The aim of the present study is to cast some light on the realisation of sj- and tjsounds (/ɧ/ and /ɕ/) in Estonian Swedish. These sounds are said not to occur in this variety of Swedish, or to have a different realisation as compared to Standard Swedish (Lagman, 1979). Our analysis, based on repetitions of elicited words produced by five elderly speakers of Estonian Swedish, shows that sj- and tj-sounds are mainly pronounced the way they are spelt (e.g. tjock [tjɔkː] (thick, fat) or stjarna [stjɑːɳ] (star)). There appears, however, some variation in the realisation of the sj-sound, which depending on the word and position in the word can also be pronounced as a retroflex fricative [ʂ] or a palatal fricative [c]or [ɕ].


One of the most important engineering tasks over the years has been the design and manufacture of increasingly sophisticated structural materials as a result of the requirements related to the technological progress. In the last decades, the growing needs for improved properties of products have been partially solved through the development of composite materials. A key to the success of many modern structural components is the tailored behavior of the material to given applications.


The natural homogeneous coordinate system is the analog of the Cartesian coordinate system for projective geometry. Roughly speaking a projective geometry adds an axiom that parallel lines meet at a point at infinity. This removes the impediment to line‐point duality that is found in traditional Euclidean geometry. The natural homogeneous coordinate system is surprisingly useful in a number of applications including computer graphics and statistical data visualization. In this article, we describe the axioms of projective geometry, introduce the formalism of natural homogeneous coordinates, and illustrate their use with four applications. WIREs Comp Stat 2010 2 678–685 DOI: 10.1002/wics.122


This paper focuses on the aspect of question translation between English and Yoruba. Translation serves as a mirror through which any language can be relatively replicated into another. Question proposition between English and Yoruba are significant in the body of language knowledge among about 30 million Yoruba users of English in the western part of Nigeria and diaspora. This study explored the types of question propositions between English and Yoruba, and their process in translation free from the former to the latter, and, vice versa, using the literal and idiomatic continuum of translation proposed by Larson (1984).
 The findings of the paper revealed that question translation between both languages has implications on the characteristics of language which affect translation. The similarities and peculiarities of each language as they affect the translation to Wh, Yes/no, Echo, Tag and Alternative questions in both languages were highlighted. Also underscored was the significance of translating question proposition between both languages in pedagogical and other contexts of communication.


Background: This manuscript presents evidence-based guidance on the use of 38 percent silver diamine fluoride (SDF) for dental caries management in children and adolescents, including those with special health care needs. A guideline workgroup formed by the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry developed guidance and an evidence-based recommendation regarding the application of 38 percent SDF to arrest cavitated caries lesions in primary teeth. Types of studies reviewed: The basis of the guideline's recommendation is evidence from an existing systematic review "Clinical trials of silver diamine fluoride in arresting caries among children: A systematic review." (JDR Clin Transl Res 2016;1[3]:201-10). A systematic search was conducted in PubMed®/MEDLINE, Embase®, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and gray literature databases to identify randomized controlled trials and systematic reviews reporting on the effect of silver diamine fluoride and address peripheral issues such as adverse effects and cost. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach was used to assess the quality of the evidence and the evidence-to-decision framework was employed to formulate a recommendation. Results: The panel made a conditional recommendation regarding the use of 38 percent SDF for the arrest of cavitated caries lesions in primary teeth as part of a comprehensive caries management program. After taking into consideration the low cost of the treatment and the disease burden of caries, panel members were confident that the benefits of SDF application in the target populations outweigh its possible undesirable effects. Per GRADE, this is a conditional recommendation based on low-quality evidence. Conclusions and practical implications: The guideline intends to inform the clinical practices involving the application of 38 percent SDF to enhance dental caries management outcomes in children and adolescents, including those with special health care needs. These recommended practices are based upon the best available evidence to-date. A 38 percent SDF protocol is included in Appendix II.


The early life-history of the introduced Northern Pacific seastar (Asterias amurensis) in the Derwent Estuary, Tasmania, is investigated with an aim to identify opportunities for improved management. A discrete non-equilibrium model of gamete dispersal and fertilization success is developed. The model is parameterized with species-specific gamete traits measured in the estuary population, and is validated using empirically determined estimates of fertilization success, which required containing gametes in collection flasks. In situ measurements of the proportion of eggs fertilized ranged from 0.80 ± 0.08 (SE) adjacent to the spawning male, to 0.16 ± 0.04 (SE) for separation distances of 16 m. The model is then adapted to simulate dispersal of gametes without the experimental artifact of containing gametes in flasks. There is good concordance between empirical estimates and model predictions when the model simulates the experimental procedure. However, when simulations allow for dispersal and fertilization without confinement of gametes in the collection device, predicted fertilization success is substantially lower at 0.05 adjacent to the spawning male and 0.03 at 16 m. The model is extended to predict the reproductive potential of discrete populations of the seastar in the Derwent Estuary. The effects of population density, group size, spawning synchrony, sex ratio, and water depth on the total number of eggs fertilized and the proportion of eggs fertilized is predicted. Within the range of parameters tested, group size, density and water depth had the most significant effects on fertilization success. The model predicted a 300% increase in fertilization success when density is increased from 0.025 to 0.2 individuals m-2. Spatial variability in the reproductive potential of populations in the estuary is also assessed based on gonad indices of seastars determined at 9 sites in the estuary. Gonad indices of starfish at yacht clubs were 3 times higher than 'control' and wharf sites. Given results of the gamete dispersal model, and spatial variability in density and gonad indices, it is likely that discrete populations in the Derwent Estuary contribute differentially to larval production, and particular populations might potentially be targeted for management.
Dispersal of larvae of the introduced seastar Asterias amurensis in the Derwent Estuary, and advection of larvae out of the estuary, is predicted using an inverse transport model incorporating the behavioural responses of larvae at different stages of development to salinity and light. In laboratory conditions larvae demonstrate reverse diel migration, and do not swim into water 99%) of late-stage larvae are advected out of the estuary. Substrata that induce settlement and metamorphosis of laboratory reared larvae were determined by introducing competent brachiolaria into wells containing substrata commonly available in SE Tasmania. Larvae settled at high rates when exposed to non-geniculate coralline algae (0.98 ± 0.02 SE after 2 days) and at moderate rates on mud and bare rock (0.37 ± 0.06 and 0.44 ± 0.06 respectively after 7 days). On day 7, larval settlement on sand and in the control (filtered seawater) were low (0.01 ± 0.01 and 0.05 ± 0.02 respectively). Based on the distribution of these substrata in the Derwent Estuary, these results suggest that larvae potentially settle at low rates in the lower estuary where the benthos is largely sand, and at moderate rates in the mid-estuary where fine sediments dominate. Settlement at high rates might potentially occur on fringing reefs in the mid and lower estuary, but this habitat comprises a small portion of the estuary.


Squeeze Film Dampers (SFDs) are effective means to ameliorate rotor vibration amplitudes and to suppress instabilities in rotor-bearing systems. A SFD is not an off-the-shelf mechanical element but tailored to a particular rotor-bearing system as its design must satisfy a desired damping ratio; if too low, the damper is ineffective, whereas if damping is too large, it locks the system aggravating the system response. In many cases, SFDs are also employed to control the placement of (rigid body) critical speeds displacing the machine operation into a speed range with effective structural isolation. Industry demands well-engineered SFDs with a low footprint to reduce cost, maintenance, weight, and space while pushing for higher operating shaft speeds to increase power output. Compact aero jet engines implement ultra-short length SFDs (L/D ≤ 0.2) to satisfy stringent weight and space demands with low parts count. A manufacturer, as part of a business plan to develop and commercialize energy efficient aircraft gas turbine engines, supported a multiple–year project to test novel SFD design spaces. In spite of the myriad of analyses and experimental results reported in the literature, there has not been to date a concerted effort to investigate the dynamic forced performance of a SFD through its many configurations: open ends vis-à-vis sealed ends conditions, and supply conditions with a fluid plenum or deep groove vis-à-vis feed holes directly impinging into the film land. This lecture presents experimental results obtained with a dedicated rig to evaluate short length SFDs operating under large dynamic loads (2.2 kN ≈ 500 lbf) that produced circular and elliptical whirl orbits of varying amplitude, centered and off-centered. The lecture first reviews how SFDs work, placing emphasis on certain effects largely overlooked by practitioners who often regard the SFD as a simple non-rotating journal bearing. These effects are namely fluid inertia amplification in the supply or discharge grooves, pervasive air ingestion at high whirl frequencies, and effective end sealing means to enhance damping. The bulk of the lecture presents for various SFD configurations comparisons of experimentally identified damping (C) and inertia or added mass (M) coefficients versus amplitude of motion (orbit size) and static eccentricity position, both ranging from small to large; as large as the film clearance! The experiments, conducted over six plus years of continued work give an answer to the following fundamental practitioners' questions: (a) Dampers don't have a stiffness (static centering capability), how come? (b) Why is there fluid inertia or added mass in a damper? Isn't a damper a purely viscous element? (c) How much do the damping and added mass change when the film length is halved? What about increasing the clearance to twice its original magnitude? (d) How much more damping is available if the damper has end seals? (e) Is a damper with feed holes as effective as one containing a groove that ensures lubricant pools to fill the film? What if a hole plugs, is a damper still effective? (f) Does a flooded damper offer same force coefficients as one lubricated thru feed holes? (g) Do the amplitude and shape of whirl motion affect the damper force coefficients? (h) What happens if the damper operates largely off-centered; does its performance become nonlinear? (i) Is air ingestion a persistent issue with an open ends SFD? (j) How do predictions from accepted engineering practice SFD models correlate with the experimental record? Is an idealized SFD geometry representative of actual practice?


We find a new substellar companion to the Pleiades member star, Pleiades HII 3441, using 2 the Subaru telescope with adaptive optics. The discovery is made as part of the high-contrast imaging survey to search for planetary-mass and substellar companions in the Pleiades and young moving groups. The companion has a projected separation of 0.49 ± 0.02 (66 ± 2 AU) and a mass of 68 ± 5 MJ based on three observations in the J-, H-, and KS-band. The spectral type is estimated to be M7 (∼2700 K), and thus no methane absorption is detected in the H band. Our Pleiades observations result in the detection of two substellar companions including one previously reported among 20 observed Pleiades stars, and indicate that the fraction of substellar companions in the Pleiades is about 10.0 −8.8 %. This is consistent with multiplicity studies of both the Pleiades stars and other open clusters.


A combination of spatial modulation and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (SM-OFDM) has been recently proposed for multicarrier systems while assuming the perfect channel state information (P-CSI) available at the receiver. But, in practical scenarios, the estimation of CSI is crucial in order to detect the transmitted data coherently. In this work1, a new frame structure and pilot symbol aided channel estimation (PSA-CE) technique with a piecewise linear interpolation is proposed for the SM-OFDM systems operating in the presence of frequency selective channel. Bit error rate (BER) performance of the proposed channel estimation technique is then investigated with different channel models such as Typical Urban (TU) and Rural Urban (RU) for 4-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). In particular, it is shown that the performance with estimated channel came close to that with known channel within 2.3 dB in SNR for BER = 10-4 for TU channels.


Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common respiratory pathogen in infants and young children. From the nasopharyngeal or conjunctival mucosa of infected individuals, RSV spreads to the lower respiratory tract causing acute bronchiolitis and pneumonia after an incubation period of 4‐6 days. In addition to its well‐documented tropism for the airway epithelium, it has been shown previously that RSV can also spread hematogenously and efficiently infect extrapulmonary tissues of human hosts. Furthermore, it has been shown in animal models that RSV can spread transplacentally from the respiratory tract of a pregnant mother to the lungs of the fetus. This report describes a documented case of neonatal RSV infection strongly suggestive of prenatal transmission of this infection in humans from an infected mother to her offspring.


We extensively study how to combine Generative Adversarial Networks and learned compression to obtain a state-of-the-art generative lossy compression system. In particular, we investigate normalization layers, generator and discriminator architectures, training strategies, as well as perceptual losses. In contrast to previous work, i) we obtain visually pleasing reconstructions that are perceptually similar to the input, ii) we operate in a broad range of bitrates, and iii) our approach can be applied to high-resolution images. We bridge the gap between rate-distortion-perception theory and practice by evaluating our approach both quantitatively with various perceptual metrics and a user study. The study shows that our method is preferred to previous approaches even if they use more than 2x the bitrate.


Crystallographic faulting in zeolite structures affects both the catalytic and sorption properties, and can greatly complicate attempts at structural characterization. A near extreme example of stacking disorder is provided by zeolite beta, a large pore, high-silica zeolite that was first reported in 1967. We describe here the determination of the framework structure of zeolite beta, using primarily high-resolution electron microscopy, electron diffraction, computer-assisted modelling and powder X-ray diffraction. Zeolite beta can be regarded as a highly intergrown hybrid of two distinct, but closely related structures that both have fully three-dimensional pore systems with 12-rings as the minimum constricting apertures. One end member, polymorph A, forms an enantiomorphic pair, space group symmetries P4122 and P4322, with a = 1.25 nm, c = 2.66 nm. Polymorph B is achiral, space group C2/c with a = 1.76 nm, b = 1.78 nm, c = 1.44 nm, β = 114.5°. Both structures are constructed from the same centrosymmetric tertiary building unit (TBU), arranged in layers that, successively, interconnect in either a left- (L) or a right- (R) handed fashion. Polymorph A represents an uninterrupted sequence of RRRR... (or LLLL...) stacking. Polymorph B has an alternating RLRL... stacking sequence. The TBU has no intrinsic preference for either mode of connection, enabling both to occur with almost equal probability in zeolite beta, giving rise to a near random extent of interplanar stacking faults and, to a lesser extent, intraplanar defects terminated by hydroxyl groups. The faulting does not significantly affect the accessible pore volume, but influences the tortuosity of the pore connectivity along the c direction. The high stacking fault densities give rise to complex powder X-ray diffraction (PXD) patterns for zeolite beta materials that comprise both sharp and broad features. By exploiting recursive relations between possible stacking sequences, PXD patterns have been calculated as a function of faulting probability. Reasonable agreement with observed PXD profiles is observed for a ca. 60% faulting probability in the chiral stacking sequence, suggesting a slight preference for polymorph B. The framework building units observed in zeolite beta can also be used to construct other frameworks.


This Article briefly reviews the long history of critiques of legal education that highlight the failure to adequately prepare students for what they will and should do as attorneys. It takes a sober look at the hurdles reformers face when trying to make significant curricular changes and proposes a modest menu of reforms that interested faculty and law schools can largely achieve without investing substantial additional resources. This Article emphasizes the special contributions that alternative dispute resolution (ADR) can provide to legal education more generally. ADR instruction is an important corrective to a curriculum that routinely conveys the erroneous implication that litigation is virtually the only dispute resolution process that lawyers use. In addition to using litigation skills, lawyers must be able to understand parties' interests, communicate effectively, and develop solutions acceptable to all the parties in a case. ADR instruction can help law schools teach students such insights as: facts are often contested, some disputes are not best resolved through litigation, not all disputes boil down to money, emotions should not necessarily be ignored, and other disciplines can be very helpful to attorneys. The legal curriculum should not only teach these lessons in a few elective skills courses but it is even more important to include them as an integral part of core doctrinal courses throughout the curriculum. To achieve this goal, there should be improved coordination between doctrinal, litigation-skills, transactional-skills, and ADR faculty. Resources and technical assistance should be developed to help faculty better coordinate with each other. Accreditation standards should increase the requirement for ADR instruction. Legal education reformers should focus not only on the curriculum, but also on including law school admission criteria relevant to lawyering skills and increasing coverage of lawyering issues in bar examinations.


This book explores the often contentious relationship between health, concepts of race and ethnicity, and the impact on South Asian groups. Using medical sociological and anthropological perspectives, it excavates racialised constructions of diabetes 'risk' within discourses, and highlights the contrasting counter narratives in people's accounts of their everyday lives.
By identifying a number of components to the discursive, racialised construction of 'risky' South Asian bodies, this book problematises taken for granted understandings of culture, lifestyle and genetic risk. The mobilisation of these mechanisms in health science and interventions result in a racialising gaze, directed at groups already experiencing historically embedded race-related issues. The book situates these constructions of risk against the emergent, fluid and dynamic counter narratives to risk constructions. The new found momentum in genetic science is also critiqued in its formulation of racial-genetic risk, especially in the case of diabetes in South Asian groups, and is identified as perpetuating a series of racializing processes.


The Indonesian government through the attorney general, introduced a new way to fight corruption in the country. This is what they called the honesty canteen, which was established almost in every school and university across the country. The aim of this study is to determine the students' opinions about the effectiveness of honesty canteens to fight against corruption.  This research was conducted at Ahmad Dahlan University in Yogyakarta, Indonesia.  One hundred undergraduates at Ahmad Dahlan University were surveyed. The data indicate that honesty canteens are being supported by the students. The honesty canteens were formerly established in several places and different campuses in Ahmad Dahlan University. The students who were surveyed in both campuses (Campus 1 and Campus 2) supported the establishment of honesty canteens. However, they worried about the honesty canteens' loss. The students were alike in their analysis about who is to blame for honesty canteens' failures. However, a reliably larger percentage of psychology respondents uttered apprehension and enthusiasm to join honesty transaction practices.


Some aspects of the ecology of the pollinating weevil of oil
palm, Elaeidobius kamerunicus Faust - an exotic insect to Malaysia
imported from Cameroon, West Africa, three years ago - were studied
in 1983 and 1984. In particular, sampling techniques for estimating
the weevil population were developed and the effect of rat predation
on the immature weevils was studied. In the course of these studies,
certain aspects of the weevil's behaviour and activity were
investigated.
Field studies concerning the ecology of the weevil requires
a satisfactory method for estimating the weevil population. Three
sampling methods were compared: petridish traps set on receptive
female inflorescences, sticky traps incorporating anthesising male
flowers as bait, and sampling the weevil-covered spikelets of the
anthesising male inflorescence. The last method was found to be
superior it was more reliable and the data could be converted to
an absolute estimate. To be reliable, the method must consider the
time of sampling, stage of anthesis of the male inflorescence, and
position of spikelet on the male inflorescence. Taking samples after 5 pm, separating the anthesising male inflorescences into three
stages, and stratified sampling from six sections of the male
inflorescence were found to be optimal for a reliable estimation.


The energy sector has undergone major transitions from the use of wood as a dominant fuel to the adoption of coal and, more recently, oil. In the 21 century gas has grown faster than any other fossil fuel and today renewable energy is growing even faster. The changes, combined with volatile energy prices and occasional shocks, create complex scenarios for the future of the energy sector. This has numerous implications, not only for the socio-economic development of NATO's southern neighbourhood, and Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) countries in particular, but also for energy security. Policymakers in the region should keep an eye on the current megatrends in the energy sector, and the short-term implications of one-off shocks like COVID-19, in order to define long-term strategies for a resilient energy sector.


Scholars have long worried that risk aversion can have significant negative effects in the marketplace. In the intellectual property law domain, some have worried that risk-averse actors can
negatively influence the development of important intellectual property law doctrines, which can ultimately hamper innovation. For instance, risk-averse actors may frequently choose to obtain licenses for rights that the relevant laws do not actually require of them. When they do so, they inadvertently increase the scope of intellectual property rights because their risk-averse activities inform courts' development of key intellectual property law doctrines.

In this Article, prepared as part of the IP Scholars Forum at Akron Law, I look at the other side of the risk coin. In particular, I argue that early-stage companies, and sometimes later-stage companies as well, are often willing to take on significant intellectual property risks in pursuit of commercial opportunities. And by providing courts with opportunities to take head-on key intellectual property questions, these risk-taking activities, in effect, may often help counterbalance whatever negative effects the behavior of risk-averse actors entails. I examine reasons why both types of entities are often willing to take on intellectual property risks. And I review a number of examples where both early and later-stage companies have heavily influenced the development of key intellectual property law doctrines by being willing to take their intellectual property disputes to court.

This review, however, highlights several reasons why early-stage companies are more dependable risk-taking entities than later-stage companies. I thus conclude by briefly assessing two intellectual property-related means by which to specifically encourage early-stage companies to continue to take on intellectual property risks.


In this presentation, I consider the origins and the extent of children's understanding of the inverse relation between addition and subtraction. I argue that this understanding might have its origins in children's informal experiences with physical matter but I also show that it is possible to improve children's grasp of inversion through teaching. I also show that his teaching has beneficial effects on children's solutions to sophisticated word problems in which the arithmetical operation that is need for the solution is not immediately obvious.


Significance Bats are dying in unprecedented numbers at wind turbines, but causes of their susceptibility are unknown. Fatalities peak during low-wind conditions in late summer and autumn and primarily involve species that evolved to roost in trees. Common behaviors of "tree bats" might put them at risk, yet the difficulty of observing high-flying nocturnal animals has limited our understanding of their behaviors around tall structures. We used thermal surveillance cameras for, to our knowledge, the first time to observe behaviors of bats at experimentally manipulated wind turbines over several months. We discovered previously undescribed patterns in the ways bats approach and interact with turbines, suggesting behaviors that evolved at tall trees might be the reason why many bats die at wind turbines. Wind turbines are causing unprecedented numbers of bat fatalities. Many fatalities involve tree-roosting bats, but reasons for this higher susceptibility remain unknown. To better understand behaviors associated with risk, we monitored bats at three experimentally manipulated wind turbines in Indiana, United States, from July 29 to October 1, 2012, using thermal cameras and other methods. We observed bats on 993 occasions and saw many behaviors, including close approaches, flight loops and dives, hovering, and chases. Most bats altered course toward turbines during observation. Based on these new observations, we tested the hypotheses that wind speed and blade rotation speed influenced the way that bats interacted with turbines. We found that bats were detected more frequently at lower wind speeds and typically approached turbines on the leeward (downwind) side. The proportion of leeward approaches increased with wind speed when blades were prevented from turning, yet decreased when blades could turn. Bats were observed more frequently at turbines on moonlit nights. Taken together, these observations suggest that bats may orient toward turbines by sensing air currents and using vision, and that air turbulence caused by fast-moving blades creates conditions that are less attractive to bats passing in close proximity. Tree bats may respond to streams of air flowing downwind from trees at night while searching for roosts, conspecifics, and nocturnal insect prey that could accumulate in such flows. Fatalities of tree bats at turbines may be the consequence of behaviors that evolved to provide selective advantages when elicited by tall trees, but are now maladaptive when elicited by wind turbines.


This paper considers the problem of local capacity ∞ H control for a class of production networks of autonomous work systems with time-varying delays in the capacity changes. The system under consideration is modelled in a discrete-time singular form. Attention is focused on the design of a controller gain for the local capacity adjustments which maintains the work in progress (WIP) in each work system in the vicinity of planned levels and guarantees the asymptotic stability of the system and reduces the effect of the disturbance input on the controlled output to a prescribed level. In terms of a matrix inequality, a sufficient condition for the solvability of this problem is presented using an appropriate Lyapunov function, which depends on the size of the delay and is solved by existing convex optimization techniques. When this matrix inequality is feasible, the controller gain can be found by using LMI Toolbox Matlab. Finally, numerical results are provided to demonstrate the proposed approach.


Our aim was to investigate whether the duration of breastfeeding, at all or exclusively, is associated with educational achievement at age 5. We used data from a prospective, population-based UK cohort study, the Millennium Cohort Study (MCS). 5489 children from White ethnic background born at term in 2000-2001, attending school in England in 2006, were included in our analyses. Educational achievement was measured using the Foundation Stage Profile (FSP), a statutory assessment undertaken by teachers at the end of the child's first school year. Breastfeeding duration was ascertained from interviews with the mother when the child was 9 months old. We used modified Poisson's regression to model the association of breastfeeding duration with having reached a good level of achievement overall (≥78 overall points and ≥6 in 'personal, social and emotional development' and 'communication, language and literacy' points) and in specific areas (≥6 points) of development. Children who had been breastfed for up to 2 months were more likely to have reached a good level of overall achievement [adjusted rate ratio (RR): 1.09, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01, 1.19] than never breastfed children. This association was more marked in children breastfed for 2-4 months (adjusted RR: 1.17, 95% CI: 1.07, 1.29) and in those breastfed for longer than 4 months (adjusted RR: 1.16, 95% CI: 1.07, 1.26). The associations of exclusive breastfeeding with the educational achievement were similar. Our findings suggest that longer duration of breastfeeding, at all or exclusively, is associated with better educational achievement at age 5.


Like many government regulations, municipal minimum parking requirements exist to prevent externalities - most notably the congestion, pollution and greenhouse gas emissions that occur when motorists drive around a city searching for scarce parking. But because such regulations make parking (and thus driving) cheaper, such regulations may in fact increase congestion and pollution, thus creating, rather than reducing, externalities.


This new edition of 9 Heads has been completely revised to bring all the fashion garments and details up-to- date. Numerous new drawings of street wear, active wear, bridal wear, swim wear and lingerie have been added. Breakdown drawings are shown for an even wider selection of garments and new croquis are included in a variety of poses reflecting contemporary attitudes and stances. New dedicated chapters cover the topics of composition - how best to group together figures when illustrating a line of garments; concept drawings - developing the skills necessary to make quick studies or to jot down ideas when creating a new clothing line and Using Photoshop - a review of how Photoshop can be used to enhance and extend the drawing techniques the book teaches.


The copepod Calanus finmarchicus is an important part of the Norwegian Sea ecosys- tem because of its dominating abundance and importance as prey for fish larvae and adult plankti- vorous fish. The abundance of C. finmarchicus on the Norwegian shelf is generally low in winter, whereas in spring the shelf is replenished by individuals that overwinter at depth, either in fjords or in the deep basins of the Norwegian Sea. In the present study shelf recruitment is investigated using an individual-based model for C. finmarchicus coupled to the HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model and a biophysical model. The model was set up on a nested grid along the west coast of Norway and used to study the shelf recruitment originating from the Norwegian Sea. We investigate the effect of wind, currents and the timing of Calanus ascent on the shelf abundance of C. finmarchicus. The most important findings are the following: (1) periods of large on-shelf transport are connected with strong westerly winds associated with passing low-pressure systems; (2) the transport of overwintering adults onto the shelf determines the total shelf abundance prior to mid-summer; (3) the early spring bloom on the shelf causes increased shelf population of C. finmarchicus in the spring and throughout the summer compared to the areas further off-shore; and (4) the entry routes taken by C. finmarchi- cus are related to bathymetry; in particular, the deep trenches around Halten Bank and the Norwe- gian trench are favoured places to enter the Norwegian shelf.


This paper shows how to analyze plasmonic metal-insulator-metal waveguides using the full modal structure of these guides. The analysis applies to all frequencies, particularly including the near infrared and visible spectrum, and to a wide range of sizes, including nanometallic structures. We use the approach here specifically to analyze waveguide junctions. We show that the full modal structure of the metal-insulator-metal MIM waveguides—which consists of real and complex discrete eigenvalue spectra, as well as the continuous spectrum—forms a complete basis set. We provide the derivation of these modes using the techniques developed for Sturm-Liouville and generalized eigenvalue equations. We demonstrate the need to include all parts of the spectrum to have a complete set of basis vectors to describe scattering within MIM waveguides with the mode-matching technique. We numerically compare the mode-matching formulation with finite-difference frequency-domain analysis and find very good agreement between the two for modal scattering at symmetric MIM waveguide junctions. We touch upon the similarities between the underlying mathematical structure of the MIM waveguide and the PT symmetric quantum-mechanical pseudo-Hermitian Hamiltonians. The rich set of modes that the MIM waveguide supports forms a canonical example against which other more complicated geometries can be compared. Our work here encompasses the microwave results but extends also to waveguides with real metals even at infrared and optical frequencies.


We study the problem of learning choice functions, which play an important role in various domains of application, most notably in the field of economics. Formally, a choice function is a mapping from sets to sets: Given a set of choice alternatives as input, a choice function identifies a subset of most preferred elements. Learning choice functions from suitable training data comes with a number of challenges. For example, the sets provided as input and the subsets produced as output can be of any size. Moreover, since the order in which alternatives are presented is irrelevant, a choice function should be symmetric. Perhaps most importantly, choice functions are naturally context-dependent, in the sense that the preference in favor of an alternative may depend on what other options are available. We formalize the problem of learning choice functions and present two general approaches based on two representations of context-dependent utility functions. Both approaches are instantiated by means of appropriate neural network architectures, and their performance is demonstrated on suitable benchmark tasks.


According to Bernard Stiegler's theory of techno-evolution, technologies have an intrinsically pharmacological nature. They can be both supportive and destructive for sociotechnical practices based on them. Technological innovations always first disrupt existing sociotechnical practices, but can and should then always be appropriated by the social system to be turned into a new technical system upon which new sociotechnical practices are based. As constituted and conditioned by a technical system, agriculture is necessarily a system of care. Current deployment of transgenic technologies under capitalist conditions leads to processes of proletarianization in agriculture, which has led to their widespread rejection. However, they can and should become the basis of a new system of care, but only under the condition that they are wrought from corporate control and redeployed to initiate a process of deproletarianization.


Who controls our water resources and how much water do we have left? Can we enact meaningful changes in our personal lives, our policies, and our laws to protect our remaining freshwater reserves? Can we learn to share water equitably with each other and the planet? In this collection, some of the world's leading writers, activists, photographers, and artists have come together to answer those questions and put us on a path for change. "Water Matters: Why We Need to Act Now to Save Our Most Critical Resource" is a call to action and a solution-focused guide to solving our global water crisis. Authors take on both the good and the bad - the impact of climate change on water resources, the threat of privatization, and the challenge of thirsty agriculture, as well as a growing grassroots water justice movement, tools for watershed literacy, and success stories in conservation and efficiency. "Water Matters" is a book that will make you pause for a moment to remember the life-sustaining value of water in our daily lives, and then inspire you to do everything you can to preserve and protect our threatened water resources. Contributors include: Maude Barlow, Cynthia Barnett, Jeff Conant, Brock Dolman, Paula Garcia, Wenonah Hauter, Barbara Kingsolver, Jacques Leslie, Tara Lohan, Kelle Louaillier, Bill McKibben, Sandra Postel, Christina Roessler, Tina Rosenberg, Elizabeth Royte, Eleanor Sterling, Erin Vintinner, and William Waterway.


The physico-chemical process of coagulation-flocculation is very efficient and economical for the treatment of leachate. The latter can have considerable impacts on the environment. The leachate from the landfill of the city of Mohammedia is characterized by a high COD content which varies between 2200 and 2700 mg/l, a total Kjeldahl nitrogen concentration varying from 1080 to 1405 mg/l while the ammonium content has a concentration varying between 587 and 1410 mg/l. Organic matter is not readily biodegradable (BOD5/COD: 0.2 to 0.13). Metal concentrations ranged from 0.1 to 4.2 mg/l for Cr, 40 to 5 mg/l for Cd, and 0.3 to 0.8 mg/l for lead. For monitoring the leachate treatment, several coagulants and flocculants were used (FeCl3, Al2(SO4)3, Alginate, cationic flocculants, anionic flocculants). In parallel with the monitoring of the physicochemical parameters we followed the production of the volume of the settled sludge over time. Treatment with all coagulants and flocculants used is pH dependent. Ferric Chloride has been shown to be effective at a pH of 6.5 while for Aluminum Sulfate the optimum pH is 5.3. The results showed that coagulation-flocculation by Ferric Chloride and Aluminum Sulfate is very effective in reducing turbidity. This reduction reaches 95 and 98% respectively for FeCl3 and Al2(SO4)3, while the reduction in COD for the two coagulants is around 60%. Organic flocculants alone do not lead to a significant reduction in turbidity and COD, while their combination with coagulants marks a good reduction in pollution. Hydrated iron hydroxides precipitate more easily than flocs formed by aluminum, resulting in more efficient removal of pollutants than that obtained at lower pH values. The order of introduction strongly influences the coagulation flocculation. The optimal doses of the various coagulants and flocculants chosen for the study vary from one reagent to another. FeCl3 remains the most suitable coagulant to further eliminate organic and metal pollution. The cost associated with the treatment using flocculants remains much higher when the flocculant is used in admixture with a coagulant.


From 1917 to 1923, the American Red Cross organized an array of long-term child health projects in Europe as part of its larger wartime and post-war humanitarian efforts. Across the continent, the organization established child health clinics, better baby shows, playgrounds, fresh air camps, and courses for women on infant and child hygiene. Hundreds of U.S. doctors, nurses, and other child welfare professionals traveled to Europe to administer these programs. These activities call attention to American efforts to reform the health of European youth and, in so doing, to reshape European medicine and European society more broadly. Moreover, they suggest the importance of child-centered medical relief—and the history of medicine more broadly—to the history of U.S. foreign relations.


A three-year-old child, while being bathed by her babysitter, innocently mentions that her "pee-pee" hurts. When the babysitter asks the child how she hurt it, she says, "Uncle Ernie (her mother's boyfriend) told me not to tell." A subsequent medical examination reveals that the child has gonorrhea, a sexually transmitted disease.By the time of trial, the child is four and-a-half-years old. When questioned by the trial judge, she cannot explain to the judge's satisfaction, "the difference between the truth and a lie." Moreover, she has no long term memory of the incident. The judge rules the child incompetent to testify.Can the child have made a reliable statement a year and a half before? Should the babysitter's testimony be admitted, if it otherwise falls within a hearsay exception? If the statement is nontestimonial under Crawford v. Washington and its progeny the due process clause governs, rather than the confirmation clause.The author's thesis is that ruling on the admissibility of the child's out-of-court statement should be informed by social science research in the field of developmental psychology. That research has shown that young children's statements regarding recent events may be just as, or even more, reliable than adult's observations and recollections. She proposes that if a child of the declarant's age could have made a reliable statement of the type offered it ought to be admitted, and attacks on the child's credibility should go to the weight of the evidence.Even if the child is found competent and permitted to testify at trial, a young child's testimony may be either not forthcoming (like that of an adult domestic violence victim) or simply ineffective due to the child's being confused by complex questions inappropriate to her age.The confrontation clause will not bar even testimonial hearsay statements when a child testifies at trial. The author argues that, in this situation, too, hearsay that passes the due process test should be admitted. Additionally, she argues that the judge ought to employ Evidence Rule 611(a) to preclude developmentally inappropriate questioning of young witnesses.


Rhetorical structure trees have been shown to be useful for several document-level tasks including summarization and document classification. Previous approaches to RST parsing have used discriminative models; however, these are less sample efficient than generative models, and RST parsing datasets are typically small. In this paper, we present the first generative model for RST parsing. Our model is a document-level RNN grammar (RNNG) with a bottom-up traversal order. We show that, for our parser's traversal order, previous beam search algorithms for RNNGs have a left-branching bias which is ill-suited for RST parsing.We develop a novel beam search algorithm that keeps track of both structure-and word-generating actions without exhibit-ing this branching bias and results in absolute improvements of 6.8 and 2.9 on unlabelled and labelled F1 over previous algorithms. Overall, our generative model outperforms a discriminative model with the same features by 2.6 F1points and achieves performance comparable to the state-of-the-art, outperforming all published parsers from a recent replication study that do not use additional training data


Background: For more than 50 years, antibiotics have been used to maintain animal welfare and improve efficiency. Recently, antibiotics were found in the muscle, liver, and kidney of guinea pig carcasses put up for sale and human consumption, which is a public health issue. Probiotics are supplements of live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate doses, could replace growth-promoting antibiotics. Aim: This study analyzed the effect of the administration of an oral probiotic mixture on the guinea pigs productive performance (Cavia porcellus). Methods: Fifty male guinea pigs, weaned at 14 days of age, were distributed in a completely randomized design of five treatments with ten repetitions for each group. The treatments were CONTROL group without probiotic; PROB 1 given 1 ml of probiotic; PROB 2 with 2 ml of probiotic; PROB 3 with 3 ml of probiotic; and antibiotic growth promoter (AGP) was given 300 ppm zinc bacitracin. The microorganisms used in the probiotic were Enterococcus hirae, Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus frumenti, Lactobacillus johnsoni, Streptococcus thoraltensis, and Bacillus pumilus. Productive parameters were evaluated from weaning to 70 days of age. Results: No statistically significant difference was found between the treatments on forage dry matter intake (DMI), concentrateconcentrate DMI, or total concentrate DMI (p > 0.05). Similarly, no statistical difference was found between the treatments in terms of final weight or weight gain (p > 0.05). Regarding the feed conversion ratio (FCR), there was a significant difference between treatments (p = 0.045); the CONTROL group had the highest FCR, followed by the AGP group, with the best FCR observed in the PROB 3 group (p < 0.05). In addition, significant statistical differences were found between CONTROL and PROB 2 (p < 0.05). Likewise, a significant linear effect of increasing doses of the probiotic was found (p = 0.01), which indicated that the feed conversion was better with a higher dose. Conclusion: The treatments evaluated in this study significantly impacted the FCR in guinea pigs for fattening. Increasing doses of probiotics had a linear effect on FCR.


Growth of the blue bioeconomy has potential for contributing positively toward economic growth, societal needs and multiple United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. However, organizations currently experience many challenges which limit success in this field. The aim of this paper is to identify trends in challenges linked to target end markets, stages in the value chain and organization types, to suggest potential solutions and link these to potential novel business models. A survey was completed by 58 organizations representing countries across four continents, and interviews were conducted with seven selected European start-ups/SMEs, to gather information regarding existing bottlenecks and to validate their business model. Results indicate that organizations targeting the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical sector experience a majority of challenges related to supply and technology, whereas organizations targeting the industrial biotechnology or agricultural industry experience more issues linked to market. Both bottom-up and top-down approaches could be applied in order to implement suggested actions. Analysis of the business model canvas used by start-ups/SMEs revealed potential for improvement. In particular, it was noted that review of the 'revenue stream' segment within the business model, specifically regarding alternatives to governmental funding, could be helpful for the long-term survival of these types of organizations.


We know very little about Bonaventure Des Periers' life. At a fairly young age he became "valet de chambre" of Marguerite de Navarre. In 1537, he published the Cymbalum mundi, four dialogues that attack Catholicism, which were almost immediately outlawed by the Sorbonne. As a consequence, Des Periers could no longer remain Marguerite's servant. He died in 1544, most likely through suicide. (1) The Nouvelles Recreations et joyeux devis were first published fourteen years after the author's death, in 1558. Although some of the tales were most likely added after Des Periers' death, the vast majority was written in the 1530s, beginning around the time when Rabelais published his Pantagruel. (2) It has frequently been argued that, due to its prominent position and status, the paratext seems predestined to shed some light on the overall orientation of a literary work. Gerard Genette, for example, refers to the different manifestations of the paratext--prefaces, prologues, dedicatory poems and epistles--as "un des lieux privilegies de la dimension paradigmatique de l'oeuvre, c'est-a-dire de son action sur le lecteur." (3) I will therefore attempt to analyze the relationship between the narrator and his readers in a paratext that comprises three separate texts: (4) a sonnet, a printer's greeting, and a "first tale in the form of a preamble" ("premiere nouvelle en forme de preambule"), a curious mixture that underlines the ambiguous status of an introductory apparatus that cannot be neatly separated from the actual text. As was so often the case in early modern texts, the fiction asserts itself from the very beginning of the book and the development of theoretical concerns is not limited to forewords and introductory poems. Following the example of Rabelais's prologues, the paratext is therefore already part of the fiction instead of merely preceding it. The ambivalence is even heightened in Des Periers as he blends a "preamble," a discourse which usually precedes the actual text, with the first chapter of the text itself. The following pages will focus on three main aspects: I will begin with a few comments on the concept of dialogism, especially as it pertains to satirical texts, a concept that seems central to many early modern texts. These comments will then provide the basis of an analysis of the narrator/reader relationship in the preamble, crucial, in my view, to the orientation of Des Periers' text as a whole. Finally a brief comparison to Rabelais's prologues will put this reading into a larger context. The objective of these observations is twofold. First, Jean Nicot's distinction between "sotise rustique" (translated into Latin as "ineptia" or "rusticitas") and "sotise subtile" (translated as "satyra figurata"), in his Thresor de la langue francoise (1606), probably the most authoritative dictionary of the time, seems the most promising gauge of the category in which Des Periers' collection belongs. Nicot provides a theoretical framework to my analysis that will attempt to show that, as early as the preamble, Des Periers' rhetoric transgresses the boundaries of his obvious and well-documented model, the "facetie," inaugurated by Poggio's Liber Facetiarum and illustrated in the collection's ostensibly exclusive leitmotif, "bene vivere et laetari." (5) Without abandoning the tales' farcical qualities, he adds a more complex layer to his text's comical mixture, thus transforming the rather straightforward, univocal, and facetious "sotise simple" into a subtle and quite provocative satirical work. These observations might then elucidate the hierarchy between narrator and reader, who appear to be equals, judging by the narrator's tone and demeanor. After all, the latter addresses his reader as a "friend" ("amy") at the beginning and the end of the preamble. The dichotomy monologism/dialogism seems crucial for a better comprehension of early modern satirical texts in general (and Des Periers' collection in particular), from the most explicit farce to extremely subtle, erudite, or allegorical versions, such as Menippean satire. …


Objective: To determine the potential role of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) in screening for and predicting prognosis in heart failure by examining diagnosis and survival of patients with a raised NT-proBNP at screening. Design: Setting: the Echocardiographic Heart of England Screening study (ECHOES) to investigate 10-year survival in participants with an NT-proBNP level at baseline. Participants: 594 participants took part in the substudy. Records of all participants in the ECHOES cohort were flagged during the screening phase which ended on 25 February 1999. All deaths until 25 February 2009 were coded. NT-proBNP in predicting heart failure at screening after adjustment for age, sex and cohort. Kaplan-Meier curves and log rank tests were compare survival times of participants according to NT-proBNP level. Cox regression was carried out to assess the prognostic effect of NT-proBNP after allowing for significant covariates and receiver operator curves were used to determine test reliability. Results: The risk of heart failure increased almost 18-fold when NT-proBNP was 150 pg/mL or above (adjusted OR=17.7, 95% CI 4.9 to 63.5). 10-year survival in the general population cohort was 61% (95% CI 48% to 71%) for those with NT-proBNP ≥ 150 pg/mL and 89% (95% CI 84% to 92%) for those below the cut-off at the time of the initial study. After adjustment for age, sex and risk factors for heart failure, NT-proBNP level ≥ 150 pg/mL was associated with a 58% increase in the risk of death within 10 years (adjusted HR=1.58, 95% CI 1.09 to 2.30). Conclusions: Raised NT-proBNP levels, when screening the general population, are predictive of a diagnosis of heart failure (at a lower threshold than guidelines for diagnosing symptomatic patients) and also predicted reduced survival at 10 years.


Extractive speech summarization, which purports to select an indicative set of sentences from a spoken document so as to succinctly represent the most important aspects of the document, has garnered much research over the years. In this paper, we cast extractive speech summarization as an ad-hoc information retrieval (IR) problem and investigate various language modeling (LM) methods for important sentence selection. The main contributions of this paper are four-fold. First, we explore a novel sentence modeling paradigm built on top of the notion of relevance, where the relationship between a candidate summary sentence and a spoken document to be summarized is discovered through different granularities of context for relevance modeling. Second, not only lexical but also topical cues inherent in the spoken document are exploited for sentence modeling. Third, we propose a novel clarity measure for use in important sentence selection, which can help quantify the thematic specificity of each individual sentence that is deemed to be a crucial indicator orthogonal to the relevance measure provided by the LM-based methods. Fourth, in an attempt to lessen summarization performance degradation caused by imperfect speech recognition, we investigate making use of different levels of index features for LM-based sentence modeling, including words, subword-level units, and their combination. Experiments on broadcast news summarization seem to demonstrate the performance merits of our methods when compared to several existing well-developed and/or state-of-the-art methods.


Recurrent solid malignancies are often refractory to standard therapies. Although adoptive T cell transfer may benefit select individuals, the majority of patients succumb to their disease. To address this important clinical dilemma, we developed a mouse melanoma model in which initial regression of advanced disease was followed by tumor recurrence. During recurrence, Foxp3+ tumor-specific CD4+ T cells became PD-1+ and represented >60% of the tumor-specific CD4+ T cells in the host. Concomitantly, tumor-specific CD4+ T effector cells showed traits of chronic exhaustion, as evidenced by their high expression of the PD-1, TIM-3, 2B4, TIGIT, and LAG-3 inhibitory molecules. Although blockade of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway with anti–PD-L1 Abs or depletion of tumor-specific regulatory T cells (Tregs) alone failed to reverse tumor recurrence, the combination of PD-L1 blockade with tumor-specific Treg depletion effectively mediated disease regression. Furthermore, blockade with a combination of anti–PD-L1 and anti–LAG-3 Abs overcame the requirement to deplete tumor-specific Tregs. In contrast, successful treatment of primary melanoma with adoptive cell therapy required only Treg depletion or Ab therapy, underscoring the differences in the characteristics of treatment between primary and relapsing cancer. These data highlight the need for preclinical development of combined immunotherapy approaches specifically targeting recurrent disease.


We analyze experimentally behavior in a finitely repeated public goods game. One of the main results of the literature is that contributions are initially high, and gradually decrease over time. Two explanations of this pattern have been developed: (i) the population is composed of free-riders, who never contribute, and conditional cooperators, who contribute if others do so as well; (ii) strategic players contribute to sustain mutually beneficial future cooperation, but reduce their contributions as the end of the game approaches. This paper contributes to bridging the gap between these views. We analyze preferences and strategic ability in one design by manipulating group composition to form homogeneous groups on both dimensions. Our results highlight the interaction between the two: groups that sustain high levels of cooperation are composed of members who share a common inclination toward cooperation and have the strategic abilities to recognize and reap the benefits of enduring cooperation.


Cerebral arteries have an abundant supply of adrenergic nerve fibers which are believed to release vasoactive substances responsible for the induction of cerebral vasospasm. To assess the importance of adrenergic nerves in this phenomenon, high doses (600 μg/ml) of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) were used to produce in vitro chemical sympathectomy in bovine middle cerebral artery. 6-OHDA reduced catecholamine fluorescence to undectable limits. H3-norepinephrine re-uptake was reduced to 1.5% of intact controls. Arterial norepinephrine content was reduced by 92%. Contractile responses to norepinephrine, serotonin, and fresh human whole blood were modestly reduced after denervation. This reduction was probably due to alpha receptor inactivation by 6-OHDA, because after protection of the alpha receptors with phentolamine the vessel response was the same as in untreated controls. Contractions in response to aged human whole blood were not affected by denervation. The results suggest that the endogenous release of catecholamines does not play a major role in the initiation or spread of bloodinduced vasospasm in large cerebral arteries.


Neutral endopeptidase (NEP) (enkephalinase, EC 184.108.40.206) and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) are two peptidases that can cleave the C-terminal dipeptide bradykinin(8-9) from bradykinin. To determine whether these peptidases play roles in modulating kinin-induced contractions in the airways, we studied the effects of captopril, an ACE inhibitor, and of leucine-thiorphan and phosphoramidon, two NEP inhibitors, on the contractile responses to bradykinin and lysyl-bradykinin in isolated segments of ferret trachea. Bradykinin and lysyl-bradykinin-induced contractions in a concentration-dependent fashion (P less than .001), with a threshold of 10(-7) M and 5 x 10(-7) M, respectively. In contrast, the bradykinin(8-9) and the N-terminal heptapeptide bradykinin(1-7), the major fragments of hydrolysis of bradykinin by NEP and ACE, had a very weak or no effect on tracheal contraction in concentrations as great as 10(-5) M. Captopril, leucine-thiorphan and phosphoramidon (each inhibitor at 10(-5) M, 15 min) shifted the concentration-response curves to lower concentrations by approximately 1 to 1.5 log U (P less than .05). Both NEP inhibitors and the ACE inhibitor potentiated the response to bradykinin in a concentration-dependent fashion (P = .0001), and the combination of phosphoramidon and captopril resulted in an additive potentiation of bradykinin-induced contraction (P less than .02). [D-Pro2-D-Trp7,9]-substance P, a substance P antagonist, did not modify the potentiation of bradykinin-induced contraction by NEP inhibitors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)


In this article, we examine oceans outcomes from the Third United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (or Rio+20) in relation to how ocean problems and solutions were defined and by whom. We highlight the extent to which problem and solution definitions were shared among participants, in relation to three specific issues on the agenda at Rio+20: conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction, small‐scale fisheries, and ocean acidification. We find that discussions about each of these issues reflect three challenges recognized as complicating oceans management: mismatches between ecological and governance scale, homogeneity among interest groups advocating for ocean conservation, and increased interest in both protection and exploitation of ocean resources. Overall, we found little evidence of constructive dialogue at Rio+20, where participants focused on advancing predefined positions, and we consider the implications of our analysis for ultimately addressing our three focal issues and for oceans management more generally.


One of the most significant contributions of Bill Schabas to the study of international criminal law is his critique of the tendency of contemporary international criminal justice to focus on individuals associated with non-state actors as opposed to states. The critique is both a jurisdictional and a substantive one. This chapter seeks to first evaluate it as an empirical claim to assess the degree to which the ICC has disproportionately focused on non-state actors, beyond the well known case of state self-referrals. It finds that, on the basis of various definitions of who stands as a non-state actor, the Court has indeed very significantly focused on non-state actors. The chapter then addresses the normative case against such a practice. It finds that at the substantive level it would be fighting a rearguard battle to claim that non-state actors cannot commit international crimes (with the exception of aggression), however unfortunate one may consider that development to have been. The real issue is jurisdictional and a matter of prosecutorial policy. The chapter is less concerned than Schabas about the evolution of international criminal justice away from an exclusive focus on sovereigns all other things being equal, but it does flag some evident distributive concerns. The conclusion envisages what it is that is common between states and certain armed groups that ought to give a particular character of gravity to their acts and recommend them for special attention from international criminal law.


The pathways that comprise cellular metabolism are highly interconnected, and alterations in individual enzymes can have far-reaching effects. As a result, global profiling methods that measure gene expression are of limited value in predicting how the loss of an individual function will affect the cell. In this work, we employed a new method of global phenotypic profiling to directly define the genes required for the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A combination of high-density mutagenesis and deep-sequencing was used to characterize the composition of complex mutant libraries exposed to different conditions. This allowed the unambiguous identification of the genes that are essential for Mtb to grow in vitro, and proved to be a significant improvement over previous approaches. To further explore functions that are required for persistence in the host, we defined the pathways necessary for the utilization of cholesterol, a critical carbon source during infection. Few of the genes we identified had previously been implicated in this adaptation by transcriptional profiling, and only a fraction were encoded in the chromosomal region known to encode sterol catabolic functions. These genes comprise an unexpectedly large percentage of those previously shown to be required for bacterial growth in mouse tissue. Thus, this single nutritional change accounts for a significant fraction of the adaption to the host. This work provides the most comprehensive genetic characterization of a sterol catabolic pathway to date, suggests putative roles for uncharacterized virulence genes, and precisely maps genes encoding potential drug targets.


Interdisplinarity is a hot topic in many intellectual fields. It is perceived as a research program able to overcome the shortcomings of the scientific specialization. A review of the contemporary status of such a program is called for: its achievements and limits, its several versions and applications. This is a first step in order to apply the interdisciplinary method to the theological field. As a result, a theological justification is offered and the possibilities and limits of this method in theology are explored.


Development of an environmentally benign route for synthesis of nanomaterial is a remarkable step in the field of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology involves the tailoring of materials at the atomic level to attain peculiar and special properties, which can be seemly manipulated for many applications. Among the all metal oxide nanoparticles, cadmium oxide nanoparticles (CdONPs) have attracted a great deal of attention due to its superior biological, chemical, and physical properties. Green protocol of synthesizing nanoparticles has emerged as an optional way to overcome the limitation of the conventional methods. Plant, biopolymers, and microorganisms are majorly used for green synthesis of nanoparticles. Using plants towards synthesis of nanoparticles are emerging and also beneficial compared to microbes with the presence of broad variability of biomolecules in plants which can act as capping and stabilizing agents and so increases the rate of stabilization of synthesized nanoparticles. Also, the nanoparticles produced by the plants material are more stable than the microorganisms. Therefore, among the all organisms plants are best potential candidates for biosynthesis of CdONPs and they are suitable for large-scale biosynthesis. In this review, the green synthesis of CdONPs, protocol of syntheses, mechanism of formation, and their miscellaneous applications have been discussed.


Current methods of milling an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) often suffer from limited control over particle size and solid-state form or require large amounts of material for optimization, rendering them unsuitable for use in early discovery efforts. We here develop operating workflows of an acoustic-vibratory milling technique, which enables both materials-sparing screens and scaled-up production of micro/nanosuspensions with well-defined and tunable particle size distributions. Workflows are based on the generation of guidance maps for API insensitive outputs (temperature) and API dependent outputs (particle size), with various operational parameters for milling such as container headspace, container geometry, milling media load & size, milling time, and excipient compositions. Theexperimental conditions for low and high intensity milling were identified and implemented for six model compounds with a wide range of physicochemical properties, to conduct materials-sparing screens (10 mg) at high throughput (>36 conditions per run) and short milling times (2 hours) to successfully produce suspensions for all compounds tested. The scale-up capability of the approach is demonstrated for model API, mebendazole, by producing more than 20 g of suspensions per run with predefined size and solidstate form that corresponds to small-scale screens by two orders of magnitude. This work develops new tools that help enable micro/ nano-suspension development in early-drug discovery settings.


This study compared two different top designs for a wine box to determine which design gave the structure more durability. The results showed that the Twist 'N Give, a new corrugated wine box design with a twist top, appeared to be weaker. The Twist 'N Give is an alternative choice to the existing corrugated wine box with a traditional tuck top style. The experimental research method was used for this study. Two samples of each style of top, the twist top and the tuck top, were tested on the Lansmont Squeezer Compression Tester for the peak force and the deflection peak. The test process was destructive. The results show that the wine box with the twist top style appears to be weaker than the box with the tuck top style. However, additional testing needs to be performed, with a larger sampling of each style of top in order to verify results.


Cataloging biodiversity is critical to conservation efforts because accurate taxonomy is often a precondition for protection under laws designed for species conservation, such as the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA). Traditional nomenclatural codes governing the taxonomic process have recently come under scrutiny because taxon names are more closely linked to hierarchical ranks than to the taxa themselves. A new approach to naming biological groups, called phylogenetic nomenclature (PN), explicitly names taxa by defining their names in terms of ancestry and descent. PN has the potential to increase nomenclatural stability and decrease confusion induced by the rank‐based codes. But proponents of PN have struggled with whether species and infraspecific taxa should be governed by the same rules as other taxa or should have special rules. Some proponents advocate the wholesale abandonment of rank labels (including species); this could have consequences for the implementation of taxon‐based conservation legislation. I examined the principles of PN as embodied in the PhyloCode (an alternative to traditional rank‐based nomenclature that names biological groups based on the results of phylogenetic analyses and does not associate taxa with ranks) and assessed how this novel approach to naming taxa might affect the implementation of species‐based legislation by providing a case study of the ESA. The latest version of the PhyloCode relies on the traditional rank‐based codes to name species and infraspecific taxa; thus, little will change regarding the main targets of the ESA because they will retain rank labels. For this reason, and because knowledge of evolutionary relationships is of greater importance than nomenclatural procedures for initial protection of endangered taxa under the ESA, I conclude that PN under the PhyloCode will have little impact on implementation of the ESA.


With strong intention to enhance the global competitiveness of their higher education systems, the governments of Singapore and Malaysia have made attempts to develop their societies into regional hubs of education; hence transnational education has become increasingly popular in these societies. In order to attract more students from overseas to study in their countries (or create more educational opportunities for their citizens), these governments have invited foreign universities to set up their campuses to provide more higher education programs. In the last decade, the proliferation of higher education providers and the transnationalization of education have raised the concerns regarding the search for new governance and regulatory frameworks in governing the rapidly expanding transnational education organizations in these Asian societies. Higher education governance has become more complex in Singapore and Malaysia amid the quest for being regional hubs of education as nation states have to deal with multinational corporations when they are becoming increasingly active in running transnational education programs. This article sets out against this context of growing trend of transnationalization in education to compare and contrast the models and approaches that Singapore and Malaysia have adopted to govern and manage the diversity of players in offering transnational education programs.


BACKGROUND Stroke in young adults is a known but abnormal disease. Several recent studies have discussed the correlation between existence of coagulation factors such as V Leiden and prothrombin mutation (G20210A) as risk factors for incidence of stroke. The present study investigated the frequency of prothrombin gene mutation and its impact on incidence of ischemic stroke in Iranian youth. METHODS This was a case-control study using convenient sampling method on seventy six 18 to 50-year-old people provided that they did not have classical risk factors for stroke. Case group comprised 22 patients with ischemic stroke (15 males and 7 females). Fifty four healthy people (17 males and 37 females) were selected as the control group. Participants in both groups were recruited within 26 months (23.9.2007 to 21.11.2009) in Al-Zahra Hospital, Isfahan, Iran. RESULTS Prothrombin was not found in any of the studied patients. Heterozygous mutation was observed in one of the samples of the control group (1.85%). CONCLUSION Despite the known effect of prothrombin gene mutation on incidence of venous thrombosis, it does not seem this factor, as an independent factor, can be considered as a risk factor to create ischemic stroke in people who do not have other risk factor.


The emergence of streaming data or "data in motion" has motivated the development of new "streaming" algorithms that provide up-to-date answers to continuous queries; that is, queries that are issued once and then run continuously as new data streams in. For example, in the context of network traffic management, continuous queries over streaming Netflow data may be used to detect anomalies in the network as they happen (e.g., performance degradation, onset of an attack). One of the most popular approaches for detecting unusual patterns in the network is frequent itemset mining (FIM). Answers produced by many FIM algorithms are often high-dimensional and packed with rich information. As the rate of data arrival may be rapid, interpreting the output in real time can be challenging. The main objective of this thesis is to introduce a new visualization method that can visualize the continuous stream of answers produced by existing streaming algorithms in an intuitive and meaningful manner. The visualization method is designed independent of the choice of FIM algorithms. It is able to capture frequency of each itemset, different relationship between network traffic attributes, and the changes in frequent itemsets over time. Ultimately, users should be able to leverage this visualization to respond to an ongoing attack in real time.


Abstract. Sulfuric acid, amines and oxidized organics have been found to be important compounds in the nucleation and initial growth of atmospheric particles. Because of the challenges involved in determining the chemical composition of objects with very small mass, however, the properties of the freshly nucleated particles and the detailed pathways of their formation processes are still not clear. In this study, we focus on a challenging size range, i.e., particles that have grown to diameters of 10 and 15 nm following nucleation, and measure their water uptake. Water uptake is useful information for indirectly obtaining chemical composition of aerosol particles. We use a nanometer-hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer (nano-HTDMA) at subsaturated conditions (ca. 90 % relative humidity at 293 K) to measure the hygroscopicity of particles during the seventh Cosmics Leaving OUtdoor Droplets (CLOUD7) campaign performed at CERN in 2012. In CLOUD7, the hygroscopicity of nucleated nanoparticles was measured in the presence of sulfuric acid, sulfuric acid–dimethylamine, and sulfuric acid–organics derived from α-pinene oxidation. The hygroscopicity parameter κ decreased with increasing particle size, indicating decreasing acidity of particles. No clear effect of the sulfuric acid concentration on the hygroscopicity of 10 nm particles produced from sulfuric acid and dimethylamine was observed, whereas the hygroscopicity of 15 nm particles sharply decreased with decreasing sulfuric acid concentrations. In particular, when the concentration of sulfuric acid was 5.1 × 106 molecules cm−3 in the gas phase, and the dimethylamine mixing ratio was 11.8 ppt, the measured κ of 15 nm particles was 0.31 ± 0.01: close to the value reported for dimethylaminium sulfate (DMAS) (κDMAS ∼ 0.28). Furthermore, the difference in κ between sulfuric acid and sulfuric acid–imethylamine experiments increased with increasing particle size. The κ values of particles in the presence of sulfuric acid and organics were much smaller than those of particles in the presence of sulfuric acid and dimethylamine. This suggests that the organics produced from α-pinene ozonolysis play a significant role in particle growth even at 10 nm sizes.


Research funder open-access mandates (such as NIH's) and university open-access mandates (such as Harvard's) are complementary. There is a simple way to integrate them to make them synergistic and mutually reinforcing: Universities' own Institutional Repositories (IRs) are the natural locus for the direct deposit of their own research output: Universities are the research providers and have a direct interest in archiving, monitoring, measuring, evaluating, and showcasing their own research assets -- as well as in maximizing their uptake, usage and impact. Both universities and funders should accordingly mandate deposit of all peer-reviewed final drafts (postprints), in each author's own university IR, immediately upon acceptance for publication, for institutional and funder record-keeping purposes. Access to that immediate postprint deposit in the author's university IR may be set immediately as Open Access if copyright conditions allow; otherwise access can be set as Closed Access, pending copyright negotiations or embargoes. All the rest of the conditions described by universities and funders should accordingly apply only to the timing and copyright conditions for setting open access to those deposits, not to the depositing itself, its locus or its timing. As a result, (1) there will be a common deposit locus for all research output worldwide; (2) university mandates will reinforce and monitor compliance with funder mandates; (3) funder mandates will reinforce university mandates; (4) legal details concerning open-access provision, copyright and embargoes will be applied independently of deposit itself, on a case by case basis, according to the conditions of each mandate; (5) opt-outs will apply only to copyright negotiations, not to deposit itself, nor its timing; and (6) any central OA repositories can then harvest the postprints from the authors' IRs under the agreed conditions at the agreed time, if they wish.


Topological insulators are materials with a bulk excitation gap generated by the spin-orbit interaction that are different from conventional insulators. This distinction is characterized by Z2 topological invariants, which characterize the ground state. In two dimensions, there is a single Z2 invariant that distinguishes the ordinary insulator from the quantum spin-Hall phase. In three dimensions, there are four Z2 invariants that distinguish the ordinary insulator from "weak" and "strong" topological insulators. These phases are characterized by the presence of gapless surface (or edge) states. In the two-dimensional quantum spin-Hall phase and the threedimensional strong topological insulator, these states are robust and are insensitive to weak disorder and interactions. In this paper, we show that the presence of inversion symmetry greatly simplifies the problem of evaluating the Z2 invariants. We show that the invariants can be determined from the knowledge of the parity of the occupied Bloch wave functions at the time-reversal invariant points in the Brillouin zone. Using this approach, we predict a number of specific materials that are strong topological insulators, including the semiconducting alloy Bi1−xSbx as well as α-Sn and HgTe under uniaxial strain. This paper also includes an expanded discussion of our formulation of the topological insulators in both two and three dimensions, as well as implications for experiments. Disciplines Physical Sciences and Mathematics | Physics Comments Suggested Citation: L. Fu and C.L. Kane (2007) Topological insulators with inversion symmetry. Physical Review B 76, 045302. © 2007 The American Physical Society http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.76.045302 This journal article is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/physics_papers/150 Topological insulators with inversion symmetry Liang Fu and C. L. Kane Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA Received 14 November 2006; revised manuscript received 17 January 2007; published 2 July 2007 Topological insulators are materials with a bulk excitation gap generated by the spin-orbit interaction that are different from conventional insulators. This distinction is characterized by Z2 topological invariants, which characterize the ground state. In two dimensions, there is a single Z2 invariant that distinguishes the ordinary insulator from the quantum spin-Hall phase. In three dimensions, there are four Z2 invariants that distinguish the ordinary insulator from "weak" and "strong" topological insulators. These phases are characterized by the presence of gapless surface or edge states. In the two-dimensional quantum spin-Hall phase and the threedimensional strong topological insulator, these states are robust and are insensitive to weak disorder and interactions. In this paper, we show that the presence of inversion symmetry greatly simplifies the problem of evaluating the Z2 invariants. We show that the invariants can be determined from the knowledge of the parity of the occupied Bloch wave functions at the time-reversal invariant points in the Brillouin zone. Using this approach, we predict a number of specific materials that are strong topological insulators, including the semiconducting alloy Bi1−xSbx as well as -Sn and HgTe under uniaxial strain. This paper also includes an expanded discussion of our formulation of the topological insulators in both two and three dimensions, as well as implications for experiments. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.76.045302 PACS number s : 73.43. f, 72.25.Hg, 73.20. r, 85.75. d


This thesis is concerned with the early-life behaviour of concrete industrial ground floors. Advances in construction methods are placing increased demands on the performance of industrial floors and pushing the limits of the current design guidance. Uncertainties about the true behaviour of industrial floors have been addressed by a programme of in-situ monitoring.
An in-situ instrumentation methodology has been developed to monitor the slab and the local climate. Vibrating wire strain gauges and demecs were used to collect concrete shrinkage and joint performance data, whilst thermocouple arrays and thermistors in the strain gauges recorded the slab temperature. This allowed the effects of the cement hydration and the impact of ambient conditions on the slab to be assessed. The use of an automated data collection
system allowed the timing as well as the magnitude of the movements to be measured helping
identify cause and effect. Floor slabs covering long strip and large area pour construction,
jointed and jointless detailing and mesh fabric and fibre reinforcement have been investigated.
The data has shown the strong thermal influence on the behaviour of the slabs. Initial joint
opening was found to be triggered by the cooling of the slab, whilst the effects of seasonal
temperature changes in the first couple of months after construction could be as large if not
larger than the drying shrinkage. Frictional resistance was found to reduce the measured
movement, whilst the restraint arising from adjacent pours was also found to be significant.
Finite element models of the temperature development have been produced using material
property data found in the literature. Calibration and verification were carried out using the
temperature data collected from site with good agreement.
Structural models were then developed using the temperature and degree of hydration output
from the thermal analysis as input. These models were used to determine the theoretical stress
distribution in slabs at early-ages, and to conduct a parametric study. This demonstrated that
the warping stresses present in a slab are generally greater than those from frictional restraint.
The thesis concludes with recommendations for the design and construction of industrial
ground floors.


Abstract Previous research on oppositional discourse has pointed out the need in the turn-by-turn analysis of conflict and disagreements. Work on cros-scultural disagreements and conflict is also imperative in the current age of globalization and international movement. This paper examines the negotiation of disagreements and differences between three generations of Greek-Australian women during their participation in interview-narratives. The paper first discusses the structural ways with which the women build their disagreements and negotiate their arguments in an interview setting and how they turn the interview into a place of dispute. Three disagreement strategies are discussed in this section: the participants' questioning the opponent's arguments, appealing to logic, and calling for defense. This paper also discusses the function of the disagreements in intergenerational conflict. Through the disagreements, participants display their cross-cultural and intergenerational differences. It is also revealed that disagreements are a means for the women to display and account for their competence as mothers and daughters in the presence of the interviewer and for the 'record of the interview'. The study of disagreements provides useful insight into the areas of cross-cultural communication and intergenerational interaction.


The influence of individual cases in a data set is studied when variable selection is applied in multiple linear regression. Two different influence measures, based on the C_p criterion and Akaike's information criterion, are introduced. The relative change in the selection criterion when an individual case is omitted is proposed as the selection influence of the specific omitted case. Four standard examples from the literature are considered and the selection influence of the cases is calculated. It is argued that the selection procedure may be improved by taking the selection influence of individual data cases into account.


Web pages are composed of different kinds of elements (menus, adverts, etc.). Segmenting pages into their elements has long been important in understanding how people experience those pages and in making those experiences "better." Many approaches have been proposed that relate the resultant elements with the underlying source code; however, they do not consider users' interactions. Another group of approaches analyses eye movements of users to discover areas that interest or attract them (i.e., areas of interest or AOIs). Although these approaches consider how users interact with web pages, they do not relate AOIs with the underlying source code. We propose a novel approach that integrates web page and eye tracking data driven approaches for automatic AOI detection. This approach segments an entire web page into its AOIs by considering users' interactions and relates AOIs with the underlying source code. Based on the Adjusted Rand Index measure, our approach provides the most similar segmentation to the ground-truth segmentation compared to its individual components.


In this paper we present livestock breeding developments that could be taken into consideration in the genetic improvement of farmed aquaculture species, especially in freshwater fish. Firstly, the current breeding objective in aquatic species has focused almost exclusively on the improvement of body weight at harvest or on growth related traits. This is unlikely to be sufficient to meet the future needs of the aquaculture industry. To meet future demands breeding programs will most likely have to include additional traits, such as fitness related ones (survival, disease resistance), feed efficiency, or flesh quality, rather than only growth performance. In order to select for a multi-trait breeding objective, genetic variation in traits of interest and the genetic relationships among them need to be estimated. In addition, economic values for these traits will be required. Generally, there is a paucity of data on variable and fixed production costs in aquaculture, and this could be a major constraint in the further expansion of the breeding objectives. Secondly, genetic evaluation systems using the restricted maximum likelihood method (REML) and best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) in a framework of mixed model methodology could be widely adopted to replace the more commonly used method of mass selection based on phenotypic performance. The BLUP method increases the accuracy of selection and also allows the management of inbreeding and estimation of genetic trends. BLUP is an improvement over the classic selection index approach, which was used in the success story of the genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT) in the Philippines, with genetic gains from 10 to 20 per cent per generation of selection. In parallel with BLUP, optimal genetic contribution theory can be applied to maximize genetic gain while constraining inbreeding in the long run in selection programs. Thirdly, by using advanced statistical methods, genetic selection can be carried out not only at the nucleus level but also in lower tiers of the pyramid breeding structure. Large scale across population genetic evaluation through genetic connectedness using cryopreserved sperm enables the comparison and ranking of genetic merit of all animals across populations, countries or years, and thus the genetically superior brood stock can be identified and widely used and exchanged to increase the rate of genetic progress in the population as a whole. It is concluded that sound genetic programs need to be established for aquaculture species. In addition to being very effective, fully pedigreed breeding programs would also enable the exploration of possibilities of integrating molecular markers (e.g., genetic tagging using DNA fingerprinting, marker (gene) assisted selection) and reproductive technologies such as in-vitro fertilization using cryopreserved spermatozoa.


The river-resident Salmo salar ("småblank") has been isolated from other Atlantic salmon populations for 9,500 years in upper River Namsen, Norway. This is the only European Atlantic salmon population accomplishing its entire life cycle in a river. Hydropower development during the last six decades has introduced movement barriers and changed more than 50% of the river habitat to lentic conditions. Based on microsatellites and SNPs, genetic variation within småblank was only about 50% of that in the anadromous Atlantic salmon within the same river. The genetic differentiation (FST) between småblank and the anadromous population was 0.24. This is similar to the differentiation between anadromous Atlantic salmon in Europe and North America. Microsatellite analyses identified three genetic subpopulations within småblank, each with an effective population size Ne of a few hundred individuals. There was no evidence of reduced heterozygosity and allelic richness in contemporary samples (2005–2008) compared with historical samples (1955–56 and 1978–79). However, there was a reduction in genetic differentiation between sampling localities over time. SNP data supported the differentiation of småblank into subpopulations and revealed downstream asymmetric gene flow between subpopulations. In spite of this, genetic variation was not higher in the lower than in the upper areas. The meta-population structure of småblank probably maintains genetic variation better than one panmictic population would do, as long as gene flow among subpopulations is maintained. Småblank is a unique endemic island population of Atlantic salmon. It is in a precarious situation due to a variety of anthropogenic impacts on its restricted habitat area. Thus, maintaining population size and avoiding further habitat fragmentation are important.


As good mobile phones, so referred to as sensible phones, are becoming plenty of difficult and plenty of powerful to efficiently provide additional functionalities problems unit increasing concerning security threats against the sensible phone users. Since sensible phones use constant package style as in PCs, they\'re liable to similar classes of security risks like viruses, Trojans and worms. Throughout this paper, we\'ve got an inclination to propose a cloud based mostly sensible phone-specific intrusion detection and response engine that endlessly performs Associate in nursing in-depth forensics analysis on the sensible phone to find any wrongdoing. Just in case a wrongdoing is detected, the projected engine decides upon and takes optimum response actions to thwart the continued attacks. Despite the machine and storage resource limitations in sensible phone devices, the engine can perform an entire and in-depth analysis on the sensible phone, since all the investigations unit carried out on Associate in nursing emulated device in terribly cloud surroundings.


Description According to Dom Gregory Dix, the basic shape of the Christian liturgy has remained the same "ever since thirteen men met for supper in an upper room at Jerusalem" some two thousand years ago. According to Martin Connell, the same cannot be said for the liturgical year. The Triduum, or three days of Easter, only emerged in the fourth century. So, too, did Christmas. Earlier, Epiphany was the birthday of the Savior. Although a preEaster fast of variable length was observed since earliest times, the precise Forty Day span only appeared, once again, in the fourth century. And that foundational fourth century also saw the beginnings of the observance of Advent, which actually took centuries to catch on. As Connell demonstrates in this fascinating book, the varieties of Christian observance emerged in local communities stretching from Gaul to India and were often born in the struggles that were define orthodoxy and heresy. Eternity Today is a vade mecum for anyone who wishes to observe the liturgical year with intelligent devotion. Throughout, Connell aims to recover the theology and spirituality of the Christian year. As an aid to reflection, he incorporates numerous selections of contemporary poetry, thereby demonstrating how secular poets can often hit upon a point that finds its echo in Christian life and ritual.


Science affects us all-in the words of Albert Einstein, "The whole of science is nothing more than a refinement of everyday thinking." It is therefore fascinating to discover the thoughts of scientists, philosophers, humanists, poets, theologians, politicians, and other miscellaneous mortals on this most important of subjects. A Dictionary of Scientific Quotations is a personal selection of scientific quotations by Professor Alan L Mackay that includes graffiti, lines of song, proverbs, and poetry. Whether you believe that "All problems are finally scientific problems" (George Bernard Shaw) or that "Imagination is more important than knowledge" (Einstein), it is without doubt that "It is a good thing for an uneducated man to read books of quotations" (Churchill). You will be charmed and delighted by this collection and remember, "'Why,'" said the Dodo, "'the best way to explain it is to do it'" (Alice in Wonderland, Lewis Carroll).


Abstract. Satellite remote sensing can be used to investigate spatially distributed hydrological states for use in modeling, assessment, and management. However, in the visual wavelengths, cloud cover can often obscure significant portions of the images. This study develops a rule-based, multistep method for removing clouds from MODIS snow cover area (SCA) images. The methods used include combining images from more than one satellite, time interpolation, spatial interpolation, and estimation of the probability of snow occurrence based on topographic information. Applied over the upper Salt River basin in Arizona, the method reduced the degree of cloud obscuration by 93.8%, while maintaining a similar degree of image accuracy to that of the original images.