In rural areas, police experience unique work-related health and safety risks attributable to a multitude of factors, ranging from inaccessible backup to navigating inclement weather alongside geographic obstacles. Although the result of institutional and organizational structures, operational (job content) and organizational (job context) risk must be recontextualized in the rural context. In the current study, I contextualize understandings of risk, referring to a lack of safety shaped by either a physical, administrative, legal, or emotional feeling of vulnerability—or a combination of such—for rural officers that results from occupational experiences of understaffing and insufficient material resources. Drawing on transcripts from 14 focus groups with 49 officers across rank, I extrapolate the effects of understaffing on officer experiences of work-role overload and the resulting stress. Findings reveal how officers' perceptions of risk are impacted by such factors, and how risk is interpreted as either preventable (i.e., organizational) or unavoidable (i.e., operational). In this context, risk knowledges of occupational realities shape the occupational role and well-being of officers working in rural and remote detachments. Preliminary policy implications are presented.


The green peach aphid (GPA), Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphidae), is a polyphagous insect that feeds on a broad range of more than forty different plant families and also vectors over one hundred plant viruses. Feeding damage, and viral diseases that they transmit, contribute to yield losses in many economically important crops worldwide. The current measures used to control GPAs include genetic resistance and the application of insecticides. Although chemical insecticides provide control and are widely used for managing aphid infestations, they are expensive and some are not environmentally safe. Moreover, insecticides are not always effective because GPAs readily develop resistance. An alternate approach is to exploit the naturally occurring eukaryotic phenomenon of RNA interference (RNAi) to silence vital genes of aphids. RNAi is the sequence-specific degradation of homologous RNA molecules guided by small RNAs and can be triggered by the introduction of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). This approach is environmentally-friendly, appears to be an effective strategy to silence vital genes of plant pathogens and pests such as nematodes and insects, and could be a competitive alternative to current methods of pest control. However, to develop transgenic plants expressing GPA genes, first suitable gene targets have to be identified and tested for their effects on aphid survival and reproduction through RNAi. Hence, the aims of this research were to identify essential genes of GPAs and to investigate the effects of gene silencing by artificial feeding of dsRNA and delivery of dsRNA through transgenic plants.

Comparative bioinformatics was undertaken for in silico identification of candidate genes of GPA. Six putative functional classes: embryogenesis, osmoregulation, moulting, cuticularisation, feeding, and locomotion were identified based on the life-cycle of GPA. All available expressed sequence tags (ESTs) of GPA were compared to the genomic resources of the free-living nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans to identify genes belonging to the putative functional class and also having lethal RNAi phenotypes. In this way, GPA orthologues of C. elegans genes with an RNAi phenotype belonging to the six putative functional classes were identified and also compared to nucleotide sequences of other insects to identify genes with known or predicted functions. Fifty target genes were identified in silico of which ten were then used for molecular characterisation and RNAi studies. The ten genes chosen for detailed study were named with a prefix Mp representing Myzus persicae and were: MpVha-8 (vacuolar H+ ATPase), MpEat-6 (EATing: abnormal pharyngeal pumping), MpCct-6 (Chaperonin Containing TCP-1), MpLev-11 (LEVamisole resistant; tmy-1), MpSox-2 (alternative splicing transcription factors), MpTnc-2 (Troponin C), MpAqp-4 (aquaporin or aquaglyceroporin related), MpPdi-2 (protein disulphide isomerase), MpPod-2 (polarity and osmotic sensitivity defect), and MpCars-1 (cysteinyl amino-acyl tRNA synthetase).

 A study to optimise in vitro RNAi conditions for GPAs was done which involved the assessment of eleven dyes for their suitability in tracing uptake of artificial diet containing sucrose and dsRNA after 24 hr feeding in an artificial feeding chamber. The dyes tested were: fluorescein isothiocyanate, fluorescein diacetate, phloxine B, methylene blue, acid fuschin, fast green, congo red, neutral red, acridine orange, and two food colours, red and yellow. The visibility of dyes inside the aphid body, effects of ingested dye on aphid survival, and effects on the purity of dsRNA in the presence of dye were studied. The optimal concentrations of two vital dyes, neutral red (0.02%) and acridine orange (0.0025%) when mixed with 30% sucrose were easily visualised in the aphid body upon ingestion, did not significantly (p > 0.05) affect aphid survival after 24 hr feeding compared to sucrose-only controls, and also did not affect the quality and purity of dsGFP after 24 hours.

To demonstrate that adding vital dyes to trace uptake of dsRNA allowed effective assessment of target gene silencing, MpVha-8 was used to study the effects of in vitro RNAi. The lowest concentration of neutral red mixed with 30% sucrose and 2 µg/µL of dsMpVha-8 was provided to GPA in an artificial feeding chamber in which aphids were allowed to feed ad libitum. After 24 hr feeding, aphid survival and transcript abundance of the target gene were studied in only those aphids which had fed and showed the presence of dye. A reduction of 21.59% and 29.17% was observed in survival of aphids that fed on dsMpVha-8 with dye and without dye respectively. For both the treatments, there were also long-term effects on aphid survival in comparison to dsGFP-fed aphids when transferred to tobacco; mortality was recorded by day 6 and day 5 in aphids that fed on dsMpVha-8 with dye and without dye respectively. Transcript abundance of the target gene in aphids that fed on dsMpVha-8 mixed in sucrose and dye was compared to that of aphids fed on dsMpVha-8 mixed in sucrose alone and were pooled together. There was a pronounced knockdown of target gene in aphids that had taken up dsRNA with dye. This study demonstrated that the addition of dyes to feed containing dsRNA enabled the assessment of only those aphids that had ingested dsRNA, thus providing a more accurate measure of transcript abundance than when assessing aphids pooled after 24 hr feeding.

In vitro RNAi studies using the optimised conditions were undertaken to study the effects of silencing nine target genes. These were: MpEat-6, MpCct-6, MpPod-2, MpPdi-2, MpLev-11, MpSox-2, MpTnc-2, MpCars-1, and MpAqp-4. When dsRNA of target genes was delivered to GPA nymphs in a feeding chamber, differences in behaviour, reduction in target transcript levels and survival were found compared to controls. After 24 hr feeding, survival of nymphs fed on all nine dsRNA was between 48-75%, and was significantly lower than treatments of dsGFP and no-dsRNA control. The most obvious behavioural changes were found in aphids fed on dsRNA for genes involved in movement and locomotion. There was paralysis and limited movement for aphids fed on dsMpLev-11, dsMpSox-2 and dsMpTnc-2, and this was accompanied by a reduction in target transcript abundance. When aphids that had fed for 24 hours on dsMpEat-6, dsMpPod-2, dsMpLev-11, dsMpSox-2 and dsMpTnc-2 were transferred to tobacco to study the effects on long-term survival, it was found that aphids survived only until days eight, four, one, one, and three respectively. Conversely, for aphids that fed on dsMpPdi- 2, dsMpCars-1, dsMpCct-6 and dsMpAqp-4, even though there was a gradual decrease in the percentage of aphid survival, complete mortality was not observed over 12 days on tobacco.

In planta RNAi studies were undertaken to study the effects on survival and reproduction of GPA reared on transgenic tobacco plants expressing target genes. For this, tobacco leaf disc transformation using recombinant Agrobacterium tumefaciens harbouring the hairpin expression cassette was done to generate primary transformants (T0). Transgenic T0 plants showing resistance to kanamycin and T1 plants that tested positive for the presence of the neomycin phosphotransferase gene were challenged with nymphs. Amongst the T0 plants tested, dsMpLev-11-expressing tobacco had significantly lower aphid survival as compared to empty vector- and dsGFP-expressing plants. Of all the T0 transgenic plants, dsMpLev-11- expressing tobacco had the most events, a total of nine, which had no aphids surviving by day 16; survival was only until day five or six. The mean number of aphids alive on the T1 events of target dsRNA-expressing tobacco at each time-point (beyond day zero) were found to be significantly lower as compared to the control group of untransformed wild type, GFP and null 6 events. At day 16, the T1 events for each gene that showed the lowest aphid number were: MpSox-2 E8, MpAqp-4 E10, MpLev-11 E12, MpCars-1 E8, MpTnc-2 E8, MpPod-2 E6, MpCct-6 E6, MpEat-6 E8, MpPdi-2 E9, and MpVha-8 E10.

The use of in vitro RNAi studies as a preliminary screen to determine the potential of a candidate gene before progressing into in planta RNAi studies was found to be useful. This was because the effects on survival after feeding on dsRNA through artificial feeding and on transgenic tobacco plants were somewhat similar. For example, aphid survival after feeding on dsMpSox-2 and dsMpLev-11 for 24 hours was 58.3% and 50% respectively and was accompanied by impaired locomotion, reduction in target gene expression, and also affected long-term survival when transferred to tobacco. There was also a reduction in aphid survival on the T1 events MpSox-2 E8 and MpLev-11 E12 as compared to controls. Results of in vitro RNAi for five genes, MpEat-6, MpLev-11, MpSox-2, MpTnc-2 and MpVha-8 complemented the results of in planta RNAi demonstrating the practicality of using an in vitro RNAi screen for selecting genes prior to advancing into host-mediated RNAi.

 Except for V-ATPase, which has been tested previously for RNAi effects on aphids including M. persicae, none of the nine target GPA genes studied have ever been tested in GPA and are novel targets. Based on the behavioural changes and effects on aphid survival after in vitro RNAi, and the survival on transgenic T1 events of tobacco, genes were ranked for their efficiency. In an ascending order of their performance these were: MpSox-2, MpLev-11, MpTnc-2, MpPod-2, MpEat-6, MpAqp-4, MpCct-6, MpPdi-2, MpCars-1 and MpVha-8.


News media are usually biased toward some political views. Also, the coverage of news is limited to news reported by news agencies. Social media is currently a hub for users to report and discuss news. This includes news reported or missed by news media. Developing a system that can generate news reports from social media can give a global unbiased view on what is hot in a given region. In this talk, we present the research work performed in QCRI for two years, which tackle the problem of using social media to track and follow posts on ongoing news in different regions and for different topics. Initially, we show examples of the presence of bias in reporting news by different news media. We then explore the nature of social media platforms and list the research questions that motivated this work. The challenges for tracking topics related to news are discussed. An automatically adapting information filtering approach is presented that allows tracking broad and dynamic topics in social media. This technique enables automatically tracking posts on news in social media while coping with the high changes occurring in news stories. Our developed system, TweetMogaz, is the demoed, which is an Arabic news portal platform that generated news from Twitter. TweetMogaz reports in real-time what is happening in hot regions in the Middle East, such as Syria and Egypt, in the form of comprehensive reports that include top tweets, images, videos, and news article shared by users on Twitter. It also reports news on different topics such as sports. Moreover, Search is enabled to allow users to get news reports on any topic of interest. The demo would be showing www.tweetmogaz.com live, where emerging topics in news would appear live in front of the audience. By the end of the talk, we would show some of the interesting examples that were noticed on the website in the past year. In addition, a quick overview would be presented on one of the social studies, which was carried out based on the news trend changes on TweetMogaz. The study shows the changes of people behavior when reporting and discussing news during major political changes such as the one happened in Egypt in July 2013. This work is an outcome of two years of research in the Arabic Language Technology group in Qatar Computing Research Institute. The work is published in the form of six research and demo papers in tier 1 conferences such as SIGIR, CSCW, CIKM, and ICWSM. The TweetMogaz system is protected by two patent applications filed in 2012 and 2014. Currently the website serves around 10,000 users, and the number is expected to significantly increase when officially advertised. Please feel free to visit TweetMogaz website for checking the system live: www.tweetmogaz.com Note: A new release with a better design to the website is expected by the time of the conference


Over the past couple of decades, new in situ characterization techniques such as liquid-cell TEM have revitalized efforts to understand the mechanisms of crystal formation. The spontaneous, room-temperature crystallization of CeO2 from mM concentrations of cerium(IV) ammonium nitrate (CAN) in water was studied using UVVis absorption spectroscopy, transient absorption spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Characterization of the final nanoparticles revealed polycrystalline CeO2 nanoparticles that are stable from aggregation over a period of months. Most of the nanoparticles are between 3 and 9 nm, although a small proportion of larger particles between 10 and 150 nm were also detected. Crystallization is accompanied by a large change in absorption which can be modeled by the presence of just two species. These species are argued to be an amorphous, hydrated intermediate that is converted to nanocrystalline CeO2 over a period of minutes to hours. The rate-limiting step of the amorphous to crystalline transition involves a proton transfer reaction, as evidenced by a solvent kinetic isotope effect of ~10. Ultrafast transient absorption measurements show a drastic difference between the optical properties of the crystalline nanoparticles and the amorphous precursors. This system is an excellent model system for studying non-classical crystallization because the minutes-to-hours time scale and the small sizes of the nanoparticles and precursors allow for in situ observation of crystallization using steady-state absorption spectroscopy. This system would also lend itself well to characterization by other techniques such as liquidcell TEM or x-ray absorption spectroscopy.


How powers are distributed between the federal government and the constituent units of a federation, or de/centralisation, is at the heart of federalism. There has recently been renewed interest in studying de/centralisation in federations, with several works addressing conceptualisation, measurement, theorisation, and causal analysis. This piece takes stock of this literature and discusses its contributions. De/Centralisation in Federations | 2


The South Georgia region is characterised by high biomass and productivity of phyto- plankton, zooplankton and vertebrate predators. Important commercial fisheries have been based at the island since the late 1700s, initially exploiting seals and whales, and currently taking krill Euphausia superba and finfish. Despite studies dating from the beginning of the last century, the causes of the high productivity remain unclear. The island lies within the Antarctic Zone of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, to the south of the Polar Front. The offshore waters to its north and east are affected by a north- wards deflection of the Southern Antarctic Circumpolar Current Front, together with waters from the Weddell-Scotia Confluence. Despite a retentive circulation over the shelf, the high productivity of phyto- plankton and copepods is widespread, occurring far downstream and possibly extending to the Polar Front. High phytoplankton concentrations (>20 mg chlorophyll a m -3 ) may be linked to enhanced supply of iron or reduced forms of nitrogen (up to ~3 mmol ammonium m -3 ). Although macronutrients are gen- erally not limiting in the Antarctic Zone, silicate concentrations of 2 mg chl a m -3 occur for 4t o5 mo. Biomass of krill plus net-caught zooplankton in summer is around 15 to 20 g dry mass m -2 , equally dominated by krill and copepods. This greatly exceeds typical values for Antarctica, and is high compared to productive northern shelves. Zooplankton, and in particular krill, appear to have a pivotal role in regulating energy flow in this food web, through selective grazing and possibly also through nutrient regeneration. Abundances of krill and copepods are negatively related across a wide range of scales, suggesting direct interaction through competition or predation. Evidence suggests that when phytoplankton stocks are low, energy flow through krill is maintained by their feeding on the large pop- ulations of small copepods. Metazoans and higher predators at South Georgia can feed across several trophic levels according to prey abundance, and they regenerate substantial quantities of reduced nitrogen. Therefore we suggest that these groups have a controlling influence on lower trophic levels, both stabilising population sizes and maintaining high rates of energy flow. Hydrography, nutrient con- centrations, phytoplankton, copepod, and krill biomasses fluctuate between years. Periodically (once or twice a decade), shortages of krill in summer result in breeding failures among many of their predators. This appears to be a downstream effect from wider scale, Scotia Sea phenomena, although the processes involved are unclear. The elevated biomass and energy flows at South Georgia appear to be caused by locally enhanced growth rates; there is no evidence so far for any physical concentration mechanism. Even for krill, which do not breed there, local growth rates are probably of a similar order to the biomass removed by their main land-based predators in summer. Thus the transfer of energy to higher predators depends on local enhancement of fluxes through the food web as well as the supply of plankton to the island by the Antarctic Circumpolar Current.


We examined the role of local adaptation in structuring the stable genetic step-cline of the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica along an environmental gradient in the lagoon system of eastern Florida, USA. Reciprocally transplanted progeny, produced by a 10 × 10 genetic cross of wild brood stock from northern and southern genetic lineages yielded significant evidence of local adaptation (interaction of genes and environment) in variables related to fitness, including survival, wet meat weight, and reproductive maturation. The strength of local adaptation was asymmetric, with greater effects on the northern compared to the southern genetic lineage. To a lesser extent, we found evidence of both the role of environment (in particular, adverse effects on both genetic crosses in the southern region), and the role of genetic differences between the 2 crosses independent of environment, with higher initial growth of the southern genetic lineage and higher condition of the northern lineage. These differences suggest that maintenance of the genetic step-cline involves natural selection. We discuss the potential role of temperature and phytoplankton community composition between the northern and southern regions. Our study is the first to determine the genetic basis for fitness-related phenotypes, and to relate this to local adaptation of the eastern oyster. Understanding the role of the environment in structuring the eastern oyster throughout its range is critical for effective management, and the results of this study also suggest that small environmental changes may have significant effects on conservation of the eastern oyster, particularly in the northern genetic lineage.


Abstract. As BeiDou navigation system has been operational since December 2012. There is an increasing desire to use multiple constellation to improve positioning performance. The signal-in-space (SIS) anomaly caused by the ground control and the space vehicle is one of the major threats to affect the integrity. For a young Global Navigation Satellite System, knowledge about SIS anomalies in history is very important for not only assessing the SIS integrity performance of a constellation but also providing the assumption for ARAIM (Advanced Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring). In this paper, the broadcast ephemerides and the precise ones are pre-processed for avoiding the false anomaly identification. The SIS errors over the period of Mar. 2013-Feb. 2016 are computed by comparing the broadcast ephemerides with the precise ones. The time offsets between GPST (GPS time) and BDT (BeiDou time) are estimated and removed by an improved estimation algorithm. SIS worst-UREs are computed and a RMS criteria are investigated to identify the SIS anomalies. The results show that the probability of BeiDou SIS anomalies is in 10-3 level in last three years. Even though BeiDou SIS integrity performance currently cannot match the GPS integrity performances, the result indicates that BeiDou has a tendency to improve its integrity performance.


Small craft sector firms are struggling to survive in an environment where large multinational
companies produce similar kinds of products in higher volumes and cheaper prices. The
surviving of small firms calls for creative thinking. There are many different ways to react to
these challenges.
Those of them that have been trading for decades have a quality that no newcomer has: their
history and knowledge. This quality is seldom fully valued or exploited by the companies.
However, more efficient exploitation of the enterprise cultural heritage could enhance the
competitiveness of long established small businesses - especially today, when sustainability,
authenticity, innovativeness and traditions are highly valued among many consumers
worldwide (Feagan, 2007, Sedera et al., 2004, Halweil, 2002). These assets can be vital for
surviving for long established companies.
Heritage can be used as an asset, which can have new meanings in new contexts and eras.
Therefore, it can be used to serve contemporary purposes. Enterprise cultural heritage's both
cultural and economic values have become more visible recently. The concepts of heritage
production and heritage as commodity have been introduced. First venues for this
commercialization have been museums, travel and food industry. (Nic Craith, 2007, Kockel,
2007). The cultural heritage includes both the intangible assets, such as the practices,
representations, expressions, knowledge and skills - as well as the tangible assets which
includes objects, artefacts and cultural spaces associated therewith (Unesco, 2003, Nic Craith,
2007). The concept of ECH aims to bring the concept of cultural heritage now closer to the
everyday business practices. ECH is an innovative and complex concept combining the
company's own history and creations with the potential to transform information and
materials into "extended products & services".
The aim of the paper is twofold - both empirical and theoretical. On one hand, the
applicability of the resource-based view is tested with case studies and on the other hand, the
theoretical foundations of this novel concept of ECH are consolidated. This paper aims to
answer the questions: how is the Enterprise Cultural Heritage exploited in the companies
studied and does the exploitation of ECH create sustained competitive advantage for these
companies (evaluated with the VRIO framework). In the conclusions and implications both
the theoretical and policy implications of the study are discussed, as well as how a conscious
use of ECH might help the long established companies to survive.


Key Points IFN-γ but not type I IFN signaling is indispensable for TLR7-driven autoimmunity. IFN-γ promotes TLR7-accelerated SLE by regulating multiple cellular pathways. IFN-γ signaling in B cells is required for development of TLR7-accelerated SLE. TLR7 is associated with development of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), but the underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. Although TLRs are known to activate type I IFN (T1IFN) signaling, the role of T1IFN and IFN-γ signaling in differential regulation of TLR7-mediated Ab-forming cell (AFC) and germinal center (GC) responses, and SLE development has never been directly investigated. Using TLR7-induced and TLR7 overexpression models of SLE, we report in this study a previously unrecognized indispensable role of TLR7-induced IFN-γ signaling in promoting AFC and GC responses, leading to autoreactive B cell and SLE development. T1IFN signaling in contrast, only modestly contributed to autoimmune responses and the disease process in these mice. TLR7 ligand imiquimod treated IFN-γ reporter mice show that CD4+ effector T cells including follicular helper T (Tfh) cells are the major producers of TLR7-induced IFN-γ. Transcriptomic analysis of splenic tissues from imiquimod-treated autoimmune-prone B6.Sle1b mice sufficient and deficient for IFN-γR indicates that TLR7-induced IFN-γ activates multiple signaling pathways to regulate TLR7-promoted SLE. Conditional deletion of Ifngr1 gene in peripheral B cells further demonstrates that TLR7-driven autoimmune AFC, GC and Tfh responses and SLE development are dependent on IFN-γ signaling in B cells. Finally, we show crucial B cell-intrinsic roles of STAT1 and T-bet in TLR7-driven GC, Tfh and plasma cell differentiation. Altogether, we uncover a nonredundant role for IFN-γ and its downstream signaling molecules STAT1 and T-bet in B cells in promoting TLR7-driven AFC, GC, and SLE development whereas T1IFN signaling moderately contributes to these processes.


New imaging technologies and 3D rendering software, in addition to being useful diagnostic tools, allow us to augment patient education and further medical student and physician knowledge. 3D imaging modalities such as CT and MRI expedite the learning process for medical students, allow physicians to better visualize the anatomy and potential pathologies present, and aid in educating patients to help them better understand their conditions. We present here 3D interpretations from a sample of CT imaging studies of the cerebral vasculature, optic neural pathways, and paranasal sinuses. These data were obtained from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Cancer Database, among other sources. The raw imaging data was imported into a third‐party image analysis software called Amira, which was used to primarily facilitate 3D renderings. From there, the project images were further manipulated and enhanced utilizing other third‐party programs, including Autodesk, MeshMixer, Adobe 3D Toolkit, and Softwarecasa Camtasia Studio, so that they could be exported as 3D prints, interactive 3D PDFs, and 3D animations. Analysis of data, 3D rendering, and construction of the final products all took place in the Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine 3D Research Lab. Our intent for the first step in using these projects for medical education includes making these 3D models available to first‐year gross anatomy curricula, with the goal of helping students better visualize structures that may otherwise be problematic to view in a cadaver. Our ultimate goal is to have 3D visualization technology incorporated into various facets of medical practice and education: for instance, this technology may help physicians incorporate 3D visualizations of various pathologies (e.g. exact locations of berry aneurysms) into their everyday practice and patient interactions.


Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is one of the most aggressive and lethal forms of lung cancers. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy would be standard modality for SCLC with median survival being less than 4 months only. Complementary treatment to chemotherapy is desired. Oncothermia will be one of the candidates to this addition. We have made a study of 31 SCLC patients from April 2006 to March 2012. 23 cases were treated with combined chemotherapy and oncothermia, and 8 cases were treated with chemotherapy alone. Three patients from 14 patients (14/31) died in the study period; there were equal numbers in the two arms, including one long survival case of 28 months and one of 26 months, in the combination and chemo-group, respectively .16 patients (16/31) are alive: 4 patients with chemotherapy only, including one long survival case of 28.7 months, and 11 cases with combined therapy including three long survival cases of more than 3 years. We conclude that the combined use of chemotherapy and oncothermia has significantly enhanced the survival rate in comparison with the use of chemotherapy alone (log-rank test: P value < 0.02).


This report adds value because its inclusive approach of engaging with a broad-based group of stakeholders at the time of both analysis and engagement has served a means of building support for needed reforms. The goal was to generate ownership among Mindanawons through consultations which were guided by mostly local technical experts. For the analysis, the World Bank partnered with leading universities, think tanks, experts, and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). Some 90 percent of the extended team came from within Mindanao, and they contributed more than 40 background papers. The study's inclusive approach was to listen intently to government, business, labor, civil society, and vulnerable groups who are often left out in the engagement process, such as indigenous people, Moro women, out-of-school youth, combatants, and internally displaced people. From January 2015 to June 2016, some 1,500 stakeholders were consulted. Finally, 10 eminent individuals with government, business, labor, and civil society experience provided strategic advice to the report team. Finally, building on the dialogue with the Philippine government and stakeholders in Mindanao, this report proposes a strategy for regional development in Mindanao. The three main components are to (1) raise agricultural productivity and improve farm-to-market connectivity; (2) boost human development; and (3) address drivers of conflict and fragility and strengthen institutions in ARMM and conflict-affected areas. The World Bank engagement for Mindanao will be based on this strategy. Policy recommendations are made in four separate categories: (1) increasing agricultural productivity by improving extension and irrigation services, along with price reforms to realize Mindanao's agriculture potential; (2) building up logistics and transport connectivity by improving road networks and the efficiency of shipping services to reduce trade costs; (3) improving the supply of reliable power and the speed, affordability ,and quality of information and communications technology (ICT) services by fostering competition; and (4) supporting private investment by addressing the growing skills gap, the high regulatory burden for businesses, and by improving financial inclusion and the governance of land. A separate section considers economic policy measures to support the resolution of Mindanao's longstanding violent conflicts.


Background Critical result reporting is a requirement for accreditation by accreditation bodies worldwide. Accurate, prompt communication of results to the clinician by the laboratory is of extreme importance. Repeating of the critical result by the recipient has been used as a means to improve the accuracy of notification. Our objective was to assess the accuracy of notification of critical chemical pathology laboratory results telephoned out to clinicians/clinical areas. We hypothesize that read-back of telephoned critical laboratory results by the recipient may improve the accuracy of the notification. Methods This was a prospective study, where all critical results telephoned by chemical pathologists and registrars at Tygerberg Hospital were monitored for one month. The recipient was required to repeat the result (patient name, folder number and test results). Any error, as well as the designation of the recipient was logged. Results Of 472 outgoing telephone calls, 51 errors were detected (error rate 10.8%). Most errors were made when recording the folder number (64.7%), with incorrect patient name being the lowest (5.9%). Calls to the clinicians had the highest error rate (20%), most of them being the omission of recording folder numbers. Conclusion Our audit highlights the potential errors during the post-analytical phase of laboratory testing. The importance of critical result reporting is still poorly recognized in South Africa. Implementation of a uniform accredited practice for communication of critical results can reduce error and improve patient safety.


Forests offer important refuge to bats by providing attractive roosting and foraging habitats. Their conservation is a major responsibility of forest managers. The use of tree cavities by bats in forests depends on the specific demands of each species, with a large range of different types of microhabitats utilised, from degraded cavities such as peeling bark to healthy hollows in live trees ensuring the temporal stability of the habitat. The conservation of tree-dwelling bats should not be dissociated from their fission-fusion behaviour which involves the use of many different roosts. Conservation measures must therefore take into account forest habitats suitable for feeding and in particular, forest parameters such as structure, composition, vegetation and foliage, among other elements such as deadwood, all upon which the forest manager can intervene. Acting in favour of bats requires close consideration of their complex individual responses concerning roost selection and foraging habitat selection, which is largely dictated by the reproductive status of individuals. Thereafter it is possible to evaluate the impact of wood harvesting on bats and to infer silvicultural conservation measures. The implementation of recommendations must then subsequently be based on a strong involvement on the part of the forest manager.


PurposeYouTube's vast and engaged user base makes it central to firms' digital marketing effort. With extant studies focusing on viewers' post-view engagement behavior, however, research into what motivates viewers to click on and watch YouTube videos is scarce. This study investigates the implications of marketers' video optimization practices for video views on YouTube.Design/methodology/approachThe study employed a data set of videos (N = 4,398) gathered by scraping YouTube's trending list. Using a combination of text and sentiment analysis, the study measured four video optimization practices: information content of video titles, emotional intensity of video titles, information content of video descriptions and volume of video tags. It then analyzed the effect of these video optimization practices on video views.FindingsThe study finds that greater availability of information in video titles is negatively associated with video views, whereas intensity of negative emotional sentiment in video titles is positively associated with video views. Further, greater availability of information in video descriptions is positively associated with video views. Finally, an inverted U-shaped relationship is found between volume of video tags and video views. Up to 17 video tags can contribute to more video views; however, beyond 17 tags, the relationship turns negative.Originality/valueThis study investigates the effect of marketers' video optimization practices on video views. While extant studies mainly focus on viewers' post-view engagement behavior, such as liking, commenting on and sharing videos, this study examines video views. Similarly, extant studies investigate videos' internal content, while this study investigates elements of the video metadata.


Polymer concrete (PC) is a distinct concrete with superior characteristics in comparison to ordinary cement concrete. It has become well-known for its applications in thin overlays, floors and precast components. In this investigation, the mechanical properties of PC with different epoxy resin contents, ordinary cement concrete (OCC) and lightweight concrete (LC) have been studied under uniaxial compression test. The study involves five types of concrete, with each type being tested four times. Their complete elastic-plastic behavior was compared with each other through the measurement of volumetric strain during the tests. According to the results, PC showed higher strength, ductility and energy absorption with respect to OCC and LC. Keywords—Polymer concrete, ordinary cement concrete, lightweight concrete, uniaxial compression test, volumetric strain.


Training camps in the present study consisted of four sessions over two to four days, to prepare players for international competitions. Training camps focused on improving the technical and decision making skills in context with team tactics, however it is unknown if the physical demands were being developed or maintained concurrently. Due to the unknown physical demands of training camps, the present study sought to quantify the movement patterns and compare sessions of preparation training camps for international women's rugby sevens players. Twenty-four international female sevens players (age 24 ± 5 years, height 168 ± 5 cm, body mass 68 ± 6 kg; mean ± SD) were monitored over seven training camps using Global Positioning System units with integrated triaxial accelerometers. Women's sevens players covered a median total distance of 3823 m (relative distance of 44 m/min) during training camp sessions that lasted for an average duration of 91 minutes. Sprints occurred 41 times and repeated sprints occurred 14 times during training sessions at a rate of 0.47 sprints per minute and 0.17 repeated sprints per minute. The present study indicated that as a result of the technical and tactical focus of training camps the physical demands maybe insufficient to enhance physiological adaptations. Instead it appears that players are being prepared for upcoming competition by reducing residual fatigue and optimising freshness.


Chalk Talk-- I. Introduction In 1998 the National Collegiate Athletic Association ("NCAA") signed a contract with CBS, giving the network exclusive television rights to the NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championships for which the NCAA and its members will receive $1.7 billion.1 The member institutions of the NCAA are the various colleges and universities that operate athletic teams comprised of student-athletes. Coupled with the lucrative CBS contract, NCAA member institutions constantly enter into contracts with shoe, apparel and sports drink companies, along with various other corporate entities that pay large amounts in order to advertise within the sporting fields and arenas on college campuses.2 What's more, coaches of athletic teams, in addition to their six-figure salaries, sign personal contracts with these same companies in exchange for promising to outfit their players in the shoes and sportswear manufactured by these companies.3 When these financial figures are supplemented with regular and post season ticket sales, concession sales, local television and radio contracts, and increased endowments, colleges and universities profit handsomely from their participation in inter-collegiate athletics. In stark contrast to the lucrative salaries and financial benefits bestowed upon these colleges and universities and their coaches, however, the student-athletes who make this financial windfall possible receive absolutely no monetary compensation whatsoever. Proponents of compensating student-athletes for their participation in these revenue-generating sports have been named "pay-for-play" advocates.4 Payfor-play advocates have for years argued that student-athletes are exploited by the universities for which they play in order to create a financial windfall for the universities. Opponents of the pay-for-play position point out that studentathletes often are provided athletic scholarships that pay for tuition, room and board and school supplies.5 However, despite the financial compensation universities provide to student-athletes in the form of athletic scholarships, student-athletes often do not have enough money to pay for other living expenses that are part of daily life as a college student. Specifically, NCAA regulations and the time demands of major collegiate athletic competition prevent student-- athletes from maintaining employment during the course of the academic year.6 As a result, financially destitute student-athletes who find themselves in emergency situations such as an auto accident or a death in the family often are unable properly to address the need or, in the alternative, are forced to violate NCAA rules in order to raise the money necessary to address the emergency.7 As a result of an NCAA rules violation, student-athletes often find themselves cast aside by both their university as well as the NCAA, which hides behind the "protection of amateur status" argument. II. Students as Employees of the University In order for student-athletes to receive additional compensation for their participation in inter-collegiate athletics, they must be recognized as employees of the university. Courts have, for the most part, addressed this question in the context of whether student-athletes are entitled to workers' compensation benefits resulting from injuries sustained during the course of play. In general, courts have denied student-athletes workers' compensation benefits because of student-athletes' tax exempt status under state workers' compensation statutes.8 However, in the case of University of Denver v. Nemeth,9 the Supreme Court of Colorado held that a University of Denver football player who was injured during practice was an employee of the University, and therefore entitled to protection under workers' compensation statutes. The court's decision was based not on Nemeth's status as a player on the University's football team, but rather on Nemeth's job as a maintenance employee at the campus tennis center, which happened to be contingent on his playing football for the University. …


Immunomodulation of malignant mesothelioma (MM) is variable considering host immune mechanisms. This study has investigated the immunophenotyping of peripheral-blood leukocytes of patients with mesothelioma in relation to different histopathologic types and proliferative potentiality. The study was achieved on 18 patients presented by massive effusion accompanying MM. Circulating CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were counted using two-colour flowcytometry. Pleural effusion cell block preparation and pleural biopsies were processed for immunohistochemical analysis of intratumoral CD8+ lymphocytes, cytokeratin and vimentin antigens expression, and modified one step silver stain to identify the Argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions (AgNors) for evaluation of the proliferative potentiality of the tumor. Blood samples of five normal individuals were considered as controls. Histopathologic examination demonstrated epithelial variant in 12 cases, mixed (biphasic) variant in 4 cases and 2 cases were sarcomatoid. Flowcytometric analysis exhibited a significant increase in the mean percentage of circulating CD4+ T cell count in mesothelioma (56.7% +/- 6.99) versus control (43% +/- 1.58), p < 0.001. In contrast, cytotoxic CD8+ cells were significantly reduced (p < 0.001) in comparison to the control (25.2% +/- 2.96 versus 32% +/- 4.6 respectively). CD4/CD8 ratio was significantly increased versus control (2.06 +/- 0.57 versus 1.3 +/- 0.02 p < 0.05). Intratumoral CD8+ lymphocytes were depleted in mesothelioma cases. There was significant reduction of circulating cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in relation to mixed and sarcomatoid variants versus epithelial differentiation (mean = 25.25 +/- 4.86, 22 +/- 1.41 and 29.5 +/- 9.9 respectively with a p value < 0.05). Reduction of cytotoxic T cells was also associated with increased expression of vimentin and increased proliferative activity which has been identified by increased AgNors in mixed and sarcomatoid differentiation. In conclusion, mesothelioma might be associated with modulation of the tumoricidal effect of cytotoxic T lymphocytes in relation to tumor differentiation and its proliferative potentiality. Immunophenotyping analysis of leukocytes may reflect the competence of immune system against malignancy and act as an additive prognostic parameter for mesothelioma progression and probably expecting response to oncotherapy protocols.


Existence of committed and professional manpower in any organization will reduce absenteeism, delays and displacements; moreover, it will lead to a significant increase in organizational performance, employee mental vitality, achieving organizational and individual goals. Considering the importance of this issue in organizations, the aim of this study is to investigate the impact of professional commitment on organizational commitment dimensions of Qavamin bank employees in Khorasan Razavi province. In the present study, the required information was collected through a questionnaire. Statistical sample of study is Qavamin bank employees in the cities of Mashhad and Neyshabour that are selected randomly. The reliability of the questionnaire was assessed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. In the present study, structural equations are used to examine the research hypotheses; furthermore, LISREL and SPSS software were used to analyze data. The results indicate that there is a positive relationship between professional commitment and organizational commitment.


Unjust customer complaints are increasing, liberal redress policies are becoming more commonplace, and front line employees are expected to smile and just deal with fictitious complaints with redress and a sincere smile. Is this justly so? This research helps to fill the current gaps in complaint, justice, and emotional labor research by empirically examining employee perceptions of perceived opportunistic versus perceived legitimate complaints. This research completed one hotel and one restaurant study using a 2 x 2 betweensubjects experimental design to examine complaint type (opportunistic/ legitimate) and perceived organizational support (high/low). Data was collected from a large reputable market research firm. Results find that employees from both studies experience statistically significantly lower perceptions of procedural, interactional, and distributive justice when dealing with opportunistic as opposed to legitimate complaints. Perceptions of distributive justice statistically significantly increased employee's emotive effort and emotional dissonance. Additionally, for all of the relationships in the hotel study and with distributive justice in the restaurant study, perceived organizational support had no significant effect on employee perceptions of justice or emotional dissonance or effort. Managerial implications of employee justice perceptions and customer complaint policies are discussed.


We show that the regular patterns of Getzler (2009) form a 2-category biequivalent to the 2-category of substitudes of Day and Street (2003), and that the Feynman categories of Kaufmann and Ward (2013) form a 2-category biequivalent to the 2-category of coloured operads (with invertible 2-cells). These biequivalences induce equivalences between the corresponding categories of algebras. There are three main ingredients in establishing these biequivalences. The first is a strictification theorem (exploiting Power's General Coherence Result) which allows to reduce to the case where the structure maps are identity-on-objects functors and strict monoidal. Second, we subsume the Getzler and Kaufmann--Ward hereditary axioms into the notion of Guitart exactness, a general condition ensuring compatibility between certain left Kan extensions and a given monad, in this case the free-symmetric-monoidal-category monad. Finally we set up a biadjunction between substitudes and what we call pinned symmetric monoidal categories, from which the results follow as a consequence of the fact that the hereditary map is precisely the counit of this biadjunction.


This paper illustrates how the New Zealand Police use non-financial annual report disclosures in response to adverse media publicity. This longitudinal case study spans the reporting periods ending 30 June 2000 through to 30 June 2007. It involves a detailed examination of the narrative disclosures and images contained in the annual reports, including the Commissioner's Overview and the Outcome Reports during this time. Three controversial items covered by the media were traced through the annual reports to establish whether the New Zealand Police use image repair discourse supplemented by semiotics in non-financial annual report disclosures to repair organisational legitimacy. The analysis found that non-financial disclosures together with image repair discourse strategies were used by the New Zealand Police, a public sector agency, to repair organisational legitimacy. This paper provides a valuable contribution to researchers and practitioners as it extends the understanding of how public sector agencies use nonfinancial annual report disclosures.


This is the definitive real-world guide to Microsoft System Center 2012, Microsofts newest and most powerful version of System Center. Authored by consultants whove deployed System Center in hundreds of enterprises and innovative smaller businesses, this book brings together up-to-the-minute tips, tricks, and techniques you just wont find anywhere else. Youll learn how to use System Centers powerful capabilities to build highly-efficient managed environments that encompass datacenters, cloud environments, client computers, mobile devices, and more. The authors address planning, design, implementation, integration, and administration, and cover every component, including Configuration Manager, Operations Manager, Data Protection Manager, Virtual Machine Manager, Service Manager, and Orchestrator. Use Configuration Manager 2012 to deliver software and updates in highly-distributed environments including datacenters, clouds, and mobile devices Reliably manage and report on assets with Configuration Manager 2012 Perform monitoring, alerting, operations, and security reporting with Operations Manager 2012 Use Data Protection Manager 2012to protect file systems, SQL, Microsoft Exchange, and SharePoint Leverage Data Protection Manager 2012s improved central monitoring and remote recovery Run Hyper-V virtualized environments with VMM 2012including new private clouds and mixed private/public fabrics Use Service Manager 2012 to provide top-down integration, and use Orchestrator 2012 for bottom-up process automation and integration glue Give users an efficient self-service portal for creating service and incident requests and browsing service catalogs Manage service offerings and implement enterprise-wide change control with Service Manager 2012 Ensure compliance by creating, executing, and repeating auditable, documented processes with Orchestrator 2012


Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has affected millions of people across the world. Clinicians and scientists across the globe need all the information of this pandemic on one platform. Today, it is also necessary to find out the association of COVID-19 with various medical comorbidities, and its effect on vulnerable populations that require special medical attention. This information will be helpful for the management of COVID-19.

COVID-19: Effects in Comorbidities and Special Populations is a concise and visual reference for information about this viral disease and its relationship with different medical conditions. The book provides comprehensive knowledge covering COVID-19 comorbidities (for example, CVD, Diabetes, lung diseases, etc.), and the incidence in specific groups (for example, children and the elderly). Chapters outline the features and the management of the disease in specific conditions.

 Key Features:

✓ 12 chapters covering several aspects of COVID-19 management, making this a perfect text book for virologist and medical students

✓ Focused and structured description of different effects of COVID-19 in specific patient groups

✓ Multiple tables and figures which summarizes and highlight important points

✓ Multiple choice questions for learners

✓ Detailed list of references, abbreviations and symbols
This book is an essential reference for practicing and training virologists, pulmonologists, medical students and scientists working in research labs, pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries in connection with the control of COVID-19 infection.


To examine and compare the technical efficiency of dairy sector and the beef sector, this research introduced the main indicators of milk and beef production in the world, EU and Hungarian aggregates. Based on the data it can be said that the milk and beef production of Hungary does not occupy any significant position in the world as well as in the European Union neither today nor even in the past. If Hungry must compete in the European counties and international market, their dairy sector must focus to increase of their production efficiency as the key breakthrough point. This paper we compared technical efficiency of both dairy and beef sectors in total, for the year 2014 and 2015 separately and based on the farm size. The specific objectives of the research are: comparing dairy and beef farms efficiency in Hungary. Based on the results, we can determine which sector in Hungary is more effective. The second objective is to compare the efficiencies of both the sectors in 2014 and 2015 separately and from the results we can determine which year was more effective in terms of production efficiency and the third objective of the research is technical efficiency comparison of certain economic sizes for both sectors. In the research, we used (KOVACS, 2009) deterministic (DEA) model adapted to the Hungarian dairy farms and beef farms. For the dairy farms milk and dairy products as well as meat (other income). The input factors originated from the domestic AKI - FADN database. Summarizing the results of the research it can be conclude that the dairy sector is more effective than the beef sector in Hungary. In terms of years compared 2014 was more effective for both sector as compared with 2015. In regards to the farm size almost the same result in evaluating the scale of efficiency, which means that large economies can in most cases, manage resources more efficiently than small farms. In the examined years, based on the results of the DEA model, the VRS technical efficiency of the test for these two years was 72.90% for the dairy farms and 63.60% for the beef farms, which means that the dairy sector is more efficient than the beef sector in Hungary. The VRS technical efficiency of the research was 82.10% in 2014 and 75.10% in 2015 for the dairy farms and 77.50% in 2014 and 68.90% in 2015 for the beef farms, which means that both the dairy sector and the beef sectors followed the same trend and were more efficient in 2014 compared to the efficiency in 2015. The large size dairy farms were most effective in Hungary in the examined period (90.90%). VRS technical efficiency for small farms is 88% and the total number of small, the technical efficiency medium farms was 72.80% For the beef sector VRS technical efficiency for small farms is 71.30% and the technical efficiency medium farms was 74.40% and 70% of the beef meat producing farms in Hungary are medium sized. So, the conclusion is the small size dairy farms have a higher VRS efficiency than the small size beef farms whereas medium sized beef farms had higher VRS efficiency than the medium size dairy farms. As a conclusion, both dairy and beef sectors in Hungary have the potential to overcome technology and knowledge constraints and attain the upmost attainable productivity level through improvements in; farmer volume of production i.e. output, beef cattle technologies, and advertising, and the efficiency of the technology transfer process.


This Essay sketches an originalist methodology using ideas from legal theory and theoretical linguistics, including the distinctions between interpretation and construction and between semantics and pragmatics. The Essay aims to dispel a number of misconceptions about the methods used by originalists. Among these is the notion that originalists rely on dictionary definitions to determine the communicative content of the constitutional text. Although dictionaries may play some role, the better approach emphasizes primary evidence such as that provided by corpus linguistics. Another misconception is that originalists do not consider context; to the contrary, the investigation of context plays a central role in originalist methodology. Part I of this Essay articulates a theoretical framework that draws on ideas from contemporary legal theory and linguistics. Part II investigates methods for determining the constitutional text's semantic content. Part III turns to methods for investigating the role of context in disambiguating and enriching what would otherwise be sparse semantic meaning. Part IV describes an originalist approach to constitutional construction. The Essay concludes with a short reflection on the future of originalist methodology.


This book describes interactions between policy makers and coialitions of private actors such as citizens, enterprises and researchers. Even though 'policy makers' are generally associated with formal government bodies, all of the above mentioned actors are in fact policy makers. This study goves three examples from Biesland Polder (Zuid-Holland), Grensschap Albertkanaal (Zuid-Limburg) en Loonsche Zand (Natuurmonumenten, Noord-Brabant)


Different electro-optic effects, such as Kerr effect, Pockels effect induced by the electric field or strain, and plasma dispersion effect exist in silicon. Experimentally distinguishing these effects is necessary for designing silicon-based electro-optic devices. According to their different polarization dependencies and frequency responses, these effects are measured and distinguished successfully via a transverse electro-optic modulation experiment based on the near-intrinsic silicon sample. The results indicate that Pockels effect induced by the electric field or strain is primary among these effects in the near-intrinsic silicon sample.


Corporate tax residence is fundamental to our federal income tax system. Whether a corporation is classified as "domestic" or "foreign" for U.S. federal income tax purposes determines the extent of tax jurisdiction the United States has over the corporation and its affiliates. Unfortunately, tax scholars seem to agree that the concept of corporate tax residence is "meaningless." Underlying this perception are the ideas that corporations cannot have "real" residence because they are imaginary entities and because taxpayers can easily manipulate corporate tax residence tests. Commentators try to deal with the perceived meaninglessness by either trying to identify a normative basis to guide corporate tax residence determination, or by minimizing the relevance of corporate tax residence to the calculation of tax liabilities. This Article argues that both of these approaches are misguided. Instead, this Article suggests a functional approach, under which corporate tax residence models are designed to support the policy purposes of corporate taxation. This Article concludes that the U.S. should reform the way it defines "domestic" corporations for tax purposes by adopting a two-pronged tax residence test: the place where the corporation's securities are listed for public trading, or the place of the corporation's central management and control.


In the hook with activity perkreditan, banking side often be aimed in wisdom problem to can increase efektifitas sector perkreditan sparklely and get that result. extension of credit wisdom good for anticipate credit failure existence, besides credit wisdom that composed professionally be one of the condition so that bank can watch over credit quality that and canalized. Extension of credit enforceable consistently and by virtue of basiss perkreditan that well, need a wisdom perkreditan written with system and procedure prekreditan correct. Watchfulness aim that done that is first, to detect extension of credit procedure PT. BPR Nusuma Gondanglegi Malang regency. Second, to detect procedure memberlakukan as according to banking carefulness principles. this watchfulness use especially to PT. BPR Nusuma Gondanglegi Malang regency that is as information source for side bpr in credit decision making so that bank can improve the effort especially in the case of credit canalization Based on watchfulness result and discussion that done so can be pulled conclusion that credit rules or credit procedure in PT. BPR Nusuma Gondanglegi Malangregency as according to carefulness principle. Condition provable that during management side PT. BPR Nusuma Gondanglegi Malang regency do a extension of credit procedure begin terms since customer request up to liquefaction a credit that given. PT. BPR Nusuma Gondanglegi Malang regency in applies credit wisdom always pay attention to hit banking carefulness principles. Principle done as efforts to observe or monitoring towards debtor activity after credit facilities existence that given. but such during the time employees less careful in decide customer candidate and less do credit supervision to customer candidate, the mentioned is proved from comparison result between that given to employee and customer. Several suggestions that submitted in watchfulness that is supposed management side PT. BPR Nusuma Gondanglegi Malang regency always does supervision towards employees, supposed do analysis towards customer candidate by applying concept base perkreditan and carefulness principle and supposed to be more increase and watch over good connection with society. Keyword: Extension Of Credit Procedure and Stopped Credit


The current study examined whether a within-session context change has an effect on tolerance to alcohol, assessed through examining an animal's internal clock. A peak-interval task was used to demonstrate the accuracy and precision with which animals time their responses. The subjects trained in an alcohol-related context were predicted to show tolerance to alcohol in the same context as indicated by a stable response curve on a peak-interval task. However, the response curve was predicted to shift to the left, indicating an increased number of premature responses for the subjects when moved to a different environment. The results indicated that the animals that received alcohol overestimated time in a novel environment compared to those receiving alcohol in the familiar context (and to control groups that received water). However, the amount of alcohol consumed was not associated with an increase in the number of premature responses, and, contrary to the original prediction, gender was found to have no effect on the amount of alcohol that the subjects drank. The limitations of the study and the directions for future research were also addressed.


In a defeat for staunch property rights advocates, the Supreme Court ruled this spring that a prohibition on land development in the Tahoe basin did not amount to a de facto taking of land such that the constitutional mandate of just compensation was triggered. The Tahoe decision highlights the struggle in eminent domain jurisprudence over the proper treatment of so-called regulatory takings. It has long been taken for granted that when the government exercises its power of eminent domain to take private property in the name of the public good, it must reimburse displaced landowners. While compensation for physical takings of land is thus rarely subject to serious debate, the same cannot be said when the state utilizes its police power to regulate for the public benefit. Often, zoning ordinances banning commercial or residential development effect similar financial hardship on property owners as an outright procurement of their land would - either way, their entire land value is frequently destroyed. In the past decade since the landmark Lucas case was decided, the Supreme Court accommodated this reality by mandating just compensation for any regulatory action that deprived a property owner of substantially all economically beneficial or productive use of land Now, after Tahoe, even that high threshold may not suffice to garner any compensation for regulatory takings.The real question is: what should be done about compensating for eminent domain actions? This paper argues that society must no longer take the just compensation requirement for granted. Rather, a critical analysis of the effects of guaranteed state compensation reveals that it creates socially perverse incentives for landowners to excessively improve their land, and that government reimbursement is necessarily accompanied by non-trivial administrative and transaction costs. I will explore the possibility of abolishing the mandate of state-provided compensation, and replacing it with takings insurance instead. If society's goal is reimbursement of impacted landowners, insurance could accomplish this end at least as well as government compensation could. Additionally, private insurers could likely better monitor the excess improvement problem and reduce the administrative costs involved. I argue that the government's incentive to take land inappropriately will not be adversely impacted, and that moral hazard of insured landowners to submit to takings will be no worse than it is today. Moreover, the distributive impact of switching to takings insurance instead of state-based compensation will not disproportionately hurt the poor. Finally, under an insurance regime, the government will be led to take land in socially optimal locations, rather than where it is politically expedient because poor or minority communities will be unable to put up a fair fight.In the context of regulatory takings, however, it is not as clear that insurance-based compensation will be effective. It is quite challenging to accurately measure changes in land values due to myriad government actions, from the passage of various zoning ordinances governing commercial to residential to even wetlands development. Further, actors facing regulatory risks are often relatively risk-neutral, and moral hazard in the regulatory insurance market may pose a significant problem. Hence, neither insurance nor government-provided just compensation may function particularly well, perhaps explaining the strict Tahoe standard just promulgated. We should admit, however, that there is no principled fairness-based reason for the Supreme Court's current dichotomy in physical versus regulatory takings jurisprudence - in both instances, property owners are frequently left with little or no land value remaining. Instead, the differential treatment is better explained by the economic and practical realities of valuing and compensating for the different nature of the takings involved.


The Supreme Court's emerging government speech doctrine permits the government to refuse to allow other parties to join, and thus change or distort, its own message. In this way, the government speech doctrine appropriately protects government's legitimate – and valuable – expressive interests by providing a defense to free speech clause claims by private speakers who seek to compel the government to deliver their own views. Too often, however, governmental bodies are asserting their own expressive interests to claim – and some courts are permitting them to exercise – the power to punish private parties' speech that does not threaten the government's ability to express its own views. For example, some federal courts have relied on government speech interests to justify the exclusion of peaceful dissenters from attendance at the government's public functions, and another has invoked government's expressive interests to justify the punishment of student speech in public schools. These cases feature courts that are disturbingly quick to define government's expressive interests broadly, and quicker still to perceive private speakers as threatening those interests. By identifying such troubling examples, this sessay urges attention to, and concern for, this trend's potential trend.


Empathy tasks, which invite students to identify with historical actors or describe their perspectives, are a common phenomenon in history education. The aim of this study is to explore the differences in students' answers when completing an empathy task asking for an account written in first person ("imagine you are in the past") or in third person ("imagine someone in the past"), or a task in which no empathy at all is asked. Students in Dutch secondary education (N = 254) participated by completing a task on the Dutch Iconoclasm. Our analysis of student answers focused on aspects of historical empathy: historical contextualization, affective elements and perspective taking.We found that both empathy tasks stimulated students to include concrete details and emotions of historical actors. The texts of students who were not asked to empathize included more multiple perspectives. Students who completed the empathy task in first person, showed more presentism and moral judgements of the past than students who completed a task in third person.


In 1966, Henry Manne contended that insider trading should be legalized. He argued that permitting insiders to profit from trading on material, nonpublic information would result in faster incorporation of information into securities' prices and, as a result, expedite the movement of capital to its most efficient uses. The government has rejected Manne's argument, choosing instead to make the prosecution of insider trading violations a high priority. This Article posits that the government has, in fact, accepted Manne's position in cases where insider trading occurs in an organized market for material, nonpublic information. The Securities and Exchange Commission has acquiesced in arrangements in which insiders sell material, nonpublic information, disclosed by the seller in violation of a fiduciary duty, to subscribers before it is publicly available. In one such market, as exposed by the New York Attorney General, news wires sold advance access to material, nonpublic corporate announcements to high-speed traders. This Article presents new evidence that nationally recognized statistical rating organizations may have created a similar market for material, nonpublic ratings-related announcements. The Securities and Exchange Commission's policy may reflect the recognition that an elite group of traders will be the first to receive and trade on this information regardless of whether it is obtained in violation of insider trading law. The fact that material, nonpublic information is routinely traded on in violation of insider trading laws calls for a reversal in academics' research agenda. For decades, academics have accepted the appearance of insider trading enforcement as reality. They should, instead, give the thriving Mannean marketplace its due and focus on defining its structure, scope, and effects.


According to data of Census and Statistics Department, freight transport and storage services contributed to 90% of the employment of logistics sector in the period from 2010 to 2014. Traditional warehouse operations in Hong Kong are labor-intensive without much automation. With the rapid increasing transaction volume through multi-channel, the preference for next-day delivery service has been increasing. As a result, 3rd party logistics providers have realized the importance of operational efficiency. With the advent of Industry 4.0 emerging technologies including Autonomous Robots, Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), Cloud Computing, etc., a smart robotic warehouse management system is proposed as it redefines the warehouse put-away and picking operations from man-to-goods to goods-to-man using autonomous mobile robots. This paper aims to develop and implement an IIoT-based smart robotic warehouse system for managing goods and autonomous robots, as well as to make use of the autonomous mobile robots to deliver the goods automatically for put-away and picking operations. The significance of the paper is to leverage the Industry 4.0 emerging technologies to implement the concept of smart warehousing for better utilization of floor space and labor force so as to improve logistics operational efficiency.


There are currently two major theories about the role of the hippocampus, a distinctive structure in the back of the temporal lobe. One says that it stores a cognitive map, the other that it is a key locus for the temporary storage of episodic memories. A. David Redish takes the approach that understanding the role of the hippocampus in space will make it possible to address its role in less easily quantifiable areas such as memory. Basing his investigation on the study of rodent navigation -- one of the primary domains for understanding information processing in the brain -- he places the hippocampus in its anatomical context as part of a greater functional system. Redish draws on the extensive experimental and theoretical work of the last 100 years to paint a coherent picture of rodent navigation. His presentation encompasses multiple levels of analysis, from single-unit recording results to behavioral tasks to computational modeling. From this foundation, he proposes a novel understanding of the role of the hippocampus in rodents that can shed light on the role of the hippocampus in primates, explaining data from primate studies and human neurology. The book will be of interest not only to neuroscientists and psychologists, but also to researchers in computer science, robotics, artificial intelligence, and artificial life.


Hierarchical, multiresolution data representations enable interactive analysis and visualization of large-scale simulations. One promising application of these techniques is to store high performance computing simulation output in a hierarchical Z (HZ) ordering that translates data from a Cartesian coordinate scheme to a one-dimensional array ordered by locality at different resolution levels. However, when the dimensions of the simulation data are not an even power of 2, parallel HZ ordering produces sparse memory and network access patterns that inhibit I/O performance. This work presents a new technique for parallel HZ ordering of simulation datasets that restructures simulation data into large (power of 2) blocks to facilitate efficient I/O aggregation. We perform both weak and strong scaling experiments using the S3D combustion application on both Cray-XE6 (65,536 cores) and IBM Blue Gene/P (131,072 cores) platforms. We demonstrate that data can be written in hierarchical, multiresolution format with performance competitive to that of native data-ordering methods.


Architecture is an act of agency, and a technology that can be learned by anyone for their own purpose. It evolved as a system of organization and a protective shell for our fragile bodies, a vast, complex technology that enables human survival. Yet despite its universal nature, we have artificially limited our control over it, and who has access to it; we limit its potentials, its adaptive capacities, its diversity, and our continued survival. Walled-up in universities, behind certifications and dissertations, we have removed architecture from the public's mind so that few understand it and use it. The city, in its surging complexity, is ever more opaque; the systems, infrastructure, and regulations that govern its formation are hidden from view, behind doors, walls, and fences.
Hack seeks to make the city legible and architecture accessible, by leveraging a growing tide of hacker culture, and its subcultures – makers and DIY drone enthusiasts – and their respective technologies. Since the birth of the computer, Hackers have sought to democratize information technology held by military, government, and corporate interests. In doing so they've provided a number of methods, that enable free sharing and collaboration between individuals, distributing problem-solving practices, open-source systems, hands-on education, and free access to tools, all applicable to the challenges and opportunities facing architecture and city building today.
Hack bootstraps itself to these ideals with hands-on experiments and reflections on those experiments, reframing architecture as a basic skill, a technology to be used by anyone, democratizing architecture through online communities, and the Hacker culture, in order to define a new active role for the architect.
Internalizing the Hacker Ethic, and appropriate existing technologies to build new tools – devices to survey space, architecture and the city. – Hack traces the construction of a kite, a model car, a quadrocopter, and a remote-control airplane, each capable of gathering intimate information about the local environment.
Hack concludes by reexamining the role of the aerial view in making cities and exercising power, speculating on the potential to level the fields of perception through online co-operation and these small-scale cartographic technologies.


Wave packet propagation succeeding electron transfer (ET) from alizarin dye molecules into the nanocrystalline TiO2 semiconductor has been studied by ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy. Because of the ultrafast time scale of the ET reaction of about 6 fs, the system shows substantial differences to molecular ET systems. We show that the ET process is not mediated by molecular vibrations, and therefore classical ET theories lose their applicability. Here the ET reaction itself prepares a vibrational wave packet and not the electromagnetic excitation by the laser pulse. Furthermore, the generation of phonons during polaron formation in the TiO2 lattice is observed in real time for this system. The presented investigations enable an unambiguous assignment of the involved photoinduced mechanisms and can contribute to a corresponding extension of molecular ET theories to ultrafast ET systems like alizarin/TiO2.


Shuffle motors are electrostatic stepper micromotors that employ a built-in mechanical leverage to produce large output forces as well as high resolution displacements. These motors can generally move only over predefined paths that served as driving electrodes. Here, we present the design, modeling and experimental characterization of a novel shuffle motor that moves over an unpatterned, electrically grounded surface. By combining the novel design with an innovative micromachining method based on vertical trench isolation, we have greatly simplified the fabrication of the shuffle motors and significantly improved their overall performance characteristics and reliability. Depending on the propulsion voltage, our motor with external dimensions of 290 μm × 410 mm displays two distinct operational modes with adjustable step sizes varying respectively from 0.6 to 7 nm and from 49 to 62 nm. The prototype was driven up to a cycling frequency of 80 kHz, showing nearly linear dependence of its velocity with frequency and a maximum velocity of 3.6 mm/s. For driving voltages of 55 V, the device had a maximum travel range of ±70 μm and exhibited an output force of 1.7 mN, resulting in the highest force and power densities reported so far for an electrostatic micromotor. After five days of operation, it had traveled a cumulative distance of more than 1.5 km in 34 billion steps without noticeable deterioration in performance.


This article investigates the nature of the linkages between trade and labor rights in developing countries. Specifically, we hypothesize that a "California effect" serves to transmit superior labor standards from importing to exporting countries, in a manner similar to the transmission of environmental standards. We maintain that, all else being equal, the labor standards of a given country are influenced not by its overall level of trade openness, but by the labor standards of its trading partners. We evaluate our hypothesis using a panel of 90 developing countries over the period 1986–2002, and we separately examine the extent to which the labor laws and the actual labor practices of the countries are influenced by those of their export destinations. We find that strong legal protections of collective labor rights in a country's export destinations are associated with more stringent labor laws in the exporting country. This California effect finding is, however, weaker in the context of labor rights practices, highlighting the importance of distinguishing between formal legislation and actual implementation of labor rights.


Abstract. The calibration of uncooled thermal infrared (IR) cameras to absolute temperature measurement is a time-consuming, complicated process that significantly influences the cost of an IR camera. Temperature-measuring IR cameras display a temperature value for each pixel in the thermal image. Calibration is used to calculate a temperature-proportional output signal (IR or thermal image) from the measurement signal (raw image) taking into account all technical and physical properties of the IR camera. The paper will discuss the mathematical and physical principles of calibration, which are based on radiometric camera models. The individual stages of calibration will be presented. After start-up of the IR camera, the non-uniformity of the pixels is first corrected. This is done with a simple two-point correction. If the microbolometer array is not temperature-stabilized, then, in the next step the temperature dependence of the sensor parameters must be corrected. Ambient temperature changes are compensated for by the shutter correction. The final stage involves radiometric calibration, which establishes the relationship between pixel signal and target object temperature. Not all pixels of a microbolometer array are functional. There are also a number of defective, so-called "dead" pixels. The discovery of defective pixels is a multistep process that is carried out after each stage of the calibration process.


The aim of this paper is to investigate the effect of Employment Protection Legislation (EPL) on fertility decisions of Italian working women using administrative data. We exploit a reform that introduced in 1990 costs for dismissals unmotivated by a 'fair cause' or 'justified motive' in firms below 15 employees and left firing costs unchanged for bigger firms. We use this quasi-experimental setup to study the hypothesis that increased EPL reduces future job insecurity and positively affects a female worker's proneness to take childbearing decisions. We use a difference in difference (OLS-DID) model to control for possible period-invariant sorting bias and an instrumental variable (IV-DID) model to account for time-varying endogeneity of the treatment status. We find that reduced economic insecurity following a strengthening of the EPL regime has a positive and sizable effect on fertility decisions of Italian working women. This result is robust to a number of checks regarding possible interactions with other policy reforms occurring around 1990, changes in the sample of workers and firms, and use of an alternative set of exclusion restrictions.


By means of an event study of stock market reactions to the announcement of the Olympic Games host cities, we find a significant and positive announcement effect of hosting the Summer Games, with a cumulative abnormal return of about 2% within a few days. We do not find any significant results for the Winter Games. Neither do we detect a significant impact when bidders lose the competition. Our results differ from those of a similar study by Mirman and Sharma (2008), who find that the Winter Games are subject to a significantly negative announcement impact, while the Summer Games are not. Our results, however, rely on a larger sample of 15 Olympic events and are obtained by assessing the abnormal returns after the announcement against a "business-as-usual" situation (instead of testing the difference between winner group and loser group). Our findings are in line with economic intuition, since the Summer Games represent a larger event and are thus more likely to have a significant impact. We also find that among the winners, small economies tend to have greater cumulative abnormal returns than their large peers.


Start with a Joke In the climax of, and seeming inspiration for, The Aristocrats (2005), Gilbert Gottfried offers an off-colour monologue at the New York Friar's Club Roast of Hugh Hefner that derails with a joke about September 11, 2001. The joke (1) is met with booing and groans from the audience and calls of "too soon." This event occurs in New York City on September 29, 2001 less than three weeks after the terrorist attack that brought down the towers of the World Trade Center. Gottfried, pausing for a moment, begins his rendition of "The Aristocrats," a joke consisting of a litany of vulgarity and obscenity (including but not limited to incest, pedophilia, bestiality, masturbation, all manners of intercourse--in various combinations with the family members--and scatology sliding into coprophilia). (2) The joke dispels the earlier tension and the room, full of fellow comedians, delight in this "secret handshake" never dared told in public. The film examines the joke, its effectiveness and meaning through various stand-up comics while never directly connecting its telling with the current climate out of which it erupted. While the joke comes from an earlier vaudeville tradition in comedy, an historical element returned to various times in the film, Gottfried's telling of the joke at this tumultuous moment in American history is not contextualized as a specific reaction: the joke, seen in the film to measure a society's taboos, is here used to cope with the obscene through a parade of vulgarities. It is interesting that the means to navigate through the unspeakable, the earlier joke was for some "too soon," is through the very acts deemed culturally unspeakable. The vehemence and joy, dare I say comfort, with which "The Aristocrats" joke was received points to a shared embrace in the ritual vocalizing of social taboos. This sort of ritual drama (the joke proposes to describe the narrative of one family's variety act) likewise evokes the cathartic release of Aristotle's conception of tragedy. Only here, the emotional release is through the absurdly comedic and grotesquely obscene. Yet Gottfried's telling of "The Aristocrats" acts as a moment uniting the varied effects of terrorism, patriotism, and taboo acts--specifically incest and pedophilia. Taken on its own, and therefore out of context, the political use of pedophilia, toward comedic purposes no less, reads as an incendiary form of absurdist comedy. Within the contemporary cultural landscape, however, pedophilia and the endangered child are seen not only as effects of the psychological anarchy loosed by terrorism but as an attempt at rebuilding a nation under attack from external terrors by focusing on, in the meekest members of the community, a terror within. Even here there is a contradiction: the same culture that erects the young as a commodity to be treasured and protected (children as our greatest resource) fetishizes the young by selling and coveting the image of youth. Indeed, the contemporary cinematic depictions of youth, specifically the sexualized or endangered youth--quite often the same thing--has become the site for fear and anxiety diluted within cinematic depictions of 9/11. The reasons for this shift may partially be explained as a coping mechanism but its reality goes much deeper; in short, the sexualized child is a dangerous creature, one that has desire and autonomy. The sexualized child, the result of a confluence of factors including the internet, sexual diversity and the renewed commodification of sex as well as new demographics of commercial interests, is a creation that threatens the supremacy of the patriarchal system. In the establishment of a new world order Post-9/11, this threat must be addressed and squashed. The avenue for this in popular culture seems to be the resurgence of the pedophile but moreover the horrors of the sexualized child and their contemporary avenue for expression and autonomy: the internet. Hence, the widespread fears around online sexual predators. …


Continuous wave terahertz spectroscopy based on photomixing offers the attractive feature of detecting both amplitude and phase of the terahertz radiation. Experimentally, it is challenging to achieve sufficient accuracy at a high data acquisition rate. We use two fiber stretchers as fast phase modulators in a symmetric setup. Compared to a mechanical delay stage, the fiber stretchers are rather fast (≈1  kHz), which enables us to record a spectrum up to 1.8 THz with a step size of 1 GHz in only 10 min. We achieve a stability of the optical path difference of around 10 μm and use low-doped Si as an example to demonstrate the performance of our spectrometer.


Researchers have long acknowledged the importance of a sense of meaning in life. However, this construct proves to be multi-faceted and idiosyncratic, prompting some psychologists to pursue easily administered questionnaires that trade depth for simplicity. The present paper focuses on one popular measure, the Meaning in Life Questionnaire (Steger et al., 2006), which assesses the extent to which people feel that their life has meaning (Presence) and feel motivated to pursue greater meaning (Search). Typically, research with the measure treats these as separable dimensions with different implications for well-being. The current paper presents a secondary analysis of survey data (N = 345) using latent profile analysis. Results suggest that quantitative studies of meaning might be enhanced by considering person- or profile-level analysis of these scores, which better accommodate individual patterns of response.


Countless legal materials address the fiduciary duties of corporate directors. These include extensive decisional law, numerous institutes and continuing legal education seminars, several treatises and casebooks, and the well-known Corporate Director's Guidebook, recently released in its fifth edition. By contrast, legal materials on the fiduciary duties of corporate officers - key actors and agents in any company - are quite sparse. Case law is meager and undeveloped, with even such a baseline issue as the applicability of the business judgment rule lacking resolution. Treatises, institutes, and other legal materials frequently lump officer fiduciary duties with those of directors or treat them as an afterthought or, in many instances, overlook the subject altogether. There is no preeminent, standard reference serving as the Corporate Officer's Guidebook.This Article seeks to begin rectifying this glaring gap in legal literature and professional practice. Fiduciary duties as a vital component of an effective corporate governance system work on an ex ante basis - i.e., officers must be advised of such duties beforehand if such duties are to influence conduct. This Article describes the sources of legal material for deriving a succinct exposition of officer fiduciary duties and then provides suggested model fiduciary duty advice for lawyers to use in counseling corporate officers and other senior managers.


Integration of Ethernet passive optical network (EPON) and WiMAX technologies is regarded as a promising solution for next-generation broadband access networks. In implementing such networks, efficient bandwidth allocation schemes are essential to satisfy quality of service (QoS) and fairness requirements of various traffic classes. Existing proposals for solving the bandwidth allocation problem in EPON/WiMAX networks neglect interactions between the self-interested EPON and WiMAX service providers (WSPs). Accordingly, this study proposes a two-stage game-theoretic framework for the intra-ONU bandwidth allocation process where the interactions between the EPON and WSPs are taken into account. In the first stage of the proposed framework, a fair and efficient sharing of the available upstream bandwidth between the EPON and WiMAX networks is determined using two market models (i.e., noncooperative and cooperative). In the second stage, the bandwidth allocation obtained from the first stage is distributed among the different traffic classes within the Ethernet and WiMAX networks in accordance with their QoS requirements by means of a Nash bargaining game. Simulation results show that the proposed game-theoretic framework efficiently allocates bandwidth under different market models while simultaneously ensuring proportional fairness among the various traffic classes for the corresponding networks.


Designer hormones possess only the benefits and not the side effects of the endogenous versions. Targeting receptors with synthetic versions of their endogenous ligands or with designed ligands is a therapeutic strategy that carries the risk of dangerous side effects, because many receptors are found in multiple tissues and organs. Finan et al. (see also Saghatelian and Cravatt) found that conjugating glucagon and thyroid hormone (T3) together conferred the metabolic benefits of either hormone administered alone while attenuating each hormone's side effects. Glucagon and T3 act on the liver and white adipose tissue to limit dyslipidemia, which refers to abnormally high circulating concentrations of cholesterol or triglycerides (or both) and which contributes to the pathogenesis of several metabolic disorders. In mice that had diet- or genetically induced metabolic disorders, the glucagon/T3 conjugate reduced dyslipidemia, prevented hepatic steatosis, or induced weight loss at a dose lower than that which was needed for glucagon or T3 alone to reduce body weight. Like T3, the conjugate enhanced whole body energy expenditure but without triggering the hyperphagia (overfeeding) that T3 alone did. The ability of the glucagon/T3 conjugate to reduce dyslipidemia, induce weight loss, and increase energy expenditure required the presence of glucagon receptor and that of the thyroid hormone receptor β in the liver, the tissue in which the conjugate accumulated to the greatest extent. Unlike glucagon, the glucagon/T3 conjugate enhanced glucose handling and did not increase gluconeogenesis and, unlike T3, the conjugate did not induce cardiovascular side effects, such as cardiac hypertrophy or impaired cardiac function. Similar to glucagon and T3, currently available estrogen therapies have undesirable side effects. Madak-Erdogan et al. used structural information to design estrogen-like molecules with lower receptor affinity to limit their ability to stimulate cell proliferation in breast or uterine tissue and thus cause cancer in these reproductive tissues. These molecules enhanced the repair of blood vessels after injury and improved metabolism in the liver and white adipose tissue without triggering ductal mammary gland branching (a sign of mammary gland growth) or increasing uterine weight in ovariectomized mice. These studies demonstrate that it is possible to modify endogenous ligands or design synthetic versions that have fewer of the side effects of the original ligand. B. Finan, C. Clemmensen, Z. Zhu, K. Stemmer, K. Gauthier, L. Müller, M. De Angelis, K. Moreth, F. Neff, D. Perez-Tilve, K. Fischer, D. Lutter, M. A. Sánchez-Garrido, P. Liu, J. Tuckermann, M. Malehmir, M. E. Healy, A. Weber, M. Heikenwalder, M. Jastroch, M. Kleinert, S. Jall, S. Brandt, F. Flamant, K.-W. Schramm, H. Biebermann, Y. Döring, C. Weber, K. M. Habegger, M. Keuper, V. Gelfanov, F. Liu, J. Köhrle, J. Rozman, H. Fuchs, V. Gailus-Durner, M. Hrabě de Angelis, S. M. Hofmann, B. Yang, M. H. Tschöp, R. DiMarchi, T. D. Müller, Chemical hybridization of glucagon and thyroid hormone optimizes therapeutic impact for metabolic disease. Cell 167, 843–857 (2016). [PubMed] A. Saghatelian, B. Cravatt, Glucagon and thyroid hormone: A championship team. Cell 167, 604–605 (2016). [PubMed] Z. Madak-Erdogan, S. H. Kim, P. Gong, Y. C. Zhao, H. Zhang, K. L. Chambliss, K. E. Carlson, C. G. Mayne, P. W. Shaul, K. S. Korach, J. A. Katzenellenbogen, B. S. Katzenellenbogen, Design of pathway preferential estrogens that provide beneficial metabolic and vascular effects without stimulating reproductive tissues. Sci. Signal. 9, ra53 (2016). [Abstract]


This paper studies the forced vibration of the hydro-elastic system consisting of the anisotropic (orthotropic) plate, compressible viscous fluid and rigid wall within the scope of the exact equations and relations of elastodynamics for anisotropic bodies for describing of the plate motion, and with utilizing the linearized exact Navier-Stokes equations for describing of the fluid flow. For solution of the corresponding boundary value problem it is employed time-harmonic presentation of the sought values with respect to time and the Fourier transform with respect to the space coordinate on the coordinate axis directed along the plate length. Numerical results on the pressure acting on the interface plane between the plate and fluid are presented and discussed. The main aim in this discussion is focused on the study of the influence of the plate material anisotropy on the frequency response of the mentioned pressure. In particular, it is established that under fixed values of the shear modulus of the plate material a decrease in the values of the modulus of elasticity of the plate material in the direction of plate length causes to increase of the absolute values of the interface pressure. The numerical results are presented not only for the viscous fluid case but also for the inviscid fluid case.