While Diagnostic Radiology has become increasingly indispensible in sound clinical patient management the cost and maintenance of radiological equipment has continued to soar, reaching almost unaffordable levels in developing countries. As an attempt to provide some measure of remedy to the above problem, the World Health Organization in the early 80's introduced the basic radiological system (BRS) concept. The BRS is supposed to meet such criteria as being relatively cheap, of low maintenance cost easy operability and suitable in rural areas where electrical power supply may not be constant. In addition it should be able to perform 80% of all conventional radiological examinations. In this paper the author gives a critical account of the BRS experience in Kenya. Proposals for possible future considerations and modifications in order to achieve near ideal BRS X-ray machine are also advanced.


Fraud described as an unlawful act that portrays a violation of trust, deceit, or concealment and which does not essentially rely on applying it, or physical force threatening or violence. The Internal factors inspire and dishearten fraud in the sense of outcome deliverables. This paper discusses the impact of internal industry factors such as insider involvement, internal controls, and information sharing on fraud prevention in the Saudi Arabian banking sector. Precisely, this study investigates the moderating role of capability element of fraud on internal industry factors and fraud prevention in the Saudi Arabian banking sector. The findings of this study will help the banking sector in Saudi Arabia especially and Middle East banks in general to improve the fraud prevention system, and for other stakeholders, it will help them uncover critical areas in fraud schemes that deserve immediate and prompt attention.


During the last years imaging techniques have rapidly developed in anatomy since they were included in the study of the human body. Normal patterns have been revisited and lately, in the era of evidence-based medicine, anatomy has shifted towards evidence-based morphology. Endoscopic and minimally invasive techniques require a different view and a better understanding of anatomy. Individualized patient care requires understanding of the individualized anatomy especially with regard to surgery. Anatomy is more well timed than ever and the papers selected for this special issue reflect the modern era of anatomy. The papers included are descriptive studies aiming to describe anatomy but they somehow represent different study designs and all of them have been conducted under a clinically orientated perspective. Although the human knee has been extensively studied, it seems that there are still research questions that need to be addressed. We would like to thank the authors for their contributions to this special issue. The fundamental work of all the reviewers is also acknowledged.

In the paper "The 'oblique popliteal ligament:' a macro- and microanalysis to determine if it is a ligament or a tendon" B. Benninger and T. Delamarter challenge a well-known structure, the oblique popliteal ligament (OPL). Based on their observations the authors suggest that the OPL is indigenous to the distal semimembranosus muscle tendon unit. The microanalysis using an immunohistochemistry stain with PGP9.5 revealed a positive result for neuronal axons within both the semimembranosus tendon and OPL. Further microanalysis using an immunohistochemistry stain with β-tubulin revealed a positive stain for neuronal axons in the semimembranosus tendon, OPL, and lateral collateral ligament. Though the latter result leads the authors to question the validity of differentiating the tendon from ligament using this particular immunohistochemistry stain, the macroanalysis results are overwhelming, and the microanalysis reveals striking similarities in the histology of both the OPL and semimembranosus tendon.

In the paper entitled "The patellar arterial supply via the infrapatellar fat pad (of Hoffa): a combined anatomical and angiographical analysis" G. Nemschak and M. L. Pretterklieber describe the rich patellar arterial supply provided via the infrapatellar fat pad (of Hoffa). Five human patellae, one was dissected under the operation microscope, a second was made translucent by Sihlers-solution, and three underwent angiography using a 3D X-ray unit, were studied. The results revealed that the patella to a considerable amount is supplied by arteries coursing through the surrounding parts of the infrapatellar fat pad. The latter were found to branch off from the medial and lateral superior and inferior genicular arteries. Within the infrapatellar fat pad, these arteries formed a dense network of anastomoses which are all contributing to the viability of the patellar bone. The authors conclude that due to the rich arterial supply reaching the patella via the infrapatellar fat pad, it seems advisable to preserve the fat pad during the surgery of the knee in order to reduce the risk of vascular impairment of the patella.

In the paper "Meniscofibular ligament: morphology and functional significance of a relatively unknown anatomical structure" K. Natsis et al. performed a gross and microscopic study on the meniscofibular ligament (MFL). Based on their observations the authors speculated that MFL could offer protection to the lateral meniscus from likely damage during the last stages of knee extension. Moreover, MFL seems to reinforce the posterolateral part of the lateral coronary ligament, a fact that could explain the relative low incidence of lateral coronary ligament rupture. This study formulated research questions for further research with regard to the exact biomechanical characteristics of the MFL, as well as the likely relation or not to lateral meniscus tears, protection of the coronary ligament, and function and traumatology of the proximal tibiofibular joint.

In the paper "Application of soft tissue artifact compensation using displacement dependency between anatomical landmarks and skin markers" T. Ryu presents a different view of anatomy applications with regard to joint analysis. Among many approaches to reduce errors in motion analysis, by means of stereophotogrammetry, is to estimate the position of anatomical landmarks during a motion with joint angle or displacement of skin markers, which is the so-called compensation method of anatomical landmarks. This study aimed to apply the compensation methods with joint angle and skin marker displacement to three lower extremity motions and to compare their reliability. Two sets of kinematic variables were calculated using two different marker clusters, and the difference was obtained. Results showed that the compensation method with skin marker displacement had less differences by 30–60% compared to without compensation. In addition, it had significantly less differences in some kinematic variables (7 of 18) by 25–40% compared to the compensation method with joint angle.

In the paper entitled "Adequacy of semitendinosus tendon alone for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction graft and prediction of hamstring graft size by evaluating simple anthropometric parameters" Papastergiou G. S. et al. performed a retrospective study of a clinical population in order to determine whether the semitendinosus tendon length is adequate for a four-strand graft harvested by common technique and if there is a correlation of gracilis and semitendinosus grafts length and diameter with anthropometric parameters. According to the findings of the study the authors concluded that the length of semitendinosus tendon, harvested by the common technique, is usually inadequate in order to be used alone as a four-strand graft especially in females. Height and weight are considered to be moderate predictors of the adequacy of the semitendinosus tendon length when using alone the semitendinosus four-strand graft or of the four-strand semitendinosus and gracilis graft diameter for anterior cruciate ligament single-bundle reconstruction harvested by common technique (without bone plug). The most reliable predictor seems to be patients' height in males. In female patients, there is no such statistically important predictor.

In the paper "Gender and side-to-side differences of femoral condyles morphology: osteometric data from 360 caucasian dried femori" I. Terzidis et al. performed a population-based morphometric study of the femoral condyles.

It is still a controversial issue whether a new implant design might rather take into account interindividual variations in the knee joint anatomy instead of gender-specific variations. The authors highlighted differences in anatomy between genders that might add to the design of new prostheses. Based on the results of this study, the contralateral healthy side can be used safely for preoperative templating in total knee reconstruction surgery since no side-to-side differences were found.

In the paper "Anterior and posterior meniscofemoral ligaments: MRI evaluation" A. Bintoudi et al. provide an overview of the MRI appearance of the anterior meniscofemoral and posterior meniscofemoral ligaments. The authors have used a large sample size to describe the imaging anatomy of these structures which aids in better conceptualization of the anatomy and averts misdiagnosis of the anterior meniscofemoral and posterior meniscofemoral ligaments as loose bodies or posterior cruciate ligament pathology.

Konstantinos Natsis

Nikolaos Anastasopoulos

Eleftherios Kellis

Juergen Koebke

Antonia Sioga

Ioannis Tsitouridis


The Complete Guide to Building Highly Scalable, Services-Based Rails Applications Ruby on Rails deployments are growing, and Rails is increasingly being adopted in larger environments. Today, Rails developers and architects need better ways to interface with legacy systems, move into the cloud, and scale to handle higher volumes and greater complexity. In Service-Oriented Design with Ruby and Rails Paul Dix introduces a powerful, services-based design approach geared toward overcoming all these challenges. Using Dixs techniques, readers can leverage the full benefits of both Ruby and Rails, while overcoming the difficulties of working with larger codebases and teams. Dix demonstrates how to integrate multiple components within an enterprise application stack; create services that can easily grow and connect; and design systems that are easier to maintain and upgrade. Key concepts are explained with detailed Ruby code built using open source libraries such as ActiveRecord, Sinatra, Nokogiri, and Typhoeus. The book concludes with coverage of security, scaling, messaging, and interfacing with third-party services. Service-Oriented Design with Ruby and Rails will help you Build highly scalable, Ruby-based service architectures that operate smoothly in the cloud or with legacy systemsScale Rails systems to handle more requests, larger development teams, and more complex code basesMaster new best practices for designing and creating services in RubyUse Ruby to glue together services written in any languageUse Ruby libraries to build and consume RESTful Web servicesUse Ruby JSON parsers to quickly represent resources from HTTP servicesWrite lightweight, well-designed API wrappers around internal or external servicesDiscover powerful non-Rails frameworks that simplify Ruby service implementationImplement standards-based enterprise messaging with Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP) Optimize performance with load balancing and caching Provide for security and authentication


Pulse propagation in optical fiber links with randomness in the dispersion is investigated theoretically and numerically for systems with and without dispersion management. The main effects of locally correlated noise are inevitable pulse destruction and statistical broadening. However, periodic/quasi-periodic management of fiber randomness, achieved by setting the accumulated dispersion to its nominal value (pinning), essentially decreases pulse broadening. If the pinning period is short enough, we observe a statistical state that is numerically indistinguishable from the steady state in the dispersion-managed case.


Cold water corals (CWC) are commonly known as slow growing organisms compared to their tropical congeners. This may be attributed to the low temperature they thrive in or to their lack of autotrophic symbionts. However, recent sighting of deep-sea corals, e.g. Lophelia pertusa growing on oil rigs, exhibit high growth rates. The measured growth rate naturally varies on the measure that is applied, for instance length extension versus CaCO3 precipitation. Skeletal characteristics may be different between species, for example some corals like Desmophyllum dianthus grow dense skeletons with pronounced growth in girth. Additionally few growth rates of CWC have been measured in situ and therefore true growth performance may be underestimated. Commonly growth is indirectly measured via dating techniques, estimated or determined in vivo in the laboratory. Corals isolated from their natural habitat and consequently under very different conditions may not show realistic metabolic responses. Here we show results of a study on short-term growth of Desmophyllum dianthus in situ and in an on-site flow through system. Aquaria corals exhibited growth rates of only one third compared to specimens in the field. Accordingly CWC growth may be underestimated in their growth potential when only studied in the laboratory.


This book originated from a 2010 conference marking the fortieth anniversary of the publication of the landmark "Phelps volume," Microeconomic Foundations of Employment and Inflation Theory, a book that is often credited with pioneering the currently dominant approach to macroeconomic analysis. However, in their provocative introductory essay, Roman Frydman and Edmund Phelps argue that the vast majority of macroeconomic and finance models developed over the last four decades derailed, rather than built on, the Phelps volume's "microfoundations" approach. Whereas the contributors to the 1970 volume recognized the fundamental importance of according market participants' expectations an autonomous role, contemporary models rely on the rational expectations hypothesis (REH), which rules out such a role by design. The financial crisis that began in 2007, preceded by a spectacular boom and bust in asset prices that REH models implied could never happen, has spurred a quest for fresh approaches to macroeconomic analysis. While the alternatives to REH presented in Rethinking Expectations differ from the approach taken in the original Phelps volume, they are notable for returning to its major theme: understanding aggregate outcomes requires according expectations an autonomous role. In the introductory essay, Frydman and Phelps interpret the various efforts to reconstruct the field--some of which promise to chart its direction for decades to come. The contributors include Philippe Aghion, Sheila Dow, George W. Evans, Roger E. A. Farmer, Roman Frydman, Michael D. Goldberg, Roger Guesnerie, Seppo Honkapohja, Katarina Juselius, Enisse Kharroubi, Blake LeBaron, Edmund S. Phelps, John B. Taylor, Michael Woodford, and Gylfi Zoega.


The latter part of the twentieth century experienced an increased emphasis in industrialised societies on educational performance, and ongoing efforts are still in progress to enhance levels of performance, particularly to prepare young people for the ever-changing work demands occasioned by the revolution in communications and in the provision of information. Educationalists have been interested in the replicability of successful school systems, and this has resulted in a focus upon decision-making at the various levels of educational governance.

At school level the concepts of enabling conditions and development capacity are now well grounded in the theory of school effectiveness and school improvement. Within the IQEA (Improving The Quality of Education for All) Project, schools are encouraged to develop their management and classroom conditions at the same time as they work upon their improvement initiatives. There exist a number of instruments devised within the project to measure the capacity of schools both at management and classroom level to sustain a culture of school improvement.

Along with this interest in school-based improvement initiatives, there has been an increasing interest in the part various stake-holders within the school community can play in school improvement. One such group are students, and teachers, particularly within IQEA, have increasingly wished to consult them when undertaking or evaluating policy changes within their schools. To this end teachers have also been interested in comparing their own views with those of their students on the culture of the school and its classrooms.

This thesis represents an attempt to provide teachers with just such an instrument of comparison. It first contextualises the notion of Student Conditions within the literature of School Improvement Conditions. In devising, conceptualising and researching a set of Student Conditions which are related to the IQEA Classroom Conditions this work sets out not only to give teachers and senior management a means of triangulating their own views with those of the students in their school, it also provides data for teachers to gauge the capacity of the student body to sustain school improvement. Preliminary results from the piloting of the Student Conditions Survey are presented. The final chapter discusses the implications for teaching and learning, for school improvement initiatives and for the culture of classrooms and schools if these student conditions are to be developed.

The Student Conditions are, in the order they appear in the thesis:

Self-assessment - The ability of students to reflect upon and to improve the quality of their own work.

Independent Learning - The ability of students to access the skills and resources necessary to achieve learning autonomy.

Affinity to teachers - The ability of students to maintain a relationship with teachers that enables them to seek and receive help and support when they require it.

Learning repertoire - The ability of students to exploit fully the range of teaching and learning strategies encountered in and out of the classroom.

Orientation to Learning - The ability of students to be self-motivated, and to enjoy learning.

Adjustment to School - The ability of students to learn within a structured environment of rules and behaviour parameters.

Along with the two other Conditions Surveys, the Student Conditions Survey is intended to contribute to a battery of research instruments, which will provide useful data and an agenda for a whole-school discussion on how schools can improve. The thesis also presents data from the piloting of the research instrument in over 40 IQEA Schools, and briefly outlines how some of these schools have used the findings in their improvement initiatives.


Epiaortic ultrasound scanning of the ascending aorta is a safe and useful method to detect atherosclerosis in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. The use of epiaortic ultrasound can lead to modifications of the surgical technique, which effectively reduces the post-operative incidence of stroke in case of severe ascending aorta atherosclerosis. Epiaortic ultrasound scanning is considered the 'gold' standard for detecting atherosclerosis in the ascending aorta. However, epiaortic ultrasound scanning can only be applied after sternotomy. If then atherosclerosis appears more severe than anticipated, decisions regarding changes in surgical strategy have to be made at a relatively late stage. Transesophageal echocardiography is a widely used imaging modality permitting evaluation of the extent of atherosclerosis in the thoracic aorta. However, assessment of the distal ascending aorta using transesophageal echocardiography is disturbed by the interposition of the air-filled trachea between the oesophagus and the ascending aorta. Recently the A-View method was introduced as a modification of conventional transesophageal echocardiography with the aim to overcome this limitation. An intra-tracheal balloon filled with saline replaces the air in the trachea. Hence, it becomes possible to assess the distal ascending aorta for the presence and severity of atherosclerosis before cardiac surgery. It is widely acknowledged that in the scientific evaluation of a diagnostic device a phased approach should be followed. After technical development and safety evaluation, but before investigating whether the test may replace current diagnostic techniques and actually improves the (cost)-effectiveness in terms of patient outcome, the test's reproducibility and potential discriminative accuracy must be quantified. This thesis describes the scientific evaluation process of the A-View method. In a cross-sectional diagnostic study in patients undergoing cardiac surgery we showed that with the A-View method the distal ascending aorta was visible in all patients. There were no clinical important side effects associated with use of the A-View catheter. In a subsequent performed larger study we showed that the positive predictive value of the A-View method was 67%, and negative predictive value was 97%. Sensitivity was 95% and specificity was 79%. Therefore the A-View method yields adequate diagnostic accuracy to detect ascending aorta atherosclerosis. To study the reproducibility of the A-View method images, obtained with the A-View method, were reviewed by 4 different observers at two moments. The agreement across observers was slight to moderate and the agreement within observers was moderate to substantial. We have to further investigate how to improve this agreement to enhance the applicability of the A-View method. Finally we showed in a cost-effectiveness modeling study that the A-view method and subsequent adjustment of the surgical procedure based on it findings is likely to reduce health care costs and increase health benefits as compared to the current strategy. The A-View method offers a minimally invasive method to image the distal ascending aorta and guide surgical strategy. Future research is needed to investigate whether the use of the A-View method indeed leads to changes in therapeutic management and a reduction of embolic events and subsequent stroke.


I gave a general picture in my Summary of this paper of the process whereby the permanent records of a commercial firm or business might be formed. Such an introduction appeared necessary: it marked out the area of our subject and, I believe, represents considerations on which all archivists are in agreement. It seemed convenient too, that this elementary survey should be associated with my contribution to this session. Most of its details have already appeared elsewhere, but the only part Aslib has published is contained in an article last year from W. H. Chaloner, of Manchester University. They may be well‐known to you, but you will agree that they bear repetition. At any rate, we are now in a position to devote all the limited time at our disposal to examining a few of the difficulties we meet with in handling records. This approach is, I hope, in full accord with the Conference's motif as expressed in that lively, if inelegant, phrase: 'the tricks of the trade'.


The, Washington Monument (District of Columbia) is one of the most recognizable structures in the United States. Its prominence comes because it commemorates George Washington, who remains one of this country's most admired leaders. The history of the monument reflects Washington's contributions to the development of the United States and shows how people have debated the best way to honor important citizens. The lesson is based on the National Register of Historic Places registration file for the Washington Monument, the visitor's guide to the monument, source material about George Washington, and the structure built to honor him. The lesson plan can be used in teaching units on the American Revolution, the early Federal period, or the formation of a national identity, a collective memory, and interpretations of the past. The lesson is divided into eight sections: (1) "About This Lesson"; (2) "Getting Started" (Photograph Analysis Worksheet); (3) "Locating the Site: Maps" (Portion of L'Enfant Plan for Washington); (4) "Determining the Facts: Readings and Documents" (George Washington and the Early Republic; Samuel Blodgett's Broadside; Construction of the Monument; Finishing the Monument); (5) "Visual Evidence: Images" (The Washington Monument; Robert Mills's Design for the Washington Monument; The Washington Monument during the Civil War; Alternative Designs for the Washington Monument); (6) "Setting the Stage"; (7) "Putting It All Together: Activities" (Qualities of a Leader; Designing a Memorial; Local Memorial Study); and (8) "Summary." (MR) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. The Washington Monument: Tribute in Stone. Teaching with Historic Places. Stephanie A. Kopin Fay Metcalf, Editor National Park Service (Dept. of Interior), Washington, DC. National Register of Historic Places.


River-floodplain systems are among the most diverse and productive ecosystems, but the effects of biophysical complexity at multiple scales on microbial biodiversity have not been studied. Here, we investigated how the hierarchical organization of river systems (i.e., region, floodplain, zone, habitats, and microhabitats) influences epilithic biofilm community assemblage patterns by characterizing microbial communities using 16S rRNA gene sequence data and analyzing bacterial species distribution across local and regional scales. Results indicate that regional and local environmental filters concurrently sort bacterial species, suggesting that spatial configuration of epilithic biofilms resembles patterns of larger organisms in floodplain ecosystems. Along the hierarchical organization of fluvial systems, floodplains constitute a vector of maximum environmental heterogeneity and consequently act as a major landscape filter for biofilm species. Thus, river basins and associated floodplains may simply reflect very large scale 'patches' within which environmental conditions select for community composition of epilithic biofilms.


Effective transition from school to the adult community and employment for youth with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) requires knowledge of an array of state and community agencies and organizations. This paper provided an overview of current research on employment outcomes for persons with ASD, with emphasis on employment outcomes achieved through participation in services provided by State Vocational Rehabilitation agencies. Descriptions are given for the primary providers of employment and related supports in the adult service system for transitioning youth with ASD. Two case study examples are provided detailing the development and implementation of employment plans responsive to the unique needs and abilities of young adults with ASD. Becoming well informed about resources at the community and state level and learning how to network effectively among these resources are emphasized as key to planning and implementing an effective transition program for a youth with ASD.


In the present thesis an account or the original investigations on several aspects of the dia-and paramagnetism has been given. In the introduction, the results obtained in the present investigations have been briefly discussed in the light of recent theoretical and experimental work on the subject.

1. During the course of these investigations, the want and accurate and at the same time quick method for the measurement or the diamagnetic susceptibility of solids and liquid was felt. Gouy's balance was found to be suitable for the purpose. It was modified by enclosing the usual tube inside another tube the inner tube, containing a paramagnetic substance permanently sealed in it, served also as a stopper to the outer tube, which contained the diamagnetic substance. Care was taken that the combined pull was always in the downward direction. This balance .has been fully described in details in chapter I

2. The Magnetic moments of Co++ and Ni++ ions, obtained by the study of pure organic salts, have been found to more or less lie between the two values calculated by the Boss-stoner and the Van vleck formulae, which goes to indicate that there is a partial quenching of the orbital moment. These small variation between the ionic moment values shown by different salts give some idea of the extent, to which the orbital moment is quenches. In the case of cupric copper, both simple and complex compounds have been studied. The complete agreement with the Boss-Stoner value shows the complete absence of any contribution due to the orbital moment. These results are presented in chapters II & III.

3. The method developed by Bhatnagar and his pupils on the assumption that diamagnetic values are completely additive, has been used to calculated the ionic susceptibility of rubidium as well as cuprous ion from the study of their inorganic salts, ions are yet available. The mean ionic susceptibilities and the ionic radii obtained in these two cases compare favourably with those of other workers. The results are given in Chapters IV and V. In the cases of rubidium salts, it has also been found out that temperature has practically no influence on the diamagnetism of the salts in either the dissolved or the solid state. In conformity with the Weidman additive law, the effect of concentration of the salt dissolved in water on the diamagnetic susceptibility has been found to be linear over the range of concentrations studied. The ionic susceptibility of the crystalline state.

4. The low values observed in the case of magnetic susceptibility of cuprous and cobaltous cyandies are more likely in the magnetic measurements or for want of purity of the of the compounds. Thiocyanates studies have susceptibility comparable with those of the other compounds.

5. In Chapter VI and VII are given the atomic susceptibilities constants for monovalent iodine, tetravalent silicon, pentavalent phosphorous , di- and tetravalent sulphur as obtained by using pascal's atomic susceptibility constants. These compare favourably with the theoretical values of Pauling, Salter and Angus.

6. In chapter VIII, the condition for successful working on the Bauer and Piecard's U-tube apparatus, in which complicate arise at higher temperatures due to change in the 'wetting' conditions, have been worked out. Neither classical nor quantum theories suggest that diamagnetism should be anything but indo-pendent of temperature. In a number of the common aromatic liquids that have been studied, it has been found that the diamagnetism of aromatic liquids is, in general, independent of temperature. The slight increase observed at higher temperature can be ascribed to the fact that the atmosphere above the menisci of the liquid assumed to the air in calculations must necessarily contain a large percentage of the vapour of the liquid. During the course of further investigations on aliphatic and aromatic iodides, the reverse phenomenon, namely a decrease in diamagnetic with the rise of temperature, has been observed . The anomalous behaviour of iodine in compounds of this type may be responsible for the decrease in diamagnetism at higher temperatures.

7. In Chapter IX, it has been shown that the vapors of when heated above 700oC, thereby establishing that the become ground paramagnet state of S2 as well as Se2 molecules is 3∑. On the other hand tellurium vapour remains diamagnetic upto 1100oC. For working with Te2 vapour still higher temperatures are need and the electri furnace employed in the present investigation were conducted, spectroscopical investigations had so far not been able to bring about a decision as to whether the ground states of Se2, Te2Seo etc are 1∑ or 3∑ . similar experiments with metallic thallium, given in chapter X, have shown that its vapour become paramagnetic; but at about 1000oC, it attacks the envelope and again becomes diamagnetic. The diamagnetism at room temperature is associated with the polyatomic solid state and the paramgnetism, with the monoatomic vapour.

8. In chapter XI, a set up for a modified form of Decker's balance with arrangements for working at different temperatures is described. Aromatic liquids, organic iodides and rubidium salts in the dissolved state have been investigated on this balance.

9. The author's Bhatangar, F.R.S, for his continued interest and encouragement in the course of the work, for helpful suggestions and criticism and for placing all facilities at my disposal for carrying out the experimental work in the department of chemistry, University, University chemical Laboratories, Lahore


This book is a fully up to date study of the major issues facing forest conservation and the forestry industry, which considers developments at local, national and global levels. Environmental and development topics relating to each level are discussed - for instance, the use of forest products in a rural poverty context, corruption and forest harvesting and consumption as a political device. Delacote employs a quantitative approach in order to analyse the plight of tropical forests in the developing world, and in doing so produces a range of interesting conclusions. This methodology fills a crucial research gap in existing studies of forests in a development context - increased use of theoretical tools to interpret real life situations might be beneficial to the field. Therefore, the first objective of this book is to provide a sample of theoretical analysis concerning the forests and development nexus. The second objective is to supply empirical economists with new theoretical insights, with the hope that those results can emerge with conclusive field testing and relevant policy recommendations.


Small water systems that serve fewer than a few thousand persons are often less safe and less sustainable than large drinking water systems due to lack of suitable technologies. This ongoing research aims to develop a novel water treatment technology for small communities. By layering structured, functional carbon nanotubes (CNT) onto low pressure membranes (LPMs), composite membranes were prepared to remove different organic and inorganic contaminants from water, including heavy metals, viruses, natural organic matter, and organic micropollutants. The removal efficiencies varied from over 99.9% (for cadmium) to above 60% (for humic substances). A low-cost CNT formed an antifouling layer that removed membrane foulants by depth filtration, thereby extending the membrane filtration cycle over five-fold. When the CNTs were layered inside hollow fiber membranes, superb backwashable properties were observed, allowing the operation of CNT-modified membranes under full-scale treatment conditions. Moreover, a systematic study of CNT rejection by LPMs found that commercially available LPMs efficiently prevented CNT breakthrough, thus ensuring nanosafety of the treated water. By varying the composition and structure of functional CNT layers, energy-efficient composite membranes may be economically produced for designer water treatment systems and applied in small communities.


Cloud computing solves the problem of real time demand information and visibility at different location by which information can be delivered with reliability, scalability and flexibility between the supplier and customer. Logistics network requires effective information flow for technical support by which logistics infrastructures can be totally utilized and tracked the information collection, transmission and operation. Cloud is fast growing technology which can effectively reduce the intermediate cost of flow of information and improve the link between the logistics partners and customers. This paper analyzes the advantages of cloud based logistics network and defines in which way a logistics network manages Information Flow Control (IFC)   over the cloud, which allows the logistics network to do work effectively.


Since the global financial crisis, advanced-economy wage growth has been generally low relative to past recoveries, especially after accounting for the evolution of labour market conditions over this period. This paper investigates a variety of potential explanations for this weakness, drawing on findings from the literature as well as analysis of recent labour market data in advanced economies. Overall, we find that much of the unexplained weakness is likely explained by alternative measures of labour market slack—particularly the rise of involuntary part-time work. In addition, changing inflation dynamics and a number of structural factors may also be contributing to the weakness. These factors include weaker bargaining power of workers due to lower unionization rates, increased firm concentration, restrictive labour mobility practices, greater labour market reform and changing demographic factors. Other factors, such as migration and technological change, may also be affecting advanced-economy wage growth, but the direction and magnitude of these impacts are more ambiguous. Identifying and quantifying the causal effects that the factors examined in this note may have on advanced-economy wage growth is beyond the scope of our analysis. However, our review of international evidence does help to recognize likely drivers of the observed weakness in wage growth and lays the foundation for future work examining certain factors in more detail.


When musical intervals are altered from their usual frequency ratios, listeners may experience a sensation of mistuning. We report results of experiments in which subjects judged degrees of mistuning of all intervals from unison to octave, as well as major tenth and twelfth. Using two simultaneous tones with fundamental frequencies between 250 and 800 Hz and 5 to 10 strong harmonics in each, we find: (1) just intervals, rather than tempered, are considered best in tune; (2) the range of mistunings considered acceptable generally becomes narrower when expressed in cents but wider when described by beat rate as we go from unison to octave, fifth and fourth; (3) whether that trend continues to sixths and thirds depends on individual listening strategies; and (4) the difficulty of judgment generally increases in going from the consonant toward the dissonant intervals, with the latter often eliciting only crude discrimination. Ability to judge mistuning with dichotic stimuli was also tested. We conclude that the beat rates of nearly coinciding harmonics provide an important clue to mistuning, but that a more abstract ability to judge interval size is also used; relative importance of the two strategies differs among subjects.


Passing refers to the process whereby a person of one race, gender, nationality, or sexual orientation adopts the guise of another. Historically, this has often involved black slaves passing as white in order to gain their freedom. More generally, it has served as a way for women and people of color to access male or white privilege. In their examination of this practice of crossing boundaries, the contributors to this volume offer a unique perspective for studying the construction and meaning of personal and cultural identities.

These essays consider a wide range of texts and moments from colonial times to the present that raise significant questions about the political motivations inherent in the origins and maintenance of identity categories and boundaries. Through discussions of such literary works as Running a Thousand Miles for Freedom, The Autobiography of an Ex–Coloured Man , Uncle Tom's Cabin , The Hidden Hand , Black Like Me , and Giovanni's Room , the authors examine issues of power and privilege and ways in which passing might challenge the often rigid structures of identity politics. Their interrogation of the semiotics of behavior, dress, language, and the body itself contributes significantly to an understanding of national, racial, gender, and sexual identity in American literature and culture.

Contextualizing and building on the theoretical work of such scholars as Judith Butler, Diana Fuss, Marjorie Garber, and Henry Louis Gates Jr., Passing and the Fictions of Identity will be of value to students and scholars working in the areas of race, gender, and identity theory, as well as U.S. history and literature.

Contributors . Martha Cutter, Katharine Nicholson Ings, Samira Kawash, Adrian Piper, Valerie Rohy, Marion Rust, Julia Stern, Gayle Wald, Ellen M. Weinauer, Elizabeth Young


The questions presented by robots' legal mistakes are examples of the legal process inquiry that asks when the law will accept decisions as final, even if they are mistaken. Legal decision-making robots include market robots and government robots. In either category, they can make mistakes of undercompliance or overcompliance. A market robot's overcompliance mistake or a government robot's undercompliance mistake is unlikely to be challenged. On the other hand, government enforcement can challenge a market robot's undercompliance mistake, and an aggrieved regulated party can object to a government robot's overcompliance mistake. Especially if robots cannot defend their legal decisions due to a lack of explainability, they will have an incentive to make decisions that will avoid the prospect of challenge. This incentive could encourage counterintuitive results. For instance, it could encourage market robots to overcomply and government robots to undercomply with the law.


We present a theoretical method that combines statistical information from surface roughness, mode field distribution and fibre geometry to accurately describe roughness scattering in hollow-core photonic bandgap fibres. The method predicts angular distributions of scattered power and attenuation values that agree well with experimental data.


Abstract Not Available – First paragraph follows:
Cantaloupe is grown on a wide variety of irrigated soils in southern California. Of the root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne incognita, is the most common species which attacks this crop. This nematode, as well as other species of the genus, is generally a problem on coarsertextured soils in the southern valleys. When M. incognita is present at planting time it stunts the young plants soon after emergence and causes severe galling of the roots (photo). Plants infected in the very early stages of growth remain stunted and unproductive and seldom bear marketable melons (photo). Localized infestations in a field range in size from a few square yards up to several acres. Sometimes entire fields are uniformly infested with the nematode and, if proper preplant control measures are not taken, the entire field may be unproductive.


The frequentness of serious natural disasters will rise against the background of climate change in the next decades. One of the most severe impacts of natural disasters is the interruption of drinking water supply. Contaminated water causes the death of thousands of people worldwide every year. Mobile waterworks used by aid organizations are sophisticated systems with high demand of energy, skilled personnel and chemicals. They are designed to supply larger communities in the range of (several) thousand people but small and secluded areas can not be reached. The Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering (DESEE) at University of Kassel developed a small, transportable and easy to use dead-end membrane filtration unit for basic water supply in cases of natural disasters for small groups in the range of 200 up to 500 people in remote areas, the "WaterBackpack". Experimental long-term series show that the unit is able to provide water in sufficient quantity and quality for the defined use case. Tests with contaminated surface water revealed, that a minimum flux of around 5 L m−2 h−1 can be kept up over a period of more than two month without any cleaning or maintenance.


Several lines of evidence support the role of an epigenetic-induced GABAergic cortical dysfunction in schizophrenia psychopathology, which is probably dependent on an increase in the expression of DNA-methyltransferase-1 occurring selectively in GABAergic neurons. The key enzyme regulating GABA synthesis, termed glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD67) and the important neurodevelopmental protein called reelin are coexpressed in GABAergic neurons. Upon release, GABA and reelin bind to postsynaptic receptors located in dendrites, somata, or the axon initial segment of pyramidal neurons. Because GAD67 and reelin are downregulated in schizophrenia, it is suggested that schizophrenics may express GABAergic deficit-related alterations of pyramidal neuron function. A reduction of dendritic spines is a finding reported in the prefrontal cortex of schizophrenia patients. Because dendritic spines are innervated by glutamatergic axon terminals, very probably this reduction of dendritic spine expression is translated into a functional deficit of glutamatergic transmission. Plastic modifications of neuronal circuits are probably dependent on GABAergic transmitter tone, and it is likely that GABAergic dysfunction is at the root of synaptic plasticity deficits in schizophrenia. Thus, a possible avenue for the treatment of schizophrenia would be to address this GABAergic functional deficit using positive allosteric modulators of the action of GABA at GABAA receptors. Benzodiazepines (BZ) such as diazepam are effective in treating positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia, but because they positively modulate GABAA receptors expressing alpha1 subunits, these BZs cause sedation and tolerance. In contrast, imidazenil, a full allosteric modulator of GABAA receptors expressing alpha5 subunits may reduce psychotic symptomatology without producing sedation. Hence, imidazenil should be appropriately studied as a prospective candidate for a pharmacological intervention in schizophrenia.


In modern times, procedural content generation sees frequent use in video games, producing anything from graphics to maps and quests. This study focuses on how these techniques can be used to produce forest maps for tactical role-playing games, and how this is applied in particular to Starshard, one such game. The main points addressed are how well the forestry growth simulation algorithm previously implemented in Starshard compares to algorithms based on other popular techniques, how to utilise evaluation and optimisation to produce correct and strategically interesting maps without human interference, and whether or not players can easily perceive a difference between procedural maps and maps designed by humans. With high demand for new algorithms to automate content generation in order to help smaller teams of developers and maintain interest in content post release, there is much value in delving further into less frequently explored aspects such as tile-based maps or player perception of procedural content. In order to answer the research problems, a controlled experiment comparing four forestry generation algorithms was performed, in addition to a study of literature to implement evaluation and optimisation algorithms, and a survey to gauge player reactions to the produced maps. Ultimately, the growth simulation proves to be more successful than alternative algorithms in reducing number of errors in maps. In addition, the results of the survey showed that while players are capable of reliably picking out human created maps, their ratings for procedurally generated maps were not much lower than these and they could frequently mistake procedural maps as being produced by humans.


Many investors have shifted their asset allocations to account for Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) issues. While we welcome this shift from an ethical perspective, the financial and non-financial benefits of ESG investing as well as best practices for portfolio construction are subjects of heated debate. We look at aspects of the debate through a series of practical examples. First, we illustrate the trade-off between risk control and unwanted exposures in energy and "vice" stock exclusions, which have exhibited inconsistent performance at a 10-year horizon. Next, we show how recent underperformance of a gender lens portfolio has been confounded by technology stocks. Finally, we explore how ESG score disparities lead to important differences in portfolios constructed with these scores. In aggregate, our examples point to the inherent complexity of ESG investing, which will benefit from better data, transparency, customization, and an acknowledgement that doing good does not necessarily lead to doing well. An important theme throughout this paper is that everything should be made as simple as possible, but no simpler.


Research is currently in progress at the Department of Bioclimatology of I.N.RA. with a view to the analysis of turbulent tranfer phenomena in and above growing crops in order to establish the photosynthesis of a full vegetation cover or a section of vegetation in situ and at any moment. A certain number of theoretical and experimental results which have been obtained are rapidly analysed. A theoretical internal velocity distribution for vegetation is established by exactly the same method as Prandtl used to find his expression for the logarithmic profile above a growth of vegetation. The two following new assumptions are made : (i) That the mixing length l is proportional to the reciprocal of leaf area per unit volume; (ii) A tangential stress varying with height and depending on leaf area density. An exponential velocity profile relationship (19) followed from these assumptions. Solutions are put forward for the transition to the lower and upper parts of the considered vegetation. The boundary conditions enable both the velocity profile and the momentum transfer coefficient to be expressed solely in terms of the crop's geometrical characteristics (26) (27) (28). Checks made against experimental data from other sources seem to confirm the various assumptions. A different research category is concerned with transfers taking place above vegetation. Windbreaks enable the transfer coefficients of the areas they protect to be modified. Possible applications of this research range from cropping techniques (crop associations, seeding densities, etc.) to the development of a whole area with a systematically laid out windbreak system.


Over the past few years a growing number of artists have critiqued the ubiquity of identity recognition technologies. Specifically, the use of these technologies by state security programs, tech-giants and multinational corporations has met with opposition and controversy. A popular form of resistance to recognition technology is sought in strategies of masking and camouflage. Zach Blas, Leo Selvaggio, Sterling Crispin and Adam Harvey are among a group of internationally acclaimed artists who have developed subversive anti-facial recognition masks that disrupt identification technologies. This paper examines the ontological underpinnings of these popular and widely exhibited mask projects. Over and against a binary understanding and criticism of identity recognition technology, I propose to take a relational turn to reimagine these technologies not as an object for our eyes, but as a relationship between living organisms and things. A relational perspective cuts through dualist and anthropocentric conceptions of recognition technology opening pathways to intersectional forms of resistance and critique. Moreover, if human-machine relationships are to be understood as coming into being in mutual dependency, if the boundaries between online and offline are always already blurred, if the human and the machine live intertwined lives and it is no longer clear where the one stops and the other starts, we need to revise our understanding of the self. A relational understanding of recognition technology moves away from a notion of the self as an isolated and demarcated entity in favour of an understanding of the self as relationally connected, embedded and interdependent. This could alter the way we relate to machines and multiplies the lines of flight we can take out of a culture of calculated settings.


Objectives Our aim was to study the possible associations between exposure to elevated levels of air pollution, ozone (O3) and vehicle exhaust (NOx), during early gestation, and adverse pregnancy outcomes such as pre-eclampsia, preterm birth and small for gestational age. Design Prospective register-based cohort study. Setting The Swedish Medical Birth Register includes data on all deliveries during 1998 to 2006 in Greater Stockholm, Sweden. The national Patient Register and the Prescribed Drug Register were used to collect information on maternal asthma. Participants All singleton pregnancies, conceived at the earliest in August 1997 and at the latest in February 2006, were included, n=120 755. Outcome measures We studied preterm birth, small for gestational age and pre-eclampsia. Results 4.4% of pregnancies resulted in a preterm birth. The prevalence of pre-eclampsia was 2.7%. We observed an association between first trimester O3 and preterm birth (OR 1.04, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.08) as well as an association with pre-eclampsia (OR 1.04, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.08), per 10 µg/m3 increase in O3. We observed no association between first trimester NOx and adverse pregnancy outcomes. No associations were observed between any of the air pollutants and small for gestational age. Conclusions Increased levels of O3 during the first trimester increased the risk of pre-eclampsia and preterm birth. Air pollutants did not exhibit any effects on fetal growth restriction. We estimated 1 in every 20 cases of pre-eclampsia to be associated with O3 exposure.


The shift from pre-modern to modern sex work meant the "professionalization" of transactional sex, its commodification and the attending social stigmatization of the essentialized category of prostitutes as "public women". This dissertation explores the construction of social marginality of sex workers in colonial Cairo (1882-1952), in the context of major economical and social changes and the development of dramatically new concepts about the scope of intervention of the State on society. The quantitative and qualitative change in sex work which took place in Cairo since the end of the nineteenth century was made possible by a number of structural factors such as the integration of Egypt in the global market in a subaltern position, the restructuring of autonomous households' economy, the augmented economic social vulnerability of female economic roles in the job market, migration and rapid urban growth. At the same time, the new social meaning of prostitution, a permanent symbolic threat to the physical and moral welfare of the rising Egyptian nation, was discursively constructed by dominant positions, both by local and colonial elites. Prostitutes were used as dense referent to express a wide range of dominant anxieties about the social order, the definition of normative notions of Egyptian citizenship and colonial racial hierarchies. Positing the inextricable link between material and discursive formations, this study analyzes the political economy of sex work and combines a wide range of sources – governmental reports, reformist societies' papers, court cases, contemporary press and semi-academic literature – to explore a space of subaltern and gendered agency which has been overlooked for long and endeavours to restore prostitution, generally considered as a marginal activity, to the history of the Egyptian nation.


This short paper makes a tentative attempt to capture the most salient of persuasion strategies engaged in the construction of leadership in three different yet apparently interrelated domains of public life and public policy, political communication, management/business discourse, and academic communication. It explores the cognitive underpinnings, as well as linguistic realizations, of such concepts/phenomena/mechanisms as consistency-building, source-tagging, forced conceptualizations by metaphor, and discursive neutralization of the cheater detection module in the discourse addressee. A preliminary conclusion from the analysis of these mechanisms is that the three discourses under investigation reveal striking conceptual similarities with regard to the main strategies of credibility-building and enactment of leadership. At the same time, they reveal differences at the linguistic level, i.e. regarding the types of lexical choices applied to realize a given strategy.


One of the best techniques for evaluating the performance of organizations is data envelopment analysis. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is a non-parametric method for evaluating the performance of decision-making units (DMUs) that recognizes the relative performance of DMUs based on mathematical programming. The classic DEA model was initially formulated for optimal inputs and outputs, But in real-world problems, the values observed from input and output data are often ambiguous and random. In fact, decision-makers may be faced with a specific hybrid environment where there are fuzziness and randomness in the problem. To overcome this problem, data envelopment analysis models in the random fuzzy environment have been proposed. Although the DEA has many advantages, one of the disadvantages of this method is that the classic DEA does not actually give us a definitive conclusion and does not allow random changes in input and output. In this research data envelopment analysis models in fuzzy random environments is reviewed.


Abstract. The image quality plays an important role for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)'s applications. The small fixed wings UAV is suffering from the image blur due to the crosswind and the turbulence. Position and Orientation System (POS), which provides the position and orientation information, is installed onto an UAV to enable acquisition of UAV trajectory. It can be used to calculate the positional and angular velocities when the camera shutter is open. This study proposes a POS-assisted method to detect the blur image. The major steps include feature extraction, blur image detection and verification. In feature extraction, this study extracts different features from images and POS. The image-derived features include mean and standard deviation of image gradient. For POS-derived features, we modify the traditional degree-of-linear-blur (blinear) method to degree-of-motion-blur (bmotion) based on the collinear condition equations and POS parameters. Besides, POS parameters such as positional and angular velocities are also adopted as POS-derived features. In blur detection, this study uses Support Vector Machines (SVM) classifier and extracted features (i.e. image information, POS data, blinear and bmotion) to separate blur and sharp UAV images. The experiment utilizes SenseFly eBee UAV system. The number of image is 129. In blur image detection, we use the proposed degree-of-motion-blur and other image features to classify the blur image and sharp images. The classification result shows that the overall accuracy using image features is only 56%. The integration of image-derived and POS-derived features have improved the overall accuracy from 56% to 76% in blur detection. Besides, this study indicates that the performance of the proposed degree-of-motion-blur is better than the traditional degree-of-linear-blur.


'Relativity' is recognised for its cinematic investigation of point of view in short narrative film and acknowledged for its exploration of the related questions of reality and the perception of reality, truth and the perception of truth, sex and the perception of sex.
Written and directed by Heath and edited by Steve Sprung (Sprung, 2), Relativity investigates the cinematic devices and editing strategies that enable the audience to perceive one contentious 'family' incident from three different points of view. This has been acknowledged by a leading producer and teacher, Carl Schoenfeld, who has used Relativity as exemplary material for students around the world engaging with the problems of representing point of view in cinema.
'Relativity' won the prize for 'Best Short Film' at the Berlin International Film Festival, 2002. It was nominated for the European Film Academy Awards and won the 'Best Film' and 'Kodak' prizes in the New Zealand Drifting Clouds Film Festival 16 March, 2002 (Jury included Jamie Selkirk, producer 'Lord of the Rings', Michael Seresin, Cinematographer 'Angela's Ashes', 'Harry Potter').

The success of 'Relativity' in Drifting Clouds and other festivals provided funding for the subsequent film, "Point Annihilation".

Also shown at International Film Festivals:
St. Petersburg International Film Festival, (2002);
Norwegian Short Film Festival (2002);
Abbeville Film Festival, France (2002);
6th Hildesheimer Kurzfilmfest, (2002);
Montecatini International Film Festival (2002);
Flanders International Film Festival, (2002);
Drama International Film Festival, Greece (2002);
"Cinema Tout Ecran", Geneva, (British Council Tour) (2002);
Atlantic International Film Festival, Canada, (2002);
Cleveland International Film Festival, USA (2003);
Los Angeles International Short Film Festival, (2002);
Brief Encounters Short Film Festival, (2004);
Tampere International Film Festival, 2005 Retrospective showcase of the "Best of British Short Films".


Background The Nordic hamstring exercise (NHE) has been utilised within Hamstring Strain Injury prevention programmes. However, there is a concern amongst some that once a football season has commenced, there is insufficient time to include the NHE due to short turn around between matches. To date, changes in strength have not been documented over a season. Objective To determine if changes in strength measured during the NHE using a commercially available device can occur as the season progresses. Design Time series design that involved measures of Nordic exercise strength (NES) obtained throughout the 2015–2016 season whist undertaking a hamstring strengthening intervention. Setting Professional Football Academy. Patients (or Participants) 33 male football academy players aged between 16 and 21 years. Interventions (or Assessment of Risk Factors) One session of 2 sets 3–6reps NHE in addition to normal posterior chain strengthening exercises weekly. Main Outcome Measurements NES (mean of left and right limbs) and between limb difference (%) were analysed by phase of the season (i.e., pre-season pre-Christmas, post-Christmas and end of season periods). Results At pre-season the NES and between limb difference baseline data was 337±68N and 9±6%. Increases were observed in NES from pre-season to pre-Christmas (16N, P=0.0126) and post-Christmas to end of the season (15N, P=0.0180). Over the Christmas period the increase was smaller (5N, P=0.3871). The between limb scores, however, remained stable (P=0.6010). Post-hoc analysis revealed a negative association (r=-0.65) between preseason NES and the change in NES from baseline to end of the preseason. Conclusions Most players increased their NES over the season, yet imbalance between limbs remaining stable throughout. Stronger players of the squad at the start of pre-season did not improve as much as their weaker colleagues. The weekly low volume stimulus may offer an adequate stimulus to develop strength.


A highly simplified architecture for stimulated-Raman-scattering microscopy is demonstrated, where multiple tunable narrowband picosecond pulses are generated by spectral compression of femtosecond pulses emitted by a single compact Er-fiber oscillator. The system provides high sensitivity (2x10(-7)) and spectral resolution (sub-15 cm(-1)), and it offers an unprecedented flexibility for multicolor imaging.


In general, Americans have not looked for Mexico in Mexico; they have looked for their obsessions, enthusiasms, phobias, hopes, interests--and these are what they have found. In short, the history of our relationship is the history of a mutual and stubborn deceit. . . . Octavio Paz.(1) The 1980's will be remembered in Mexico as the decade everyone would like to forget. Mexicans spent most of the period after 1982 grappling with external debt crises, deep economic recession, high rates of inflation, and natural disasters (from earthquakes in Mexico City to hurricanes in Yucatan). They suffered these difficult times with a surprising degree of resignation and with a level of social cohesion that would not have been maintained in many other countries. In characteristic Mexican fashion, the hard times were made bearable by healthy injections of self-deprecating humor. So, when the debt crises shook the economy, Mexicans began to swap "debtor jokes." Here is one example, told to me in 1983 by a Mexican friend: A year after assuming the Mexican Presidency, Miguel de la Madrid began to despair of finding a solution to the debt crisis, so he called President Ronald Reagan on the telephone. "President Reagan," he said, "we have decided on a plan to pay off our foreign debt. We are willing to sell you the northern half of our territory if you will cancel the debt." "That sounds great," Reagan replied, "I'll check with my advisers and get back to you." Two weeks went by without response, and a worried President de la Madrid called President Reagan: "Mr. President, what response do you have to our proposal?" President Reagan replied, "Well, we think it's a great idea, but we just have one question before we go ahead . . . How soon after the sale will the Mexicans be able to leave?" The joke is embarrassing, and not particularly funny, but it serves to point out a deeply ingrained sentiment, shared by many Mexicans, that is not usually addressed in a straightforward manner-the feeling among Mexicans that people in the United States do not sufficiently value or appreciate Mexican culture or society. Mexicans' perceptions in this regard are based partly on intuition and partly on harder evidence. Several years ago, I attended a conference sponsored by the American Bar Association's Committee on Law and National Security concerning the national security implications of U.S.-Mexican relations.(2) Almost all of the speakers addressed the national security problems that resulted from perceived shortcomings in the Mexican political and economic system. There was little discussion, even by the Mexican participants, about shortcomings in the United States that posed problems for Mexico: our insatiable demand for drugs; our need to import capital to finance our federal deficit; our dependence on cheap agricultural labor; and our support of the Contra movement to overthrow the Nicaraguan government. The conference might as well have been called "What Is Wrong With Mexico." I have been reminded of these incidents by the statements and actions leading up to the negotiation of a North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). International trade may be the major item on the NAFTA agenda, but the United States, Mexico and Canada have not simply been negotiating a trade agreement. Rather, the United States and Mexico are involved in negotiating a relationship--with Canada appearing as an interested third party.(3) To say that the U.S. and Mexico are negotiating a relationship is not to pretend that NAFTA is a step towards a political and economic union. The NAFTA negotiations have not contained a single reference to the conclusion of a free trade agreement as a step towards a more complete unification.(4) It might be interesting to speculate in this regard, but there is little evidence pointing towards such a denouement. Future historians will have to decide the long-term geopolitical significance of NAFTA, should the agreement be concluded. …


The proliferation and popularity of mindfulness therapies in recent years has enabled many people to access Buddhist theories and practices which are helpful in reducing suffering. However, most of the therapies which have been developed so far adopt the dualistic western way of understanding experience rather than taking seriously the non-dualistic approach in which Buddhist understandings are embedded. In this paper I argue that a biopsychosocial perspective is more in keeping with the theoretical foundations of mindfulness, whilst also being in line with more recent western theory. Such a perspective requires giving serious attention to the social context in which we struggle, because this has been largely neglected by the internal focus of most psychotherapy. Specifically we need to engage with the self-monitoring culture of acquisition and avoidance which currently pervades western society.

This paper illustrates these points with the example of sex and relationship therapy. So far, the focus of mindfulness in this area has been on applying techniques to complement conventional therapies which, broadly speaking, aim at enabling couples to have conventional sex and to stay together. If sex and relationship therapies are to be fully mindful then they need to go further than this: addressing the cultural understandings of sex and relationship that people draw upon. In particular, the need to address the approach/avoidance patterns which are encouraged, for example, by mainstream media and many psychiatric, psychological and psychotherapeutic understandings of sex and relationships. We need to ask what kinds of sex and relationships people are trying to have and why, rather than accepting these as taken-for-granted. Long-term, a better aim for mindful sex and relationship therapy (in terms of both individual suffering and the wider world) would be helping people to 'swim against the stream' of problematic social norms and cultural assumptions rather than continuing to work towards enabling them to fit these.


Abstract No individual has contributed as much to feminist criminology as Meda Chesney-Lind. This article is a biography of Chesney-Lind written after conducting two interviews with her, and a careful reading of her work and other works written about her. Feminism was always a strong force in Chesney-Lind's life. Her childhood was difficult, but positively affected by her strong mother. In college and graduate school, Chesney-Lind became an ardent political activist. She "fell into" her master's work on delinquent girls, which began a career that has significantly impacted criminology and raised awareness about delinquent girls and incarcerated women. This biography describes how Chesney-Lind's early life experiences critically influenced her career as a criminologist. Additionally, this essay illustrates a scholar who has changed the field of criminology despite the large portion of her academic life spent marginalized in a community college.


This study examines the role of linguistic experience in vowel perception. Two main questions are addressed: (1) How do speakers of different languages label the same area of vowel space? (2) What is the relationship between phonetic labeling and acoustic sensitivity for vowels? Identification functions and goodness ratings for the high, front quadrant of the vowel space were obtained from speakers of Swedish, English, and Spanish. Stimuli along one vector in this space were used in a discrimination task. The results show that (a) speakers of different languages label the vowels in this space in accord with their native vowel inventory, (b) rather than incorporating all areas of the vowel space into their native language categories, there is dead space where listeners say the vowels are not in their language, and (c) there are significant differences in discrimination ability between speakers of different languages which are consistent with their different identification functions. These results suggest t...


Developing water oxidation catalysts with low overpotential and high stability has become the frontier of energy conversion research. Herein, we report a micro-flowers (MFs) cobalt (Co) based material with a three-dimensional (3D) open structure consisting of two-dimensional (2D) nanosheets. The MFs were synthesized by using HMTA to adjust the microscopic environment of the Co ions, which consist of Co3O4 and Co(OH)2. Electrochemical evaluation reveals that the MFs electrocatalysts exhibit a low overpotential of η = 295 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and a long-term stability in a 1.0 M KOH solution. The excellent OER performance is attributed to the hierarchical structure, which combines the fast charge transfer ability of low-dimensional structures and the fast mass transfer ability of high-dimensional structures.


The oro-dento-facial features and dysfunction of children with hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type Ill, known as familial dysautonomia or Riley-Day syndrome, was first described in the scientific literature in 1949. They include dental trauma; dental and soft tissue self-mutilation; normal dental age; normal sequence and timing of eruption and exfoliation of teeth; smaller tooth size; different and disproportional tooth components; normal alveolar bone height; small jaws, mild crowding, and malocclusions. These persons have craniofacial morphology that is different from accepted norms but they resemble norms of their ethnic origin. The subjects can have gray, pale, shiny faces with an asymmetric suffering expression; frontal bossing, with eventual hypertelorism and narrow lips; a low caries rate; drooling, and hypersalivation. They can have changes in salivary composition and content, which influences plaque and calculus and increases the risk of gingival and periodontal diseases. They also have difficulty in controlling oral muscles; a progressive decrease in number of tongue fungiform papillae, accompanied by lack of taste buds; and specific dysgeusia, but a normal sense of smell.


Rickettsiosis are zoonosis caused by bacterias of the Rickettsia species that are classified into two groups: that of the spotted fever and typhic fever. Spotted fever is mainly transmitted by ticks, although sometimes they are transmitted by fleas and mites.In the typhic fevers primary vectors are the human body louse and the Xenopspylla cheopis flea. Until the end of the 20th century the only Rickettsiosis known in SouthAmerica were Rickettsia prowazekii, Rickettsia (typhic fevers) and Rickettsia Rickettsii (spotted fevers). But in the last decade, by using modern diagnostic techniques, several rickettsias species or strains have been identified in South America, six Rickettsia species and at least four Rickettsia sp. in the South American Southern Cone in ticks and one in fleas. Four of these Rickettsia species: R. rickettsii, Rickettsia parkeri, Rickettsia massiliae and Rickettsia felis and one Rickettsia sp strain (Atlantic Rainforest strain) are recognized as pathogenic for humans. In this study we describe the clinical cases caused by the three main Rickettsia sp that have epidemiologic importance in the South American Southern Cone: R. rickettsii, R. parkeri and R. massiliae. Information in this study comprises Argentina, the southern half of Brazil, Chile and Uruguay. Paraguay is not included since there no rickettsia studies were performed.


Considering the importance of sufficient physical activity in military personnel, this study was designed to determine the levels of this activity and factors influencing it among personnel of a military center in Iran. This cross-sectional method on 191 individuals randomly selected from entire staff working in a military center. A self – report valid and reliable questionnaire was applied to collect the data. The collected data was analyzed using SPSS software, descriptive and analytical statistics. According to the findings of the study prevalence of low, moderate and high levels of physical activity by study population was 35.1%, 19.4% and 45.5% respectively. A significant positive association was seen between levels of physical activity with both knowledge (P=0.001) and gender (P=0.022). However, the association between, physical activity, with other studied factors such as age, job, and level of formal education was not significant. The most important factor of physical inactivity among participants was lack of enough free-time. On the other hand, accessibility to facilitates, organizational exercise, providing physical equipment's in job settings, and having free-time were the most important factors to promote the levels of physical activity, mentioned by the subjects. On the basis of the findings, especially considering the prevalence of the low level activity, 35.1%, and other documents supported this finding, one may conclude that performing educational program about to physical activity among military personnel seems necessary. To develop and promote enough equipment's and facilitates to increase the chance of sufficient physical activity among personnel is very important.


The use of social media in adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is not very well understood. Online communication may provide these individuals with the opportunity to interact with others without having to engage in face-to-face conversation or interpret nonverbal social cues, which is often a challenge for this population. The goal of the Socialization Education and Learning for the Internet (SELFI) study is to understand how adults with ASD utilize social media platforms to build relationships and to teach them how to act appropriately online. Specifically, this project compares anxiety levels and social skills between adults with ASD who spend different amounts of time on the Internet to observe the potential relationships between online communication frequency, anxiety, and social interaction. Based on current literature, we hypothesized that Internet usage would have beneficial effects, reducing anxiety and improving social skills in these adults. We found that a higher frequency of Internet usage correlated with less severe anxiety symptoms but did not have a significant relationship with the social skills of adults with ASD. This research furthers the SELFI project, which will observe the consequences of social media usage in those with autism. Depending on the results of this study, we also aim to determine whether social media could possibly become a new intervention technique used to decrease anxiety in adults with ASD.


The objective of the research programme has been to develop design parameters applicable to in-service submarine pipeline buckling behaviour. The programme has involved experimental and theoretical studies and computer graphics are widely employed throughout. Initially, as detailed in Chapter 1, the necessary buckling mechanisms in. pipelines subjected to axial compression have been identified and analysed in the form of relatively basic fully mobilised studies. In addition, errors and limitations contained within these studies have been determined and delineated. Consequently, geotechnical experimentation as reported in Chapter 2 was deemed necessary particularly given the dearth of information available relating to the nature of the friction resistance force between the pipeline and its supporting medium. Full scale values for the axial and lateral friction coefficients together with their respective fully mobilised displacements have been deduced upon the basis of model tests. A semi-empirical formula has thereby been produced for use in design practice. Further, a novel interpretation of sea bed recovery, or the pipeline's submerged self-weight inertial characteristics associated with vertical buckling, has also been determined. Following on from the above geotechnical study,more refined quasi-idealised analyses,dealt with in Chapter 3, have been undertaken incorporating the appropriate full scale deformation-dependent axial and lateral friction-response loci together with the respective sea bed recovery characteristics. These analyses enable, for the first time, definition of the appropriate critical temperature rise at which axial-flexural bifurcation occurs. Finally, noting that previous buckling analyses have been based on quasi-idealised buckling phenomena, attempts have also been made to incorporate practical submarine pipeline imperfections. Pipelines are not perfectly straight in field conditions and, consequently, the imperfection studies denoted in Chapter 4 have attempted to model the appropriate behaviour. Design charts have been produced accordingly and suggestions made regarding further studies.


AA5454-O is an easily wrought, or in other words, a ductile aluminium alloy, however, its mechanical properties are inferior as compared to those of other alloys. The change taking place in corrosion resistance of AA5454-O alloy as a result of its severe plastic deformation (SPD ) by rolling has been investigated in this study. It has been observed that significant changes occurred in abrasion wear and corrosion resistances of AA5454-O alloy, which was severely deformed up to 80 % by rolling process. Corrosion resistance of the alloy that was severely deformed by rolling has increased. The effect of deformation rate on corrosion has been investigated by applying potentiodynamic test whereas on the other hand such change has been evidenced also through corrosion test. It has been observed that friction coefficient of severely deformed AA5454-O alloy varied by around 10 %, and that, associated with such change, its wear resistance also increased considerably. It has been determined that, as a result of severe deformation by rolling, hardness values rose in areas where the alloy was in contact with rolling surface. In this study, wear resistance of severely deformed alloy has been investigated as well. It has been observed that deformation value contributed positively to the increase in wear resistance. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ms.23.1.14650


Chronic sleep restriction is an increasing problem in many countries and may have many, as yet unknown, consequences for health and well being. Studies in both humans and rats suggest that sleep deprivation may activate the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis, one of the main neuroendocrine stress systems. However, few attempts have been made to examine how sleep loss affects the HPA axis response to subsequent stressors. Furthermore, most studies applied short‐lasting total sleep deprivation and not restriction of sleep over a longer period of time, as often occurs in human society. Using the rat as our model species, we investigated: (i) the HPA axis activity during and after sleep deprivation and (ii) the effect of sleep loss on the subsequent HPA response to a novel stressor. In one experiment, rats were subjected to 48 h of sleep deprivation by placing them in slowly rotating wheels. Control rats were placed in nonrotating wheels. In a second experiment, rats were subjected to an 8‐day sleep restriction protocol allowing 4 h of sleep each day. To test the effects of sleep loss on subsequent stress reactivity, rats were subjected to a 30‐min restraint stress. Blood samples were taken at several time points and analysed for adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone. The results show that ACTH and corticosterone concentrations were elevated during sleep deprivation but returned to baseline within 4 h of recovery. After 1 day of sleep restriction, the ACTH and corticosterone response to restraint stress did not differ between control and sleep deprived rats. However, after 48 h of total sleep deprivation and after 8 days of restricted sleep, the ACTH response to restraint was significantly reduced whereas the corticosterone response was unaffected. These results show that sleep loss not only is a mild activator of the HPA axis itself, but also affects the subsequent response to stress. Alterations in HPA axis regulation may gradually appear under conditions of long total sleep deprivation but also after repeated sleep curtailment.


New data are reported from a second run of the 2-liter PICO-2L C3F8 bubble chamber with a total exposure of 129 kg-days at a thermodynamic threshold energy of 3.3 keV. These data show that measures taken to control particulate contamination in the superheated fluid resulted in the absence of the anomalous background events observed in the first run of this bubble chamber. One single nuclear-recoil event was observed in the data, consistent both with the predicted background rate from neutrons and with the observed rate of unambiguous multiple-bubble neutron scattering events. The chamber exhibits the same excellent electron-recoil and alpha decay rejection as was previously reported. These data provide the most stringent direct detection constraints on weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP)-proton spin-dependent scattering to date for WIMP masses <50 GeV/c2.


Voltage-dependent Ca channels are classified into several subtypes based on the isoform of their α1 subunits. Traditional Ca channels blockers (CCBs), including nifedipine and amlodipine, act predominantly on L-type Ca channels, whereas novel CCBs such as efonidipine, benidipine and azelnidipine inhibit both L-type and T-type Ca channels. Furthermore, cilnidipine blocks L-type and N-type Ca channels. These CCBs exert divergent actions on renal microvessels. L-type CCBs preferentially dilate afferent arterioles, whereas both L-/T-type and L-/N-type CCBs potently dilate afferent and efferent arterioles. The distinct actions of CCBs on the renal microcirculation are reflected by changes in glomerular capillary pressure and subsequent renal injury: L-type CCBs favor an increase in glomerular capillary pressure, whereas L-/T-type and L-/N-type CCBs alleviate glomerular hypertension. The renal protective action of L-/T-type CCBs is also mediated by non-hemodynamic mechanisms, i.e., inhibition of the inflammatory process and inhibition of Rho kinase and aldosterone secretion. Finally, a growing body of evidence indicates that T-type CCBs offer more beneficial action on proteinuria and renal survival rate than L-type CCBs in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Similarly, in CKD patients treated with renin-angiotensin blockers, add-on therapy with N-type CCBs is more potent in reducing proteinuria than that with L-type CCBs, although no difference is found in the subgroup with diabetic nephropathy. Thus, the strategy for hypertension treatment with CCBs has entered a new era: treatment selection depends not only on blood pressure control but also on the subtypes of CCBs.


Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the leading cause of end-stage kidney disease in the United States and the world alike, and there is a great unmet need for treatments to reduce DKD development and progression. Inhibition of sodium/glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) in the proximal tubule of the kidney has emerged as an effective antihyperglycemic treatment, leading to regulatory approval of several first-generation SGLT2 inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. In follow-on clinical trials for the cardiovascular safety of the SGLT2 inhibitors, secondary effects to prevent or reduce albuminuria and decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate spurred further investigation into their potential application in DKD. This review summarizes the current understanding of mechanisms by which SGLT2 inhibitors block glucose reabsorption in the proximal tubule and improve systemic glucose homeostasis, the hypothesized mechanisms for kidney-protective effects of SGLT2 inhibition, and current recommendations for use of this class of antihyperglycemic agents in diabetic patients with low estimated glomerular filtration rates. Results of ongoing clinical trials in patients with DKD are eagerly awaited to expand knowledge of how SGLT2 inhibitors might be used for prevention and treatment.


Corporate governance of listed companies has become a focus in China capital market. Corporate governance being the most important organization structure and control mechanism of modern enterprises is directly affected by its external environment and internal mechanism. In view of the external environment, legal system, market system, monitoring capability, socio-economic system, cultural environmental etc. will all affect the effectiveness of corporate governance from different aspects. The effectiveness of corporate governance is very much related to government governance or the even broader public governance. In view of a companys internal environment, corporate governance involves the balance amongst the board of directors, the management, shareholders and other stakeholders. The core objective is to solve the agency issues of the companys internal and external parties by appropriately arranged policies, so that management can endeavor for the maximization of profits for shareholders and stakeholders. Well corporate governance not only can provide effective monitoring, but can also encourage enterprises to create wealth for the society to the uttermost, and become a pattern for enterprise citizen.


We study theoretically a parity-time (PT)-symmetric, saturable, balanced gain-loss system in a ring-cavity configuration. The saturable gain and loss are modeled by a two-level medium with or without population inversion. We show that the specifics of the spectral singularity can be fully controlled by the cavity and the atomic detuning parameters. The theory is based on the mean-field approximation, as in the standard theory of optical bistability. Further, in the linear regime we demonstrate the regularization of the singularity in detuned systems, while larger input power levels are shown to be adequate to limit the infinite growth in absence of detunings.


There have been extensive changes to the law governing medical schemes in the last two years. Implementation of much of that law only began in January 2000. The legislative changes represent underlying changes in government policy in favour of increased regulatory control, not only of medical schemes but also contractors to medical schemes such as medical scheme administrators, managed care organisations and brokers. The chapter explores these legislative changes, issues surrounding their implementation and responses by the medical schemes industry to date. Initially the legislation, the Council for Medical Schemes and even the Minister of Health were all challenged by a number of powerful stakeholders within the industry on a few important issues, namely, the lines of demarcation between insurance business and the business of a medical scheme, re-insurance of medical schemes, and the promulgation of additional regulations relating to waiting periods. This chapter examines the changes in the functions of the Council for Medical Schemes in the light of the legislation's more consumer-oriented approach. The effect of the legislation on medical scheme contributions is discussed and some scheme membership figures are presented. It also offers a brief look at the implementation of the prescribed Minimum Benefits Package by schemes from a consumer's point of view.


This study investigated the hypothesis that in a nutrient dominated catchment and estuary subject to extreme seasonal variation and large tidal inundations, physical processes play a substantial role in the nutrient status. This investigation also aimed to provide insight into the impact of high anthropogenic nutrient loads and the effect of runoff events, areas where limited research has been conducted in wet dry tropical, macrotidal systems. Buffalo Creek, Northern Territory, Australia, is a wet dry tropical, macrotidal system that has been subject to substantial anthropogenic nutrient inputs over a 36 year period. Levels of nutrients in the water column exceeded the Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council and Agriculture and Resource Management Council of Australia and New Zealand (ANZECC/ARMCANZ) guidelines under all seasonal and tidal conditions but high levels of nutrients were not reflected in the sediment. Buffalo Creek is well mixed with stratification only occurring during periods of minimal flow (neap tides). The mixing plots revealed that different suites of nutrient processes occur under different conditions and that although biological transformations are the dominant mechanism for nitrogen on neap tides, physical processes play a key role in nutrient status during spring tides and wet seasons. The importance of physical processes was supported by high variations in turbidity and the large contribution of particulate nitrogen and phosphorus. The creek frequently experiences scouring by tide and/or flooding and the resuspension and transport of nutrients associated with particulate matter is a key factor in determining the status of nutrients in Buffalo Creek. Interactions between sediment, porewater and overlying water were studied to elucidate key processes occurring in wet dry tropical, macrotidal systems. The first 8-10cm of the porewater profiles were characterised by low nutrient concentrations with the exception of nitrate, slightly acidic pH and oxic redox levels which are associated with resuspension by strong tidal currents, flood inundations during the wet season and bioturbation providing a pathway of diffusion for NH4 +-N and PO4 3-- P to overlying water. Another potential mechanism for the low nutrient concentrations is the uptake of nutrients by mangrove roots. Nitrification occurred at these depths as the sediment was aerated by mangrove roots, bioturbation and tidal currents supporting these two proposed mechanisms. Low phosphate levels are also attributed to adsorption to Fe and Al oxyhydroxides. Sequential extraction indicated that 80% of phosphorus was Fe and Al bound phosphate-P and polyphosphates and a statistically significant relationship between total phosphorus and total iron was observed in sediment cores. These results clearly show that at these depths physical processes not only provide a direct mechanism for nutrient release to the overlying water but also influence biological processes by aerating the sediments. Below 8- 10cm, NH4 +-N and PO4 3--P concentrations rapidly increased. The dominant process for nitrogen at depth was ammonification. Substantial increases in porewater phosphate corresponded to a decline in Eh, associated with the anaerobic conversion of Fe(III) to soluble Fe(II). Experiments were conducted focusing on the influence of salinity and intense mixing on nutrient release from sediments. The mechanisms of nutrient release experienced when the sediment was intensely resuspended in seawater, representative of spring tide inundations, was an initial porewater exchange with the overlying water followed by competition between phosphate and seawater anions for exchange sites, ammonification and nitrification. The major processes occurring in sediment resuspended in oxic freshwater, representative of wet season flooding, included phosphate and ammonium release from porewater, ammonification, nitrification, continued slow release of phosphate for neutral or alkaline sediments and adsorption to iron oxyhydroxides for acidic sediments. The results indicate that mixing and salinity are key factors in the status of nutrients in wet dry tropical, macrotidal systems. Lead-210 dating was conducted to provide a chronology of the sediment profile, to determine if urbanisation impacted the system and if this dating method is applicable to wet dry tropical, macrotidal systems. Dated sediment cores indicated that the sewage treatment plant and urbanisation have impacted on the creek. The sediment of the creek and floodplain contained a record of this impact despite surface mixing caused by macrotides and wet season inundations and bioturbation to a lesser extent. The results show that it is difficult, but not impossible, to establish a definitive date for sediments subjected to physical and biological mixing. The success of dating in these areas is dependent on careful site selection. Cores should be selected from sites that accumulate sediment regularly and are sheltered from disturbances. These results suggest that although it may not always be possible to achieve yearly resolution because of mixing it may still be possible to show substantial impacts on a decadal scale. Nutrients and PbIR were successfully used as chemostratigraphic markers in this system, despite the potential mobility of nutrients in sediments. These profiles also provide important information about mixing which is a key factor in nutrient status in wet dry tropical, macrotidal systems. The results of this study clearly show that physical processes are of great importance, influencing nutrient status in wet dry tropical, macrotidal environments. The results of these studies have been used to produce a conceptual model for nutrient release in Buffalo Creek under different tidal and seasonal conditions.


Historically, the mining industry has had a high incidence of work related injury and disease, and of disasters involving multiple fatalities. It also faces OHS challenges far exceeding those confronting most other industry sectors.

Mine safety legislation can play an important role in meeting those challenges. Although regulation is never likely to be the entire answer, good regulation not only brings laggards up to a minimum legal standard, it also encourages, rewards and facilitates leaders in going beyond them. Bad regulation, in contrast, constrains good enterprises from taking the initiative to improve OHS, while failing to deter bad ones.

This book describes mine safety legislation in the "mining states" and analyses its strengths and weaknesses. It also examines the broader policy questions of how best to design, implement and enforce mine safety regulation.

It argues that substantial reform will be necessary not only in setting standards, but also in their implementation, if further OHS improvements are to be achieved. This implies substantial changes in the way the mine safety inspectorates go about their tasks: in how they administer and enforce the law; and in the circumstances in which they choose to prosecute. It also requires the nurturing of a degree of trust between employers and workers (individually and collectively) and between both these parties and the mines inspectorates, that has been substantially lacking in recent years.