Implementation of the development of the healthy lifestyle of Lithuanian pupils is defined in the main documents regulating education in comprehensive schools. It is pursued that every school should implement health-promoting programmes, which would help the learner acquire competences ensuring their healthy lifestyle. However, the findings of a number of investigations show that health education receives insufficient attention. The past years have seen a shortage of scientific research, contributory to revealing teachers' knowledge as one of the preconditions of the development of pupils' healthy lifestyle. The aim of the research is to identify teachers' self-assessment of their knowledge about health and a healthy lifestyle. The objectives of the research are as follow: 1) to define the theoretical preconditions of the (self-)development of the pupils' healthy lifestyle and to reveal the teachers' role in the development of pupils' healthy lifestyle; 2) to explore the teachers' assessment of their knowledge about health and healthy lifestyle. The following research questions are raised: what are the theoretical preconditions of the development and self-development of pupils' healthy lifestyle? what is the role of teachers in the development of pupils' healthy lifestyle? how do teachers assess their knowledge as a precondition of pupils' healthy lifestyle? The object of the research is teachers' selfassessment of their knowledge about health and healthy lifestyle. Having summarized the research results, the following conclusions are drawn: 1) it is very important that the school should become an initiator of the self-development of pupils' healthy lifestyle, help them acquire knowledge and skills of emotion management, a positive attitude towards oneself, their own activities and that of others, other people and events, and a healthy lifestyle; as well as develop resistance towards the negative factors of the environment, a strong negative attitude towards harmful and unhealthy habits, and intolerance to iniquity. The researchers note that teachers' competence of health education is a significant factor influencing the (self-) development of pupils' healthy lifestyle. The teacher's role in the development of the pupils' healthy lifestyle is reflected in their ability to create the conditions appropriate for the learners' overall physical, psychological, spiritual and social development, to develop awareness of a healthy lifestyle, as well as to develop the skills and habits of a healthy lifestyle and value-based dispositions towards own and others' health; 2) having conducted an analysis of the self-assessment of knowledge about health and healthy lifestyle, it has been determined that a) less than a half of research participants believe they are ready to develop pupils' healthy lifestyle; b) their self-assessment of their knowledge about health and healthy lifestyle is dependent of their experience in pedagogical work; the teachers, whose working experience exceeds 15 years, more often evaluate their knowledge on certain health topics, such as interrelationships and communication, the impact of the environment on health, personal and mouth hygiene, prevention from accidents, prevention from smoking, alcohol or drug abuse, healthy eating, a child's growth and development, as sufficient; c) almost half of research participants acknowledge that they lack sufficient knowledge on the issues of the prevention of allergies, cancer and heart diseases.


Background and Purpose— Arteriopathy is the leading cause of childhood arterial ischemic stroke. Mechanisms are poorly understood but may include inherent abnormalities of arterial structure. Extracranial dissection is associated with connective tissue disorders in adult stroke. Focal cerebral arteriopathy is a common syndrome where pathophysiology is unknown but may include intracranial dissection or transient cerebral arteriopathy. We aimed to quantify cerebral arterial tortuosity in childhood arterial ischemic stroke, hypothesizing increased tortuosity in dissection. Methods— Children (1 month to 18 years) with arterial ischemic stroke were recruited within the Vascular Effects of Infection in Pediatric Stroke (VIPS) study with controls from the Calgary Pediatric Stroke Program. Objective, multi-investigator review defined diagnostic categories. A validated imaging software method calculated the mean arterial tortuosity of the major cerebral arteries using 3-dimensional time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiographic source images. Tortuosity of unaffected vessels was compared between children with dissection, transient cerebral arteriopathy, meningitis, moyamoya, cardioembolic strokes, and controls (ANOVA and post hoc Tukey). Trauma-related versus spontaneous dissection was compared (Student t test). Results— One hundred fifteen children were studied (median, 6.8 years; 43% women). Age and sex were similar across groups. Tortuosity means and variances were consistent with validation studies. Tortuosity in controls (1.346±0.074; n=15) was comparable with moyamoya (1.324±0.038; n=15; P=0.998), meningitis (1.348±0.052; n=11; P=0.989), and cardioembolic (1.379±0.056; n=27; P=0.190) cases. Tortuosity was higher in both extracranial dissection (1.404±0.084; n=22; P=0.021) and transient cerebral arteriopathy (1.390±0.040; n=27; P=0.001) children. Tortuosity was not different between traumatic versus spontaneous dissections (P=0.70). Conclusions— In children with dissection and transient cerebral arteriopathy, cerebral arteries demonstrate increased tortuosity. Quantified arterial tortuosity may represent a clinically relevant imaging biomarker of vascular biology in pediatric stroke.


Nostalgia is a transnational condition. It not only describes temporal displacement from a vanished past but also spatial dislocation from a lost dwelling place: home. What happens, then, when the spatio-temporal dimensions of nostalgia are realigned by media globalization? Can the transnational consumption of media texts create memory-structures that allow viewers to feel 'at home' in a past that is not 'theirs'? What might such a reconstitution of nostalgia tell us about practices of interpretation, recollection, and identification among media audiences? Addressing these questions, this article investigates the responses of Israeli television viewers to a purportedly nostalgic US drama series, Mad Men. In the process, it reemphasizes nostalgia's spatial axis, while reframing nostalgia as a construct of viewer engagement rather than as a feature of media texts. Ultimately, it proposes that contemporary transnational nostalgia possesses a double structure: it is selective, acting as an emotional and cognitive resource consciously used by audiences to examine their present personal and socio-political realities; that very use, however, depends on a 'banal cosmopolitanism' in which the mediated pasts of distant societies are seamlessly experienced as a part of viewers' proximate lifeworlds.


It is projected that the majority population will become the minority population by 2050. In order to serve the needs of an ethnically diverse U.S. population, corporate agribusinesses are encouraged to employ an ethnically diverse workforce. The purpose of this research was to understand how attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control in the workplace affects the intent of underrepresented groups to remain in working for their current corporate agribusiness. In current agriculture research, there are very few studies that focus on the experiences of underrepresented groups in corporate agribusinesses. There is also very little research and public information that provides the number of underrepresented students who are recruited and retained in corporate agribusinesses from year to year. For this reason the author sought to explore the experiences of underrepresented groups who work for agricultural organizations and gain an understanding of factors that impact their intentions to maintain a career in the field. Using a phenomenological qualitative research study design, individual interviews were conducted with underrepresented employees from various corporate agribusinesses from across the United States. A review of the findings indicate that underrepresented groups who work for corporate agribusinesses are satisfied with their jobs in terms of compensation, work/life balance, and the opportunities for advancement. Yet, they are sometimes faced with micro-aggressions, at times feel they are treated differently because of their race, and often work in cultural climates that lack inclusion and/or cultural intelligence. As a result the majority of the participants who participated Assessing intentions of underrepresented groups working for corporate agribusinesses in the study felt that they would remain with their corporate agribusiness employer until they found a new company to work for, started their own business, or a better opportunity presented itself. The findings from this study also show that anyone seeking employment in corporate agribusinesses need to have effective communication skills, cultural and emotional intelligence, agricultural competency, and a true passion for their field of agriculture in order to be successful in the industry. Other findings show that underrepresented groups and their White counterparts need to be educated on the contributions that underrepresented groups have made to the agricultural field in efforts to change the negative perceptions that underrepresented groups have about agriculture.


Pure Ulnar Nerve Leprosy Abscess-Palsy (UNLAP) is uncommon infectious disorder caused by Mycobacterium leprae. This study demonstrates a case report of isolated tubercloid leporsy neuritis of right ulnar nerve presented by sudden onset non-inflammatory tender oval swelling over elbow joint and complicated by acute motor and sensory deficit, posing a diagnositic management confusion. High resolution ultrasonography and maganatic resonance imaging (contrast and non-contrast) were performed. Swelling was expolred and excised after abscess evacuation with complete external neurolysis of ulnar nerve in the cubital tunnel. Specimen was taken for histopathological investigation which revealed positive special staining for leprosy. A typical presentation of leporsy must be taken into consideration to detect the proper line of treatment.


The
 purpose of the study was to explore the causal perceptions of cancer
that would be the basis for development of nursing intervention. A
Q-methodological approach was desperately needed in this highly
subjective area because prior research had proved inadequate to explain
the most distinctive features of personal viewpoints about critical
health conditions. Results reveal five factors: Self-reliant,
Supernaturalist, Other-dependent, Fate-recipient, and
Self-contradictory. The accounts so revealed are examined in light of
the diverse subjectivity they manifest. A discussion makes note of the
implications for the further development of nursing assessment and
tools.


Produce winning presentations and reports with expert advice from this definitive guide. Discover vital tips on how to best utilize Crystal Reports' features to analyze data, and build professional, complex, and effective reports. Find the entire spectrum of user knowledge—from advice for new users on how to develop, design, and build a simple report, to in-depth information on complex features such as Crystal Server Pages and integrating Crystal Reports into Visual Basic.NET programs.


Papers published in Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions are under open-access review for the journal Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Abstract Rivers in developed regions are under significant stress due to nutrient enrichment generated mainly by human activities. Excess nitrogen and phosphorus emissions are the product of complex dynamic systems influenced by various factors such as demographic, socioeconomic and technological development. Using a Catalan river 5 catchment, La Tordera (NorthEast of Spain), as a case study of an integrated and interdisciplinary environmental assessment of nutrient flows, we present and discuss the development of socioeconomic scenarios through a participatory process for the sustainable management of the anthropogenic sources of nutrients, nitrogen and phosphorus. In this context, scenarios are an appropriate tool to assist nutrient emissions 10 modelling, and to assess impacts, possible pathways for socioeconomic development and associated uncertainties. Evaluated against the 1993–2003 baseline period, scenarios target the 2030 horizon, i.e., through the implementation process of the Water Framework Directive (Directive 2000/60/EC). After a critical examination of the methodology used in the participatory development of socioeconomic scenarios, we present 15 four possible futures (or perspectives) for the Catalan river catchment conceived by stakeholders invited to a workshop. Keys to the success of such a participatory process were trust, which enhanced openness, and disagreements, which fostered the group's creativity for scenario development. The translation of narrative socioeconomic scenarios into meaningful nutrient emission scenarios is also presented. By integrating 20 findings of natural sciences and socioeconomic analysis, we aim to assist decision makers and stakeholders in evaluating optimal management strategies for the anthro-pogenic sources of nitrogen and phosphorus.


The homolytic Brook rearrangement is discussed and homolytic fragmentations of epoxides and epoxysilane chemistry are reviewed. Thiyl radical induced isomerisation was performed on spiro alkenylepoxysilanes to generate novel alkenyl-α-trimethylsilylaldehydes rather than the products of radical Brook rearrangement. The trimethylsilylaldehydes were shown to isomerise on heating to silyldienol ethers and, via the addition of a Grignard reagent, to act as stereoselective vinyl cation equivalents. Attempts to extend the scope of the isomerisation to non-rigid systems met with failure. A review of the antibiotic Roseophilin is presented. Cycloaddition-fragmentation approaches to medium and large rings are reviewed as a prelude to our first route, the proposed Michael addition-retro-aldol fragmentation of the Diels-Alder adduct derived from isopropyl-cyclopentadiene and cyclodec- 2-yn-1-one. The novel ynone, synthesised via the intramolecular Friedel-Crafts acylation of 10-trimethylsilyl-9-decynoyl chloride, was found to isomerise readily to bicyclo[4.4.0]dec-1(6)-en-2-one therefore the model Diels-Alder reaction with cyclopentadiene was effected in one-pot from the cyclisation precursor. Details of the attempted fragmentation of tricyclo[10.2.1.0 2,11 ]pentadeca-2(11),13-dien-3-one are then described but, due to inconclusive results, an alternative study was instigated. The use of free-radical macrocyclisations in the synthesis of large rings is reviewed with particular reference to the synthesis of natural products. Three strategies for the formation of a bicyclo[10.2.1]pentadecanone skeleton are reported, and subsequent model studies described. Cuprate additions to vinyl lactones and epoxides are discussed. The preferred strategy, involving a cycloalkyl tether between the radical donor and radical acceptor groups, was extended to a system which was derived from the addition of various cuprates to 2-oxabicyclo[3.3.0]oct-7-en-3-one The preparation of cuprates derived directly from 6-iodohexan-1-ol and 1-chloro-6-iodohexane is described. The trans- cuprate addition products were converted successfully to bicyclo[10.2.1]pentadec-12-en-3-one, and the cis - analogues, accessible through a novel regio- and stereoselective hydroboration-fragmentation reaction of 7- (6'-chlorohexyl)-2-oxabicyclo[3.3.0]oct-7-en-3-one, led to bicyclo[10.2.1]pentadec- 13-en-3-one. The successful cyclisations of model oximes, to form nitrones having the correct connectivity for the third ring of Roseophilin, are described. Cuprate additions to 6-(1'-methylethyl)-2-oxabicyclo[3.3.0]oct-7-en-3-one resulted in anti - attack; the cis - adducts were inaccessible via the above methodology but a few intermediates in the trans - series were prepared. Future routes and modifications to the methods developed are then discussed.


Quantum dot (QD) nanocrystals which have important optical properties, in particular, the wavelength of their fluorescence, depend strongly on their size. Colloidal QDs once dispersed in a solvent are quite interesting fluorescence probes for all types of labelling studies because of their reduced tendency to photo bleach. In this review, we will give an overview on how QDs have been used so far in cell biology. In particular, we will discuss the biologically relevant properties of QDs and focus on four topics: labeling of cellular structures and receptors with QDs, incorporation of QDs by living cells, tracking the path and the fate of individual cells using QD labels, and QDs as contrast agents. QDs are seen to be much better in terms of efficacy over radioisotopes in tracing medicine in vivo. They are rapidly being applied to existing and emerging technologies but here this review deals with a comprehensive compilation of the biological relevance of quantum dots. It covers important information from 1999 till 2008 with few from 1982 to 1997.


Ferrite materials in the form of the deflection yokes constitute a very
significant portion of the entire world production of soft ferrites. The main
applications are in TV sets and computer display monitors. Thus, this work was
initiated to develop soft ferrite materials of the MgZn type suitable for use as
deflection yoke materials. As cost plays a very important role in production,
the initial part of the project was to develop the required material by
manipulating the composition through production grade raw material. Various
additives such as CaO, CuO, TiO₂ and La₂O₃ were added to assist in attaining
the required properties. Green compacts with a sintering temperature of 1150°C
and only air atmosphere were needed to achieve the magnetic and electrical
properties close to those of SAMHWA's YL-5 material. A compositional
design technique capable of producing deflection yokes material was successfully developed to cater for the television and computer industry in
Malaysia.


Religion and Gender is the first refereed online international journal for the systematic study of gender and religion in an interdisciplinary perspective. The journal explores the relation, confrontation and intersection of gender and religion, taking into account the multiple and changing manifestations of religion in diverse social and cultural contexts. It analyses and reflects critically on gender in its interpretative and imaginative dimensions and as a fundamental principle of social ordering. It seeks to investigate gender at the intersection of feminist, sexuality, queer, masculinity and diversity studies.


Despite the availability and technological flexibility of many pubic e-services in Latvia provided by both public and private organizations, users do not choose to use those services as frequently as their developers might wish. There are several possible causes for that: (1) e-services eventually do not meet users' needs, (2) users have socio-cognitive barriers discouraging them from using e-services. These barriers can be related to technological problems (such as data security) or cognitive factors (such as fear of making mistakes in virtual environments lacking direct human interaction).The aim of the current research was to find out, which e-services users prefer and why, on the contrary, they do not choose to use some e-services. Further we wanted to explore what are the possible factors impacting this behaviour. To answer those questions, a large-scale representative (n = 1005) survey was used to collect data on how users perceive the information that is gained from various digital sources and what are their habits and choices of using information and communication technologies (ICT).The results of the research indicate some core habits of using ICT in e-service environments, reasons of the reluctance regarding the usage of e-services, and provide some clues for facilitating the usage of e-services. Our results indicate that the reason of hesitation to use e-services is data security and inconvenient and complicated interface system. In our study, we also discuss the differences between the general use of the internet and the use of e-services.


The close connections and interactions between the Taiwan crisis and succession politics, and Taiwan policy and informal politics, demonstrated that the PRC politics were not fully institutionalised. Military-driven politics played a major role, but succession politics constituted the centre of Chinese informal politics. This leadership succession problem provided the military with the opportunities to greatly influence Beijing's decision-making on events in the Taiwan Strait. The military's influence was significant largely because political control was weakened by the struggle for succession. This process was facilitated by the importance of informal politics in the PRC. In this sense, the PRC provocation of the Taiwan crisis can be largely attributed to the military'S leverage in the leadership succession struggle. Although other informal political factors contributed to Beijing's Taiwan policy and decisions to launch war-games, the struggle for succession was the most important factor acting on Taiwan policy and influencing the lead-up to the Taiwan crisis. Thus, the Taiwan crisis was due to a series of internal domestic elements of which the succession crisis was the key.


Digital video decoding, enabled by the MPEG-2 video standard, is an important future application for embedded systems, particularly personal digital assistants and other information appliances. Many such systems require portability and wireless communication capabilities, and thus face severe limitations in size and power consumption. This places a premium on integration and efficiency, and favors software solutions for video functionality over specialized hardware. Apart from computation, an equally important problem in video decoding is the data bandwidth and the need to insure adequate data supply. MPEG data sets are very large, and generate significant amounts of excess memory traffic for standard data caches, up to 100 times the amount required for decoding. Yet MPEG data has locality which caches can exploit if properly optimized, providing fast, flexible, and automatic data supply. We propose a set of enhancements which target the specific needs of the heterogeneous types within the MPEG decoder working set. These optimizations significantly improve the efficiency of small caches, reducing cache-memory traffic by almost 70%, and can make an enhanced 4-kB cache perform better than a standard 1 MB cache. This performance improvement can enable high-resolution, full frame rate video playback in cheaper, smaller systems than would otherwise be possible.


Wilson's disease (WD) is an autosomal recessive disease caused by a mutation of the ATP7B gene, resulting in abnormal copper metabolism. The major clinical features of WD include liver disease, neurological disorders, K-F rings, and osteoporosis. The prevalence of WD in China is higher than that in Western countries. Early diagnosis and lifelong treatment will lead to better outcomes. Drugs such as sodium dimercaptosuccinate (Na-DMPS), Zn, and Gandou Decoction can be used to treat WD. Some studies have shown that the combination of traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine is the best approach to treating WD. In order to identify better treatments, this article describes the specific clinical symptoms of Wilson's disease, its diagnosis, and treatment options.


The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology - Project Dynaslope (PHIVOLCS - Dynaslope) developed an early warning system (EWS) for deep-seated landslide which uses threshold values as a basis in issuing alerts (i.e., A0, A2, and A3). Movements in the subsurface, which is measured through tilt sensors, is one of the parameters being monitored. An alert is raised every time the measurement exceeds velocity threshold. However, the sensor data exhibits frequent fluctuations and may cause false alerts. At present, simple moving average (SMA) is being used to attenuate noisy data. However, SMA exhibits delay at higher values which may also cause missed alerts. To prevent this issue, a suitable fitting algorithm should be implemented to reduce data noise and a site-specific optimal velocity threshold should be defined to capture impending alerts. This paper shows different techniques in fitting the sensor data and identifying the optimal velocity threshold (A2 alert) for the three sites: (1) Brgy. Sagasa, Dadong, Tarragona, Davao Oriental - dadtb, (2) Brgy. Magsaysay, Kibawe, Bukidnon - magta, and (3) Brgy. Tue, Tadian, Mt. Province - tuetb. Among the six algorithms tested, locally weighted scatterplot smoothing (LOWESS) found to be the most suitable algorithm due to its low root mean square error (RMSE) of 4.689 as compared to other algorithms. Using LOWESS and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, the optimal velocity thresholds for A2 alert are 0.73 cm/day, 0.50 cm/day, and 0.03 cm/day for magta, dadtb, and tuetb respectively. Also, LOWESS exhibits a favorable area under the curve (AUC) of 0.991. Thresholds will be further investigated to incorporate the response of the stakeholders at risk in order to maintain the integrity of the EWS.


A radio direction finding (DF) system uses a multiple-element antenna array coupled with one or more receivers to estimate the direction-of-arrival (DOA) of a targeted emitter using characteristics of the signal received at each of the antennas in the array. In general, DF systems can be classified both by the number of receivers employed as well as which characteristics of the received signal are used to produce the DOA estimate, such as the signal's amplitude, phase, or time of arrival. This work centers on the development and implementation of a novel single-channel direction finding system based on the differential phase of the target signal received by a uniform circular antenna array with a commutative switch. The algorithm is called the PLL DF Method and differs from older single-channel DF techniques in that it is a digital algorithm intended for implementation on a software-defined radio (SDR) platform with a custom-designed antenna array and RF switching network. It uses a bank of parallel software PLLs to estimate the phase of the signal received at each element of the multi-antenna array. Theses estimated phase values are then fed to a specialized signal processing block that estimates the DOA of the received signal. This thesis presents the details of the initial version of the PLL algorithm which was used to produce a proof-of-concept system with an eight-element circular array. It then discusses various technical challenges uncovered in the initial implementation and presents numerous enhancements to the algorithm to overcome these challenges, such as a modification to the PLL model to offer increased estimator robustness in the presence of a frequency offset between the transmitter and receiver, revisions of the software implementation to reduce the algorithm's processing requirements, and the adaptation of the DF algorithm for use with a 16-element circular array. The performance of the algorithm with these modifications under various conditions are simulated to investigate their impact on the DOA estimation process and the results of their implementation on an SDR are considered.


In recent years deep reinforcement learning (RL) systems have attained superhuman performance in a number of challenging task domains. However, a major limitation of such applications is their demand for massive amounts of training data. A critical present objective is thus to develop deep RL methods that can adapt rapidly to new tasks. In the present work we introduce a novel approach to this challenge, which we refer to as deep meta-reinforcement learning. Previous work has shown that recurrent networks can support meta-learning in a fully supervised context. We extend this approach to the RL setting. What emerges is a system that is trained using one RL algorithm, but whose recurrent dynamics implement a second, quite separate RL procedure. This second, learned RL algorithm can differ from the original one in arbitrary ways. Importantly, because it is learned, it is configured to exploit structure in the training domain. We unpack these points in a series of seven proof-of-concept experiments, each of which examines a key aspect of deep meta-RL. We consider prospects for extending and scaling up the approach, and also point out some potentially important implications for neuroscience.


Abstract The arcuate Outer Carpathian accretionary wedge formed in front of the East Alpine-Carpathian-Pannonian (ALCAPA) megablock during the Eocene-Sarmatian. The wedge accreted sediments of the subducting remnants of the Carpathian Flysch Basin, a large oceanic tract left in front of the Alpine orogen. The palaeostress data for the orogenic hinterland (particularly the data related to the Early Miocene extension that was expanding towards the NE), combined with coeval subduction-related volcanism that was expanding towards the NE, indicate that the uneven roll-back of the subduction zone was the main mechanism controlling the development of the northern West Carpathian arc. The palaeostress data for the Tertiary accretionary wedge from the same time period are characterized by outward-fanning σ1 trajectories that changed gradually during the wedge development. In contrast, the palaeostress data for the hinterland are characterized by preferred-directional stress events that changed abruptly during the wedge development. These palaeostress results are in accordance with the behaviour of the wedge and the hinterland, as the wedge behaved as a weak continuum and the hinterland behaved as a block mosaic with weak boundaries. The fault traces of the northern West Carpathian arc converge to both ends of the arc and suggest that the pre-existing basin was the factor that controlled the arc location. These fault trace patterns are asymmetric, indicating a slightly oblique overall convergence in a NE-SW direction. In accordance with this convergence, the palaeostress data for the accretionary wedge indicate that the western part of the wedge, which is characterized by NW-SE-oriented maximum principal compressional stress σ1, was undergoing sinistral transpression. Meanwhile, the eastern part, which is characterized by NE-SW-oriented σ1, was undergoing compression. Apparently, the dynamics of the accretionary wedge was further influenced by the shape of an elongated NE-SW-trending ALCAPA megablock, which was located behind the wedge and advanced in the direction of the general Early Miocene convergence during the most pronounced stages of the wedge development. This megablock served as the local indenter, as its strength surpassed that of the accretionary wedge located to its front. Further dynamic complexities were added because of the complex shape of the Magura Unit, which was located in the most proximal portion of the wedge and was stronger than the units in front of it. Wedge outcrops indicate that the large-scale shortening, which is characterized by the development of detachments and ramps, was preceded by an initial layer-parallel shortening. This is indicated by scaly fabrics and minor reverse faults that rotated into locked positions during the later accretion. Several outcrops with a wedge detachment fault indicate that there was a relatively low amount of friction during its development. The décollement zone is several hundred metres thick and shows evidence of transient fluid flow that was driven by pressure gradients. This is documented by frequent hydrofracturing, sandstone dykes and fibrous veins that opened against the weight of the whole wedge, all of which indicate cycles of higher pore fluid pressures that lowered the basal friction.


This document attempts to represent a wide range of opinions in an inclusive way, to allow for different types of projects and programmes, where context-specific criteria can be set.The characteristics outlined below are based on views expressed by researchers, practitioners, public officials and the wider public. Our aim is to identify the characteristics that should be considered when setting such criteria (e.g. a funding scheme), and we call upon readers to determine which subset of these characteristics is relevant to their own specific context and aims. These characteristics build on (and refer to) the ECSA 10 principles of citizen science as a summary of best practie – and projects are expected to engage meaningfully with them. Where it is especially pertinent, we refer to them in the characteristics below. The rest of the document covers the characteristics of citizen science under five sections:

(1) core concepts;

(2) disciplinary aspects;

(3) leadership and participation;

(4) financial aspects; and

(5) data and knowledge.

Further explanation and background are provided in the 'ECSA's characteristics of citizen science: explanation notes' document.

The research article describing this work 'Contours of citizen science: a vignette study' can be found in the Royal Society Open Science journal at https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.202108.


Ahlswede and Winter [AW02] introduced a Chernoff bound for matrix-valued random variables, which is a non-trivial generalization of the usual Chernoff bound for real-valued random variables. We present an efficient derandomization oftheir bound using the method of pessimistic estimators (see Raghavan [Rag88]). As a consequence, we derandomize a construction of Alon and Roichman [AR94] (see also [LR04, LS04]) to efficiently construct an expanding Cayley graph of logarithmic degree on any (possibly non-abelian) group. This also gives an optimal solution to the homomorphism testing problem of Shpilka and Wigderson [SW04]. We also apply these pessimistic estimators to the problem of solving semi-definite covering problems, thus giving a deterministic algorithm for the quantum hypergraph cover problem of [AW02]. The results above appear as theorems in the paper [WX05a] (see also [WX05b]), as consequences to the main theorem of that paper: a randomness efficient sampler for matrix valued functions via expander walks. However, we discovered an error in the proof of that main theorem (which we briefly describe in the appendix). That main theorem stating that the expander walk sampler is good for matrix-valued functions thus remains open. One purpose of the current paper is to show that the applications in that paper hold true despite our inability to prove the expander walk sampler theorem for matrix-valued functions.


Background Mice with a targeted mutation in the G protein subunit Gαi2 gene develop a colonic mucosal inflammation, with a highly activated B-cell response. We wanted to investigate whether this increased B-cell activity was directed against dietary antigens and/or various self tissues. Methods The level of antibodies specific for dietary (gliadin, soya and fish meal) antigens was measured by ELISA. Reactivity against self antigens was measured by immunohistochemistry on cryo-sectioned mouse and rat tissue. Sera and intestinal lavages were analysed from Gαi2−/− mice before and after development of colitis and in age-matched wild type litter mates. Results Titres of antibodies against dietary antigens were significantly enhanced both in serum and in large intestinal lavages from Gαi2−/− mice with ongoing colitis but not prior to disease, as compared to wild type mice. The autoreactivity to self tissues was significantly increased in Gαi2−/− mice both before and after development of colitis as compared to litter mate control animals. Self tissue reactivity was directed not only against epithelial cells of the colon, small intestine and gastric glands, but also against smooth muscle cells, hepatocytes, bile duct cells, renal tubule and collecting tubule cells of the kidney. In analogy to human ulcerative colitis, autoantibodies against epithelial cells, bile duct epithelium and neutrophil granulocytes were found. Conclusions Earlier increase in levels of autoantibodies (before onset of colitis) than of food antibodies (after onset of colitis) suggests the latter response to be a secondary phenomenon to e.g. a destroyed barrier function.


State-of-the-art training algorithms for deep learning models are based on stochastic gradient descent (SGD). Recently, many variations have been explored: perturbing parameters for better accuracy (such as in Extragradient), limiting SGD updates to a subset of parameters for increased efficiency (such as meProp) or a combination of both (such as Dropout). However, the convergence of these methods is often not studied in theory. We propose a unified theoretical framework to study such SGD variants -- encompassing the aforementioned algorithms and additionally a broad variety of methods used for communication efficient training or model compression. Our insights can be used as a guide to improve the efficiency of such methods and facilitate generalization to new applications. As an example, we tackle the task of jointly training networks, a version of which (limited to sub-networks) is used to create Slimmable Networks. By training a low-rank Transformer jointly with a standard one we obtain superior performance than when it is trained separately.


Sound policy recommendations relating to the role of forest management in mitigating atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO{sub 2}) depend upon establishing accurate methodologies for quantifying forest carbon pools for large tracts of land that can be dynamically updated over time. Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) remote sensing is a promising technology for achieving accurate estimates of aboveground biomass and thereby carbon pools; however, not much is known about the accuracy of estimating biomass change and carbon flux from repeat LiDAR acquisitions containing different data sampling characteristics. In this study, discrete return airborne LiDAR data was collected in 2003 and 2009 across {approx}20,000 hectares (ha) of an actively managed, mixed conifer forest landscape in northern Idaho, USA. Forest inventory plots, established via a random stratified sampling design, were established and sampled in 2003 and 2009. The Random Forest machine learning algorithm was used to establish statistical relationships between inventory data and forest structural metrics derived from the LiDAR acquisitions. Aboveground biomass maps were created for the study area based on statistical relationships developed at the plot level. Over this 6-year period, we found that the mean increase in biomass due to forest growth across the non-harvested portions of the study area was 4.8 metric ton/hectare (Mg/ha). In these non-harvested areas, we found a significant difference in biomass increase among forest successional stages, with a higher biomass increase in mature and old forest compared to stand initiation and young forest. Approximately 20% of the landscape had been disturbed by harvest activities during the six-year time period, representing a biomass loss of >70 Mg/ha in these areas. During the study period, these harvest activities outweighed growth at the landscape scale, resulting in an overall loss in aboveground carbon at this site. The 30-fold increase in sampling density between the 2003 and 2009 did not affect the biomass estimates. Overall, LiDAR data coupled with field reference data offer a powerful method for calculating pools and changes in aboveground carbon in forested systems. The results of our study suggest that multitemporal LiDAR-based approaches are likely to be useful for high quality estimates of aboveground carbon change in conifer forest systems.


1. A deep chlorophyll maximum dominated by Cryptomonas phaseolus, Cryptomonas undulata and often also by Cryptomonas rostratiformis was observed near the summer chemocline of the dimictic, meso-eutrophic lake Schlachtensee from 1990 to 1996.2. The cryptophyte populations occupied a stratified water column of about 2 m thickness just below the oxycline. They were never observed in the summer epilimnion. In their habitat, oxygen concentration was always lower than 1 mg l-1 and light was growth-limiting, whereas nitrogen and phosphorus were available at high concentrations.3. A very large portion of the populations stayed in the anaerobic, sulphide-containing water layer. Below the chemocline purple and green sulphur bacteria coexisted.4. The cryptophyte populations were maintained by in situ growth due to low-light adapted photosynthesis and not due to phagotrophy.5. Short-term changes in the light climate near the chemocline could explain the coexistence of different cryptophyte species.


Beginning with 2004 in the Siret River Catchment there occurred exceptional flash floods that exceeded the maximum historical values recorded, on the main river and on its tributaries (2004, the Trotus River; 2005, the Siret River, the Trotus River, the Bistriţa River, the Putna River; 2006 - the Clit River from the Suceava River Catchment; 2008, the Siret River, the Suceava River). The 2010 summer flood from the Siret River also falls in this category. This paper uses hydrological data (water discharge, suspended sediment discharge) between the 20 th of June and 10 th of July 2010 from 5 gauging stations located on the Siret River: Siret, Hutani, Lespezi, Dragesti, Lungoci, and also meteorological data (rainfall) measured at different gauging stations from the Siret River Catchment. The rainfall recorded in this time of the year in the catchment was very high, with values up to 210 l/m 2 in approximately 10 days. The hydrographs of the flash flood indicate the fact that the transit of the water trough the reservoirs system from the Siret River (Rogojesti - Bucecea and Răcăciuni – Beresti –Călimănesti - Movileni) reduced the maximum water discharge with values between 7-27%. The values of the maximum sediment discharge also recorded a reduction while transiting this reservoirs system with approximately 60%. The evolution of the Siret river bed channel during this flood (aggradations with values between 15-100 cm and degradations starting from 65 cm until 200 cm, in different moments of the flood) is influenced by the high values of the water and sediment discharge and by anthropogenic interventions on the river bed (pit-ballast, regularization of the river bed, reservoirs). Processing the hydrological and meteorological data recorded during the flood (20th of June – 10th of July 2010) indicates two important features of this event: the climatic variability – exemplified by the big values of precipitations from the catchment and the anthropogenic impact revealed by the transit of the flood wave and the evolution of the river bed.


An accessible title that looks at the latest scientific findings to support new runners, and experienced athletes, train for a marathon. Renowned marathon expert and leading sports scientist Professor John Brewer reveals why many of the concepts surrounding marathon training and running are wrong - and suggests how the latest sports science research transforms the way marathons should be approached. Run Smart uses the latest scientific research to show how preparing for, and running, marathons can be made easier, and in doing so challenges many of the myths that surround marathon running. The book will draw on the author's experience as one of the UK's leading sports scientists, his extensive research background in marathon running, and his experience as a marathon runner, to provide credible advice to runners to support their preparation for a marathon. The book will challenge many current concepts, myths and ideas, and provide science-based alternatives in areas such as training and nutrition that will optimise and ease a runner's preparation for, and completion of, the 26.2 mile distance. This highly accessible book will use the latest scientific findings to support new runners training for their first marathon and help more experienced athletes improve and train smarter.


Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) is a popular data-analytic tool for studying the class relationship between data points. A major disadvantage of LDA is that it fails to discover the local geometrical structure of the data manifold. In this paper, we introduce a novel linear algorithm for discriminant analysis, called Locality Sensitive Discriminant Analysis (LSDA). When there is no sufficient training samples, local structure is generally more important than global structure for discriminant analysis. By discovering the local manifold structure, LSDA finds a projection which maximizes the margin between data points from different classes at each local area. Specifically, the data points are mapped into a subspace in which the nearby points with the same label are close to each other while the nearby points with different labels are far apart. Experiments carried out on several standard face databases show a clear improvement over the results of LDA-based recognition.


Recent work by Tschakovsky & Hughson (Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 279: H1007, 2000) indicates that venous emptying serves as a stimulus for vasodilation. This suggests the importance of recognizing the potential influence of venous volume on reactive hyperemic blood flow (RHBF) following occlusion. Purpose: To examine the influence of venous emptying on RHBF. Methods: Non-dominant forearm in-flow, venous capacitance and outflow were examined in 21 individuals [age=23±2.27y]. Forearm arterial inflow, venous capacitance, and outflow were obtained two times using strain gauge plethysmography. Forearm blood inflow was estimated at rest and following 5 min of upper arm occlusion. Forearm venous capacitance and outflow were obtained following 5 min of upper arm venous occlusion pressure at 7 mmHg below diastolic blood pressure. Prior to the second measure the arm was passively elevated for 2 minutes. Immediately before returning the arm to its original position the upper arm cuff was again inflated to 240mmHg. Subsequently, RHBF and venous measures were obtained. Results: Average resting in-flow was 2.84±1.22 ml/100ml/min. RHBF was significantly greater following venous emptying (Before: 18.15±3.80; After: 23.70±5.93 ml/100ml/min, p=0.0001). Venous capacitance was also greater (Before: 1.96±0.82; After: 2.94±0.82 %, p=0.0001), whereas venous outflow (Before: 37.06±10.50; After: 39.00±10.72 ml/100ml/min, p=0.17) remained unaffected after venous emptying. Summary: Venous emptying prior to upper arm occlusion results in a significant greater RHBF response and venous capacitance. A potential explanation for the observation is a decrease in the pressure gradient across the tissue bed and/or withdrawal of the venoarteriolar reflex constriction.


Neural circuits within the medial temporal lobe, including the hippocampus, support
recognition memory. Patients and animals with circumscribed hippocampus damage experience
significant episodic memory deficits but their general intellectual abilities remain intact. The
present thesis sought to determine whether electrical field potentials generated in the
hippocampus during a recognition memory task are influenced by stimulus repetition.
Electroencephalography (EEG) is a non-invasive technique used to measure the voltage changes
on the scalp in regards to a specific cognitive event. Event related potentials (ERP) is a post-hoc
analysis of recorded EEG and allows the voltage changes to be time-locked to the occurrence of
an event. EEG/ERP analysis was used to measure the voltage change in normal, healthy college
students in a recognition memory task. When visual stimuli are presented repeatedly certain
ERP components that are associated with recognition memory are attenuated, although some
discrepancies exist in the literature. Beamforming spatial filtering analysis is a source estimation
technique that allows inferences to be made about the locations of generators of the evoked
potentials that are recorded at the scalp. In the current study, a repetition effect was observed for
pictures and words at select electrode sites. Pictures and words previously seen ("Old') had
significantly decreased peak amplitude compared to pictures and words that had not been seen
before. Although stimulus repetition clearly attenuated electrophysiological signals recorded on
certain regions of the scalp, beamforming analysis of the hippocampus showed that these
changes were not accompanied by similar changes in the field potentials generated within the
hippocampus. Interestingly, however, pictures and words produced markedly different
hippocampal field potentials.


Recent remarks in the media suggest that the Currie Cup competition, the premier rugby union competition in South Africa, is in need of a revamp. This paper uses new measures of the attractiveness of rugby union matches to argue that the Currie Cup has become one of the less attractive competitions in the rugby-playing world and that the participation of weak teams has contributed significantly to this tendency. Against this background, the paper discusses two proposals for restructuring the competition to restore its attractiveness: a competition with only the five teams that have historically dominated Currie Cup rugby, and a competition with this five and one additional team. It is found that that the five-team structure should yield the most attractive outcomes, but a six-team competition also would be relatively more attractive than most rugby union competitions and would be more likely to be acceptable to key decision makers in South African rugby.


Recommender system can make personalized predictions of resources for users with their learning history automatically. Collaborative filtering is one of the most widely used algorithms in this field. Although various works of collaborative filtering has been researched in elearning, few of them notice the influence of sequential interactions among users. In this paper, we propose a novel collaborative filtering method by using the sequential interaction information of users. The proposed method consists of four steps: (1) fetching sequential interactive information from comments and replies; (2) computing the interaction influence degree among users with data from step (1); (3) filling the sparse user-item matrix with influence data; and (4) applying the new filled matrix to user-based collaborative filtering to find similar users to recommend. The experiment results on TED dataset show that the proposed method outperforms userbased CF and item-based CF on both precision and recall.


We present new measurements of the dependence of the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiance on the total magnetic flux in active regions as obtained from the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) and the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory. Using observations of nine active regions tracked along different stages of evolution, we extend the known radiance—magnetic flux power-law relationship ( I ∝ Φ α ) to the AIA 335 Å passband, and the Fe xviii 93.93 Å spectral line in the 94 Å passband. We find that the total unsigned magnetic flux divided by the polarity separation ( Φ / D ) is a better indicator of radiance for the Fe xviii line with a slope of α = 3.22 ± 0.03 . We then use these results to test our current understanding of magnetic flux evolution and coronal heating. We use magnetograms from the simulated decay of these active regions produced by the Advective Flux Transport model as boundary conditions for potential extrapolations of the magnetic field in the corona. We then model the hydrodynamics of each individual field line with the Enthalpy-based Thermal Evolution of Loops model with steady heating scaled as the ratio of the average field strength and the length ( B ¯ / L ) and render the Fe xviii and 335 Å emission. We find that steady heating is able to partially reproduce the magnitudes and slopes of the EUV radiance—magnetic flux relationships and discuss how impulsive heating can help reconcile the discrepancies. This study demonstrates that combined models of magnetic flux transport, magnetic topology, and heating can yield realistic estimates for the decay of active region radiances with time.


Abstract How has the privatization-led economic transition transformed Russian firms? Prior to recent economic recession caused by Western sanctions, Russia's economic performance has been impressive, yet little is known about its micro-level sources. Particularly, while macro-level data suggests a positive effect of privatization, such effect is seldom substantiated at firm-level in Russia. To take a step towards opening the black box, we investigated the performance effect of technology dynamism in Russian firms and the extent to which ownership mattered with regards to the technology dynamism-performance link. Our survey data shows that performance is driven by IT adoption, entrepreneurial orientation, and technological turbulence in Russian firms and that the positive effects of technological turbulence are stronger for private than for state-owned Russian firms. According to our results, Russian private enterprises appear more capable of buffering and gaining from technological turmoil, suggesting that the most significant outcome of organizational transformation in Russia is the firms enhanced capability in managing external environmental dynamism.


In this CEPS Commentary, Ilaria Maselli and Miroslav Beblavý argue that the European economic governance system needs to be equipped with a supranational automatic stabiliser that would kick-in automatically in the event of an economic downturn, to avoid unduly burdening national public finances. In their view, the option of creating an unemployment benefit system for the euro area should be given serious consideration. The possible variations of such a system and their implications will be the subject of in-depth study at CEPS over the coming year.


Not since Charles and Mary Beard's "The Rise of American Civilization" has a narrative been written for the general reader and student alike that so superbly explicates the origins of American capitalism. Arguing that the central fact explaining the success of the American experiment is the development of the economy, the distinguished economic historian Stuart Bruchey shows the reciprocal relationship between economic growth and values, law, and social and political change, as well as between economic development and the more traditional variables of capital, labor, and resources.Enterprising, risk-taking men and women in all walks of life are at the center of the remarkable story that is the American dream and reality. The farm family moving to an unfamiliar environment and trying new technology; the business executive or worker with a new idea for improving a machine; the jurist venturing down a different legal path to sharpen incentives to invest; lawmakers of all kinds risking tenure or office by giving priority to measures designed to entice capital and labor to their jurisdictions these entrepreneurs provided the leaven that gradually raised the living standards of the average person to heights unknown anywhere in the past.Twenty years in the writing, "Enterprise" summarizes the scholarly contributions of historians and social scientists. It reaches deep into the European past to fourteenth-century Italy to retrace the origins of American capitalism. The author tells the story of individual achievement and vertical social mobility and their triumph over obstacles, a never-ending theme of American enterprise. Whether Americans maintain those heights today or will suffer a decline as the price of 1980s now-nowism as Richard Darman characterizes this decade of wanting everything, at once, and paying nothing remains to be seen."


An alternate signaling route for the plant hormone auxin goes directly inside from the cell surface. The plant hormone auxin regulates a variety of developmental processes and responses to environmental inputs, often via changes in gene transcription. Xu et al. analyzed a signaling pathway involving ABP1 (auxin-binding protein 1) that affects the cytoskeleton and endocytosis in Arabidopsis without changing gene transcription. Instead, ABP1 functions at the cell surface to bind auxin and a family of membrane kinases, thereby activating intracellular guanosine triphosphatases to initiate important developmental changes in cell shape. T. Xu, N. Dai, J. Chen, S. Nagawa, M. Cao, H. Li, Z. Zhou, X. Chen, R. De Rycke, H. Rakusová, W. Wang, A. M. Jones, J. Friml, S. E. Patterson, A. B. Bleecker, Z. Yang, Cell surface ABP1-TMK auxin-sensing complex activates ROP GTPase signaling. Science 343, 1025–1028 (2014). [Abstract] [Full Text]


Optical phenomena such as fluorescence, phosphorescence, polarization, interference and non-linearity have been extensively used for biosensing applications. Optical waveguides (both planar and fiber-optic) are comprised of a material with high permittivity/high refractive index surrounded on all sides by materials with lower refractive indices, such as a substrate and the media to be sensed. This arrangement allows coupled light to propagate through the high refractive index waveguide by total internal reflection and generates an electromagnetic wave—the evanescent field—whose amplitude decreases exponentially as the distance from the surface increases. Excitation of fluorophores within the evanescent wave allows for sensitive detection while minimizing background fluorescence from complex, "dirty" biological samples. In this review, we will describe the basic principles, advantages and disadvantages of planar optical waveguide-based biodetection technologies. This discussion will include already commercialized technologies (e.g., Corning's EPIC® Ô, SRU Biosystems' BIND™, Zeptosense®, etc.) and new technologies that are under research and development. We will also review differing assay approaches for the detection of various biomolecules, as well as the thin-film coatings that are often required for waveguide functionalization and effective detection. Finally, we will discuss reverse-symmetry waveguides, resonant waveguide grating sensors and metal-clad leaky waveguides as alternative signal transducers in optical biosensing.


During the past 15 years, Uganda has witnessed a significant change in the mode and form of external development finance (EDF) received. Traditionally, Uganda has largely sourced its EDF from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development – Development Assistance Committee (OECD-DAC) and from multilateral development institutions. On the other hand, landscape in an environment characterized by the emergence of new donors like China, South Korea, and India, among others. This brief describes the extent of the changes in EDF and how different stakeholders are responding to the changing access to and utilization of external funds.


What are the origins of agriculture? In what ways have technological advances related to food affected human development? How have food and foodways been used to create identity, communicate meaning, and organize society? In this highly readable, illustrated volume, archaeologists and other scholars from across the globe explore these questions and more. The Archaeology of Food offers more than 250 entries spanning geographic and temporal contexts and features recent discoveries alongside the results of decades of research. The contributors provide overviews of current knowledge and theoretical perspectives, raise key questions, and delve into myriad scientific, archaeological, and material analyses to add depth to our understanding of food. The encyclopedia serves as a reference for scholars and students in archaeology, food studies, and related disciplines, as well as fascinating reading for culinary historians, food writers, and food and archaeology enthusiasts.


Backgrounds and Aim: Rabies disease is caused by a neurotropic virus belongs to the Rhabdo viridae family and lyssa virus genus, which transmitted through biting, mucosal tissue, breathing, pair, contaminated instruments and organ transplantation. In this study, according to the geographical area and diverse climatic conditions of Sanandaj, rabies and animal bites diseases were investigated in human populations during the period of 7 years (2008 to 2014). Material and Methods: Vaccination statistics data were collected from the Sanandaj Disease Control Center and were analyzed by SPSS 21 statistical software in terms of descriptive and inferential. Results: The results of current study showed that no human rabies has been reported in the city of Sanandaj from 1994 until now. The results of statistical tests showed that there are a significant differences between location, sex, age, occupation, education, damaged organ and the number of animal bite cases (P<0.05). Also, there is no significant difference between treatment and animal bites frequency (P>0.05). Conclusion: According to the current study, although the dog, cat and other wild animals play an important role in the transmission of rabies to domestic animals and people at risk in Sanandaj, but Increasing stray dogs and cats show that Cooperation between the related departments for the elimination of stray dogs and cats at the provincial level is essential.


The result of sustained, evidence based, policymaking in support of better health

On 29 March 2004 Ireland became the first European country to implement legislation creating smoke-free enclosed workplaces, including bars and restaurants.1 Norway (June 2004) and Sweden (2005) are on schedule to introduce similar legislation. Though there are some minor exemptions in the Irish legislation, this move is ground breaking and is of immense public health importance. The legislation shines as a beacon for other jurisdictions that might want to follow Ireland's lead.

There were many twists and turns in the development of the Irish legislation. Over the past 15 years in particular, activity in all areas of tobacco control helped create the platform on which this legislation on secondhand smoke developed. Politicians, public servants, trade unions, and non-governmental organisations all played their part.

In the 1990s the government introduced legislation that prohibited smoking in a small number of public places, but it had no general application to the workplace.2 In the mid-1990s, despite the growing evidence of the harmful effects of secondhand smoke, a purely voluntary code of practice on smoking in the workplace was agreed between the government, …


Thermal anti-icing systems are commonly used to protect aircraft leading edges from a potentially hazardous build-up of ice. Such systems have proven reliable in service and are relatively cheap and efficient. Typically, hot air is tapped from the
engine compressor and ducted (via a regulation and control system) to the surface to be protected. Ideally an optimisation process should be employed at
the design stage in order to ensure adequate anti-icing capability with minimal use of engine bleed air, since the latter represents a performance penalty.
Following submission by the author of an MSc thesis concerning thermal modelling of a hot air anti-icing system for a civil turbofan intake (Wade 67 ), it became clear that extension of the studies was necessary to
enable systematic accounting of the factors which limit ice accretion. An experimental programme was therefore carried out to investigate primarily: various exhaust geometries (through which spent
anti-icing air is emitted to join the main
engine inlet airflow and provide heating of the downstream surface; various cowl internal configurations
on a full-scale model section of a large civil
turbofan Nose Cowl. The internal geometry affects the
effectiveness of the cowl lipskin heating, and the
spent anti-icing exhaust air limits the quantity of
unevaporated water which runs back along the intake
acoustic surface downstream of the directly heated area
and freezes. The Computational Fluid Dynamics package PACE (Prediction of Aerodynamics and Combustor Emissions)
was used to model the internal, freestream and exhaust
airf lows to determine the program's potential and
usefulness for predictive purposes in this type of
application. PACE is capable of modelling two or three
dimensional, recirculating or non-recirculating flows
for simple rectangular or polar geometry. It
encompasses a suite of sub-programs to generate meshes
and to create and solve the set of coupled linear
equations representing the fluid flow. Various
parameters, including heat transfer coefficients, were
predicted in two regions: downstream of the exhaust plane to model the
mixing of the spent anti-icing air and the
freestream main engine inlet flow; inside and outside the Nose Cowl highlight
area to predict skin temperature distributions
for the three internal geometry configurations
tested.
This thesis describes the experimental work and
compares the results with the Computational Fluid
Dynamics predictions. Agreement was generally found to
be good, and it was concluded that PACE may provide a
useful modelling (design) tool, albeit with some reservations.


This paper argues that the classroom is a critically salient space for English Studies in ordinarily non-Anglophone contexts, where disciplinary boundaries are negotiated in ways that are redefining the discipline. In other words, in such contexts the classroom is not simply a space where the discipline as it is currently constituted or determined by advanced research and scholarly formations is conveyed, but is a space within which the discipline is constructed and reconstructed constantly with local realities in view. This is particularly so for English Studies in non-Anglophone contexts, it is maintained, because of the neglect such contexts suffer in the Anglocentric mainstream of the discipline. Since English Studies is now a global academic discipline, and is not confined to Anglophone contexts, such disciplinary negotiations are especially noteworthy. By way of evidence for this argument, this paper reports on classroom observations made in three state universities in Bulgaria in 2007–8. Some of the general features of English Studies in Bulgaria which informed these observations are outlined with regard to programme and course structures, student expectations and preconceptions of teachers. The observations are given in the final section, and chart some of the practices that can be discerned in teaching and learning whereby the boundaries of the discipline are critically negotiated. English Studies in Bulgaria, as in many non-Anglophone contexts, is structured as a composite of English language, literature and culture studies, and the observations in question cover all those directions. Importantly, these observations were not undertaken with a view to judging the efficacy of teaching-learning strategies or making normative recommendations about effective teaching. Classroom practices are noted here only insofar as they appear to impinge upon conceptions of the discipline itself.


The search for clean renewable energy sources to fulfil global energy needs, incorporating environmentally-friendly technologies, is currently unabated. Solar thermal collectors are technologies that harness unlimited solar radiation then convert it into usable heat for numerous industries or domestic needs. The solar selective absorber thin film coating is the key component in determining the efficiency of a solar thermal collector. Many challenges still exist in terms of the fabrication of high quality selective absorber material, in order to meet the criteria of better cost-effectiveness and environmentally-friendly characteristics especially in the context of flat-plate absorbers.

In this study, novel copper cobalt oxide (CuxCoyOz) thin film coatings on highly reflective aluminium substrate were synthesised via a facile, environmentally friendly and cost-effective sol-gel dip-coating method. The structural, surface morphology and composition, optical properties, mechanical properties and thermal durability were characterised using a wide range of complementary techniques, namely, XRD, FESEM/SEM, EDX, AFM, XPS, synchrotron radiation XPS and NEXAFS, UV-Vis-NIR, FTIR, nanoindentation and FEM modelling, as well as an accelerated thermal durability test.

The copper cobalt oxide thin films showed a nano-sized grain-like morphology forming a porous surface structure with distinctively high solar absorptance compared to the manganese- and nickel- cobalt oxide coatings. XRD results demonstrated a relatively weak crystallinity of copper cobalt coating through the annealing temperature of 500 °C, the XPS and EDX analyses corroborated the existence of Cu-O and Co-O bonding structures within different copper cobalt oxide composition ratios. The optimised solar absorptance value of 83.4% was achieved from the copper cobalt oxide thin films synthesised using 0.25 M of copper acetate and 0.25 M cobalt chloride precursors ([Cu]/[Co]=1) with the withdrawal rate of 120 mm/min by four dip-drying cycles at annealing temperature of 500°C. Higher absorptance value could be accomplished by a thin film with [Cu]/[Co] of 0.5, however, its reflectance spectra curve was less satisfactory in terms of a good selectivity curve profile.

The difference in [Cu]/[Co] ratios in the synthesis process has a direct influence on the degree of porosity of surface morphology which slightly alters the surface compositions, electronic structure and local coordination of the coatings. The mechanical properties analysis such as the elastic modulus and hardness via a nanoindentation test revealed that the coatings exhibit much higher wear resistance compared to the aluminium substrate especially for [Cu]/[Co] = 1.0. Finite element modelling (FEM) indicated that, under spherical loading conditions, the higher stress and the plastic deformation were predominantly concentrated within the coating layer, with marginal effect on the substrate. The high absorptance value (i.e. without an anti-reflective layer) accompanied by the high wear resistance of copper cobalt oxide made it a very promising candidate for solar selective absorbers application.

Higher annealing temperatures treatment of up to 650 °C improved the crystalline structure of copper cobalt oxide, but it relatively did not change the surface compositions and bonding structures. The absorptance of coatings slightly increased with the annealing temperature up to 550 °C and then decreased from 550 °C to 650 °C due to the increase of scattering from larger crystallite. Even though the elastic modulus and the hardness improved, the wear resistance was slightly decreased as temperature was increased.

To minimize the reflectance of absorber material and protect it from any degradation due to external factors, a silica anti-reflection (AR) layer was fabricated on top of the copper cobalt oxide coatings. The AR layer evidently changed the reflectance spectra which cause the increase of the absorptance value in the UV-Visible-near infrared (UV-Vis-NIR) area and unfortunately also increase the emittance value due to the strong phonon absorption by the silica in the range from mid to far infrared. The optimum absorptance and emittance values were 84.96 and 5.6 %, respectively. The accelerated thermal durability test revealed that the degradation of the copper cobalt oxide with a silica AR layer was more governed by the temperature regime fluctuations compared to the change in exposure time, indicating that the coating is applicable for uses in the low temperature range solar collectors such as for domestic solar water heater (≤ 150 oC).

The sol-gel dip-coating synthesised copper cobalt oxide thin film coatings present high absorptance in UV-Vis-NIR range and low emittance (or high reflectance) in the mid – far infrared range with good mechanical properties. All these attributes render the coatings promising as a solar selective absorber for applications in the solar energy industry. However, further research may require the development of an appropriate anti-reflective layer to maximise absorptance and to minimise emission and then achieve a high selectivity of coatings stack.


Knowledge forms an important asset in modern organisations. In order to gain and sustain competitive advantage knowledge has to be managed. One aspect of this is to use Electronic Knowledge Repositories (EKRs) in order to enhance knowledge sharing, reuse and learning. The success of an EKR is dependent on the quality of its content. For knowledge to be stored in an EKR, it has to be captured. One crucial part of the capture process is to evaluate whether the identified knowledge should be incorporated in the EKR or not. Therefore, to increase information quality in an EKR, the evaluation stage of the capture process must be successfully performed. This paper characterizes Critical Success Factors (CSF) for knowledge evaluation and presents six evaluation criteria to guide the evaluation stage in order to increase information quality in EKR:s. In particular we highlight the importance of performing evaluation addressing correctness, relevance, protection and redundancy.


We present two one-step schemes to generate the Bell state and construct the controlled-phase gate deterministically on remote transmon qutrits trapped in different resonators connected by a superconducting transmission line for a quantum network. They are implemented with coherent evolutions of the entire system in the all-resonance regime assisted by the dark microwave photons which are robust against the transmission line loss. Different from previous works in other quantum systems for a quantum network, the present proposals do not require classical pulses and ancillary qubits. Our simulations with feasible parameters show that the fidelities of both these schemes exceed 99% which is beyond the fault-tolerant threshold for quantum communication.


Title of Document: THE EFFECT OF COLLATERAL CONSEQUENCE LAWS ON STATE RATES OF RETURNS TO PRISON Tracy WP Sohoni, Doctor of Philosophy, 2013 Directed By: Professor Raymond Paternoster Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice Formal restrictions on a person following arrest or conviction are referred to as "collateral consequence laws" and exist in all states in the US. In recent years, scholars, policy makers and advocacy groups have expressed concern that many of these laws hinder reintegration, increasing the likelihood of future crime. In addition, these laws may interfere with the ability of former offenders to meet conditions of release following incarceration, such as maintaining stable employment and housing or paying child support. In this dissertation I examine the effect of states' collateral consequence laws in the categories of voting, access to public records, employment, public housing, public assistance, and driver's licenses. I examine the impact of these laws on state rates of returns to prison, as measured by percent of prison admissions that were people on conditional release when they entered prison, the percent of exits from parole that were considered unsuccessful due returning to incarceration; the percent of exits from parole that were returned to incarceration for a new sentence, and the percent of exits from parole that were returned to incarceration for a technical violation. I also run an additional fixed effects analysis on the effect of restrictions on Temporary Assistance for Needy Children (TANF) over a seven year period. Ultimately, limitations in the data restrict the conclusions that can be drawn regarding the impact of these laws. Results from the analysis are mixed, indicating that these laws may not have a uniform impact. Surprisingly, these analyses give some indication that collateral consequences may be related to lower rates of returns to prison for technical violations, however future research is needed to confirm this relationship. Possible explanations for these relationships are discussed, as are future research possibilities that would address limitations in the data. Data from the fixedeffects analysis does indicate preliminary support that states that imposed harsh restrictions on TANF saw an increase in state rates of returns to prison, however the analysis will need to be expanded to include state-level controls in order to draw any firm conclusions. THE EFFECT OF COLLATERAL CONSEQUENCE LAWS ON STATE RATES OF RETURNS TO PRISON


For deep reinforcement learning (RL) from pixels, learning effective state representations is crucial for achieving high performance. However, in practice, limited experience and high-dimensional inputs prevent effective representation learning. To address this, motivated by the success of mask-based modeling in other research fields, we introduce mask-based reconstruction to promote state representation learning in RL. Specifically, we propose a simple yet effective self-supervised method, Mask-based Latent Reconstruction (MLR), to predict complete state representations in the latent space from the observations with spatially and temporally masked pixels. MLR enables better use of context information when learning state representations to make them more informative, which facilitates the training of RL agents. Extensive experiments show that our MLR significantly improves the sample efficiency in RL and outperforms the state-of-the-art sample-efficient RL methods on multiple continuous and discrete control benchmarks. Our code is available at https://github.com/microsoft/Mask-based-Latent-Reconstruction.


Tom O'Regan's book is the first of its kind on Australian post-war cinema. It takes as its starting point Bazin's question 'What is cinema?'and asks what the construct of a 'national' cinema means. It looks at the broader concept from a different angle, taking film beyond the confines of 'art' into the broader cultural world. O'Regan's analysis situates Australian cinema in its historical and cultural perspective producing a valuable insight into the issues that have been raised by film policy, the cinema market place and public discourse on film production strategies. Since 1970 Australian film has enjoyed a revival. This book contains detailed critiques of the key films of this period and uses them to illustrate the recent theories on the international and Australian cinema industries. Its conclusions on the nature of the nation's cinema and the discourses within it are relevant within a far wider context; film as a global phenomenon.


Nanomaterials hold the key to the success of nanotechnology. This review starts with a new paradigm for thin film growth based upon matching of integral multiples of lattice planes across the film-substrate interface. This paradigm of domain matching epitaxy (DME) unifies small as well as large misfit systems utilising the concept of systematic domain variation. By controlling the kinetics of clustering and energetics of interfaces, it is possible to obtain nanoclusters of uniform size and create novel nanostructured materials by design, where relative orientation with respect to matrix can be controlled by DME. In nanostructured materials with unit dimensions 1?100 nm, science and processing challenges include self-assembly processing, control of interfacial atoms and energetics, quantum confinement issues, nanoscale structure-property correlations. In addition, metastability of interfaces should be controlled for reliability in manufacturing of nanosystems. This paper presents fundamentals of synthesis and processing of nanomaterials, role of interfaces, nanoscale characterisation to establish atomic structure-property correlations and modelling to create novel nanostructured structural, magnetic, photonic and electronic systems with unique and improved properties for next-generation systems with new functionality.


During 1998/99, MARD/MSU researchers followed the progress of the improved maize program in five CLUSA-assisted associations located in two different agroecological zones of Nampula Province. The objective of this study was to assess how greater involvement of farmer associations in maize intensification affects marketing costs and extension effectiveness. This preliminary report summarizes the observations on the 1998/99 production season and part of the 1999/00 marketing season, based on analysis of maize yield data and informal group interviews with participating farmer associations carried out in March and November 1999. It also discusses some of the preliminary conclusions that are emerging from the broader three-year maize intensification study.


Derning structural details for membrane-embedded proteins is limited by the availability of two- or three-dimensional crystals suitable for diffraction studies. This is even more difrcult when the structure of a ligand in its binding site is required because difference crystallography would be necessary, and with two-dimensional crystals, extramembraneous protein detail is often missing and resolution is low in the direction of the membrane normal. Also, many bioactive ligands do not have any structured form in solution (solvents, detergents, etc.), but it is usually accepted that their target site does have structural requirements which derne efrcacy and potency. To address the question of ligand structure for bound ligands, novel solid-state NMR techniques were used to derne molecular constraints at atomic resolution for ligands at their site of action, in fully functional, hydrated proteins under near physiological conditions (4°C or higher), and in a form often used for pharmacological and biochemical characterization.

Using the solid-state NMR approach, the structure of retinal has been resolved in the bacterial proton pump, bacteriorhodopsin, and in the 7-TMD G-coupled receptor, mammalian rhodopsin, without any knowledge of the protein structure itself. The rrst structural details of a widely used drug analogue, an imidazopyridine inhibitor of the gastric H+-K+- ATPase, at its site of action, have been determined. Other examples for large integral proteins include the observation and kinetic description of solutes in the antimicrobial target sugar transporter proteins of bacteria, and the resolution of the chemistry of the binding site of acetylcholine when in the binding site of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. In addition, small peptide ion channels are amenable to study using solid-state NMR methods, and the state of oligomerization, residues involved in the channel, can now be derned, with the potential for describing functionally signircant residues and thus aid inhibitor or modulator design.

The information gained and methods developed for small amounts of protein (μmolnmol of binding sites), open the way to derning structural details of peptide hormones, flexible drugs and other ligands bound at their site of action in a functional system. The results therefore have relevance to the in-vivo situation, and are of direct importance for the understanding of structural requirements for ligand-activated signal transduction and cellular activity. In some cases, the residues involved in binding are also being resolved, thereby giving a complete picture of the vital and highly relevant ligand-binding site structure and environment, in the absence of knowledge of the protein backbone or its structural arrangements.


Objective: To evaluate the functional outcomes and long-term effects on muscle strength of femoral shaft fractures treated with intramedullary (IM) antegrade nailing using a standard piriformis start point. Design: Retrospective Outcome Study. Setting: Tertiary Level Teaching Hospital and Referral Centre for the Province of British Columbia. Patients/Participants: Twenty-one patients (7 female, 14 male; mean age 34.5 years, range 16-56 years) with isolated femoral shaft fractures who were treated with standard antegrade reamed interlocking IM nailing and who had a minimum 1-year follow-up were identified through the Orthopaedic Trauma Database. All patients had isokinetic muscle testing of their hip abductors, hip extensors, and knee extensors using the KinCom® muscle testing machine. Of the patients, 10 underwent formal gait lab analysis. All of the patients answered a questionnaire and completed the Short Form (SF)-36 and Musculoskeletal Functional Assessment outcome measures. Intervention: Antegrade reamed interlocking IM nailing of femoral shaft fractures using a standard trochanteric fossa (also referred to as piriformis fossa) starting point. Main Outcome Measurements: Examination of muscle strength, using 2 different objective measures (KinCom and gait analysis). The KinCom muscle testing machine was used for isokinetic muscle testing of hip abductors, hip extensors, and knee extensors. Outcome questionnaires were used to evaluate function (Musculoskeletal Functional Assessment) and general health (SF-36). Results: Isokinetic muscle testing showed a statistically significant lower peak torque generation by the hip abductors (P = 0.003) and hip extensors (P = 0.046) from the uninjured contralateral side. The gait lab analysis did not show important changes in gait pattern. Scores for the SF-36 were 51.77 ± 7.55 and 53.73 ± 8.70. Scores for the Short Musculoskeletal Functional Assessment (S-MFA) were 7.74 and 8.66. Both scores did not indicate any significant disability. Conclusions: Antegrade reamed interlocking IM nailing of femoral shaft fractures using a standard trochanteric fossa starting point is associated with a mild hip abductor muscle-strength deficit. Gait pattern returns to normal following femoral shaft fracture treated with this technique, and functional outcomes are good.


BACKGROUND
Excess morbidity and mortality associated with schizophrenia is well established. Despite this, no previous multi-centre study has investigated whether patients with schizophrenia receive equitable physical healthcare within primary care.

OBJECTIVE
To determine whether patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia receive the same levels of physical health care from primary care practitioners as patients without schizophrenia.

METHODS

DESIGN
Case-matched retrospective case note review.

SETTING
Twenty-two general practices in the Birmingham area (UK).

SUBJECTS
195 patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, 390 matched controls with a diagnosis of asthma and 390 general control patients.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Proportions of patients within each group having received six pre-defined routine health checks in a 3 year period. Conditional logistic regression models were used to identify differences between groups.

RESULTS
Patients with schizophrenia were half as likely as asthma controls to have blood pressure and cholesterol levels recorded (odds ratio 0.51; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.35-0.73 and 0.50; 0.31-0.82, respectively) and were also less likely to have smoking status noted (0.60; 0.41-0.85). Similarly, patients with schizophrenia were significantly less likely than general population controls to have either blood pressure or cholesterol recorded (0.68; 0.47-0.97 and 0.58; 0.35-0.95). The significant differences observed were maintained after adjusting for potential confounders with the exception of cholesterol recording between the asthma and schizophrenia groups (0.57; 0.30-1.05).

CONCLUSIONS
Patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia are less likely to receive some important general health checks than patients without schizophrenia.


A boundary between eastern and central Crete has been proposed for the Protopalatial period on the basis of the distribution of various types of material culture, most notably pottery. The distribution of Protopalatial seal groups, the production of which can be localized to specific regions on the island, is here added to this discussion. Malia and eastern Crete show a preference for prismatic seals with hieroglyphs and pictographic images, whereas central Crete produces mainly seals of other shapes with round seal faces and ornamental motifs. Evidence from seals is discussed in conjunction with evidence for the earliest attestations of script in Crete. From this perspective, a hypothesis is here suggested that, in contrast to what was previously thought, in Middle Minoan I/II Cretan Hieroglyphic was "at home" in Malia and the eastern part of the island, while Linear A was native in southern and possibly north-central Crete. In this context, the Hieroglyphic Deposit of Knossos is seen as intrusive in north-central Crete. This article explains the presence of Hieroglyphic documents at Knossos on the basis of theories that view the Minoan palaces as ritual centers potentially open to corporate groups from various regions on the island.


Hours, employment, and income taxes are economically distinct, and all three are either introduced or expanded by the Affordable Care Act beginning in 2014. The tax wedges push some workers to work more hours per week (for the weeks that they are on a payroll), and others to work less, with an average weekly hours effect that tends to be small and may be in either direction. A conservative estimate of the law's average employment rate impact is negative three percent. The ACA's tax wedges and ultimately its behavioral effects vary substantially across groups, with the elderly experiencing hardly any new disincentive and unmarried household heads experiencing tax wedges that are about twice the average. My estimates suggest that about four percent of the workforce will work less than the legislated 30-hour threshold solely to avoid the implicit and explicit full-time employment taxes.


It is important to understand mechanical anisotropy in fibrous soft tissues because of the relationship of anisotropy to tissue function, and because anisotropy may change due to injury and disease. We have developed a method to noninvasively investigate anisotropy, based on MR imaging of harmonic ultrasound-induced motion (MR-HUM), using focused ultrasound (FUS) and magnetic resonance elastography (MRE). MR-HUM produces symmetric, radial waves inside a tissue, which enables a simple assessment of anisotropy using features of the resulting shear wave fields. This method was applied to characterize ex vivo muscle tissue, which is known to exhibit mechanical anisotropy. Finite element (FE) simulations of the experiment were performed to illustrate and validate the approach. Anisotropy was characterized by ratios of apparent shear moduli and strain components in different directions.


This research paper explores the use of Countercultural themes and images by the advertising and menswear industries in the 1960s. Historians have traditionally held that the Counterculture and American business during this era were fierce opponents of one another. More recent scholarship, however, suggest that the advertising industry of the 1960s co-opted and marketed Countercultural themes, such as 'youth' and 'rebellion,' and images like natural looking make-up and free-flowing clothing. The co-optation of these themes and images, historians have charged, commercialized the Countercultural revolution and ultimately led to its demise. This paper examines the ways in which the Counterculture influenced the advertising and menswear industries in the 1960s and questions whether the use of Countercultural themes and images was co-optation or emulation of the youth movement.


Rapid diversification of the XLG family of Gα proteins may have enabled plants to adapt to the variable land environment. Diverge and conquer Signaling through heterotrimeric G proteins mediates diverse developmental and adaptive processes in eukaryotes. Through gene duplication followed by gradual evolution, animals evolved multiple closely related Gα subunits that mediate distinct cellular responses. Plants have both canonical Gα and extra-large Gα (XLG) proteins. The C-terminal portions of XLGs are homologous to canonical Gα, but the N-terminal portions of these proteins lack characterized domains. Urano et al. found that plant canonical Gα proteins evolved slowly, like their animal counterparts, but that XLG proteins underwent rapid diversification early in the land plant lineage. Arabidopsis thaliana has a single canonical Gα and three XLGs. Phenotypic analyses of Arabidopsis Gα and XLG mutants revealed that canonical Gα signaling was primarily involved in developmental processes, whereas XLGs preferentially mediated stress responses. These results suggest that rapid diversification of XLGs may have enabled plants to adapt to the profound environmental changes that accompanied the invasion of land. Signaling proteins evolved diverse interactions to provide specificity for distinct stimuli. Signaling complexity in the G protein (heterotrimeric guanosine triphosphate–binding protein) network was achieved in animals through subunit duplication and incremental evolution. By combining comprehensive and quantitative phenotypic profiles of Arabidopsis thaliana with protein evolution informatics, we found that plant heterotrimeric G protein machinery evolved by a saltational (jumping) process. Sequence similarity scores mapped onto tertiary structures, and biochemical validation showed that the extra-large Gα (XLG) subunit evolved extensively in the charophycean algae (an aquatic green plant) by gene duplication and gene fusion. In terrestrial plants, further evolution uncoupled XLG from its negative regulator, regulator of G protein signaling, but preserved an α-helix region that enables interaction with its partner Gβγ. The ancestral gene evolved slowly due to the molecular constraints imposed by the need for the protein to maintain interactions with various partners, whereas the genes encoding XLG proteins evolved rapidly to produce three highly divergent members. Analysis of A. thaliana mutants indicated that these Gα and XLG proteins all function with Gβγ and evolved to operate both independently and cooperatively. The XLG-Gβγ machinery specialized in environmental stress responses, whereas the canonical Gα-Gβγ retained developmental roles. Some developmental processes, such as shoot development, involve both Gα and XLG acting cooperatively or antagonistically. These extensive and rapid evolutionary changes in XLG structure compared to those of the canonical Gα subunit contrast with the accepted notion of how pathway diversification occurs through gene duplication with subsequent incremental coevolution of residues among interacting proteins.


A detailed literature survey confirmed cold roll-forming to be a complex and little understood process. In spite of its growing value, the process remains largely un-automated with few principles used in set-up of the rolling mill. This work concentrates on experimental investigations of operating conditions in order to gain a scientific understanding of the process. The operating conditions are; inter-pass distance, roll load, roll speed, horizontal roll alignment. Fifty tests have been carried out under varied operating conditions, measuring section quality and longitudinal straining to give a picture of bending. A channel section was chosen for its simplicity and compatibility with previous work. Quality measurements were measured in terms of vertical bow, twist and cross-sectional geometric accuracy, and a complete method of classifying quality has been devised. The longitudinal strain profile was recorded, by the use of strain gauges attached to the strip surface at five locations. Parameter control is shown to be important in allowing consistency in section quality. At present rolling mills are constructed with large tolerances on operating conditions. By reduction of the variability in parameters, section consistency is maintained and mill down-time is reduced. Roll load, alignment and differential roll speed are all shown to affect quality, and can be used to control quality. Set-up time is reduced by improving the design of the mill so that parameter values can be measured and set, without the need for judgment by eye. Values of parameters can be guided by models of the process, although elements of experience are still unavoidable. Despite increased parameter control, section quality is variable, if only due to variability in strip material properties. Parameters must therefore be changed during rolling. Ideally this can take place by closed-loop feedback control. Future work lies in overcoming the problems connected with this control.


Korsakoff syndrome is a preventable memory disorder that often emerges in the aftermath of an episode of Wernicke's encephalopathy resulting from a thiamine deficiency. Although historically associated with alcoholism, case reports of non-alcoholic patients with Wernicke -Korsakoff syndrome are accumulating. In this case report, I present a 38-year-old male patient with Korsakoff syndrome resulting from Wernicke's encephalopathy that developed due to malnutrition from self-neglect that was presumably a result of severe depression. Among the cases of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome not related to alcohol, gastrointestinal tract disease, bariatric surgery, and hyperemesis gravidarum are the predominant medical conditions that are precipitating risk factors. Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome resulting from psychiatric-related malnutrition is much less common, and nine cases with this syndrome associated with a psychiatric disorder other than anorexia nervosa have been reported to date. All physicians should consider this syndrome when they encounter a patient with any nutritional deficiency, including those resulting from self-neglect due to a psychiatric disorder, even if the patient is not an alcoholic.