age was cultural evolutionism represented by Friedrich Max Muller, Edward B. Tylor, and James G. Frazer. With the realization of the limits of this theory in the early part of the twentieth century, there arose the new paradigm of diffusionism, represented by George Elliot Smith and William James Perry in Great Britain, and by Father Peter Schmidt and Father Wilhelm Koppers in Austria-Germany. Curiously, this paradigm was not popular in other countries such as France and the United States and besides, the diffusionists in the two areas were not in league but showed open hostility to each other. The paper examines the diffusion theory of W. J. Perry as the representative example, and also discusses the reasons why the theory that once in vogue came to be criticized and disappeared.
Today, however, diffusionism has proved to be correct thanks to the development of various branches of sciences. In a word, the early diffusionists were overzealous in presenting a universalistic theory before they could secure a firmer ground by amassing reliable data.  They consequently constructed a quasi-science myth. The line that separates myth and science is not firm as this case of diffusion theory attests.


Studies have found that loneliness is as bad as smoking or obesity for mortality risk, and the prevalence of loneliness is predicted to increase with ageing populations, more people living alone, and with chronic health conditions. Despite the substantial literature on loneliness, there is little detailed research on the extent of economic gradients. In this paper we provide this evidence using a sample of around 400,000 respondents (aged 40-70) from the UK Biobank. We focus on differences in loneliness across educational attainment, household income and neighbourhood deprivation, as well as recent major life events including financial difficulties. Using two statistical approaches, we find a substantially higher probability of experiencing loneliness, but also social isolation and a lack of social support, for men and women with low socioeconomic status, even when comparing those residing in the same postcode district. Additionally, the recent experience of financial stress is strongly associated with worse social health. Our results are robust to a panel analysis that accounts for intercorrelations between loneliness, social isolation and lack of social support, and controls for sample attrition.


I. INTRODUCTION A settlor's ability to enforce the terms of a private irrevocable trust remains an open question, both in the courts and in the larger legal community, despite many commentators' encouragement to resolve the issue.1 The issue is important to living settlors who want to both subject their donations of wealth to restrictions or conditions, and simultaneously minimize their overall tax liability.2 Trust restrictions imposed by settlors may include provisions for asset management by a skilled trustee,3 controlled asset disbursement to beneficiaries based on the trustee's discretion or the beneficiaries' needs,4 or other criteria specified by the settlor.5 In many cases, the settlor also wants to retain some degree of control over the trust, even if only in a supervisory role, in order to ensure that the trust functions as envisioned.6 Even more ideal for the settlor would be the ability to impose his or her ongoing wishes over trust operation as circumstances change and evolve.7 Although a settlor is ostensibly free to incorporate such wishes into the trust terms, adverse tax consequences may result where a settlor retains control over the disposition of trust assets up until the time of his death.8 This reflects a "favored" tax status for outright inter vivos gifts (i.e., gifts given while the donor is living) as opposed to testamentary transfers that are not completed until death.9 The settlor's desire to minimize taxes is therefore in tension with the desire to reserve control over the disposition of trust assets beyond the date of trust inception.10 Settlors often attempt to balance these concerns by creating an irrevocable trust." In a typical irrevocable trust, settlors specify the terms and conditions governing the operation of the trust prior to the trust's creation.12 A trustee is then empowered to fulfill the trust provisions.13 The settlor often confers a great deal of discretion on the trustee, especially in modernday trusts,14 in order to deal with unanticipated events or changed conditions regarding asset investments or the beneficiaries' financial situations, for example. Assuming the trustee adheres to the trust terms and faithfully fulfills his duties, the settlor's wishes are generally carried out. Relinquishing control over the trust property to the trustee in this manner will usually satisfy the tax code provisions requiring the surrender of control by the settlor.15 Albeit imperfect, inter vivos irrevocable trusts are often the best solution for settlors wishing to make a conditional transfer of wealth while minimizing their tax burden.16 One problem that can arise in irrevocable trusts, however, is that the trustee's actions may not always conform to the settlor's wishes. This problem is exacerbated where the trustee has been granted a great deal of discretion, or new circumstances or information arise after the trust terms are finalized.17 Such infidelity may be the result of unclear trust terms, differences of opinion, or outright trustee misconduct, including collusion between the trustee and beneficiaries to thwart the trust provisions. In such cases, settlors naturally want the ability to enforce the terms of a trust, especially when preventing trustee or beneficiary misconduct.18 Unfortunately for these settlors, the weight of authority rejects the ability of an otherwise disinterested settlor to enforce the trust terms or to ensure that the trustee adheres to his other fiduciary duties.19 This result stems from the historical perception of trusts as a conveyance of property, which viewed the settlor's role as complete once the property was conveyed in trust.20 Some have suggested that a possible remedy for settlors is to contract directly with the trustee.21 With such a contract, a breach by the trustee could be remedied by the settlor in a suit not for a breach of trust, but for a breach of contract. The primary difficulty with this approach is that it is unknown whether such a contract will cause the trust assets to be included in the settlor's gross estate upon death. …


In this thesis I report on investigations of the early socioemotional development of 4- month-old infants with Down syndrome (DS) in dyadic and triadic interactions, and comparisons of aspects of socioemotional behaviour of infants with DS with those of typically developing (TD) infants. The thesis incorporates theories relating to positive emotion, early infancy and Down syndrome research. I investigate 3 main debates: when compared to typically developing infants 1) infants with DS may have differences in emotionality, and perhaps social and emotional strengths 2) that infants with DS may have may different patterns of attention, perhaps preferring attending to a social partner over object 3) that the environment within which the infant with DS is raised is somehow different. I investigate these debates with consideration that all may relate to each other.
I compare typically developing infants and infants with DS on measures of attention, emotion and sociocommunicative behaviour alongside measuring aspects of their environment. I analyse the behaviour of groups of infants in dyadic (TD: n=11, DS: n=10) and triadic social, and less social, situations (TD: n=10, DS: n=10). I investigate aspects of infant emotion and sociocommunicative behaviours and discuss how they may, or may not, be indicative of abilities in for example, social expectancy, person permanence and early joint attention. I also question whether different play partners relate to infant enjoyment. I report on data relating to infant temperament, and aspects of the very young infant's environment (maternal caregiving preferences, optimism and demographics) in order to consider the relation of these variables to group and individual differences. I integrate findings from all studies and discuss individual differences.
Key findings from the thesis were that DS infants were less fussy overall than TD infants, equally as positive and communicative, and demonstrated an ability to maintain longer social interactions compared to TD infants. DS infants had less interest in an object than TD infants, and more interest in the social partner. This was not due to infants with TD being unable to shift gaze, as infants from both groups shifted gaze comparably. TD infants were able to follow gaze to some extent, and demonstrated sensitivity to the timing and structure of the game of peekaboo. This suggests that at 4 months of age, TD infants may have some level of social expectancy regarding the rules and structure of social exchange, and have emerging joint attentional skills. DS infants did not follow gaze as successfully (although some did) and did not demonstrate such sensitivity to the timing and structure of the peekaboo game (although some did, and some TD infants did not) however enjoyed the game as much as TD infants. TD infant and mother pairs played the game of peekaboo differently to TD infant and experimenter pairs. In the main, infants with DS and mothers played similarly, and infants enjoyed the game as much, as DS-experimenter pairs; and this was comparable to how TD infants and experimenters played and enjoyed the game. No differences emerged between groups on measures of temperament, nor in relation to maternal factors such as parenting system preference or optimism. Neither did any of these measures relate to levels of infant positive emotion during positive, dyadic play. It was concluded that the ability for infants with DS to maintain prolonged social interactions with another at 4-months of age could be interpreted as a strength, perhaps due to an increased focus on the building blocks of later emerging social and emotional skills, that occur during face-to-face interaction. My thesis emphasises the importance in recognising strengths for those with DS, and acknowledging similarities rather than differences with the typical population. The value of this cannot be underestimated for those families (and educators, health professionals and carers) involved with DS. Recognition of sameness promotes an inclusive attitude to enable those with DS to integrate and to develop within a positive environmen


SOMMARIO: 1. La crisi della Respublica Christiana e la nascita della Chiesa territoriale di Stato - 2. La politica ecclesiastica della Church of England - 3. Dal Toleration Act del 1689 al sincretismo religioso anglicano - 4. Sinodalità anglicana e corresponsabilità nel governo ecclesiale - 5. Osservazioni conclusive.
The discipline of the religious factor in the Church of England: perspectives on constitutional inclusivism
ABSTRACT: The Church of England reproduced the characteristics of national churches in which rulers were free to choose the religion to be professed and subjects obliged to observe it. This condition persisted until 1689 when William III of Orange passed an ʹact of tolerationʹ by which a certain religious freedom was fostered, albeit in embryonic form, effectively paving the way for the stabilization of the different sensibilities, theological and ecclesiological, present in the aforementioned ecclesial reality and currently converged in the High Church, Low Church and Broad Church. In this regard, it is worth recalling the positive factors that these components have offered to today's Anglican Church, among which the right of ecclesial reorganization, inclusivism and lay participation in ecclesiastical government undoubtedly stand out. In the latter direction, therefore, must be understood the Synodical Government Measure of 1969 by which a parallel constitutional structure, inspired by the revaluation of the synodal element, through which the ʹequalʹ participation of bishops, presbyters and laity in the potestas gubernandi was ensured in the Church of England, alongside the secular hierarchical chain that reaches from the sovereign down to the faithful, was introduced. Indeed, it is no accident that the Anglican Church "is episcopally led and synodically governed".


This study investigated the hepatoprotective and in vivo antioxidant activity of orally administered chloroform and ethanol Costus afer leaf extracts (20 - 60 mg/kg b.w.) on 1 g/kg b.w. acetaminophen-induced acute hepatic injury in albino rats for 7 days. Result showed no significant difference in plasma and hepatic superoxide activities. Plasma catalase (CAT) activity was significantly reduced in 20 and 40 mg/kg chloroform extracts and 20 mg/kg ethanol extract treated groups. Hepatic CAT activity was reduced significantly at co-administered 20 mg/kg ethanol extract and 1 g/kg ACT treated group. Plasma and hepatic glutathione levels were elevated significantly in chloroform and ethanol leaf extracts treated groups. The plasma and liver glutathione S-transferase activity in the chloroform extract groups were significantly reduced while ethanol leaf extract showed no significant difference. The plasma and hepatic MDA concentrations in the chloroform and ethanol extracts treated groups were found reduced. Further studies showed that the reduction in AST and ALT elevated activities induced by ACT was more profound in ethanol treated groups than chloroform treated groups. Therefore, findings from this present study indicate that the chloroform leaf extract possess high antioxidant effect than ethanol leaf extracts while ethanol leaf extract possess high hepatoprotective potentials than chloroform leaf extract.


ABSTRACT This review paper contributes to literature on the changing nature of work and its implications for regulating work health and safety (WHS). The paper aims to examine how Australian WHS agencies can enhance their evidence base for setting priorities, in the context of trends in business size and structure, industry and work, unionisation, work arrangements and worker attributes. The paper maps key trends and incorporates these in a conceptual framework for appraising data and information sources for priority setting, as identified through searches of literature databases and websites of WHS agencies. With reference to this conceptual framework, the paper examines a range of regulator, compensation, coronial, health and labour datasets. Principal findings are: the greater strength of information about traumatic deaths, injuries and their causes compared with information about slower onset diseases and conditions; the limited basis for differentiating business WHS performance and worker experiences by key business and workforce trends; under-representation of vulnerable workers' experiences; and the retrospective focus of many sources. The paper concludes that to enhance their evidence base, WHS agencies will need to build analytical expertise and/or links with research bodies and carefully select, extend and combine sources.


By the end of 2012, all standardised over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives must be cleared with central counterparties (CCPs). In this paper, we estimate the amount of collateral that CCPs should demand to clear safely all interest rate swap and credit default swap positions of the major derivatives dealers. Our estimates are based on potential losses on a set of hypothetical dealer portfolios that replicate several aspects of the way that derivatives positions are distributed within and across dealer portfolios in practice. Our results suggest that major dealers already have sufficient unencumbered assets to meet initial margin requirements, but that some of them may need to increase their cash holdings to meet variation margin calls. We also find that default funds worth only a small fraction of dealers' equity appear sufficient to protect CCPs against almost all possible losses that could arise from the default of one or more dealers, especially if initial margin requirements take into account the tail risks and time variation in risk of cleared portfolios. Finally, we find that concentrating clearing of OTC derivatives in a single CCP could economise on collateral requirements without undermining the robustness of central clearing.


Due to the nature of domains, ferroics, including ferromagnetic, ferroelectric, and ferroelastic materials, exhibit hysteresis phenomena with respect to external driving fields (magnetic field, electric field, or stress). In principle, every ferroic material has its own hysteresis loop, like a fingerprint, which contains information related to its properties and structures. For ferroelectrics, many characteristic parameters, such as coercive field, spontaneous, and remnant polarizations can be directly extracted from the hysteresis loops. Furthermore, many impact factors, including the effect of materials (grain size and grain boundary, phase and phase boundary, doping, anisotropy, thickness), aging (with and without poling), and measurement conditions (applied field amplitude, fatigue, frequency, temperature, stress), can affect the hysteretic behaviors of the ferroelectrics. In this feature article, we will first give the background of the ferroic materials and multiferroics, with an emphasis on ferroelectrics. Then it is followed by an introduction of the characterizing techniques for the loops, including the polarization–electric field loops and strain–electric field curves. A caution is made to avoid misinterpretation of the loops due to the existence of conductivity. Based on their morphologic features, the hysteresis loops are categorized to four groups and the corresponding material usages are introduced. The impact factors on the hysteresis loops are discussed based on recent developments in ferroelectric and related materials. It is suggested that decoding the fingerprint of loops in ferroelectrics is feasible and the comprehension of the material properties and structures through the hysteresis loops is established.


: In this paper I discuss Øyvind Dahl's argument (1995,1999) for the conclusion that Malagasy people conceive of the future as coming from behind them and not as being before them as most worldviews do. I argue that we have good reason not to attribute this view to Malagasy people. First, it would mark an inefficient and anomalous way of keeping track of the past and future. Second, the linguistic and testimonial evidence presented by Dahl doesn't support the conclusion. Even though this specific argument fails, Dahl has many enlightening things to say about Malagasy time conceptions, such as the various time-conceptions that figure more predominantly in their worldview as opposed to the general modern Western worldview. Dahl is right that successful communication for Westerners in Madagascar requires understanding that the Malagasy worldview is structured more by an event-related conception of time than the general modern Western worldview. I also show in this paper that the three time conceptions Dahl outlines are relevant to living a good life. the introduction of this abstract time concept predicable and


Depression frequently co-occurs in heart failure (HF) patients, causing significant interference and negative health outcomes. This case-controlled study explored the construct of illness intrusiveness and examined its relationship to HF severity and depression. Older veterans (n = 104) with an HF diagnosis completed a one-time assessment that included demographics, depressive symptoms (Geriatric Depression Scale), the Illness Intrusiveness Rating Scale (IIRS), and HF quality of life and functional abilities (Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire [KCCQ]). Analyses included exploratory correlations between IIRS and KCCQ items, a confirmatory factor analysis (IIRS), and formal mediational analyses. Results indicated that the IIRS had adequate internal consistency and concurrent validity, with support for its established three-factor model. Regression analyses indicated that illness intrusiveness mediated HF illness severity and depression. In conclusion, illness intrusiveness may be a better indicator of depression than illness severity (HF symptoms); thus research methods and interventions targeted at reducing illness intrusiveness merit further investigation.


The relationship between regional alkali-feldspar metasomatism and the alteration around large, sediment-hosted, stratiform Zn-Pb deposits is not well understood. At the Proterozoic HYC deposit in the Northern Territory, Australia, feldspar alteration of volcaniclastic beds (∼85 thin beds within a 700-m-thick section) forms a wedge (in plan view, >2 km wide) that is zoned westward from microcline to albite away from the Emu fault zone, which forms the half-graben margin. In cross section, the base-metals deposit occurs near the bottom of the feldspar-altered wedge and has a similar width. However, similar feldspar alteration occurs at several more poorly exposed points regionally along the Emu fault; base-metal sulfides are absent at these sites. Whole-rock and δ 18 O whole rock geochemistry indicate that the feldspar-forming fluid was cool (32 ± 27 °C) and had a δ 18 O composition that is most consistent with a meteoric origin (−12‰ ±6‰).A fluid with these characteristics is not considered suitable for base-metal transport; in addition, textural evidence indicates that the main feldspar alteration of the volcaniclastic beds predated the base-metal mineralization in most examples. To account for the activity of two fluids leading to the low-temperature feldspar alteration and the spatially coincident high-temperature base-metal deposition, I propose that meteoric ground water from the adjacent horst was focused into the shale-filled basin by a long-lived, shallow, saline fluid flow. This fluid preferentially reacted with vitroclastic rocks in the upper diagenetic zone. The extent of the feldspar and microquartz alteration was proportional to the head generated by transpression along the Emu fault zone (i.e., the basin margin). Salts were leached from a carbonate-evaporite sequence within the fault zone without substantially altering the δ 18 O composition of the fluid. The westward zonation from microcline to albite was achieved by K-feldspar deposition during brine migration, which isothermally increased the Na/K ratio in the fluid until albite was stabilized. Base-metal deposition occurred separately by the episodic fault release of high-temperature, deep-basin brines, producing disseminated Mn-Fe carbonate, adularia, pyrite, and base-metal sulfides in some volcaniclastic beds. The hydrogeochemical model may be generally applicable to provinces in which synsedimentary faults juxtaposed arid subaerial regions against volcaniclastic-bearing marine basins, inducing basinward saline fluid flow.


The magnetosphere is a major source of energy for the Earth's ionosphere and thermosphere (IT) system. Current IT models drive the upper atmosphere using empirically calculated magnetospheric energy input. Thus, they do not sufficiently capture the storm-time dynamics, particularly at high latitudes. To improve the prediction capability of IT models, a physics-based magnetospheric input is necessary. Here, we use the Open Global General Circulation Model (OpenGGCM) coupled with the Coupled Thermosphere Ionosphere Model (CTIM). OpenGGCM calculates a three-dimensional global magnetosphere and a two-dimensional high-latitude ionosphere by solving resistive magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equations with solar wind input. CTIM calculates a global thermosphere and a high-latitude ionosphere in three dimensions using realistic magnetospheric inputs from the OpenGGCM. We investigate whether the coupled model improves the storm-time IT responses by simulating a geomagnetic storm that is preceded by a strong solar wind pressure front on August 24, 2005. We compare the OpenGGCM-CTIM results with low-earth-orbit satellite observations and with the model results of Coupled Thermosphere-Ionosphere-Plasmasphere electrodynamics (CTIPe). CTIPe is an up-to-date version of CTIM that incorporates more IT dynamics such as a low-latitude ionosphere and a plasmasphere, but uses empirical magnetospheric input. OpenGGCM-CTIM reproduces localized neutral density peaks at ~ 400 km altitude in the high-latitude dayside regions in agreement with in situ observations during the pressure shock and the early phase of the storm. Although CTIPe is in some sense a much superior model than CTIM, it misses these localized enhancements. Unlike the CTIPe empirical input models, OpenGGCM-CTIM more faithfully produces localized increases of both auroral precipitation and ionospheric electric fields near the high-latitude dayside region after the pressure shock and after the storm onset, which in turn effectively heats the thermosphere and causes the neutral density increase at 400 km altitude.


This paper develops a more diverse and multi-dimensional agenda for understanding and researching urban verticality. In particular, it argues for vertical geographies that encompass more than issues of security and segregation and are not necessarily framed by the three-dimensional politics of Israel/Palestine identified by some commentators. In opening up a wider world of vertical urbanisms, the paper outlines three key approaches: close attention to where urban verticality is theorised and the relationship between power and height, the importance of ethnographic detail to emphasise more everyday verticalities and disrupt top-down analytical perspectives, and geographical imaginations that carefully attend to the myriad spatial entanglements of the three-dimensional city.


The Afrotropical Rhyssinae are reviewed. A total of 12 species are reported from the region, including five new species: Epirhyssa brianfisheri sp. nov., E. gavinbroadi sp. nov., E. shaka sp. nov., E. villemantae sp. nov. and E. tombeaodiba sp. nov. The generic status of E. brianfisheri sp. nov. is discussed since this species could also be considered to be an extra-limital Triancyra species, emphasizing the putative paraphyletic status of Epirhyssa . Epirhyssa ghesquierei Seyrig, 1937, E. overlaeti Seyrig, 1937 and E. uelensis Benoit, 1951 are newly reported from Cameroon. We provide illustrated diagnoses and identification notes. Finally, we discuss the apparent scarcity of African rhyssines compared to other regions.


We develop an immersed boundary (IB) method for modeling flows around fixed or moving rigid bodies that is suitable for a broad range of Reynolds numbers, including steady Stokes flow. The spatio-temporal discretization of the fluid equations is based on a standard staggered-grid approach. Fluid-body interaction is handled using Peskin's IB method; however, unlike existing IB approaches to such problems, we do not rely on penalty or fractional-step formulations. Instead, we use an unsplit scheme that ensures the no-slip constraint is enforced exactly in terms of the Lagrangian velocity field evaluated at the IB markers. Fractional-step approaches, by contrast, can impose such constraints only approximately , which can lead to penetration of the flow into the body, and are inconsistent for steady Stokes flow. Imposing no-slip constraints exactly requires the solution of a large linear system that includes the fluid velocity and pressure as well as Lagrange multiplier forces that impose the motion of the body. The principal contribution of this paper is that it develops an efficient preconditioner for this exactly constrained IB formulation which is based on an analytical approximation to the Schur complement. This approach is enabled by the near translational and rotational invariance of Peskin's IB method. We demonstrate that only a few cycles of a geometric multigrid method for the fluid equations are required in each application of the preconditioner, and we demonstrate robust convergence of the overall Krylov solver despite the approximations made in the preconditioner. We empirically observe that to control the condition number of the coupled linear system while also keeping the rigid structure impermeable to fluid, we need to place the immersed boundary markers at a distance of about two grid spacings, which is significantly larger from what has been recommended in the literature for elastic bodies. We demonstrate the advantage of our monolithic solver over split solvers by computing the steady state flow through a two-dimensional nozzle at several Reynolds numbers. We apply the method to a number of benchmark problems at zero and finite Reynolds numbers, and we demonstrate first-order convergence of the method to several analytical solutions and benchmark computations.


12 SU8 is a negative resist which is widely used for the fabrication of micron scale lateral 13 features over a wide range of heights using photolithographic methods. This has been extensively 14 used as a method to produce surface structure to which hydrophobicity can be added and a model 15 super-water repellent surface of achieved. However, such an approach requires at least two-steps 16 and does not embed the desired properties as part of the structure itself or create multiple levels 17 of topographical structure. In other applications, a variety of inclusions have previously been 18 studied to tailor the properties of SU8. In this work we report an approach to, and results from, 19 incorporating inclusions, in our case glass beads, of different wettabilities into the SU8 structures 20 produced by photolithography. In particular, we focus on ridge structures expected to be of use 21 in flow systems as drag reducing surfaces. We used scanning electron microscopy and 22 profilometry to investigate how the inclusion of either hydrophobic or hydrophilic glass beads 23 (sieve size of 20-30 μm) affects the definition of the structures formed and contact angle 24 goniometry to define what effect such inclusions has on the wettability of the SU8 composite 25 structure. It was found that the inclusion of hydrophobic glass beads in the SU8 resist resulted in 26 poorly defined structures compared to both SU8 on its own and SU8 to which hydrophobic glass 27 beads were added. In contrast, inclusion of hydrophilic glass beads resulted in a well-defined 28 ridge structure with the majority of the beads located in the 'valleys'. Both EDX analysis and 29 contact angle data indicated that the surface chemistry of the beads themselves (both the 30 hydrophobic and hydrophilic beads) were masked by the SU8. Counter-intuitively, the inclusion 31 of hydrophobic beads in the SU8 composite resin resulted in ridges with increased wettability, 32 compared to SU8 ridges, as opposed to the inclusions of hydrophilic beads that resulted in 33 surfaces with increased effective hydrophobicity . 34 35


In an Ambient Intelligence (AmI) environment, electronic devices that comprise the Internet of things (IoT) network work together seamlessly to provide a wide variety of applications and intelligent services to users. Computer-assisted pronunciation training (CAPT), a widely used application in the traditional Internet environment that corrects users pronunciation, is a promising service for transition to the AmI environment. However, the migration of CAPT to the AmI environment is challenging due to its high computational requirements that is at odds with the low computational capacity of IoT members. In this paper, we propose a smartphone-assisted pronunciation learning technique (SAPT) based on a lightweight word recommendation method that exploits built-in functions supported by IoT members and a computationally moderate word selection method. The experimental evaluation of the proposed method demonstrates that the user pronunciation is significantly improved without incurring unacceptable computational costs for a smartphone platform.


Current trends show only a measured reduction in the number of newly acquired sexually transmitted infections despite an increase in the level of funding to sexual health services and more extensive sex education in schools (DH 2009b: DH2007a). Factors that influence and motivate vulnerable individuals to access sexual health services are key determinants in the reduction of sexually transmitted infections (Dixon-Wood et al, 2001). This study took a qualitative methodological approach to understanding how non-healthcare related university students access sexual health services. This included an exploration of the influences and motivations behind service access as well as participants' suggestions for improvement to sexual health services. Such research is valuable in understanding the factors which influence service accessibility and the high prevalence of sexually transmitted infections within the student population. Data was gathered using a semi-structured, face to face interview process. A saturation of data was achieved after eleven interviews. Findings indicated that there were two key factors which influenced access to sexual health services: whether services allowed participants to retain control over their health experience; and services known for the non-judgemental attitudes of the professionals involved in service provision. Participants also suggested a number of improvements to sexual health services such as ensuring a greater commitment to the empowerment of service users and tailoring sexual health services to the individual. Several recommendations for future research and nursing practice were made to improve service uptake and the overall satisfaction of service users which is vital if individuals are to continue using sexual health facilities. Recommendations for nursing practice include providing mandatory sexual health training for service providers and granting greater service user autonomy. Recommendations for future research include investigating how the motivations of individuals who have never accessed sexual health services before compare to experienced service users.


Gases that are not metabolized by the organism are thus chemically inactive under normal conditions. Such gases include the "noble gases" of the Periodic Table as well as hydrogen and nitrogen. At increasing pressure, nitrogen induces narcosis at 4 absolute atmospheres (ATAs) and more in humans and at 11 ATA and more in rats. Electrophysiological and neuropharmacological studies suggest that the striatum is a target of nitrogen narcosis. Glutamate and dopamine release from the striatum in rats are decreased by exposure to nitrogen at a pressure of 31 ATA (75% of the anesthetic threshold). Striatal dopamine levels decrease during exposure to compressed argon, an inert gas more narcotic than nitrogen, or to nitrous oxide, an anesthetic gas. Inversely, striatal dopamine levels increase during exposure to compressed helium, an inert gas with a very low narcotic potency. Exposure to nitrogen at high pressure does not change N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptor activities in Substantia Nigra compacta and striatum but enhances gama amino butyric acidA (GABAA) receptor activities in Substantia Nigra compacta. The decrease in striatal dopamine levels in response to hyperbaric nitrogen exposure is suppressed by recurrent exposure to nitrogen narcosis, and dopamine levels increase after four or five exposures. This change, the lack of improvement of motor disturbances, the desensitization of GABAA receptors on dopamine cells during recurrent exposures and the long-lasting decrease of glutamate coupled with the higher sensitivity of NMDA receptors, suggest a nitrogen toxicity induced by repetitive exposures to narcosis. These differential changes in different neurotransmitter receptors would support the binding protein theory. © 2016 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 6:1579-1590, 2016.


More than 300,000 people in the United States die of heart failure each
year. Heart failure occurs when heart muscle cannot fully contract, and invariably
involves dysregulation of the Ca2+ transport mechanisms that drive
cardiomyocyte contractility. Thorough understanding of cardiomyocyte Ca2+
transport mechanisms is therefore essential for the development of novel heart
failure therapeutics. To this end, our lab recently demonstrated that the store
operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) mechanism of Ca2+ transport is
essential for proper Drosophila heart contractility. SOCE is mediated by STIM proteins, which function as Ca2+
sensors in the ER/SR, and Orai Ca2+ influx channels in the plasma
membrane. Numerous animal studies have demonstrated that upregulation of SOCE
in cardiomyocytes induces pathological cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure.
Interestingly however, humans with gain-of-function mutations in STIM1 or Orai1
exhibit varying degrees of skeletal muscle myopathy and platelet dysfunction,
but not cardiac hypertrophy or other cardiac complications. To better
understand how upregulated SOCE alters cardiomyocyte physiology, we generated a
transgenic Drosophila model that
expresses a Stim mutant which confers constitutive Ca2+ influx
activity (StimCA) due to two aspartate to alanine changes in the Ca2+
binding EF-hand domain.Heart-specific expression of StimCA also significantly
impaired animal development, as 80% of these animals died as larvae and
pupariation of surviving larvae was delayed by approximately two days compared
to W1118 driven StimCA controls. Intravital imaging of
adult heart contractility revealed that heart specific expression of StimCA
reduced end-diastolic and end-systolic dimensions and decreased heart rate, consistent
with significantly impaired heart function. Furthermore, microCT analysis showed heart specific expression of StimCA increased heart wall thickness, suggesting that decreased heart diameters observed in intravital imaging may result from increases in heart wall thickness. Collectively our results demonstrate that heart specific upregulation of the SOCE pathway pathologically impairs Drosophila cardiac function resulting in cardiac hypertrophy and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Moving
forward, we plan to directly measure cardiomyocyte Ca2+ in vivo to determine how StimCA
expression affects Ca2+ physiology and dynamics.


Understanding the ecological effects of municipal wastewater discharged into the ocean depends on data developed by reliable measurements. Municipal wastes are largely residential sewage flavored with industrial effluent; the amount and toxicity of the latter depend, of course, on the kind and amount of industry and the local regulations. Usually this mixture is given some level of treatment in a sewage plant at which time some of the solids (grit and sludge) are removed. The remainder may be treated by aeration, bacteria, addition of various chemicals, etc. until the final effluent is a thin but complex soup containing many fine particles. Upon discharge out the deep diffuser outfalls used in California, this liquid is immediately diluted by at least 100 to 1 forming a plume which drifts off to sea with the prevailing currents. These discharges have very little, if any, effect on man but they do have some effect on life in the sea. Now the question arises which makes this a controversial subject. Are these effects serious enough to require a major effort or are they of no more importance than the excavation of a building, the plowing of a field, or the concreting over of land to make an airport? This paper summarizes how measurements can be made that not only define the present situation but which can be used as a basis for forecasting what future effects would be if certain changes were made in the character of the wastes discharged.


This study compared the beliefs of undergraduate music education majors in their first music education course (n = 55) with music student teachers (n = 25), regarding skills vital to initial success in teaching. Subjects completed a questionnaire rating the importance of items using a 4-point scale. The mean score for each group of subjects on each item was calculated and used to rank the items. While the groups rated some items similarly and others differently, 14 answers were common to both groups' top 10 responses. When the items were placed into one of three categories (musical, personal, or teaching skills), both groups believed personal skills to be most important to success, teaching skills second, and musical skills third. In teacher education programs, prospective educators take a wide variety of classes focusing on the attainment of certain skills and behaviors. Future teachers have much to learn, including knowledge of their subject matter, classroom management skills, learning theories and child development, and ways to best share their knowledge with students. As preservice teachers progress through their teacher education programs, most display varying strengths and weaknesses while simultaneously developing their own ideas about the relative importance of what they are learning (Campbell, 1999; Schmidt, 1998; Tarnowski, 1997). These perceptions may affect their priorities and choices once they enter the classroom. In addition, most music education students have a background in musical performance of some kind, usually as a member of a band, orchestra, or choir. Their ideas about what makes a good music teacher may be derived from these experiences and from the teachers they have had (Teachout, 1997). As students enter college and make the decision to pursue music education, they begin to gain experience with the role of the teacher through their exposure to teaching theory and practice. Once student teaching begins, students often become increasingly aware of their own role as teacher and begin to readjust their ideas about what attributes are important to success (Campbell, 1999; Paul, 1998; Wolfgang, 1990). In discussing preservice teachers' professional development, Meske (1985) articulated challenges inherent in teacher training programs, proposing a possible solution. [W]e are victims of our own learning, for we tend to teach, not as we were taught to teach, but as we were taught. And thus the gap between what we know-theories of teaching and learning which have resulted from research, experimentation, and observation-and what we do-the teaching behaviors readily observable in the classroom-continues to widen (p. 66). Meske believed this "vicious circle" (p. 66) was responsible for the ineffective state of public school education. The author stated that unless experiences in teacher training programs are powerful enough to reshape the concept of teaching developed during childhood, teachers will have difficulty bridging the gap between theory and practice. Therefore, the teacher educator must "identify the concepts which the beginning teacher should possess if the desired teaching behaviors are to be apparent when he/she enters the classroom" (p. 69). While literature related to this situation exists, few studies have systematically examined whether music education students' beliefs about teaching change over the course of their undergraduate curriculum. Research applicable to this topic falls into four general categories: (a) investigations into the qualities of effective teachers, (b) comparisons of preservice teachers to experienced teachers, (c) explorations of how field experiences shape the beliefs of preservice teachers, and (d) examinations of how field experiences affect teacher role development, the process by which preservice teachers begin to take on the identity of teacher. In their review of descriptive studies that investigated teacher effectiveness, Grant and Drafall (1991) concluded that an effective teacher "is adept at human relationships; is an independent thinker; possesses a strong need to accomplish tasks; has a creative teaching style; is able to adapt instruction to student needs; . …


The Northern Ireland Act 1998 seeks to ensure that domestic law will be made compatible with decisions of the European Court of Human Rights following the European Court of Human Rights' determination in Tinnelly and Sons Ltd v. United Kingdom 1 (and the related case of McElduffv. U.K. 2) that there had been a violation of Article 6, the right to a fair trial, arising from the operation of national security certificates in anti-discrimination law. This note examines the Tinnelly judgment, the government's response to it, and its possible impact on the judiciary in the United Kingdom. It is submitted that the legislative steps taken to address the European Court's ruling do not go far enough in protecting individual rights.


In the 1950s "Reds" were gunned down in droves by Mickey Spillane's sadistic private eye Mike Hammer, while on the big screen G-men hunted down evil double-crossing "Commies" and blasted them. Take for instance this extract from Mickey Spillane's best seller One Lonely Night, published in 1951: "I was evil for the good. I was evil and he knew it. I was worse than they were, so much worse that they couldn't stand the comparison. I had one good efficient enjoyable way of getting rid of cancerous Commies. I killed them." Now Hollywood has another bad guy--the Arab terrorist--and he's getting mown down with equal vigor. Dr. J.G. Shaheen is Professor Emeritus of Mass Communications at Southern Illinois University and is the world's foremost authority on media images of Arabs and Muslims. He serves as a consultant with motion picture and television companies such as Dream Works, Warner Brothers, Hanna-Barbera Productions, and Showtime and regularly discusses media stereotypes on national programs and networks such as CNN and The Today Show. According to Shaheen, cinema has villanized Arabs and Muslims more than any other people and for a longer period of time. "We were gunning down subhuman Arabs way before 9/11," he said. According to Shaheen, in movies it would seem that brutal, heartless uncivilized Arabs are hell bent on terrorizing innocent Westerners. In his study of how Arabs are portrayed in the movies for his groundbreaking book Reel Bad Arabs: How Hollywood Vilifies a People (Interlink Publishing Group, 2001) he discovered that Arabs are now without doubt Public Enemy #1. More often than not Arab males all ride camels and are out to abduct the blue-eyed blonde, while women in the Arab world are seen as "bosomy belly dancers" or "mute and submissive". We never see Arab children unless they are out to steal your wallet. "Most Arabs have never slept in a tent nor ridden a camel nor owned an oil well," he said. "The Arabs' humanity and culture is all erased. Instead of focusing on images of commonality, films are focusing on the differences between us. Most Arabs are family people," Shaheen said. "If there was one word used to describe them, it is family." When asked to choose his most extreme example of Arab-bashing Shaheen instantly chose Rules of Engagement (d. W. Friedkin, 2000), a film he points out that was produced with the cooperation of the American Department of Defense. The scene: Samuel L. Jackson (as Colonel Terry Childers) tells his marines "to waste those mother******s" and then guns down "83 men, women, and children." Shaheen also cited True Lies (d. J. Cameron, 1994) where Arnold Schwarzenegger "guns down Palestinians like targets in a shooting gallery." [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] Equating the stereotyping of Arabs with murderous hordes of Indians in Westerns and Jews in Nazi Germany, the results of such stereotyping can, says Shaheen, end in annihilation. Worse, Hollywood has, in the face of Arab stereotyping remained silent--a sure sign for Shaheen that it is likely to continue. "There is no Hollywood star or mogul with sufficient courage to reveal it and condemn it," Shaheen said. The hatred and the fear of the Arab world, like the fear of communism, does not, Shaheen argues, come from personal contact. Rather "we are taught to hate them. It comes from the fictional bombardment of media images. It comes from what our media teaches us. Movies teach us who we should love and who we should hate. 150 countries have been taught to hate everything that is Arab and Muslim ... The longer it continues without being contradicted the more opportunity there is for men and women to be hurt. There is tremendous fear in the Arab community. If your name's Hussein, change it to Harry." Today, according to Shaheen, the only images of the Arab world that the majority of Americans ever see is the image given to them by movies. Movies played endlessly on cable--Shaheen points out--last forever. …


We analyze the mean packet delay in an Ethernet passive optical network (EPON) with gated service. For an EPON with a single optical network unit (ONU), we derive (i) a closed form delay expression for reporting at the end of an upstream transmission, and (ii) a Markov chain-based approach requiring the numerical solution of a system of equations for reporting at the beginning of an upstream transmission. Reporting at the beginning, which has not been previously examined in detail, achieves significantly smaller delays than reporting at the end of an upstream transmission for a small number of ONUs. Both of these analyses are fundamentally different from existing polling system analyses in that they consider the dependent switchover times of the EPON. We extend the analysis for reporting at the beginning of an upstream transmission to approximate the mean packet delay in an EPON with multiple ONUs and verify the accuracy of the analysis with simulations. Overall, our numerical results indicate that for utilizations up to ~75%, the mean packet delay is close to its minimum of four times the one-way propagation delay.


Recent observations on the western Antarctic Peninsula have suggested that chang- ing climatic conditions may be increasing pressure on breeding seabirds due to higher exploita- tion rates by the tick Ixodes uriae. Using data from 8 microsatellite markers and ticks from 6 Pygoscelis spp. colonies, we employed a population genetics approach to specifically test the hypothesis that I. uriae is expanding south-westward along the peninsula from the Subantarctic region. Contrary to expectations, tick genetic diversity was high within all colonies, and no remaining signal of colonisation events was evident. Although significant geographic genetic structure occurred among ticks from different colonies, these ectoparasites tended to belong to 2 major genetic groups, one found principally in south-western locations (Palmer Station area) and the other in more north-eastern areas (South Shetland Islands). More central colonies showed a mixture of ticks from each genetic group, suggesting that this area represents a hybridisation zone of ticks from 2 distinct origins. A subsequent clustering analysis, including ticks from 2 Subantarc- tic locations, did not reveal the source population for the northern peninsula group. Overall, our data refute the hypothesis of a recent south-westward expansion of I. uriae along the peninsula and suggest that this tick has been present at more southern latitudes for an extended period of time. Further studies on the distribution and genetic characteristics of this ectoparasite around Antarctica are now required to better understand the colonisation process and predict how chang- ing environmental conditions may affect its presence and diversity in seabird colonies.


Hyponatremia (serum sodium concentration [Na+] < 136 mEq/L) is a potentially life-threatening condition. Recent evidence (Renneboog, Musch, Vandemergel, Manto, & Decaux, 2006) shows that even mild hyponatremia is associated with disorders of balance/gait. This retrospective analysis explored the influence of serum [Na+] on neuropsychological (NP) measurements at baseline from 44 patients with chronic hyponatremia who participated in an efficacy and safety study of an experimental compound over a decade ago. Group mean serum [Na+] was 124.8 ± 4.9 mEq/L. Age-adjusted partial correlations were computed between serum [Na+] and NP measurements, 39% of which were statistically significant—all involving psychomotor functioning. These findings replicate and extend previous observations that psychomotor deficits are, at least in part, associated with hyponatremia in these patients. While chronic hyponatremia is known to have deleterious effects on quality of life, motor and gait disturbances represent manifestations of mild hyponatremia that have until now gone unrecognized. A new class of medication, vasopressin antagonists, has been shown to correct hyponatremia. It will be important to explore the effects of correcting hyponatremia on psychomotor functioning in individuals with hyponatremia.


Recent debates regarding Islam's status in world politics has limited the opportunity for Muslims to speak about Islam's ethical position on war and peace. Within this context, Islam has been labelled as a religion that is incapable of adhering to International norms of armed conflict, specifically those relating to International Humanitarian law (IHL). This paper will therefore seek to define and clarify the Muslim perspective on IHL through a study of Islamic jurisprudence and historical occurrences of war and peace in Islam. Within this scope, the paper aims to critically examine how early Islamic jurisprudence guided state practices of Muslim empires and military commanders under the traditional corpus of Islamic International law (al-siyar). It will contrast these methods and practices with recent commentary aimed at underselling Islam's position on the development of IHL and its key apparatus, the Geneva Conventions.1 By doing so, the paper will explain some of the widely held misconceptions associated with Islamic approaches to armed conflict, namely, the perceived absence of a legal tradition vis-a-vis Western European notions of just war theory.


The notion behind foundational ontologies is to have a single foundational ontology to serve as a basis for providing high-level entities and relations that are common between all ontologies in order to facilitate interoperability among heterogeneous systems. However foundational ontologies alone do not suffice in solving the problem of interoperability, due to the fact that many foundational ontologies exist, each with conflicting philosophies. The WonderWeb Foundational Ontologies Library (WFOL) was envisioned to facilitate interoperability, but not implemented, possibly due to a lack of: ontology mediation (alignment, mapping and merging) techniques, documentation and comparisons between foundational ontologies and modularisation techniques. In order to solve this problem, three widely used foundational ontologies: DOLCE, BFO and GFO were selected and a web-based repository, ROMULUS was created. Ontology mediation was performed to assist in achieving foundational ontology interchangeability between the selected foundational ontologies. Modularity was performed to simplify ontologies in order to easily perform mediation and to create modules for specific functions. ROMULUS provides the user with access to: new foundational ontology modules, mappings between foundational ontologies, merged foundational ontologies, a higher level foundational ontology containing only the most general entities common to the three foundational ontologies and a method to assist the user with performing foundational ontology interchangeability. The new modules in ROMULUS (separate endurant/perdurant modules, OWL 2 profile modules, and more/less-detailed ontology modules) are useful when one wants to perform functionality specific to the module type. The mapping and merged ontologies, which may be used together with the method for performing foundational ontology interchangeability, allow a user to convert between the three foundational ontologies and to link an ontology using a particular foundational ontology to a different ontology that uses another foundational ontology, thereby achieving transparency. The higher level foundational ontology may assist in interoperability because it is a single ontology that encompasses entities that are common between all three foundational ontologies. ROMULUS has been evaluated in terms of its foundational ontology interchangeability, accuracy of alignments and by comparing it to other repositories. From the evaluations, we realised the following: While barely 50% of the participants agreed with the alignments, real disagreement was less than 10%; foundational ontology interchangeability may be achieved using the merged ontologies; ROMULUS offers advanced functionality for most criteria when compared to other repositories. Therefore there is reason to believe that ROMULUS does assist with foundational ontology interoperability.


The U.N. Charter establishes that regional arrangements may not take enforcement actions without authorization from the Security Council. Yet the international community does not always enforce this Charter rule. Major international actors repeatedly tolerate deviations from it even as they assert that it allows no exceptions. This Article examines that practice, arguing that two different legal systems govern enforcement actions taken by regional arrangements. One system is reflected in the Charter text and publicly endorsed by major international actors. The second, more nebulous system is based on expectations and demands in the absence of Security Council authorization. Under this second system (here referred to as the operational system), the international community may discreetly tolerate a deviation from the Charter rule depending on the substantive interests at stake, the circumstances surrounding the lack of authorization, and the characteristics of the acting regional arrangement. In the event of a tolerated deviation, however, no actor acknowledges that it is participating in or tolerating a deviation. Instead, international actors resort to a variety of techniques to maintain the integrity of the Charter rule and to suppress acknowledgement of the operational system. After demonstrating that the Charter system and the operational system coexist in this area, this Article examines the general parameters of the operational system. It concludes that, so long as the Security Council remains ineffective in satisfying the international community's substantive legal interests, the operational system will - and should - continue to coexist with the Charter system. The application of law in this area, therefore, cannot be fully understood without an appreciation for the role and parameters of the operational system.


The hybrid method presented in this paper, is based on the inverse of the belonging joint probability (IBJP) and the power spectral density (PSD) to detect new anomalous in a random signal representing normal state behavior of a given machine. We first compute the power spectral density (PSD) of the normal state signal and then represent this PSD signal by an adequate Gaussian white noise (GWN) model. The new changes or anomalous in the machine behavior are, usually, represented by new picks in the PSD curve. Since the latter is usually random, these picks may be, however, smeared out and thus, they will not be well detected. To overcome this problem, we propose, in this work a technique based on the belonging joint probability inverse (IBJP) combined with the PSD to detect these faults. We have, furthermore, performed a simulation to clarify this hybrid technique efficiency. Key-Words: Faults diagnosis; inverse of the belonging probability; power spectral density; Gaussian stationary white noise model.


Step into the exquisite, miniature world of the mice of Brambly Hedge in this beautiful new edition of the classic picture book. It is Midwinter's Eve and the mice of Brambly Hedge are very busy. This evening, after dark, they will all be gathering round a blazing fire for the traditional midwinter celebrations. A grand entertainment is planned and Primrose and Wilfred have chosen to recite a poem. They go up to the attics to rehearse in pace and quiet but there are so many things to look at and places to explore, it is hard to concentrate. And when they stumble upon a dusty staircase, all thoughts of practising are put aside...


A study is made of the spectrum of isotropic turbulence with the aid of the customary method of Fourier analysis. The spectrum of the turbulent motion is derived to the smallest wave lengths, that is, into the laminar region, and correlation functions and pressure fluctuations are calculated. A comparison with experimental results is included. Finally, an attempt is made to derive the numerical value of a constant characteristic of the energy dissipation in isotropic turbulence.


Background/Aim To study the association between exposure to biomass smoke from cooking fuels andi cataract, visual acuity and ocular symptoms in women. Methods We conducted a community-based cross-sectional study among women (≥20 years and without a previous diagnosis of cataract, ocular trauma or diabetes or those taking steroids) from hilly and plain regions of Nepal. Eligible participants received an interview and a comprehensive eye assessment (cataract development, visual acuity test and ocular symptoms). Participants' data on demographics, cooking fuel type and duration of use, and cooking habits were collected. We addressed potential confounders using the propensity score and other risk factors for ocular diseases through regression analysis. Results Of 784 participants, 30.6% used clean fuel (liquefied petroleum gas, methane, electricity) as their primary current fuel, and the remaining 69.4% used biomass fuels. Thirty-nine per cent of the total participants had cataracts—about twofold higher in those who currently used biomass fuel compared with those who used clean fuel (OR=2.27; 95% CI 1.09 to 4.77) and over threefold higher in those who always used biomass. Similarly, the nuclear cataract was twofold higher in the current biomass user group compared with the clean fuel user group (OR=2.53; 95% CI 1.18–5.42) and over threefold higher among those who always used biomass. A higher proportion of women using biomass had impaired vision, reported more ocular symptoms compared with those using clean fuel. Severe impaired vision and blindness were only present in biomass fuel users. However, the differences were only statistically significant for symptoms such as redness, burning sensation, a complaint of pain in the eye and tear in the eyes. Conclusions Cataract was more prevalent in women using biomass for cooking compared with those using clean fuel.


Sparse representation has found applications in numerous domains and recent developments have been focused on the convex relaxation of the lo-norm minimization for sparse coding (i.e., the l\-norm minimization). Nevertheless, the time and space complexities of these algorithms remain significantly high for large-scale problems. As signals in most problems can be modeled by a small set of prototypes, we propose an algorithm that exploits this property and show that the l\-norm minimization problem can be reduced to a much smaller problem, thereby gaining significant speed-ups with much less memory requirements. Experimental results demonstrate that our algorithm is able to achieve double-digit gain in speed with much less memory requirement than the state-of-the-art algorithms.


ABSTRACT Sexual harassment has become so frequent and ubiquitous in schools that these behaviours have become normalised and expected. In order to prevent the re-enactment and perpetuation of this problem, it is important to explore processes that contribute to its existence. A high school sexual harassment lawsuit in Sweden is used as a case study to illustrate ways that might explain how sexual harassment is normalised at the organisational level. A thematic analysis has been used to identify themes and subthemes. The results show a multi-layered web of factors and practices related to sexual harassment at the organisational level in the school. In order to change a school's culture from one where sexual harassment is normalised, multiple needs must be addressed: organisational weaknesses must be strengthened; adults enact their responsibility to change the situation; and awareness of the relationship between sexual harassment, gender, and power needs to be increased.


I construct an estimable statistic that predicts whether a financial innovation will spread. The approach embeds the multi-host SIR model from epidemiology within a financial model of correlated securities trade; and takes advantage of the related predictive tools from mathematical epidemiology, including the basic reproductive ratio (R0) and herd immunity. In the model, banks and their creditors are assumed to have imperfect information about a newly-created security, and must search over the portfolios of other investors and intermediaries to infer the security's properties. In the absence of historical returns data, a large mass of firms holding the new security and not experiencing insolvency provides a positive signal about the distribution of its returns within the current period, and perpetuates further holding of the security. The model yields a set of structural equations that are used to construct the statistic. I provide two estimation strategies for the statistic; and identify 12 theoretical parameter restrictions that enable inference when only a subset of the model's parameters are identifiable. I use the approach to predict the spread of exchange traded funds (ETFs) and asset-backed securities (ABS). Additionally, I show how regulators can use the method to monitor the joint solvency of depository institutions within a given geographic region.


All children go through periods of saying "ting" for "thing" or "feets" for "feet," and no two children learn to speak on exactly the same schedule. This informative, reassuring guide helps parents and teachers identify normal speech development and potential problems, with advice on when and where to seek help, how to support your child's prescribed speech program, and how to lessen the risk of speech or language difficulties. Easy-to-understand question-and-answer format; guidelines for assessing your child's speech and language development; practical strategies for coping with stuttering, poor listening or memory skills, vocal fatigue or hoarseness, ear infections and hearing and much more; and ways to enhance speech and language development that both you and your child will enjoy.


Adventures in Realism offers an accessible introduction to realism as it has evolved since the 19th century. Though focused on literature and literary theory, the significance of technology and the visual arts is also addressed. Comprises 16 newly-commissioned essays written by a distinguished group of contributors, including Slavoj Zizek and Frederic Jameson. Provides the historical, cultural, intellectual, and literary contexts necessary to understand developments in realism. Addresses the artistic mediums and technologies such as painting and film that have helped shape the way we perceive reality. Explores literary and pictorial sub-genres, such as naturalism and socialist realism. Includes a brief bibliography and suggestions for further reading at the end of each section © 2007 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.


EFFECTS OF MOISTURE ON COMBUSTION OF LIVE WILDLAND FOREST FUELS Brent M. Pickett Department of Chemical Engineering Doctor of Philosophy Current operational wildland fire models are based on numerous correlations from experiments performed on dry (dead) fuel beds. However, experience has shown distinct differences in burning behaviors between dry and moist (live) fuels. To better understand these fundamental differences, an experiment was designed to use a flat-flame burner to simulate a moving fire front which heated and ignited a stationary, individual fuel sample. Samples included various U.S. species from the California chaparral, the intermountain west, and the southeastern regions. Temperature, mass, and video images were recorded throughout each experimental run from which numerous data values were obtained such as time to ignition, ignition temperature, flame height, time of flame duration, and mass release rates. Qualitative results showed various phenomena such as color change, bubbling, bursting, brand formation, and bending; these phenomena were species-dependent. Quantitative results showed differences in the ignition values (time, temperature, and mass) among species. It was observed that all moisture did not leave the interior of the sample at the time of ignition. Also, from the temperature history profiles, no plateau was observed at 100°C, but instead at 200-300°C. This indicates a need to treat evaporation differently than the classical combustion model. Samples were treated with solvents in attempt to extract the cuticle from the surface. These treated samples were compared to non-treated samples, though no significant combustion characteristics were observed. The time of color change for the treated samples varied significantly, indicating that the cuticle was indeed removed from the surface. Two-leaf configurations were developed and compared to determine combustion interactions between leaves. A second leaf was placed directly above the original leaf. Results showed that the time of flame duration of the upper leaf was significantly affected by the presence of the lower leaf. Causes for the prolonged flame were found to be the consumption of O2 by the lower leaf and the obstruction provided by the lower leaf, creating a wake effect which displaced hot gases from the flat-flame burner as well as entrained surrounding room temperature gas. A semi-physical model based on fluid dynamics and heat and mass transfer was developed that included the observed plateau at 200-300°C, rather than at 100°C; this was done for both the singleand two-leaf configurations. Another model using a statistical approach was produced which described the combustion of a bush that incorporated data obtained from the experimental results. Overall burning times and percentage of fuel consumption were obtained for various fuel loadings using this statistical model.


Incumbent president of Liberia, Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, currently serving her second term, is the first democratically elected female head of state in modern Africa. During the 2005 and 2011 elections, Sirleaf strategically performed multiple discursive identities, appealing to both male and female constituents. This qualitative pragmatic discourse analysis supplemented by quantitative data, reveals media stylizations of Sirleaf ranging from that of a "grandmother" to the "Iron Lady" to "Ma Ellen," mother of a country. The present study demonstrates the gendered and non-gendered discourses Sirleaf employs, and introduces the theoretical framework of gender-neutral, gender-polar and gender-biased text. The political brands Sirleaf discursively establishes for herself are compared with and contrasted to brands of the Liberian president as styled by international media.


The need for interreligious and intercultural dialogue in cosmopolitan cities is obvious: The mix of languages, clothing styles, ethnic holidays, and religious buildings necessitates dialogue to create a sense of community in the midst of diversity. Rural areas are usually more homogenous. Such is the case in South Dakota, where 88% of the population is white. American Indians, at 8% of the total population, constitute the largest ethnic minority. With 78% of the population self-identifying as Christian, (1) South Dakota is also religiously homogenous. Along with neighboring Minnesota and North Dakota, South Dakota ranks in the top ten most-Christian states in the United States. (2) However, even rural populations are diversifying. Today, refugees from Sudan, Iraq, and other global trouble spots are often settled in rural areas. Professionals and professors from around the world work in corporations and universities in rural areas. Furthermore, people from rural South Dakota travel to other countries as employees of global corporations, as members of the armed forces, or as volunteers in charitable organizations. Even those who do not leave South Dakota are active participants in the global flow of information made possible through modern communications systems. South Dakota youth are as likely as youth anywhere else to have perceptions of religious and cultural "others" and to carry these perceptions with them when they vote; decide whether to buy a house near a synagogue, temple, or mosque; decide whether to entrust their health to a doctor from a non-Western country; or consider anti-shari'ah bills as a legislator. Rural areas are not immune to the impacts of globalization. The lack of dialogue with religious "others" also impacts minority or alternative religions. For example, while anecdotal evidence attests to the presence of many Wiccans in eastern South Dakota, fear of harassment makes it impossible to attain accurate statistics. The extremely low profile of alternative religions robs public decision-making of their insights and robs their practitioners of public acceptance for their religious identity. Because South Dakota is lacking in institutions granting graduate degrees in religion, (3) dialogue here must necessarily be sustained at the grassroots level. Ordinary citizens and local religious leaders, not theologians, engaged in the first formal interreligious dialogues in South Dakota (held in 2009 and 2010), and this pattern is expected to continue in the foreseeable future. The People of South Dakota With a population of a little over 800,000, South Dakota ranks fifth lowest in the nation in both population and population density. The populace is 88% white, 8% American Indian, 2% Hispanic, 1% African American, and 0.9% Asian American. Forty percent of South Dakotans are of German ancestry, 16% of Scandinavian, and 10% of Irish. The Lakota, Dakota, and Nakota peoples ("Sioux") (4) comprise the 8% of the state that is American Indian. (5) There are nine reservations in the state (Standing Rock straddles the border between North Dakota and South Dakota, so lies only partially in the state). South Dakota has the nation's largest population of Hutterites, a communal Anabaptist group living on approximately sixty colonies in the state. The Hutterites resemble the Amish in many ways, but they allow the use of modern farming equipment and automobiles. South Dakota falls within one of three belts of U.S. counties in which religious adherents number more than 75% of all residents, (6) since 78% of South Dakotans self-identify as Christian. Four percent belong to other religions, and 12% are not religious. (7) Native Lakota, Dakota, and Nakota traditions have been revitalized in recent decades. In the nineteenth century, the U.S. government assigned Episcopalian and Catholic missionaries to South Dakota's reservations. Following a century of attempted elimination of Native American religion by these churches, a change of policy occurred; Episcopalian and Catholic Indians now blend Christian and Native practices. …


Vitex negundo belongs to the family Verbenaceae. It is a large aromatic shrub distributed throughout the greater part of India up to an altitude of 1500 m in the outer Himalayas. It is widely planted as a hedge plant along the roads and between the roads. Traditionally it is having the flok claims like useful in treatment of rheumatism, insecticidal, antimicrobial, anticancer, tranquillizer, tonic, febrifuge, expectorant and diuretic properties. In the present study an attempt had been made to evaluate comparative antibacterial and antifungal principles from Vitex nigundo with some therapeutically used antibiotics. Different extracts of Vitex negundo leaves were investigated for its anti microbial and antifungal activity on five bacterial species and three fungal species these are Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris, Bacillus subtilis, E.coli, Pseudomonas aerugenosa and Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavon, Candida albicans respectively. Among all extracts waterethanol (50:50) extract showed maximum anti microbial and water extract showed maximum antifungal activity against all tested species.


Waves breaking on rocky shorelines impart large forces on intertidal organisms, sometimes dislodging individuals. Dislodged individuals may be deposited in habitats that have a greater risk of predation or that prevent return to preferred regions on the shore. Thus, dislodgement is often assumed to be lethal. We experimentally dislodged Littorina keenae snails from high in the intertidal zone to test the likelihood of survival. Under a variety of wave conditions, we measured return rates to the high shore of 54–90%, so in this species, dislodgement is not equal to death. Snails showed a strong preference for returning to the approximate tidal height from which they were dislodged, but we found no evidence of widespread homing behaviour back to the original site of dislodgement.


Recent warming and reduced sea ice concentrations in the Atlantic sector of the Arctic Ocean are the main signatures of ongoing Arctic "Atlantification." The mechanisms driving the warming trends are nevertheless still debated, particularly regarding the relative importance of oceanic and atmospheric heat fluxes. Here, heat budgets along main Atlantic water pathways through the Barents Sea and Fram Strait are constructed to investigate the mechanisms of Atlantification during 1993–2014. The largest warming trends occur south of the winter ice edge, with ocean advection as the main driver. Warming in the marginal ice zone is mainly due to low surface heat loss from the 1990s to the mid‐2000s. In the ice‐covered northwestern Barents Sea, ocean advection and air‐sea heat fluxes act in concert to drive a gradual warming of the upper ocean. Despite a weakened stratification, no evidence is found of vertical oceanic temperature fluxes driving this upper‐ocean warming.


This paper assesses the impact of legal trades by corporate insiders on the liquidity of the firm's stock. For this purpose, we analyze two liquidity measures and one information asymmetry measure. The analysis allows us to study as well the effect of a change in insider trading regulation, namely the implementation of the Market Abuse Directive (European Union Directive 2003/6/EC) on the Dutch stock market. The first set of results shows that, in accordance with theories of asymmetric information, the intensity of legal insider trading in a given company is positively related to the bid-ask spread and to the information asymmetry measure. We also find that the Market Abuse Directive did not reduce significantly this effect. Secondly, analyzing liquidity and information asymmetry around the days of legal insider trading, we find that small and large capitalization stocks see their bid-ask spread and the permanent price impact increase when insiders trade. For mid-cap stocks, only the permanent price impact increases. Finally, we could not detect a significant improvement of these results following the change in regulation.


Scatter factor/hepatocyte growth factor (SF/HGF) is known to be involved in the detachment of myogenic precursor cells from the lateral dermomyotomes and their subsequent migration into the newly formed limb buds. As yet, however, nothing has been known about the role of the persistent expression of SF/HGF in the limb bud mesenchyme during later stages of limb bud development. To test for a potential role of SF/HGF in early limb muscle patterning, we examined the regulation of SF/HGF expression in the limb bud as well as the influence of SF/HGF on direction control of myogenic precursor cells in limb bud mesenchyme. We demonstrate that SF/HGF expression is controlled by signals involved in limb bud patterning. In the absence of an apical ectodermal ridge (AER), no expression of SF/HGF in the limb bud is observed. However, FGF-2 application can rescue SF/HGF expression. Excision of the zone of polarizing activity (ZPA) results in ectopic and enhanced SF/HGF expression in the posterior limb bud mesenchyme. We could identify BMP-2 as a potential inhibitor of SF/HGF expression in the posterior limb bud mesenchyme. We further demonstrate that ZPA excision results in a shift of Pax-3-positive cells towards the posterior limb bud mesenchyme, indicating a role of the ZPA in positioning of the premuscle masses. Moreover, we present evidence that, in the limb bud mesenchyme, SF/HGF increases the motility of myogenic precursor cells and has a role in maintaining their undifferentiated state during migration. We present a model for a crucial role of SF/HGF during migration and early patterning of muscle precursor cells in the vertebrate limb.


The causal impact of algorithmic trading on market quality has been difficult to establish due to endogeneity bias. We address this problem by using the introduction of co-location, an exogenous event after which algorithmic trading is known to increase. Matching procedures are used to identify a matched set of firms and set of dates that are used in a difference-in-difference regression to estimate causal impact. We find that securities with higher algorithmic trading have lower liquidity costs, order imbalance, and order volatility. There is new evidence that higher algorithmic trading leads to lower intraday liquidity risk and a lower incidence of extreme intraday price movements.


Bipolar disorder (BD) is a severe mental illness that is characterized by chronicity, pervasive instability, and relatively high rates of recurrence and suicide. Current evidence supports that adverse circles among hereditary and genetic factors, neuroinflamation, and social rhythm constitute a crucial etiology. Pharmacological treatment is the first priority for BD patients during the acute stage. Pharmacological and psychosocial treatments should be combined during the maintenance stage in order to help patients self-manage medication, effectively control mood swings, enhance disease self-management and social functions, decrease the risks of relapse and re-hospitalization, and stabilize overall health. The present article firstly introduces the characteristics and etiological assumptions related to BD, the related evidence-based care models and their effects, and the early development of an evidence-based care model, the BalancingMySwing group, for BD patients in Taiwan. This article provides updated information to clinicians who are involved in caring for this population. Moreover, the existing data related to biological and psychosocial factors for BD in Taiwan is insufficient and developing individual-tailored psychosocial intervention is urgently needed. The authors hope that this article will elicit greater concern for this issue from policy decision-makers and healthcare providers.


The relationship between children's material circumstances and child abuse and neglect raises a series of questions for policy, practice, and practitioners. Children and families in poverty are significantly more likely to be the subject of state intervention. This article, based on a unique mixed-methods study of social work interventions and the influence of poverty, highlights a narrative from practitioners that argues that, as many poor families do not harm their children, it is stigmatizing to discuss a link between poverty and child abuse and neglect. The data reveal that poverty has become invisible in practice, in part justified by avoiding stigma but also because of a lack of up-to-date research knowledge and investment by some social workers in an "underclass" discourse. We argue, in light of the evidence that poverty is a contributory factor in the risk of harm, that it is vital that social work engages with the evidence and in critical reflection about intervening in the context of poverty. We identify the need for fresh approaches to the harms children and families face in order to support practices that engage confidently with the consequences of poverty and deprivation.


The E1 glycoprotein from an avian coronavirus is a model protein for studying retention in the Golgi complex. In animal cells expressing the protein from cDNA, the E1 protein is targeted to cis Golgi cisternae (Machamer, C. E., S. A. Mentone, J. K. Rose, and M. G. Farquhar. 1990. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 87:6944-6948). We show that the first of the three membrane-spanning domains of the E1 protein can retain two different plasma membrane proteins in the Golgi region of transfected cells. Both the vesicular stomatitis virus G protein and the alpha- subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (anchored to the membrane by fusion with the G protein membrane-spanning domain and cytoplasmic tail) were retained in the Golgi region of transfected cells when their single membrane-spanning domains were replaced with the first membrane- spanning domain from E1. Single amino acid substitutions in this sequence released retention of the chimeric G protein, as well as a mutant E1 protein which lacks the second and third membrane-spanning domains. The important feature of the retention sequence appears to be the uncharged polar residues which line one face of a predicted alpha helix. This is the first retention signal to be defined for a resident Golgi protein. The fact that it is present in a membrane-spanning domain suggests a novel mechanism of retention in which the membrane composition of the Golgi complex plays an instrumental role in retaining its resident proteins.


We present the first III-V opto-electronic components transfer printed on and coupled to a silicon photonic integrated circuit. Thin InP-based membranes are transferred to an SOI waveguide circuit, after which a single-spatial-mode broadband light source is fabricated. The process flow to create transfer print-ready coupons is discussed. Aqueous FeCl3 at 5°C was found to be the best release agent in combination with the photoresist anchoring structures that were used. A thin DVS-BCB layer provides a strong bond, accommodating the post-processing of the membranes. The resulting optically pumped LED has a 3 dB bandwidth of 130 nm, comparable to devices realized using a traditional die-to-wafer bonding method.