We are entering a period of turbulent, systemic change in the organization of the world economic and political order--a period comparable to the transition from the feudal to the modern era in the 16th and 17th centuries. As Hobsbawm observes, the late 20th century world economy appears temporally confused, involving a "curious combination of the technology of the late twentieth century, the free trade of the 19th and the rebirth of the sort of interstitial centres characteristic of world trade in the Middle Ages."(1) I have argued elsewhere that globalization represents a systemic transformation of the world economy that will result in new structures and new modes of functioning.(2) Globalization entails two interrelated, technologically driven phenomena. First, dramatic increases in the cost, risk and complexity of technology in many industries render even the largest national markets too small to serve as meaningful economic units. Second, and more important here, the emerging global world economy is electronic, integrated through information systems and technology rather than organizational hierarchies. We are in the midst of what Cerney and others have called the third industrial revolution, "characterized by the intensive application of information and communications technology, flexible production systems and organizational structures, market segmentation and globalization."(3) The digital revolution has "dematerialized" manufacturing and commerce; all firms, regardless of sector, have become information processors.(4) One result of the information revolution is the "deintegration" of the large, vertically integrated "Fordist" firms which organize a significant portion of international economic transactions within their administrative hierarchies.(5) In their place, a complex system of networks and alliances is emerging in which information technology facilitates the integration and coordination of geographically dispersed operations. An international system of production is being replaced by a complex web of interlaced global electronic networks.(6) The scale and complexity of technology and the emergence of electronically integrated global networks render geographic borders and, more fundamentally, the basic construct of territorial sovereignty problematic. A critical issue raised by globalization is the lack of meaning of geographically rooted jurisdiction when markets are constructed in electronic space. There is a basic disconnect between geographic space and cyberspace. THE NEOMEDIEVAL ANALOGY The Peace of Westphalia (1648) is taken conventionally as marking the end of medieval universalism and the origin of the modern state system. The medieval to modern transition entailed the territorialization of politics, the replacement of overlapping, vertical hierarchies by horizontal, geographically defined sovereign states.(7) The modern state system is organized in terms of territorial sovereignty: the division of the globe's surface into fixed, mutually exclusive, geographically defined jurisdictions enclosed by discrete and meaningful borders.(8) Nation states and national markets are defined spatially. Geographic jurisdiction implies that each state's laws, rules and regulations apply within its territory--within the space encompassed by its borders.(9) As Carr noted many years ago, it is difficult for contemporaries to even imagine a world in which political power is organized on a basis other than territory.(10) Geographically rooted, sovereign nation states and the international state system, however, are relatively recent creations which comprise but one of a number of historical modes of organizing political activity.(11) Furthermore, the current state system may well be unique, a product of a very specific historical context. Agnew reminds us that "the spatial scope of political organization has not been set for all time in a particular mode. …


News often seems to develop a life of its own, creating huge news waves on one specific story or topic. The term 'media-hype' is often used in popular debate about this kind of self-inflating media coverage, but the concept has never made it into the scientific discourse, mainly because of its implicit value judgements. However, by excluding criteria like 'exaggeration' and 'distortion' and by focusing on the process of amplification and magnification during these media-generated news waves, the concept can become a valuable tool for news research. A theoretical framework of media-hype is developed in this article, not only to analyse the specific dynamic of media-hype, but also to deal with the role it plays in the process of framing and social amplification. A content analysis of media coverage of 'senseless' street violence in the Netherlands is used to evaluate the consequences of media-hype for the role the media play in society.


Muscles are the enriched reservoir of proteins in the body. During any workout or exercise, the demand in the form of energy is essentially required by the muscle. Energy expenditure of skeletal muscle is more dependent on the type of demand. There is particular homeostasis within the body that avoid surplus energy expenditure and this prevents any muscle loss. Muscle atrophy is termed as the loss of skeletal muscle mass due to immobility, malnutrition, medications, aging, cancer cachexia, variety of injuries or diseases that impact the musculoskeletal or nervous system. Hence, atrophy within the skeletal muscle initiates further cause fatigue, pain, muscle weakness, and disability in human subjects. Therefore, starvation and reduced muscle mass further initiate numerous signaling pathways including inflammatory, antioxidant signaling, mitochondria bio-energetic failure, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), Sirtuin 1(SIRT1), BDNF/TrkB/PKC, Autophagy, ubiquitin-proteasome systems, etc. Here, in this chapter, we will mention molecular mechanisms involved in therapeutic targets and available Pharmacological Interventions with the latest updates.


To cast light on the effects of aging on the metabolic responses to physical trauma an Ottawa researcher has studied strength and blood glucose metabolism in elderly people. He finds that because older people have less lean body mass, particularly muscle mass, than younger people, they are less able to tolerate trauma. They weaken faster and to a greater extent than younger patients who have experienced similar trauma, and they recover more slowly. At the same time, elderly people are less able to tolerate glucose, which is often given as part of their nutritional support. These findings have implications for care: the elderly trauma patient will be weaker than a younger counterpart, and nutrition will need to be provided early, with the glucose intolerance of elderly people borne in mind.


Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus is a mosquito-borne pathogen that has caused encephalitis in equine species and humans during sporadic outbreaks in the western hemisphere. The last, and most widespread, VEE outbreak occurred in South America, Central America, Mexico and the U.S.A. (Texas) during 1969 to 1972. We have cloned and sequenced the genome of a virulent VEE subtype I-AB virus, strain 71-180, isolated in Texas in 1971. Thirty-four nucleotide differences were detected between the genome of 71-180 virus and that of the subtype I-AB Trinidad donkey (TRD) virus isolated during the 1943 VEE epizootic in Trinidad. Fifteen nucleotide changes occurred in the non-structural genes, 16 in the structural genes and three in the 3' non-coding region. Only six of the nucleotide differences resulted in amino acid substitutions: one change in each of non-structural proteins nsP1 and nsP3, two in the E2 envelope glycoprotein, one in the 6K polypeptide and one in the E1 envelope glycoprotein. The close genetic relationship between 71-180 virus and TRD virus, commonly used for production of formalin-inactivated VEE vaccines, suggests that incompletely inactivated virulent vaccine virus may have been the source of this and other VEE outbreaks. Use of formalized virulent virus was discontinued during the 1969 to 1972 panzootic. No VEE epizootics have been reported since the introduction of the live attenuated TC-83 vaccine virus.


We develop an online mechanism for the allocation of an expiring resource to a dynamic agent population. Each agent has a non-increasing marginal valuation function for the resource, and an upper limit on the number of units that can be allocated in any period. We propose two versions on a truthful allocation mechanism. Each modifies the decisions of a greedy online assignment algorithm by sometimes cancelling an allocation of resources. One version makes this modification immediately upon an allocation decision while a second waits until the point at which an agent departs the market. Adopting a prior-free framework, we show that the second approach has better worst-case allocative efficiency and is more scalable. On the other hand, the first approach (with immediate cancellation) may be easier in practice because it does not need to reclaim units previously allocated. We consider an application to recharging plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). Using data from a real-world trial of PHEVs in the UK, we demonstrate higher system performance than a fixed price system, performance comparable with a standard, but non-truthful scheduling heuristic, and the ability to support 50% more vehicles at the same fuel cost than a simple randomized policy.


ABSTRACT We investigated the relationship between self-regulation and two types of boredom proneness (perceived lack of internal stimulation, perceived lack of external stimulation) using a variety of measures of self-regulation. These included a general measure of self-control, measures of both regulatory focus (i.e., promotion or a sensitivity to gains/non-gains vs. prevention or a sensitivity to losses/non-losses) and regulatory mode (i.e., assessment or the tendency to compare means and goals vs. locomotion or the tendency to initiate and maintain commitment to action), and measures of cognitive flexibility (i.e., a perceived sense of control and the tendency to seek alternative solutions). Results identified a unique set of factors related to each boredom proneness component. Trait self-control and prevention focus were associated with lower boredom propensity due to a lack of external stimulation. Locomotion and the tendency to seek alternatives were associated with lower boredom propensity due to a lack of internal stimulation. These findings suggest that effective goal pursuit is associated with reduced likelihood of experiencing boredom.


This study examines the effects of the level of schooling on National
integration in English-speaking Cameroon. National integration is conceptualised
as the creation of an individual's sense of identification
and loyalty to the nation and his willingness to accept and integrate
voluntarily with one's fellow citizens irrespective of their cultural or
ethnic differences.
The main hypothesis adopted for the investigation (there will be a
significant increase in positive attitudes towards National integration
from primary to secondary and from secondary to post-secondary education)
was confirmed. However, a Step-wise Multiple Regression Analysis of all
the variables indicated that urbanization and not levels of educational
attainment is a better predictor of National integration as far as this
study is concerned.
Four scales, the Nationalism scale, the Friendship Choice scale, the
Language Choice scale and the Language Use scale. A questionnaire was
used to obtain data from 491 randomly selected subjects from primary,
secondary and post-secondary students and also from the adult population.
In addition to the demographic facts, the questionnaire used was composed
of four scales, three behavioural and an attitude scale of the Likert
type. These scales were modified in the field after the pilot study. The
data obtained from these instruments were analysed by Gutman scale
analysis, Pearson-product Moment Correlations, one way analysis of
variance, factor analysis, multivariate analysis of variance and a stepwise
multiple regression analysis. Comparisons were made between groups of students
categorised by various demographic and educational factors(e.g. age, levels of education, urbanization etc.) in order to demonstrate
the schools foster a positive attitude towards integration and to dis—
cover the most effective variable that influences national integration.


In this paper, the Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Canada (LSIC) is used to examine how immigrants in the 2000-2001 landing cohort subjectively assess their life in Canada. The paper provides a useful complement to other studies of immigrant outcomes that often focus on employment, income or health. Four years after landing, about three-quarters of LSIC respondents said they were satisfied or very satisfied with their life in Canada, and a comparable proportion said their expectations of life in Canada had been met or exceeded. Nearly 9 out of 10 said that, if given the chance, they would make the same decision again to come to Canada. A broad range of demographic, social and economic characteristics are associated with subjective assessments. Positive assessments of life in Canada are less prevalent among individuals in their thirties and forties, and university graduates and principal applicants in the skilled worker admission category, than they are among other groups. While assessments of life in Canada are correlated with economic factors such as personal income, they are also correlated with social factors such as relationships with neighbours and perceptions of discrimination.


We study compactifications on Riemann surfaces with punctures of N=(1,0) 6d SCFTs with a one dimensional tensor branch and no continuous global symmetries. The effective description of such models on the tensor branch is in terms of pure gauge theories with decoupled tensor. For generic Riemann surfaces, the resulting theories in four dimensions are expected to have N=1 supersymmetry. We compute the anomalies expected from the resulting 4d theories by integrating the anomaly polynomial of the 6d theory on the Riemann surface. For the cases with 6d gauge models with gauge groups SU(3) and SO(8) we further propose a field theory construction for the resulting 4d theories. For the 6d SU(3) theory, we argue that the theories in four dimensions are quivers with SU(3) gauge nodes and free chiral fields. The theories one obtains from the 6d SO(8) gauge theory are quivers with SU(4) gauge groups and chiral fields with R charge a half. In the last case the theories constructed for general Riemann surfaces involve gauging of symmetries appearing at strong coupling. The conformal manifolds of the models are constructed from gauge couplings and baryonic superpotentials. We support our conjectures by matching the dimensions of the conformal manifolds with complex structure moduli of the Riemann surfaces, matching anomalies between six and four dimensions, and checking the dualities related to different pair of pants decompositions of the surfaces. As a simple application of the results we conjecture that SU(3) gauge theory with nine flavors in four dimensions has a duality group acting on the seven dimensional conformal manifold which is the mapping class group of sphere with ten marked points.


Hans Kelsen and Max Weber are conventionally understood as the original proponents of two distinct and opposed processes of concept formation generating two separate and contrasting theoretical frameworks for the study of law. The Reconstruction of the Juridico-Political: Affinity and Divergence in Hans Kelsen and Max Webercontests the conventional understanding of the theoretical relationship between Kelsen's legal positivism and Weber's sociology of law. Utilising the conceptual frame of the juridico-political, the contributors to this interdisciplinary volume analyse central points of affinity and divergence in the work of these two influential figures. Thus, the chapters collected in The Reconstruction of the Juridico-Political offer a comprehensive reconsideration of these affinities and divergences, through a comparison of their respective reconstruction of the notions of democracy, the State, legal rights and the character of law. From this reconsideration a more complex understanding of their theoretical relationship emerges combined with a renewed emphasis upon the continued contemporary relevance of the work of Kelsen and Weber.


Joseph Dvorak has over 10 years experience in wearable technology and design. He led the Conformables project at Motorola which researched highly wearable and easy to use devices and applications. He was the Motorola Scientist in Residence at the MIT Media Lab from 2005 - 2007. He is an Adjunct Professor at Florida Atlantic University where he teaches courses in wearable technology and systems. He holds 14 patents in wearable technology. He is currently the Technology Futurist in the Motorola Corporate Technology Office. He has a PhD in Computer Science from the University of Illinois at Chicago.

The term "Wearable Technology" encompasses a wide spectrum of devices, services and systems for wireless communications and the web. Wearables are by their nature closely associated with the person, and their use generates many social and even legal issues that have little to do with specific technologies. This professional book discusses the characteristics and design elements required for wearable devices and systems to be widely adopted by the mainstream population for use in their everyday lives. It shows how wearables can help people with daily tasks without getting between the user and the task.

Moving Wearables into the Mainstream also introduces concepts such as Operational Inertia that form a mindset conducive to designing wearables suitable for broad adoption by consumers. This book provides insight into legal and cultural issues potentially unfamiliar to research engineers, as well as a broad discussion of technologies underlying wearable devices.

Moving Wearables into the Mainstream is designed for a professional audience of practitioners and researchers in industry. This volume is also suitable as a secondary advanced-level text or reference book for students in computer science and electrical engineering.


Power consumption is an important issue for cluster supercomputers as it directly affects running cost and cooling requirements. This paper investigates the memory energy efficiency of high-end data servers used for supercomputers. Emerging memory technologies allow memory devices to dynamically adjust their power states and enable free rides by overlapping multiple DMA transfers from different I/O buses to the same memory device. To achieve maximum energy saving, the memory management on data servers needs to judiciously utilize these energy-aware devices. As we explore different management schemes under five real-world parallel I/O workloads, we find that the memory energy behavior is determined by a complex interaction among four important factors: (1) cache hit rates that may directly translate performance gain into energy saving, (2) cache populating schemes that perform buffer allocation and affect access locality at the chip level, (3) request clustering that aims to temporally align memory transfers from different buses into the same memory chips, and (4) access patterns in workloads that affect the first three factors.


Video generation models often operate under the assumption of fixed frame rates, which leads to suboptimal performance when it comes to handling flexible frame rates (e.g., increasing the frame rate of the more dynamic portion of the video as well as handling missing video frames). To resolve the restricted nature of existing video generation models' ability to handle arbitrary timesteps, we propose continuous-time video generation by combining neural ODE (Vid-ODE) with pixel-level video processing techniques. Using ODE-ConvGRU as an encoder, a convolutional version of the recently proposed neural ODE, which enables us to learn continuous-time dynamics, Vid-ODE can learn the spatio-temporal dynamics of input videos of flexible frame rates. The decoder integrates the learned dynamics function to synthesize video frames at any given timesteps, where the pixel-level composition technique is used to maintain the sharpness of individual frames. With extensive experiments on four real-world video datasets, we verify that the proposed Vid-ODE outperforms state-of-the-art approaches under various video generation settings, both within the trained time range (interpolation) and beyond the range (extrapolation). To the best of our knowledge, Vid-ODE is the first work successfully performing continuous-time video generation using real-world videos.


OBJECTIVE: To assess evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the safety of isotonic versus hypotonic intravenous (IV) maintenance fluids in hospitalized children. METHODS: We searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and clinicaltrials.gov (up to April 11, 2013) for RCTs that compared isotonic to hypotonic maintenance IV fluid therapy in hospitalized children. Relative risk (RR), weighted mean differences, and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated based on the effects on plasma sodium (pNa). The risk of developing hyponatremia (pNa <136 mmol/L), severe hyponatremia (pNa <130 mmol/L), and hypernatremia (pNa >145 mmol/L) was evaluated. We adopted a random-effects model in all meta-analyses. Sensitivity analyses by missing data were also performed. RESULTS: Ten RCTs were included in this review. The meta-analysis showed significantly higher risk of hypotonic IV fluids for developing hyponatremia (RR 2.24, 95% CI 1.52 to 3.31) and severe hyponatremia (RR 5.29, 95% CI 1.74 to 16.06). There was a significantly greater fall in pNa in children who received hypotonic IV fluids (–3.49 mmol/L versus isotonic IV fluids, 95% CI –5.63 to –1.35). No significant difference was found between the 2 interventions in the risk of hypernatremia (RR 0.73, 95% CI 0.22 to 2.48). None of the findings was sensitive to imputation of missing data. CONCLUSIONS: Isotonic fluids are safer than hypotonic fluids in hospitalized children requiring maintenance IV fluid therapy in terms of pNa.


The Maximum Parsimony (MP) problem aims at reconstructing a phylogenetic tree from DNA sequences while minimizing the total number of genetic transformations. In this paper two different metaheuristic algorithm for finding near-optimal solutions for the MP problem are proposed: iterated local search (ILS) and simulated annealing (SA). Different possibilities for the key components of these algorithms were carefully analyzed in order to find the combination of them offering the best quality solutions to the problem at a reasonable computational effort. The performance of both metaheuristics is investigated through extensive experimentation over well known benchmark instances showing that our SA algorithm is able to improve some previous best-known solutions.


Sir Karl Popper (1902-1994), though not trained as a physicist and embarrassed early in his career by a physics error pointed out by Einstein and Bohr, ultimately made substantial contributions to the interpretation of quantum mechanics. As was often the case, Popper initially formulated his position by criticizing the views of others - in this case Niels Bohr and Werner Heisenberg. Underlying Popper's criticism was his belief that, first, the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics abandoned scientific realism and second, the assertion that quantum theory was complete (an assertion rejected by Einstein among others) amounted to an unfalsifiable claim. Popper insisted that the most basic predictions of quantum mechanics should continue to be tested, with an eye towards falsification rather than mere adding of decimal places to confirmatory experiments. His persistent attacks on the Copenhagen interpretation were aimed not at the uncertainty principle itself and the formalism from which it was derived, but at the acceptance by physicists of an unclear epistemology and ontology that left critical questions unanswered. Quanta 2012; 1: 1–12.


The extent of forage purchasing behavior in milk production and its impact on profitability are analyzed using data from the 2000 and 2005 dairy versions of the Agricultural Resource Management Survey. Forage outsourcing is more common with hay than with silage and haylage, and is more prevalent in the western United States. Though silage and haylage outsourcing is found to impact profitability, the major profitability drivers appear to be farm size and efficiency. Evidence of significant forage contracting is found in the western United States.


Exploring the long-standing question of the origins of syphilis, this book proposes a new understanding of the dynamic interactions of disease and culture in the New World. It brings together a complete picture of the diverse pathological evidence of a bacterial disease - treponematosis - manifest in the North American archaeological record at the time of Christopher Columbus's first journey, and it presents a strong argument against the earlier identification of modern venereal syphilis with indigenous North American treponemal disease. For almost 500 years, native North Americans have been blamed for "giving the world syphilis" and by implication accused of sexual immorality. Contributors to this volume identify and investigate the origins and various manifestations of all ranges of treponemal diseases across the continent and show that the true picture of disease evolution is both different and far more interesting than past scholarship suggests. They summarize current archaeological and historical information from a variety of regions and times, both before and after 1492, and consider closely the specific question of whether evidence exists for the presence of the venereal form of treponemal disease that would be equivalent to the venereal syphilis that ravaged 16th-century Europe. Their investigation challenges the unequivocal identification of all pre-Columbian treponemal disease as venereal syphilis.


Credit unions are non-profit financial organisations that provide financial services to their members. They are located in 97 countries across the world. All credit unions are governed by a volunteer board and many are reliant on volunteers for all their labour requirements. However, recruiting volunteers is a problem. The literature on recruitment issues in volunteering in general, suggests that the not-for-profit sector looks to the private sector for guidance on recruitment policies and approaches. One such approach which is considered in this paper is 'market segmentation' wherein the potential volunteer body is profiled to determine if an individual is likely to volunteer and if they are, to identify the type of role they are most likely to be attracted to. Prior literature on volunteering in non-profit organisations suggests that certain types of individual (dominant individuals) are more likely to volunteer. This paper investigates whether this dominant status profile is evident amongst volunteers in credit unions in Northern Ireland (NI). The study finds that people with dominant characteristics are more likely to be attracted to volunteering to the board of directors and individuals who have less dominant traits overall should be offered more social/participative type roles. This information can be used by credit union governing boards for volunteer recruitment, retention and management purposes.


In a cross-sectional study, glomerular basement membrane (GBM) width, the volume fractions of the mesangium (VvMes), its cell (VvCell) and matrix (VvMatx) components, and surface density of the peripheral capillary surface (SvPGBM) were measured in renal biopsies from 187 nondiabetic living related and cadaveric donors of kidneys for transplantation and from 150 patients with insulin-dependent (type I) diabetes mellitus of 1–41 yr duration. In the diabetic patients, the matrix was the major factor in the expansion of the mesangium. However, both VvCell (0.11 ± 0.04) and VvMatx (0.20 ± 10) in diabetic patients exceeded the same measurements in nondiabetic subjects (0.07 ± 0.02 for each component) (P < 0.001 in each case). Linear regression analysis demonstrated significant correlations (P < 0.001 for all) between GBM width, VvMes, VvCell, VvMatx, or SvPGBM and either urinary albumin excretion and creatinine clearance, with the higher correlation coefficients in all cases with albuminuria. Of the structural parameters, VvMatx correlated best with either functional measure by stepwise regression, with GBM as an added factor only with albuminuria. Therefore, although models of diabetic glomerulopathy must consider enlargement of both mesangial cells and matrix, the predominant factor in the progression of structural and functional renal disease is mesangial matrix expansion.


Coastal zones are facing climate-driven change coupled with escalating eutrophica- tion. With increasing shifts in hydrographic conditions during the past few decades, a focal task is to understand how environmental drivers affect zoobenthic communities, which play a crucial role in ecosystem functioning. By using long-term data, spanning 40 yr (1973 to 2013) in the northern Baltic Sea, we showed a disparity in zoobenthic responses with pronounced changes in commu- nity composition and a trend towards decreased biomass in sheltered areas, while biomasses increased in exposed areas of the coastal zone. We used generalized additive modeling to show that bottom oxygen saturation, sea surface temperature and organic load of the sediments were the main environmental drivers behind contrasting patterns in biomass progression. Oxygen sat- uration alone explained over one third of the deviation in the biomass developments in sheltered areas, while exposed areas were mainly limited by organic content of the sediments. We analyzed high-resolution climate-scenario simulations, following the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change scenarios for the Baltic Sea region in combination with different nutrient load scenarios, for the end of the 21st century. The scenario outcomes showed negative trends in bottom oxygen concentrations throughout the coastal and archipelago zone along with overall increasing temper- atures and primary production, and decreasing salinity. Our results suggest that these projected future conditions will strengthen the observed pattern in decreasing zoobenthic production in the immediate coastal zones. Moreover, the potential intensification of unfavorable conditions ex - panding seaward may lead to an expansion of biomass loss to more exposed sites.


Patients with polysubstance dependence and co-occurring psychiatric and substance use disorders represent a growing population. This study investigates the safety and effectiveness of a single-scale, symptom-triggered protocol for patients undergoing inpatient detoxification from alcohol, opioids, sedatives, or polysubstance dependence. Medical records staff generated a list of all charts containing a principal discharge diagnosis of alcohol, sedative, opioid, or polysubstance dependence between 2002 and 2004, when the Butler Instrument for Withdrawal Assessment protocol was administered. This list was arranged by terminal digits of the medical record numbers to randomize the selection, and staff pulled the first 100 charts for review. De-identified medical data were recorded from the charts to obtain information about medications, length of stay, and adverse events during hospitalization. The main outcome measures were adverse events and length of stay. The average length of stay was 4.2 days (SD = 2.3), rate of discharge against medical advice was 4% (exactly 4 patients out of 100), and no seizures or delirium tremens were reported. The results of this study suggest that a single-scale, symptom-triggered detoxification protocol can facilitate safe and rapid detoxification and stabilization, even for patients with polysubstance dependence and co-occurring psychiatric and substance use disorders.


Patient management in heart transplant is quite complex and includes multiple steps from preoperative recipient evaluation to postoperative ICU treatment. Monitoring, anesthesia induction, and cardiopulmonary bypass weaning strategies are discussed. The success of the operation also depends on right heart support especially in case of pulmonary hypertension. Many details like fluid management, well-timed respiratory weaning, and primary graft dysfunction management can make the difference in terms of outcome. Pediatric heart transplants represent a small group of total cardiac transplant, but the differences in anatomy and physiology make the surgical and anesthesiological management more complex in unique scenario that requires a specific knowledge at dif- ferent stages of growth, from newborn through childhood up to adulthood.


Agri-food supply chains extend beyond national boundaries, partially facilitated by a policy environment that encourages more liberal international trade. Rising concentration within the downstream sector has driven a shift towards "buyer-driven" global value chains (GVCs) extending internationally with global sourcing and the emergence of multinational key economic players that compete with increase emphasis on product quality attributes.
Agri-food systems are thus increasingly governed by a range of inter-related public and private standards, both of which are becoming a priori mandatory, especially in supply chains for high-value and quality-differentiated agri-food products and tend to strongly affect upstream agricultural practices, firms' internal organization and strategic behaviour and to shape the food chain organization.
Notably, increasing attention has been given to the impact of SPS measures on agri-food trade and notably on developing countries' export performance. Food and agricultural trade is the vital link in the mutual dependency of the global trade system and developing countries. Hence, developing countries derive a substantial portion of their income from food and agricultural trade. In Morocco, fruit and vegetable (especially fresh) are the primary agricultural export. Because of the labor intensity, this sector (especially citrus and tomato) is particularly important in terms of income and employment generation, especially for the female laborers hired in the farms and packing houses. Hence, the emergence of agricultural and agrifood product safety issues and the subsequent tightening of market requirements have challenged mutual gains due to the lack of technical and financial capacities of most developing countries.


This report on the future of work in the automotive sector focuses on the major changes facing the sector. These include: the rise of emerging economies, new mobilities, the "greening" of the product, and the digitalization of production. This is in order to identify the main challenges for employment and industrial relations and to assess the institutional and organizational solutions adopted by the various stakeholders to confront these developments. The aim is twofold – i) to develop robust scenarios on the basis of current trends; ii) to identify levers of action for embarking upon alternative paths – whenever desirable and feasible – to help create jobs, improve their quality and foster social dialogue.


Burning coal tips and the debris slides induced by this combustion are a potential danger for local residents and visitors, and a method is required to identify areas of susceptibility. The relatively easy circulation of air, enhanced by the poor compaction of the spoil heaps, and the exothermic reaction of pyrite with oxygen may ignite coal tips. Rainwater infiltration and subsequent evaporation inside burning coal tips may create steam pressure, which, combined with humidity and slope steepness can then trigger landsliding. Based on mapping of debris slides and susceptibility factors such as burning (represented by positive surface temperature anomalies on thermographic imagery) and slope gradient, this study aims to define thresholds for debris slide susceptibility on coal tips and to map potential debris slide source areas on spoil heaps. The Belgian coal tips were used as study area. A DTM as well as ASTER Kinetic Surface Temperature products were used to measure slope gradients and temperature anomaly. Locations with typical characteristics of combustion (heat, red soil colour, steam and gasses), and debris slides were recorded in the field, and were used to identify thresholds beyond which debris sliding is generally observed: a temperature anomaly of > 0.5 K, when comparing the debris slide areas to the average temperature of the coal tip, and a slope gradient a >= 28 degrees. The susceptibility zones for debris slide detachment were mapped by considering the imagery pixels that exceeded the thresholds for temperature and slope gradient; the results fitted well when compared with the observed debris slides. The method can be improved by using more coal tips for calibration, and by taking into account rain depth and slope aspect.


The certainty that deep down we are all schlemiels is perhaps what makes America love an inept ball team or a Woody Allen who unburdens his neurotic heart in public. In this unique, revised history of the schlemiel, Sanford Pinsker uses psychological, linguistic, and anecdotal approaches, as well as his considerable skills as a spritely storyteller, to trace the schlemiel from his beginnings in the Old Testament through his appearance in the nineteenth-century literature of Mendele Mocher Seforim and Sholom Aleichem to his final development as the beautiful loser in the works of Isaac Bashevis Singer, Bernard Malamud, Saul Bellow, Philip Roth, and Woody Allen. Horatio Alger might have once been a good emblem of the American sensibility, but today Woody Allen's anxious, bespectacled punin (face) seems closer, and truer, to our national experience. His urban, end-of-the-century anxieties mirror--albeit in exaggeration--our own. This expanded study of the schlemiel is especially relevant now, when scholarship of Yiddish and American Jewish literature is on the increase. By sketching the family tree of that durable anti-hero the schlemiel, Pinsker proves that Jewish humor is built upon the very foundations of the Jewish experience. Pinsker shows the evolution of the schlemiel from the comic butt of Yiddish jokes to a literary figure that speaks to the heart of our modern problems, and he demonstrates the way that Yiddish humor provides a sorely needed correction, a way of pulling down the vanities we all live by.


The physicochemical characterization of seven marine sediment samples was investigated and collected from different zones along with Thondi coastal sediments along the southeast coast of India. The study found that variation in physical parameters and mud contents were due to differences in sediment source. Results of Station 3 revealed the calculated average values as follows: Bulk density (BD) (1.3 g/cm3), particle size distribution of - sand (50.5%), silt (31.5%), and clay (18%). Further, the water holding capacity (WHC) was observed to be 65.3%. These studies moderately describe the WHC of space or pores of the soil particles. The fine, well sored sediments contain BD, particle size distribution, and water holdinsg capacity. According to the chemical characterization, sediments were categorized into organic carbon (OC) (1.2%) and organic matter (OM) (2.0%) the area for land derived materials from surrounding rocks. Moderate significant linear correlations were observed between OC and TN, indicating the occurrence of these components in a common phase organic matter. Even though, in the correlation of the total phosphate in organic matter, these two elements was negatively correlated, indicating anthropogenic regions of phosphate exportation. The study found three well structured sediments of the bacterial community association and primary productivity.

 Key words: Marine sediments, carbonate, anthropogenic, phosphate, primary productive.


Studies show sexuality dialogue between parents or caregivers with their adolescent children can be a protective factor for engaging in risky sexual behaviours. This study aimed to understand the nature of parent and caregiver sexuality talks with non-orphans and orphans under their care in order to contribute to the knowledge base to inform adolescent and orphan sexual and reproductive health and HIV prevention policies and interventions. We used a cross-sectional qualitative study design with maximum variation sampling to purposively select study participants in three counties of the former Nyanza region in western Kenya. We held 14 focus group discussions with 78 adolescents aged 14-17 and 68 parents and caregivers of children aged 10-17. Thirteen key informant interviews were also held with individuals knowledgeable of issues affecting adolescents and orphans. We used deductive analysis to develop the question domains and coded the data based on our research questions and thereafter followed an inductive approach to review the data and identify emerging themes and patterns, from which we interpreted the findings and drew conclusions. Parents/caregivers-adolescents sexuality talk sometimes occurred but was perceived to be less likely with orphans than non-orphans. Mothers mainly initiated such talks through warnings and lectures about engaging in risky sexual behaviour, with adolescents usually being passive recipients of the messages. Hindering factor included generation gap, failure of some caregivers to bond with orphans under their care, religious/cultural norms, lack of sexuality information and communication skills, and spousal assumptions that the mother is responsible for parent-child communication on sexuality issues. We conclude that adolescent orphans and non-orphans lack an important source of information to help them make informed decisions on their sexuality. Policies and interventions targeting orphans and adolescents should equip parents/caregivers with sexuality knowledge and communication skills to enable them to dialogue on sexuality with adolescents.


In the Early Modern period, there was a systematic flow of precious metals from the American colonies to Spain and Portugal and, from there, throughout the world. In this paper, I use newly discovered data on the black market for silver in Cadiz to reconstruct a picture of Castilian smuggling and international silver flows in the Age of Bullionism (1729-1741). The arbitrage equation shows persistent violations of the silver-point that made arbitrage systematically profitable until devaluation pegged the exchange rate to the arbitrated parity. Market structure explains the persistent violations. The Cadiz shadow price was lower than the international market price because bullionist regulations configured an oligopsonistic structure. The price gap was the reason for the Castilian silver outflows to Europe


Embodied Conversational Agents (ECAs) are computergenerated characters whose purpose is to exhibit the same properties as humans in face-to-face conversation. The general goal of researchers in the field of ECAs is to create agents that can be more natural, believable and easy to use. In this paper, we are interested in increasing believability of ECAs. Specifically, we are interested in making the intentionality of the agent believable regarding actions and reactions that create the impression of an independent entity with goals and, specially, feelings.


We develop a hierarchical description of traffic flow control by means of driver-assist vehicles aimed at the mitigation of speed-dependent road risk factors. Microscopic feedback control strategies are designed at the level of vehicle-to-vehicle interactions and then upscaled to the global flow via a kinetic approach based on a Boltzmann-type equation. Then first and second order hydrodynamic traffic models, which naturally embed the microscopic control strategies, are consistently derived from the kinetic-controlled framework via suitable closure methods. Several numerical examples illustrate the effectiveness of such a hierarchical approach at the various scales.


Two nuclear genes, Fr and Fr2, have been identified that restore pollen fertility to cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) common bean (Phmeolus vulgaris L.) by apparently distinct mechanisms. Whereas Fr2 appears to suppress the expression of a male sterility associated mitochondrial sequence (designated pus) , Fr restores pollen fertility by causing the elimination of this unusual mitochondrial DNA segment. To further investigate the mechanism of Fr action, Fr and Fr2 were cointroduced into the nucleus of a bean line containing the sterility inducing cytoplasm. When the effect of pus was suppressed by Fr2, the presence of Fr no longer directed the elimination of the mitochondrial pus sequence. This result suggests that the Fr function is dependent on proper expression of the pus sequence. To evaluate the temporal and spatial patterns of Fr action, we undertook a polymerase chain reaction-based approach to trace the fate of the pus sequence in different tissues of F2 and F3 fertile-restored plants derived from a genetic cross between a cytoplasmic male sterile line of common bean, CMSSprite (frfr) , and fertility restorer line R351 (FrFr). We demonstrate that the Frdirected disappearance of pus sequence occurs during flower development. Elimination of the pus sequence from developing megaspores results in permanent fertility restoration in the following generations. Genetic analysis demonstrated that permanent fertility restoration, that is, the complete elimination of pus from reproductive tissues requires two doses of the Fr allele or the absence of f r in F2 individuals. The effect of Fr was reversible until full fertility was achieved. On the basis of these results, we propose a model for the mechanism of pus elimination by the Fr gene and discuss the dynamics of puscontaining mitochondrial transmission in the presence of the Fr gene. N UCLEAR genes play essential roles in mitochon-drial biogenesis and function (TZAGALOFF and MYERS 1986; A~TARDI and SCHATZ 1988). Although much progress has been made in understanding how nuclear and mitochondrial genes interact in yeast and mammals (CHOMYN and ATTARDI 1992), little is known about the mechanism by which the nuclear genome regulates mitochondrial gene expression in higher plants. Because mitochondrial genes encode proteins that are required for essential cellular functions in every phase of plant growth and development, mutations in either the nuclear or mitochondrial genome that lead to mitochondrial dysfunction will likely be lethal. As a result, genetic approaches to investigating this complex intracellular communication are hindered due to the …


Scholars in the field of education have unanimously subscribed to the pivotal role of critical thinking in individuals' life in general and their academic life in particular (Bloom, 1956; Ennis, 2003; Dewey, 1933). The thrust of the current study was to investigate the extent to which the books employed for Teaching English as Foreign Language include critical thinking skills. To attain this goal, 3 series of English books, namely, Top notch, Interchange, and English files series utilized by language institutes in Iran were targeted. Next, a seventy two-item critical thinking checklist based on Likert-scale and consisting of twelve skills; namely, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, evaluation, deduction, induction, balanced-thinking, multiple perspective-taking, creative thinking, building community of thinkers, and knowledge was developed. The target skills on the checklist were mainly based on Bloom's taxonomy and the related literature on critical thinking. The checklist was validated by the researchers themselves and some experts in the field and the reliability coefficient was also estimated at 0.86. Then, two raters conducted a content analysis on the books and determined the magnitude of each skill. The data were analyzed through descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (Chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis Non-parametric tests). Findings of the study revealed that the books mainly tapped knowledge, comprehension, application and building community of thinkers skills and failed to acceptably include other skills reported to be of utmost importance for students' academic success. The comparison of the mean rank of the skills in the three books also disclosed that as for lower order thinking skills there wasn't a significant difference among the books; however, as for other skills Top notch was marginally higher. The paper also discusses the lack of critical thinking in the classroom and materials and proposes some ways to include more critical thinking skills in the materials. The results of the study have significant implications for material developers, educational policy makers and teachers.


Discrete-hole film cooling is used extensively in turbine components. In past decades, many research works concerning this technique have been published. Recently, efforts have been directed at seeking technologies that would increase film cooling effectiveness. Particularly, surface reshaping through protective coatings, such as a thermal barrier coating (TBC), is very attractive to turbine designers because extra machining work is not needed for its application. In the present work, film cooling enhancement with surface restructure is experimentally studied using an infrared (IR) imaging technique. The first surface structure studied is the surface with flow-aligned blockers. The studied configurations include single-hole and three-hole-row structures. The single-hole case is used for studying the effects of blocker design parameters, which include blocker height (0.2D, 0.4D, and 0.6D), distance between two neighboring blockers (0.8D, D, and 1.2D), blocker length (2", 4", and 6"), and blowing ratio M (0.43 and 0.93). The design with the best performance is chosen for the three-hole-row cases. The second surface shape studied, is the so-called upstream ramp, which is placed in front of a row of film cooling holes. Investigated geometrical parameters include upstream ramp angles (8.5o, 15o, and 24o) and blowing ratio M (0.29, 0.43, 0.57, 0.93, and 1.36). Detailed local film cooling effectiveness and heat transfer coefficient are measured using an IR imaging technique. The third film cooling concept is the so-called trenched film cooling holes, i.e., film cooling holes sitting in a transverse groove. The film cooling structure for this experimental test consists of a three-hole row embedded in a trench 0.5D in depth and 2D in width, where D is the diameter of the holes. Five blowing ratios (0.29, 0.43, 0.57, 0.93, and 1.36) are tested. Based on the tested results, the three film cooling schemes are also compared. To implement the experimental work, a test system, which employs a FLIR infrared system to obtain local heat transfer characteristics of both two- and three-temperature problems, is developed. Detailed theoretical issues of data reduction and experimental procedures are presented.


Synthetic social contact networks play a central role in the study of epidemics and methods to control them. In this paper we propose a new methodology that combines subjective surveys and data obtained using digital devices to synthesize detailed social networks for high schools in the United States. The two data sources are diverse and have their relative merits. The proposed methodology yields high quality dynamic social proximity networks. We evaluate our methodology by carrying out a detailed structural analysis of the resulting networks. Epidemic simulations and intervention analysis using these networks provide further insights into the role of network structure on epidemics. Our results indicate that the in-class networks have a highly clustered structure with contact duration following a heavy tail distribution. SEIR-based epidemic simulations demonstrate that we may use existing theoretic graph models to fit digital trace in-class networks, but only after critical structure metrics including degree and edge weight are tuned to the real data. For practical use, the detailed model for in-class contacts using digital trace data therefore seems to add important and valuable structure needed when developing public health policies. Our methodology is quite general and can be combined with subjective assessments such as surveys and other available information. The technique is also applicable to other micro-networks such as conferences with multiple sessions, and office campuses. It is efficient and applicable in settings where data is hard or relatively expensive to obtain.


Paper Augmented Digital Documents (PADDs) are digital documents that can be manipulated either on a computer screen or on paper. PADDs, and the infrastructure supporting them, can be seen as a bridge between the digital and the paper worlds. As digital documents, PADDs are easy to edit, distribute and archive; as paper documents, PADDs are easy to navigate, annotate and well accepted in social settings. The chimeric nature of PADDs make them well suited for many tasks such as proofreading, editing, and annotation of large format document like blueprints.We are presenting an architecture which supports the seamless manipulation of PADDs using today's technologies and reports on the lessons we learned while implementing the first PADD system.


An ear for language of the highest order, profound compassion for characters, an eye for the smallest shifts in the cultural landscape, and a preternatural understanding of motivation and behavior -- Ann Beattie's renowned storytelling abilities, for which she won the 2000 PEN/Bernard Malamud Prize, are on dazzling display in "The Doctor's House." We open this novel to a woman's account of her brother's sexual appetites and his betrayals of his lovers, which he has a need to confess to his sister. Nina, a reclusive copy editor, should have better things to do than to track Andrew's escapades. Since her husband's tragic death, she has become solitary and defensive -- and as compulsive about her brother as he is about sex. When the first movement ends, the melody is taken up by their mother. New shadows and new light fall on Nina's account as painful secrets of life in the house of their father, the doctor's house, emerge. In the dramatic third movement, the brother gives us his perspective, and as Beattie takes us into Andrew's mind, there is the suggestion that Nina is less innocent and less detached than she maintains. Through subtle shifts, "The Doctor's House" chronicles the fictions three people fabricate in order to interpret, to justify, or simply to survive their lives. "Few novelists," said "The Washington Post," "are more adept at creating fictional atmospheres that eerily simulate the texture of everyday life."


A new hierarchy of "exact" unification types is introduced, motivated by the study of admissibility for equational classes and non-classical logics. In this setting, unifiers of identities in an equational class are preordered, not by instantiation, but rather by inclusion over the corresponding sets of unified identities. Minimal complete sets of unifiers under this new preordering always have a smaller or equal cardinality than those provided by the standard instantiation preordering, and in significant cases a dramatic reduction may be observed. In particular, the classes of distributive lattices, idempotent semigroups, and MV-algebras, which all have nullary unification type, have unitary or finitary exact type. These results are obtained via an algebraic interpretation of exact unification, inspired by Ghilardi's algebraic approach to equational unification.


In this study, lactate dehydrogenase gene from Plasmodium vivax has been tried to subclone into an expression vector. Some of the Plasmodium falciparum lactate dehydrogenase mutant genes have also been tried to clone and subclone into a vector, but we failed to clone or subclone either of the genes. DNA visualisation in electrophoretic gels typically requires UV radiation and the fluorecent dye ethidium bromide. A crystal violet-stained gel was run instead of an ethidium bromide gel and so avoided the use of UV radiation. This enabled us to clone or subclone both Plasmodium vivax lactate dehydrogenase gene and Plasmodium falciparum lactate dehydrogenase mutant genes into any desired vector.


We adopt a multi-sectoral approach and consider the full range of climate projections. Biophysical damages are translated into economic costs using a dynamic economy-wide model. Our results indicate that the negative impacts on agriculture and roads are modest to 2050. Larger costs are caused by rising sea levels and cyclone strikes. Overall, climate change is likely to reduce national income by between one and two percent by 2050 (relative to a historical baseline). Damages double under more extreme projections. Our findings suggest that there are net benefits from selected pre-emptive actions though careful consideration of opportunity costs is required.


BACKGROUND
The Ryan White HIV/AIDS Program (RWHAP) provides persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) with services not covered by other healthcare payer types. Limited data exist to inform policy decisions about the most appropriate role for RWHAP under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA).

METHODS
We assessed associations between RWHAP assistance and antiretroviral therapy (ART) prescription and viral suppression. We used data from the Medical Monitoring Project, a surveillance system assessing characteristics of HIV-infected adults receiving medical care in the United States. Interview and medical record data were collected in 2009-2013 from 18 095 patients.

RESULTS
Nearly 41% of patients had RWHAP assistance; 15% relied solely on RWHAP assistance for HIV care. Overall, 91% were prescribed ART, and 75% were virally suppressed. Uninsured patients receiving RWHAP assistance were significantly more likely to be prescribed ART (52% vs 94%; P < .01) and virally suppressed (39% vs 77%; P < .01) than uninsured patients without RWHAP assistance. Patients with private insurance and Medicaid were 6% and 7% less likely, respectively, to be prescribed ART than those with RWHAP only (P < .01). Those with private insurance and Medicaid were 5% and 12% less likely, respectively, to be virally suppressed (P ≤ .02) than those with RWHAP only. Patients whose private or Medicaid coverage was supplemented by RWHAP were more likely to be prescribed ART and virally suppressed than those without RWHAP supplementation (P ≤ .01).

CONCLUSIONS
Uninsured and underinsured HIV-infected persons receiving RWHAP assistance were more likely to be prescribed ART and virally suppressed than those with other types of healthcare coverage.


Abstract. We are presenting a concept and first results of a Terrestrial Laser Scanner simulator - a tool, which could be a valuable educational tool for geomatics and engineering students. The main goal of the VirScan3D project is to cover engineering digitisation by two major project parts: 1) Development of a virtual environment for creation and processing of digital 3D scan data; 2) Digital teaching and e-learning material with interactive tools and practical experiences. Part 1 will be solved through the development of a virtual system that allows users to create realistic data in the absence of a real measuring device. At the time of writing (April 2020) all higher education teaching and learning worldwide has been changed to online delivery due to the Covid pandemic. However, this has affected the courses that involve working with equipment and – consequently – require the presence of students and devices. In this project, the development of such equipment simulator proposes a real and feasible solution, which allows undisturbed continuing the teaching.The virtual scanner will be based on existing software packages. It will be part of a general e-learning concept that will be implemented in partner universities. Part 2 is addressed through an integrated teaching concept that includes interactive learning tools (for both teachers and students) and practical exercises (for example project weeks, summer schools) where the theoretical and virtual education is connected to practical experience with real instrumentation and data. One outcome of the experimental work is additional e-learning material based on the experiences and results of the project work.The prototype implementation of the virtual laser scanner is realized within a game engine, which allows for fast and easy 3D visualisation and navigation. Within this environment, the user can freely navigate and define suitable scanning positions/stations. At each scanning station a simulated scan is performed, which is based on the technical specifications of a real scanner. The mathematical solution is based on 3D line intersection with the virtual 3D surface including noise and colour as well as an intensity simulation. As a result, 3D point clouds for each station are generated, which will be further processed for registration and modelling using standard software packages.


The present study is part of the research project on "Social and Political Fractures after Wars: Youth Violence in Cambodia and Guatemala". The project is financed by the German Foundation for Peace Research and is located at the Institute for Development and Peace at the University of Duisburg-Essen. The project aims at explaining different levels of youth violence in two post-war societies whose processes of war termination are regarded as successful. However, both societies face serious problems of post-war development that are closely related to the experiences of war and war termination. While Cambodia's democratisation process is considered more or less as a failure, Guatemala suffers from levels of violence higher than during most of the war. The differences between both countries in levels of violence and mechanisms of violence control are also visible in the incidence of youth violence. The project aims to explain these differences through the contextualisation of youth violence. Thus the main focus is directed at the societal and political fractures war and war termination cause for youth and their life-worlds. The working hypotheses were related to differences according to a) the levels of social differentiation; b) the relationship between political and economic power; c) normative frameworks; and d) the sequencing of post-war developments (namely between liberalisation and stabilisation). This approach has methodological consequences insofar as different levels of youth violence are what we seek to explain. The perspective of the actors themselves is beyond our approach. After having identified the relevant fractures this would be the task of further research. The present study elaborates the historical frame for the analysis of post-war youth violence by looking at longitudinal developments as well as fractures caused by war, violence, and the intersections of domestic and external developments in the triple transformation processes under the liberal peace paradigm that was transplanted to Cambodia during the UN peacekeeping mission. Starting with Cambodia at the time of independence from France in 1953/54, the study analyses Cambodia's social, economic, and political development, its fractures and long-term processes during the successive stages of the war and post-war periods. The study looks at patterns in Cambodia's development and aims to explain Cambodia's difficult post-war situation not merely as a backslide into war, but rather as a development that partly continues, partly fractures traditional facets of Cambodia's social and political development.


Objective With the myriad of cases presented to clinicians every day at our integrated academic health system, clinical questions are bound to arise. Clinicians need to recognize these knowledge gaps and act on them. However, for many reasons, clinicians might not seek answers to these questions. Our goal was to investigate the rationale and process behind these unanswered clinical questions. Subsequently, we explored the use of biomedical information resources among specialists and primary care providers and identified ways to promote more informed clinical decision making. Methods We conducted a survey to assess how practitioners identify and respond to information gaps, their background knowledge of search tools and strategies, and their usage of and comfort level with technology. Results Most of the 292 respondents encountered clinical questions at least a few times per week. While the vast majority often or always pursued answers, time was the biggest barrier for not following through on questions. Most respondents did not have any formal training in searching databases, were unaware of many digital resources, and indicated a need for resources and services that could be provided at the point of care. Conclusions While the reasons for unanswered clinical questions varied, thoughtful review of the responses suggested that a combination of educational strategies, embedded librarian services, and technology applications could help providers pursue answers to their clinical questions, enhance patient safety, and contribute to patient-based, self-directed learning.


There can be no question that the existence of regional human rights courts and commissions has been an essential element in the enforcement of international human rights in those regions of the world where such tribunals exist. In the specific area of mental disability law, there is now a remarkably robust body of case law from the European Court on Human Rights, some significant and transformative decisions from the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, and at least one major case from the African Commission on Human Rights. In Asia and the Pacific region, however, there is no such body. Although the ASEAN charter refers to human rights, that body cannot be seen as a significant enforcement tool in this area of law and policy. Many reasons have been offered for the absence of a regional human rights tribunal in Asia; the most serious of these is the perceived conflict between what are often denominated as "Asian values" and universal human rights. What is clear is that the lack of such a court or commission has been a major impediment in the movement to enforce disability rights in Asia. The absence of such a body has become even more problematical in the year since the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) has been ratified. Finally, there is now "hard law" clearly establishing the international human rights of persons with disabilities, but, without a regional enforcement body, we cannot be overly optimistic about the "real life" impact of this Convention on the rights of Asian and Pacific region persons with disabilities. The creation of a DRTAP would be a bold, innovative, progressive and important step on the path towards realization of those rights. It would also, not unimportantly, be - ultimately - a likely inspiration for a full regional human rights tribunal in this area of the world. In this paper, I first briefly discuss some of the important disability rights cases litigated in other parts of the world so as to demonstrate how regional tribunals can have a significant impact on the lives of persons with disabilities. Then, I briefly consider the "Asian values" dispute, and conclude that that leads to a false consciousness (since it presumes a unified and homogenous multi-regional attitude towards a bundle of social, cultural and political issues), and that the universality of human rights must be seen to predominate here. After that, I explain why the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities is a paradigm-shattering Convention that, truly, is the "first day of the rest of our lives" for anyone who does work in this area, and conclude by arguing why the creation of the DRTAP is timely, inevitable and essential, if the Convention is to be given true life.


Can you scare people out of smoking? Since Janis and Feshbach's influential research on the use of fear in dental hygiene education in the early 1950s,1 several generations of health educators have often uncritically accepted as near holy writ that you should not try to scare people into healthy practices, including smoking prevention and cessation.2 3 Given that survey evidence from ex-smokers has repeatedly affirmed that personalised concern about "scary" health consequences is the primary motivation ascribed to smoking cessation4-6 and is associated with predictors of cessation,7 interesting questions arise about whether this dogma is empirically grounded or whether it rather reflects a profession-wide neurosis intent on avoiding opprobrium from those who believe it is somehow not "nice" to deal in gory imagery in the name of persuasion.8

A mass media-led campaign launched in Australia in June 1997 has been seen by many as "the mother of all scare campaigns" (see the illustrations on the cover of this issue of Tobacco Control , the figure in this essay, the campaign-related material on the world wide web at , and the description of that web site on page 89). The television advertising campaign has been described repeatedly as "hard-hitting", "gory", and something smokers will "see once and never forget". It has since been used by the state of Massachusetts tobacco control programme9 with dozens of other international enquiries also having been received.

To some, the campaign might be seen as something of a health promotion profanity in the wake of recent so-called "positive" practice—for example, campaigns using every manner of non-smoking role model; general proselytising about "healthy lifestyles", freshness, and so on). However, to others it represents the culmination of a painstaking formative research process undertaken in the context of a stalled decline …


There are two well-worn arguments against a severe punishment like long-term incarceration: it is disproportionate to the offender's wrongdoing and an inefficient use of state resources. This Article considers a third response, one which penal reformers and theorists have radically neglected, even though it is recognized in the law: the punishment is degrading. In considering penal degradation, this Article examines what judges and scholars have deemed the exemplar of degrading treatment—torture. What is torture, and why is it wrong to torture people? If we can answer this question, this Article maintains, then we can understand when and why certain punishments—like perhaps long-term incarceration—are impermissibly degrading, regardless of their proportionality or social utility otherwise. This Article develops an original theory of torture. It argues that torture is the intentional infliction of a suffusive panic and that its central wrongness is the extreme disrespect it demonstrates toward a victim's capacity to realize value. Humans realize value diachronically, stitching moments together through time to construct a good life as a whole. Torture takes such a being, one with a past and a future, and via the infliction of a make it stop right now panic, converts her into a "shrilly squealing piglet at slaughter," in Jean Amery's words, restricting her awareness to a maximally terrible present. The Article then considers what this theory of torture means for our understanding of degradation more generally. It argues that punishment is impermissibly degrading, regardless of our other penal considerations, when it rejects an offender's status as a human. Punishment reaches this threshold by demonstrating that the offender's life-building capacity—the very basis of his humanity—is completely absent or fundamentally worthless. To so thoroughly deny someone's value, even someone who has committed a heinous crime, violates the liberal commitment to human inviolability. The Article closes by suggesting that long-term incarceration rejects an offender's status as a human, and is therefore on a par with penal torture, given that removing someone from free society for decades makes it exceedingly difficult for him to construct a good life as a whole.


• Doctors continue to work in public hospitals, despite finding it financially unrewarding and professionally frustrating. Indeed, our Federal Minister for Health and Ageing recently questioned why doctors didn't opt to work exclusively in the private sector, asking "Why bulk-bill even pensioners and large families when it's possible to command a higher professional fee? Why endure the capricious management and cost-cutting of the public hospital system, when it's possible to work exclusively in better run private hospitals and charge what the market will bear?" And the reason? According to the Minister, practising medicine is more than just a job, it is a vocation, and public hospital work is part of the calling of medicine — "making a difference rather than making a fortune". However, the goodwill in this calling is finite, and it will dissipate if the systemic strife in our public hospitals continues unabated.


Distance Metric Learning (Dml) aims to find a distance metric, revealing feature relationship and satisfying restrictions between instances, for distance based classifiers, e.g., kNN. MostDmlmethods take all features into consideration while leaving the feature importance identification untouched. Feature selection methods, on the other hand, only focus on feature weights and are seldom directly designed for distance based classifiers. In this paper, we propose a Feature AwaRe Metric learning (Farm) method which not only learns the appropriate metric for distance constraints but also discovers significant features and their relationships. In Farm approach, we treat a distance metric as a combination of feature weighting and feature relationship discovering factors. Therefore, by decoupling the metric into two parts, it facilitates flexible regularizations for feature importance selection as well as feature relationship constructing. Simulations on artificial datasets clearly reveal the comprehensiveness of feature weighting for Farm. Experiments on real datasets validate the improvement of classification performance and the efficiency of our Farm approach.


Introduction: Malignant melanoma, the most aggressive of all skin cancers, is on the increase throughout the world. Melanoma is a malignant tumor of melanocytes predominately of skin, but also found in the digestive tract and eye. Its occurrence is statistically less than other forms of skin cancer, but corresponds to the highest mortality. Surgical resection, in its early stages, is the only proven curative treatment. Metastatic disease is incurable in most patients due to its refractibility to systemic cancer treatment. There are currently a large number of treatment regimens in clinical use, and also ongoing clinical trials. The problem with currently available regimens relates to the high cost and relative toxicities. However, in the last decade, trials utilizing adoptive transfer of lymphocytes after host lymphodepletion via chemotherapy, have demonstrated objective cancer regression in human patients with metastatic melanoma. Methods: The focus of this study was to review the current literature for the last 10 years on all studies pertaining to Adoptive Cell Transfer in treating metastatic melanoma. Electronic databases (Ovid – Medline, Pub-Med, MD Consult, NIH) were utilized. There were no gender or age restrictions. Only studies published in English were reviewed. Results: Four clinical studies were chosen for this review in which patients with refractory metastatic malignant melanoma were treated with varying doses of lymphdepleting chemotherapy and ACT. Variables within each study were manipulated as to ascertain response changes, but the primary treatment remained the same. Favorable clinical response was observed in a minority of patients in each study, but because of the experimental nature of this method of treatment, overall outcomes continue to fluctuate. Conclusion: This new form of epithelial cancer treatment is just in its infancy. With each consecutive research trial, advances continue to be made. Melanoma is the deadliest of all skin cancers. With advances being made daily in cellular engineering, it is only a matter of time before we have an effective form of ACT treatment for malignant melanoma. Degree Type Capstone Project Degree Name Master of Science in Physician Assistant Studies First Advisor Judy Ortiz MHS, MS, PA-C Second Advisor Rob Rosenow PharmD, OD Third Advisor Annjanette Sommers MS, PA-C This capstone project is available at CommonKnowledge: http://commons.pacificu.edu/pa/140


This thesis began with a program, the belly dance studio; the dance inspired the architecture through the translation of Arabic music into physical measurement as well as less tangible attributes that shaped the fi nal design. There was an attempt to fi nd a link between dance and architecture. Both dance and architecture can be physical representations of something less tangible. In the raqs sharqi, the Egyptian solo dance, the drummer creates a rhythm, normally improvised at the performance, and the dancer then follows the drummer in improvising her dance to the rhythm. Thus, this thesis proposes that a drum rhythm could possibly be translated into physical measurements that could then order physical objects. By performing the same function as dance, architecture can embody the dance. Rhythmic Layering: The Baladi Project


In recent years, the demand for the use of embedded multiprocessor systems in everyday products and in critical systems has grown exponentially, forcing the real-time community to follow this trend. For this, the development and adaptation of RTOS (Real-Time Operating System) to multiprocessor platforms became critical. Meanwhile, a new case of multiprocessor platforms appeared, SMP (Symmetric Multiprocessor), a case that affected the community and make most of the RTOS to be adapted to this new kind of platform.RTEMS (Real-Time Executive for Multiprocessor Systems), a free open source real-time operating system designed to support embedded applications with the most stringent real-time requirements while being compatible with open standards such as POSIX, was one of those RTOS who was recently adapted to SMP platforms by the community.Unfortunately, this adaptation is still not perfect, and for the work already done, a lot of testing must be performed, to verify the correct implementation and behaviour of the protocols and mechanisms that had been adapted to Symmetric Multiprocessing.So, the aim is therefore to do investigation on RTEMS, making use of QEMU to emulate a SMP platform. On an earlier phase, this work contemplates studying and understanding the innerworkings of RTEMS, followed with the creation of a new feature to help on the understanding of the operating system, the development of samples tests (RTEMS applications) to test the directives implemented for SMP environments, and finally the implementation of a famous case study. Experimental analysis of RTEMS in multi-core platforms 2017/2018 1150785 – Ruben Filipe Gonçalves 1150963 – Joel Oliveira Pinto Experimental analysis of RTEMS in multi-core platforms


The rapidly evolving field of immunoengineering will bring new design strategies to clinical immunology. As the science of immunology grows increasingly mechanistic, motivation for developing quantitative, design-based engineering approaches has also evolved, both for therapeutic interventions and for elucidating immunological pathways in human disease. This has seeded the nascent field of "immunoengineering," which seeks to apply engineering analyses and design approaches to problems in translational immunology. For example, cell engineers are creating ways to tailor and use immune cells as living therapeutics; protein engineers are devising new methods of rapid antibody discovery; biomaterials scientists are guiding vaccine delivery and immune-cell activation with novel constructs; and systems immunologists are deciphering the evolution and maintenance of T and B cell receptor repertoires, which could help guide vaccine design. The field is multidisciplinary and collaborative, with engineers and immunologists working together to better understand and treat disease. We discuss the scientific progress in this young, yet rapidly evolving research area, which has yielded numerous start-up companies that are betting on impact in clinical and commercial translation in the near future.


Abstract
This thesis is a historical study of peptic ulcer disease from the sixth decade of the eighteenth century until the end of the twentieth. Symptoms of dyspepsia or indigestion have affected more than twenty percent of the British population for most of that period and attracted the involvement of many medical practitioners and others with the provision of health care. Within this group of symptomatic dyspeptic patients were to be found gastric and duodenal ulcers which were capable of causing serious health problems. However the prevalence of stomach and duodenal peptic ulcers has declined markedly during the time course of this thesis and now they are relatively uncommon. Although peptic ulcers may still have a fatal outcome, they now are considered to be curable conditions for the majority of patients who suffer from them in the developed world.
This thematic history of gastric and duodenal ulcer examines how medical practitioners worked in a changing climate of novel ideas about disease, often aided or driven by technological developments, from the nineteenth century onwards. It begins with a humoural approach to the understanding of disease, which concentrated upon a patient's personality, lifestyle choices and circumstances but this was gradually displaced from the end of the eighteenth century by the clinico-anatomical approach, which sought to identify a specific lesion as the 'seat' of the disease. In the nineteenth century, the discoveries of pathology, physiology, chemistry and bacteriology became incorporated in clinical medical practice, involving the laboratory in the investigation and treatment of many diseases. In the twentieth century, medical research became rooted in experimentation using scientific technology and engineering to equip investigators with new methods which changed the ways in which diseases were understood and treated. Although there were many innovations in theoretical concepts of disease aetiology and empirical treatments, many were subsequently rejected for reasons of ineffectiveness or possible harm to the patient, sometimes after long periods of use.
In its first part, the thesis draws upon publications from 1769 until 1950, mostly in the form of scientific articles and books. In the second part, the oral testimonies of health care professionals involved with the management and treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers are added. The recorded testimonies of 28 witnesses have been preserved in written form as a supplement to this dissertation.
Peptic ulcer disease was initially perceived as a whole-body ailment which was centred on the stomach as its symptomatic location and its treatment was intended to alter humoural imbalance or relieve symptoms. However after post-mortem examinations were increasingly performed from the seventeen-nineties, medical practitioners could see its complications in death and combine their findings with the clinical presentations of what was becoming recognised as a relatively common disorder. In the nineteenth century, physiologists investigated the workings of the stomach using vivisection and chemistry to analyse the stomach contents. The acid produced by the stomach was seen to play a part in ulcer genesis but there was no agreement as to what its precise contribution was for many years thereafter. Bacteriologists who found micro-organisms in the stomach assumed that they were pathogenically involved and subsequent experiments confirmed this.
As a result of effective anaesthesia and antisepsis in the last decades of the nineteenth century, surgeons intervened increasingly in life-threatening complications of gastric and duodenal ulcers and their observations changed their perceptions of the diseases. In the twentieth century, opaque meal X-ray techniques began to allow doctors to see lesions inside the living stomach, as did improved endoscopes. In 1952, research suggested that stomach bacteria played no part in causing ulcers and further bacteriological research in the stomach was abandoned. By this time, surgeons had designed operations to reduce stomach acid production which healed most gastric and duodenal ulcers. Good therapeutic results were also achieved using medication and dietetic regimens, but it was recognised that only the surgeon could help patients who had failed to respond to medical treatments. In 1962 it was noted that deaths rates for gastric and duodenal ulcer were falling and fewer people were suffering from them, but they remained a serious cause of morbidity and mortality. A new acid-reducing operation was devised in 1969 that offered the hope that surgery could adequately treat ulcers without causing iatrogenic damage, and in 1976, a new drug was marketed which healed them if continuously taken. Then in 1983 it was asserted that peptic ulcers were caused by a bacterium which was later called Helicobacter pylori. In time and in the face of much opposition, it was shown that if this organism was eradicated in the stomach by medication then gastric ulcers and duodenal ulcers could be cured for the first time.
This account of the history of peptic ulcer disease shows how medical practitioners adapted the theoretical basis of their medical practice as its evolved under the influence of scientific or societal changes and later abandoned concepts and therapeutic regimens which no longer were in accord with current thinking. Important issues which have arisen out of the testimonies include: medical involvement with the pharmaceutical industry, how doctors co-operate in the care of patients and how they respond to new theories and equipment and techniques as they became available. The history of peptic ulcer disease over the past two hundred years as described in this thesis follows a broadly similar course to that of other diseases such as tuberculosis, syphilis and chronic renal disease which once dominated the lives of those who suffered from them and have largely become curable in recent years. This thesis is offered as an account of an equally fascinating and complex disease.


Infection with High Risk (HR) Human Papillomaviruses (HPVs) is the main aetiological agent of Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma (CSCC) and also associated in a subgroup of other neoplasms, including Oropharyngeal Squamous cell Carcinoma (OPSCC). HPV infection, in genital as in oral mucosa, can also be subclinical or associated with benign proliferative lesions (common warts, condylomas, papillomas) caused mostly by infection with Low Risk (LR)-HPVs. In the last decades, extensive research has resulted in growing knowledge on HPV biology and specifically viral life cycle, biochemical properties of viral proteins and their interaction with the host proteins leading to potential new targets of prophylactic or therapeutic vaccines and therapies for HPV infection. In addition, notable progresses have been made in the field of diagnostics to detect HPV DNA or RNA. The recent epidemiological data suggest the significant changes in HPV endemic, due to the changes in sexual habits especially among young generations (i.e. early sexual debuts, multiple sexual partners, oral and anal sex); this scenario has urged on the need of adequate campaigns of primary (sexual education, vaccination programs) and secondary prevention (diagnostics of HPV-related diseases). Due to the growing interest on HPV infection and HPV related cancers, the authors made a narrative review of the literature on oral HPV infection and oral-genital transmission. After this, in view of the controversies about the strategies of therapy and prevention of HPV infection, the present review focuses on the current state of art about the available tools for the therapeutic and, if any, preventive management of oral HPV infection.


Predicting the number of clock cycles a processor takes to execute a block of assembly instructions in steady state (the throughput) is important for both compiler designers and performance engineers. Building an analytical model to do so is especially complicated in modern x86-64 Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) machines with sophisticated processor microarchitectures in that it is tedious, error prone, and must be performed from scratch for each processor generation. In this paper we present Ithemal, the first tool which learns to predict the throughput of a set of instructions. Ithemal uses a hierarchical LSTM--based approach to predict throughput based on the opcodes and operands of instructions in a basic block. We show that Ithemal is more accurate than state-of-the-art hand-written tools currently used in compiler backends and static machine code analyzers. In particular, our model has less than half the error of state-of-the-art analytical models (LLVM's llvm-mca and Intel's IACA). Ithemal is also able to predict these throughput values just as fast as the aforementioned tools, and is easily ported across a variety of processor microarchitectures with minimal developer effort.


In this revealing history of Allende's Chile, Jonathan Haslam uncovers the actual involvement of Cuba, the Soviet Union, and the CIA in that country's struggle for political and economic stability. The story begins by tracing the trajectory of the communist and socialist parties from the pre-war period through to the dramatic election of Salvador Allende as president of Chile in 1970, in a country long accustomed to political democracy but divided by great inequality of income. It weaves in an account of a new force linked to Castro's Cuba, and elucidates the longstanding politicization of the Chilean armed forces through mere talk of action in the early 1960s to the attempted coup d'etat of 1969 and the coup of 1973. It highlights the personal profile of Allende and his close ties to Cuba, and shows Soviet indifference to the fate of the regime during a period of emerging detente with the United States, which meant enduring isolation for this precarious socialist experiment. In this tragic tale of assisted suicide, The Nixon Administration and the Death of Allende's Chile underlines the chronic mismanagement of the economy in the drive to socialism on the back of a minority franchise. It deepens our understanding of close US involvement in attempts to block the formation of the Unidad Popular government, and how it then attempted to bring down the regime by massive subsidies to nationwide strikes, engineering a coup led by the navy behind the back even of CIA stations in Santiago. "Our hand doesn't show on this one..." - Nixon to Kissinger, 11.50am, 16 September 1973, following the death of Salvador Allende


Higher education institutions are faced with an increasing number of complex challenges including implementing and maintaining a quality management system. In addition, the transformation of higher education brought about further regulations, especially to private higher and further education institutions. Managing the change in private higher and further education became complex as institutions were required to meet the Department of Education's registration requirements and the HEQC and Umalusi Council's quality audit criteria requirements. Hence, this study reviewed related literature which represented sources of information, to determine the nature of PHE and FET institutions. The literature further scanned business quality tools and the SAEM and their applicability to private higher and further education. It was established that the TQM philosophy and the ISO 9001: 2000 quality standard, applied in an integrated system, was suitable for higher education. The review identified the SAEM as a suitable model to use as a basis for an integrated quality management system. From the literature review, the nature of PHE and FET institutions and the requirements of the HEQC and Umalusi Council were established. A significant finding was that PHE and FET institutions did not have an internal quality management system in place. This revelation led to the research investigation on finding the needs and deficiencies of FET and PHEIs. A questionnaire, using mainly open-ended questions, was designed and administered to FET and PHEIs for this purpose. The responses revealed that some quality practices were in place but, overall, the quality arrangements were inadequate. The results of the research investigation and the principles of the business quality tools were integrated into the SAEM's principles. This process led to the formation of an Integrated Quality Model. This Integrated Quality Model was recommended as an internal quality management system for FET and PHEIs


Adjustable rate and hybrid loans have been a large and important component of subprime lending in the mortgage market. While maintaining the familiar 30-year term the typical adjustable rate loan in subprime is designed as a hybrid of fixed and adjustable characteristics. In its most prevalent form, the first two years are typically fixed and the remaining 28 years adjustable. Perhaps not surprisingly, using a competing risks proportional hazard framework that also accounts for unobserved heterogeneity, hybrid loans are sensitive to rising interest rates and tend to temporarily terminate at much higher rates when the loan transforms into an adjustable rate. However, these terminations are dominated by prepayments not defaults. JEL Classifications: G21, D14, R29


This paper describes CIRCUS, (Content Integrated Research For Creative User Systems) is an ESPRIT Working Group, its origins, its main concerns, and a high-level view of some of its conclusions. One of the main issues was the way in which topics with their origins in the internationally misunderstood idea of 'culture' tended to predominate. While we take the view that our idea of culture is indivisible there are nonetheless subcultures, which seem to understand their own niches but little else, within it. Much of the head-butting in our deliberations came from this source. One source of cultural clashing which some observers tended to minimise was that between practice-based disciplines and knowledgebased disciplines. A good example was the distinction between the practice-based art and design community on the one hand and the more knowledge-based computer technology community (who nonetheless do a lot of practicebased work in their training) and we point to examples of clashes between these. We make a particular example of the rise of the subculture which surrounds music technology, a new discipline within an old arts-and-humanities one. While there is plenty of evidence for the persistence of culture we also show that a careless spreading of carrots for starving donkeys can have unexpected cultural consequences. Music technology, which is more like computer science than, say, musicology, is now more likely to be found in engineering and computer science departments than in music departments despite the fact that it is a classical practice-oriented discipline with more structural similarities to design than computer science. The explanation is entirely to be found in the unexpected consequences of the way in which the subject is funded. A major concern of CIRCUS has been the topic of 'creative pull' which is our favoured method of developing relevant technology for use by arts-based practitioners. Briefly 'creative pull' involves the development of relevant technology for furthering a creative practice-based project, so artists are in control and technologists derive their necessary insights from creative need rather their own overheated imaginings. We give some detail as to how 'creative pull' could be used to progress topics like nonphotorealistic rendering which have so far been driven largely by technological agendas. Finally after a bit of iconoclasm we develop some recommendations which could go into our final recommendations to the Commission, specifically in terms of mechanisms for promoting ad supporting projects with a 'creative pull' core, which are notoriously difficult to put together and get past the Commission's refereeing processes intact. Finally we discuss the vertical market model and show that many creative projects, particularly film projects, can effectively define an entire market for goods branded by the original film. These include pedagogical aids and knowledge packaged as a commodity, which in turn generates its own issues. A coherent model of creative pull can this have a quiet significant effect on geographically localised cultures and help to internationalise them. We argue in conclusion for a body to maintain a watching brief on 'creative pull' and to refine it from practical examples.


Ground penetrating radar (GPR) has become an effective means for assessing deterioration in concrete bridge decks. While success has been demonstrated, the method is still not adopted widely. Constant technical development is making such high speed GPR mapping more affordable with systems more widely available and easier to deploy. The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) has a standard procedure for performing bridge deck deterioration using GPR. The current standard, initially written for air-launched GPR devices and then modified to include ground-coupled GPRs, has many simplifying assumptions that could lead to fallacious evaluations. Both field experience and numerical simulations indicate that ground-coupled GPR systems are preferable to air-launched GPRs in this application, delivering larger signal-to-noise and higher spatial resolution data, which enhance extraction of both electromagnetic wave velocity and attenuation. We describe advances in analysis and interpretation that go beyond the current ASTM approach which ignores the impact of depth and other variables. We demonstrate these advances using a high speed, ground-coupled GPR system with examples of deck deterioration mapping. We describe the workflow for using GPR to evaluate the deterioration of concrete bridge decks, highlight the basic interpretation assumptions, demonstrate successful applications and discuss limitations with the methodology.