How to walk and jump on water Jumping on land requires the coordinated motion of a number of muscles and joints in order to overcome gravity. Walking on water requires specialized legs that are designed to avoid breaking the surface tension during motion. But how do insects, such as water striders and fishing spiders, manage to jump on water, where extra force is needed to generate lift? Koh et al. studied water striders to determine the structure of the legs needed to make jumping possible, as well as the limits on the range of motion that avoids breaking the surface tension (see the Perspective by Vella). They then built water-jumping robots to verify the key parameters of leg design and motion. Science, this issue p. 517; see also p. 472 Specialized leg design and motions allow both insects and robots to jump on water. [Also see Perspective by Vella] Jumping on water is a unique locomotion mode found in semi-aquatic arthropods, such as water striders. To reproduce this feat in a surface tension–dominant jumping robot, we elucidated the hydrodynamics involved and applied them to develop a bio-inspired impulsive mechanism that maximizes momentum transfer to water. We found that water striders rotate the curved tips of their legs inward at a relatively low descending velocity with a force just below that required to break the water surface (144 millinewtons/meter). We built a 68-milligram at-scale jumping robotic insect and verified that it jumps on water with maximum momentum transfer. The results suggest an understanding of the hydrodynamic phenomena used by semi-aquatic arthropods during water jumping and prescribe a method for reproducing these capabilities in artificial systems.


The aim of the present paper is to provide an up-to-date appraisal of the current position of East African geological mapping. Such an exercise may be justified upon a number of grounds. Firstly, there is no cover diagram of East African geological mapping as a whole, and although the various national geological survey departments produce annual status diagrams these are not directly comparable with one another and the total East African picture is lost. Secondly, the speed of production of maps and reports and the progress of basic mapping have been so rapid in the last few years, particularly as a result of the application of aerial survey, that it becomes increasingly difficult to keep abreast of the changes. Thirdly, it is considered that if the present availability of data is made more widely known, more use will be made of, and greater benefit obtained from, the products of the various geological survey departments.


Aquaculture as a source of fish protein will continue to rise in importance in the coming decades. There exists the potential to develop Building Integrated Aquaculture (BIAq) incorporating holistic design approaches that will efficiently couple closed-loop aquaculture systems with the built environment. These integrated systems will become necessary if we are to develop local sources of food supply close to urban markets in temperate climates. This paper analyzes the role of nature in the design of such systems. We draw on the principles of Ecological Design to describe the role that natural systems can play in optimizing the performance of BIAq systems. We also incorporate a systems thinking approach in the context of BIAq design. A review of the literature analyzes the interaction of technical and natural systems in BIAq where the specific considerations for aquaculture production must be considered in concert with sustainable design of the built environment. Three main design issues will be explored: 1) Energy efficiency and the interaction of water mass with passive solar design including consideration of building envelope materials, space heating, water heating, and lighting demands; 2) Humidity control and natural ventilation; and 3) Natural hydroponic systems to close the nutrient loop with the aquaculture production systems. Design strategies are described and recommendations are provided.


There has been a substantial increase in the use of advanced high strength steel (AHSS) in automotive structures in the last few years. The usage of these materials is projected to grow significantly in the next 5–10 years with the introduction of new safety and fuel economy regulations. AHSS are gaining popularity due to their superior mechanical properties and use in parts for weight savings potential, as compared to mild steels. These new materials pose significant manufacturing challenges, particularly for welding and stamping. Proper understanding of the weldability of these materials is critical for successful application on future vehicle programs. Due to the high strength nature of AHSS materials, higher weld forces and longer weld times are often needed to weld these advanced strength steels. In this paper, the weld current lobes, mechanical properties (shear tension and cross tension), metallographic cross-section and microhardness profile of 1.0 mm Usibor® 1500 P and 2.0 mm Usibor® 1500 P joint in a two-metal stackup are discussed. Weld lobes were developed with Medium Frequency Direct Current (MFDC) equipment, ISO-type B16 tips, weld force of 3.42 kN and hold time of 5 cycles. The weld times were varied at 12, 15 and 18 cycles, with each producing current ranges at or below 3.0 kA. Tensile shear and cross tension samples were made at weld time of 15 cycles, with samples showing average loads of 15.73 kN and 4.41 kN, respectively. Also, microhardness assessment using metallographic cross-sections were analyzed at three different weld cycles (12, 15, and 18 cycles). Voids were observed at 12 and 15 weld cycles, however there was no void at 18 cycles. Similar heat affected zones (HAZ) and weld zones were observed for three different weld cycles.© 2010 ASME


We use an ensemble of aircraft, satellite, sonde, and surface observations for April–May 2006 (NASA/INTEX-B aircraft campaign) to better understand the mechanisms for transpacific ozone pollution and its implications for North American air quality. The observations are interpreted with a global 3-D chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem). OMI NO 2 satellite observations constrain Asian anthropogenic NO x emissions and indicate a factor of 2 increase from 2000 to 2006 in China. Satellite observations of CO from AIRS and TES indicate two major events of Asian transpacific pollution during INTEX-B. Correlation between TES CO and ozone observations shows evidence for transpacific ozone pollution. The semi-permanent Pacific High and Aleutian Low cause splitting of transpacific pollution plumes over the Northeast Pacific. The northern branch circulates around the Aleutian Low and has little impact on North America. The southern branch circulates around the Pacific High and some of that air impacts western North America. Both aircraft measurements and model results show sustained ozone production driven by peroxyacetylnitrate (PAN) decomposition in the southern branch, roughly doubling the transpacific influence from ozone produced in the Asian boundary layer. Model simulation of ozone observations at Mt. Bachelor Observatory in Oregon (2.7 km altitude) indicates a mean Asian ozone pollution contribution of 9±3 ppbv to the mean observed concentration of 54 ppbv, reflecting mostly an enhancement in background ozone rather than episodic Asian plumes. Asian pollution enhanced surface ozone concentrations by 5–7 ppbv over western North America in spring 2006. The 2000–2006 rise in Asian anthropogenic emissions increased this influence by 1–2 ppbv.


This is a review of UCLA Law Professor Adam Winkler's We the Corporations: How American Businesses Won Their Civil Rights. Among its virtues, the book explains the influence of colonial charters on American constitutional development, turns on its head the conventional wisdom about how "corporate personhood" relates to the granting of constitutional rights to corporations, and explains why the most important expansion of corporate rights was a product of liberal, not conservative, supreme court justices.

The review criticizes the book, on the other hand, for neglecting early religious freedom cases involving corporations, conflating free market arguments with pro-corporation ones, neglecting the importance of the incorporation doctrine in establishing corporate rights, wildly overstating the importance of the Powell memo, failing to reckon with the partisan reasons Democrats and liberals support campaign finance reform, and more generally accepting dubious progressive shibboleths such as the "race to the bottom" as valid.


The tyrosine kinase (TK) inhibitor (TKI) imatinib provides a highly effective treatment for chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) targeting at the causative oncogenic TK BCR-ABL1. However, imatinib exerts off-target effects by inhibiting other TKs that are involved, e.g., in bone metabolism. Clinically, CML patients on imatinib exhibit altered bone metabolism as a side effect, which translates into linear growth failure in pediatric patients. As TKI treatment might be necessary for the whole life, long-term side effects exerted on bone and other developing organs in children are of major concern and not yet studied systematically. Here, we describe a new juvenile rat model to face this challenge. The established model mimics perfectly long-term side effects of TKI exposure on the grow- ing bone in a developmental stage-dependent fashion. Thus, longitudinal growth impairment observed clinically in children could be unequivocally modeled and confirmed. In a "bench-to-bedside" manner, we also demonstrate that this juvenile animal model predicts side effects of newer treatment strategies by second generation TKIs or modified treatment schedules (continuous vs. intermittent treatment) to minimize side effects. We conclude that the results generated by this juvenile animal model can be directly used in the clinic to optimize treatment algorithms in pediatric patients.


For the Class 0 protostar L1527 we compare 131 polarization vectors from SCUPOL/JCMT, SHARP/CSO, and TADPOL/CARMA observations with the corresponding model polarization vectors of four ideal-MHD, nonturbulent, cloud core collapse models. These four models differ by their initial magnetic fields before collapse; two initially have aligned fields (strong and weak) and two initially have orthogonal fields (strong and weak) with respect to the rotation axis of the L1527 core. Only the initial weak orthogonal field model produces the observed circumstellar disk within L1527. This is a characteristic of nearly all ideal-MHD, nonturbulent, core collapse models. In this paper we test whether this weak orthogonal model also has the best agreement between its magnetic field structure and that inferred from the polarimetry observations of L1527. We found that this is not the case; based on the polarimetry observations, the most favored model of the four is the weak aligned model. However, this model does not produce a circumstellar disk, so our result implies that a nonturbulent, ideal-MHD global collapse model probably does not represent the core collapse that has occurred in L1527. Our study also illustrates the importance of using polarization vectors covering a large area of a cloud core to determine the initial magnetic field orientation before collapse; the inner core magnetic field structure can be highly altered by a collapse, and so measurements from this region alone can give unreliable estimates of the initial field configuration before collapse.


Ensemble kinetics and single-molecule fluorescence microscopy were used to study conformational transitions associated with enzyme catalysis by dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR). The active site loop of DHFR was labeled with a fluorescence quencher, QSY35, at amino acid position 17, and the fluorescent probe, Alexa555, at amino acid 37, by introducing cysteines at these sites with site-specific mutagenesis. The distance between the probes was such that approximately 50% fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) occurred. The double-labeled enzyme retained essentially full catalytic activity, and stopped-flow studies of both the forward and reverse reactions revealed that the distance between probes increased prior to hydride transfer. A fluctuation in fluorescence intensity of single molecules of DHFR was observed in an equilibrium mixture of substrates but not in their absence. Ensemble rate constants were derived from the distributions of lifetimes observed and attributed to a reversible conformational change. Studies were carried out with both NADPH and NADPD as substrates, with no measurable isotope effect. Similar studies with a G121V mutant DHFR resulted in smaller rate constants. This mutant DHFR has reduced catalytic activity, so that the collective data for the conformational change suggest that the conformational change being observed is associated with catalysis and probably represents a conformational change prior to hydride transfer. If the change in fluorescence is attributed to a change in FRET, the distance change associated with the conformational change is approximately 1-2 A. These results are correlated with other measurements related to conformation coupled catalysis.


Among the more important applications of evolutionary neurocontrollers is the development of systems that are able to dynamically adapt to a changing environment. While traditional approaches to control system design demand that the developer attempt to foresee all possible situations within which the controller may operate, neuroevolutionary approaches can facilitate the design of systems that are capable of operating in unforeseen circumstances. This paper examines two methods that have been used to provide for this adaptivity. The first method is the use of recurrent neural networks that have fixed connection weights. The second develops neurocontrollers with plastic synapses, thus allowing for the adaptation of the connection weights. Previous experimental results have shown that while both approaches can facilitate adaptive behavior, neural plasticity does not necessarily confer the expected benefits. In experiments using the NeuroEvolution of Augmenting Topologies (NEAT) method, Stanley et al. (2003) discovered that in simple cases, recurrence was sufficient in solving at least some control problems. I examined whether or not these initial results continue to scale upwards into more complex problem spaces. This was done through a series of experiments ranging from controlling a simplified cannon shot to attempting to evolve neural flight controllers capable of flying different airplanes through a series of waypoints. The results of these experiments indicate that the NEAT algorithm itself is unable to scale efficiently to some larger problem spaces.


Audio producers often use musical underlays to emphasize key moments in spoken content and give listeners time to reflect on what was said. Yet, creating such underlays is time-consuming as producers must carefully (1) mark an emphasis point in the speech (2) select music with the appropriate style, (3) align the music with the emphasis point, and (4) adjust dynamics to produce a harmonious composition. We present UnderScore, a set of semi-automated tools designed to facilitate the creation of such underlays. The producer simply marks an emphasis point in the speech and selects a music track. UnderScore automatically refines, aligns and adjusts the speech and music to generate a high-quality underlay. UnderScore allows producers to focus on the high-level design of the underlay; they can quickly try out a variety of music and test different points of emphasis in the story. Amateur producers, who may lack the time or skills necessary to author underlays, can quickly add music to their stories. An informal evaluation of UnderScore suggests that it can produce high-quality underlays for a variety of examples while significantly reducing the time and effort required of radio producers.


This book is an outcome from a five year Australian Research Council funded research project, CAMRA cultural asset mapping in regional Australia project (LP0882238). Over this time four universities, four local governments, and peak regional, state and federal agencies sought to develop knowledge that would enable better informed planning for arts and cultural development in rural and regional communities. Over the course of the project, it became evident that rural-regional local government staff and cultural decision makers need better place-specific data and are keen to learn from the experiences of other local governments to inform their own planning. This book is CAMRA's response to that need and includes 17 case studies on good practice in (1) Cultural Mapping and Data Collection and (2) Cultural Planning. The case studies have been written with the aim of making ideas and processes transferrable for any regional local authority - with the resource implications made clear – and are ordered using Australian Standard Geographical Classification-Remoteness Areas for local government area.


Despite the widely recognised importance of the impact that built environment has on health and well-being, the concept of sustainable housing is still regarded largely in terms of environmental sustainability. However, given the urgent need to increase the quantity and sustainability of new homes in the UK, it is essential that the design and delivery of sustainable housing does not neglect health and well-being aspects that are essential for enhancing the quality of life and the development of sustainable communities.

This study focuses on the 'soft' features of sustainable housing, that is, the non-technological components of housing and neighbourhood design that can affect occupants' health and well-being as well as their satisfaction with their homes. The research aims to conceptualise and identify these 'soft' features of housing design and establish whether the opinions of housing users regarding their importance are aligned with those of the housing providers. Using a case study approach, the study also assesses the extent to which such features are being provided by new housing developments.

The research begins with a review of literature of the sustainable housing and healthy housing concepts, which lead to the development of a framework for sustainable housing design with an emphasis on health and well-being. Building on this foundation, three phases of the methodology were developed to address the aims of the research: Firstly, a content analysis of sustainable housing standards is carried out, followed by a survey to ascertain the relative importance that housing stakeholders attach to these 'soft' features, and lastly, six housing developments are evaluated with regards to their provision of these features.

The findings reveal that housing user preferences are not always aligned with those of housing providers, and indeed, a number of notable differences in opinion are also found between the private sector and social housing providers. Lastly, assessment of the six case studies indicates a low level of provision of such features new housing developments. These findings indicate that a more comprehensive approach is necessary for addressing and providing for the softer features of housing and neighbourhood design.


Certificateless Public key Cryptography is a widely studied paradigm due to its advantages of not having the key-escrow problem and the lack of use of certificates. Online-Offline signature schemes are extremely relevant today because of their great practical applications. In an online-offline signature scheme all the heavy computation is done on powerful processors and stored securely in the offline phase, and the online component requires only light computation. Hence, it is widely used in several low-resource devices like mobile phones, etc. Revocation is another important problem of wide interest as it helps to keep a check on misbehaving users. Currently, there are very few revocable certificateless signature schemes in the literature. We have addressed some of the limitations of the previously existing schemes and designed a new model for the same that involves periodic time generated keys. We present a revocable online-offline certificateless signature scheme without pairing. Pairing, though a very useful mathematical function, comes at the cost of heavy computation. Our scheme is proved secure in the random oracle model using a tight security reduction to the computational Diffie-Hellman problem.


Your essential guide to deploying IPv6 on Windows networksGet in-depth technical information to put IPv6 technology to workincluding networks with hardware running Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012. Written by a networking expert, this reference explains IPv6 features and benefits, and provides detailed information to help you implement this protocol. Youll learn best practices for using IPv6 services in your Windows network, whether youre an IT professional, a network administrator, or an IT student.Discover how to:Use Windows features and tools to implement IPv6 on your network Set up a test lab to experiment with IPv6 configuration and functionality Understand dynamic routing and the IPv6 routing protocols Use IPv6 transition technologies to support both IPv4 and IPv6 during deployment Implement IPv6 security features and measures Deploy native IPv6 connectivity to an IPv4-only intranet Apply best practices from the Microsoft corporate network case study Test your understanding of IPv6 concepts with end-of-chapter quizzes


The predominant brevetoxin produced by Karenia Brevis, PbTx-2 was added to 0.2 µmfiltered
Wrightsville Beach, North Carolina seawater (WBSW) and irradiated under simulated
sunlight for six hours to determine its photolability. The average first order rate constant of PbTx-2
degradation was 0.20 ± 0.05 h-1 at 25 oC. When PbTx-2 was added to UV-irradiated WBSW, the
average rate constant decreased significantly to 0.08 ± 0.03 h-1 at 25 oC relative to that of untreated
WBSW suggesting dissolved organics are involved in the photodegradation of PbTx-2 in seawater.
UV-irradiated WBSW treated with Chelex-100 resin to remove trace metals caused no degradation
of PbTx-2 upon exposure to sunlight suggesting that trace metals, in addition to organics, are
involved in the photodegradation of PbTx-2. Irradiation of PbTx-2 in deoxygenated filtered
WBSW caused the toxin to degrade almost immediately upon exposure to simulated sunlight. The
effect of deoxygenation on the photodegradation of other brevetoxins including PbTx-1, 3, 6 agreed
with the rate of PbTx-2. PbTx-9 and the naturally-produced compound, brevenal, degraded
considerably in deoxygenated WBSW but not as rapidly. These results demonstrate that
photosensitizers are involved in the degradation mechanism, suggesting that PbTx-2 degrades by
secondary photochemical pathway. The mechanism suggested here is that PbTx-2 degrades in the
presence of the excited chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM)* and trace metal complex.
Furthermore, the removal of oxygen from seawater causes the rate of degradation to increase
rapidly because (CDOM)* no longer scavenges oxygen thereby scavenging solely PbTx-2. A
model is also proposed which suggests that 75% of PbTx-2 in coastal seawater can be removed in 6
hours by exposure to sunlight. This represents a significant impact on the residence time of the
toxin in bloom indicating photodegradation is an important and perhaps the dominant sink of the
toxin in coastal seawater.


Acute fibrinous and organising pneumonia (AFOP) was recently described as an unusual pattern of diffuse lung disease. Particular characteristics make the differential diagnosis with the well recognised clinical patterns of diffuse alveolar damage, cryptogenic organising pneumonia or eosinophilic pneumonia. The lack of hyaline membranes, the presence of intra-alveolar fibrin, absence of noticeable eosinophils and patchy distribution suggests that AFOP define a distinct histological pattern. The authors describe the case of a woman diagnosed with AFOP after surgical lung biopsy, in association with primary biliary cirrhosis. The patient presented dyspnoea, fatigue, dry cough and thoracic pain. The CT scan showed bilateral patchy infiltrates predominantly in the lower lobes. Flexible bronchoscopy and subsidiary techniques were inconclusive and biopsy through video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery led to anatomopathological diagnosis of AFOP. The patient is having a good clinical response to prednisone.


Tinnitus is a phantom auditory perception characterized by a ringing sound in either one or both ears. It is a common disorder most often associated with hearing loss and can have a severe impact on a person's quality of life. There is currently no cure and no efficient therapeutic options. There is little known about the neural mechanisms underlying the generation of tinnitus but a better understanding of its neural basis could greatly benefit the development of efficient treatment methods. This literature study aims to explore the neural mechanisms of tinnitus in terms of generation, perpetuation, and perception. Cochlear dysfunction, changes in neuronal firing rates and oscillatory properties, hyperactivity, lack of inhibitory activity and plasticity in auditory-limbic structures have been associated with tinnitus and may be a part of a crossmodal network involved in generating, perpetuating and perceiving tinnitus, through maladaptive CNS plasticity. New developing treatment methods aim to modulate and re-route tinnitus-related plasticity, however, this leads to treatment difficulties due to the crossmodal nature of the tinnitus pathophysiology. These difficulties will be further examined in the discussion.


An evaluation was made of the perception of oral health teams regarding Atraumatic Restorative Treatment (ART) as a primary oral healthcare strategy used by the Municipal Health Department of Curitiba, Paraná State. A study was made both of Health Units (HU) that operate using the Family Health Strategy (FHSHU) and those that do not (Basic Healthcare Units--BHU). The sample involved 191 oral health professionals proportionally (CI=95%, e=6%). A questionnaire was used to collect data. The information was analyzed using the SPSS 13.0 program. The response rate was 82%. Chi-square testing did not reveal a statistically significant difference between the FHSHU (83.1%) and the BHU (74.3%) with regard to knowledge about the technique (p>0.05). A difference was found as to training in ART among the different HU (p<0.01) and the use of the technique by the services (p<0.01). The length of training and the length of service of dental health professionals at the municipal health service were relevant in relation to knowledge of the technique and the taking of clinical decisions as to ART. The conclusion was reached that training on ART is needed at the primary healthcare level as a result of the different perceptions revealed.


Enterprise Social Media (ESM) has gained significant momentum in the workplace and has been presented by both practitioners and academics as the new alternative workplace communications technology to substitute email. However, our knowledge is limited when it comes to explaining how ESM integrates the media portfolio and the extent to which it can or cannot replace email use. Adopting a grounded methodology, we conducted a case study in a large multinational corporation specialized in the beauty and well-being sector, in which we found that ESM superimposes the existing media and thus creates a millefeuille effect. Grounded in our case study, we explain the millefeuille effect in the specific case of ESM over email and develop a revised version of the millefeuille theory. Our findings show that the millefeuille effect emerges from negotiation between the perceived affordances enabled by ESM and its imposed constraints, and from that of email with regard to communication norms and routines and the context of IT use. The results highlight the need for managerial engagement in ESM that goes beyond its sponsorship alone. Our study revisits the millefeuille theory by adopting three theoretical lenses to explain the millefeuille effect: a media portfolio features lens, a norm and communication routine lens, and a context-of-IT-use lens. We contribute to the IS literature by proposing a revised version of the millefeuille theory that integrates the affordance lens. By taking into account the features of the media portfolio and how they are appropriated by users, we gain a clearer understanding of the millefeuille effect. We also come up with some recommendations to help managers deal with media overload and cope with the associated risks related to the millefeuille effect.


Transverse energy (E{sub T}) distributions have been measured for Au+Au collisions at {radical}s{sub NN} = 200 GeV by the STAR collaboration at RHIC. E{sub T} is constructed from its hadronic and electromagnetic components, which have been measured separately. E{sub T} production for the most central collisions is well described by several theoretical models whose common feature is large energy density achieved early in the fireball evolution. The magnitude and centrality dependence of E{sub T} per charged particle agrees well with measurements at lower collision energy, indicating that the growth in E{sub T} for larger collision energy results from the growth in particle production. The electromagnetic fraction of the total E{sub T} is consistent with a final state dominated by mesons and independent of centrality.


Reducing the phonon thermal conductivity of electrically conducting polymers can facilitate their use as potential thermoelectric materials. Thus, the influence of the coupling between the longitudinal and transverse phonon modes on overall thermal conductivity is explored for binary mixtures of polyaniline (PANI) and polyacetylene (PA) chains by considering various geometric polymer mixture configurations. The molecular simulations reveal that an increase in the interfacial area available for transverse interactions between dissimilar chains enhances atomic interactions that are orthogonal to the heat transfer direction. As transverse collisions between PA and PANI chains are enhanced, the motion of longitudinal phonons is disrupted, impeding thermal transport. This enhances phonon scattering and reduces longitudinal thermal transport. While there is a nonlinear decrease in the phonon thermal conductivity with increasing interfacial contact area, there is a corresponding linear growth in the nonbonded interaction energies between the different polymers.


Preliminary Study of the Safety of Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis Treatment in Railway Personnel
Objectives: The aim of the present survey was to develop guidelines for appropriate seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR) treatment for railway personnel. The East Japan Railway Company (JR-EAST) carries the most passengers (6 billion per year) of any company worldwide. This was the first trial designed to assess the efficacy and safety of intranasal corticosteroids (INS) in JR-EAST drivers and conductors.
Methods: A prospective series of 55 JR-EAST employees diagnosed with SAR by otorhinolaryngologists was studied. INS alone were administered as soon as symptoms were noted, immediately after the start of cedar pollen dispersal. The treatment periods were 1 week and, 2, 3, 4 and 8 weeks. Efficacy as the primary endpoint was assessed using the Japanese Rhinoconjuctivitis Quality of life Questionnaire (JRQLQ). Safety as the second endpoint was assessed by monitoring adverse events.
Results: All 25 items of the JRQLQ improved significantly (p<0.01). The "overall evaluation" was aggravated in 2 patients (3.6%) and both had worsened ocular symptoms of "itchy eyes" and "watery eyes." There was no sleep disturbance or daytime drowsiness affecting work. One patient reported "impaired sleep" but it did not affect work. Fifty-three (96.3%) were satisfied with INS treatment, and all 55 were able to continue treatment during the observation period and wanted to use INS in next cedar pollen season.
Conclusions: The present study showed that INS administration prevented deterioration of the quality of life and alleviated the sleep disturbance and daytime drowsiness from Japanese cedar pollinosis. INS was an effective, safe treatment for SAR among JR-EAST personnel. This study can become the basis for preliminary safety guidelines for SAR treatment railway employees.


People consume and rate products in online shopping websites. The historical purchases of customers reflect their personal consumption habits and indicate their future shopping behaviors. Traditional preference-based recommender systems try to provide recommendations by analyzing users' feedback such as ratings and clicks. But unfortunately, most of the existing recommendation algorithms ignore the budget of the users. So they cannot avoid recommending users with products that will exceed their budgets. And they also cannot understand how the users will assign their budgets to different products. In this paper, we develop a generative model named collaborative budget-aware Poisson factorization (CBPF) to connect users' ratings and budgets. The CBPF model is intuitive and highly interpretable. We compare the proposed model with several state-of-the-art budget-unaware recommendation methods on several realworld datasets. The results show the advantage of uncovering users' budgets for recommendation.


Splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen by electrolysis using electricity from intermittent waste heat, wind, or solar energies is one of the easiest and cleanest methods for high-purity hydrogen production and an effective way to store the excess electrical power. The key dilemma for efficient large-scale production of hydrogen by splitting of water via the hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions (HER and OER, respectively) is the high overpotential required, especially for the OER. We report an exceptionally active and durable OER catalyst yielding current densities of 500 and 1000 mA cm−2 at overpotentials of only 259 mV and 289 mV in alkaline electrolyte, respectively, fulfilling the commercial criteria of the OER process. Together with a good HER catalyst, we have achieved the commercially required current densities of 500 and 1000 mA cm−2 at 1.586 and 1.657 V, respectively, with very good stability, dramatically lower than any previously reported voltage. This discovery sets the stage for large-scale hydrogen production by water splitting using excess electrical power whenever and wherever available.


This paper investigates how Islamic doctrine conceives the place of work by outlining the notion of an Islamic work ethic and by discussing a number of human resource issues in relation to Islam. Knowledge of these issues has become an urgent need given the high level of discrimination Muslim workers suffer in modern workplaces. The paper argues that potential areas offriction between Islam and contemporary HRM practices can be managed effectively as there is not inherent conflict between Islamic doctrine and modern workplaces. The paper concludes with an outline of the nature of the Islamic influence in Australia, a western nation in which Islam is one of the fastest growing religions.


We present a new formulation for the multilayer Isogeometric Kirchhoff--Love (KL) shells, where the individual layers are assumed to interact through no-penetration and frictional contact. This work is largely motivated by the experiments and analysis presented in [1]. We utilize a regularized version of Coulomb's friction law to model the tangential traction between the contacting shell surfaces. To ensure objectivity (i.e., reference-frame invariance) in the frictional model, we propose two different strategies to extrapolate the velocity vectors of the contact pair at the contact interface: (i) Using the underlying KL kinematics of the individual shell layers and (ii) Using the Taylor series-based extension from [2]. We compare the performance of both approaches through a numerical benchmark example. We then validate our multilayer shell formulation using the 'bending response of a book with internal friction' experiments of [1].


The dedication for this volume of the Calyx is lengthy and reads, in part, as follows: With sadness, yet with sacred pride, we point to the golden stars upon the Service Flag of Washington and Lee. They stand for those who counted not life itself too dear to be offered up in the struggle of democracy against autocracy; in the spirit of sacrifice and service they gave all it was theirs to give. To them is gratefully dedicated The Calyx of 1919." The list of names includes George Moncrief Anderton, '15, Howard Baker Barton, '17, George Marvin Betty, '18, Marshall McClure Callison, '20, George Gilbert Child, '21, Jay Frank Clemmer, Jr., '15, Sidney M. Baxter Coulling, '15, Cyrus McLawson DeArmon, '13, Paul Waples Derrickson, '15, Donathan Baxter Earwood, '10, Saunders Fleming, '07, Josiah Porterfield Green, '17, John D. Alderson Harmon, '13, John Kirkpatrick, '10, Louis Moomaw Layplan, '13, John Arthur Lingle, Jr., '15, Lawrence B. Loughran, '11, Abram McDougall, '07, Frederick Face Malloy, '15, Frank Murchison Moore, '14, David Sharpley Noble, '18, Charles Carter Rincor, '14, Kiffin Yates Rockwell, '11, Jacob Henry Smith, '19, David A. Sposts, '12, Basil Leighton Steele, '03, Prentiss C. Thompson, '15, Herbert McKim West, '15.


This thesis is an ethnographic study of the complex interplay between tourism and traditional Irish music based on fourteen months of fieldwork in Doolin, County Clare, Ireland between June 2002 and August 2003. The historical development of traditional Irish music and the localised tourist industry have become conjoined during the last three decades, and as a result the music and the idea of Doolin as a 'place' have become institutionalised and consolidated. This has further led to the development of a complex socioeconomic structure surrounding the music, its performance, and its commercialisation and consumption. The local social structure has also become complicated and internationalised. Specifically, the locale has seen a significant growth in the 'incomer' population, called 'blow-ins'. Blow-ins in this case have in fact become the inheritors and propagators of the local music scene, but this causes surprisingly little cognitive dissonance or tension between locals and incomers. This is despite the fact that the music is the raison d'etre of the local tourism industry. I propose that those incomers who successfully inherit and propagate the local music become assets to the cultural capital of the village, not a drain on it. Moreover, I suggest that the 'authenticity' of the music is not an ascribed quality but interdependently related to social status, seasonality, one's relationship with the music, context, and phenomenologically inter subjective relations. By means of holistic anthropological research, this thesis attempts to refine our understanding of complex social relations in touristed destinations, the appropriation of musical 'traditions', and sharpen current anthropological theories surrounding the issues of 'authenticity' and globalisation.


This paper revises the traditional view of Spain as a predatory colonial state that extracted revenue from natural resources and populations in the Americas while offering little in return. Using 18th century Spanish American treasury accounts we show that local elites not only exerted important control over revenue collection as argued by (Irigoin/Grafe 2006) but also over expenditure allocation. Mirroring Elliot's characterization of the English empire as a 'stakeholder empire' we contend that the Spanish colonial state developed into a stakeholder model, in which local interests were deeply invested in the survival and expansion of empire. The means of co-optation were intra-colonial transfers, as well as credit relations between the state and colonial individuals and corporations, which guaranteed that much of colonial revenue was immediately fed back into the local economy, while minimizing enforcements costs. By allowing stakeholder control of both revenue and expenditure Spain managed to avoid the problems faced by France where royal control of expenditure clashed with at least partial elite control of revenue raising (Velde/Weir 1992, Hoffman/Rosenthal 1997).


A new approach to the numerical solution of optimal control problems including control and state constraints is presented. Like hybrid methods, the approach aims at combining the advantages of direct and indirect methods. Unlike hybrid methods, however, our method is directly based on interior-point concepts in function space --- realized via an adaptive multilevel scheme applied to the complementarity formulation and numerical continuation along the central path. Existence of the central path and its continuation towards the solution point is analyzed in some theoretical detail. An adaptive stepsize control with respect to the duality gap parameter is worked out in the framework of affine invariant inexact Newton methods. Finally, the performance of a first version of our new type of algorithm is documented by the successful treatment of the well-known intricate windshear problem.


Abstract Mean adult body mass of mammal taxa is a fundamental ecological variable. Variability in the distributions of body masses of a mammal fauna suggest variability in habitat structure. Mammal remains from the Marmes archaeological site in southeastern Washington State date between 13,200 and 10,400 b.p., during the Pleistocene–Holocene transition (PHT). Known environmental history prompts the expectations that the Marmes PHT mammal remains should represent greater species richness and a larger array of body-mass sizes than modern faunas in the Marmes locale and in open shrub-steppe habitats, and lower species richness and a smaller array of body-mass sizes than modern faunas in closed forest habitats; species richness and the array of body-mass sizes should be similar to that for a mixed habitat of cool shrub-steppe with scattered conifers. The Marmes PHT cenogram meets these expectations. Body-mass clumps displayed by the Marmes PHT mammal fauna fall between those of closed forests and open shrub-steppe habitats in terms of clump richness and breadth, and in terms of gap width. Marmes PHT body-mass clumps are very similar to those for the mixed habitat. Cenograms and body-mass clumps confirm conclusions drawn 40 years ago that the Marmes PHT habitat was much like that of today but cooler and with more plant biomass and greater structural diversity than today.


This experimental study (N = 113) examined the effects of the visual presentations of data in television news on young Americans' recall of information about sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) as well as the roles of individual characteristics in this process. The results show that individuals who saw either a tabular or graphical presentation of information about STDs better remembered that information than those who only heard the anchor describe the numbers. Our study further found that participants high in quantitative media literacy recalled significantly more information than participants low in quantitative media literacy, but this individual characteristic did not moderate the relationship between style of information presentation and recall. The results support the assumptions of Limited Capacity Model of mediated message processing. It also represents the first step in linking individual differences to the processing of information from infographics from television news.


In this article I explicate H. L. A. Hart's theory of an ascriptive language as it has been developed in his influential early paper "The Ascription of Responsibility and Rights" (1949). In the section 'Discussion' I argue that the theory of ascriptive legal utterances, which is grounded on Austin's and Searle's theory of a speech act, provides the methodological basis for his analytical approach to philosophical and legal issues. In the section 'Results' I justify that an ascriptive is a specific speech (illocutionary) act. In the section 'Conclusion' the matter concerns the original linguistic formula of an ascriptive that accurately reflects its nature. This article elaborates on the interpretation of ascriptive speech acts in legal language by evaluating the influence of philosophy of language on the formation of modern legal philosophy, along with evaluating the contribution of conceptual development of legal philosophy in the speech acts theory.


The Generic Model Organism System Database Project (GMOD) seeks to develop reusable software components for model organism system databases. In this paper we describe the Generic Genome Browser (GBrowse), a Web-based application for displaying genomic annotations and other features. For the end user, features of the browser include the ability to scroll and zoom through arbitrary regions of a genome, to enter a region of the genome by searching for a landmark or performing a full text search of all features, and the ability to enable and disable tracks and change their relative order and appearance. The user can upload private annotations to view them in the context of the public ones, and publish those annotations to the community. For the data provider, features of the browser software include reliance on readily available open source components, simple installation, flexible configuration, and easy integration with other components of a model organism system Web site. GBrowse is freely available under an open source license. The software, its documentation, and support are available at http://www.gmod.org.


The objective of this study was to standardize The Scale of Motivation in Sports in Mexican athletes. It was necessary to get the original version which, as it was in French, had to be traslated into Spanish. Semantics and composition were also revised. In the first study the items discrimination was analysed by means of cross validation, the inner consistency made through Alpha of Cronbach (.8936). In the normative study all items discriminated and fiability was .8468. The analysis of the factors, which were distributed in a different way from that of the original scale. With the obtention of percentile norms the future assessment and diagnosis of Mexican athletes will be valid and can be trusted. A standardization with different population is suggested. KEY WORDS: Scale, motivation, sports, Mexican athletes.


'She decided she would teach him to speak and he was very soon able to say, 'Pretty boy!', 'Your servant, sir!' and 'Hail Mary!" With pathos and humour, Flaubert imagines the unexamined life of a servant girl. Introducing Little Black Classics: 80 books for Penguin's 80th birthday. Little Black Classics celebrate the huge range and diversity of Penguin Classics, with books from around the world and across many centuries. They take us from a balloon ride over Victorian London to a garden of blossom in Japan, from Tierra del Fuego to 16th-century California and the Russian steppe. Here are stories lyrical and savage; poems epic and intimate; essays satirical and inspirational; and ideas that have shaped the lives of millions. Gustave Flaubert (1821-1880). Flaubert's works available in Penguin Classics are Madame Bovary, Sentimental Education, Three Tales and Salammbo.


The thesis studies two topics: rural entrepreneurship in Sub-Saharan Africa, and the introduction of a new unemployment insurance scheme in Chile – within the context of occupational choices under restricted conditions. In the first part, the patterns of rural entrepreneurship in six African countries are outlined, before analyzing the decision to operate an enterprise and its subsequent productivity. The thesis finds that entrepreneurship is ubiquitous in rural Africa, and that households operate businesses due to both pull and push factors. The results also show that the initial motivation to operate an enterprise affects its subsequent labor productivity. In the second part, the outcomes of a new policy introduction in Chile are examined: if a new unemployment protection scheme had an effect on employment duration, as well as on subsequent employment quality (measured by wage and contract type). The thesis finds that workers have shorter employment durations if affiliated to the new scheme, but that the effect on subsequent employment quality is limited: while contract types are not affected, wage growth is negatively affected, but the difference very small.


Formalism in contract law has had many defenders and many critics. What courts need, however, is an account of when formalist approaches work and when they do not. This article addresses that need by developing a general theory of the rules of contract interpretation and construction — contract "exposition." The theory distinguishes inter alia two forms of formalism. Formalities effect legal change by virtue of their form alone, and thereby obviate interpretation. Examples from contract law include "as is", the seal and boilerplate terms. Formalities work when parties intend their legal effects, that is, when they perform juristic acts. Plain meaning rules, in distinction, function by limiting the evidence that goes into interpretation. Plain meaning rules thereby give extra weight to the semantic, or literal, meaning of the parties' words, though not to the full exclusion of the parties' purpose or intentions, or pragmatic meaning. Like formalities, plain meaning rules are well suited to juristic acts, although they do not presuppose them. Many rules of contract law, however, are designed to attach legal consequences to parties' nonjuristic acts, when parties might not be thinking about the legal effect of their words. When applying those rules, formalism of either form is more likely to result in erroneous outcomes. After canvassing other factors relevant to the choice between formalist and nonformalist rules of contract exposition, this article applies the theory to critically evaluate how courts determine whether a writing is integrated, an important but understudied component of the parol evidence rule.


In 2009, a new family of DNA modifying enzymes, the Tet-eleven translocation family was identified as 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG) and Fe(II)dependent dioxygenases. This family of enzymes comprises three proteins TET1, TET2 and TET3 that share a carboxyl-terminal core catalytic domain consisting of a conserved cysteine-rich domain, a double stranded β-helix domain and binding sites for the cofactors Fe(II) and 2oxoglutarate. At their amino-terminal region, TET1 and TET3 have a CXXC DNA-binding domain. Interestingly, during evolution, the segment encoding the CXXC domain of TET2 was separated from the region encoding the catalytic domain and is now encoded separately by a neighboring gene, IDAX (also called CXXC4).


This position paper analyses the problem of extending computational applications with hypermedia, from a design point of view. It focusses on the design of evolvable and easy-to-maintain applications combining hypermedia features with more conventional application behavior. The object-oriented hypermedia design method (OOHDM) is the conceptual basis of our approach. Using the visual tools provided by OO-Navigator, an object-oriented support environment for OOHDM, it is possible to construct computational hypermedia applications applying the concepts of the OOHDM. Also, the problem is analysed from a higher abstraction level. Design patterns are introduced and it is shown that they are a powerful tool to record and reuse designers' experience. A set of patterns for hypermedia applications that address problems both at the architectural, navigational and interface levels are presented. A reference architecture for computational hypermedia applications is outlined and further work in this area is discussed.


Functional forms for mixed convective heat transfer and evaporation from an air-water interface were obtained. To obtain these functions, heat transfer and evaporation rates from the air-water interface of an evaporating body of water were quantified in a wind/water tunnel in the presence of an oleyl alcohol monolayer on the water surface. The Nusselt (Nu) and Sherwood (Sh) numbers, parameterizing the dimensionless heat and mass transfer respectively, for transport from the water bulk to air were expressed as functions of the air side Rayleigh (Ra) and Reynolds (Re) numbers. The Nu and Sh were calculated for a range of Ra from 1.1 × 107 to 4.1 × 107 and a range of Re from 0 to 3.5 × 105. Power law Nu(Ra) and Nu(Re) relationships parameterizing natural and forced convective heat transfer respectively were then obtained as were Sh(Ra) and Sh(Re) relationships parameterizing natural and forced convective evaporation. Mixed convective Nu(Ra, Re) and Sh(Ra, Re) functions were formulated using a vectorial additive model having an exponent of four. These functions predicted the experimentally obtained Nu(Ra), Nu(Re), Sh(Ra) and Sh(Re) relationships with reasonable accuracy. From the Nu(Ra), Nu(Re), Sh(Ra) and Sh(Re) results as also from the results of the mixed convective equations, it was concluded that the mixed convective regime lay between 1 3 m/s i.e. 0.6× 105 < Re < 2.1× 105 for both heat and mass transfer. To obtain repeatable results and for these results to be applicable to field conditions, a monolayer of oleyl alcohol was applied to the water surface to maintain spatially and temporally consistent surface conditions. An IR camera was used to visualize the surface flow and to judge the homogeneity of the surfactant film. It was found that the oleyl alcohol monolayer applied to the water surface formed a homogenous surfactant film thus ensuring consistent conditions for all experiments.


Networks on chip (NoCs) are communication infrastructures that offer parallelism and scalability. In this paper we present high performance dynamically allocated multi-queue (DAMQ) buffer schemes for fault tolerance systems on chip applications that require an interconnection network. Two virtual channels shared the same buffer space. Fault tolerant mechanisms for interconnection networks are becoming a critical design issue for large massively parallel computers. It is also important to high performance SoCs as the system complexity keeps increasing rapidly. On the message switching layer, we make improvement to boost system performance when there are faults involved in the components communication. The proposed scheme is when a node or a physical channel is deemed as faulty, the previous hop node will terminate the buffer occupancy of messages destined to the failed link. The buffer usage decisions are made at switching layer without interactions with higher abstract layer, thus buffer space will be released to messages destined to other healthy nodes quickly. Therefore, the buffer space will be efficiently used in case fault occurs at some nodes. Simulation results depict that proposed scheme has similar performance using only 62.5% of the buffer size that is used in traditional implementation for NoCs (4% fault rate).


Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major public health issue worldwide with those surviving the initial head injury experiencing long-lasting debilitating consequences. These injuries are commonly caused by car accidents, sporting field blows and falls in the general population; and exposure to explosive devices in military personnel. There is still no drug intervention available that reduces the long-term symptoms experienced by patients. In this thesis, we have shown for the first time in TBI, that a novel drug candidate cyclodextrin can markedly reduce brain dysfunction after injury, potentially through the modulation of cholesterol and maintenance of cerebral blood vessels.


This thesis is concerned with problems in decentralized communication in large networks. Namely, we address the problems of joint rate allocation and transmission of data sources measured at nodes, and of controlling the multiple access of sources to a shared medium. In our study, we consider in particular the important case of a sensor network measuring correlated data. In the first part of this thesis, we consider the problem of correlated data gathering by a network with a sink node and a tree communication structure, where the goal is to minimize the total transmission cost of transporting the information collected by the nodes, to the sink node. Two coding strategies are analyzed: a Slepian-Wolf model where optimal coding is complex and transmission optimization is simple, and a joint entropy coding model with explicit communication where coding is simple and transmission optimization is difficult. This problem requires a joint optimization of the rate allocation at the nodes and of the transmission structure. For the Slepian-Wolf setting, we derive a closed form solution and an efficient distributed approximation algorithm with a good performance. We generalize our results to the case of multiple sinks. For the explicit communication case, we prove that building an optimal data gathering tree is NP-complete and we propose various distributed approximation algorithms. We compare asymptotically, for dense networks, the total costs associated with Slepian-Wolf coding and explicit communication, by finding their corresponding scaling laws and analyzing the ratio of their respective costs. We argue that, for large networks and under certain conditions on the correlation structure, "intelligent", but more complex Slepian-Wolf coding provides unbounded gains over the widely used straightforward approach of opportunistic aggregation and compression by explicit communication. In the second part of this thesis, we consider a queuing problem in which the service rate of a queue is a function of a partially observed Markov chain, and in which the arrivals are controlled based on those partial observations so as to keep the system in a desirable mildly unstable regime. The optimal controller for this problem satisfies a separation property: we first compute a probability measure on the state space of the chain, namely the information state, then use this measure as the new state based on which to make control decisions. We give a formal description of the system considered and of its dynamics, we formalize and solve an optimal control problem, and we show numerical simulations to illustrate with concrete examples properties of the optimal control law. We show how the ergodic behavior of our queuing model is characterized by an invariant measure over all possible information states, and we construct that measure. Our results may be applied for designing efficient and stable algorithms for medium access control in multiple accessed systems, in particular for sensor networks.


The reliability of organic field-effect transistors is studied using both transport and scanning Kelvin probe microscopy measurements. A direct correlation between the current and potential of a p-type transistor is demonstrated. During gate bias stress, a decrease in current is observed, that is correlated with the increased curvature of the potential profile. After gate bias stress, the potential changes consistently in all operating regimes: the potential profile gets more convex, in accordance with the simultaneously observed shift in threshold voltage. The changes of the potential are attributed to positive immobile charges, which contribute to the potential, but not to the current.


Soybean growers have adopted herbicide tolerant varieties at a rapid rate. While some potential cost savings may have driven adoption, the primary reason growers are switching to new programs is the simplicity and flexibility of a weed control program that relies on one herbicide to control a broad spectrum of weeds without crop injury or crop rotation restrictions. Roundup Ready weed control programs for soybeans fit into on-going trends towards postemergence weed control, adoption of conservation tillage practices and narrow row spacing. Roundup Ready systems have also solved some of the problems growers faced in conventional weed management systems.


One might invent such a fable and still not have illustrated sufficiently how wretched, how shadowy and flighty, how aimless and arbitrary, the human intellect appears in nature. There have been eternities when it did not exist; and when it is done for again, nothing will have happened. For this intellect has no further mission that would lead beyond human life. It is human, rather, and only its owner and producer gives it such importance, as if the world pivoted around it. But if we could communicate with the mosquito, then we would learn that he floats through the air with the same self-importance, feeling within itself the flying center of the world. There is nothing in nature so despicable or insignificant that it cannot immediately be blown up like a bag by a slight breath of this power of knowledge; and just as every porter wants an admirer, the proudest human being, the philosopher, thinks that he sees on the eyes of the universe telescopically focused from all sides on his actions and thoughts.


Modern CDCL SAT solvers easily solve industrial instances containing tens of millions of variables and clauses, despite the theoretical intractability of the SAT problem. This gap between practice and theory is a central problem in solver research. It is believed that SAT solvers exploit structure inherent in industrial instances, and hence there have been numerous attempts over the last 25 years at characterizing this structure via parameters. These can be classified as rigorous, i.e., they serve as a basis for complexity-theoretic upper bounds (e.g., backdoors), or correlative, i.e., they correlate well with solver run time and are observed in industrial instances (e.g., community structure). Unfortunately, no parameter proposed to date has been shown to be both strongly correlative and rigorous over a large fraction of industrial instances. Given the sheer difficulty of the problem, we aim for an intermediate goal of proposing a set of parameters that is strongly correlative and has good theoretical properties. Specifically, we propose parameters based on a graph partitioning called Hierarchical Community Structure (HCS), which captures the recursive community structure of a graph of a Boolean formula. We show that HCS parameters are strongly correlative with solver run time using an Empirical Hardness Model, and further build a classifier based on HCS parameters that distinguishes between easy industrial and hard random/crafted instances with very high accuracy. We further strengthen our hypotheses via scaling studies. On the theoretical side, we show that counterexamples which plagued community structure do not apply to HCS, and that there is a subset of HCS parameters such that restricting them limits the size of embeddable expanders.


As marketers love to teach students, differentiation must be the focal point of marketing strategy. But what happens when a firm's competitive set is shared by similar customers, perceived differentiation is weak among rivals, and loyalty is a thing of the past? This was the dilemma the French luxury jeweler Mauboussin faced: how to leverage its iconic brand to access new customers, domestically and abroad, and through new channels, while preserving the image of luxury goods founded on the myth of rarity and exclusivity? The case was designed and used for the latter portion of an international MBA marketing course and would work well in most international business courses.


Ultrasonic instruments are used with the aid of an irrigant such as NaOCl in endodontic treatments to remove dentin debris and calculus from infected root canals. This cleaning process may be assisted by various factors, such as acoustic streaming, and the production of radicals and microjets from the collapse of transient cavitation bubbles. The aim of this project is to understand the principal factors affecting the performance of a number of different endosonic files in order to correlate to their cleaning efficiencies. Characterisation includes detecting transient cavitation activity, mapping the areas of cavitation, assessing the file vibration movements and the streaming effects produced by the files. Experiments to assess the cleaning efficiencies of the files include: emulsification, dye removal with a dental irrigant, ink and hydroxyapatite paste removal from model systems designed to mimic the structure of a tooth. The results show that there is a correlation between the sonochemical output and the cleaning efficiencies, and this brings in further study on the possible factors that may affect the production of transient cavitation and the vibration profiles of the endosonic files. Lastly, a series of computational simulation of the acoustic pressure fields from different endosonic files were performed. Correlations of the simulated and experimental results showed the difference in ultrasonic output of the endosonic files is strongly related to their design. This work provides the basis and techniques necessary to perform a comprehensive study on the design of the endosonic files in order to enhance and optimise their cleaning efficiencies during clinical use and to inform future endodontic practice.


E A Akl

Dr E A Akl, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA; email@example.com

In patients with cancer and venous thromboembolism (VTE), is long-term treatment with low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) effective and safe compared with oral anticoagulants?

Studies selected compared LMWH with oral anticoagulants (vitamin K antagonists or ximelagatran) for long-term treatment in patients with cancer and objectively diagnosed VTE. Outcomes were mortality, symptomatic recurrent VTE, major bleeding, and thrombocytopenia.

Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Medline, EMBASE/Excerpta Medica, and ISI the Web of Science (to Jan 2007); conference proceedings; reference lists; and the "related articles" feature of PubMed were searched for randomised controlled trials (RCTs). …


The issue of justice figures prominently in various stages of democratization yet the topic is still understudied in the broad literature of democratization. The handling of transitional justice is crucial to the successful transition from authoritarian rule to democracy. However, the type of transition (e.g., transformation vs. replacement) also significantly shapes the approach toward transitional justice: forgive and forget vs. prosecute and punish. More importantly, enhancing social justice is essential to the prospect of the upgrading from electoral democracy to liberal democracy. As discussions on Third World democratization move from quantity (democratic enlargement) to quality (democratic consolidation), an examination of the role played by justice is crucial.
This article studies an index case of newly democratized country - Taiwan. It first examines Taiwan's unique approach toward transitional justice, by focusing on the February 28 Incident, and discusses some of the rationales for the political calculus for this approach, including considerations for ethnic relations. It then provides a preliminary empirical exploration into the role justice plays in Taiwan's democratization by analyzing the data from "proxy" questions for justice in TEDS-Taiwan's premier survey research consortium. Survey results show that Taiwanese electorate display high degree of commitment toward democracy, despite some ambivalence and they attach great importance to justice in the country's evolution into a liberal democracy.


A new monospecific genus, Pseudostegopterus gen. nov., endemic to the northwestern region of South Africa, is erected. The type species is described as Pseudospegopterus melonthinoides sp. nov. and is currently known only from male specimens. A provisional dichotomic key of the African Trichiina genera is also provided, in order to facilitate the identification of male specimens to the genus level.


Tomato-potato psyllid (Bactericera cockerelli) (TPP) is a vector for Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum (CLso), a bacterium responsible for causing zebra chip (ZC), a mottled browning discolouration of cooked potato crisps. Organic gardeners have long relied on garlic as part of their pest-control arsenal. Garlic contains sulphur, which, besides being toxic to pests, is also an antibacterial and antifungal agent. BioRepel® (JH Biotech, Inc.) is a natural insect repellent made from garlic oil (10% garlic oil). BioRepel® has been reported to repel several plant insect pests including aphids, leaf hoppers, whiteflies and thrips. A field trial, conducted at Pukekohe to determine the effects of foliar applications of BioRepel® garlic oil on TPP nymphs in potato foliage, found that garlic oil significantly reduced TPP nymph populations. TPP nymph numbers in the unsprayed plots increased during the season from 0.06 nymphs per leaf on 5 January to 12.12 nymphs on 9 March 2010, while on that date the mean number of nymphs per leaf in the BioRepel® oil treatment was 3.05. Further research to determine effects of garlic oil on zebra chip of potato crisps is planned. Copyright © 2013 New Zealand Plant Protection Society (Inc.). Please refer to the terms of use. © 2013 New Zealand Plant Protection Society (Inc.)


One of the most relevant social problems in contemporary American life is the continuing HIV epidemic in the Black population. With vivid ethnographic detail, this book brings together scholarship on the structural dimensions of the AIDS epidemic and the social construction of sexuality to assert that shifting forms of sexual stories--structural intimacies--are emerging, produced by the meeting of intimate lives and social structural patterns. These stories render such inequalities as racism, poverty, gender power disparities, sexual stigma, and discrimination as central not just to the dramatic, disproportionate spread of HIV in Black communities in the United States, but to the formation of Black sexualities. Sonja Mackenzie elegantly argues that structural vulnerability is felt--quite literally--in the blood, in the possibilities and constraints on sexual lives, and in the rhetorics of their telling. The circulation of structural intimacies in daily life and in the political domain reflects possibilities for seeking what Mackenzie calls intimate justice at the nexus of cultural, economic, political, and moral spheres. Structural Intimacies presents a compelling case: in an era of deepening medicalisation of HIV/AIDS, public health must move beyond individual-level interventions to community-level health equity frames and policy changes.


This december issue of Scalable Computing: Practice and Experience is the final of two issues devoted to Cloud Computing and Applications based on Software Services. To ensure the high quality of this issue, a reduced number of contributions that were presented at 2nd WoSS (Timisoara, June 6-9 2011) were chosen and an invitation to provide an extended version was sent. The reviewers were the same as in the Workshop so the peer-review process was exhaustive, from the abstract status prior to the Workshop until the final version that you will be reading. Additionally, the priceless feedback gathered during 2nd WoSS definitely increased the contribution quality. As said in the previous issue, many of the authors come from countries that joined the European Union recently. This demonstrates that the European Research Family is not only growing up but also reunites around the Cloud Computing table, a bleeding edge and promising area which is expected to bring much outstanding outcome.


"Poetry and the Feminine from Behn to Cowper" revisits the foundations of poetic representation and value for women and men poets of the Restoration and eighteenth century including Aphra Behn, John Dryden, Anne Killigrew, Anne Finch, and Alexander Pope. The author argues that fundamental to poetic innovation in this era are poets' revisions of "feminine" figures such as the muse and nature. Feminine Nature serves these poets as an infinitely expandable category of form that allows them to redefine poetry and poetic subjectivity. These poetic innovations include exploring the very grounds of mimesis, dismantling the hierarchy of poetic kinds, and using sensibility to yoke aesthetic and ethical values. Using an inclusive framework, the author presents a history of poetic change through women's and men's complex dialogues with poetic contexts and conventions. Jennifer Keith is Associate Professor at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro.


In 1985, the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago and the Great Lakes Commission conceived and produced a statistical compendium of the Great Lakes region entitled The Great Lakes Economy: A Resource and Industry Profile of the Great Lakes States. Those who produced that volume, and those who used it, felt that decision makers and analysts needed a common set of facts with which to better understand the region's economic position and performance. This common set of facts has been used in developing common regional strategies, enhancing understanding, and focusing attention on the region's common concerns. The Great Lakes Economy Looking North and South, published by the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago in 1991, represents a culmination of several years' research which updates and eclipses its predecessor in several important ways (see Box for articles and authors). The recently published volume provides analysts of the region the opportunity to interpret the facts surrounding the region's endowments, performance, and changes. In doing so, several authors have chosen to look beyond the states themselves to the closely linked Canadian portion of the Great Lakes region. With the rise of low cost transportation and communication, the world has shrunk but regions have grown—often spilling over national boundaries. As a result, the scope of topics in the book has been broadened. Resource and industry trends and performance are still addressed in full but the linkages among the region's resources, people, and industries are also brought to the fore. Further, the region has moved through a series of development strategies so that it is now time to assess the past, to save what is valuable, to discard mistaken avenues, and to plan for the future. This article briefly discusses some of these issues and presents the authors' insights from The Great Lakes Economy Looking North and South.


The article reviews the methods of data collection employed in 39 studies of interlanguage pragmatics, defined narrowly as the investigation of nonnative speakers' comprehension and production of speech acts, and the acquisition of L2-related speech act knowledge. Data collection instruments are distinguished according to the degree to which they constrain informants' responses, and whether they tap speech act perception/comprehension or production. A main focus of discussion is the validity of different types of data, in particular, their adequacy to approximate authentic performance of linguistic action.


Background: Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is an infectious factor recently found in association with multiple sclerosis (MS) in Sardinia. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to confirm this association and evaluate its role in clinical features. Methods: A total of 436 patients and 264 healthy controls (HCs) were included. We examined the blood of each individual for MAPDNA and MAP2694 antibodies using IS900-specific PCR and ELISA, respectively. Differences in MAP presence between the MS group and HCs were evaluated. In MS patients, we considered: gender, age, age at onset, duration of disease, course, EDSS, therapy, relapse/steroids at study time, and oligoclonal bands (OBs). Results: MAPDNA and MAP2694 antibodies were detected in 68 MS and six HCs (p = 1.14 × 10−11), and 123 MS and 10 HCs (p = 2.59 × 10−23), respectively. OBs were found with reduced frequency in MAP-positive patients (OR = 0.52; p = 0.02). MAP2694 antibodies were detected more in patients receiving MS treatments (OR = 2.26; p = 0.01), and MAPDNA in subjects on steroids (OR = 2.65; p = 0.02). Conclusion: Our study confirmed the association of MAP and MS in Sardinia. The low OB frequency in MAP patients suggests a peripheral role as a trigger in autoimmunity. MAP positivity might be influenced by steroids and MS therapy. Studies in other populations are needed to confirm the role of MAP in MS.


Motivation: Sequence-based phylogenetic approaches heavily rely on initial data sets to be composed of orthologous sequences only. Paralogs are treated as a dangerous nuisance that has to be detected and removed. Recent advances in mathematical phylogenetics, however, have indicated that gene duplications can also convey meaningful phylogenetic information provided orthologs and paralogs can be distinguished with a degree of certainty. Results: We demonstrate that plausible phylogenetic trees can be inferred from paralogy information only. To this end, tree-free estimates of orthology, the complement of paralogy, are first corrected to conform cographs and then translated into equivalent event-labeled gene phylogenies. A certain subset of the triples displayed by these trees translates into constraints on the species trees. While the resolution is very poor for individual gene families, we observe that genome-wide data sets are sufficient to generate fully resolved phylogenetic trees of several groups of eubacteria. The novel method introduced here relies on solving three intertwined NP-hard optimization problems: the cograph editing problem, the maximum consistent triple set problem, and the least resolved tree problem. Implemented as Integer Linear Program, paralogy-based phylogenies can be computed exactly for up to some twenty species and their complete protein complements. Availability: The ILP formulation is implemented in the Software ParaPhylo using IBM ILOG CPLEX TM Optimizer 12.6 and is freely available from http://pacosy.informatik.uni-leipzig.de/ paraphylo.


This book is divided into two parts. In the first part we give an elementary introduction to computational physics consisting of 21 simulations which originated from a formal course of lectures and laboratory simulations delivered since 2010 to physics students at Annaba University. The second part is much more advanced and deals with the problem of how to set up working Monte Carlo simulations of matrix field theories which involve finite dimensional matrix regularizations of noncommutative and fuzzy field theories, fuzzy spaces and matrix geometry. The study of matrix field theory in its own right has also become very important to the proper understanding of all noncommutative, fuzzy and matrix phenomena. The second part, which consists of 9 simulations, was delivered informally to doctoral students who are working on various problems in matrix field theory. Sample codes as well as sample key solutions are also provided for convenience and completness. An appendix containing an executive arabic summary of the first part is added at the end of the book.


Massively parallel test structures, based on looking for shorts between certain design elements in the SRAM cells, are becoming increasingly relied upon in yield characterization. The localization of electrical shorts in these structures has posed significant challenges in advanced technology nodes, due to the size, and design complexity. Several of the traditional methods (nanoprobing, OBIRCH, etc.) are shown to be inadequate to find defects in SRAM cells, either due to resolution, or time required. In recent years, the Electron Beam Induced Resistance Change (EBIRCH) technique has increasingly been utilized for failure analysis. Combining EBIRCH with other techniques, such as SEM based nanoprobing system and PVC, allows not only direct electrical characterization of suspicious bridging sites but also allows engineers to pinpoint the exact location of defects with SEM resolution. This paper will demonstrate the several cases where SRAM-like test structures provided extreme challenges, and EBIRCH was the key technique towards finding the fail. A node to node, node to wordline, and ground-ground contact fails are presented. A combination of EBIRCH with the more traditional techniques in advanced technology node is key to timely and accurate determination of shorting mechanisms in our test structures.


The central proposition of this thesis is that intergroup attributions and explanations, like any other intergroup behaviour, are affected by the perceived relations between the groups. Social Identity Theory (SIT) was adopted as the theoretical framework within which to investigate intergroup relations. According to this theory, intergroup behaviour is affected by the relative status the groups bear to each other, together with the perceived legitimacy and stability of this status hierarchy. The thesis proposes two amendments to the theory. It is argued that perceived legitimacy and perceived stability have different effects on intergroup behaviour and hence can not be subsumed under the general category of "insecure comparisons". It is also suggested that intragroup variability exists in these perceptions. A study was conducted which confirmed these propositions, and predictions emerging from SIT concerning the effect of these perceptions on intergroup behaviour and attitudes received considerable support. In examining the effect of the intergroup perception factors on bias in intergroup attributions, the thesis focuses on two types of groups: race and gender. Three types of attribution were considered in different studies: explanations of intergroup inequality, attributions of blame for rape or robbery and attributions for individual group members' actions and outcomes. The results indicate that the relative status of the groups, together with the perceptions of the legitimacy of this status hierarchy influence the first two - the explanations for inequality and the attributions of blame made to the victim and perpetrator of crimes. In general, it appears that the 'prise de conscience' of the illegitimacy of the intergroup situation is the motivating force in rejecting the domination of the high status group over the low status group, by members of both the high and low status groups. However, the third type of attributions, the intergroup explanations made for individual group members' actions and outcomes were not in general affected by these factors. It was suggested that either the intergroup aspect of these vignettes lacked the salience to elicit an intergroup response, or that the actors in the vignettes were treated as atypical of the groups.


Through an autoethnographic account the authors explore the various entanglements, ambiguities, and conflicts inherent in the research relationships of institutionally marginalized communities. Agency and moral coherence are constructs with which personal, political, and sociocultural dimensions of negotiating a research identity are framed. They use a feminist lens to examine relations, autoethnography to reflexively examine these relations, and poststructuralist notions to illuminate cultural influences on the shifting identity of one actor.


A CORRELATIONAL STUDY OF SANSEC SENSORS' ELECTRIC FIELD DISTRIBUTION ON LIGHTNING ATTACHMENT Kayla M. Farrow Old Dominion University, 2017 Director: Dr. Linda Vahala Old Dominion University and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Langley Research Center (LaRC) Aviation Safety Program Atmospheric Environmental Safety Technologies Project team conducted research in using SansEC (Sans Electric Connection) sensors to provide lightning strike protection (LSP) and damage mitigation for composite aircraft. SansEC sensors are simplistic devices consisting of an open circuit conductive trace, shaped in a planar geometric spiral [1], [2], [3]. SansEC sensors can be designed in various shapes and sizes depending on the application. For applications on exterior aircraft surfaces, the sensor must be designed to perform the required lightning strike protection [1], [3]. Lightning-direct effect current tests were conducted on multiple sensor configurations to evaluate their ability to withstand the incident lightning energy and protect the underlying composite [3]. Test results indicated several SansEC sensor geometric configurations demonstrated an intrinsic ability to steer the lightning current along the corner of the sensor [3]. This was a significant finding because when lightning strikes an airplane, its current is channeled onto the aircraft surface at an attachment point and flows along the aircraft surface to the detachment point and can cause damage to critical points on the aircraft that can be catastrophic [3], [4], [5]. The SansEC sensors' intrinsic ability to steer lightning current could be used to deflect lightning current from an attachment or detachment point to a less critical point on an in-flight aircraft, to mitigate detrimental damage. To investigate this phenomenology, electromagnetic computational simulations were conducted to calculate the electric field distribution on the SansEC sensors' conductive trace to determine if the associated electromagnetic radiation preceding lightning attachment establishes modal structures on the conductive trace which predisposition the direction of the current flow [3]. The simulations provided a means to visualize the trace's modal structure and identified electric field regions residing on the sensor [3]. This thesis presents a correlational study of the SansEC sensors' computed electric field distribution to the measured lightning propagation direction for various SansEC sensor configurations [3].


This study describes a quantitative method using thermography to measure the thermal properties of building fabrics that are subjected to non-steady state heat flow due to consistently changing meteorological conditions. The method includes two parts. First, the convection heat transfer coefficient is measured by thermography and heat flux meters on a small segment of the examined building fabric with uniform surface temperature. Then, thermal properties of large building fabrics are evaluated by thermography. The two parts are measured simultaneously. The method was tested on 140/160/190 mm thick massive laminated spruce timber walls of a test facility cabin located in Ostersund, Sweden. The results varied by only a few percent in comparison to validation measurements performed with heat flux meters and in comparison, to values from the literature. Due to rapid changes in weather conditions the measured values had large disparity, but still a linear regression with low confidence interval was obtained. Obtaining an accurate value of convection heat transfer was important for achieving high measurement accuracy and, therefore, the value of this parameter should be measured. Other important factors to consider are solar radiation, reflected infrared (IR) radiation from nearby objects and the number of thermal images.


Federal law proscribes theft and bribery relating to federally funded programs under 18 U.S.C. § 666. The language of § 666 appears clear enough on its face, but this clarity quickly dissolves when one attempts to define what types of actions the statute actually prohibits. Courts faced with this question have reached divergent conclusions about whether § 666 only forbids explicit quid pro quo transactions, or if it also extends to less explicit exchanges between officials and those seeking to curry their favor. This Note explores these positions with the goal of answering two questions: first, whether § 666 encompasses only bribes, or both bribes and illegal gratuities; and second, if the statute does include gratuities, what must be shown to secure a gratuities conviction. This Note argues that the best interpretation of the statute is one that encompasses both bribes and gratuities, and requires that, in order to obtain a conviction, the government prove corrupt intent, but not a link between the conferral of the benefit and a specific official act. This result is most consistent with the statutory text, legislative history, and broader federal anticorruption regime.I. INTRODUCTIONOn March 22, 2007, Charles Abbey was convicted of one count of conspiracy to bribe a public official and one count of solicitation of a bribe by a public official in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 666, x the federal statute prohibiting "[t]heft or bribery concerning programs receiving federal funds." At trial, prosecutors showed that while Abbey served as a city administrator for the city of Burton, Michigan, he had accepted a plot of land from Albert Louis-Blake Rizzo, a local real estate developer, with Abbey's secretary and possible mistress serving as an intermediary.3 The government introduced no evidence that, at the time of this transfer, Rizzo and Abbey had an explicit agreement that Abbey would take a specific official action in exchange for the land. Rizzo testified at trial, however, that, in giving Abbey the land "for free"4 he had hoped to receive favorable treatment in future development projects.5 Prosecutors asserted that Abbey did, in fact, use his influence to help Rizzo in connection with several subsequent projects, including securing favorable public financing for Rizzo to develop a plot of land that he owned.6 After he was convicted, Abbey appealed to the Sixth Circuit, arguing that the trial court erred in failing to instruct the jury that § 666 requires proof of a quid pro quo, an explicit exchange of a benefit for an official act.7 The Sixth Circuit affirmed his conviction,8 but the issue that his appeal raised - the proper scope of § 666 - remains an open question, one that has resulted in a split among the federal circuits.Passed as part of the Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984, § 666, governing "[t]heft or bribery concerning programs receiving Federal funds," provides an important tool for combating corruption of state and local political actors. In contrast to many of the other anticorruption statutes in use by federal prosecutors, § 666 does not consist of broad language that has been repurposed to address the problem of corruption by local officials, but rather was specifically drafted with that evil in mind.9 Even with this explicit focus, § 666 has received attention from a number of scholars, who have warned of the federalism concerns raised by federal prosecution of corruption on the part of state political actors.10 Most commentators have neglected, however, to thoroughly address the substantive conduct and mens rea elements of § 666. n Put simply, it remains unclear what conduct § 666 actually outlaws: how explicit must an exchange be before it comes within the statute's scope?This confusion is certainly not unique to § 666. The difficulty of defining the proper scope of anticorruption statutes has come into focus in recent years following the Supreme Court's highprofile decisions in cases like McCormick v. …


The scientific and policy literature on climate change increasingly recognizes the vulnerabilities of indigenous communities and their capacities for resilience. The role of gender in defining how indigenous peoples experience climate change in the United States is a research area that deserves more attention. Advancing climate change threatens the continuance of many indigenous cultural systems that are based on reciprocal relationships with local plants, animals, and ecosystems. These reciprocal relationships, and the responsibilities associated with them, are gendered in many indigenous communities. American Indians, Alaska Natives, and Native Hawaiians experience colonization based on intersecting layers of oppression in which race and gender are major determinants. The coupling of climate change with settler colonialism is the source of unique vulnerabilities. At the same time, gendered knowledge and gender-based activism and initiatives may foster climate change resilience. In this literature synthesis, we cross-reference international literature on gender and climate change, literature on indigenous peoples and climate change, and literature describing gender roles in Native America, in order to build an understanding of how gendered indigeneity may influence climate change vulnerability and resilience in indigenous communities in the United States.


The international system is changing fast and both the European Union and Brazil will need to adapt. This paper argues that such a process of adjustment may bring the two closer together, even if their starting points differ considerably. Europe looks at the ongoing redistribution of power as a challenge, Brazil as an opportunity. Europe is coping with the detrimental impact of the economic crisis on its international profile; Brazil is enhancing its influence in its region and beyond. Their normative outlook is broadly compatible; their political priorities and behaviour in multilateral frameworks often differ, from trade to development and security issues. Despite the crisis, however, there are signals of renewed engagement by the EU on the international stage, with a focus on its troubled neighbourhood and partnerships with the US and large emerging actors such as Brazil. The latter is charting an original course in international affairs as a rising democratic power from the traditional South with no geopolitical opponents and a commitment to multilateralism. In testing the limits of its international influence, Brazil will need dependable partners and variable coalitions that go well beyond the BRICS format, which is not necessarily sustainable. This contribution suggests that the strategic partnership between the EU and Brazil may grow stronger not only as a platform to deepen economic ties and sustain growth, but also as a tool to foster cooperation in political and security affairs including crisis management, preventive diplomacy and human rights.


Everyone makes decisions, some simple, others complex. In business-to-business (B2B) marketing environments, decision-making becomes even more complicated. The decision-makers require an adequate set of facts to support their decision-making. In order to provide the necessary decision-support, B2B organisations invest huge amounts of money in information systems such as enterprise resources planning applications, customer relationship management software, and other types of databases. These systems store, analyse, manipulate and/or integrate internal data and perhaps force-feed it to the decision-makers; what we call a foie-gras approach. On the other hand, organisations may allow the decision-makers to search for the desired facts or decision-support by themselves; what we refer to as anarchic resources utilisation. Alternatively, the decision-makers may utilise resources with a combination of the two approaches. Previous studies have shown that many factors may influence the resources utilisation; however, not many studies have been conducted in the B2B context. This research, therefore, aims to provide a better understanding of how decision-makers utilise the available resources by firstly identifying B2B factors affecting the resources utilisation, and then explaining how these factors influence them. Results from in-depth interviews with the marketing decision-makers from three case studies show that the value of customers, supplier-customer relationships, and the nature of demand are the most influential B2B factors affecting the resources utilisation of the decision-makers. Other factors such as experience, nature of decisions, and management style are also found to have considerable impact on the approach the decision-makers adopt. In order to provide adequate decision-support, the providers may need to consider these factors and understand their effects on the decision-makers in the organisation, and design or choose the right information system(s); this should then result in better quality decisions.


Future communications consist of an increasing number of wireless parts, while simultaneously need to support the widespread multimedia applications imposed by social networks. These human-machine systems, driven by both real time social interactions and the challenges of the wireless networks' design, call for efficient and easy to implement, distributed cross-layer algorithms for their operation. Performance metrics such as throughput, delay, trust, energy consumption, need to be improved and optimized aiming at high quality communications. We investigate the coveted throughput-delay trade-off in static wireless multihop networks based on a "computer-aided" design of the backpressure scheduling/routing algorithm for networks embedded in hyperbolic space. Both routing and scheduling exploit the hyperbolic distances to orient the packets to the destination and prioritize the transmissions correspondingly. The proposed design provides us with the freedom of controlling its theoretical throughput optimality and of counterbalancing its practical performance through simulations, leading to significant improvements of the throughput-delay trade-off.


No one has figured more prominently in the study of the German philosopher Gottlob Frege than Michael Dummett. His magisterial "Frege: Philosophy of Language" is a sustained, systematic analysis of Frege's thought, omitting only the issues in philosophy of mathematics. In this work Dummett discusses, section by section, Frege's masterpiece" The Foundations of Arithmetic" and Frege's treatment of real numbers in the second volume of "Basic Laws of Arithmetic," establishing what parts of the philosopher's views can be salvaged and employed in new theorizing, and what must be abandoned, either as incorrectly argued or as untenable in the light of technical developments.Gottlob Frege (1848-1925) was a logician, mathematician, and philosopher whose work had enormous impact on Bertrand Russell and later on the young Ludwig Wittgenstein, making Frege one of the central influences on twentieth-century Anglo-American philosophy; he is considered the founder of analytic philosophy. His philosophy of mathematics contains deep insights and remains a useful and necessary point of departure for anyone seriously studying or working in the field.