Animated characters are expected to fulfill a variety of social roles across different domains. To be successful and effective, these characters must display a wide range of personalities. Designers and animators create characters with appropriate personalities by using their intuition and artistic expertise. Our goal is to provide evidence-based principles for creating social characters. In this article, we describe the results of two experiments that show how exaggerated and damped facial motion magnitude influence impressions of cartoon and more realistic animated characters. In our first experiment, participants watched animated characters that varied in rendering style and facial motion magnitude. The participants then rated the different animated characters on extroversion, warmth, and competence, which are social traits that are relevant for characters used in entertainment, therapy, and education. We found that facial motion magnitude affected these social traits in cartoon and realistic characters differently. Facial motion magnitude affected ratings of cartoon characters' extroversion and competence more than their warmth. In contrast, facial motion magnitude affected ratings of realistic characters' extroversion but not their competence nor warmth. We ran a second experiment to extend the results of the first. In the second experiment, we added emotional valence as a variable. We also asked participants to rate the characters on more specific aspects of warmth, such as respectfulness, calmness, and attentiveness. Although the characters' emotional valence did not affect ratings, we found that facial motion magnitude influenced ratings of the characters' respectfulness and calmness but not attentiveness. These findings provide a basis for how animators can fine-tune facial motion to control perceptions of animated characters' personalities.


Studies have shown that using trauma-informed strategies in the classroom positively effect students learning and academic success. However, studies have proven that educators' lack exposure to trauma-informed care area. The purpose of the study was to 1). Investigate educators' knowledge and uses of trauma-informed strategies in their classrooms and 2.) develop a resource of trauma-informed strategies for educators to better serve students with trauma and Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs). A research design of surveying elementary teachers from a Northeast Indiana public school. The survey was administered to twenty-six elementary teachers in both the general and special education setting. Twenty participants completed the survey. The survey questions were both open and closed ended questions that gathered educators understanding of trauma and trauma-informed strategies in the classroom. Twenty educators completed the survey. Results suggested that educators lack trauma-informed Professional Development while all educators have a high percent of students with trauma within their classrooms. Results also suggested that educators may not have a good understanding of what trauma-informed strategies are or how to implement them in their classroom.


Message from the President and the Executive Vice President & CEO The "relentless pursuit of excellence in pharmacy education" was the theme for the 2013-14 year, and there have been so many opportunities to bring this to fruition over the past several months. We are pleased to share an overview of AACP's activities in this annual report. The release of the updated CAPE competencies at the record-breaking AACP Annual Meeting in Chicago got the year off to a blazing beginning. This is the fourth iteration of a blueprint for member schools to rely on as they design and redesign contemporary curricula for PharmD programs. As has been the case since the first CAPE competencies were released in 1994, the 2013 document informed the current accreditation standards revision as reflected in ACPE draft Standards 1 through 4. AACP has worked closely with ACPE in the past year to study key issues in the new standards, especially in the areas of experiential education and assessment. AACP also engaged with the profession in its relentless pursuit of new and expanded roles for pharmacists. Through the Joint Commission of Pharmacy Practitioners, we helped the profession articulate an updated vision for pharmacy practice that truly puts the patient in the center of all we do. In addition, AACP collaborated with our practice colleagues in developing consensus on a patient-centered pharmacy practice model that will enable students and pharmacists to learn and deliver care in a systematic fashion that can be described and understood by our patients and othermembers of the health care team. AACP is a collaborator in the national pursuit ofMedicare payment for pharmacists as well. Our Academic Affairs Committee studied educational innovation this year and has recommended that AACP take a lead role in the development of serious educational games for health professions learners. TheAACPBoardmoved swiftly on this recommendation and launched Mimycx, a multiplayer game for interprofessional education that will be available in early 2015. The establishment of Professions Quest, a new game development company, was enabled through a strategic partnership with the Simulation and Gaming Institute at George Mason University. This is also the year of celebration for two transformational professional development programs that have reached the milestone of ten years since their launch – the Academic Leadership Fellows Program enrolled its tenth cohort in August, and the AACP/Walmart Scholars Program welcomes its tenth group of aspiring pharmacy educators to our meeting in Grapevine, TX. AACP will recognizeWalmart for its remarkable support of this program with the Distinguished Service Award in July. The Academic Research Fellows Program, a new development program for promising research leaders, was launched this year aswell. Fifteen proven scientists engaged in a yearlong development activity focused on the insights needed to lead future initiatives in collaborative team science. We will celebrate the conclusion of this excellent new program in July. AACP certainly has demonstrated our "relentless pursuit of excellence" in education, practice, research and service throughout this past year. We will bring this pursuit to all our future endeavors.


In the first decade of its existence the International Competition Network (ICN) has advanced to frontrunner position among international organizations that address competition policy. As the ICN looks to its next decade, and governmental belt-tightening forces most competition agencies to rethink resource allocation, a key question is whether the ICN's success is attributable to the Network's relevance and competence, or timing and luck? The ICN has reached the top by furthering international cooperation and coordination, influencing domestic policies, and building capacity of its members. Many of its very achievements, however, also pose the greatest risks for a free fall.


To obtain a state-of-the-art benchmark potential energy surface (PES) for the archetypal oxidative addition of the methane C-H bond to the palladium atom, we have explored this PES using a hierarchical series of ab initio methods (Hartree-Fock, second-order Møller-Plesset perturbation theory, fourth-order Møller-Plesset perturbation theory with single, double and quadruple excitations, coupled cluster theory with single and double excitations (CCSD), and with triple excitations treated perturbatively [CCSD(T)]) and hybrid density functional theory using the B3LYP functional, in combination with a hierarchical series of ten Gaussian-type basis sets, up to g polarization. Relativistic effects are taken into account either through a relativistic effective core potential for palladium or through a full four-component all-electron approach. Counterpoise corrected relative energies of stationary points are converged to within 0.1-0.2 kcal/mol as a function of the basis-set size. Our best estimate of kinetic and thermodynamic parameters is -8.1 (-8.3) kcal/mol for the formation of the reactant complex, 5.8 (3.1) kcal/mol for the activation energy relative to the separate reactants, and 0.8 (-1.2) kcal/mol for the reaction energy (zero-point vibrational energy-corrected values in parentheses). This agrees well with available experimental data. Our work highlights the importance of sufficient higher angular momentum polarization functions, f and g, for correctly describing metal-d-electron correlation and, thus, for obtaining reliable relative energies. We show that standard basis sets, such as LANL2DZ+1f for palladium, are not sufficiently polarized for this purpose and lead to erroneous CCSD(T) results. B3LYP is associated with smaller basis set superposition errors and shows faster convergence with basis-set size but yields relative energies (in particular, a reaction barrier) that are ca. 3.5 kcal/mol higher than the corresponding CCSD(T) values.


This paper reconsiders fiscal policy effectiveness in light of the recent economic crisis. It examines the fiscal policy approach advocated by the economics profession today and the specific policy actions undertaken by the Bush and Obama administrations. An examination of the labor market renders the contemporary aggregate demand–management approach wholly inadequate for achieving certain macroeconomic objectives, such as the stabilization of investment and investor expectations, the generation and maintenance of full employment, and the equitable distribution of incomes. The paper reconsiders the policy effectiveness of alternative fiscal policy approaches, and argues that a policy that directly targets the labor demand gap (as opposed to the output gap) is far more effective in stabilizing employment, incomes, investment, and balance sheets.


Objective : To find out and compare the level of job satisfaction among nurses in government and private hospitals. Method : A cross sectional design was adopted for this study in which 15 variables were chosen to assess the level of job satisfaction using a five point Likert scale. Two hundred nurses (100 from government hospitals&100 from private hospitals) of Andhra Pradesh were interviewed using a non probability sampling technique. Results : Government nursing employees were more satisfied with their profession as well as salary structure. Migration to gulf countries in future was disagreed by the nursing personals. This disagreement was significantly (p <0.05) more strong among government nursing employees. Conclusion : The level of job satisfaction is found to be more in case of government nurses as compared to the private nurses.


Rationale: In order to target rehabilitation needs of survivors of critical illness and their relatives timely and adequately, a thorough needs assessment is recommended when hospital discharge planning is initiated. In light of existing evidence on physical and psychological consequences of critical illness for both patient and family, it is as yet unclear if current hospital discharge procedures suffice to meet the needs of this group. Objectives: To explore hospital discharge experience and to identify perceived barriers and enablers for a positive transition experience from hospital to home or rehabilitation facility as perceived by survivors of critical illness and their families. Methods: We performed a grounded theory study with semi-structured interviews among a group of survivors of critical illness and their relatives (N=35) discharged from 16 hospitals across the Netherlands. Interviews were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. Using constant comparative methods, initial and focused coding was applied to the data, which were further labeled into major and subcategories, ultimately leading to the identification of key concepts. Triangulation was applied through several reflexivity meetings at different stages of the study. Results: Twenty-two former ICU patients and 13 relatives were interviewed. The mean age was 53 (SD ± 11.2) and 60% were female. Median ICU and hospital length of stay were 14 days (IQR 9.75-24.5) and 35 days (IQR 21.75-57.25) respectively. Thematic analyses led to identification of seven key concepts, representing barriers and enablers to a positive transition experience. 'Existing in a fragmented reality', 'being overlooked' and 'feeling disqualified', were identified barriers and 'feeling empowered', 'encountering empathic and expert professionals', 'managing recovery expectations' and 'family engagement' were identified as enablers for a positive perceived transition experience. Conclusions: Findings of this study suggest that current hospital discharge practice for survivors of critical illness is driven by speed and efficiency, rather than by individual needs assessments, despite advocacies for patient- and family centered care. Discharge strategies should be customized to facilitate adequate and comprehensive assessment of aftercare needs, conducted at the right time and within the right context, encouraging empowerment and a positive perceived transition from hospital to home.


SUMMARY: While corporate social responsibility (CSR) reports are intended to faithfully represent CSR performance, voluntarily disclosed CSR information tends to be positive, and demand is rising for both independent assurance and integrated reporting of CSR. However, the supply of CSR assurance is not widespread in the United States, and CSR performance information remains largely separated from supporting and governance information. We thus examine the role of CSR assurance when information on CSR investment level is integrated with information on whether managerial pay is explicitly tied to sustainability. While a firm may report a high level of CSR investment to indicate an authentic commitment to CSR, investors may become skeptical of reported information if managerial pay is explicitly tied to CSR performance. Such pay-for-CSR-performance provides managers with greater incentives to overinvest in CSR and thereby report strong CSR performance. In turn, investors will seek CSR assurance as a disclosur...


Diclofenac, a widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, has been reported to cause fatal drug-induced rhabdomyolysis very rarely . We report a case of a 13-month-old girl who developed fatal rhabdomyolysis after administration of intramuscular diclofenac for relief of pain caused by a scalding burn injury. Rhabdomyolysis due to diclofenac has not been reported in children. Here, we present the first case report to demonstrate rhabdomylysis secondary to diclofenac administration.


The article focusses on constructions of social identities in school and how children in their identity work (re-)construct common and segregated places in the school yard. Data were drawn from an ethnographic research in the daily lives of children aged 11–13. The fieldwork consisted of traditional ethnographic field work as well as children's own narratives in the form of photographs and maps. Children's agency and narratives are seen as identity performances and simple questions, like where children like to spend their time (or not), what their favourite places are, what activities they do and who they do them together with, have provided insight into the complexity of the processes of identity work as well as of segregation. The analyses focus on how the children use and refer to different places in their identity work, while constructing 'we-in-our-class' in the 'King' pitch, best friends, as well as 'us' in relation to 'them'. The result shows how identity work is situated and takes place in places that invite participation in various activities, but is also constructed by the children and their agency.


We study the classical hard-core dimer model on the triangular lattice. Following Kasteleyn's fundamental theorem on planar graphs, this problem is soluble using Pfaffians. This model is particularly interesting for, unlike the dimer problems on the bipartite square and hexagonal lattices, its correlations are short ranged with a correlation length of less than one lattice constant. We compute the dimer-dimer and monomer-monomer correlators, and find that the model is deconfining: the monomer-monomer correlator falls off exponentially to a constant value $0.1494\dots{},$ only slightly below the nearest-neighbor value of $1/6.$ We also consider the anisotropic triangular lattice model in which the square lattice is perturbed by diagonal bonds of one orientation and small fugacity. We show that the model becomes noncritical immediately and that this perturbation is equivalent to adding a mass term to each of two Majorana fermions that are present in the long wavelength limit of the square lattice problem.


Many of the challenges associated with researching diversity within policing reflect more general issues that need to be addressed in order to produce effective research into law enforcement and criminal justice. Much of the discussion in other contributions to this book will be rehearsed in the review of police diversity research developed in this chapter. The discussion will focus on key reflections from a series of research projects that I have conducted, sometimes alone and sometimes with colleagues, into police diversity. As might be expected these studies have incorporated a variety of research methods and have been conducted in different contexts and within a range of police services. The focus in this chapter is not on particular challenges but rather a reflection of emerging themes that might represent limitations on research methods.

The discussion here focuses on two related problems for those interested in researching diversity in policing. First, a significant methodological task needs to be overcome in terms of gathering valid data that authentically represents the values, attitudes and behaviour of police staff in relation to diversity. This is presented here as a problem of access in the broad sense of investigating issues that research subjects might rather not reveal. The issues moves beyond formal institutional access, however, to incorporate the challenge of enabling, encouraging and persuading individual research respondents to divulge their subjective attitudes towards topics that are highly sensitive in the contemporary 'culture wars' of contemporary policing. It is argued that observational methods can offer advantages in terms of getting meaningful access to the subjectivities of police work that is more difficult to establish using other methods.

The second broad set of problems considered below is conceptual and applies to all methods since the nature of 'diversity' itself is often poorly considered and tends to be treated simplistically in terms of discrete categories. Before reflecting on the ontological status of diversity and the impact that has for research methodology the issues of access and validity are considered.


Average faces have been used frequently in face recognition studies, either as a theoretical concept (e.g., face norm) or as a tool to manipulate facial attributes (e.g., modifying identity strength). Nonetheless, how the face averaging process— the creation of average faces using an increasing number of faces —changes the resulting averaged faces and our ability to differentiate between them remains to be elucidated. Here we addressed these questions by combining 3D-face averaging, eye-movement tracking, and the computation of image-based face similarity. Participants judged whether two average faces showed the same person while we systematically increased their average level (i.e., number of faces being averaged). Our results showed, with increasing averaging, both a nonlinear increase of the computational similarity between the resulting average faces and a nonlinear decrease of face discrimination performance. Participants' performance dropped from near-ceiling level when two different faces had been averaged together to chance level when 80 faces were mixed. We also found a nonlinear relationship between face similarity and face discrimination performance, which was fitted nicely with an exponential function. Furthermore, when the comparison task became more challenging, participants performed more fixations onto the faces. Nonetheless, the distribution of fixations across facial features (eyes, nose, mouth, and the center area of a face) remained unchanged. These results not only set new constraints on the theoretical characterization of the average face and its role in establishing face norms but also offer practical guidance for creating approximated face norms to manipulate face identity.


North Arcot, a rural district of Tamil Nadu, India, has been the site of extensive research on whether economic growth induced by the introduction of the green revolution has widened inequities between the well-to-do and the poor. Data indicate that not only landless laborers and small-scale farmers in this area have benefited, but also small businesses and services. Using that and additional data from North Arcot, Rural Infrastructure, the Settlement System, and Development of the Regional Economy in Southern India, Research Report 91, by Sudhir Wanmali, approaches the question from another direction: How important is the provision of infrastructure hard and soft to economic growth in a rural region? Policymakers usually consider the effects of rural infrastructure on agriculture in terms of hard infrastructure roads, electricity, irrigation. But other types of infrastructure are just as important. Institutional infrastructure such as government agencies is needed to collect and analyze local data before agricultural development is planned. Soft infrastructure including transport, finance, input distribution, and marketing services is also essential. This study finds that available and accessible services help improve total production and the productivity of agriculture and help strengthen linkages between agricultural and nonagricultural sectors.


Information-centric networking (ICN) facilitates content identification in networks and offers parametric representation of content semantics. This paper proposes an ICN/WDM network architecture that uses these features to offer superior network utilization, in terms of performance and power consumption. The architecture introduces an ICN publish/subscribe communication approach to the wavelength layer, whereby content is aggregated according to its popularity rank into wavelength-size groups that can be published and subscribed to by multiple nodes. Consequently, routing and wavelength assignment (RWA) algorithms benefit from anycast to identify multiple sources of aggregate content and allow optimization of the source selection of light paths. A power-aware algorithm, maximum degree of connectivity, has been developed with the objective of exploiting this flexibility to address the tradeoff between power consumption and network performance. The algorithm is also applicable to IP architectures, albeit with less flexibility. Evaluation results indicate the superiority of the proposed ICN architecture, even when utilizing conventional routing methods, compared with its IP counterpart. The results further highlight the performance improvement achieved by the proposed algorithm, compared with the conventional RWA methods, such as shortest-path first fit.


Background REGISTRY is a multicentre observational study enabling the collection of a large amount of data on various aspects of Huntington's disease. It provides the opportunity to further our understanding of the natural history of the disease and the factors that might influence its onset and manifestation. Family history data are collected as part of the REGISTRY study and is important in order to ascertain how the natural history of the disease changes from generation to generation. It is also valuable in the genetic analysis of the disease as it can be used to determine heredity of phenotypic traits and to assist in determining potential genetic modifiers of the disease. Aims The aim of this project was to survey the family history data collected as part of the REGISTRY study to date. Methods/techniques Access to the complete family history dataset was provided by EHDN. The data were sorted according to site and the number of participants at each site with family history data were logged. To analyse the quantity and quality of the data collected, UK sites with more than 10 datasets were included and any with less were excluded. The top 10 European sites (non-UK) were also included in the analysis. Data were analysed in terms of the number of participants with proband-only collected, the number of errors noted and the number of participants who had other relatives in their family tree who were also on REGISTRY. Results/outcome 119/129 (92%) of sites have at least one family history dataset entered onto REGISTRY. The sites with the most family history data collected were large centres in Germany, Spain, UK, France and Poland. Reasons for the varying degrees of data collected included the number of participants at the site, having a nominated individual to collect this data, time constraints on patients and staff during clinic visits and the priority of other studies at this time. Conclusions Family history data collection is an important part of the REGISTRY study. Good progress has been made with this data collection so far, however this varies across sites. It is most important to include information on the proband, parents and grandparents as a minimum where possible. Good quality data will enable robust genetic modifier studies in the future, enhancing our understanding of HD pathogenesis.


In the decade since the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes were cloned, much has been learned about the function of these two major causes of familial breast cancer. BRCA2 has been shown to play a direct role in the repair of DNA by homologous recombination, by interacting with the Rad51 protein and facilitating the formation of Rad51 aggregates at the site of DNA damage. It likely plays a similar role when double strand breaks are created in the course of normal DNA replication; the absence of BRCA2 results in chromosomal instability, which is likely secondary to the defect in DNA repair. In the absence of BRCA2, the cell is more dependent on residual repair via Rad52, which makes Rad52 a target for therapy in BRCA-deficient tumors. BRCA1 plays a role in sensing DNA damage and replication stress and mediating the signaling responses. Therefore, in addition to its role in mediating DNA repair by homologous recombination via BRCA2, it can also signal cell cycle checkpoints and mediate other transcriptional responses to DNA damage. We have argued that the mechanism of cancer susceptibility from BRCA1 or BRCA2 deficiency is mediated via the defect in homologous recombination, since it is the main feature they share in common. We and others have recently demonstrated that the defect in homologous recombination changes the drug sensitivity profile, rendering the BRCA-deficient breast cancers sensitive to MitomycinC, cisplatin, etoposide and other drugs that produce complex double-stranded lesions in DNA. Furthermore, they show resistance to taxanes and navelbine. Fanconi anemia defective cells also show sensitivity to the same class of drugs, although their defect in homologous recombination in response to strand breaks appears less marked than in BRCA-deficient cells. However, Fanconi anemia cells also show chromosomal fragility, and appear to have defects in maintenance of the replication fork. Therefore, knowledge of whether this specific DNA repair pathway of homologous recombination is defective in breast cancer cells would be valuable information in planning optimized individual therapy. We have developed techniques to measure the functional integrity of homologous recombination in human breast cancers. Core biopsy samples are obtained and immediately irradiated ex vivo, allowing 3-4 hours for the appearance of Rad51, BRCA1 and FancD2 foci. Thin sections are obtained, permeabilized and stained by immunofluorescent techniques. We have identified tumors with defects in the ability to form Rad51 and BRCA1 foci, where there is no known genetic predisposition, implying that this BRCA-dependent repair pathway may be inactivated in sporadic as well as familial breast cancers. Thus, functional assays of homologous recombination could become a useful technique to determine phenotype of human breast cancer, which in turn will influence the choice of therapy.


Montaigne, the great philosopher of the sixteenth century, has given a most graphic description of the symptoms of "stone," tinged by the unmitigated reality of personal experience, since he himself was a sufferer for many years: Thou art seen to sweat with pain, to look pale and red, to tremble, to vomit well nigh to blood, to suffer strange contortions and convulsions, by starts to let tears drop from thine eyes, to urine thick, black, and frightful water, or to have it suppressed by some sharp and craggy stone that cruelly pricks and tears thee. However, he never reached "such a degree of despair as to bellow and make uproar." He traveled much, seeking a cure at the various watering places of Europe, but without success. Through the centuries the cause of the formation of stone remained obscure. However, during the last few years knowledge of the causes and prevention


At Santorini, active normal faulting controls the emission of volcanic products. Such geometry has implication on seismic activity around the plumbing system during unrest. Static Coulomb stress changes induced by the 2011–2012 inflation within a preexisting NW‐SE extensional regional stress field, compatible with fault geometry, increased by more than 0.5 MPa in an ellipsoid‐shaped zone beneath the Minoan caldera where almost all earthquakes (96%) have occurred since beginning of unrest. Magmatic processes perturb the regional stress in the caldera where strike‐slip rather than normal faulting along NE‐SW striking planes are expected. The inflation may have also promoted more distant moderate earthquakes on neighboring faults as the M > 5 January 2012, south of Christiania. Santorini belongs to a set of en echelon NE‐SW striking rifts (Milos, Nysiros) oblique to the Aegean arc that may have initiated in the Quaternary due to propagation of the North Anatolian fault into the Southern Aegean Sea.


The paper advances two propositions. First, that organization theory (OT) comprises a heterogeneous body of knowledge which, in effect, is a history of the (on-going) power struggles that produce it. And, second, that OT harbours different concepts of power and associated value-orientations through which it is possible to interpret the diversity and development of OT. These propositions give priority to the politics and ethics of knowledge production, and not differences of ontology, epistemology or levels of analysis. Its pluralist stance accommodates value-orientations which prompt and justify knowledge oriented towards `rationalization', `explication' and `emancipation'.


STEFFENS, W., 2008. Significance of aquaculture for the conservation and restoration of sturgeon populations. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 14: 155-164 Sturgeons (family Acipenseridae), endemic in Eurasia and North America, are mostly fast-growing, longlived migratory anadromous fish species of high ecological and economic value. They reach maturity often at high age. Most of their stocks have declined considerably during the last years. Main causes are over-exploitation, river regulations (damming) and deterioration of water quality (pollution). Several species are highly endangered, facing the risk of extinction. Besides national and international measures for improving the environment and for establishing management programmes aquaculture is of decisive importance for the conservation and restoration of sturgeon populations. First essential bases of sturgeon aquaculture by means of hypophysation were elaborated and introduced into practice already in the first half of the last century by N. L. Gerbilskij (1900-1967). Sturgeon farming has two tasks. Firstly it is necessary to produce fingerlings suited for stocking natural waters. By this means it is possible to support or even enhance the populations. Secondly sturgeon meat and caviar can be produced for the market. This substantially contributes to reduce the fishing pressure to natural stocks of sturgeons. Aquaculture of sturgeons comprises the following steps: establishment of brood stocks, propagation, incubation of eggs, rearing of fry and fingerlings, production of marketable fish, processing of meat and caviar. To improve technology and procedures for sturgeon aquaculture extensive scientific research mainly in the field of genetics, reproductive physiology, nutrition and feed manufacturing as well as prevention of diseases but also economics and marketing is required. Without aquaculture and international cooperation sturgeon species in natural waters cannot be saved.


Electrocardiogram (EKG) based classification of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) rhythms is important to guide treatment and to retrospectively elucidate the effects of therapy on patient response. OHCA rhythms are grouped into five categories: ventricular fibrillation (VF) and tachycardia (VT), asystole (AS), pulseless electrical activity (PEA), and pulse-generating rhythms (PR). Clinically these rhythms are grouped into broader categories like shockable (VF/VT), non-shockable (AS/PEA/PR), or organized (ORG, PEA/PR). OHCA rhythm classification is further complicated because EKGs are corrupted by cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) artifacts. The objective of this study was to demonstrate a framework for automatic multiclass OHCA rhythm classification in the presence of CPR artifacts. In total, 2133 EKG segments from 272 OHCA patients were used: 580 AS, 94 PR, 953 PEA, 479 VF, and 27 VT. CPR artifacts were adaptively filtered, 93 features were computed from the stationary wavelet transform analysis, and random forests were used for classification. A repeated stratified nested cross-validation procedure was used for feature selection, parameter tuning, and model assessment. Data were partitioned patient-wise. The classifiers were evaluated using per class sensitivity, and the unweighted mean of sensitivities (UMS) as a global performance metric. Four levels of clinical detail were studied: shock/no-shock, shock/AS/ORG, VF/VT/AS/ORG, and VF/VT/AS/PEA/PR. The median UMS (interdecile range) for the 2, 3, 4, and 5-class classifiers were: 95.4% (95.1-95.6), 87.6% (87.3-88.1), 80.6% (79.3-81.8), and 71.9% (69.5-74.6), respectively. For shock/no-shock decisions sensitivities were 93.5% (93.0-93.9) and 97.2% (97.0-97.4), meeting clinical standards for artifact-free EKG. The UMS for five classes with CPR artifacts was 5.8-points below that of the best algorithms without CPR artifacts, but improved the UMS of latter by over 19-points for EKG with CPR artifacts. A robust and accurate approach for multiclass OHCA rhythm classification during CPR has been demonstrated, improving the accuracy of the current state-of-the-art methods.


India's nuclear breakout in 1998, foreshadowed as early as 1974, may have been understandable for reasons of global nuclear politics, a triangular regional equation between China, India and Pakistan, and domestic politics. Yet the utility of India's nuclear weapons remains questionable on many grounds. Nuclear deterrence is dubious in general and especially dubious in the subcontinent. Nuclear weapons are not usable as weapons of compellence or defence. They failed to stop the Pakistani incursion in Kargil in 1999 or the terrorist attack on Mumbai in 2008. They will not help India to shape the military calculations of likely enemies. And India's global status and profile will be determined far more crucially by its economic performance than nuclear weapons. Meanwhile, they do impose direct and opportunity costs economically, risk corrosion of democratic accountability, add to global concerns about nuclear terrorism, and have not helped the cause of global nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament. Because the consequences of a limited regional war involving India could be catastrophic for the world, others have both the right and a responsibility to engage with the issue. For all these reasons, a denuclearized world that includes the destruction of India's nuclear stockpile would favourably affect the balance of India's security and other interests, national and international interests, and material interests and value goals.


Abstract. Vineyards are one of the eco-geomorphological systems most conditioned by human activity in Germany. The vineyards of the Ruwer Valley (Germany) are characterized by high soil erosion rates and rill problems on steep slopes (between 23 and 26°) caused by the increasingly frequent heavy rainfall events as well as deterioration due to incorrect land use managements. The objective of this paper is to determine and to quantify the hydrological and erosive phenomena in one vineyard in Germany during different seasons and under different management conditions (before, during and after vintage). For this purpose, a combined methodology was applied. Climatic (rainfall depth distributions and return periods), pedological (soil analysis and classification), geomorphological (sediment movements and rills evolution) and biological (botanic marks on the vines) variables were used on the two experimental plots in the village of Waldrach (Trier, region of Rhineland-Palatinate). The results showed high infiltration rates (near 100 %) and subsurface flow which were detected by rainfall simulations performed at different times of the year (between September and December). The highest variations of the monitored rills (lateral and frontal movements) were noted before and during vintage, when footsteps occurred concentrated during a short period of time (between September and October). Finally, two maps of soil loss were generated, indicated by botanic marks on the graft union of the vines. 62.5 t ha−1 yr−1 soil loss was registered in the experimental plots of the new vineyards (2 years), while 3.4 t ha−1 yr−1 was recorded in the old one (35 years).


The paper compares the profitability, price, marketing and consumption of broiler in bird flu rumour period with that in normal period. Savar upazila and Dhaka city were selected as producing and consuming areas respectively. Twenty farm owners, 25 intermediaries and 40 consumers were interviewed. Farmers earned only Tk 61 in bird flu period compared with Tk 112 in normal period by investing Tk 100 in poultry production. Marketing chain became shorter and marketing cost increased in abnormal period. Marketing margin and profit of traders decreased significantly due to low volume of trade. Consumers did not respond instantaneously to the rumour and average fall in price in bird flu period was three times as much as price fall in normal period. Over one-half of consumers totally stopped consuming broiler due to rumour of bird flu.


The Assessment for Learning disposition has been long established in the literature as a desirable attribute for teachers. To use the biological metaphor of adaptation, assessment for learning has been argued to be a key base pair on the teacher genome. We argue that the selection of the correct genotype for teachers is not enough. What is needed is empirical confirmation that these genotypes are expressed in the appropriate phenotypes, or teacher practices. The data in this study were generated from interviews that explored the phenotype, or practices, of six teachers who self-selected for the favoured genotype using the Teacher Assessment for Learning Literacy Tool. The findings indicate that the Assessment for Learning genotype was not always expressed in the phenotype, or practices of these six teachers. The selective environmental pressure of the Teacher Assessment for Learning Literacy Tool was not enough to activate plasticity in all the teachers. The implications are that there may need to be a combination of environmental pressures in the form of teacher professional learning interventions using the Teacher Adaptive Practice scale in concert with the Teacher Assessment for Learning Literacy Tool as well as an internal mechanism like a teacher selection tool that discriminates between rigidity and plasticity in a teacher's disposition.


Type I and IV collagens are important constituents of the skin. Type I collagen is found in all dermal layers in high proportion, while type IV collagen is localized in the basement membrane of the dermo-epidermal junction (DEJ). These proteins are strongly altered during aging or cancer progression. Although they possess amino acid compositions which, are close, they present also important structural differences inducing specific physicochemical properties. Raman spectroscopy is based on a nondestructive interaction of the light with the matter. This technique permits to probe the intrinsic molecular composition of the samples without staining or particular preparation. The aim of our research is to study the correlation between the molecular conformations of type I and IV collagens and their Raman features. We showed that signals specifi co f each protein can be revealed and that they translate structural differences between the two collagens. From this collagens spectral characterization, the analysis of skin sections also permitted to identify spectral markers of dermis, epidermis, and epidermis/dermis interface. These preliminary results represent basic data for further studies, particularly to probe skin molecular alterations induced by chronologic aging.


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This brief presents a peer-to-peer (P2P) web-hosting infrastructure (named pWeb) that can transform networked, home-entertainment devices into lightweight collaborating Web servers for persistently storing and serving multimedia and web content. The issues addressed include ensuring content availability, Plexus routing and indexing, naming schemes, web ID, collaborative web search, network architecture and content indexing. In pWeb, user-generated voluminous multimedia content is proactively uploaded to a nearby network location (preferably within the same LAN or at least, within the same ISP) and a structured P2P mechanism ensures Internet accessibility by tracking the original content and its replicas. This new paradigm of information management strives to provide low or no-cost cloud storage and entices the end users to upload voluminous multimedia content to the cloud data centers. However, it leads to difficulties in privacy, network architecture and content availability. Concise and practical, this brief examines the benefits and pitfalls of the pWeb web-hosting infrastructure. It is designed for professionals and practitioners working on P2P and web management and is also a useful resource for advanced-level students studying networks or multimedia.


Certain experiments had indicated that the polarization of emitted radiation was much more prevalent than had been expected. This paper is intended to present some of the background required to understand the phenomenon of emission polarization, which is not as well-known as it should be. The explanation that the phenomenon involves refraction of all the emitted radiation, advanced by Millikan in 1895, is still accepted today. More recent work, substantiating Millikan's explanation, is cited.


Abstract This paper provides a political analysis on two territorial disputes that South Korea has with Japan over Dokdo/Takeshima and with China over Iŏdo/Suyan Rocks, as well as on their implications for the Northeast Asia region, focusing on the roles of sub-state actors and the United States as a third party trans-national actor. It mainly explores why South Koreans consider territorial claims by Japan and China such an affront as to require strident demonstration of ownership, especially since they already exercise effective control over the territories under dispute. It also explores what actions the South Korean government would take in the event of maneuvers or attempted landings by security forces or nationalists/fishing boats from China on Iŏdo or Japan on Dokdo. Employing Robert Putnam's Two Level Game Framework, the paper provides comparative insights on how these cases have been developed to date through interactions between Level I, official negotiators, and Level II, sub- and trans-national actors. The two cases demonstrate that the state is not a unified actor, and non-state actors' nationalistic collective sentiment has played (and will play) a greater role in shaping the directions of (potential) conflicts over Dokdo and Iŏdo.


Abstract We investigate the following version of the circle covering problem in strictly convex (normed or) Minkowski planes: to cover a circle of largest possible diameter by $k$ unit circles. In particular, we study the cases $k\,=\,3$ , $k\,=\,4$ , and $k\,=\,7$ . For $k\,=\,3$ and $k\,=\,4$ , the diameters under consideration are described in terms of side-lengths and circumradii of certain inscribed regular triangles or quadrangles. This yields also simple explanations of geometric meanings that the corresponding homothety ratios have. It turns out that basic notions from Minkowski geometry play an essential role in our proofs, namely Minkowskian bisectors, $d$ -segments, and the monotonicity lemma.


The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between game location (host advantage), match result (win, lose or tie) and the level of aggression in football teams of the Iranian Premier League. The study population consisted of Premier League Football teams (League XIII), and 60 matches (related to 4 teams) that were available for the researcher, were selected as the sample. The current study can be regarded as applied and descriptive, in terms of purpose and data collection, respectively. In order to collect data, the match videos of selected teams were studied, then the results of the observations were written and recorded using Roberts et al. (1999) aggression model. The results showed that no significant difference was found between teams' aggression in host and guest matches (p0.05). But, a significant difference was observed between aggression and match result and the behaviors were more in lost matches (p 0.05). In fact, mental stress caused by the loss resulted to more aggression to win. Hence, a match result, physical aggression and players' position led to significant difference in players' aggression. Therefore, the control and management of aggressive behaviors, especially at the time of failure will result in improved performance and efficiency of football teams. Also, these behaviors can be minimized by providing necessary training on anger management and negative emotions control among players.


Background. Vaginal pessaries are known to be an effective treatment modality for pelvic organ prolapse (POP). Pessaries form an important part of the physician's armamentarium in the treatment of POP, but currently many of the factors affecting their successful use are poorly understood. Objectives. To determine the association between pessary retention (PR) at 1 year, and functional pelvic floor morphology, i.e. levator hiatal distance and area, and levator avulsion. Methods. This retrospective study reviewed the records of 73 patients with symptomatic POP at a tertiary urogynaecological centre. This multi-ethnic cohort had previously been studied for pelvic-floor morphology, had had 4D transperineal pelvic-floor ultrasound, and had opted for a vaginal pessary as a treatment option. Results. Our population had a mean age of 59.4 (range 32 - 91) years, and mean body mass index of 29.4 (range 20 - 42) kg/m2 , with a mean assessment of stage 3 in the Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantifications System (POP-Q). The level of prolapse was found to be related to PR (p=0.077). We further explored this concept using symmetric measures of association (γ=–0.353), indicating that PR decreases with increasing prolapse severity. PR was also found to be inversely associated with prior pelvic reconstructive surgery (n=63; p=0.055; γ=–0.417). There was a strong correlation that failed, however, to achieve significance by a small margin (p=0.052) between hiatal distance on contraction and PR. Conclusion. This study found an inverse relationship between PR and hiatal distance on contraction, prior pelvic surgery and the severity of prolapse. This was a pilot study with a limited number of participants, and the authors plan a prospective study to further clarify the association between long-term PR and functional pelvic floor morphology


In this paper we present ISA, an approach for learning and exploiting subgoals in episodic reinforcement learning (RL) tasks. ISA interleaves reinforcement learning with the induction of a subgoal automaton, an automaton whose edges are labeled by the task's subgoals expressed as propositional logic formulas over a set of high-level events. A subgoal automaton also consists of two special states: a state indicating the successful completion of the task, and a state indicating that the task has finished without succeeding. A state-of-the-art inductive logic programming system is used to learn a subgoal automaton that covers the traces of high-level events observed by the RL agent. When the currently exploited automaton does not correctly recognize a trace, the automaton learner induces a new automaton that covers that trace. The interleaving process guarantees the induction of automata with the minimum number of states, and applies a symmetry breaking mechanism to shrink the search space whilst remaining complete. We evaluate ISA in several grid-world and continuous state space problems using different RL algorithms that leverage the automaton structures. We provide an in-depth empirical analysis of the automaton learning process performance in terms of the traces, the symmetric breaking and specific restrictions imposed on the final learnable automaton. For each class of RL problem, we show that the learned automata can be successfully exploited to learn policies that reach the goal, achieving an average reward comparable to the case where automata are not learned but handcrafted and given beforehand.


During the past twenty-five years, U.S. strategists have argued that avoiding nuclear war depends on deterring a Soviet first strike by ensuring that U.S. forces could survive a surprise attack in numbers sufficient to inflict unacceptable damage in retaliation. U.S. military and political leaders have thus emphasized acquiring more powerful and accurate weaponry and providing better protection for it, while defense analysts have focused on assessing the relative strength and survivability of U.S. and Soviet forces. In the process neither has given sufficient attention to the vulnerability of the U.S. command, control, and communications system that would coordinate warning of an attack in progress and the response to it. In this study Bruce G. Blair examines accepted assumptions about mutual deterrence, force strength, and survivability, and concludes that the vulnerability of command, control, and communications not only precludes an effective retaliatory strike but also invites a preemptive Soviet first strike. After summarizing the assumptions and evaluative methodology behind mainstream strategic theory, the study describes the current decentralized command and control system that, under conditions of surprise attack, could be unable to communicate with decisionmakers or with units responsible for executing the decisions. Blair traces in detail the development of the system over three decades; the attempts to improve it through the use of procedural guidelines, alternative and redundant communications channels, and survival tactics; and the continuing vulnerabilities from improved Soviet weapons and the environmental forces engendered by massive nuclear detonations. Blair also analyzes the probable effects of proposals by the Reagan administration to strengthen command, control, and communications systems and provides recommendations for further strengthening and for altering related policies, deployments, and strategies to improve the stability of deterrence.


The main purpose of the study was to assess the occurrence of wheezing and lung function in non-smoking women exposed to various levels of fine particulate matter(FP) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Out of the total study group, 152 women were included in the lower exposed group (PM2.5 ≤34.3μg/m3 or PAHs ≤ 22.9ng/ m3) and 96 persons in higher concentrations of both air pollutants (PM2.5>34.3μg/m3 and PAHs > 22.9ng/ m3). Except for FVC and FEV1, all lung forced ventilatory flows (PEFR, FEF25% FEF50%, FEF75%, FEF25−75%) were significantly lower in the higher exposed group. The findings suggest bronchoconstriction within the respiratory tract, which may be related to the exposure under study. This was consistent with a higher prevalence of wheezing in more exposed subjects. It was shown that higher levels of both pollutants increased the risk of wheezing by factor 5.6 (95% CI: 1.77–17.8) after accounting for potential confounders such as allergic diseases and exposure to ETS. This study suggests that pollutants in question may have the capacity to promote broncho-constriction and asthmatic symptoms, possibly by bronchial inflammation resulting from the exposure.


Background and purpose: Balance impairment is one of the major health problems in elderly. Kinsiotaping and stretching techniques are effective in balance improvement. To the best of our knowledge, no study have compared the effects of kinesiotaping and stretching of gastrocnemius on balance in elderly. So, we aimed at comparing the effects of these two methods on balance in elderly. Materials and methods: In this randomized clinical trial, 40 elderly women and men were randomly assigned into 2 groups of kinesiotaping and stretching. Inhibitory tape was applied on the gastrocnemius while in stretching group, the muscle was stretched for 60 seconds in 4 times. The static balance was examined before and after the interventions, using single leg stance test and checking the changes of center of pressure by force plate. According to normal distribution of data, Independent t-test was used to compare the means between groups and paired t-test was used for within group analysis. Results: Despite progress in time of unilateral standing after the interventions, the changes were not significant (P>0.05). Mediolateral changes of center of pressure in females were significantly lower after the use of stretching rather than kinesiotaping (P=0.04). Moreover, elderly women showed significant decrease in mediolateral changes of center of pressure after the use of stretching compared with that before the use (P=0.02). Conclusion: The short term effect of gastrocnemius stretching could lead to significant improvement of mediolateral balance in elderly female. Also, the decreasing trend in changes of center of body mass in men after the stretching may indicate the effectiveness of this treatment.


We investigated the capacity for two different forms of metacognitive cue to shield against auditory distraction in problem solving with Compound Remote Associates Tasks (CRATs). Experiment 1 demonstrated that an intrinsic metacognitive cue in the form of processing disfluency (manipulated using an easy-to-read vs. difficult-to-read font) could increase focal task engagement so as to mitigate the detrimental impact of distraction on solution rates for CRATs. Experiment 2 showed that an extrinsic metacognitive cue that took the form of an incentive for good task performance (i.e. 80% or better CRAT solutions) could likewise eliminate the negative impact of distraction on CRAT solution rates. Overall, these findings support the view that both intrinsic and extrinsic metacognitive cues have remarkably similar effects. This suggests that metacognitive cues operate via a common underlying mechanism whereby a participant applies increased focal attention to the primary task so as to ensure more steadfast task engagement that is not so easily diverted by task-irrelevant stimuli.


The persistent deterioration of trust among managers of the economy in one hand and the declining confidence level of the public on economic and financial institutions in the country calls for the need to assess the type of economic graduates Universities in Nigeria produce. In other words, does our Universities produce economists that are skillful in the industry but lacks ethical as well as moral values? To answer these questions there is need to examine the University curriculum so as to know the existence or otherwise of courses that enhance skills and those that enhance values. The objective of this study therefore is to assess the need for Islamic economics curriculum that contains sufficient courses for not only building graduate economic and analytical skills but also the courses that are relevant for ethical development of a graduate. Bayero University Kano, though not an Islamic University per se but is well rooted in the values of Islam historically and in the programmes the University offers to students from various field of Islamic revealed knowledge. The paper being exploratory in nature gathers data from both primary and secondary sources. The primary data was gathered from survey of the respondents that include both academic staff and students of the Department of Economics, B.U.K. The secondary data will be sourced from books, contemporary articles, conference proceedings, reports and curriculum of the department as well as Islamic economics curriculum from relevant Universities in the Muslim world. Based on logistic Regressions, the findings from this study show that there is need for Islamic economics curriculum to improve the ethical and moral stand of the students, especially after graduation. The result paves way for updating economics curriculum for the Bachelor of Science Economics and sheds some lights to other Universities that share the same characteristics with Bayero University Kano. ,


Extending recent advances in attribution theory, this thesis aims to develop and apply an analytic framework within which the social constitution of explanations might be better accommodated. To this end, Part I draws on three theoretical trends: generative social psychology; critical theory; and Foucauldlan discourse analysis. Respectively, these provide: the rationale for the critique of and the alternatives to orthodox social psychology, critical reflection on the social field, and the means to locate and analyze ordinary explanations. It is shown how: conventional cognitivist analyses tend to ignore the social contingency of explanations; intergroup theory cannot adequately deal with the influence of role; script theory does not address explanations' mediation of power. By contrast, the present thesis analyzes explanations in the context of numerous intertwined factors. Including role, intergroup and power relations, and institutional, representational and material influences. In this, role'. constituted in a network of discourses and practices, is the principal conceptual tool. Packaged with a repertoire of explanations, cognitions, identities and functions, role interacts with situational factors to shape explanations. It is suggested that, through their mediation of power, explanations serve to reproduce the explainer's role and related roles and structures. Part II applies this approach to the explanation of rape. Detailed analysis of gender stereotypes, rape myths, the the professional, polemical and lay explanation of rape produced three ideal types: the dimensional, typological and schismatic. These served to tie particular explanatory forms to their corresponding frameworks of discourse/practice and to role. The function of such rape explanations was further explored with respect to 'traditional' and 'anti-sexist' male roles, and to the role of policeman- In the latter case, it was shown that explanations tended to distance rape from 'normal' sexuality, thereby recursively conditioning the police role and its legal, organizational and cultural delineants.


One method to obtain genetic information is the diallel cross analysis. The objective of this study was to eavluate the genetic parameters of six inbred pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.) using full diallel crosses. The experiment was conducted at IPB Experiment Field, Cikabayan, Darmaga. The design was randomized complete block design (RCBD) using three replications as blocks. Data from generation F1 and parents were analyzed using the Hayman Method. Results indicated that no epistatic effects were significant for all the traits assessed. Additive genetic effects were larger than the dominant effects for yield per plant, fruit length, and diameter fruit traits. Dominant genetic effects were larger than the additive effects for fruit weight traits. Narrow-sense and broad-sense heritability were high for all the traits assessed. The character of the yield per plant, fruit weight and fruit diameter shows that there were more dominant genes in the parents. There were more recessive genes in parents for the fruit length character. IPB C7 parent was the most recessive genes containing control characters in the yield per plant. In the new improved varieties of high yielding, IPB C7 could be crossed with IPB C9. Employing individual or mass selection breeding should be successful in developing high-productivity lines in this population.


New Zealand aims to eradicate possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) and ship rats (Rattus rattus) nationally by 2050. This aim will require more effective tactics for locally eliminating these pests. Therefore, we explored whether possums and rats could be eliminated from large areas using pre-feeding and two applications of sodium fluoroacetate (1080) bait spaced a few months apart. The specific key question we investigated was whether any bait aversion learned by possums or rats that survived the first application of 1080 cereal bait would be overcome by a second application. A two-stage field trial was undertaken in 2016 and 2017, using 100-ha forested study blocks near New Creek, Westland. In the first stage, eight blocks were aerially baited with 1080 after being aerially pre-fed twice, once, or not at all. The relative abundance of rats fell to zero immediately after the baiting in all four blocks that were pre-fed, but lesser reductions in the four blocks not pre-fed. The survivors in the non-pre-fed blocks appeared to be universally and strongly bait averse. In the second stage, the non-pre-fed blocks were then aerially pre-fed twice and 1080-baited (by hand laying) with a bait type that differed slightly in appearance and smell from the original. Based on trail camera visitation rates and chew card interference, the relative abundance of rats fell to zero or close to it in the second group of four blocks, whereas possum activity indices increased markedly after an initial one week dip. The increase in possum activity was attributed to the peanut bait used in the chew cards attracting possums to monitoring sites. We conclude that dual application of 1080 using a similar bait in a single operation has the potential to locally eliminate rats from large areas, and that with further development involving use of two very different bait types and/or different pre-feeding sequencing, could potentially achieve the same for possums.


In recent years, a number of countries of the region have gained renewed access to international financial markets, thus passing abruptly from a situation of relative scarcity of external resources to one of abundance. This situation has given rise to considerable pressures on certain key variables of their economies, especially the real exchange rate and interest rates. In previous articles in CEPAL Review, the effects of opening-up of the capital account on monetary, exchange rate and stabilization policies have been analysed. The present article considers the dilemma faced by the economic authorities when they try to simultaneously achieve ongoing capital inflows, stability of the economic aggregates, a competitive exchange rate, and a stronger savings and investment process. An analysis is made of the experiences of Argentina, Chile, Colombia and Mexico in this respect, with their economic policy profiles distinguished according to three alternative options for intervention: in the foreign exchange market, in the monetary market, and in the capital market. It is argued that in view of the degree of volatility and uncertainty of external capital flows, policy instruments in these areas should be aimed at obviating the diversion of key prices from their medium- and long-term trends in response to short-term forces.


Background: Transgenic mice expressing the dominant interfering p193 protein in cardiomyocytes (MHC-1152stop mice) exhibit an induction of cell cycle activity and altered remodelling after experimental myocardial infarction (MI). Objective: To determine whether the altered remodelling results in improved cardiac function in the MHC-1152stop mice after MI, as compared with non-transgenic mice. Methods: MHC-1152stop mice and non-transgenic littermates were subjected to experimental MI via permanent occlusion of the coronary artery. Infarct size was determined at 24 h and at 4 weeks after MI, and left ventricular pressure–volume measurements were performed at 4 weeks after MI in infarcted and sham-operated animals. Results: Infarct size in MHC-1152stop mice and non-transgenic littermates was not statistically different at 24 h after MI, as measured by tetrazolium staining. Morphometric analysis showed that infarct scar expansion at 4 weeks after MI was reduced by 10% in the MHC-1152stop mice (p<0.05). No differences in cardiac function were detected between sham-operated MHC-1152stop mice and their non-transgenic littermates. However, at 4 weeks after MI, the ventricular isovolumic relaxation time constant (τ) was decreased by 19% (p<0.05), and the slope of the dP/dtmax–EDV relationship was increased 99% (p<0.05), in infarcted MHC-1152stop mice as compared with infarcted non-transgenic littermates. Conclusion: Expression of the dominant interfering p193 transgene results in a decrease in infarct scar expansion and preservation of myocardial function at 4 weeks after MI. Antagonism of p193 activity may represent an important strategy for the treatment of MI.


Objective: This study investigated the effect of different endodontic irrigant solutions and resin cement systems on the bond strength of cemented fiber posts. Methods: Sixty human single-rooted anterior teeth were sectioned transversely at 2 mm incisal to the cemento-enamel junction (CEJ). The roots were treated endodontically, and teeth were distributed into six groups: group A, includes 5.25%NaOCl irrigant with MultiCore Flow Core Build-Up material; group B, includes 5.25%NaOCl irrigant with RelyX-Unicem Self-Adhesive Universal Resin Cement; group C, includes 2.5% NaOCl irrigant with MultiCore Flow; group D, includes 2.5%NaOCl irrigant with RelyX-Unicem; group E, includes NaCl, irrigant with MultiCore Flow; and group F, includes NaCl irrigant with RelyX-Unicem. Universal tapered fiber posts (No. 3 RelyX Fiber Post) were cemented, and roots were sectioned into cervical and apical segments. Samples were then subjected to a push-out bond strength test and failure modes were examined. Results: The mean push-out bond strength for group D showed the highest mean value (20.07 MPa), while the lowest value was found in group A. There was a significant difference between groups with regard to the irrigants used (p<0.001), however, no significant difference was found between groups with regard to resin systems (p>0.05). The total mean push-out bond strength of the cervical segments was found to be significantly higher than the apical segments (p<0.001). Conclusion: The irrigant solution have a clear influence on the push-out bond strength of the fiber posts regardless of the cement used. Both adhesive resin systems showed similar bonding strength.


Anthropomorphism is one of the most extensively studied topics in HRI. Various factors were reported as affecting the degree to which a robot is perceived as human-like. However, our knowledge of this phenomenon is segmented as there is lack of a comprehensive model of anthropomorphism that could consistently explain these findings. I propose a preliminary model of anthropomorphism that is based on the reverse process to anthropomorphization, known as dehumanization. I hypothesize that the same attributes that people deprive dehumanized others can be used to affect robots anthropomorphism. Since embodiment of a robot can influence what and how these factors can be implemented, the ultimate goal of my research is to propose a method for applying the model of anthropomorphism to different types of robots. Moreover, the impact of interaction stage and context on the model will be explored.


The 1930s and 1940s represented an era in United States history when large groups of citizens took political action in response to their social and economic circumstances. The vision, attitudes, beliefs and purposes of participants before, during, and after this time period played an important part of American cultural history. Richard and JoAnne Reuss expertly capture the personality of this era and the fascinating chronology of events in American Folk Music and Left-Wing Politics, 1927-1957, a historical analysis of singers, writers, union members and organizers and their connection to left-wing politics and folk music during this revolutionary time period. While scholarship on folk music, history, and politics is not unique in and of itself, Reuss' approach is noteworthy for its folklorist perspective and its long, encompassing assessment of a broad cross-section of participants and their interactions. An innovative and informative look into one of the most evocative and challenging eras in American history, American Folk Music and Left-Wing Politics, 1927-1957 stands as a historic milestone in this period's scholarship and evolution.


Summary Sarcoidosis is a systemic granulomatous disease of unknown etiology that may affect many systems, mainly lungs. Most of the patients present at stages I and II lung involvement. Pulmonary infiltrates without hilar lymphadenopathy (state III) rarely occurs. Extrapulmonary organ involvement is common in pediatric sarcoidosis. The aim of this report is to present an unusual case of childhood sarcoidosis with stage III lung involvement without any extrapulmonary organ involvement. A 7-year-old girl presented with the complaints of malaise, fatigue, weight loss and dyspnea. There was patchy, bilateral ground glass view at high resolution computer tomography. Video assisted thoracoscopic lung biopsy was performed and histopathological examination showed nonnecrotising epitheloid-cell granulomas with giant cells. She did not have any hilar or extrapulmonary organ involvement and pulmonary sarcoidosis at stage III was diagnosed. Sarcoidosis should be considered in the differential


The 2012 Budget announced by the Prime Minister of Malaysia indicated that small and medium enterprises (SMEs) continue to play an important role in the nation's economy and are therefore, given sufficient allocation to sustain the various enterprise. As in all contemporary SMEs, the enabler for successful business ventures is through the use of information and communication technology (ICT). With premeditated information systems implementation, SMEs would be able to survive the demands of the current volatile economic conditions for competitive advantage. One such system is the Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) for information mining in making strategic decision making. The ERP system provides the capability for fast, high quality data retrieval from large volumes of data for SME's sustainability. Hence, the objectives of this study are; to examine the influence and relationship of the socio psychological factors toward the ERP system usage, and to investigate the effect of the socio psychological factors with the interaction of system complexity as moderator on the ERP system usage. The socio-psychological factors are perceived usefulness, rewards, perceived benefits and social influence. Consequently, the scope of this study is the SME's in Selangor that are involved in the manufacturing industry. The methodology employed for this project is cross-sectional with purposive sampling technique for the identification of the units of analysis the managers. Through a list provided by the SME Corporation (SME Corp) of Malaysia, five hundred SMEs that fit the pre-identified criteria were sent questionnaires for data collection. Prior to the actual data collection, a pilot study was undertaken to ensure the reliability and validity of the instrument. Subsequently, the study found that 43.8 percent of SMEs in Selangor have the ERP system experience with an average ERP system usage is between 1-5 years. Moreover, the perceived benefits (r=0.23, p<0.05) and social influence (r=0.35, p<0.01) were significantly correlated with the ERP system usage and the social influence (P=0.41, p<0.05) was the most influential socio psychological factor towards the ERP system usage. In addition, the findings showed that all the socio psychological factors not significantly moderated by the system complexity in influencing the ERP system usage. It means that the system complexity does not act as an independent variable and moderating variable in this study because it is not significant due the significant value, p, is greater than 0.05. The findings indicated that not all SMEs in the manufacturing sector within Selangor are embracing ERP system, let alone using the ERP system to aid their decision making process. A change champion from an established SME that has successfully been utilizing ERP be recruited to promote ERP system for all SMEs. Employees should be given the right training on ERP system use, who in turn will train other staff reap the benefit of a customized computer system. Once the perception that the system is easy to use, is useful, and is advantageous to them, the organization will be well on the way to a profitable business quantum and achieve better returns of investment. The implication from non-usage of ERP system will negatively impact the SMEs ability to compete at both the local and international level, hence, internal management and organizational matters, particularly leadership and resilience must be enhanced. iii


This article presents a method developed to assess laser Directed Energy Weapon engagements. This method applies physics-based models, which have been validated by experiments. It is used to assess the capabilities of the Airborne Laser (ABL), a system for boost phase missile defense purposes, which is in development under supervision of the U.S. missile defense agency. Implications for international security are presented. The article begins with a general introduction to laser Directed Energy Weapons (DEW). It is notable that several laser directed energy weapon prototypes have recently become operational for testing. One of them is the ABL, a megawatt-class laser installed into a cargo aircraft. It is concluded that only the ABL could have significant political impact on an international scale at the moment. Hence, the remainder of the article focuses on the assessment of that system. The laser intensity, the induced temperature increase of a target and the impact of this temperature increase on the mechanical properties of the target are calculated for different scenarios. It is shown that the defensive capability of the ABL against ballistic missiles is limited. Even a successful laser engagement that deflects a missile trajectory from its intended target can have negative impact for third parties, as missile warheads will most likely not be destroyed.


Bioinformatics is a rapidly expanding field of research due to multiple recent advancements: 1) the advent of machine intelligence, 2) the increase of computing power, 3) our better understanding of the underlying biomolecular mechanisms, and 4) the drastic reduction of biosequencing cost and time. Since wet laboratory approaches to analysing the protein sequencing is still labour intensive and time consuming, more cost-effective computational approaches for analyzing protein sequences and their biochemical interactions are crucial. This is especially true when we encounter a large collection of protein sequences. Aligned Pattern CLustering (APCL), an algorithm which combines machine intelligence methodologies such as pattern recognition, pattern discovery, pattern clustering and alignment, formulated by my research group and myself, is one such technique. APCL discovers, prunes, and clusters aligned statistically significant patterns to assemble a related, or specifically, a homologous group of patterns in the form of an Aligned Pattern Cluster (APC). The APC obtained is found to correspond to statistically and functionally significant association patterns, which corresponds as conserved regions, such as binding segments within and between protein sequences as well as between Protein Transcription Factor (TF) and DNA Transcription Factor Binding Sites (TFBS) in many of our empirical experiments. While several known algorithms also exist to find functionally conserved segments in biosequences, they are less flexible and require more parameters than what APCL requires. Hence, APCL is a powerful tool to analyze biosequences. Because of its effectiveness, the usefulness of APCL is further expanded from the assist of discovering and analyzing functional regions of protein sequences to the exploration of co-occurrence of patterns on the same sequences or on interacting patterns between sequences from the discovered APCs. Two new algorithms are introduced and reported in this thesis in the exploration of 1) APCs containing patterns residing within the same biosequences and 2) APCs containing patterns residing between interacting biosequences. The first algorithm attempts to cluster APCs from APCs that share patterns on the same biosequences. It uses a co-occurrence score between APCs in a co-occurrence APC pair (two APCs containing co-occurrence patterns) to account for the proportion of biosequences of co-occurrence patterns they share against the total number of sequences containing them. Using this score as a similarity measure (or more precisely, as a co-occurring measure), we devise a Co-occurrence APC Clustering Algorithm to cluster APCs obtained from a collection of related biosequences into a Co-Occurrence Cluster of APCs abbreviated by cAPC. It is then analyzed and verified to see whether or v not there are essential biological functions associating with the APCs within that cluster. Cytochrome c and ubiquitin families were analyzed in depth, and it was validated that members in the same cAPC do cover the functional regions that have essential cooperative biological functions. The second algorithm takes advantage of the effectiveness of APCL to create a proteinprotein interaction (PPI) identification and prediction algorithm. PPI prediction is a hot research problem in bioinformatics and proteomic. A good number of algorithms exist. The state of the art algorithm is one which could achieve high success rate in prediction performance, but provides results that are difficult to interpret. The research in this thesis tries to overcome this hurdle. This second algorithm uses an APC-PPI score between two APCs to account for the proportion of patterns residing on two different protein sequences. This score measures how often patterns in both APCs cooccur in the sequence data of two known interacting proteins. The scores are then used to construct feature vectors to first train a learning model from the known PPI data and later used to predict the possible PPI between a protein pair. The algorithm performance was comparable to the state of the art algorithms, but provided results that are interpretable. The results from both algorithms built upon the extension of APCL in finding cooccurring patterns via co-occurrence of APCs are proved to be effective and useful since its performance in finding APCs is fast and effective. The first algorithm discovered biological insights, supported by biological literature, which are typically unable to be discovered solely through the analysis of biosequences. The second algorithm succeeded in providing accurate and descriptive PPI predictions. Hence, these two algorithms are useful in the analysis and prediction of proteins. In addition, through continued research and development to the second algorithm, it will be a powerful tool for the drug industry, as it can help find new PPI, an important step in developing new drugs for different drug targets.


We have investigated global teleconnections of climate to regional satellite‐driven observations for prediction of Amazon ecosystem production, in the form of monthly estimates of net carbon exchange over the period 1982–1998 from the NASA–CASA (Carnegie–Ames–Stanford) biosphere model. This model is driven by observed surface climate and monthly estimates of vegetation leaf area index (LAI) and fraction of absorbed PAR (fraction of photosynthetically active radiation, FPAR) generated from the NOAA satellite advanced very high‐resolution radiometer (AVHRR) and similar sensors. Land surface AVHRR data processing using modified moderate‐resolution imaging spectroradiometer radiative transfer algorithms includes improved calibration for intra‐ and intersensor variations, partial atmospheric correction for gaseous absorption and scattering, and correction for stratospheric aerosol effects associated with volcanic eruptions. Results from our analysis suggest that anomalies of net primary production and net ecosystem production predicted from the NASA–CASA model over large areas of the Amazon region east of 60°W longitude are strongly correlated with the Southern Oscillation index. Extensive areas of the south‐central Amazon show strong linkages of the FPAR and the NASA–CASA anomaly record to the Arctic Oscillation index, which help confirm a strong relation to southern Atlantic climate anomalies, with associated impacts on Amazon rainfall patterns. Processes are investigated for these teleconnections of global climate to Amazon ecosystem carbon fluxes and regional land surface climate.


Pelvic floor physiotherapy (PFPT) is considered to be a salient component of the conservative management of women with urogenital dysfunction including urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse (POP). PFPT is an important adjunct to the management of female pelvic and sexual pain disorders which are often associated with bothersome bladder symptoms. Physiotherapists utilize a variety of treatment methods which include behavioral therapy, exercise instruction, manual therapy, biofeedback and electrical stimulation. This review article provides a literature-based update describing and highlighting current indications and methods for pelvic floor physiotherapy intervention.


The Wacky Wine Festival in Robertson, South Africa, is one of the country's largest wine festivals. The uniqueness of this wine festival is that it takes place on an existing wine route where 48 wine farms actively participate in the event. Events such as these have long been used to promote a destination or region and its products in order to generate revenue and grow tourism. This paper presents the results of a survey that was conducted during the festival in June 2009 in which 420 questionnaires were completed by visitors to the festival. The aim was to identify the determinants of visitors' spending at the festival. Factor analysis was applied to differentiate three types of wine tourists: Festinos, Epicureans and Social Adventurists. Consequently, these three groupings and other sociodemographic and behavioural attributes of festival attendees were regressed as independent variables against expenditure in an attempt to refine future marketing strategies. It was the first time that this type of research was conducted at a wine festival in South Africa, and the findings indicated that determinants of visitor spending differ from event to event. Results also showed that a variety of socio-demographic and behavioural determinants influence spending. These include age, days spent at the festival, place of origin and repeat visits. The study also identified the high spending market ("epicureans") that could assist marketers and event organisers in increasing the economic effects of the event.


In the spring of 2004, graphic photographs of Iraqi prisoners being tortured by American soldiers in Baghdad's Abu Ghraib prison flashed around the world, provoking outraged debate. Did they depict the rogue behavior of "a few bad apples"? Or did they in fact reveal that the US government had decided to use brutal tactics in the "war on terror"? The images are shocking, but they do not tell the whole story. The abuses at Abu Ghraib were not isolated incidents but the result of a chain of deliberate decisions and failures of command. To understand how "Hooded Man" and "Leashed Man" could have happened, Mark Danner turns to the documents that are collected for the first time in this book. These documents include secret government memos, some never before published, that portray a fierce argument within the Bush administration over whether al-Qaeda and Taliban prisoners were protected by the Geneva Conventions and how far the US could go in interrogating them. There are also official reports on abuses at Abu Ghraib by the International Committee of the Red Cross, by US Army investigators, and by an independent panel chaired by former defense secretary James R. Schlesinger. In sifting this evidence, Danner traces the path by which harsh methods of interrogation approved for suspected terrorists in Afghanistan and Guantanamo "migrated" to Iraq as resistance to the US occupation grew and US casualties mounted. Yet as Mark Danner writes, the real scandal here is political: it "is not about revelation or disclosure but about the failure, once wrongdoing is disclosed, of politicians, officials, the press, and, ultimately, citizens to act." For once we know the story the photos and documents tell, we are left with the questions they pose for our democratic society: Does fighting a "new kind of war" on terror justify torture? Who will we hold responsible for deciding to pursue such a policy, and what will be the moral and political costs to the country?


This article examines recent developments in Amsterdam to establish a Center for Humanities and Technology (CHAT). The project is a collaboration between public research institutions and a private partner. To date, a White Paper has been produced that sets out a shared research agenda addressing both humanities and computing challenges. The article begins with a brief summary of "Mode 2" knowledge production. After providing a fuller description of the White Paper, the extent to which CHAT can be considered an instance of Mode 2 is assessed. Some of the challenges in cross-sector and cross-disciplinary work are presented


This thesis examines ways in which the experience of unemployment affects the experience of place. Taking a person-centred transactional perspective, it investigates transitions in place experience and the negotiation of place use and meaning in unemployment. A meta-theoretical framework is constructed within which the research is located. Based on place theory, it emphasises the importance of a contextual study of person-place relations in which people are seen as active agents dealing with the circumstances of their everyday life within the socio-physical grounding of places. The research is comprised of three interlinked studies. Firstly, the content and structure of the socio-cultural context, in terms of social representations of unemployment, pointed to information on how places are used and evaluated in unemployment. Social representations, accessed through media reports and individual interviews with unemployed, employed and retired people, organisational workers and students, indicated the home, DSS, underground economy workplace, former workplace and pub as important environmental settings for the experience of unemployment. Secondly, a study of the organisational context of unemployment revealed the local opportunity structure within which unemployed people are located. Services offered through twenty four organisational places were evaluated in relation to the needs and desires of unemployed people. The third, and main, study concentrated on understanding problems, opportunities and life changes in unemployment and relating these to the meaning and use of places. A sample of forty four long term, unemployed, married men were visited several times over the period of a year. Using in-depth interviews and a multiple methods approach the men were encouraged to reflect on their own experiences and discuss these freely. Initially, the investigation showed how the experience of unemployment helped to structure the use and meaning of six environmental domains integrated in unemployed people's geographical life worlds: the organisational domain; leisure domain; work domain; home domain; entertainment domain and the domain of everyday necessities. Interestingly, it was the extent of the geographical lifeworld which was associated with mental health rather than unemployment levels in the local geographical area. The investigation of environmental domains again highlighted the important roles of the home, DSS, underground economy workplace, former workplace and pub in unemployment. These five places were subject to detailed investigation. Attention focused on the content and structure of place experience and then analysed processes through which place use and meaning were negotiated. Each place was shown to be a complex of many different meanings, both positive and negative. However, meanings were structured within a model of personal, social, physical and instrumental place experience. The influence of unemployment was traced in all structural components of the place model. The negotiation of place use and meaning was revealed in analysis of social, psychological and actionable processes. In particular, the role of action in place, processes of person-place appropriation and the influence of place based role-rule relations were explored. Transitions in place meaning and use were linked to the experience of unemployment through these processes.


Abstract. The new generation GISS climate model includes fully interactive chemistry related to ozone in historical and future simulations, and interactive methane in future simulations. Evaluation of ozone, its tropospheric precursors, and methane shows that the model captures much of the large-scale spatial structure seen in recent observations. While the model is much improved compared with the previous chemistry-climate model, especially for ozone seasonality in the stratosphere, there is still slightly too rapid stratospheric circulation, too little stratosphere-to-troposphere ozone flux in the Southern Hemisphere and an Antarctic ozone hole that is too large and persists too long. Quantitative metrics of spatial and temporal correlations with satellite datasets as well as spatial autocorrelation to examine transport and mixing are presented to document improvements in model skill and provide a benchmark for future evaluations. The difference in radiative forcing (RF) calculated using modeled tropospheric ozone versus tropospheric ozone observed by TES is only 0.016 W m−2. Historical 20th Century simulations show a steady increase in whole atmosphere ozone RF through 1970 after which there is a decrease through 2000 due to stratospheric ozone depletion. Ozone forcing increases throughout the 21st century under RCP8.5 owing to a projected recovery of stratospheric ozone depletion and increases in methane, but decreases under RCP4.5 and 2.6 due to reductions in emissions of other ozone precursors. RF from methane is 0.05 to 0.18 W m−2 higher in our model calculations than in the RCP RF estimates. The surface temperature response to ozone through 1970 follows the increase in forcing due to tropospheric ozone. After that time, surface temperatures decrease as ozone RF declines due to stratospheric depletion. The stratospheric ozone depletion also induces substantial changes in surface winds and the Southern Ocean circulation, which may play a role in a slightly stronger response per unit forcing during later decades. Tropical precipitation shifts south during boreal summer from 1850 to 1970, but then shifts northward from 1970 to 2000, following upper tropospheric temperature gradients more strongly than those at the surface.


Some sport scientists have suggested that various rule violating behaviors (including aggressive player behavior) are normative behaviors perceived to be "legitimate violations" by participants (e.g., Silva, 1981; Vaz, 1979). In an attempt to determine if sport socialization influences the degree of perceived legitimacy of rule violating sport behavior, 203 male and female athletes and nonathletes were shown a series of eight slides. Seven of these slides clearly depicted rule violating behavior. The subjects rated the unacceptability-acceptability of the behavior shown on each slide on a scale of 1 to 4 (totally unacceptable-totally acceptable). Subjects were categorized according to: (a) gender, (b) amount of physical contact, (c) highest level of organized sport participation, and (d) years of participation. Regression and polynomial regressions indicated that male respondents rated rule violating behavior significantly more acceptable than females. Trend analyses on the other categorical variables ind...


Accumulation of a cholesterol precursor promotes lipid homeostasis and prevents inflammatory responses in macrophages. The accumulation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL, a carrier of cholesterol in the circulation), inflammation, and the transformation of macrophages into foam cells play key roles in the development of atherosclerosis. Cholesterol efflux is stimulated by activation of liver X receptors (LXRs), which are transcription factors activated by oxysterols and which activate genes encoding proteins involved in cholesterol efflux. Desmosterol, an oxysterol produced in the penultimate step of cholesterol biosynthesis, activates LXRs and suppresses proteolytic processing of sterol regulatory element–binding proteins (SREBPs), which are cleaved to form active transcription factors that drive cholesterol biosynthesis. Spann et al. performed lipidomic and transcriptomic analyses of peritoneal macrophages in wild-type or LDL receptor–knockout (LDLR KO) mice fed either a normal-cholesterol, normal-fat (NCNF) diet or a high-cholesterol, high-fat (HCHF) diet. Previous work showed that feeding LDLR KO mice the HCHF diet results in the transformation of macrophages into foam cells. The lipidomic analysis of Spann et al. revealed that desmosterol accumulated in foam cells from LDLR KO mice fed the HCHF diet and was abundant in foam cells from human atherosclerotic lesions. Contrary to expectation, transcripts of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) target genes with annotations linked to inflammation were less abundant in foam cells from LDLR KO mice than in macrophages from wild-type mice, when both mice were fed the HCHF diet. Treatment of primary macrophages from wild-type mice with exogenous desmosterol or with an inhibitor of DHCR24, the enzyme that catalyzes conversion of desmosterol to cholesterol, recapitulated the foam cell transcriptional phenotype of reduced abundance of transcripts of TLR4 target genes. However, primary macrophages from LXRα and -β double-knockout mice failed to exhibit the reduction in abundance of TLR4 target gene transcripts in response to exogenous desmosterol. Thus, the authors propose that desmosterol may limit inflammatory responses by promoting lipid homeostasis in macrophages. N. J. Spann, L. X. Garmire, J. G. McDonald, D. S. Myers, S. B. Milne, N. Shibata, D. Reichart, J. N. Fox, I. Shaked, D. Heudobler, C. R. H. Raetz, E. W. Wang, S. L. Kelly, M. C. Sullards, R. C. Murphy, A. H. Merrill Jr., H. A. Brown, E. A. Dennis, A. C. Li, K. Ley, S. Tsimikas, E. Fahy, S. Subramaniam, O. Quehenberger, D. W. Russell, C. K. Glass, Regulated accumulation of desmosterol integrates macrophage lipid metabolism and inflammatory responses. Cell 151, 138–152 (2012). [Online Journal]