Chronic extracellular recording is the use of implanted electrodes to measure the electrical activity of nearby neurons over a long period of time. It presents an unparalleled view of neural activity over a broad range of time scales, offering sub-millisecond resolution of single action potentials while also allowing for continuous recording over the course of many months. These recordings pick up a rich collection of neural phenomena -- spikes, ripples, and theta oscillations, to name a few -- that can elucidate the activity of individual neurons and local circuits. However, this also presents an interesting challenge for data analysis. Chronic extracellular recordings contain overlapping signals from multiple sources, requiring these signals to be detected and classified before they can be properly analyzed. The combination of fine temporal resolution with long recording durations produces large datasets, requiring efficient algorithms that can operate at scale. In this thesis, I consider the problem of spike sorting: detecting spikes (the extracellular signatures of individual neurons' action potentials) and clustering them according to their putative source. First, I introduce a sparse deconvolution approach to spike detection, which seeks to detect spikes and represent them as the linear combination of basis waveforms. This approach is able to separate overlapping spikes without the need for source templates, and produces an output that can be used with a variety of clustering algorithms. Second, I introduce a clustering algorithm based around a mixture of drifting t -distributions. This model captures two features of chronic extracellular recordings -- cluster drift over time and heavy-tailed residuals in the distribution of spikes -- that are missing from previous models. This enables us to reliably track individual neurons over longer periods of time. I will also show that this model produces more accurate estimates of classification error, which is an important component to proper interpretation of the spike sorting output. Finally, I present a few theoretical results that may assist in the efficient implementation of sparse deconvolution.


The principle of broad-band orthogonal-pump (BOP) four-wave mixing in semiconductor optical amplifiers is analyzed in theory. The conversion efficiency reduces rapidly as the detuning of wavelength between the signal and pump increase which can be solved by introducing a BOP method. The constant conversion efficiency and signal-to-noise ratio are obtained over a large wavelength detuning range. The wavelength conversion efficiency with variation smaller than 3.88 dB over 52-nm range has been experimentally demonstrated by using BOP, with the 10-GHz output of distributed feedback/electro-absorption modulator as signal. Conventional single-pump scheme is also performed for comparison and the experimental results fit well with the theory.


Abstract "Neglected Tropical Diseases" (NTDs) are lesser-known diseases, existing in the poorest communities in the shadow of the high-profile and well-funded "Big Three" (HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria). Blame for neglect is pointed towards protagonists, which include pharmaceutical companies, for not investing in diseases of poverty and donor governments and NGOs, for directing attention to high mortality diseases. Yet, other sites of neglect tend to be ignored, such as global governance priorities. Exclusion of NTDs from the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) in 2000 started the ball rolling for an advocacy campaign to raise these diseases higher up the global health agenda. The MDG omission was used as a frame by advocates to highlight neglect and led to inclusion in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The SDGs, set out in 2015, now include NTDs alongside HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, hepatitis, water-borne diseases and other communicable diseases in a goal to end epidemics by 2030. However, reframing based on a concept of neglect was not sufficient to ensure a place at the top of global health priorities. The NTD problem also needed to be made measurable, with metrics set in evidence-based logic, to provide a rationale for intervention and track progress towards quantifiable success.


When we speak, we constantly retrieve and select words for production in the face of multiple possible alternatives. Our ability to respond in such underdetermined situations is supported by left ventrolateral prefrontal cortical (VLPFC) regions, but there is active debate about whether these regions support (1) selection between competing alternatives, (2) controlled retrieval from semantic memory, or (3) selection and controlled retrieval in distinct subregions of VLPFC (selection in mid-VLPFC and controlled retrieval in anterior VLPFC). Each of these theories has been supported by some prior evidence but challenged by other findings, leaving the debate unresolved. We propose that these discrepancies in the previous literature reflect problems in the way that selection and controlled retrieval processes have been operationalized and measured. Using improved measures, we find that shared neural substrates in left VLPFC support both selection and controlled retrieval, with no dissociation between mid and anterior regions. Moreover, selection and retrieval demands interact in left VLPFC, such that selection effects are greatest when retrieval demands are low, consistent with prior behavioral findings. These findings enable a synthesis and reinterpretation of prior evidence and suggest that the ability to respond in underdetermined situations is affected by both selection and retrieval mechanisms for verbal material subserved by left VLPFC, and these processes interact in meaningful ways.


The Enlightenment and its legacy are still actively debated, with the Enlightenment acting as a key organizing concept in philosophy, social theory and the history of ideas.

Counter-Enlightenments is the first full-length study to deal with the history and development of counter-enlightenment thought from its inception in the eighteenth century right through to the present. Engaging in a critical dialogue with Isaiah Berlin's work, this book analyzes the concept of counter-enlightenment and some of the most important issues and problems it raises.

Graeme Garrard explores the diverse forms of thought in this field, with a wide-ranging review of the principle figures of the past two hundred and fifty years, and an incisive assessment of the persuasiveness of the most common and important criticisms of the Enlightenment.


Across the criminal and civil justice systems, research regarding procedural justice — feeling that one has a voice, is respected, and is before a neutral and even-handed adjudicator — shows that people's positive perceptions of legal processes are fundamental to the legal system's effectiveness and to the rule of law. About a million people file bankruptcy every year, making the consumer bankruptcy system the part of the federal court system with which people most often come into contact. Given the importance of bankruptcy to American families and the credit economy, there should exist a rich literature theorizing and investigating how people's perceptions of consumer bankruptcy's procedures advance the system's goals. Instead, bankruptcy's procedures have received strikingly little scholarly attention.

This Article begins to fill this significant gap by combining procedural justice and related research with what is known about the people who file bankruptcy to craft a theory of consumer bankruptcy's procedural deficiencies. If consumer bankruptcy is procedurally bankrupt, as this Article posits, then the "fresh start" delivered to struggling households is not nearly as fresh as presumed, which will hamper people's return to their communities and to the credit economy. As such, the Article proposes two sets of changes to the consumer bankruptcy process — one modest and one more drastic. Both of these new deals for debtors promise to enhance people's perceptions of bankruptcy's procedural justice and thereby the legitimacy of the system.


Airport Baggage Handling is a field of automation systems that is currently dependent on centralised control systems and conventional automation programming techniques. In this and other areas of manufacturing and materials handling, these legacy automation technologies are increasingly limiting for the growing demand for systems that are reconfigurable, fault tolerant and easy to maintain. IEC 61499 Function Blocks is an emerging architectural framework for the design of distributed industrial automation systems and their reusable components. A number of architectures have been suggested for multi-agent and holonic control systems that incorporate function blocks. This paper presents a multiagent control approach for a baggage handling system using IEC 61499 Function Blocks. In particular, it focuses on demonstrating a decentralised control system that is scalable, reconfigurable and fault tolerant. The design follows the Automation Object approach, and produces a function block component representing a single section of conveyor. In accordance with holonic principles this component is autonomous and collaborative, such that the structure and the behaviour of a baggage handling system can be entirely defined by the interconnection of these components within the function block design environment. Simulation is used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the agent-based control system and a utility is presented for real-time viewing of these systems. Tests on a physical conveyor test system demonstrated deployment to embedded control hardware.


The use of peer-to-peer (P2P) applications is growing dramatically, particularly for sharing large video/audio files and software. In this paper, we analyze P2P traffic by measuring flow-level information collected at multiple border routers across a large ISP network, and report our investigation of three popular P2P systems-FastTrack, Gnutella, and Direct-Connect. We characterize the P2P traffic observed at a single ISP and its impact on the underlying network. We observe very skewed distribution in the traffic across the network at different levels of spatial aggregation (IP, prefix, AS). All three P2P systems exhibit significant dynamics at short time scale and particularly at the IP address level. Still, the fraction of P2P traffic contributed by each prefix is more stable than the corresponding distribution of either Web traffic or overall traffic. The high volume and good stability properties of P2P traffic suggests that the P2P workload is a good candidate for being managed via application-specific layer-3 traffic engineering in an ISP's network.


To assess whether Helicobacter pylori-related inflammation increases oxidative DNA damage, we evaluated the association between H. pylori infection and urinary excretion of an adduct of oxidative DNA damage, 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8ohdG). Subjects included 555 healthy persons, ages 20-39, within the Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program in Northern California. We tested sera for antibodies to H. pylori by ELISA; collected demographic, dietary, smoking, and alcohol data by questionnaire; and assayed 24-h urine samples for 8ohdG with a newly developed ELISA kit. Two hundred eighty-one subjects provided adequate 24-h urine samples for 8ohdG and creatinine assays and had detectable levels of 8ohdG. After adjusting for 24-h urinary creatinine (Ucr) and demographic factors, persons without H. pylori infection had significantly higher amounts of 24-h urinary 8ohdG than infected persons (geometric mean, 18.04 microg 8ohdG/Ucr g versus 14.36 microg 8ohdG/Ucr g, respectively; P = 0.008). Excretion of 8ohdG was higher in whites and Hispanics (17.44 and 18.09 microl/Ucr g) than in blacks (13.21 microg/Ucr g; P < 0.001). Gender was not significantly associated with 8ohdG excretion (16.18 microg/Ucr g for males versus 16.01 microg/Ucr g for females; P = 0.883). Of the dietary factors evaluated, vitamin C negatively correlated (P < 0.001) and carbohydrate intake positively correlated with 8ohdG excretion (P = 0.003). Infection with H. pylori was strongly associated with decreased 8ohdG excretion in the urine. This unexpected finding suggests either that DNA repair is deficient in infected subjects, that inflammation destroys the adduct, or that urinary 8ohdG is not an accurate measure of gastric damage.


This study aims to explicate interviewer and candidate conversational practices in L2 job interviews as they relate to the assessment of a candidate's qualification for a particular position. The data consisted of 27 audio-recorded job interviews for the position of student assistant in English classes at a Japanese university. The analysis of these interactional data, conducted using conversational analysis methodology, revealed that the inadequacy of a candidate's response is constructed by means of the interviewer's subsequent pursuit of a relevant answer from the candidate. In addition, a candidate's ability to build rapport by providing sequentially linked joke-serious responses evoked a positive evaluation from the interviewer. The findings indicate that a candidate's understanding of expected behaviors and ability to accommodate his or her behaviors in a manner relevant to the interaction result in a positive assessment.


We describe the Informediatm News-on-Demand system. News-on-Demand is an innovative example of indexing and searching broadcast video and audio material by text content. The fully-automatic system monitors TV news and allows selective retrieval of news items based on spoken queries. The user then plays the appropriate video "paragraph". The system runs on a Pentium PC using MPEG-I video compression and the Sphinx-II continuous speech recognition system [6].


Tree-based scan statistics (TreeScan) are a data-mining method that adjusts for multiple testing of correlated hypotheses when screening thousands of potential adverse events for signal identification. Simulation has demonstrated the promise of TreeScan with a propensity score (PS) matched cohort design. However, it is unclear which variables to include in a PS for applied signal identification studies to simultaneously adjust for confounding across potential outcomes. We selected 4 drug pairs with well understood safety profiles. For each pair, we evaluated 5 candidate PSs with different combinations of: predefined general covariates (comorbidity, frailty, utilization), empirically-selected (data driven) covariates, and covariates tailored to the drug pair. For each pair, statistical alerting patterns were similar with alternative PSs (≤11 alerts in 7,996 outcomes scanned). Including covariates tailored to exposure did not appreciably impact screening results. Including empirically-selected covariates can provide better proxy coverage for confounders but can also decrease power. Unlike tailored covariates, empirical and predefined general covariates can be applied "out of the box" for signal identification. The choice of PS depends on level of concern about residual confounding versus loss of power. Potential signals should be followed by pharmacoepidemiologic assessment where confounding control is tailored to the specific outcome(s) under investigation.


While some economists argued for macro-prudential regulation pre-crisis, the macro-prudential approach and its emphasis on endogenously created systemic risk have only gained prominence post-crisis. Employing discourse and network analysis on samples of the most cited scholarly works on banking regulation as well as on systemic risk (60 sources each) from 1985 to 2014, we analyze the shift from micro to macro-prudential thinking in the shift to the post crisis period. Our analysis demonstrates that the predominance of formalism, particularly, partial equilibrium analysis along with the exclusion of historical and practitioners' styles of reasoning from banking regulatory studies impeded economists from engaging seriously with the endogenous sources of systemic risk prior to the crisis. Post-crisis, these topics became important in this discourse, but the epistemological failures of banking regulatory studies pre-crisis were not sufficiently recognized. Recent attempts to conceptualize and price systemic risk as a negative externality point to the persistence of formalism and equilibrium thinking, with its attending dangers of incremental innovation due to epistemological barriers constrains theoretical progress, by excluding observed phenomena, which cannot yet be accommodated in mathematical models.


This paper reviews developments on experimental methods and results of thermochemical and thermophysical property measurements of molten silicate slag systems and its theoretical achievements. Several selected topics are focused on, including experimental procedure and measurements of viscosity, density, surface-interfacial tension, thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity and velocity and absorption coefficient of ultrasonic waves. Thermal conductivity and diffusivity of slags have been mainly measured by the transient techniques such as the laser flash and hot wire methods. Most of the measurements for velocity and absorption coefficient of ultrasonic waves are carried out using a pulse technique. The reliable data for thermochemical and thermophysical properties are required for the optimisation of metallurgical processes and the data is needed in order to improve the numerical models of processing. For academic interest, the results were discussed from the viewpoint of slag structure, as these properties are closely related to the slag structure.


Osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by degradation of joint cartilage which produces severe pain and swelling leading to immobility of the joint. OA can affect people of all age, gender and geographical locations, and the cost associated with long term medication, hospitalization and the loss of daily work hours stigmatizes the patient's life. Conventionally, the treatment of OA is done with analgesic to relieve pain, but due to notorious side effects profile of NSAIDs and corticosteroids, dependence phenomenon with opioids and continuous underlying degradation of joint, the analgesics cannot be relied upon as sole therapeutic agent. Physical therapies, exercise, modification of lifestyle and use of supportive devices have shown effectiveness in prevention and treatment of mild OA. With the application of multidisciplinary approaches in medical research, many pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions have evolved with optimistic claims of relieving joint pain and swelling. More recently, disease modifying OA drugs (DMOADs) have shown promising results in preventing cartilage degradation and induction of cartilage regeneration in experimental models as well as initial phases of clinical trials. The diversity of individual needs and complex comorbidities calls for patient oriented treatment plan, a goal which can be achieved effectively by multidisciplinary health care team. This review will provide an in-depth review of all clinically accepted conventional and nonconventional interventions for symptomatic relief of pain as well as novel disease modifying pharmacological and non-pharmacological modalities.


Assembly Modeling with SolidWorks 2008 is written to assist the beginning SolidWorks user with a few months of design experience to the intermediate SolidWorks user who desires to enhance their skill sets in assembly modeling. The book provides a solid foundation in assembly modeling using competency-based projects. In step-by-step instructions, the book provides examples to: Start a SolidWorks session and to understand the following interfaces: Menu bar toolbar, Menu bar menu, Drop-down menus, Context toolbars, Consolidated drop-down toolbars, System feedback icons, Confirmation Corner, Heads-up View toolbar, CommandManager, and more. Set System Options and Document Properties as they applied to a part and assembly template. Create new SolidWorks folder locations: Document Templates, Reference Documents, and Design Library. Download components from 3D ContentCentral and rename and save components using SolidWorks Explorer. Apply the Bottom-up assembly approach with two levels of configurations using the Configure component tool, the Configure dimension tool, Design Tables, and the Add Configuration tool. Create new parts based on component features utilizing the Bottom-up assembly approach. Apply Standard Mates, SmartMates, and the Design Library Toolbox. Apply the Top-down assembly approach with two levels of configurations with In-Context components. Understand the following: Out-of-Context components, External References, InPlace Mates, redefining and replacing components and motion studies. Apply the Derived Feature Component Pattern tool, Linear Component Pattern tool, and the Mirror Component tool along with the Explode Line Sketch tool. Create a multi sheet, multi view assembly drawing. Knowledge of Custom Properties in a part/assembly and linked notes, with the ability to incorporate configurations of an Exploded view, Bill of Materials, Revision tables, and more. Address the Layout-based assembly approach and Link Values and Equations to control relationships. Each project begins with the desired outcomes and usage competencies. Explore assembly modeling techniques through a series of design situations, industry scenarios, projects and objectives. The book is a self-paced tutorial in a realistic design setting. Complex models expose you to large assembly modeling techniques. You focus on the design process while learning the commands relative to assemblies. To obtain the most from this text, you should be familiar with the SolidWorks User Interface or other parametric modeling software application. Your skill sets should include the ability to create simple parts, assemblies, and drawings and manipulate documents through the Windows operating system. The authors developed the industry scenarios by combining their own industry experience with the knowledge of engineers, department managers, vendors and manufacturers. These professionals are directly involved with SolidWorks everyday. Initial and final models are provided on the CD accompanying the book. Table of Contents 1. SolidWorks 2008 User Interface 2. File Management, System Options, Templates, SolidWorks Explorer, and more 3. Assembly Modeling - Bottom Up Design Approach 4. Bottom Up Design Approach - Two Levels of Configurations 5. Top Down Design Assembly Approach - Two Components with Configurations 6. Part and Assembly Configurations, Custom Properties, Design Tables & References 7. Assembly Drawings with Revision Table and Bill of Materials - Multiple Sheets, Views, and Custom Properties 8. Top Down Design, Layout Sketches, Block, Motion, and more


Polymeric membranes have emerged for biogas processing to remove CO 2 from CH 4 . Nonetheless, it is also acknowledged that polymeric membranes have the tendency to sorb highly condensable CO 2 , which consequently swells the polymeric matrix, typically at operating condition higher than the plasticization pressure. The swelling increases void spaces for transport of gas penetrants, which results in an increment in permeability of all gas components at the cost of substantial decrease in membrane selectivity. Despite observations of the end results of plasticization, it is found that many transport property studies include only permeability measurements near ambient conditions. Complementary information on the individual contributions of the sorption and diffusion coefficients to the overall performance typically at non-ambient operating conditions is rarely reported. Therefore, in present study, experimental study has been conducted to fabricate polysulfone (PSF) film. Validity of the developed polysulfone membrane has been verified through characterization and validated with gas transport behavior of published results. Subsequently, transport properties of CO 2 though the PSF membrane at varying operating temperatures has been elucidated. The dual mode sorption and partial immobilization models have been employed to quantify the gas transport properties of noncondensable CH 4 and condensable CO 2 through PSF membrane.


Background: In recent years, the number of women incarcerated has increased at a rate higher than men. Drug and social policies related to employment, housing, education, welfare, mental health, and substance abuse treatment make it difficult for women to succeed once released from prison or jail. Women with co-occurring mental health and substance use disorders are a high-risk population for negative post-release outcomes. For the majority of prisoners experiencing psychological distress during incarceration, distress persists after release. Unfortunately, contact with mental health services in the community by ex-offenders is low. Further research is needed to understand the barriers to seeking these services. Aim: Explore the social behavioral factors that contribute to mental health of women recently released from prison or jail by: (1) reviewing the current programs available for women who need mental health services after prison release, (2) synthesizing the peer-reviewed literature evaluating the effectiveness of community reentry programs with a mental health service component and (3) identifying future research and policy needs to better address mental health needs of women post incarceration and reduce recidivism. Methods: A literature review was conducted to assess the structure of current community reentry programs and evaluate the effectiveness of community reentry programs with mental health service components. Conclusion: There is need for more gender specific mental health reentry programs for women. Men account for 90% of the incarcerated population, and as a result reentry programs are predominately created for men. Community reentry programs that focus on cognitive behavior theory rooted in the power of individual choice must also ensure that they prepare ex-offenders to deal with unexpected barriers to social services such as housing, employment, food stamps, and health insurance. There is need for more outcome evaluations of existing reentry programs and reentry programs that include tools that measure mental health outcomes during release.


Residential neighborhood characteristics, especially those related to transportation infrastructure and accessibility, enable the daily lives of residents and presumably enhance their satisfaction with neighborhoods. Using 2011 data in the Twin Cities, this study employs the gradient boosting decision trees approach to examine the impact on neighborhood satisfaction of transportation infrastructure and accessibility, as well as other neighborhood attributes. It also explores how residents living in urban and suburban neighborhoods value neighborhood features differently. The results show that urban residents value transportation and accessibility and suburban residents value affordability, safety, and school quality.


The goal of the current research is to detect fake identities among newly registered users of vk.com. Ego networks in vk.com for about 200.000 most recently registered profiles were gathered and analyzed longitudinally. The reason is that a certain percentage of new user accounts are faked, and the faked accounts and normal accounts have different behavioural patterns. Thus, the former can be detected already in a few first days. Social graph metrics were calculated and analysis was performed that allowed to reveal outlying suspicious profiles, some of which turned out to be legitimate celebrities, but some were fake profiles involved in social media marketing and other malicious activities, as participation in friend farms.


Naturally individuals prefer to receive the rewards after purchasing a certain amount of products or services. Customer rewards program is an effective tool for the company to increase the customer loyalty. Luxury and necessity products can be offered as rewards under the product reward program. The main purpose of this study is to find out how individuals discount luxury rewards over necessity rewards in differences of time length. In this research empirical data has been collected from the students living in student apartments through the survey questionnaire. The respondents were given five time variances such as today, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months and 1 year to present their preferences between luxury and necessity products of equal value. After collecting and analyzing the survey data it was found that majority of the respondents prefers the necessity rewards in shorter period of time whereas in the longer delay they prefer the luxury rewards. Hence individuals discount luxury rewards over the necessity rewards of equal value in the variance of time.


The genus Helleborus is represented in the Northwestern Balkans by 8 species. Some of them (H. atrorubens, H. foetidus (newcomer, introduced as well as escaped from culture), H. niger, and H. orientalis (newcomer, escaped from culture)) are rather easy for determination and discrimination. While other 4 species (H. dumetorum, H. multifidus, H. odorus, and H. viridis) are really difficult for determination because of their narrow morphological similarity, which also is realized a wide variety in leaf shape. The distribution areas of last 4 species overlap in the Northwestern Balkans, so that there are no really clear borders of their distribution. Dominating species in this region is H. multifidus, and especially common there is its subsp. istriacus. Other 3 species are rare and are therefore often overlooked and the herbarium specimens are frequently misidentified as H. multifidus. Moreover, all these 4 species produce number of hybrids, and as a result all kind of transistions between these taxa could be found. In particular, 11 hybrides could be confirmed for this region. The hybrid between H. dumetorum and H. multifidus is described here as Helleborus ×mucheri.


Raymond R. Swisher, Advisor Bridging macrosociological life course, place stratification, and social disorganization theories, this study advances a "neighborhood-centered" approach to study one of the developmental contexts of adolescent and young adult behavior. This approach extends neighborhood effects research and addresses limitations of existing life course and neighborhoods scholarship by explicitly highlighting the social structural forces—as embodied in the patterning of a finite set of neighborhood types—that anchor trajectories of risk behaviors in adolescence. Using four waves of nationally representative data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), latent class analysis, and growth curve modeling, I first identify distinct neighborhood types patterned by the intersection of three key components of structural inequality: race/ethnicity, socioeconomic class, and geography. Second, I examine how trajectories of delinquency, sexual activity, and marijuana use during adolescence and into young adulthood differ across neighborhood types, and the extent to which neighborhoods shape these behaviors directly and indirectly (through theorized individual, family, and peer mediators). Results from the latent class analysis both demonstrate the complex ways in which indicators of stratification intersect to shape specific neighborhood contexts, and provide the foundation for a multidimensional classification of these contexts. Results from a series of threelevel growth curve models illustrate significant variation in trajectories across neighborhood types—variation heretofore unobserved in neighborhoods research, and largely unexplained by individual, family, and peer mediators. A neighborhood-centered approach reorients scholarly thinking about neighborhoods as developmental contexts, devoting explicit attention to the stratifying forces bringing about distinct neighborhood types that anchor and shape trajectories of risk behavior in adolescence and young adulthood.


The equilibrium conditions for silicon transfer from ash to the liquid metal phase via SiO gas have been discussed by several authors. However, no published calculations have been found using the most modern thermodynamic models available. Since there are major differences in the results of calculations using different thermodynamic models and the models are continuously being improved, new equilibrium calculations on SiO and SiS gas formation have been performed using the recently developed models. Different ingoing compositions of coke ash, coal powder ash and blast air were used in the calculations. The compositions chosen represent blast furnace no. 3 at SSAB in Lulea, Sweden. Temperature was found to be the major factor influencing the equilibrium silicon level in the gas phase. At low temperatures (below 1 600 degrees C the total gas pressure was also seen to influence the silicon content in the gas phase. The main reason for this is that below 1 600 degrees C, the amount of liquid slag at equilibrium increases with the total gas pressure. Liquid slag contains large amounts of silica that then can not be found in the gas phase. Higher carbon activity is usually expected to result in higher SiO gas levels in the blast furnace. The equilibrium calculations show that increased carbon activity increases the amount of silicon in the gas phase at temperatures up to about 1 600 degrees C, but that at higher temperatures SiC is formed that decreases the equilibrium silicon level in the gas phase.


The goal of this research was to compare the remote-sensing derived irrigated areas with census-derived statistics reported in the national system. India, which has nearly 30% of global annualized irrigated areas (AIAs), and is the leading irrigated area country in the World, along with China, was chosen for the study. Irrigated areas were derived for nominal year 2000 using time-series remote sensing at two spatial resolutions: (a) 10-km Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) and (b) 500-m Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). These areas were compared with the Indian National Statistical Data on irrigated areas reported by the: (a) Directorate of Economics and Statistics (DES) of the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA), and (b) Ministry of Water Resources (MoWR). A state-by-state comparison of remote sensing derived irrigated areas when compared with MoWR derived irrigation potential utilized (IPU), an equivalent of AIA, provided a high degree of correlation with R2 values of: (a) 0.79 with 10-km, and (b) 0.85 with MODIS 500-m. However, the remote sensing derived irrigated area estimates for India were consistently higher than the irrigated areas reported by the national statistics. The remote sensing derived total area available for irrigation (TAAI), which does not consider intensity of irrigation, was 101 million hectares (Mha) using 10-km and 113 Mha using 500-m. The AIAs, which considers intensity of irrigation, was 132 Mha using 10-km and 146 Mha using 500-m. In contrast the IPU, an equivalent of AIAs, as reported by MoWR was 83 Mha. There are "large variations" in irrigated area statistics reported, even between two ministries (e.g., Directorate of Statistics of Ministry of Agriculture and Ministry of Water Resources) of the same national system. The causes include: (a) reluctance on part of the states to furnish irrigated area data in view of their vested interests in sharing of water, and (b) reporting of large volumes of data with inadequate statistical analysis. Overall, the factors that influenced uncertainty in irrigated areas in remote sensing and national statistics were: (a) inadequate accounting of irrigated areas, especially minor irrigation from groundwater, in the national statistics, (b) definition issues involved in mapping using remote sensing as well as national statistics, (c) difficulties in arriving at precise estimates of irrigated area fractions (IAFs) using remote sensing, and (d) imagery resolution in remote sensing. The study clearly established the existing uncertainties in irrigated area estimates and indicates that both remote sensing and national statistical approaches require further refinement. The need for accurate estimates of irrigated areas are crucial for water use assessments and food security studies and requires high emphasis.


Ready to build apps for iPhone, iPad, and Mac now that Swift has landed? If you're an experienced programmer who's never touched Apple developer tools, this hands-on book shows you how to use the Swift language to make incredible iOS and OS X apps, using Cocoa and Cocoa Touch. Learn how to use Swift in a wide range of real-world situations, with Cocoa features such as Event Kit and Core Animation. You'll pick up Swift language features and syntax along the way, and understand why using Swift (instead of Objective-C) makes iOS and Mac app development easier, faster, and safer. You'll also work with several exercises to help you practice as you learn. Learn the OS X and iOS application lifecycle Use storyboards to design adaptive interfaces Explore graphics systems, including the built-in 2D and 3D game frameworks Display video and audio with AVFoundation Store data locally with the file system, or on the network with iCloud Display lists or collections of data with table views and collection views Build apps that let users create, edit, and work with documents Use MapKit, Core Location, and Core Motion to interact with the world


Introduction to Art Therapy in Health Care Settings, Cathy A. Malchiodi I. Art Therapy with Child and Adolescent Patients 1. Adaptive Art Therapy with Children Who Have Physical Challenges and Chronic Medical Issues, Pamela Ullmann 2. Understanding Children's Drawings in Medical Settings, Margaret Carpenter Arnett and Cathy A. Malchiodi 3. Art Therapy and Child Life: An Integrated Approach to Psychosocial Care with Pediatric Oncology Patients, Cathy A. Malchiodi and Ellen Goldring 4. Art Therapy with Children and Adolescents Who Have Epilepsy, Janice Havlena and Carl E. Stafstrom 5. Art Therapy with Children Who Have Asthma, Anya Beebe 6. Expressive Arts with Grieving Children, Rebekah Near 7. Digital Art Therapy with Hospitalized Children, Cathy A. Malchiodi and Emily R. Johnson II. Art Therapy with Adult Patients 8. Art Therapy as a Form of Visual Narrative in Oncology Care, Jill V. McNutt 9. Using Imagery to Address Physical and Psychological Trauma, Ephrat Huss and Orly Sarid 10. Expressive Arts and Breast Cancer: Restoring Femininity, Fiona Chang 11. Healing across Cultures: Arts in Health Care with American Indian and Alaska Native Cancer Survivors, Elizabeth Warson 12. In Body and Soul: Art Therapy with Socially Excluded People Living with HIV and AIDS, Marta Tagarro and Susana Catarino 13. Art Therapy with HIV-Positive/AIDS Patients, Luis Formaiano 14. Art Therapy and Hemodialysis: Coping Creatively with Kidney Failure, Rachel C. Schreibman 15. Focusing-Oriented Art Therapy with People Who Have Chronic Illnesses, Laury Rappaport 16. Art Therapy and Medical Rehabilitation with Adults, Marcia Weisbrot 17. Art Therapy, Creative Apperception, and Rehabilitation from Traumatic Brain Injury, Margaret M. McGuinness and Kathy J. Schnur 18. Art Therapy with Patients Who Have Early-Stage Alzheimer's Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment, Angel C. Duncan III. Art Therapy with Groups and Families 19. An Open Art Studio Model, Jill V. McNutt 20. Young Adult Bereavement Art Group, Hannah K. Hunter, Donald Lewis, and Catherine Donovan 21. Bringing the Family into Medical Art Therapy, Elizabeth Sanders Martin 22. Beyond the Patient: Art and Creativity for Staff, Management, Executives, and Organizational Change, Deborah Koff-Chapin IV. Professional Issues in Art Therapy and Health Care 23. Patient Art Exhibitions in Health Care Settings, Emily R. Johnson 24. Art Therapy Interventions with Clinical Supervision Groups in a Pediatric Health Care Setting, Shari L. Racut 25. Physiological Measures in Evidence-Based Art Therapy Research, Elizabeth Warson and John Lorance Appendix: Ethical Standards Cultural Considerations for Art Therapy in Health Care Settings Art Materials and Medical Settings: Safety and Infection Control Resources


The species mentioned in the title of the present contribution was first described on the base of two incomplete upper molars, some fragments, and two portions of limb bones (Hooijer, 1949). The two and only complete molars were described later (Hooijer, 1953a). To this has been added the description of the milk dentition and of three premolars (Hooijer, 1953c). There are, however, important lacunae in our knowledge of the molar dentition to be filled. It remains as yet uncertain whether the type upper molar of 1949 represents M2 or M3, while the smaller of the complete lower molars of 1953 could be either M1 or M2. The prolonged study of the fragmentary molars in the Celebes collection has now made it possible to assemble the full set of upper and lower molars, and to determine the correct serial position of the previously described specimens. This study further showed the occasional presence of tusks in the mandible, the first time that incisive tusks have been found to occur in the lower jaw of an Archidiskodon. The problem of the descent of the archidiskodonts, and thereby of the elephantids in general, has to be reconsidered in the light of this unexpected discovery. I wish, again, to express my feelings of gratitude toward Prof. Dr. A. J. Bernet Kempers, former Head of the Dinas Purbakala R.I. at Djakarta, Java, who entrusted the material to me for study, and to Mr. H. R. van Heekeren to whom we owe the discovery of the Pleistocene vertebrate fauna of Celebes. Archidiskodon celebensis Hooijer Archidiskodon celebensis Hooijer, Zool. Med. Museum Leiden, vol. 30, no. 14, 1949, p. 206, pis. VIII-IX; Chronica Naturae, vol. 105, 1949, p. 149; The Scientific Monthly,


Lipids play varied and critical roles in metabolism, with function dramatically modulated by the individual fatty acid moities in complex lipid entities. In particular, the fatty acid composition of membrane lipids greatly influences membrane function. Here we consider the role of dietary fatty acid profile on membrane composition and, in turn, its impact on prevalent disease clusters of the metabolic syndrome and mental illness. Applying the classical physiological conformer‐regulator paradigm to quantify the influence of dietary fats on membrane lipid composition (i.e. where the membrane variable is plotted against the same variable in the environment ‐ in this case dietary fats), membrane lipid composition appears as a predominantly regulated parameter. Membranes remain relatively constant in their saturated (SFA) and monounsaturated (MUFA) fatty acid levels over a wide range of dietary variation for these fatty acids. Membrane composition was found to be more responsive to n‐6 and n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) levels in the diet and most sensitive to n‐3 PUFA and to the n‐3/n‐6 ratio. These differential responses are probably due to the fact that both n‐6 and n‐3 PUFA classes cannot be synthesised de novo by higher animals. Diet‐induced modifications in membrane lipid composition are associated with changes in the rates of membrane‐linked cellular processes that are major contributors to energy metabolism. For example, in the intrinsic activity of fundamental processes such as the Na+/K+ pump and proton pump‐leak cycle. Equally, dietary lipid profile impacts substantially on diseases of the metabolic syndrome with evidence accruing for changes in metabolic rate and neuropeptide regulation (thus influencing both sides of the energy balance equation), in second messenger generation and in gene expression influencing a range of glucose and lipid handling pathways. Finally, there is a growing literature relating changes in dietary fatty acid profile to many aspects of mental health. The understanding of dietary lipid profile and its influence on membrane function in relation to metabolic dysregulation has exciting potential for the prevention and treatment of a range of prevalent disease states.


The lightcone gauge is a set of what are called the observational coordinates adapted to our past lightcone. We develop this gauge by producing a perturbed spacetime metric that describes the geometry of our past lightcone where observations are usually obtained. We connect the produced observational metric to the perturbed Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) metric in the standard general gauge or what is the so-called 1+3 gauge. We derive the relations between these perturbations of spacetime in the observational coordinates and those perturbations in the standard metric approach, as well as the dynamical equations for the perturbations in observational coordinates. We also calculate the observables in the lightcone gauge and re-derive them in terms of Bardeen potentials to first order. A verification is made of the observables in the perturbed lightcone gauge with those in the standard gauge. The advantage of the method developed is that the observable relations are simpler than in the standard formalism, and they are expressed in terms of the metric components which in principle are measurable. We use the perturbed lightcone gauge in galaxy surveys and the calculations of galaxy number density contrast. The significance of the new gauge is that by considering the null-like light propagations the calculations are much simpler due to the non-consideration of the angular deviations.


The yeastlmould (Y/M) dimorphism of three strains of the genus Mycotypha (Zygomycetes, Mucorales) was investigated. The Y-form is most readily induced in M. africana (CBSI22.64), whereas M. microspora (CBS230.32) has a strong tendency to grow as M-form. The Y-form is promoted by anaerobiosis, increased Pcoz, increased temperatures, pH values between 5-8 and 6.5, and 10 % (w/v) glucose in the culture medium, as well as by the addition of certain inhibitors of the respiratory chain or mitochondria1 protein synthesis. In contrast, M-form is stimulated by aerobic conditions, by temperatures below approximately 20 "C and at pH values below 4-5 and above 7.4. Ultraviolet-induced mutants with a defective respiratory system invariably grow as pure Y-form. Suppression of aerobic metabolism leads to a simultaneous suppression of mycelial growth. This correlation was confirmed by studies of fine structure with the electron microscope.


In Hidden in Plain Sight, Barbara Bennett Woodhouse argues for the advancement of children's rights through the development of a child-centric perspective. She identifies five principles to further that goal, including the principles of agency and dignity. These principles shed light on the problem of shackling juveniles during their delinquency proceedings. While a recent United States Supreme Court ruling barred indiscriminate shackling for all adult defendants, the status of juveniles remains unclear. Yet even in states that do not shackle juveniles without cause, significant problems remain. This Comment identifies and examines these problems, arguing for increased attention to shackled juveniles' due process and fundamental dignity rights. The Comment concludes with proposals to improve the discriminate approach, with Woodhouse's child-centric model in mind.


This Article examines the increasing "social isolation" of American workers and the role the Internet, particularly employee "blogging," can potentially play in ameliorating this situation. It builds on a path-breaking June 2006 empirical study in the American Sociological Review documenting said social isolation, and on Harvard political scientist Robert D. Putnam's classic theoretical work developing a similar theme. The Article argues that off-duty blogging by employees can play an important role in helping reverse this decline in social isolation, but that current legal structures impede this goal. This Article then proposes various reforms to address this situation. We begin Part I by examining the general role employee blogging might have as an antidote for the increasing social isolation facing American workers. Part II then presents a review of blogs and the blogging phenomenon. Part III follows with a discussion of blogs in the context of the recent afore-mentioned scholarship in the American Sociological Review and Professor Putnam's classic work. Part IV more specifically analyzes the role blogs play in the employment context, and Part V examines the protections afforded employee bloggers under the National Labor Relations Act. Part VI then looks at this issue in the context of both state common and statutory law. In Parts VII and VIII we evaluate various options for legal reform in the area. Part IX concludes the article.


The Crossroads Conference in Paris, July 2012 offered an international perspective on cultural studies. After the event, seeing mention of cultural studies in the context of Nazi Germany opened up questions about the history of cultural studies, its ambitions and position in the contemporary, neo-liberal academy. Drawing on various conjunctures in personal and social life, the article reflects on the challenges for cultural studies when set against knowledge of European history.


Title: Amylin peptide: An association with feed intolerance in preterm neonates and infants of diabetic mothers

Introduction: Delayed enteral nutrition due to feed intolerance is common in preterm infants and infants of mothers whose pregnancy was complicated by diabetes mellitus (IMDM). Amylin, a 37 amino-acid polypeptide hormone, is a potent inhibitor of gastric emptying that may play a role in the patho-physiology of feed intolerance in these infants.
Aims and Objectives: To determine serum amylin levels (i) at birth (umbilical cord) and postnatal day 5 (Guthrie) in healthy preterm and term infants-Study A, (ii) at birth (umbilical cord) and postnatal day 5 (Guthrie) in preterm and term IMDM-Study B, and (iii) in preterm infants experiencing feed-intolerance (nTOL) and feed-tolerance (TOL)-Study C.

Hypothesis: Serum amylin levels are raised in (i) IMDM and (ii) preterm infants with increased gastric residual volumes (GRV); which may explain their feed intolerance.

Methods and Material: Blood samples were analysed for total amylin immunoreactivity using monoclonal antibody based sandwich immunoassay.

Results: Serum amylin concentrations (median (interquartile range)) in healthy term infants at birth (n=138) and postnatal day 5 (n=14) were 6.10 (3.30-9.70) pmol/L and 5.65 (3.10-8.20) pmol/L respectively. Similarly, the amylin concentrations in healthy preterm infants at birth (n=43) and postnatal day 5 (n=25) were 4.60 (1.90–8.30) pmol/L and 6.9 (2.75–9.50) pmol/L respectively.
The amylin concentrations were significantly raised in both term IMDM at birth [n=17, 34.30 (28.35-50.00) pmol/L, p<0.0001] and postnatal day 5 [n=4, 25.20 (22.20-48.75) pmol/L, p<0.0001] and preterm IMDM at birth [n=14, 32.0 (18.65-44.27) pmol/L, p<0.0001] and postnatal day 5 [n=9, 23.4 (15.37-46.57) pmol/L, p<0.0001].
The amylin concentration was significantly elevated in nTOL group [n=30, 47.9 (21.4-79.8) pmol/L, p<0.0001)] compared to TOL group [n=30, 8.7 (5.7-16) pmol/L].

Conclusions: Amylin by virtue of its inhibitory effect on gastric emptying may be responsible in delaying establishment of enteral nutrition in preterm infants and infants of mothers whose pregnancy was complicated by diabetes mellitus.


Importance Allogeneic blood or marrow transplantation (BMT) is a curative option for malignant and nonmalignant diseases of childhood. However, little is known about trends in cause-specific late mortality in this population during the past 3 decades. Objectives To examine cause-specific late mortality among individuals who have lived 2 years or more after allogeneic BMT performed in childhood and whether rates of late mortality have changed over time. Design, Setting, and Participants A retrospective cohort study was conducted of individuals who lived 2 years or more after undergoing allogeneic BMT performed in childhood between January 1, 1974, and December 31, 2010. The end of follow-up was December 31, 2016. Exposure Allogeneic BMT performed in childhood. Main Outcomes and Measures All-cause mortality, relapse-related mortality, and non–relapse-related mortality. Data on vital status and causes of death were collected using medical records, the National Death Index Plus Program, and Accurint databases. Results Among 1388 individuals (559 females and 829 males) who lived 2 years or more after allogeneic BMT performed in childhood, the median age at transplantation was 14.6 years (range, 0-21 years). In this cohort, there was a total of 295 deaths, yielding an overall survival rate of 79.3% at 20 years after BMT. The leading causes of death were infection and/or chronic graft-vs-host disease (121 of 244 [49.6%]), primary disease (60 of 244 [24.6%]), and subsequent malignant neoplasms (45 of 244 [18.4%]). Overall, the cohort had a 14.4-fold increased risk for death (95% CI, 12.8-16.1) compared with the general population (292 deaths observed; 20.3 deaths expected). Relative mortality remained elevated at 25 years or more after BMT (standardized mortality ratio, 2.9; 95% CI, 2.0-4.1). The absolute excess risk for death from any cause was 12.0 per 1000 person-years (95% CI, 10.5-13.5). The cumulative incidence of non–relapse-related mortality exceeded that of relapse-related mortality throughout follow-up. The 10-year cumulative incidence of late mortality decreased over time (before 1990, 18.9%; 1990-1999, 12.8%; 2000-2010, 10.9%; P = .002); this decrease remained statistically significant after adjusting for demographic and clinical factors (referent group: <1990; 1990-1999: hazard ratio, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.47-0.89; P = .007; 2000-2010: hazard ratio, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.31-0.76; P = .002; P < .001 for trend). Conclusions and Relevance Late mortality among children undergoing allogeneic BMT has decreased during the past 3 decades. However, these patients remain at an elevated risk of late mortality even 25 years or more after transplantation when compared with the general population, necessitating lifelong follow-up.


Cell growth and differentiation are often driven by subtle changes in gene expression. Many challenges still exist in detecting these changes, particularly in the context of a complex, developing tissue. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) allows relatively high throughput evaluation of multiple genes and developmental time points. Proper quantification of gene expression levels by qRT-PCR requires normalization to one or more reference genes. Traditionally, these genes have been selected based on their presumed "housekeeping" function, with the implicit assumption that they are stably expressed over the entire experimental set. However, this is rarely tested empirically. Here we describe the identification of novel reference genes for the mouse mammary gland based on their stable expression in published microarray datasets. We compared eight novel candidate reference genes ( Arpc3, Clock, Ctbp1, Phf7, Prdx1, Sugp2, Taf11 and Usp7) to eight traditional ones ( 18S, Actb, Gapdh , Hmbs , Hprt , Rpl13a , Sdha and Tbp ) and analysed all genes for stable expression in the mouse mammary gland from pre-puberty to adulthood using four different algorithms (GeNorm, DeltaCt, BestKeeper and NormFinder). Prdx1, Phf7 and Ctbp1 were validated as novel and reliable, tissue-specific reference genes that outperform traditional reference genes in qRT-PCR studies of postnatal mammary gland development. Prdx1 , Phf7 and Ctbp1 as novel, tissue-specific reference genes for qRT-PCR studies of the postnatal mouse mammary gland, and validated that this reference gene set is suitable for detecting subtle gene expression changes that occur during the pre-pubertal, pubertal and adult stages.


The four-year study of beginning teachers by the Early Professional Learning (EPL) project found that the developmental experience of new teachers involved seven empirical dimensions of experience: the emotional, relational, cognitive, material, structural, ethical and temporal. These dimensions represent a largely informal process of professional development and occupational identity formation, which reflect the essentially relational nature of teachers' work as well as the psychosocial aspects of early professional development. Our research found that the main engagement with the professional standard by new teachers was in relation to the bureaucratic requirement to complete the profession's interim profile, a record of performance which, in the opinion of the teachers questioned, trailed behind the real experience as an imposition rather than an instrument of reflection (Stronach, 2009). In interviews with 128 new teachers in 31 secondary schools in Scotland and England, typical comments were: 'I found it really dry; it wasn't seeking to find anything about me personally as a teacher'; or, 'the idea that we can give everything an [interim profile] code… it's completely meaningless'. Insofar as there was a small but significant connection with the standard when many new teachers began to adjust their teaching to difference across the children and classes that they taught, and which occurred a few months into their first year of teaching, learning to teach appeared to be experienced as a process of becoming a teacher: that is, gaining a preliminary self-as-teacher identity, mainly through the emotional-relational engagement with colleagues and pupils taught, a process for which the standard provided no guidance or structure. The findings were consistent with the anthropological paradigm of rite of passage in describing this experience (Eddy, 1969), and also echoed those who have found professional development to be intimately dependent on relationships. Hinchliffe (2004), for example, describes the ethical nexus in workplace relationships as being not simply a context for the quality of work and human flourishing, but as central to the experience of the newcomer joining a community of practice. And this is a transition, as Wenger (1998) argues, which involves a relationship between learning and identity in which a sense of self is integral to the individual's feeling of belonging. The learning is transformative and is a process of becoming a new person or, in this case, a teacher. Despite the often compelling nature of such evidence, our continuing impression was of a policy resistance to such explanations as lacking in hard evidence: soft data based on mere case studies. The backing of 'harder' evidence through the more positivist methods of research and evaluation that were adumbrated by the likes of David Hargreaves (1997) and then David Blunkett in the late nineties, validated for some a view of 'genuine' social science as being able only 'to measure the size of the effect of A on B' (in Hammersley, 2002, p. 83), and suggested to us that an interview-based strategy alone might be methodologically limited in its potential for warranting evidence, as Eraut (2000) puts it, of processes that, if not entirely tacit, do not come readily to mind. In the first phase of the project (2004-05) six teacher-researchers seconded to the project interviewed twenty-five new teachers within their own schools at approximately twice monthly intervals. It was from these findings that five important areas were identified for which quantitative indicators of new teacher development were designed in triangulation of the narrative evidence. These were job satisfaction (jobsat), children's views (cepsati), expert judgement of teaching performance (exjudge), pupil development (PDI), and interactions with significant others (interact). This archive contains the data collected through these instruments between 2004 and 2008. A discursive analysis of the findings is available in McNally and Blake 2010


In this paper, a person is identified with face as a biometric feature using modified fisher face and fuzzy fisher face. The premise of this paper is to introduce modified fisher face, fuzzy fisher face and include gradual level of assignment to class being regarded as a membership grade which helps to improve recognition results. Performance of the said system is compared with traditional fisher face methods using Fisher's linear discriminant analysis. For all these methods of face recognition an assumption was made about the same level of relevance of each face to the corresponding category. The comprehensive experiments completed on ORL, and Yale face databases show improved recognition rates and reduced sensitivity to variations between face images caused by changes in illumination and viewing directions.


In this work a general purpose multisectoral economy-wide model, solved for growth rates, is constructed for the Brazilian economy. In constructing the Brazilian model, the ORANI model for the Australian Economy was chosen as the starting point and was modified in a way that it can reflect and can be used to study the Brazilian reality.The main differences between both models are that in the Brazilian model: a)A special treatment is giving to the government sector; b)The demand for household consumption is broken down by different income groups, and an equation linking the workers income with their expenditure is introduced; allowing in this way for the study of income distribution problems; c) An industry by industry framework is used, opposing to an industry by commodity framework used in the ORANI model; d) Prices are assumed to be formed through a mark-up price theory, while the ORANI model assumes that prices are formed by maximizing profits. The Brazilian model is constructed for: a) 21 industries; b) 3 types of primary factors (3 categories of labor, fixed capital, and agricultural land); c) one type of other costs; d) 2 sources of products (domestic and imported); e) 6 types of product use (inputs to current production, inputs to capital formation, commodity flows to household consumption, exports, government demands, and other demands); and f) 3 income groups. The model also presents a detailed specification for trade margins and taxes. The basic input-output data used in the model refers to the 1975 input-output matrices for the Brazilian economy.


This article looks at The Essential Electronic Agricultural Library (TEEAL), an innovative offline database, and its impact on research output in agricultural institutions in Africa. The article also examines some lessons gathered from 10 years of training and outreach on the system in Sub-Saharan Africa. TEEAL, a project of Cornell University's R. Mann Library, in cooperation with over 50 major scientific publishers, societies, and index providers, is a digital collection of research journals for agriculture and related sciences. Researchers, students, academic staff and librarians can discover and access thousands of full-text PDF articles without the use of the Internet. Through TEEAL, scientists in developing countries now have access to current research; but has this access translated into effective research and teaching? Several studies have been carried out to evaluate whether TEEAL was meeting its objective of contributing to the enhancement of the quality and effectiveness of agricultural research and teaching through improving students' and researchers' access to relevant literature. The studies took various approaches in collecting data including a questionnaire, interviews and a bibliometric analysis of publications from institutions that have acquired and are using TEEAL. Results generally show that TEEAL is successfully meeting its objective. Recommendations are made for extending the use of TEEAL sets, particularly the inclusion of more journals from developing countries as a way of further enhancing its appeal to a wider audience. Innovation , No,44, June 2012


Use of plant residues as ruminant livestock feed has been suggested to reduce the feed-cost and recycle the biomass. Physical and chemical characteristics of oil palm (Elaeis
guineensis Jacq.) frond (OPF) and utilisation of OPF by ruminant were studied in a series of experiments. The yield of different fractions (leaflets, petiole and midribs) and segments (basal, middle and top) of OPF from different aged palms were measured. Results showed that the yield of OPF from matured (221 years) palm was 13.4 kg, where basal, middle and top segments constituted 53%, 27% and 20%, respectively. The estimated annual yield of petiole, leaflets and midribs were 21.70, 5.51 and 1.59 (OM.t.ha-1) respectively. The whole OPF contained 418.6, 960.8, 65.3, 740.1, 529.5, 210.6, 218.5, 878.8 and 138.8 (g.kg-1) of dry matter (OM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NOF), acid detergent fibre (AOF), cellulose (CEL), hemicellulose (HC), total carbohydrates (TC) and non-fibre carbohydrates (NFC), respectively. Calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg) contents of the OPF were 0.530, 0.108, 0.049, 0.697 and 0.18 g.100g-10M, respectively. Copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe) and sulphur (S) contents of the OPF were 2.71, 11.17, 44.66, 106.7 and 0.096 mg.kg-10M, respectively. The in sacco OM degradation value of the OPF at 48h incubation was 37.32g.100g-1. The in vivo digestibility of OM, OM, CP and AOF of OPF were 52%, 56%, 43% and 26%, respectively. Results of the rumen fermentation trials showed that OPF could support an efficient rumen function when used ~50% is included in the diet. Results of effects of different levels of urea and lor molasses on the preservation qualities of OPF and in sacco digestion characteristics showed that mixing molasses
reduced the pH of the preserved OPF, while mixing urea increased the pH. The lowest pH (3.98) was observed in molasses (200 g.kg-1DM) mixed OPF and the highest pH (8.65) was in the urea (60 g.kg-1DM) mixed OPF. Mixing of 20, 40 and 60 g.kg-1DM urea with OPF increased the CP level of the preserved OPF by 25%, 38% and 96%, respectively. Mixing
molasses and/or urea showed increased digestion characteristics. The pelleting of OPF increased DM, OM, CP, cell content and decreased the cell wall contents of the OPF. Ensiling and pelleting both reduced (P>0.05) slightly the fibrous components (CEl, HC, lignin and silica) of OPF. Moreover, pelleting and ensiling increased (P<0.05) the rapidly disappearing value, extent and rate of digestion of OPF. Determination of digestible nutrient intake of fresh, ensiled and pelleted OPF and its effects on body weight gain of goats were measured. Results indicated that the pelleting of OPF increased the nutrient intake, digestibility, digestible nutrient intake and reduced refusals. The pelleting of OPF mixed with 4% urea, 15% molasses and 2% fish meal increased the digestible DM and OM intake by 80% and 63%, respectively which resulted in an increased body weight gain of the goats. Based on these studies, it can be concluded that OPF is a potential alternative roughage that can be used as a basal ingredient in the diet of ruminants. Fresh, chopped or ensiled OPF can be used up to 50% in the diet and mixing of either urea or molasses can increase the portion of OPF. The results of this study suggest that pelleting is the best way to conserve and handle OPF where almost no refusal can be observed. Moreover, the use of the pellets is convenient and pre-treatments can be easily incorporated during pelleting. Finally, it is suggested that mixed complete pellet can be made by correcting for the nutrients lacking
(protein and minerals) in OPF and the use of the mixed pellet would maximise the utilisation of OPF.


Catherine Constable, Adapting Philosophy: Jean Baudrillard and The Matrix Trilogy. Manchester: Manchester UP, 2009.177pp. £16.99 (pbk).Before you reach for the blue pill at the mention of yet another book on The Matrix trilogy (Wachowski brothers 1999-2003), I want to emphasise from the outset that Constable has managed to do something novel and exciting with arguably overworked material. Most importantly, this is the first study to bring the entire cultural and intellectual phenomenon of philosophical writing on the films to critical analysis within a film studies context. However, fans of the trilogy and the tomes it has inspired will not be disappointed, as Constable's own close readings in the later chapters also contribute to the philosophical dialogue she surveys and critiques in the first part of the book. Yet, Constable goes much further in using the films and their readings as object lessons for a systematic rethinking of the cinematic adaptation of philosophy. A case in point is the work of Jean Baudrillard, not only insofar as it has inspired the trilogy's conception and provided a framework for its philosophical analysis, but also as exemplary of the function of imagery within philosophical discourse.In surveying the literature, Constable inventories philosophical assumptions about film as an object of study that tend to get uncritically reproduced, particularly within the tradition of Anglo analytic philosophy. Fundamental in this respect is a naive understanding of filmic adaptation, in relation to which all positions remain mired in a criterion of fidelity' between philosophical source and cinematic representation. Consequently, the films are treated either condescendingly as good examples': introducing viewers to philosophical problems, or polemically as 'bad philosophy': exploiting the seductions of the medium to indulge forms of sophistry. Constable provides an incisive analysis of the paradoxes and contradictions that eventuate, for example, in discussions of filmic adaptations of Baudrillard's concept of the hyperreal, which contests the very relation between original and copy that the fidelity model presumes. Ironically, the 'bad copy' enacts a heightened fidelity to the source. Yet, as Constable points out, such ironies are not restricted to the attacks of analytic philosophers, but reach their apogee in Baudrillard's own disqualification of the trilogy on the basis of infidelity to his thought. For Constable this point of tacit consensus among thinkers who would otherwise agree on little else is reflective of engrained philosophical hierarchies, such as conceptual/ perceptual, word/image and academic/popular within the fidelity model, and in relation to which the categorical incapacity of film as a medium to duplicate the forms of abstract argumentation characteristic of language gets miscon- strued as a specific shortcoming of the trilogy. What Constable calls for instead is an inquiry into how philosophical thought gets reconstituted within the communicative structures specific to moving images, rather than lamenting that latter's inability to form a syllogism.The way forward, Constable argues, starts from an understanding that the key link between philosophical and filmic texts is not argumentation but figuration, which is crucial for articulating a more expansive sense of adaptation. The groundwork for such an approach is laid out in the second chapter by drawing formatively upon Kamilla Elliot's work on the filmic adaptation of literature and Michele Le Doueff's analysis of the disavowed role of imagery within philosophical language. Considerable effort is spent tracing Elliot's argument that while structuralist semiotics has broadened the notion of textuality to incorporate film and other image-based media, it still preserves a separation of graphic and iconic signs in relation to which thought gets excluded from the perception of images. Although Constable draws upon Elliot's idea of a 'looking-glass logic', which emphasises the reversibility of the graphic/conceptual and linguistic/iconic modalities of signification, she rejects the notion that one must dispense with structural semiotics in favour of a cognitivist approach to articulate this reciprocity. …


Free-product recovery system designs for light hydrocarbon recovery were investigated to evaluate the effects of multiple-stage pumping, delayed startup, and uncertainty of key residual oil saturation input data using a vertically integrated three-phase flow model, ARMOS. The results obtained from a single well recovery system subjected to a given well location and uniform soil properties suggested that multiple-stage water pumping can enhance the recovery and provide optimal design conditions if cost and recovery oil volume are the targets. However, if containment of the spill area with simultaneous recovery is the target, then single-stage pumping still provides the optimal design. Delayed startup of the operation from the initial site characterization can cause substantial plume movement during the lag period making predictions made with zero time lag invalid. Allowance should be made in the design to account for this time delay. Uncertainty of maximum residual oil saturations in both saturated and unsaturated zones may cause considerable differences in predicted results. Careful attention should be paid to obtaining these data for accurate remediation design.


There is a tremendous amount of information being generated and stored every year, and its growth rate is exponential. From 2008 to 2009, the growth rate was estimated to be 62%. In 2010, the amount of generated information is expected to grow by 50% to 1.2 Zettabytes, and by 2020 this rate is expected to grow to 35 Zettabytes[IE10]. By preprocessing text in programmable logic, high data processing rates could be achieved with greater power efficiency than with an equivalent software solution[VAM09], leading to a smaller carbon footprint. This thesis presents an overview of the fields of Information Retrieval and Natural Language Processing, and the design and implementation of four text preprocessing modules in programmable logic: UTF–8 decoding, stop–word filtering, and stemming with both Lovins'[Lov68] and Porter's[Por80] techniques. These extensively pipelined circuits were implemented in a high performance FPGA and found to sustain maximum operational frequencies of 704 MHz, data throughputs in excess of 5 Gbps and efficiencies in the range of 4.332 – 6.765 mW/Gbps and 34.66 – 108.2 μW/MHz. These circuits can be incorporated into larger systems, such as document classifiers and information extraction engines.


Data center power consumption has grown substantially in the past 20 years. According to the United States Data Center Energy Usage Report, the data center consumption in 2014 was estimated at 70 billion kWh, which accounted for 1.8% of the total U.S. electricity. The present effort investigates the effects of various data center parameters on a new set of metrics called the performance indicator to help assess and optimize the cooling performance of data centers. The three metrics in the performance indicator include power usage effectiveness ratio (PUEr), thermal conformance, and thermal resilience. The data center parameters investigated include computer room air handler (CRAH) setpoints, room configuration layouts, and containment strategies. The results show that the CRAH setpoint significantly influences the PUEr with higher setpoint values resulting in lower PUEr values. Room configuration layout changes and containment strategies showed substantial effects on thermal conformance and thermal resilience. The thermal conformance was increased approximately 10% with room configuration changes without changing the PUEr. Full hot aisle containment also improved the thermal conformance by 7.4%.


Abstract Parent education has existed in some form in this country since the early nineteenth century and is considered a typical task of family therapy. Based on modernist notions of a universal construction of childhood and informed by the theories from which developmental psychology emerged, parent education has been critiqued as representing Eurocentric, middle-class values. This paper will provide a brief history of parent education and a postmodern critique of its origins and methods. An alternative narrative therapy practice that brings forward parents' insider knowledges is reviewed and presented in a case vignette of a session with the parents of a 10-year-old boy.


The most basic function of an Internet router is to decide, for a given packet, which of its interfaces it will use to forward it to its next hop. To do so, routers maintain a routing table, in which they look up for a prefix of the destination address. The routing table associates an interface of the router to this prefix, and this interface is used to forward the packet. We explore here a new measurement method based upon distributed UDP probing to estimate this routing table for Internet routers.


Book Description:

Safeguarding Children and Schools explains how schools are able to contribute to keeping children safe from harm and promoting their welfare, in line with Government Every Child Matters guidelines.

The contributors, who are all experts in the field of child protection, put the potentially daunting task faced by schools in context, explaining relevant policy, the latest research findings and offering practical examples to help schools to be more proactive and meet their responsibilities successfully. Areas discussed include the roles of local education authority services and schools in child protection, working with particularly vulnerable or difficult children, the relationship between safeguarding and the curriculum, and training school staff to safeguard children.

At a time when expectations of the role of schools are evolving, this book provides guidance and support for teachers, managers and social care professionals.


The magnitude and direction of movements of spiny lobsters Jasus edwardsii (Hutton, 1875) around Tasmania were examined from 39,000 tag- recapture events that occurred between 1973 and 2001. There was no evidence of large-scale, unidirectional migration, as observed elsewhere in the same species. Tag-recaptures indicated high site fidelity with the majority of animals moving no detectable distance after periods of one-two yrs between capture events. Sex, female maturity, and geography influenced the magnitude of lobster movement with significant interaction between these factors. Site had a pronounced influence on the magnitude of movement with consistently greater movement in the north of the state. The lowest magnitude of movement occurred in southern areas, which are known to have highest lobster density. The effect of female maturity on the magnitude of movement was influenced by site, with greater movement by immature females than mature in the northeast, but not the northwest. The direction of movement of animals recaptured on at least five occasions (n = 434) was not significantly unidirectional, although about 20% of these animals exhibited axial bi-directional movement. Significantly unidirectional movement from single recapture events was detected in the majority of areas for males in summer and females in spring, which may be associated with biological events of molting and larval release, respectively.


Although much has been written on the benefits of hosting 'mega events' including the Olympic Games and the Football World Cup, smaller but still significant sport events of global significance such as the Golf World Cup have received hardly any attention by researchers. This dearth in knowledge has inspired the direction of this study, that is, to explore the stakeholder perspective of the Golf World Cup which was hosted in Barbados in 2006. This event was part of a national development strategy aimed at diversifying the tourism product in the light of the increasing competitiveness of the tourism industry. Consequently the research methodology adopted for this study was eclectic in nature as it sought to obtain a holistic understanding of the issues associated
with hosting mega events on a small island microstate. An approach to data collection and analysis was therefore utilised including semi-structured interviews, participant observation and the examination of documents and promotional materials in order to understand the expectations and perceptions that specific stakeholder groups (including local tourism officials, international tourists and local residents) have of the Golf World
Cup. The 85 participants in this study highlighted a diversity of views. From the tourism authorities' perspective, the reasons for staging the Golf World Cup were rather cliched. These included using the Golf World Cup as a tool to promote the island as an upmarket
golfing destination. The authorities also expected that the Golf World Cup would stimulate tourism demand during a traditionally slow period and provide the island with
much needed publicity in overseas tourism markets. However, the fieldwork revealed that the event was unsuccessful due to the poor attendance by both international tourists and local residents. From an international perspective many participants felt that the
event was poorly attended due to a lack of awareness in overseas markets and the 'lack of atmosphere' and auxiliary attractions at the golf course. From the local perspective many participants felt that the event lacked appeal and cultural relevance to the host society. Locally, a significant finding is that the event projected an image of catering to an elitist clientele. This image created the perception among local residents that the event was socially exclusive and only served to perpetuate social divisions in society rather than to ameliorate them. Furthermore, many felt that the failure of the event authorities to solicit local participation was because local residents were not part of the
decision-making process. This finding further augments the argument that events cannot be successful without local support and participation. The findings in this study can make a worthwhile contribution to the marketing, management and design of future events and the direction of policy formulation for sport events on the island of Barbados. It has illuminated many issues that direct the perceptions, expectations and subsequent purchase behaviour of international tourists
and local visitors regarding a mega event on the island of Barbados.


Abstract Victor Larsson: En minnesvard, varaktigare an bronsen – Om Hilding Rosenberg, musikhistorieskrivning och sex strakkvartetter. Uppsala universitet: Institutionen for musikvetenskap, C-uppsats 2006. In the late 1950s, Swedish composer Hilding Rosenberg composed a number of new string quartets – nos. 7-12. These compositions were commissioned by Sveriges Radio and originally performed by Kyndelkvartetten. The string quartets received excellent critique and both reviews and analyses were published in Swedish periodical Nutida Musik. The aim of the essay is to, taking reviews from daily press and Nutida Musik as starting point, investigate in what context Rosenbergs music was presented. The fact that Rosenberg was working as a private teacher, and that some of his students were a part of the new generation of modernists in Sweden – Mandagsgruppen – is being discussed and a connection between Mandagsgruppen's overtaking of Swedish musical institutions and Rosenbergs increase in popularity is investigated.


The work gives the patterns of efficiency of the Russian banks performance using the models of stochastic production function. The efficiency of the banks operations is assessed by considering the following two factors: loan offerings and deposits attraction. The efficiency distribution analysis shows that the biggest share on the loan offering and deposit banking services market is occupied by the banks with average efficiency. It confirms the results obtained earlier by Caner and Kontorovich (2004). It is shown that from the second quarter of 2003 to the third quarter of 2004 the average banking system efficiency level rose both in terms of loan-offering and deposit attraction levels. Besides, the author analyzes the factors influencing the Russian banks operational efficiency. The work also identifies the level of stability of the calculated efficiency coefficients


Abstract. The maximum of Proton Induced X-ray Emission analytical technique on metamorphic rocks in geology has used 3 MeV range proton beams for excitation of thick targets. Protons of such energies do not accurately excite K-X–rays for high Z elements in matrix geological compositions like charnockite. In this analysis, low-energy PIXE (LE-PIXE) uses K-X-rays of Low Z elements and L-X-ray series for high Z elements. The resulting spectra between K-X-rays of light elements and L-X-rays of heavy elements can require striping techniques to resolve overlap difficulties in matrix composition. The results high Z elements in charnockite are to be expected, as the cross section for K-shell ionization of high-Z elements have greater values in the proton energy range of greater than 3 MeV in case of charnockite matrix composition. It has been suggested that the overlap of these discrete, gamma-rays with the X-ray spectrum may be serious problem in charnockite high energy PIXE (HE-PIXE) work, sufficient to preclude its use as a viable analytical technique. The conclusion proves that for a very complex matrix charnockite material of unknown chemistry, a HE-PIXE analytical spectrum may contain various X-ray and gamma peaks, some of which may overlap, making the analysis of line identities and the evaluation of X-ray counts intractable. It does not however represent any intrinsic drawback in HE-PIXE, nor does it mean that HE-PIXE is any more or less intractable than many other nuclear analytical techniques. Alternatively, the same analytical tool use could be made of gamma-rays in HE-PIXE as in low energy analytical tools like PIGE, NRA or INAA to obtain the results of charnockite at high Z completely.


Book synopsis: This book presents leading-edge perspectives and methodologies to address emerging issues of concern for professional learning in contemporary society. The conditions for professional practice and learning are changing dramatically in the wake of globalization, new modes of knowledge production, new regulatory regimes, and increased economic-political pressures. In the wake of this, a number of challenges for learning emerge:

 more practitioners become involved in interprofessional collaboration

 developments in new technologies and virtual workworlds

 emergence of transnational knowledge cultures and interrelated circuits of knowledge.

The space and time relations in which professional practice and learning are embedded are becoming more complex, as are the epistemic underpinnings of professional work. Together these shifts bring about intersections of professional knowledge and responsibilities that call for new conceptions of professional knowing.

Exploring what the authors call sociomaterial perspectives on professional learning they argue that theories that trace not just the social but also the material aspects of practice – such as tools, technologies, texts but also bodies and actions - are useful for coming to terms with the challenges described above.

Reconceptualising Professional Learning develops these issues through specific contemporary cases focused on one of the book's three main themes: (1) professionals' knowing in practice, (2) professionals' work arrangements and technologies, or (3) professional responsibility. Each chapter draws upon innovative theory to highlight the sociomaterial webs through which professional learning may be reconceptualised. Authors are based in Australia, Canada, Italy, Norway, Sweden, and the USA as well as the UK and their cases are based in a range of professional settings including medicine, teaching, nursing, engineering, social services, the creative industries, and more.

By presenting detailed accounts of these themes from a sociomaterial perspective, the book opens new questions and methodological approaches. These can help make more visible what is often invisible in today's messy dynamics of professional learning, and point to new ways of configuring educational support and policy for professionals.


The essential methodology in social science to "understand" phenomena is informed abstraction. But the way - how and what for the abstraction process is shaped - divides the economists into various schools. While mainstream econ- omists abstract from any links of the economy to human beings - replacing them by selfish machines maximizing their prof- its or individual utilities, and neglecting any deeper analysis of the basic constructions they use (like prices or money), heterodox economists try to look behind the surface, link them to certain periods of history and to the source of all value: humans are social beings and cannot exist without mutuality. The paper presents a heterodox way to reconstruct contempo- rary capitalist economies by applying the new science of information with its evolutionary concepts. It starts the description on a very abstract level: useful things and services produced by specialized labor. Step by step new layers of economic activities and related information are added and become the basis for the next one. Vice versa economic activities on lower layers become controlled and modified by higher layers. One can see that the higher controlling principles in contemporary capitalist economies do not assist the economic, social, and cultural well-being of the majority of people, but function ac- cording to the self-interest of a minority. For the first time in history capitalism has developed new technologies that in prin- ciple could allow for the participation of the many, to create abundance of information, and to offer tools for building a de- mocratic and sustainable society. But by the same capitalism, rigid Intellectual Property Rights and severe copy protection mechanisms enforce artificial shortage of information goods.


The use of formation-level props to support an in situ retaining wall can result in a structural system which is stiff and remote from rotational failure. However, the interaction between the wail, the soil and a continuous prop slab cannot be analysed using simple techniques. Finite element analyses have been carried out to investigate some of the factors affecting the behaviour of an in situ wall, propped at formation level, retaining 9 m of stiff overconsolidated boulder clay. This Paper describes the results of a parametric study in which the effects of soil/wall/prop stiffness and the pre-excavation earth pressure coefficient were investigated. It is found that, because the wall is very stiff, computed deformations are governed by the assumed stiffness of the soil rather than the flexura! rigidity of the wall. Bending moments in the wall are influenced significantly by the assumed pre-excavation lateral earth pressures and, to a lesser extent, by the nature of the structural connection between the wa...


Motivated by the anisotropic long-range nature of the interactions between cold dipolar atoms or molecules in an optical lattice, we study the anisotropic quantum Heisenberg model with Curie-Weiss-type long-range interactions. Absence of a heat bath in optical lattice experiments suggests a study of this model within the microcanonical ensemble. The microcanonical entropy is calculated analytically and nonequivalence of microcanonical and canonical ensembles is found for a range of anisotropy parameters. From the shape of the entropy it follows that the Curie-Weiss Heisenberg model is indistinguishable from the Curie-Weiss Ising model in canonical thermodynamics, although their microcanonical thermodynamics differs. Qualitatively, the observed features of nonequivalent ensembles are expected to be relevant for long-range quantum spin systems realized in optical lattice experiments.


Mixed Reality (MR) is one of the most disruptive technologies that shows potential in many application domains, particularly in the tourism and cultural heritage sector. MR using the latest headsets with the highest capabilities introduces a new visual platform that can change people's visual experience.
This thesis introduces a HoloLens-based mixed reality guidance system for museums and historical places. This new guidance form considers the inclusiveness of the necessary and optimised functionalities, visual and audio guiding abilities, essential roles of a guide, and the related social interactions in the real-time.
A mixed reality guide, dubbed 'MuseumEye' was designed and developed for the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, to overcome challenges currently facing the museum, e.g. lack of guiding methods, limited information signposted on the exhibits, lack of visitor engagement resulting in less time spent in the museum compared to other museums with similar capacity and significance. These problems motivated the researcher to conduct an exploratory study to investigate the museum environment and guiding methods by interviewing 10 participants and observing 20 visitors. 'MuseumEye' was built based on a literature review of immersive systems in museums and the findings of an exploratory study that reveals visitor behaviours and the nature of guidance in the museum.
This project increased levels of engagement and the length of time visitors spend in museums, the Egyptian Museum in Cairo in particular, using the mixed reality technology that provides visitors with additional visual, audio information and computer-generated images at various levels of details and via different media. This research introduces the guidelines of designing immersive reality guide applications using the techniques of spatial mapping, designing the multimedia and UI, and designing interactions for exploratory purposes. The main contributions of this study include various theoretical contributions: 1) creating a new form of guidance that enhances the museum experience through developing a mixed reality system; 2) a theoretical framework that assesses mixed reality guidance systems in terms of perceived usefulness, ease of use, enjoyment, interactivity, the roles of a guide and the likelihood of future use; 3) the Ambient Information Visualisation Concept for increasing visitor engagement through better presenting information and enhancing communication and interaction between visitors and exhibits; and a practical contribution in creating a mixed reality guidance system that reshapes the museum space, enhances visitors' experience and significantly increases the length of time they spend in the museum.
The evaluation comprised of quantitative surveys (171 participants and 9 experts) and qualitative observation (51 participants) using MuseumEye in their tours. The results showed positive responses for all measured aspects and compares these to similar studies. The observation results showed that visitors who use MuseumEye spent four times the duration visitors spent without guides or with human guides in front of exhibited items. The quantitative results showed significant correlations between the measured constructs (perceived usefulness, ease of use, enjoyment, multimedia and UI, interactivity) and the likelihood of future use when the roles of guide mediate the relations. Moreover, the 'perceived guidance' is the most influential construct on the likelihood of future use of MuseumEye. The results also revealed a high likelihood of future use, which ensures the sustainability of adopting mixed reality technology in museums.
This thesis shows the potential of mixed reality guides in the museum sector that reshape the museum space and offers endless possibilities for museums and heritage sites.


Background
Cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality. The recent experiments with high-diluted preparations have shown anticancer effects in in-vitro and vivo models. The fundamental principle of homeopathy suggests that the substances capable of producing certain diseases may have a capacity to alter the same disease if used in the ultra-dilute-potentized form. This hypothesis led certain carcinogens for examining their potential anti-cancer efficacy.
 Method
Sulforhodamine B assay is useful in determining the cytotoxicity in cell-based studies in evaluating anticancer agents. The protocol involved preparation of homeopathy dilutions, incubation of cells with homeopathy dilutions, SRB binding, and measurement of absorbance. Cells were treated with 30 potencies of HIV nosode, Hepatitis C nosode, Carcinosin, Cancer nosode, and Ethanol along with positive control (Adriamycin). The preparations were tested in HeLa, HepG2, A549, MCF 7, T 24, Jurkat, SCC 40, and HL-60 cell-lines.
 Results
The homeopathic preparations have shown the anticancer activity measured as percentage growth inhibition. All the homeopathy preparations studied, exhibited anticancer activity on HeLa, HepG2, A 549, T 24, and HL-60 cells. Carcinosin showed the anticancer activity on the SCC 40 cells. Hepatitis C nosode, Carcinosin, and Cancer nosode have shown the anticancer activity on breast cancer cell line MCF-7. None of the preparations exhibited anticancer activity on Human Leukemia Cell Line.
 Conclusion
High-dilution, potentized preparations of certain carcinogens have demonstrated anti-cancer, cytotoxic effects in the cell-line model, supporting the rationale of the fundamental homeopathic principle the Law of Similars, opening windows to its wider applications in healthcare.