The fatty acid and sterol compositions of zooxanthellae and animal fractions of the scleractinian coral Turbinaria reniformis were investigated under different light and feeding conditions, to study the symbiont‐host exchanges. Nubbins were maintained during 6 weeks under two light levels (100 [mol photons m−2 s−1 and 300 [mol photons m−2 s−1) and two feeding levels (starved and fed with zooplankton) in a factorial experiment. There were greater proportions of some polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA; e.g., C18:4 n‐3, C20:5 n‐3, C22:6 n‐3) in the zooxanthellae than in the host, suggesting that these PUFA were synthesized by the algae and transferred to the animal. Conversely, C20:4 n‐6 exhibited a greater proportion in the host and might have been synthesized by the animal. Light affected the chlorophyll content, the rates of photosynthesis, and the lipid production of all coral samples. Corals maintained in high‐light conditions had lower relative phytol content but higher concentrations of fatty acids (FA) and sterols than the shaded corals. Feeding also affected coral metabolism, but differently according to the light level and despite the fact that the host did not directly incorporate the zooplankton lipids (PUFA and cholesterol). In low light, feeding resulted in an increase of growth rates and storage lipid concentrations, mainly saturated fatty acids (SAFA) and membrane constituents (PUFA and sterols). In high light, the lipid energy from the food was directed toward an increase in calcification, as well as in chlorophyll content and protein content. This study highlights the importance of feeding in sustaining coral metabolism, especially when light, or stress events, is limiting photosynthesis.


Abstract. In the frame of a national project funded by Eni S.p.A. and developed by three institutes of the National Research Council (the Institute of Methodologies for Environmental Analysis, the Institute of Research for Hydrogeological Protection and the Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment), a multidisciplinary approach based on the integration of satellite, aero-photogrammetric and in situ geophysical techniques was applied to investigate an area located in the Montemurro territory in the southeastern sector of the High Agri Valley (Basilicata Region, southern Italy). This paper reports the results obtained by the joint analysis of in situ geophysical surveys, aerial photos interpretation, morphotectonic investigation, geological field survey and borehole data. The joint analysis of different data allowed us (1) to show the shallow geological and structural setting, (2) to detect the geometry of the different lithological units and their mechanical and dynamical properties, (3) to image a previously unmapped fault beneath suspected scarps/warps and (4) to characterize the geometry of an active landslide affecting the study area.


Bilingual language production is widely believed to be a competitive process. Bilinguals may manage this competition by relying on inhibiting one language while speaking in the other. However, it remains unclear if this process relies on domain general inhibitory mechanisms, and, if so, when and where during language production inhibitory control is applied. The current study investigates these issues by experimentally manipulating demand on inhibitory control using a picture word interference task during a language switching paradigm. Switching costs were not exacerbated when inhibitory control was taxed; in fact language switching was less costly during inhibition-demanding trials. These findings do not support the idea that inhibitory control mechanisms underlie language switching and suggest that language switching and the resolution of within-language lexical competition do not share inhibitory resources.


Through the extensive diaries of Presbyterian minister Oliver Heywood, this book explores the role that individuals played in fashioning their religious communities during the Restoration, as England stumbled from persecution towards a limited toleration of Protestant dissenters.


PURPOSE
The profibrotic cytokine TGFβ is associated with glaucoma and plays an important role in the regulation of extracellular matrix metabolism in the trabecular meshwork (TM). The purpose of this study was to determine whether expression of ECM cross-linking LOX genes is regulated by TGFβ in TM cells.

METHODS
Expression of the five LOX genes (LOX, LOXL1, LOXL2, LOXL3, and LOXL4) was examined in cultured human TM cells by using RT-PCR, quantitative RT-PCR, and Western immunoblot analysis. TM cells were treated with recombinant TGFβ1, -2, and -3, to determine the effects on LOX and LOXL1 to -4 expression. The TM cells were pretreated with TGFBR inhibitors (LY364947, SB431542), canonical Smad signaling pathway (SIS3 or Smad2, -3, and -4 siRNAs) inhibitors, or inhibitors of the non-Smad signaling pathways (SP600125, SR11302), to identify the signaling pathway(s) involved in TGFβ induction of LOX and LOXL gene and protein expression. A novel LOX activity assay was used to determine the effects of the LOX inhibitor BAPN on tropoelastin cross-linking.

RESULTS
All five LOX genes (LOX, LOXL1 to -4) were expressed in cultured human TM cells and were induced by all three isoforms of TGFβ. This TGFβ induction of LOX and LOXL expression was blocked by TGFβ inhibitors as well as by inhibitors of the canonical Smad2, -3, and -4 signaling and non-Smad JNK/AP-1 signaling pathways (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS
Both Smad and non-Smad signaling pathways are involved in TGFβ-mediated LOX induction, suggesting complex regulation of these important extracellular matrix cross-linking enzymes. Increased LOX activity may be at least partially responsible for TGFβ-mediated IOP elevation and increased aqueous humor outflow resistance.


In this cross-cultural, interdisciplinary study, John Hick draws upon major world religions, as well as biology, psychology, parapsychology, anthropology, and philosophy, to explore the mystery of death. He argues that scientific and philosophical objections to the idea of survival after death can be challenged, and he claims that human inadequacy in facing suffering supports the basic religious argument for immortality.


The number of scientific papers grows exponentially in many disciplines. The share of online available papers grows as well. At the same time, the period of time for a paper to loose at chance to be cited anymore shortens. The decay of the citing rate shows similarity to ultradiffusional processes as for other online contents in social networks. The distribution of papers per author shows similarity to the distribution of posts per user in social networks. The rate of uncited papers for online available papers grows while some papers 'go viral' in terms of being cited. Summarized, the practice of scientific publishing moves towards the domain of social networks. The goal of this project is to create a text engineering tool, which can semi-automatically categorize a paper according to its type of contribution and extract relationships between them into an ontological database. Semi-automatic categorization means that the mistakes made by automatic pre-categorization and relationship-extraction will be corrected through a wikipedia-like front-end by volunteers from general public. This tool should not only help researchers and the general public to find relevant supplementary material and peers faster, but also provide more information for research funding agencies.


The Elements of Style (henceforth, Elements) is a slender book of advice on usage and writing, revised by the admired novelist and essayist E. B. White from a book by his former English professor. White did well to accept Macmillan's suggestion that he should revise and expand his former professor's book for commercial republication: successive editions of the revision sold over ten million copies. Many college-educated Americans revere Elements, swear by it, carry it around with them. It was reissued in in April 2009 to a chorus of approval from famous American literary figures. One fan has published a whole book about its history (Garvey, 2009). The title of Elements suggests a focus on style, but in fact much of it concerns grammar. The final chapter, 'An Approach to Style', opens by characterizing the earlier parts of the book as 'concerned with what is correct, or acceptable, in the use of English', and not with 'style in its broader meaning'; and indeed, Elements is frequently cited as an authority on questions of grammar. I believe the success of Elements to be one of the worst things to have happened to English language education in America in the past century. The book's style advice, largely vapid and obvious ('Do not overwrite'; 'Be clear'), may do little damage; but the numerous statements about grammatical correctness are actually harmful. They are riddled with inaccuracies, uninformed by evidence, and marred by bungled analysis. Elements is a dogmatic bookful of bad usage advice, and the people who rely on it have no idea how badly off-beam its grammatical claims are. In this essay I provide some illustrations, and a review of some of the book's most striking faults.


The Belgian biologist Edouard Van Beneden (1846–1910) had a successful scientific career. His dissertation demonstrating the omnipresence in the whole animal kingdom, of the egg's unicellular constitution was awarded by the prize of the Royal Academy of Belgium. In 1870, he became professor at the University of Liege and corresponding member of the Royal Academy of Belgium and became chartered member in 1872. Using cytology in embryology and selecting a suitable material to study the fertilisation, he was the first to observe meiosis, described the centrosome and understood the very early polarisation of the egg.


Importance Keratinocyte carcinoma (ie, cutaneous basal and squamous cell carcinoma) is the most common cancer in the United States. Objective To determine whether topical fluorouracil could prevent surgically treated keratinocyte carcinoma. Design, Setting, and Participants The Veterans Affairs Keratinocyte Carcinoma Chemoprevention Trial was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of topical fluorouracil for chemoprevention of keratinocyte carcinoma. Participants were recruited from May 2009 to September 2011 from 12 Veterans Affairs medical centers and followed until June 30, 2013. Participants were veterans (n = 932) with a history of at least 2 keratinocyte carcinomas in the past 5 years; almost all were white males and the median age was 70 years. Interventions Application of fluorouracil, 5%, (n = 468) or vehicle control cream (n = 464) to the face and ears twice daily for 2 to 4 weeks upon randomization. Main Outcomes and Measures Surgically treated keratinocyte, basal cell, and squamous cell carcinoma risk on the face and ears in the first year after enrollment; and time to first surgically treated keratinocyte, basal cell, and squamous cell carcinoma. The a priori hypothesis was that fluorouracil would be effective in preventing these cancers. Results Of 932 participants (916 men [98%]; 926 white [99%]; median age, 70 years), 299 developed a basal cell carcinoma end point (95 in year 1) and 108 developed a squamous cell carcinoma end point (25 in year 1) over 4 years (median follow-up, 2.8 years). Over the entire study, there was no difference between treatment groups in time to first keratinocyte, basal cell, or squamous cell carcinoma. During the first year, however, 5 participants (1%) in the fluorouracil group developed a squamous cell carcinoma vs 20 (4%) in the control group, a 75% (95% CI, 35%-91%) risk reduction (P = .002). The 11% reduction in basal cell carcinoma risk during year 1 (45 [10%] in the fluorouracil group vs 50 [11%] in the control group) was not statistically significant (95% CI, 39% reduction to 31% increase), nor was there a significant effect on keratinocyte carcinoma risk. However, a reduction in keratinocyte carcinomas treated with Mohs surgery was observed. Conclusions and Relevance A conventional course of fluorouracil to the face and ears substantially reduces surgery for squamous cell carcinoma for 1 year without significantly affecting the corresponding risk for basal cell carcinoma. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00847912


We examine the tax-growth nexus in Zimbabwe using parametric and non-parametric analysis. We use a two-stage estimation procedure that first generates efficiency scores for the country using a Data Envelopment Approach. We use the efficiency scores in the second stage to normalise growth to get a proxy for potential economic growth. Using this potential growth we run a translog model that allows computation of time-varying elasticities of growth to changes in tax policy. The translog model results we got indicate that economic growth is inelastic to tax structure in Zimbabwe. As such, we recommend policies that rely on non-tax stimuli to the economy to buttress growth. We find that the most inefficient years were those punctuated with bad economic governance and droughts.


We present a new strategy for fabricating fibrin gels by electrochemically controlling a cascade reaction and its application in cell culture. In this strategy, Ca2+ is released from CaCO3 particles via electrochemical acidification. In the presence of the released Ca2+, the activated cascade reaction produces fibrin gels.


Forest land conversion leads to ecological effects (e.g., changes in water quality and wildlife habitat) and socioeconomic effects (e.g., expanding urban-forest interface, reduced long-term timber production possibilities and loss of open space). Socioeconomic drivers of land use change such as population totals and personal income levels have increased substantially since World War II. Human land use is the primary force driving changes in forest ecosystem attributes. Land use changes affecting forests since 1990 have been heavily concentrated in the South. Nationwide, more than 60 percent of housing units built in the 1990s were constructed in or near wildland vegetation. More than 44 million acres of private forest are projected to experience housing density increases between 2000 and 2030, with the majority of the most heavily impacted watersheds in the East. The United States population is projected to grow by more than 120 million people by 2050, and deforestation associated with this growth is projected to exceed 50 million acres. Fragmentation of remaining forests is also projected and expected to be concentrated in distinct subregions; in the South, these include urbanizing areas and areas close to interstate highway corridors. As urban lands expand into surrounding areas, retaining trees can have significant benefits. Current benefits of urban vegetation on environmental quality nationally are on the order of several billion dollars per year.


A ballast water treatment plant has operated on the south shore of Port Valdez, Alaska since 1977. In recent years the plant processed, on the average, nearly 51,000 m**3 of the ballast water per day. Since the plant operations began, total hydrocarbon concentrations (THC) in the port sediments have increased to over 200 ug/g dry weight. In the mussel Mytilus edulis and the clam Macoma balthica collected near the effluent diffuser, total hydrocarbon concentrations are over 400 ug/g dry weight. Increased concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH's) and hopanes strongly suggest the petrogenic nature of the added hydrocarbons. Additional study results are presented in the abstract. An environmental monitoring protocol requiring a priori criterion for biologically significant impact is suggested for the port.


This working paperis one of a series submitted for the Oct. 1, 2015, Baker Institute event "Currency Policy Then and Now: 30th Anniversary of the Plaza Accord."


The first part of this thesis describes the efficient synthesis of several hypervalent iodine(III) compounds. Electron-rich diaryliodonium salts have been synthesized in a one-pot procedure, employing mCPBA as the oxidant. Both symmetric and unsymmetric diaryliodonium tosylates can be isolated in high yields. An in situ anion exchange also enables the synthesis of previously unobtainable diaryliodonium triflates.A large-scale protocol for the synthesis of a derivative of Koser's reagent, that is an isolable intermediate in the diaryliodonium tosylate synthesis, is furthermore described. The large-scale synthesis is performed in neat TFE, which can be recovered and recycled. This is very desirable from an environmental point of view.One of the few described syntheses of enantiopure diaryliodonium salts is discussed. Three different enantiopure diaryliodonium salts bearing electron-rich substituents are synthesized in moderate to high yields. The synthesis of these three salts shows the challenge in the preparation of electron-rich substituted unsymmetric salts.The second part of the thesis describes the application of both symmetric and unsymmetric diaryliodonium salts in organic synthesis. A metal-free efficient and fast method for the synthesis of diaryl ethers from diaryliodonium salts has been developed. The substrate scope is wide as both the phenol and the diaryliodonium salt can be varied. Products such as halogenated ethers, ortho-substituted ethers and bulky ethers, that are difficult to obtain with metal-catalyzed procedures, are readily prepared. The mild protocol allows arylation of racemization-prone a-amino acid derivatives without loss of enantiomeric excess.A chemoselectivity investigation was conducted, in which unsymmetric diaryliodonium salts were employed in the arylation of three different nucleophiles in order to understand the different factors that influence which aryl moiety that is transferred to the nucleophile.


Summary Background Despite more frequent use of the oscillometric method (OSC) for arterial blood pressure (BP) measurement, little is known about OSC's accuracy when used with hemodialysed patients. This study was undertaken to determine if hemodialysis (HD) and individual features in examined patients can affect the accuracy of OSC for BP measurement. Material/Methods In 54 hemodialysed patients (57±15 years), during 2 sessions (before and after HD), 3 pairs of BP measurements each were performed on arms, alternately employing OSC and auscultatory method, with mercury manometers by 2 observers (REF). Results No difference was found in systolic BP measured before and after HD (SBP before HD: REF −147.3±27.3, OSC −147.5±25.0 mmHg, p>0.05, SBP after HD: REF-141.1±33.9, OSC-141.2±31.5 mmHg, p>0.05, respectively), but diastolic BP (DBP) was significantly higher both before and after HD during REF measurement in comparison with OSC (DBP before HD: REF −79.0±17.0, OSC −76.7±15.0 mmHg, DBP after HD: REF −78.6±18.8, OSC −76.7±16.7 mmHg, p<0.001, respectively). No significant correlation between loss of body weight caused by HD and differences in BP measured by REF and OSC after HD was indicated (Pearson's correlation coefficients: for SBP −0.041, for DBP 0.030). However, a significant correlation between differences in BP measured by REF and OSC before HD and differences in BP measured by REF and OSC after HD was observed (Spearman's rank correlation coefficients: for SBP 0.502 and for DBP 0.557, p<0.000001). Conclusions Our study found that individual features, not HD, determine the accuracy of OSC for BP measurement in hemodialysed patients.


I. INTRODUCTIONWhen Omnicare, Inc. v. NCS Healthcare, Inc.1 was decided ten years ago, it was widely derided as one of the worst corporate law opinions since Smith v. Van Gorkom.2 In fact, Chief Justice Myron Steele of the Delaware Supreme Court remarked at a conference not long after that the opinion would likely have the life span of a "fruit fly."3 I subsequently offered up a modest, and perhaps lonely, defense of the Omnicare decision published in the pages of this Journal.4 In that defense, I argued that when sellers grant buyers deal certainty there should be no expectation that such an act provides sellers any value, notwithstanding nominal payments buyers might make in exchange for that incremental certainty.5 In fact, deal certainty should be expected to lead to low-ball offers.6 I argued that Omnicare, for all its faults, was helpful because it placed fiduciary limits on sellers in situations in which sellers are not able to credibly resist buyer demands for additional transactional certainty.7 These fiduciary limits, by pre-committing sellers to a process that ensures a minimal degree of competition, or at least the threat of it, force buyers to reveal private information about their valuations of the sellers.8 Buyers, for their part, need not be denied deal certainty by Omnicare's controversial rule. They can still get the transactional certainty they wish, but they have to pay for it.Like other modest defenses, my defense of Omnicare was hardly sufficient to protect the opinion's integrity. Now, all these years later, although it is still in my notebook, Omnicare is slightly the worse for wear. Practitioners have learned to live with-or more correctly-work around the decision. Deal protections are perhaps as formidable as they have ever been. While the Supreme Court has not had an opportunity to directly revisit the issue, the Chancery Court has taken the opportunities that have been regularly presented to it to peel back the ruling's effect and distinguish the facts before it from Omnicare's holding. Following the opinion, the courts could have taken Omnicare as a cue to move the needle on a long-standing debate about the proper limits on board action, but they collectively decided against that course of action. In recent years, as practitioners have introduced transactional innovations in response to Omnicare, the courts have regularly blessed them.Notwithstanding the fruit fly rhetoric, Omnicare may have a much longer life than many of its critics predict. In part, that is because of a second, now less controversial, aspect of the opinion. In Omnicare, the Delaware Supreme Court made it clear that it would apply Unocal9 to the analysis of board decisions to adopt deal protection measures in friendly transactions not involving a change of control.10 Looking back now, subjecting deal protection measures to intermediate scrutiny was undoubtedly correct, but, at the time, there were many in practice who believed that Paramount v. Time11 provided a green light to dealmakers to negotiate almost any deal protections subject to business judgment deference. The clarification of the proper standard of review for deal protections in the context of a friendly merger is an important and enduring contribution of Omnicare.Of course, in the years since Omnicare, there have been a series of subtle doctrinal changes that now call into serious question the efficacy of Unocal's intermediate standard. The development of the Unocal doctrine in recent years has tended to reduce its plasticity and scope. In part, it appears, having given itself the power to review deal protections in negotiated transactions, the court has since backed away from an aggressive application of that oversight. The result is that Unocal has been largely supplanted by what one might understand as a preliminary inquiry into the competitive posture of a transaction, and then a more constricted view of Unocal's reach. Where transactions do not benefit from alternative bids, courts will be highly deferential to board decisions to grant buyers defensive measures. …


A simulation tool for simple flat and cylindrical insulated glass units (IGUs) has been developed using VBA code included on Excel and RF-COM, the programmable COM Interface for the RFEM of Dlubal. The software allows the non-linear computational analysis of rectangular flat panels and cylindrical IGUs considering the monolithic equivalent thickness of the inner and outer glass panel. The sealant silicone elastic properties can be defined by the users, including, if necessary, the rotational stiffness. Climatic load and superficial uniform loads (typically wind loads) can be defined.
The tool automatically generates the inner and outer glass panels with shell elements and the boundary conditions in RFEM. Both panels are connected all along the perimeter by means of spring elements with the equivalent stiffness of the silicone. The internal pressure due to climatic loads and the distribution of the superficial uniform loads are automatically calculated by means of an iterative method. This method, published for other authors in the recent past, considers the bending stiffness of both glass panels and the silicone for the definition of the resultant load.       The results of the simulations have been successfully correlated with the commercial software SJ-MEPLA for flat panels and ANSYS Workbench 19.0 for flat and cylindrical panels, in this case, modelling the air cavity with a 3D hydrostatic fluid element (HSFLD242). The simulation tool provides an accurate definition of the internal pressure, deflection and stress on glass panels and forces through the sealant silicone with a reduced pre-post and calculation time, being ideal for parametric studies.


Creativity as the prerequisite for innovation is a core competitive factor in contemporary organizations. When creativity happens this involves creative persons who produce creative products in a process that cannot be fully anticipated and predescribed. We introduce the concept of pockets of creativity for those sections of a business process where creativity occurs. These sections are characterized by a high demand for flexibility and knowledge of the involved creative persons. In pockets of creativity previous knowledge is retrieved, transformed and combined into new procedures or artifacts – in short – innovations. Naturally, this raises the question of how pockets of creativity can be supported by information technology. Information retrieval is part of an organizations knowledge processes concerned with the representation, storage, organization, searching and finding of organizational knowledge. Informed by case studies we have conducted with organizations from the Creative Industries and drawing from existing theory, in this paper we introduce a conceptual framework for information retrieval that enables creative persons to access relevant information through a multi-perspective, hierarchical view. Such an approach both appropriately considers different ways of creative thinking and provides stimuli to a person's cognitive network fostering her creativity and thus the development of truly innovative products.


In this paper, we elaborate on the symmetric teleparallel gravity (STPG) written in a non-Riemannian space–time with nonzero nonmetricity, but zero torsion and zero curvature. First, we give a prescription for obtaining the nonmetricity from the metric in a peculiar gauge. Then, we state that under a novel prescription of parallel transportation of a tangent vector in this non-Riemannian geometry, the autoparallel curves coincide with those of the Riemannian space–times. Subsequently, we represent the symmetric teleparallel theory of gravity by the most general quadratic and parity conserving Lagrangian with lagrange multipliers for vanishing torsion and curvature. We show that our Lagrangian is equivalent to the Einstein–Hilbert Lagrangian for certain values of coupling coefficients. Thus, we arrive at calculating the field equations via independent variations. Then, we obtain in turn conformal, spherically symmetric static, cosmological and pp-wave solutions exactly. Finally, we discuss a minimal coupling of a spin-1/2 field to STPG.


Structural VAR models are frequently identified using sign restrictions on impulse responses. Moving beyond the popular but restrictive Normal-inverse-Wishart-Uniform prior, we develop a methodology that can handle almost any prior distribution on contemporaneous responses. We then propose a new sampler that explores the posterior just as efficiently as done by the existing algorithm for the Normal-inverse-Wishart-Uniform case. We use this exible and tractable framework to combine sign restrictions with information on the volatility of the data, giving less prior mass to impulse effects that are inconsistent with the data from a training sample. This approach sharpens posterior bands and makes sign restrictions more informative. We apply the methodology to the oil market and show that oil supply shocks have a non-negligible effect on oil price dynamics.


A hybrid technology is presented that combines carbon nanotube field-effect transistors (CNFET) with conventional, silicon-based complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology. The fabrication involves the chemical vapor deposition growth and optical characterization of carbon nanotubes, which are then transferred with lithographic precision onto a commercially fabricated CMOS substrate. In this manner, CNFET devices are fabricated on top of the interconnection network of the CMOS chip, providing a three-dimensional integration of active devices, "sandwiching" wiring, and passives. As a demonstration of this approach, a simple hybrid CNFET/CMOS inverter is fabricated and tested.


Accounting for Managers is an established introductory survey text. The approach taken emphasises the conceptual underpinnings of the subject, and views it from the point of view of managers' need for information. Not least the book emphasises the increasing importance of general managers understanding the role played by their accounting and financial management colleagues. The book gives an appreciation of the three traditional subject divisions of financial accounting, management accounting and finance. The book is broad in scope and encompasses accounting for public sector as well as private sector organisations. The book gives students on executive or general MBA courses an overview of the role of accounting and finance in business, and is also suitable for undergraduates of business and management studies.


Introduction " The most serious danger Americans now face, greater than terrorism, is that our country's future may not end up in the hands of a citizenry capable of sustaining the liberty that has been America's most precious legacy. " (Damon, 2011) According to many, the younger generation of today is seen as politically unmotivated, uneducated, and uninterested. Declining levels of civic engagement have incited panic and have caused people to question the strength of American democracy. " If trends continue, young Americans will grow up without an understanding of the benefits, privileges, and duties of citizens in a free society, and without acquiring the habits of character needed to live responsibly in one. " (Damon, 2011) The conclusion drawn by many is that the younger generation's lack of participation is a direct result of their lack of interest, respect, or any semblance of appreciation for politics and civic engagement more broadly. (Coley, 2012) If this is true, it certainly is a cause for panic, but are young people today really isolated and removed from the world of politics? Do they not feel a need to give back or participate in their community? This paper proposes that the question is not one of waning motivation or interest, but instead a matter of changing forums for action. Is it that the millennial generation has become less civically engaged or is it that forms of civic engagement have shifted in such a way that interests and motivations are not rewarded with the same recognition? Civic engagement is defined here as " individual and collective actions designed to identify and address issues of public concern. " (APA, 2012) To understand the supposed lack of interest among the young, millennial generation, attention must be paid to the changing nature and environment in which civic engagement is occurring. The supposed terror that will ensue when the country is left in the hands of the millennials must be understood not as a consequence of disinterest or lack of involvement, but instead as a consequence of a changing world in which civic engagement has been relegated to the cyber realm through social media and the internet. The goal of this paper is to shift the discussion of civic engagement away from focusing solely on an individual's intention or motivation for volunteering, and instead to focus on the resulting action or lack thereof. A shift is needed from …


In the last two decades, several innovative legal frameworks for social entrepreneurship were developed across Europe. The differential success of these innovations raise certain questions. Is the intrinsic design of these legal frameworks optimal for social enterprises? Secondly, is the attractive capacity of these legal frameworks high enough to attract both new as existing social enterprises? And lastly, have these new legal frameworks reached full maturity? If this is not the case, these changes may well impede rather than encourage the development of social enterprises. In this paper, we look at the Belgian situation where an innovative framework was introduced and where multiple legal frameworks for social entrepreneurship coexist. By means of a multi-disciplinary approach involving law and economics, we investigate the joys and burdens of having numerous legal frameworks for social enterprises. We provide an introduction to the Belgian legal environment for social entrepreneurship, and argue that the current institutional design is suboptimal. Finally, we conclude with lessons that can be learned from the Belgian case relevant for other countries and contexts.


We examined the effects of chronic hypertension and acute reduction of arterial pressure on the susceptibility of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to disruption. The BBB was disrupted with an intracarotid injection of 1.6 M arabinose in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), stroke-prone SHR (SHRSP), and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. Permeability of the BBB was determined from the ratio of 125I-albumin in brain to 125I-albumin in blood. When the BBB was intact, permeability was less than 0.4%. After hypertonic arabinose, permeability of the BBB was greater (mean +/- SE) in SHRSP (17.6% +/- 1.6%) and in SHR (21.1% +/- 3.1%) than in WKY (10.3% +/- 2.4%) (p less than 0.05). When arterial pressure of SHRSP was reduced acutely with nitroprusside before arabinose, the BBB permeability to albumin was not reduced (21.5% +/- 1.5%). In other rats, we examined survival after osmotic disruption. In SHRSP, 14 of 15 rats died within 1 day after osmotic disruption with marked cerebral edema. In WKY, four of 15 rats died (p less than 0.05 vs SHRSP). When arterial pressure of SHRSP was reduced before arabinose, mortality was reduced to six of 15 (p less than 0.05 vs untreated SHRSP). We conclude that the BBB in SHRSP has enhanced vulnerability that is detrimental to survival. Reduction of arterial pressure improves survival in SHRSP without affecting BBB permeability to albumin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)


As a historical and cultural connection, the Chinese traditional landscape not only reflects the different historical backgrounds of all the successive dynasties, the social economical vicissitude, architectural techniques, and gardening levels objectively and veritably, but also reflects the evolution of Chinese point view on nature, life and world. It was characterized by different types, and these types were divided by different owners' identities or different locations.
The Renaissance period of Western landscape design was characterized by the formal landscape garden which had the character of symmetric axis or formal layout of architecture. It often used sculpture with the materials of marble or moorstone, and orderliness flowers and the lines of trees. This style was characteristic of the Italian Renaissance landscape, the French formal garden, but the English landscape garden departed from this style.
Due to different social, economical, and cultural developmental conditions, there are important differences between Chinese traditional landscape design and Western landscape design. These differences have been analyzed both in the western and the Chinese literature. According to different writers, there are many different opinions. The main difference is: Chinese traditional landscape design emphasized the understanding and development of the natural beauty, whereas Western landscape focused on the refining of the natural elements as an abstract sense of order and formal beauty (Li, 2009).
The English landscape garden shifted from the regularity of art as expressed in the formal garden, to the irregularity of nature in the early eighteenth century. It is thought to have been inspired by Chinese traditional landscape, which has much in common with Chinese traditional landscape, which also differed from the formal landscapes at this period. These two landscape styles show a all love of nature so they must have some similarities but should also have some differences. The similarities were discovered by those ideas spread from China to England in 18th century, and also the aesthetic perspective and the way to express emotion by landscape.
Chinese traditional landscape influenced the French, where Confucian virtues were praised (Siren, 1950). The English also liked Chinese gardens without order. Sweden, which was in close commercial communication with China, is perhaps the only country in which the elegant new style took permanent root (Jellicoe and Jellicoe, 1975). During the development of modern landscape design, western landscape style gradually became popular in China. This thesis is concerned with the interaction between two very different ways of approaching landscape from an architectural perspective, and how we today can learn from both approaches.


Within weeks of Edison's introduction of the phonograph, late in 1877, commentators began to imagine its capacity to materialize the human voice in the form of physical recordings as a basis for the collection, preservation, and display of intangible heritage, conceived of as "treasures" of oral expression. Between the late 1870s and World War I, a number of visionary proposals for the establishment of museums of language were advanced by scholars in the U.S. and Europe. In this article, I offer a preliminary examination of the history of such proposals and consider the reasons that none of them came to fruition.


Over the past decade numerous important films have documented the production of what we eat and drink, often with the filmmaker taking a lead role as investigative reporter. French filmmaker Luc Moullet's Geneese d'un repas ( Origins of a Meal , 1980), was on the vanguard thirty years ago of this current wave of food-focused documentaries. Origins of a Meal is a comparative documentary on the handling and processing of various foods (eggs, bananas, and tuna) in three different countries: France, Ecuador, and Senegal. Moullet uncovers certain prejudices among his compatriots: in the late 70s, the French preferred bananas from Martinique and Guadaloupe, which are French overseas territories, to those from Ecuador. He also documents differences in wages and working conditions and dispels the myth that the cost of living is necessarily cheaper in Senegal or Ecuador than in France. Ultimately, Origins of a Meal is a film aa charge against Western capitalism, specifically in its French and American manifestations.


This article is the first to propose a test for defining incitement to genocide and, especially, for distinguishing it from hate speech. As courts have decided the world's first cases on incitement to genocide in the last decade, they have sometimes diverged alarmingly, as when a Canadian federal court described a speech as an oration on "elections, courage, and love" and then the Canadian Supreme Court identified it as incitement to genocide.Without a reliable distinction, a mere racist could be convicted of a crime tantamount to genocide, and speech might be unduly and dangerously restricted. Incitement to genocide demands keen attention for another reason, also: it is a precursor to genocide, and may be a prerequisite for it. Political leaders in Nazi Germany, Rwanda, and other pre-genocidal societies prepared civilian populations to condone genocide, by using certain techniques to make mass killing seem first acceptable, and then necessary. This article describes those techniques, and includes them in a new six-prong model for incitement to genocide. The article also proposes a key distinction between incitement to genocide and hate speech: that anyone can commit hate speech, but a speaker must have influence or authority over the audience, to be able to commit incitement to genocide. Such authority need not be de jure, as demonstrated by the case of the Rwandan pop star Simon Bikindi, whose songs were played incessantly during the 1994 genocide, and who is now a defendant at the Rwanda war crimes tribunal.


Ingots of an oxide dispersion strengthened reduced activation ferritic steel with the Fe–14Cr–2W–0.3Ti–0.3Y2O3 chemical composition (in wt.%) were synthesized by mechanical alloying of elemental powders with 0.3 wt.% Y2O3 particles in a planetary ball mill, in a hydrogen atmosphere, and compacted by either hot extrusion or hot isostatic pressing. The microstructures of the obtained materials were characterized by means of light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and chemical analyses. The mechanical properties were evaluated by means of Vickers microhardness measurements and tensile tests. It was found that the microstructure of both materials is composed of ferritic grains having a submicron size and containing nanometric Y–Ti–O oxide particles with a mean size of about 10 nm, uniformly distributed in the matrix. The oxide particles in the hot extruded steel were identified as YTiO3 phase. In larger (>10 nm) oxide particles Cr was found next to Ti, Y and O. The steel produced by hot extrusion exhibits much higher tensile strength and hardness at low to moderate temperatures, as compared to the steel fabricated by hot isostatic pressing, which was mainly attributed to smaller pores but also to more severe work hardening in the case of the hot extruded steel. © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.


Responding to America's love affair with the short-short, editors Robert Shapard and James Thomas searched thousands of books and magazines to select these sixty stories-each under 2,000 words, each with its own element of surprise, whether traditional, experimental, humorous, moving, or magical. In the process they discovered both new talents and a wealth of celebrated writers, such as Jorge Luis Arzola, Aimee Bender, Teolinda Gersao, Romulus Linney, Yann Martel, Sam Shepard, and Tobias Wolff. Zdravka Evitmova conjures blood drops that cure any disease. Ian Frazier writes public relations for crows. Juan Jose Milas leads an amnesiac husband to an affair in the candlelit darkness of a cathedral with his wife. These tales told quickly offer pleasures long past their telling.


Nowadays, different technologies provide support to different areas of our diverse lifestyles around the world. Highly reputable companies are doing important research on the connectivity of multiple devices to the different types of network. The open Short Path First Protocol (OSPF) is one of the most widespread routing protocols in communications. Through experience, it has been demonstrated that this protocol usually has flaws, either by causes outside the protocol or by configuration, so network administrators should monitor and revise the operation of that protocol. Generally, when you start tracking a network already deployed that uses the OSPF routing protocol, there is very little documented information or even, none of the existing topology, not only because of the dynamism of this connectivity protocol, but also because of the lack of documentation of the installation itself. This project proposes the development of a tool for the generation of a map of the topology of a simple area of the OSPF routing protocol, which will facilitate the establishment of an OSPF area's topology documentation.


Social media monitoring has been initially adopted by private sector firms in order to collect opinions, complaints and questions concerning their products and services, to be used for making appropriate changes and improvements of them and also for designing communication strategies. Recently government agencies have started adopting SMM, as a form of 'passive citizen-sourcing', in order to collect useful information from citizens concerning their needs, problems, opinions and suggestions, to be used for public policy formulation. It is therefore important to evaluate these first initiatives, so that the potential of SMM with respect to public policy making can be exploited, and at the same time appropriate adaptations and improvements of relevant ICT platforms and practices can be made, in order to reach higher levels of maturity. This paper makes a two-fold contribution in this direction. Initially it develops a framework for evaluating the use of SMM for supporting policy making, initially from the 'classical' ease of use perspective, and then from a public policy perspective, based on the wicked social problems theory. This framework is then used for the evaluation of three pilot applications of a novel method of SMM by government agencies and other policy stakeholders, which has been developed as part of a European research project.


ABSTRACT Female sex workers (FSWs) are disproportionately affected by HIV, but there is limited research on their HIV care experiences. This study explored the experiences of 44 FSWs living with HIV in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic along the HIV care continuum using in-depth interviews and focus groups. Data were analysed through narrative and thematic analysis. Individual-level factors that facilitated engagement in HIV care were physical and mental health. At the interpersonal level, disclosure of HIV or sex work status and receipt of emotional and economic support were important influences on engagement. Yet, negative reactions to or lack of disclosure of these statuses compromised engagement, further highlighting the role of stigma and discrimination. At the environmental level, FSWs described considerable challenges with the health system including long waits and treatment stock-outs at their clinics, but were generally satisfied with HIV clinic staff. At the structural level, lack of economic resources complicated care and treatment adherence. Findings underscore the need for psychosocial and economic support tailored to the unique needs of FSWs to maximise the individual and public health benefits of HIV care.


The design of conventional glass facades in Germany is typically based on the extensive use of point supports that keep the glass panels in position and which provide the load transfer of the facade. Besides the aesthetic disadvantage of discrete elements being visible in the glass facade, the application of point supports leads to highly concentrated stress regions substantially affecting sizing and durability of the facade components. In order to overcome these limitations, a new approach has been chosen for the design of the glass facade of the Herz Jesu Church, Munich. One peculiarity of the overall glass facade of this box-shaped building consists in horizontal and vertical glass beams used for the support of the facade. Silicone adhesives bond steel stringers along the main edges of the horizontal and vertical glass beams in order to establish load paths between beams and facade. The hereby-realized bonding design offers special features being favorable for the durability of the building. Load carrying capacities have been provided by line-type connections, substantially reducing stress concentrations. Major attention has been given to the geometric layout of the bonding. Thus, detailed finite element (FE) analysis has guided the careful selection of an adequate channel cross section for the stringers. The design philosophy of the bonding is characterized by a small exposed surface of the silicone adhesive, offering only a very small area of attack for environmental degradation. Additionally, the exposed surface is only stressed at a low level avoiding the critical combination of highly loaded areas exposed to aggressive environmental conditions. Furthermore, two principal load paths (tension and shear) are established, leading to a fail-safe design principle of the bonding. These key considerations provide major contributions to the high durability design of the glass facade bonding.


In Canada, much media attention has recently been focused on the formation of arbitration tribunals that would use Islamic law or Sharia to settle civil matters in Ontario. In fact, the idea of private parties voluntarily agreeing to arbitration using religious principles or a foreign legal system is not new. Ontario's Arbitration Act has allowed parties to resolve disputes outside the traditional court system for some time. This issue has been complicated by the fact that Canada has a commitment to upholding both a policy of multiculturalism and an international obligation towards women's rights. Although these values need not necessarily conflict, in this context, they have carried a tension that must be reconciled. This paper will examine the legal implications of faith-based arbitration tribunals in family law, with a particular emphasis on the impact that Sharia could have on Muslim women in Ontario.


Increasingly, microbial issues are commanding the attention of water treatment operators, regulators, and the media. There are many treatment options to eliminate pathogenic microbes from drinking-water. Finding the right solution for a particular supply requires sifting through a range of sometimes competing processes. Processes for removal of microbes from water include pretreatment, coagulation/flocculation/sedimentation, and filtration. Pretreatment processes include application of roughing filters, microstrainers, off-stream storage, or bank infiltration, each with a particular function and water quality benefit. Filtration can be accomplished using granular media filters, slow sand, precoat filters, membranes, or other filters. Oxidants may be added to water for a variety of purposes, including control of taste and odor compounds, removal of iron and manganese, Zebra Mussel control, and particle removal, among others. For control of microbes within the distribution system, disinfectants must interact with bacteria growing in pipeline biofilms. Models for removal of particles and microbes by granular media filtration, and equations for predicting microbial inactivation by disinfectants, can aid in the understanding and prediction of the effectiveness of treatment processes for microbial pathogens. Water Treatment and Pathogen Control is intended to provide a critical analysis of the literature on removal and inactivation of pathogenic microbes in water to aid the water quality specialist and design engineer in making important decisions regarding microbial water quality. Contents Introduction Removal Processes Inactivation (Disinfection) Processes Performance Models Treatment Variability Critical Control Strategies Conclusions Reference List


The purpose of this study was to design and develop a set of guidelines for multimedia learning objects to inform instructional designers (IDs) about the procedures involved in the process of content analysis. This study was motivated by the absence of standardized procedures in the beginning phase of the multimedia learning object design which is content analysis and the lack of awareness among IDs on steps to be followed during content analysis. The research design applied cognitive task analysis of experts via interview and the triangulation was done via content analysis. The findings are instructional design framework for IDs to follow and as a platform where IDs and SMEs collaboratively design the content for multimedia learning objects (M-LOG) to enhance the quality of multimedia learning objects.


LINKING TEACHER EVALUATION, PROFESSIONAL GROWTH, AND MOTIVATION: A MULTIPLE-SITE CASE STUDY by Nancy Calloway Wagner The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the nature of the activities, processes, and structures used to link a teacher evaluation program to professional growth and motivation. A total of 52 teachers in the Johnson City School System, who were scheduled for evaluation during the 1994-95 school year, were selected by both random and purposeful sampling techniques to participate. Data were collected through both quantitative and qualitative methods. Principals of the nine schools involved also participated in the naturalistic inquiry component of the study. Data were analyzed both deductively and inductively. The analysis revealed attitudes, behaviors, and perceptions of those involved in the implementation of a growth-oriented approach to teacher evaluation. What were the reasons for the success or failure of the program? Through data analysis the investigator identified 12 critical elements within four major categories that influence the linking of teacher evaluation, professional growth, and motivation. The four major categories are: characteristics of the culture, characteristics of the administrator, characteristics of the teacher, and characteristics of the process. The 12 critical elements were identified as follows: a trusting environment; collaborative relationships; high expectations of growth; administrators who are facilitators or coaches and resource providers; teachers who are mature, responsible, and self directed; and a continuous process that is individualized, formative, and structured. Based on the findings, the following recommendations were suggested: (1) assess the culture of the school before implementing the Professional Teacher Evaluation Model, (2) provide training for teachers and administrators, (3) allow teachers to choose professional growth options, (4) identify teachers' level of readiness for self-directive learning, (5) emphasize importance of the principal's role, (6) ensure presence of the 12 critical elements identified, and (7) implement the Professional Teacher Evaluation Model as the professional growth option of the proposed Tennessee State Model for Local Evaluation.


Ammonium bicarbonate (NH4HCO3) was generated by the absorption of carbon dioxide (CO2) into an aqueous solution of ammonia (NH3). NH4HCO3 was successfully used to achieve highly efficient photocatalytic conversion of CO2 to carbon monoxide (CO). NH3 and/or ammonium ions (NH4 ) derived from NH4HCO3 in aqueous solution were decomposed into nitrogen (N2) and hydrogen (H2). Stoichiometric amounts of the N2 oxidation product and the CO and H2 reduction products were generated when the photocatalytic reaction was carried out in aqueous NH4HCO3 solution. NH3 and/or NH4 + functioned as electron donors in the photocatalytic conversion of CO2 to CO. A CO formation rate of 0.5 mmol h 1 was obtained using 500 mg of catalyst (approximately 7500 ppm) in ambient conditions (303 K, 101.3 kPa). Our results demonstrated that NH4HCO3 is a novel inorganic sacrificial reagent, which can be used to increase the efficiency of photocatalytic CO production to achieve one step CO2 capture, storage and conversion.


The performance of the SME firm was viewed along the full proportions of financial, strategic and structural development. The socioeconomic function performed by SMEs is widely known in developing and emerging countries. But, in recent times, developing and developed nations have become more and more concerned about the level of financial literacy of the entrepreneur. This has emanated from peculiar to declining public and private to support systems and wide-ranging developments in the financial marketplace. Concern was also intensified by the challenging faced by the SME firm in financial context aided by the recognition that dearth of financial literacy has been one of the many elements responsible for lacks proper knowledge or information about financial decision making and that these decisions could, in turn, have tremendous unexpected consequences. Subsequently, financial literacy is now globally recognized as a major factor of economic and financial stability and development of SMEs for performance. A series of tangible trends underpin the growing worldwide interest in financial literacy as a major life skill, thus, this study set to review the influence of financial literacy on the performance of the SMEs from Nigeria's context. The study will serve as an information because that will promote and orient SMEs firm performance towards financial awareness, knowledge and perceive attitude. Also, the applied significant framework developed will assist SMEs firm owners and policy makers to identify the importance of financial literacy.


A scientific expert review process coordinated by the WHO European Office for Investment for Health and Development of the WHO Regional Office for Europe identified societal and institutional factors that singly and in combination offer new explanations on why progress on health equity has not been as fast as had been hoped when the association between individual determinants and inequities was first established. These four key drivers of health equity are: accountability, policy coherence, social participation and, underlying them, empowerment. Work on these drivers informs the Health Equity Status Report initiative (HESRi) and has resulted in three independent companion papers each elaborating further on one of the common goods for health equity – accountability, policy coherence and social participation – as well as this summary paper.


A proliferation of retail online training materials exists, but often the person in charge of choosing the most appropriate online training materials is not versed in best practices associated with online training. Additionally, the person must consider the context of the training situation when choosing a training solution. To assist this decision-making process an evaluation instrument was developed. The instrument was designed to help decision-makers 1) assess multiple online training programs against known best practices, and 2) consider context specific training needs via a weighting process. Instrument testing across multiple online training programs was performed, and weighted and unweighted results were examined to determine the impact of contextualized weighting. Additionally, evaluation data from the new instrument were compared to data from an existing online training evaluation instrument. Results indicated the new instrument allowed for consistent rankings by raters across multiple programs, and when the new weighting process was applied small differences were magnified making them more noticeable in overall rating scores. Thus the new weighted instrument was effective in 1) assessing multiple online training programs, and 2) providing reviewers clearer context-specific rating data on which they could make purchasing decisions. https://doi.org/10.34105/j.kmel.2013.05.018


Supported by ever-increasing amounts of data and maturing technologies, big data analytics offers viable, promising improvements for various fields and applications. Supply chain analytics (SCA), the application of big data analytics to supply chain management, can enhance and innovate supply chain processes and services in most companies. To reap such benefits, supply chain managers must overcome various obstacles, including the identification of appropriate methods, data, and application cases. The degree to which the potential value of SCA actually is being harnessed by practitioners remains uncertain. The study aims to synthesize scientific and practical perspectives regarding the SCA dimensions: goal and motivation, method, data, and application area. For this purpose the research applies a multi-vocal literature review (MLR) and a survey approach. The study reviews over 1481 publications and consults 278 respondents to reveal six different goals and seven motivations for SCA. Moreover, descriptive, predictive, and prescriptive analytics and many different data types enabling SCA within different application areas are examined. The cross-analysis between scientific and practical perspectives identifies several gaps, such as lack of specific data usage, low practical SCA maturity, or undersaturated research areas that show future paths of academic research.


In the past 18 months, Turkey has not appreciably reduced Kurdish militant groups' terrorist capabilities or addressed the root causes of their grievances. The country has grown less tolerant of Islamic State activity, and friction between Turkey and its NATO allies has impeded intelligence-sharing about terrorist threats. Accordingly, the level of terrorist violence in Turkey appears set to rise in the months ahead, potentially leading to sustained domestic instability and severe damage to the country's social fabric.


This paper provides an overview of sensor webs from the perspective of Earth observation. Definitions of in-situ, proximal, and remote sensing are presented. Sensor webs are also defined and the over-arching concept of integrated Earth sensing is outlined. The paper goes on to describe experiences in the development and deployment of sensor web prototypes in support of vegetation monitoring applications. Recommendations are provided with regard to where the emphasis should be placed for advancing in-situ sensor webs in the context of Earth observation in the future. Finally, the geostrategic importance of integrated Earth sensing, sensor webs and related technologies is discussed.


African American students face many challenges when they attend highly selective, predominantly White institutions. Lack of support for or belief in their academic success on the part of White faculty and peers may contribute to a climate in which it becomes increasingly difficult for African American students to be motivated and believe in their ability to excel academically. Studies suggest that an unsupportive racial climate on campus perpetuates "stereotype threat"---the conception that task performance can be affected by a fear of being evaluated on the basis of, or inadvertently perpetuating a stereotype about one's racial group, and a decade of research has concluded that stereotype threat impedes academic performance among African American college students. Yet, the exact nature of how stereotype threat affects academic performance is less understood. One purpose of this study is to investigate more deeply the motivational orientations of African American college students and to examine the impact of negative campus racial climate on the academic experiences of African American students. A further goal, however, is to explore the integration of motivation with the literature on stereotype threat and observe the complex interplay between campus climate, the application and impact of racial stigma, and academic performance among African American college students at a highly selective, predominantly White, small liberal arts institution. Conducted at a selective, predominantly White, liberal arts college in the northeastern U.S., this study uses both survey and interview data to assess campus racial climate as perceived by White students, and capture and discrepancies between reported beliefs and actions; and, ascertain the achievement goal orientation of African American students, as well as their individual perceptions of the existence or application of stereotypes and their sensitivity to personal rejection based on those stereotypes.


If your website content is out of date, off-brand, and out of control, you're missing a huge opportunity to engage, convert, and retain customers online. Redesigning your home page won't help. Investing in a new content management system won't fix it, either. So, where do you start? Without meaningful content, your website isn't worth much to your key audiences. But creating (and caring for) "meaningful" content is far more complicated than we're often willing to acknowledge. Content Strategy for the Web explains how to create and deliver useful, usable content for your online audiences, when and where they need it most. It also shares content best practices so you can get your next website redesign right, on time and on budget. For the first time, you'll:See content strategy (and its business value) explained in plain language Find out why so many web projects implode in the content development phase ... and how to avoid the associated, unnecessary costs and delays Learn how to audit and analyze your content Make smarter, achievable decisions about which content to create and howFind out how to maintain consistent, accurate, compelling content over timeGet solid, practical advice on staffing for content-related roles and responsibilities


This study evaluated the potential of vascularized small intestinal segments for pancreatic islet transplantation. Islets isolated from Lewis rats were transplanted into diabetic syngeneic recipients. Segments of small intestine were prepared by denudation of the mucosal layer prior to implantation of pancreatic islets into the segments. Animal groups were established to determine engraftment, survival and function of islets transplanted into either intestinal segments or portal vein over up to 60 days. We found transplantation of functionally intact pancreatic islets into small intestinal segments was well tolerated. Transplanted islets were rapidly engrafted in intestinal segments as demonstrated vascularization and expression of insulin and glucagon throughout the 60‐day duration of the studies. Transplantation of islets restored euglycemia in diabetic rats, which was similar to animals receiving islets intraportally. Moreover, animals treated with islet transplants showed normal responses to glucose challenges. Removal of graft‐bearing intestinal segments led to recurrence of hyperglycemia indicating that transplanted islets were responsible for improved outcomes. Therefore, we concluded that vascularized intestinal segments supported reorganization, survival and function of transplanted islets with therapeutic efficacy in streptozotocin‐treated diabetic rats. The approach described here will be appropriate for studying islet biogenesis, reorganization and function, including for cell therapy applications.


BACKGROUND
Adequate vitamin D and calcium nutrition play a critical role in the maintenance of musculoskeletal health and are considered the first step in osteoporosis treatment.

ROUNDTABLE DISCUSSION
In February 2008 Merck Sharp & Dohme sponsored a 2-day, evidence-based expert panel on the benefits of vitamin D for the patient with osteoporosis and the role of vitamin D in combination with antiresorptive therapy for the management of osteoporosis. One of the primary objectives of the meeting was to review new data on the optimal serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D [25(OH)D] levels. The symposium was attended by 29 researchers and clinicians from Europe and the Middle East. The discussion focused on optimizing vitamin D and calcium nutrition and reducing falls and fractures in osteoporotic patients.

CONCLUSIONS
Current evidence and expert opinion suggests that optimal serum 25(OH)D concentrations should be at least 50 nmol/L (20 ng/mL) in all individuals. This implies a population mean close to 75 nmol/L (30 ng/mL). In order to achieve this level, vitamin D intake of at least 20 microg daily is required. There is a wider therapeutic window for vitamin D than previously believed, and doses of 800 IU per day, regardless of sun exposure, season or additional multivitamin use, appear to present little risk of toxicity. Apart from fracture and fall prevention, optimization of vitamin D status may also have additional general health benefits. Based on newly emerging data regarding calcium supplementation, and recommendations for increased vitamin D intake, the current recommendations for calcium intake in postmenopausal women may be unnecessarily high. In addition to vitamin D and calcium, treatment of patients with osteoporosis at high risk of fractures should also include pharmacologic agents with proven vertebral and non-vertebral fracture efficacy.


This thesis concerns technical aspects related to the design and operation of the submillimetre common-user bolometer array 2 (SCUBA-2) instrument, a new wide-field camera for submillimetre astronomy currently undergoing commissioning on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope on Mauna Kea, Hawaii. Offering unprecedented sensitivity and mapping capabilities, SCUBA-2 is expected to make a major impact in surveys of the sky at submillimetre wavelengths, a largely unexplored part of the electromagnetic spectrum, and provide better understanding of the formation and evolution of galaxies, stars and planets by providing large, unbiased samples of such objects. SCUBA-2 uses large arrays of bolometers, with superconducting transition edge sensors (TESs) as the temperature-sensitive element. TES devices are a relatively new technology, utilising the sharp resistance change between the normal and superconducting states to make a sensitive thermistor. Kilopixel arrays of such devices are multiplexed using superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs). This thesis derives the key detector performance parameters, and presents analysis of engineering data to confirm the detector performance on array scales. A key issue for bolometric instruments for far infrared and submillimetre astronomy is the need to operate at extremely low temperatures in the sub-kelvin and millikelvin ranges to achieve the necessary detector sensitivity. This work describes the design, testing and performance of the liquid cryogen-free millikelvin cryostat, the first such instrument to be deployed for astronomy. Subsequent chapters detail the design and testing of a magnetic shielding scheme for the instrument, an important aspect of the operation of superconducting devices. Based on experience with the construction and testing of this instrument, a number of potential improvements for future instruments are presented and discussed.


Out-of-school environments offer a unique opportunity for experiental learning which transcends the role of educational resources and teachers. This article introduces the special topic of out-of-school learning in science and mathematics education. First, we present the theoretical underpinnings from the movement towards crossing the boundaries of school in educational practices and broadening educational spaces. We continue with the key facets of out-of-school learning through a constructivist approach, aided by the concept of mediation environments as the third educator from a socio-material perspective. Furthermore, we focus our discussion on a selection of articles from this special number as an international overview on out-of-school learning. In the conclusion section, we discuss the gaps that the following works fill, as well as new questions that arise in the area. The closing remarks highlight the promotion of active learning in students, considering the role of the environment as the third educator.


The present study was carried out to investigate the prevalence of post parturient haemoglobinuria in buffaloes, and to compare the therapeutic efficacy of toldimfos sodium, sodium acid phosphate, and tea leaves. The prevalence of disease in 1000 animals, grouped according to varying stages of lactation and pregnancy, was recorded. Screening of positive animals based on clinical signs of haemoglobinuria, anaemia, and moderate pyrexia was performed. Urine and blood samples were collected. Blood samples were processed for haematological parameters and biochemical profile. Blood films were made and stained. The animals that were positive for disease were treated with sodium acid phosphate, toldimfos sodium, and tea leaves. Blood samples were collected before treatment and on day 1, 2, and 3 post-treatment, and processed in the laboratory for haematological parameters and biochemical profile. The data were analyzed statistically. Highest prevalence of post-parturient haemoglobinuria was recorded in animals within 4 weeks postpartum (60%). The highest prevalence of disease was seen at lactation 5 (32%). Therapeutic trials showed the highest efficacy with toldimfos sodium (85%) followed by tea leaves (56%) while the lowest efficacy was observed with sodium acid phosphate (18%).


Although well researched in educational studies, inquiry-based learning, a student-centred way of teaching, is far away from being implemented in day-to-day science and mathematics teaching on a large scale. It is a challenge for teachers to adopt this new way of teaching in an often not supportive school context. Therefore it is important to provide high-quality professional development (PD) at a large scale. However, there is little empirical evidence about the effects of scaled-up professional development initiatives. Therefore, this paper presents an international research study for which long-term PD courses have been designed. These courses have been implemented across Europe in twelve different countries at scale by using the so-called "Cascade Model". Here, course leaders are educated, who in turn educate other teachers. The research study aimed at evaluating the overall impact the scaled-up PD had on teachers and at also identifying variables influencing this impact.


TheMeers fault (Oklahoma) is one of few seismogenic structureswith evidence for Holocene surface rupture in the stable continental region of North America. The 37-kilometer-long southeast section of the full 54-kilometer-long Meers fault is interpreted to be Holocene active. The 17-kilometer-long northwest section is considered Quaternary active, but not Holocene active. We reevaluate surface expression and earthquake timing of the northwest Meers fault to improve seismic source characterization. We use airborne light detection and ranging and historical stereopaired aerial photos to evaluate the fault scarp and local faultzone geomorphology. In the northwest, complex surface deformation includes fault splays, subtle monoclinal warping, and a minor change in fault strike. We interpret that the alongstrike transition from surface faulting on the southeast Meers fault to surface folding on the northwest Meers fault occurs at the lithologic contact between Permian Post Oak conglomerate and Hennessey shale. We excavated a paleoseismic trench to evaluate the timing of surface-deforming earthquakes on the northwest section of the fault. The excavation revealed weathered Permian Hennessey shale and an ∼1–2-meter-thick veneer of Holocene alluvial deposits that were progressively deformed during two surface-folding earthquakes likely related to blind fault rupture beneath the site. Repeated onlapping to overlapping stratigraphic sequences and associated unconformities are intimately related to folding events along the monocline. OxCal paleoearthquake age modeling indicates that earthquakes occurred 4704–3109 yr B.P. and 5955–4744 yr B.P., and that part of the northwest section of the Meers fault is Holocene active. We find the Holocene-active section of the Meers fault should be lengthened 6.1 km to the northwest, to a total Holocene-active fault length of 43 km. Empirical scaling relationships between surface rupture length and magnitude reveal that the fault could generate an Mw 7.0 earthquake.


In contrast with the French approach, the Egyptian Arbitration Law does not explicitly embrace the dichotomy between domestic and international public policy. Yet Egyptian courts have adopted the well-known distinction between domestic and international public policy with respect to conflict of laws, including, mutatis mutandis, recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments and foreign and international arbitral awards. The weak standard of review by Egyptian courts of whether an arbitration award complies with public policy norms is one of the reasons why Egypt has become an arbitration-friendly seat. A comprehensive review of Egyptian case law illustrates the rejection by the courts in Egypt of the public policy exception, save in very exceptional circumstances.


In his pioneering 1941 papers, Kolmogorov derived that the energy spectrum follows a universial form within a range of wavenumbers removed from both the forcing and dissipation and depending only on the wavenumber and the rate of dissipation. Analysis of the spectral kinetic energy budget can help explain the dynamics of the energy spectrum. Each term in this budget, representing nonlinear transfer, external forcing, and viscous dissipation, have been extensively studied in the idealised triply periodic case. In this thesis we apply these ideas to the study of convective boundary layer turbulence for both the dry and moist cases. To this end, the large-eddy simulation technique is employed to numerically integrate the anelastic Navier-Stokes equations. Each term in the spectral budget is computed and dependence on surface heating and water vapour flux, grid resolution, and domain size is investigated. It is found that the buoyancy term acts as a relatively large-scale forcing, i.e. horizontal scales of the boundary layer thickness. Energy at large-scales is then transfered to small scales by the nonlinear term where it is then removed through dissipation. This down-scale energy transfer is consistent with three-dimensional turbulence theory. It is also found however that the forcing term, while peaked at large-scales, actually extends all the way to the small scales. Also, despite increases in resolution, the transfer spectrum exhibited no range of constant spectral flux. Both of these results indicate that the convective boundary layer setup differs from the assumptions used in deriving the -5/3 inertial range scaling. Indeed, the kinetic energy spectrum itself did not exhibit an exact -5/3 scaling in the present study. Instead the spectrum was found to follow a shallower power law closer to -4/3, likely as a result of the broad spectrum of buoyancy flux.


The project the authors of this paper are involved in is titled "system for intelligent realtime timetable optimization and monitoring". The objective is to develop a system being able to use delay-predictions for real-time-delay-monitoring, and in the long term, for a timetable-optimization in the range of train networks. The presented paper deals with the part of the system responsible for processing existing delays in the network to generate delay-predictions for depending trains in the near future. Therefore a rule-based system was developed, processing a set of predefined rules with the input of a specific delay in a deterministic manner, delivering a resulting delay-scenario as output. This rule-based system was used as a comparison to the specially developed neural network in order to evaluate the accuracy and faculty of abstraction of such an artificially intelligent component. An excerpt of the real train network of the Deutsche Bahn was the basis for this research, for simulation purposes we used the SNNS (Stuttgart neural network simulator). At the end of this paper we can draw a conclusion in favour of the neural network, which is able to abstract from known delay constellations


Neurolymphomatosis, defined as invasion of cranial nerves and peripheral nerve roots, plexus or nerves by Non Hodgkin's Lymphoma is a very rare clinical entity. We describe a case of 69 years old gentleman, who presented to us with asymmetric, painful sensorimotor polyneuropathy. He was admitted with 2 months history of dry cough, constitutional symptoms, paraesthesias on right side of face along with painful asymmetrical quadriparesis. Nerve conduction studies were sugges- tive of asymmetrical sensorimotor axonal and demyelinating neuropathy. Cerebrospinal fluid ana- lysis revealed mild pleocytosis with raised protein. FDG-PET showed intense uptake in both adre- nals, abdominal lymph nodes, sacral nerve roots and brachial plexus. Fine needle aspiration cyto- logy of adrenal mass revealed evidence of diffuse large B cell Non Hodgkin's Lymphoma. As patient succumbed to illness, an autopsy was done, which revealed diffuse large B cell lymphoma involv- ing adrenals, brachial and lumbosacral plexuses. Our report provides important insights into a rare cause of painful demyelinating multiple mononeuropathy and emphasises on increasing role and diagnostic utility of PET imaging in evaluation of patients presenting with multiple mononeu- ropathy, especially with regards to paraneoplastic or neoplastic causes such as lymphoma. * Corresponding author.


Abstract. We extended the broad spectral method proposed by Zhang et al. (2013) for the extraction of medium- and high-frequency gravity waves (MHGWs). This method was applied to 11 years (1998–2008) of radiosonde data from 92 stations in the Northern Hemisphere to investigate latitudinal, continuous vertical and seasonal variability of MHGW parameters in the lower atmosphere (2–25 km). The latitudinal and vertical distributions of the wave energy density and horizontal momentum fluxes as well as their seasonal variations exhibit considerable consistency with those of inertial gravity waves. Despite the consistency, the MHGWs have much larger energy density, horizontal momentum fluxes and wave force, indicating the more important role of MHGWs in energy and momentum transportation and acceleration of the background. For the observed MHGWs, the vertical wavelengths are usually larger than 8 km; the horizontal wavelengths peak in the middle troposphere at middle–high latitudes. These characteristics are obviously different from inertial gravity waves. The energy density and horizontal momentum fluxes have similar latitude-dependent seasonality: both of them are dominated by a semiannual variation at low latitudes and an annual variation at middle latitudes; however at high latitudes, they often exhibit more than two peaks per year in the troposphere. Compared with the inertial GWs, the derived intrinsic frequencies are more sensitive to the spatiotemporal variation of the buoyancy frequency, and at all latitudinal regions they are higher in summer. The wavelengths have a weaker seasonal variation; an evident annual cycle can be observed only at middle latitudes.


Environmental Impact Reports/Statements (EIR/S) for four offshore oil and gas projects with onshore components in Santa Barbara county have identified potential impacts to coastal and marine resources. As a result, the County of Santa Barbara, through permit conditions on these projects, has developed and implemented three mitigation funds to assist in reducing the level of these impacts: the Coastal Resource Enhancement Fund, the Fisheries Enhancement Fund and the Local Fishermen's Contingency Fund. The purpose of these funds is to provide required mitigation for residual and/or cumulative adverse impacts that cannot be fully mitigated by other project-specific mitigation measures.


Background Worldwide, osteoarthritis (OA) is a major musculoskeletal disorder. Recent research suggests that OA is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD).1 The relationship is complicated because non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), a proven risk factor for CVD, are frequently used for the treatment of OA.2 Researchers have hypothesised that NSAID use in the causal pathway between OA and CVD is what may ultimately impact these patients to develop CVD, this pathway has yet to be studied.3,4 Objectives The objective of this study was to disentangle the role of NSAID in the increased risk of CVD among OA patients. Methods This longitudinal study was based on linked health administrative data from British Columbia, Canada. From a population-based cohort of 720,055 British Columbians, we matched on age and sex to assemble 7,743 OA patients and 23 229 non-OA controls (1:3 ratio). We used multivariable Cox proportional hazards models to estimate the risk of developing incident CVD (primary outcome) as well as ischaemic heart disease (IHD), congestive heart failure (CHF) and stroke (secondary outcomes). To estimate the mediating effect of NSAIDs, defined as current use of NSAID using linked prescription dispensing records, in the OA-CVD relationship, we implemented a marginal structural model. Results People with OA had 23% higher risk of developing CVD compared to people without OA after adjusting for SES, BMI, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, COPD, and Romano comorbidity score, adjusted HR (95% CI) was 1.23 (1.17, 1.29). Adjusted HR (95% CI) was 1.42 (1.33, 1.52), 1.17 (1.10, 1.27), 1.14 (1.08, 1.24) for CHF, IHD and stroke, respectively. Approximately 67.51% of the total effect of OA on the increased risk of CVD was mediated through current NSAID use. Among the secondary outcomes, approximately 44.77% of increased CHF risk was mediated through current NSAID use. More than 90% of the total effects on IHD and stroke was mediated through the current NSAID use. Conclusions Our study is the first to evaluate the mediating role of NSAID use in the OA-CVD relationship based on population-based health administrative data. The results of this study also indicate that OA is an independent risk factor for CVD. Our findings suggest that the mediating role of NSAID use substantially contributes to the OA-CVD association. References [1] Wang H, Bai J, He B, Hu X, Liu D. Osteoarthritis and the risk of cardiovascular disease: A meta-analysis of observational studies. Sci Rep [Internet]2016Dec [cited 2017 Sep 6];6(1). Available from http://www.nature.com/articles/srep39672 [2] Trelle S, Reichenbach S, Wandel S, Hildebrand P, Tschannen B, Villiger PM, et al. Cardiovascular safety of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: network meta-analysis. BMJ. 2011Jan 11;342:c7086. [3] Rahman MM, Kopec JA, Anis AH, Cibere J, Goldsmith CH. Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Patients With Osteoarthritis: A Prospective Longitudinal Study: Cardiovascular Disease in Osteoarthritis Patients. Arthritis Care Res. 2013Dec;65(12):1951–8. [4] Link Between OAand CVD Risk [Internet]. arthritis.org. [cited 2017 Oct 23]. Available from: http://www.arthritis.org/living-with-arthritis/comorbidities/heart-disease/osteoarthritis-ups-cvd-risk.php Disclosure of Interest None declared


ABSTRACT Rodent species are commonly used in traditional toxicology testing guidelines to predict human health toxicity outcomes. The use of a consistent species in test guidelines is important for maintaining consistency and comparability between tests and testing guidelines. This recommendation was operationalized for this study as the implicit assumption of uniform species and species-sex sensitivities. This investigation analyzed the uniformity assumption using data from National Toxicology Program Technical Reports (and where applicable Toxicity Reports), which provide data from both short-term and chronic rodent toxicity tests. These data were extracted and modeled using the Environmental Protection Agency's Benchmark Dose Software. Minimum best-fit benchmark doses (BMD) and benchmark dose lower limits (BMDL) were determined and a minimum best-fit BMD10 and BMDL10 estimated for every chemical and study duration. Endpoints of interest included non-neoplastic lesions, final mean body weights, and mean organ weights. The distribution of findings was then assessed to determine the most sensitive species and species-sex combinations associated with the minimum best-fit BMDL10. Data indicated that species and species-sex sensitivity for this group of chemicals is not uniform and that rats are significantly more sensitive than mice for non-cancerous outcomes observed, depending upon study duration. There are also indications that male rats may be more sensitive than other species-sex groups in certain situations.


A numerical analysis has been conducted to evaluate the stress deformational response of highly plastic soils in contact with cavitose Bedrock. The numerical idealization represents the karst terrain at a site under consideration for the development of an engineered, below grade, waste disposal facility. One of the major uncertainties in the selection of this site has been concern related to massive flow failure of the residual soil into bedrock cavities. An estimation of the limiting diameter of bedrock cavity to preclude plastic flow can be compared with intuitive size estimates, as well as the size of cavities observed elsewhere in the bedrock unit. For a given cavity diameter and thickness of overburden, an estimate of the allowable surface loading may be useful in terms of both facility siting and design. From a foundation design perspective, the prediction of differential settlement of the ground surface due to plastic flow into the cavity may be important.


Epidemiological components of coffee rust affected by foliar application of potassium silicate Leaf rust, caused by Hemileia vastatrix, is the most important coffee disease. Alternative methods of management of this disease that are less damaging to the environment than fungicide applications are urgently needed. This study aimed at evaluating the effect of foliar applications of potassium silicate (PS) solutions at concentrations of 0, 8, 20, 40, and 60 g/L, at pHs 5.5 and 10.5, on sporulation intensity of H. vastatrix (SI), total number of pustules (TNP) per leaf, and on coffee leaf rust severity. The effect of the applications of PS at the selected rates, of copper oxychloride (7.5 g/L), and of sterile distilled water at pH 5.5, 7.5, and 10.5 on the inhibition of H. vastatrix uredospores germination was also tested and the foliar concentration of silicon (Si) and potassium (K) was determined. A quadratic regression model best described the effect of PS applications, at pH 5.5 or 10.5, on SI, TNP, and severity. The relationship between SI, TNP, or severity and PS applications, at pH 5.5 or 10.5, was linear and negative. Si concentration in leaves increased as the concentration of PS solutions utilized (at pH 5.5) increased from 0 to 60 g/L. There was no effect of PS applications, at pH 10.5, on Si concentration in leaves. K concentration did not change as the PS rates increased from 0 to 60 g/L, both at pHs 5.5 and 10.5. A linear regression model adequately described the relationship of inhibition of uredospores germination versus PS concentrations at the three pHs values. Copper oxychloride significantly reduced uredospore germination as compared with the PS applications. The results from this study highlight the possibility of using PS spray, in a more alkaline pH, as a treatment for reducing coffee leaf rust intensity.


This research examined the ability of three-and-four-year-olds to use domains of knowledge to evaluate sources of knowledge. Participants were presented with a causal expert who fixed broken toys and a verbal expert who knew the names of tools. Participants were then asked if they should ask the causal expert or verbal expert for assistance with two questions each concerning causal, verbal, and functional knowledge. Four-year-olds, but not three-year-olds, selected to ask the causal expert for causal knowledge and the verbal expert for verbal knowledge. In terms of functional knowledge, as a group participants did not prefer one expert over another. However, four-year-olds selected the same expert for both functional questions at a significant level, suggesting they had a firm decision about which expert was best suited to answer the functional questions. These results suggest four-year-olds are able to use domains of knowledge to evaluate the epistemic states of other people and have theories about how verbal, functional, and causal knowledge relate to one another.


This Article critically examines perhaps the only uncontested fact in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict: generally speaking, the Left supports the Palestinians and the Right backs the Israelis. It argues that closer examination of the Israeli and Palestinian positions on key issues reveals that the positions should be substantially altered: the Left should identify more closely with the Jewish state, and the Right should see in the Palestinian position important aspects of its own ideology. Powerful arguments exist for a substantial complexification in current political alignments. The current, nearly-lockstep positions make little sense. The persistence of these anomalies derives, the Article contends, from the powerful influence of race on the debate. Racial politics has moved both Left and Right into taking positions that sit uneasily with their ideological commitments. This racial thinking, however, relies not on facts but rather on an elaborate social construct - a construct that, I argue, may stem from long-outdated Cold War and inter-Arab rivalries. Partisans of both sides may see themselves as engaged in a contemporary struggle, but just as much they are echoing the battles of the past. How did all of this happen? And why should lawyers care? The Article suggests that legal theory provides a particularly incisive prism through which to view the ideological conflict and its racially-inflected origins. It considers three prominent areas of legal theory and attempts to show how they reveal both the ideological contradictions of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and the roots of those contradictions. The affirmative action debate helps illuminate the controversy over Israel's Jewish character and the "Law of Return", which grants Israeli citizenship to Jews but not to other groups. The debate over the Takings Clause sheds light on the Palestinian claim of a "right of return". And the contributions of critical race theory, particularly its insight into how the very notion of race is socially constructed, helps us to understand more fully the political alignments (and misalignments) that comprise the Middle East debate. Legal theory, of course, cannot solve the conflict. It can, however, help us understand its roots in a more profound way.


We present Multi AXis-Differential Optical Ab- sorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) observations of tropo- spheric BrO carried out on board the German research vessel Polarstern during the Antarctic winter 2006. Polarstern en- tered the area of first year sea ice around Antarctica on 24 June 2006 and stayed within this area until 15 August 2006. For the period when the ship cruised inside the first year sea ice belt, enhanced BrO concentrations were almost continu- ously observed. Outside the first year sea ice belt, typically low BrO concentrations were found. Based on back trajec- tory calculations we find a positive correlation between the observed BrO differential slant column densities (1SCDs) and the duration for which the air masses had been in contact with the sea ice surface prior to the measurement. While we can not completely rule out that in several cases the highest BrO concentrations might be located close to the ground, our observations indicate that the maximum BrO concentrations might typically exist in a (possibly extended) layer around the upper edge of the boundary layer. Besides the effect of a decreasing pH of sea salt aerosol with altitude and therefore an increase of BrO with height, this finding might be also re- lated to vertical mixing of air from the free troposphere with the boundary layer, probably caused by convection over the warm ocean surface at polynyas and cracks in the ice. Strong vertical gradients of BrO and O3 could also explain why we found enhanced BrO levels almost continuously for the ob- servations within the sea ice. Based on our estimated BrO profiles we derive BrO mixing ratios of several ten ppt, which is slightly higher than many existing observations. Our ob- servations indicate that enhanced BrO concentrations around Antarctica exist about one month earlier than observed by satellite instruments. From detailed radiative transfer sim- ulations we find that MAX-DOAS observations are up to about one order of magnitude more sensitive to near-surface BrO than satellite observations. In contrast to satellite ob- servations the MAX-DOAS sensitivity hardly decreases for large solar zenith angles and is almost independent from the ground albedo. Thus this technique is very well suited for ob- servations in polar regions close to the solar terminator. For large periods of our measurements the solar elevation was very low or even below the horizon. For such conditions, most reactive Br-compounds might exist as Br2 molecules and ozone destruction and the removal of reactive bromine compounds might be substantially reduced.


Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of feed colour on the performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) larvae and fingerlings. In the first experiment, triplicate groups of newly hatched larvae (0.01 g fish−1) were stocked in 40 L glass aquaria at a density of 2 fish L−1. The fish were fed a test diet (400 g kg−1 crude protein) with six different colours (dark blue, dark green, red, dark brown, yellow and light brown) for 60 days. The best performance and survival were achieved in fish fed on dark-coloured diets, while light-coloured diets (yellow and light brown) resulted in inferior performance. Dark diets also produced higher body protein than light diets. Body water, lipids and ash showed irregular trends. In the second experiment, triplicate groups of Nile tilapia fingerlings (5.30 g fish−1) were stocked in 140-L aquaria, in a recirculating indoor system. The fish were fed a test diet (350 g kg−1 crude protein) with the same colours used in the larval trial, for 60 days. Growth rates, feed efficiency, survival and body composition were not significantly affected by feed colours. These results suggest that Nile tilapia larvae are visual feeders, and they prefer dark-coloured diets to light-coloured diets, while fingerling fish showed no preference to diet colours.