The Spirituality of Pilgrims: A Study of an Australian Experience of El Camino de Santiago de Compostela This research investigation into the spirituality of pilgrims arises from the intense mobility that characterizes contemporary society and from the new emphasis that is now being placed on pilgrimage. In the face of these trends the Holy See's Pontifical Council for Migrants and Itinerant People has called for appropriate pastoral responses based on "a clear theological foundation and praxis" whereby pilgrimage can be "transformed into an experience of deep and mature faith." The specific contribution that this thesis makes to developing the many-layered pastoral response to contemporary pilgrimage for which the Pontifical Council calls, has been to document, codify and analyse the particular stories of mobility recounted by a sample of twenty-three Australian Catholic pilgrims who had walked the Camino de Santiago de Compostela. All twenty-three had been interviewed after completing the Camino pilgrimage, while three of these had also been interviewed before commencing, and again in real-time while walking the Camino itself. The objective of this research, therefore, was to discover what is expressed "first hand", as it were, through the pilgrims' experiences and responses, and to bring this to expression. An iterative engagement with the literature of pilgrimage was central to this task, as was locating the discussion within a broader range of theological, psychological and cultural reference. The first outcome was the development of a foundational framework showing the constitutive elements of the human person in her/his journey through life. This framework, which corresponds to the Church's insight that "pilgrimages symbolise the experience of the homo viator who sets out, as soon as he leaves the maternal womb, on his journey through the time and space of his existence," provides an overarching structure within which this research into the spirituality of Australian pilgrims on the Camino could be conducted. A comprehensive mapping exercise was then undertaken, focussing on the pilgrims' actual experiences of the Camino. Language was selected and codified, leading to the presentation of a second framework, a provisional taxonomy of pilgrimage, by which the pilgrims' experience could be assessed, and then employed to formulate pastoral solutions for the future. Finally, concepts drawn from structural, evolutionary psychological theories generated new insights into how the pilgrims changed – during and after the Camino. This led to the construction of a third framework which, taking the form of a staged, holistic, re-generative model, can also serve in the development of a suitable pastoral response, helping people to embrace the opportunities that pilgrimage offers to break out of their "embeddedness" in constraining patterns and to move into new ways of living.


A number of global change scientists have been enjoining their peers to alter their modus operandi. Calls have been issued for more 'decision relevant' forms of inquiry more squarely focused on 'human dimensions' as societies enter a 'no analogue' planetary situation. This paper analyses the way certain geoscientists who study global change imagine the 'people disciplines' to be of relevance to their own endeavours. It reveals a rather narrow understanding of the social sciences to be in play, alongside a largely nominal inclusion of the humanities. The paper suggests reasons for this combination of partiality and omission, and suggests why a much wider and more plural understanding of human dimensions is important. This understanding, it is shown, should rebound on the human dimensions of global change science itself. Some suggestions for new encounters between geoscientists, environmental social scientists and humanists are offered. Around 30 years after the first global change research programmes were created, it is unfortunate that the wider social sciences and humanities are not more visible to, and engaged with, global change scientists. Their relative marginality is a long-run problem. Yet visibility and engagement are vital to avoid 'science imperialism' by default in our knowledge of people–planet interactions in the Anthropocene. One hopes that in less than a decade hence, visibility and engagement increase significantly.


The mechanical properties of clay minerals are important in many diverse scientific disciplines, including soil mechanics, civil engineering, materials science, and petroleum exploration. Rock physics provides a link between the elastic properties of rocks and their constitutive properties such as mineralogic composition, porosity, and pore‐fluid content. To accurately characterize shales, rock physics models must account for the anisotropic properties of clay minerals. Due to more compliant regions between clay particles, the elastic stiffness of clay in shales is significantly less than that of its constituent clay minerals. In this paper, the clay in shales is modeled as anisotropic clay platelets surrounded by a softer interparticle region consisting of clay‐bound water and interparticle contacts. Inverting for the elastic properties of this interparticle region indicates that its effective bulk modulus is like that of water. However, it has a nonzero effective shear modulus that is smaller by an order of magnitude, consistent with the expected shear modulus of clay‐bound water. Owing to its simplicity and robustness, it is anticipated that this model of shales, based on the properties of clay minerals and the interparticle medium, will find use in many rock physics applications, including seismic imaging, seismic inversion, and geomechanics.


An analysis of a commercial vehicle drum brake fitted with a typical asbestos
free friction material has been investigated by the finite element method. The "GAPFRIC" concept has been extended to model in three dimensions the frictional interface between brake linings and drum. This approach
incorporates an accurate representation of the brake itself to include such features as the brake drum stiffener and mounting flange. The brake shoe representations include the actual web and platform thus eliminating the need for shoe stiffness approximations to a curved beam of uniform section as used in previous two dimensional work. The mechanical "GAPFRIC" analysis is
combined with a thermal analysis of the brake to form a brake analysis package. The package is fully automatic; the output from each stage of the analysis is post processed and the results used to modify the original data file. Variations in physical properties exist between new and used friction
material and these are incorporated in a five phase idealisation of the friction pair. Modifications to allow for the change of coefficient of friction with temperature were made by means of tables within the coding. In addition friction material wear was included in the analyses using an
empirically derived wear criteria.
Analyses were completed to investigate the effect of combined axial and circumferential distortions on temperatures at the friction interface, interfacial pressure distributions and subsequent brake performance. Predicted results show that high temperatures are reached at certain regions on the rubbing path and the temperatures may fluctuate during a brake
application. Pressure variations are seen to exist both around and across the surface of the linings. The coupling of pressure and temperature variations combined with frictional changes over the lining produce changes that result in the frictional drag per unit area tending to be reasonably
constant over the interface between drum and lining. The predicted values of brake torque and brake factor f rom the three
dimensional analyses have been compared with results derived f rom the earlier
two dimensional brake analysis and validated by comparison with measured results from a brake mounted on a dynamometer. Similarly predicted brake drum and lining temperatures were compared with measured values and some reasonable trends established. The work itself presents a better physical description
of the behaviour at the friction surface during braking to improve the determination of brake drum performance.


Antibiotic resistance is a major public health concern, with fears expressed that we shortly will run out of antibiotics. In reality, the picture is more mixed, improving against some pathogens but worsening against others. Against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)--the highest profile pathogen--the range of treatment options is expanding, with daptomycin, linezolid and tigecycline all launched, and telavancin, ceftobiprole, ceftaroline and dalbavancin anticipated. There is a greater problem with enterococci, especially if, as in endocarditis, bactericidal activity is needed and the isolate has high-level aminoglycoside resistance; nevertheless, daptomycin, telavancin and razupenem all offer cidal potential. Against Enterobacteriaceae, the rapid and disturbing spread of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases, AmpC enzymes and quinolone resistance is forcing increased reliance on carbapenems, with resistance to these slowly accumulating via the spread of metallo-, KPC and OXA-48 beta-lactamases. Future options overcoming some of these mechanisms include various novel beta-lactamase-inhibitor combinations, but none of these overcomes all the carbapenemase types now circulating. Multiresistance that includes carbapenems is much commoner in non-fermenters than in the Enterobacteriaceae, depending mostly on OXA carbapenemases in Acinetobacter baumannii and on combinations of chromosomal mutation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. No agent in advanced development has much to offer here, though there is interest in modified, less-toxic, polymyxin derivatives and in the siderophore monobactam BAL30072, which has impressive activity against A. baumannii and members of the Burkholderia cepacia complex. A final and surprising problem is Neisseria gonorrhoeae, where each good oral agent has been eroded in turn and where there is now little in reserve behind the oral oxyimino cephalosporins, to which low-level resistance is emerging.


Abstract. Railways were a key mode of transporting goods and people for industrial and urban development in the late modern age. Their special part in economic growth comes with their role in the development of cultural heritage along their pathways. However, because of competing urban construction, many railway heritages are in danger, such as the Yunnan-Vietnam Railway (YVR) in China, an important international narrow-gauge railway built in 1901, acknowledged as a railway heritage in 2018. As a typical linear heritage, the railway integrates both the natural and cultural landscapes, related to the large spatial extent and complex composition of single heritage elements. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) offer a great support in the investigation, assessment, and management of railway heritage. In this research, the huge cultural heritage related to the YVR was studied using a combined geo-historical and GIS approach. This paper aims to 1) give a brief review of the current status of the application of GIS on linear railway heritages studies, including heritage resources surveys, spatial analysis, thematic mapping and public service, 2) introduce the case study of the Yunnan-Vietnam Railway, and 3) present a geodatabase design for the Yunnan-Vietnam Railway heritage management.


Abstract. Now-a-days, collecting accurate and meaningful information about the urban localities/environment with the maximum efficiency in terms of cost and time has become more relevant for urban, rural and city level development planning and administration. This work presents a technical procedure for automatic extraction of building information and characterization of different urban building types within the Andhra Pradesh Capital Region Development Authority (APCRDA) jurisdiction areas using UAVs. The methodology consists of a number of sequential processes of acquisition and generation of high resolution Orthomosaic images, creation of 3D point cloud data, and image classification algorithm for feature extraction using exclusively the geometric coordinates. The main parameters of the urban structures/buildings assessed in this work are site area of the building, built-up area, and building dimensions, building setbacks and building height. Different geometric and appropriate metrics were automatically extracted for each of the elements, defining the urban typology. In this study, residential and commercial buildings were considered for the analysis and the measurements from Drone were validated with respective approved plans and manual inspections and showed positive results with threshold parameters like setbacks and height as per building bye-laws of Andhra Pradesh Government Order (G.O) 119. Based on the results, measurements from Drone are used for the buildings occupancy permissions following the State government building rules. This automated system would replace physical inspections and manual reports and significantly reduce costs and improve efficiency. As an important component in this pilot study, visualisation of the building information were represented / displayed on a web application in an interactive mode. This added value of UAV technology with an automated system in comparison with traditional ways provides geospatial information and can also be considered as an essential Earth Observation indicator which has the potential to lead to next generation Urban Information Services and in the Smart cities development. The considerable potential use of these indicators in urban planning and development offers an opportunity in appropriate decision making in day to day urban planning measures.


A forward genetic screen is one of the best methods for revealing the regulatory functions of genes. In plants, this technique is highly efficient since it is relatively easy to grow and screen the phenotypes of hundreds or thousands of individuals. The cost-efficiency and ease of data production afforded by next-generation sequencing techniques have created new opportunities for mapping induced mutations. The principles of genetic mapping remain the same. However, the details have changed, which allows for rapid mapping of causal mutations. Current mapping tools are often not user-friendly and complicated or require extensive preparation steps. To simplify the process of mapping new mutations, we developed a pipeline that takes next generation sequencing fastq files as input, calls on several well-established and freely available genome-analysis tools, and outputs the most likely causal DNA change(s). The pipeline has been validated in Arabidopsis and can be readily applied to other species.


Importance Medical malpractice litigation against surgical residents is rarely discussed owing to assumed legal doctrine of respondeat superior, or "let the master answer." Objective To better understand lawsuits targeting surgical trainees to prevent future litigation. Design, Setting, and Participants Westlaw, an online legal research database containing legal records from across the United States, was retrospectively reviewed for malpractice cases involving surgical interns, residents, or fellows from January 1, 2005, to January 1, 2015. Infant-related obstetric and ophthalmologic procedures were excluded. Exposures Involvement in a medical malpractice case. Main Outcomes and Measures Data were collected on patient demographics, case characteristics, and outcomes and were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results During a 10-year period, 87 malpractice cases involving surgical trainees were identified. A total of 50 patients were female (57%), and 79 were 18 years of age or older (91%), with a median patient age of 44.5 years (interquartile range, 45-56 years). A total of 67 cases (77%) resulted in death or permanent disability. Most cases involved elective surgery (61 [70%]) and named a junior resident as a defendant (24 of 35 [69%]). Cases more often questioned the perioperative medical knowledge, decision making errors, and injuries (53 [61%]: preoperative, 19 of 53 [36%]) and postoperative, 34 of 53 [64%]) than intraoperative errors and injuries (43 [49%]). Junior residents were involved primarily with lawsuits related to medical decision making (21 of 24 [87%]). Residents' failure to evaluate the patient was cited in 10 cases (12%) and lack of direct supervision by attending physicians was cited in 48 cases (55%). A total of 42 cases (48%) resulted in a jury verdict or settlement in favor of the plaintiff, with a median payout of $900 000 (range, $1852 to $32 million). Conclusions and Relevance This review of malpractice cases involving surgical residents highlights the importance of perioperative management, particularly among junior residents, and the importance of appropriate supervision by attending physicians as targets for education on litigation prevention.


PurposeThis paper aims to explore how purchasing could respond to disruptive technologies by examining the assumptions underlying purchasing strategic alignment and purchasing maturity through a contingency lens.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses a systematic review across purchasing maturity and purchasing strategic alignment literature. This is supplemented with exploratory case studies to include practitioners' views.FindingsThis research demonstrates that neither purchasing maturity nor purchasing strategic alignment are suitable approaches to respond to disruptive technologies. Purchasing maturity does not allow purchasing managers to select relevant practices. It also shows no consideration of any contingencies, which practitioners highlight as important for the selection of practices. Purchasing strategic alignment includes the company strategy as a contingency but does not provide any practices to choose from. It does not include any other contextual contingencies considered important by practitioners. The findings indicate that linking the two research streams may provide a more suitable approach to responding to disruptive technologies.Research limitations/implicationsThis research demonstrates the requirement to develop a new approach to responding to disruptive technologies, by linking purchasing maturity and purchasing strategic alignment to contextual contingencies. This is a currently unexplored approach in academic literature, which refutes the generally accepted premise that higher maturity unilaterally supports a better positioning towards technological disruption. This research also highlights a requirement for practitioners to shift their approach to "best practices".Originality/valueThis is the first research to systematically review the relationships between purchasing maturity and purchasing strategic alignment. It adds to contingency theory by suggesting that purchasing maturity models can support the achievement of strategic alignment. Also, future research directions are suggested to explore these relationships.


Performance isolation is a key challenge in cloud computing. Unfortunately, Linux has few defenses against performance interference in shared resources such as processor caches and memory buses, so applications in a cloud can experience unpredictable performance caused by other programs' behavior.
 Our solution, CPI2, uses cycles-per-instruction (CPI) data obtained by hardware performance counters to identify problems, select the likely perpetrators, and then optionally throttle them so that the victims can return to their expected behavior. It automatically learns normal and anomalous behaviors by aggregating data from multiple tasks in the same job.
 We have rolled out CPI2 to all of Google's shared compute clusters. The paper presents the analysis that lead us to that outcome, including both case studies and a large-scale evaluation of its ability to solve real production issues.


In left critiques of globalization, it is often argued that liberal-egalitarian principles are inadequate for thinking about and struggling for global justice; that they are, in fact, part of the problem. For the case of identity politics as a left alternative, the paper points at two fallacies in this notion, regarding two 'liberal' elements: individualism and universalism. (1) The paper examines groupidentity claims in far right conceptions of global injustice, and shows that cultural diversity of groups does not necessitate or even favour equality and democratic participation. (2) It then examines the left group-based claims in the global justice discourse, showing that the aspirations for equality and freedom assume the liberal notions that have been often rejected as inadequate. The paper concludes that this ambivalent position undermines the democratic and egalitarian aspirations of left critiques of the global order. The analysis is based on manifestos and publications of political parties and movements in Western Europe (France, Germany and Austria).


This paper presents a new offline signature recognition system based on Modular Neural Networks (MNN) and fuzzy inference system. The proposed MNN consists of three different modules, each using different image features as input, these are: edge detection, curvelet transform, and the Hough transform. The Mamdani fuzzy inference system is then used to combine the outputs from each of these modules. The experimental results obtained by using a data base of 30 individuals' signatures show that the proposed modular architecture can achieve very high 96.6% recognition accuracy with a small test set of 60 images. Therefore, we can conclude that modular architectures and more specifically our proposed system can provide a suitable platform to build a signature recognition system.


This paper investigates the scope for international rules to address market failures in trade in natural resources and the associated international transactions of prospecting and investment in resource exploitation. The study argues that several market failures are likely to have substantial costs. However, due to the distinctive features of natural resources, the market failures are particular to them. The ad hoc approaches which have attempted to address them to date leave scope for a more systematic and comprehensive approach by the WTO, but the distinctive features of natural resources imply that this could not simply be an application of the rules appropriate for other forms of trade.


Societies socialize children about sex. This is done in the presence of peer-group effects, which may encourage undesirable behavior. Parents want the best for their children. Still, they weigh the marginal gains from socializing their children against its costs. Churches and states may stigmatize sex, both because of a concern about the welfare of their flocks and the need to control the cost of charity associated with out-of-wedlock births. Modern contraceptives have profoundly affected the calculus for instilling sexual mores. As contraception has improved there is less need for parents, churches and states to inculcate sexual mores. Technology affects culture.


For thirty five years, courts and scholars have divided over the effects of defensive tactics in the market for corporate control. Strong defensive tactics locate authority to accept a hostile bid in the target's board. The board can bargain for a higher takeover price than uncoordinated shareholders could realize but high takeover prices may reduce shareholder returns by reducing the likelihood of receiving a bid. The Delaware Courts themselves disagree. The Delaware Chancery Court would locate ultimate decision authority in the target's shareholders, while the Supreme Court, by permitting strong defensive tactics, allocates extensive power to the target's board. Though the Supreme Court's view settles the legal issue in Delaware for now, the normative debate among scholars and decision-makers regarding whether the shareholders or the board should decide remains unresolved.

The Delaware courts ask whether defensive tactics maximize target shareholder welfare: the shareholders' expected return from acquisitions. But the more important question concerns social welfare: do defensive tactics reduce efficiency in the market for corporate control? Empirical difficulties so far have prevented analysts from answering either the private or social welfare question rigorously. Regarding private welfare, the analyst cannot observe bids a target's defensive tactics level deterred. Regarding public welfare, the analyst cannot observe how an otherwise identical market would behave under weak and then strong defensive tactics levels.

We address the two empirical questions by creating a structural model that predicts how the market for corporate control performs under varying defensive tactics levels and then testing the model by simulating market performance. A simulation permits us to isolate the effect of different defensive tactics levels. It also permits us to solve for a target's optimal tradeoff between the increased share of an acquisition's gain strong defensive tactics can permit a target to capture and the reduced probability of receiving bids in consequence of the acquirer's reduced gain.

The simulated corporate control market performs poorly, making 15% fewer acquisitions under strong defensive tactics than under weak defensive tactics. Target boards, however, apparently have been faithful fiduciaries for their shareholders, choosing defensive tactics levels that optimize the tradeoff between bid frequency and bid returns. On the other hand, we show, the privately optimal target defensive tactics level greatly exceeds the socially efficient level. Finally, we suggest that some firms' recent efforts further to strengthen defensive tactics, such as combining a staggered board with a poison pill, reduce both efficiency and target shareholder welfare.

Our results do not support a call for an immediate regulatory response. Initially, we do not rigorously analyze other possible justifications for defensive tactics, such as that they encourage potential targets to take long-term projects that the market may undervalue. Also, simulations raise an external validity question: do the researcher's assumed simulation parameters capture real world patterns? We argue that our parameters do well on this measure, but a simulated market cannot perfectly capture real world behavior. On the other hand, the magnitude of our results and their consistency with theoretical predictions strongly support our central claim: today's market for corporate control is so unlikely to maximize the number of value increasing acquisitions that scholars, regulators and courts should revisit the defensive tactics debate.


BACKGROUNDS
Multiple myeloma is the second most common hematological disease caused by clonal proliferation of B cells. Evaluation of number of plasmocytes in the bone marrow is still one of the basic diagnostic criteria. The aim of this study was to verify if this evaluation has prognostic value even in the era of new drugs.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
Two groups of MM patients were enrolled in this study. The group T - 45 newly diagnosed MM patients who underwent treatment with thalidomide. Group B - 86 patients in first relapse of MM without autologous transplantation of bone marrow that were treated with thalidomide and bortezomib in various combinations. Percentage of subtypes of plasmocytes in the bone marrow was evaluated based on progressive analysis of nucleus, chromatin and nucleo-cellular ratio (N/C).

RESULTS
Mature plasma cells were found in 53.3% (group T) and 53.5% (group B) of patients; proplasmocytes I were found in 22.2% (group T) and 24.4% (group B) of patients; proplasmocytes II were found in 22.2% (group T) and 22.1% (group B) of patients and plasmablasts in 1% (group T) and 0% (group B). Patients who reached treatment response after first treatment had statistically significant number of proplasmocytes II when compared to group without treatment response (median 37% vs. 11%, p = 0.033). Group B patients with mature plasmocytes below 10% had significantly shorter overall survival than other patients when comparison of quartiles was performed. Group B patients with higher infiltration of proplasmocytes I than median of 15% had lower overall survival (median 50.3 months vs. 74.9 months, p = 0,024); the same was true for evaluation of proplasmocytes II (median OS 41.3 months vs. 74.9 months, p = 0,011).

CONCLUSION
Numerical evaluations of plasma cells in the bone marrow remain basic diagnostic criteria of MM even in the era of new genomics analyses. More precise morphological evaluation of 8 subtypes of plasma cells brings important prognostic information that is necessary for new protocols for immunomodulatory drugs and proteasome inhibitors.


Abstract. ATLAS is a new global Lagrangian Chemistry and Transport Model (CTM), which includes a stratospheric chemistry scheme with 46 active species, 171 reactions, heterogeneous chemistry on polar stratospheric clouds and a Lagrangian denitrification module. Lagrangian (trajectory-based) models have several important advantages over conventional Eulerian models, including the absence of spurious numerical diffusion, efficient code parallelization and no limitation of the largest time step by the Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy criterion. This work describes and validates the stratospheric chemistry scheme of the model. Stratospheric chemistry is simulated with ATLAS for the Arctic winter 1999/2000, with a focus on polar ozone depletion and denitrification. The simulations are used to validate the chemistry module in comparison with measurements of the SOLVE/THESEO 2000 campaign. A Lagrangian denitrification module, which is based on the simulation of the nucleation, sedimentation and growth of a large number of polar stratospheric cloud particles, is used to model the substantial denitrification that occured in this winter.


The last decade witnessed a large increase in the use of economic instruments to protect the environment in OECD countries, with a growing emphasis on tax instruments, in particular in the context of "green tax reforms". (Figure 1) This tendency is due to many factors such as the need to improve the effectiveness of policies based to a great extent on rigid and cumbersome regulations, the need to integrate environmental policies effectively with sectoral policies (such as energy, transport or agriculture), and, sometimes, the search for more tax revenues to finance the general government budget, as well as specific environmental funds or programmes (Barde 1992, 1997, 1999; OECD 1994, 1996a). In this context, fiscal instruments provide an ideal means of injecting appropriate signals into the market, of eliminating or reducing structural distortions (such as unsuitable energy and transport tariffs) and of internalizing externalities, while at the same time improving the efficiency of existing measures. If prope rly conceived and implemented, green tax reforms can contribute to a real structural adjustment of economies. ENVIRONMENTAL TAXES AND GREENTAX REFORM Most countries need to introduce more flexibility and efficiency in their economic structures. This implies, inter alia, adjusting tax systems in order to reduce distortions, increase market flexibility and making environmental policies more effective. Most OECD countries have undertaken significant tax reforms since the end of the 1980s, chiefly in two ways: first by reducing tax rates in the higher income tax brackets (which fell on average by more than ten points between 1986 and 1997) and lowering corporate tax rates (down 10 points over the same period); secondly, by broadening the tax base, and thirdly, by giving a greater weight to general consumption taxes such as VAT. These tax reforms provide an excellent opportunity to introduce an environmental dimension in taxation, i.e. a "greening" of tax systems. This greening of taxation may consist of three complementary policies: eliminating tax distortions, restructuring existing taxes, and introducing new environmental taxes. Eliminating tax distortions Many fiscal measures can either directly or indirectly produce adverse effects for the environment. One such measure is direct subsidies. [1] (See Table 1). For example, subsidies to agriculture (estimated at 362 billion dollars a year in OECD countries in 1998, or 1.4% of GDP) are one of the causes of over-farming of land, excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides, soil degradation and other problems (OECD 1996a). Similarly, irrigation water is often charged below its real price, which leads to wastage. In the area of energy, subsidies to coal production, the most polluting fuel, still came to 7.7 billion dollars in 1997 in five OECD countries, which admittedly was lower than the 13.2 billion dollars for 1987. It is estimated that subsidies to industry amounted to 43.7 billion dollars in 1993; when subsidies encourage the use of certain raw materials and greater energy consumption, there can be negative fallout in terms of recycling and waste and lock in inefficient technologies. A second category of distortion arises from specific tax provisions (tax rates variations or exemptions). For instance, coal, the most polluting fuel, is taxed in only five OECD countries and subject to many tax rebates. The transport sector, a major source of pollution and other harmful effects, is affected by many distortions: a case in point is the widespread under-taxing of diesel oil in many countries which contributed to a constant increase in the number of diesel vehicles, which are more polluting [2] and noisy, and to a sharp increase of road freight transport. In OECD countries, the consumption of diesel fuel for road transport grew from 15% of total consumption in 1970 to 32% in 1997 (OECD, 1999). Other types of distortionary measures include deductibility of commuting expenses from taxable income, company cars excluded from taxable benefit, and tax free aviation fuel (kerosene). …


"Handbook of Communications Security" gives the reader information related to all aspects of communications security, from the fundamental concepts to the most advanced and updated. Communications represent a strategic sector for privacy protection and for personal, corporate, homeland, and international security. The interception, damage or loss of information during its communication can generate material, nonmaterial and economic damage both from a personal and a collective point of view. The book is intended for integrated system designers, telecommunication designers, system engineers, system analysts, security managers, security responsible, technicians, intelligence personnel, security personnel, police, army, private investigators, scientists, graduate and postgraduate students and all those who need to communicate in a secure way. A CD included with the book contains freeware cryptography and steganography programs.


We use the variation in the timing of conflict between countries using a difference-indifferences matching strategy to identify the impacts of armed conflict on years of schooling and educational inequality. We draw upon data from the Uppsala Conflict Data Program and the Ethnic Power Relations databases, which enable us to distinguish between ethnic and nonethnic conflicts. Further, we are able to identify the effect of conflict onset as well as the incidence of conflict in years following onset. Our results provide evidence that the introduction of any conflict worsens educational attainment and exacerbates pre-existing inequalities thereof. This paper also shows that conflict effects are more pronounced when ethnic in nature and that attainment and inequality outcomes worsen as conflicts persist over time. Our results are robust to different regression specifications and propensity score matching algorithms. JEL Classification: F51, I24, I25


We studied whether the effects of Bythotrephes longimanus, a new predatory cladoceran zooplankton species to North America, can extend beyond the macrozooplankton to the rotifer community, which is known to be an important controller of the microbial loop. During summer 2003, 14 Canadian Shield lakes were sampled biweekly to evaluate the effect of Bythotrephes on epilimnetic rotifers. Rotifer densities, particularly those of Conochilus unicornis, significantly increased, with elevated Bythotrephes densities. Conochilus became the dominant rotifer species in the pelagic community of lakes with high B. longimanus populations. Bythotrephes densities were a better estimator of rotifer densities than physical and chemical lake properties. Bythotrephes has indirect effects beyond its preferred prey species, cladocerans. The potential for increased rotifer densities to act as a secondary source of food for Bythotrephes was also investigated. In a 24‐h feeding experiment, Bythotrephes did not prey on various common rotifer species, suggesting that Bythotrephes ignores rotifer species as a prey even when they form the sole food source. Rotifer increases are likely either due to competitive release when crustacean zooplankton decline or predatory release when native invertebrate predator populations decline.


In this talk, I will present our work on magnetorheological elastomers (MREs) focusing mostly on the theory and numerical modeling. MREs are composite materials comprising metallic soft (e.g. iron) or hard (e.g. NdFeB) magnetic micron-sized particles. The latter have been called h-MREs. Out of these materials one can devise a number of interesting meso- and macrostructures slender or not that can lead to a number of functionalities such as surface patterning, negative or positive swelling, network activation, negative Poisson ratio, evolving anisotropic magnetic properties, hierarchical buckling and others. Their modeling is highly demanding since they exhibit finite strains and, in many cases, strong magneto-mechanical coupling. This coupling is a result of the particle-particle interactions. Those interactions evolve during a large strain process and one needs to describe them sufficiently well to recover the actual response of the material. I will present a recent homogenization-guided model for soft MREs which is then implemented in the modeling of an entire magnetic device that serves to deform an MRE membrane. The difficulties in the numerical modeling of both material and device will be highlighted. The final results are versatile and can be used to any type of device of boundary value problem. In particular, these models will then be used to study experimentally and numerically a MRE film/substrate structure and its wrinkling response, which evolves into a novel pattern called crinkling.


Climate change has far-reaching implications for the global economy and is increasingly being recognized by investors as a long-term investment theme. As more investors take note of companies that are well positioned to handle climate change, a common factor may account, in part, for the share prices of these companies. The authors search for the existence of this common factor, which they call the green equity factor. During the three-year period from May 2005 through May 2008, the authors find that a sample portfolio of renewable energy stocks outperformed the broad, global MSCI All Country World Index (ACWI), as well as a subindex consisting of traditional energy stocks. Their findings persist after adjusting for size, value, and country biases in the sample portfolio. Furthermore, a systematic analysis based on the Barra Global Equity Model supports the existence of a renewable energy risk factor.


This is a national bestseller for John Wooden's millions of fans - a heartfelt and revealing self-portrait about the people and events that shaped his life. "Sports Illustrated" declared: 'There has never been a finer coach in American sports than John Wooden. Nor a finer man'. ESPN selected him as the 'Greatest Coach of the 20th Century'. From his birth on an Indiana tenant farm, to All-American honours at Purdue, to his historic record-setting UCLA dynasty, John Wooden is a towering figure in 20th-century sports, and his experience and wisdom an American treasure.In "My Personal Best", Coach Wooden tells how he did it and the lessons he learned on his remarkable journey. Pairing never-before-seen photos from Coach Wooden's private collection with his personal stories and affirmations, this book encompasses the dramatic arc of Wooden's larger-than-life achievements and experiences. As he did in his perpetual bestseller, Wooden Coach offers a wealth of biographical details, personal reflections, and a lifetime of lessons. His millions of fans will cherish this definitive pictorial history of a living sports legend.' John Wooden is a living legend because he practised what he preached - the code of ethics which created America's strength' - Phil Jackson, head coach, Los Angeles Lakers. 'Most of what I know, what's made me a smart man, has come from John Wooden' - Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Naismith Basketball Hall of Famer. 'A man of John Wooden's accomplishments and integrity would stand out in any era, but now, almost three decades after he coached his last game, he is in some ways an even more striking figure' - Bob Costas.


Intelligent systems based on first-order logic on the one hand, and on artificial neural networks (also called connectionist systems) on the other, differ substantially. It would be very desirable to combine the robust neural networking machinery with symbolic knowledge representation and reasoning paradigms like logic programming in such a way that the strengths of either paradigm will be retained. Current state-of-the-art research, however, fails by far to achieve this ultimate goal. As one of the main obstacles to be overcome we perceive the question how symbolic knowledge can be encoded by means of connectionist systems: Satisfactory answers to this will naturally lead the way to knowledge extraction algorithms and to integrated neural-symbolic systems.


This report is the first of a two-volume final report presenting the findings of the research work that was undertaken to evaluate the fatigue behavior of steel highway bridges on the extra heavy weight truck corridor in Northwest Indiana. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the type and magnitude of the loads that travel along the corridor and then assess the effect of those loads on the fatigue strength of the steel bridge structures on the corridor. This volume presents the results of the experimental field study conducted to evaluate the load and load effects on one steel bridge structure on the corridor. A weigh-in-motion (WIM) system was installed near the bridge structure to evaluate the loads that would cross over the bridge being monitored. Strain values were monitored on two spans of the ten-span continuous bridge being evaluated. Comparisons were then made between strain measurements in particular girders and strain values predicted using the measured truck axle weights. The WIM data indicated that 15% of the Class 9 trucks and 26% of the Class 13 trucks travel heavier than their respective legal limits. Extreme weights of more then 200,000 lbs were observed. In spite of the heavy truck loads being carried, it was found that less than 1 percent of the trucks induce a strain range that exceeds the variable amplitude fatigue limit of the fatigue critical details in the structure being monitored. Lastly, it was found that three-dimensional analytical models provide the best agreement between predicted and measured strain values in the bridge


This study is an evaluation of the Nigerian transport sector with particular references to the railway and aviation sub-sectors. Modern transport and freight distribution system, all over the world, are tending towards the adoption of best practices that are reliable, timely and cost-effective. Secondary data obtained from relevant agencies and simple graph and percentage methods were used in analysing the trends. The findings of this paper reveal that when the demand for railway services by passengers dropped, trains resulted in carrying more freight to compensate for the loss while a rise in the number of passengers led to a fall in the freight carried. Furthermore, it was discovered that Nigeria experienced 37 air mishaps from 1969 - 2012 with the highest occurrences in 1995 which affected air traffic negatively. The growth rate of passengers dropped by 74.9 per cent in 1995 while freight carried in tones went down with about 86.2 per cent under the same period as against mail carried with 1427.5 per cent increase. In general, the findings show a low and a continuous fall in the activity of transport sector in Nigeria. The study identifies high operation cost and inadequate funding as major challenges facing the sub-sectors; and it also highlights increased private sector participation and improved funding as major policy options. The paper calls for government to have a Marshall Plan for transportation development in Nigeria if broad based economic development is to be achieved. Key Words: Transportation, Nigeria, Railway, Aviation, Freight, Sector


Abstract Spatial processes with nonstationary and anisotropic covariance structure are often used when modeling, analyzing, and predicting complex environmental phenomena. Such processes may often be expressed as ones that have stationary and isotropic covariance structure on a warped spatial domain. However, the warping function is generally difficult to fit and not constrained to be injective, often resulting in "space-folding." Here, we propose modeling an injective warping function through a composition of multiple elemental injective functions in a deep-learning framework. We consider two cases; first, when these functions are known up to some weights that need to be estimated, and, second, when the weights in each layer are random. Inspired by recent methodological and technological advances in deep learning and deep Gaussian processes, we employ approximate Bayesian methods to make inference with these models using graphics processing units. Through simulation studies in one and two dimensions we show that the deep compositional spatial models are quick to fit, and are able to provide better predictions and uncertainty quantification than other deep stochastic models of similar complexity. We also show their remarkable capacity to model nonstationary, anisotropic spatial data using radiances from the MODIS instrument aboard the Aqua satellite.


Improving access to food through broad-based participation in income-generating activities in key agricultural supply chains, together with the development of safety nets that protect the welfare of Liberia's diverse types of vulnerable individuals and households represent two of the major food security challenges facing the Liberian government after fourteen years of civil conflict. Responding to these challenges will depend largely on how the government responds to five major challenges in transitioning from an emergency situation to one focused on longterm development: 1) resettling IDPs and reintegrating ex-combatants; 2) reducing the real cost of food; 3) improving macroeconomic management and governance; 4) generating broad-based growth in rural incomes through smallholder development; and 5) developing public sector capacity to analyze, plan, prioritize, coordinate and monitor policies and programs. Success in addressing these issues may depend largely on the ability to go beyond strictly technical responses to develop innovative actions that take into account the numerous and complex socio-political factors existing in the country in the post-conflict period.


BACKGROUND
Voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC) is a priority HIV preventive intervention. To facilitate male circumcision scale- up, the World Health Organization is actively seeking circumcision techniques that are quicker, easier, and safer than open surgical methods.

OBJECTIVE
To compare conventional open surgical circumcision with suturing with a minimally invasive technique using the Gomco circumcision clamp plus tissue adhesive.

METHODS
We conducted a non-blinded randomised controlled trial comprising 200 male volunteers >18 years of age, seen at the outpatient university teaching clinic of the Catholic University of Mozambique. We compared two interventions - open surgical circumcision with suturing v. Gomco instrument plus tissue adhesive. Our primary outcome was intraoperative time and our secondary outcomes included: ease of performance, post-operative pain, adverse events, time to healing, patient satisfaction and cosmetic result.

RESULTS
The intraoperative time was less with the Gomco/tissue adhesive technique (mean 12.8 min v. 22.5 min; p<0.001). Adverse events were similar except that wound disruption was greater in the Gomco/tissue adhesive group, with no difference in wound healing at 4 weeks. Levels of satisfaction were high in both groups. The cosmetic result was superior in the Gomco/tissue adhesive group.

CONCLUSIONS
This study has important implications for the scale-up of VMMC services. Removing the foreskin with the Gomco instrument and sealing the wound with cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive in adults is quicker, is an easier technique to learn, and is potentially safer than open surgical VMMC. A disposable plastic, Gomco-like device should be produced and evaluated for use in resource-limited settings.


This thesis focuses on the disorder we know as schizophrenia. Although there is treatment for schizophrenia in the form of anti-psychotic drugs, not all patients respond well to this treatment. A large part of patients will have remaining symptoms for the rest of their lives. A number of hypotheses have been made, trying to explain the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. One of these hypotheses is that inflammations may in part be involved in the disease. Inflammations can be inhibited by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and with glucocorticosteroids (GCS). The aim of this thesis was to investigate the relation between these anti-inflammatory drugs and schizophrenia. We first examined the financial burden of psychotic and other psychiatric disorders in the Netherlands. In total there are an estimated 21.000 patients with a psychotic disorder between the ages of 18 and 65. The associated healthcare costs are estimated at 147 million euros yearly. This results in around 7000 euros healthcare costs per case of schizophrenia per year. Two retrospective case-control studies were performed. The first investigated whether the use of NSAIDs was associated with psychosis. We indeed found a decreased risk for incident anti-psychotic use in men, however not in women. The relative risk in men was 0.41 (95% confidence-limits (CI): 0.17–0.97), when results were adjusted for age and total prescription volume. The results suggest that the use of NSAIDs is associated with a decrease risk of subsequent psychosis. The second retrospective study investigated the association between GCS and psychosis. This time a psychosis was defined by a new diagnosis of a psychotic disorder as registered in a psychiatric case register. Again we found an association between the anti-inflammatory GCS and a new diagnosis of a psychotic disorder for men only. The crude relative risk for men using systemic or inhaled GCS was 0.52 (95% CI: 0.36–0.75). This association was present also in the youngest subgroup and a dose-response relation appeared to be present. The main study in this thesis was a double-blind placebo controlled randomized adjuvant trail investigating the effect of the NSAID aspirin. During three months of follow up participants with a schizophrenic disorder were randomized to either aspirin or placebo, together with pantoprazole. The severity of symptoms was estimated using the positive and negative symptom scale (PANSS). The change in total PANSS score was the primary outcome, with secondary outcomes being changes on its subscales and on a number of cognitive tests. We found a significant monthly treatment effect of -1.62 (95% CI -2.93;-0.30) points on the total PANSS and on the positive PANSS subscale (-0.52 (95% CI -1.02;-0.02). The effect was substantially larger in patients with a lower immune ratio, as indicated by TH1/TH2 immune balance (p=0.018). Trends for the negative and general PANSS sub-scores were similar to the trends in the total and positive scores, without reaching statistical significance. Aspirin did not affect cognitive functions. The results of this randomized trial indicate that aspirin may be a beneficial therapy in combination with anti-psychotic drugs in schizophrenia.


Cross-site scripting (or XSS) has been the most dominant class of web vulnerabilities in 2007. The main underlying reason for XSS vulnerabilities is that web markup and client-side languages do not provide principled mechanisms to ensure secure, ground-up isolation of user-generated data in web application code. In this paper, we develop a new approach that combines randomization of web application code and runtime tracking of untrusted data both on the server and the browser to combat XSS attacks. Our technique ensures a fundamental integrity property that prevents untrusted data from altering the structure of trusted code throughout the execution lifetime of the web application. We call this property document structure integrity (or DSI). Similar to prepared statements in SQL, DSI enforcement ensures automatic syntactic isolation of inline usergenerated data at the parser-level. This forms the basis for confinement of untrusted data in the web browser based on a server-specified policy. We propose a client-server architecture that enforces document structure integrity in a way that can be implemented in current browsers with a minimal impact to compatibility and that requires minimal effort from the web developer. We implemented a proof-of-concept and demonstrated that such DSI enforcement with a simple default policy is sufficient to defeat over 98% of 5,328 real-world reflected XSS vulnerabilities documented in 2007, with very low performance overhead both on the client and server.


In the present work, the thermodynamic activites of ironoxide, denoted as "FeO" in the slag systems Al2O3-"FeO", CaO-"FeO", "FeO"-SiO2, Al2O3-"FeO"-SiO2, CaO-"FeO"-SiO2and "FeO"-MgO-SiO2were investigated by employing the gasequilibration technique at steelmaking temperatures. Thestrategy was to expose the molten slag mixtures kept inplatinum crucibles for an oxygen potential, determined by aCO/CO2-ratio. A part of the iron reduced from the "FeO"in the slag phase was dissolved into the Pt crucible.In order to obtain the activites of "FeO", chemical analysisof the quenched slag samples together with thermodynamicinformation of the binary metallic system Fe-Pt is required.Careful experimental work was carried out by employing asolid-state galvanic cell technique as well as calorimetricmeasurements in the temperature ranges of 1073-1273 K and300-1988 K respectively. The outcome of these experiments wasincorporated along with previous studies into a CALPHAD-type ofthermodynamic assessment performed with the Thermo-Calc™software. The proposed equilibrium diagram enabledextrapolation to higher temperatures.The experimentally obtained activites of "FeO" in thepresent work, along with earlier investigations were assessedwith the KTH slag model, THERMOSLAG©. New binaryparameters were evolved and incorporated in THERMOSLAG©.The present model calculations are compared with othercommercially available software such as F*A*C*T™andThermo-Calc™. The validity of the modified model wasinvestigated by measurements carried out in case of Al2O3-"FeO"-SiO2, CaO-"FeO"-SiO2and "FeO"-MgO-SiO2ternary slags. The potential of the model tocompute the activities in the case of multicomponent slags wasdemonstrated.A correlation between the activity of a metallic oxide in aternary slag system and the sulphide capacity of the slag wasinvestigated by using the solubility of sulphur in the binarysystems CaO-SiO2and Al2O3-CaO along with the sulphide capacity of the Al2O3-CaO-SiO2system. The estimated values of the activitieswere found to be in good agreement with the measured values.This correlation also gives the possibility to elucidate theapplicability of Henry's law to the activity of a metallicsulphide and to determine the order in the affinity of a cationto sulphur between two metallic oxides in a slag.Model calculations were performed with THERMOSLAG©, by using plant data from the ladle refiningprocess at OVAKO Steel, Hofors, Sweden. It was found thatoxygen estimations in the metal from the "FeO" analyses ofslags, obtained by conventional sampling and analysis methodwere less reliable. Reliable estimation of the oxygen levelsutilising the sulphur partition between the slag and the metalwere carried out using THERMOSLAG© software.Keywords:Thermodynamics, Activity, Galvanic cell,Calorimetry, Gas equilibration technique, Iron-platinum alloys,FeO, Slags, Modelling, Ladle


We use a Monte Carlo approach to investigate the performance of several different methods designed to reduce the bias of the estimated coefficients for dynamic panel data models estimated with the longer, narrower panels typical of macro data. We find that the bias of the least squares dummy variable approach can be significant, even when the time dimension of the panel is as large as 30. For panels with small time dimensions, we find a corrected least squares dummy variable estimator to be the best choice. However, as the time dimension of the panel increases, the computationally simpler Anderson-Hsiao estimator performs equally well.


Currently, poly(3,4-ethylene-dioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonic acid) (PEDOT:PSS) is predominantly used as the hole-injecting layer in solution processed organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). However, its strong acidity is detrimental to device stability. Here, a bi-layer hole-injecting layer (BHIL) composed of molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) and an anionic polyelectrolyte has been used in solution processed OLEDs to replace PEDOT:PSS. The MoO3 layer was firstly solution deposited using low temperature combustion processing, which ensured that the device had a good hole-transporting ability. Then, an anionic polyelectrolyte was deposited on to the MoO3 layer also using a solution process, resulting in work function increase which was verified using peak force Kelvin probe force microscopy. Thus, the hole-injecting ability of the BHIL was found to be enhanced. It was found that BHIL-based OLEDs possessed a comparable electroluminescence performance but a better shelf-stability relative to the PEDOT:PSS based devices. This strategy gives a promising approach to obtaining high performance solution processed OLEDs with long-term stability.


Embedded systems are increasingly complex and dynamic, imposing progressively higher developing time and costs. Tuning a particular system for deployment is thus becoming more demanding. Furthermore when considering systems which have to adapt themselves to evolving requirements and changing service requests. In this perspective, run-time monitoring of the system behaviour becomes an important requirement, allowing to dynamically capturing the actual scheduling progress and resource utilization. For this to succeed, operating systems need to expose their internal behaviour and state, making it available to external applications, and a runtime monitoring mechanism must be available. However, such mechanism can impose a burden in the system itself if not wisely used. In this paper we explore this problem and propose a framework, which is intended to provide this run-time mechanism whilst achieving code separation, run-time efficiency and flexibility for the final developer. Run-time Monitoring in Real-Time Operating Systems Filipe Valpereiro, Luis M. Pinho Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal {fvalpereiro, firstname.lastname@example.com


Abstract. Water management in semiarid regions of the western United States requires accurate and timely knowledge of runoff generated by snowmelt. This information is used to plan reservoir releases for downstream users and hydrologic models play an important role in estimating the volume of snow stored in mountain watersheds that serve as source waters for downstream reservoirs. Physically based, integrated hydrologic models are used to develop spatiotemporally dynamic estimates of hydrologic states and fluxes based on understanding of the underlying biophysics of hydrologic response. Yet this class of models are associated with many issues that give rise to significant uncertainties in key hydrologic variables of interest like snow water storage and streamflow. Underlying sources of uncertainty include difficulties in parameterizing processes associated with nonlinearities of some processes, as well as from the large variability in the characteristic spatial and temporal scale of atmospheric forcing and land-surface water and energy balance and groundwater processes. Scale issues, in particular, can introduce systematic biases in integrated atmospheric and hydrologic modeling. Reconciling these discrepancies while maintaining computational tractability remains a fundamental challenge in integrated hydrologic modeling. Here we investigate the hydrologic impact of discrepancies between distributed meteorological forcing data exhibiting a range of spatial scales consistent with a variety of numerical weather prediction models when used to force an integrated hydrologic model associated with a corresponding range of spatial resolutions characteristic of distributed hydrologic modeling. To achieve this, we design and conduct a total of twelve numerical modeling experiments that seek to quantify the impact of applied resolution of atmospheric forcings on simulated hillslope-scale hydrologic state variables. The experiments are arranged in such way to assess the impact of four different atmospheric forcing resolutions (i.e., interpolated 30 m, 1 km, 3 km and 9 km) on two hydrologic variables, snow water equivalent and soil water storage, arranged in three hydrologic spatial resolution (i.e., 30 m, 90 m and 250 m). Results show spatial patterns in snow water equivalent driven by atmospheric forcing in hillslope-scale simulations and patterns mostly driven by topographical characteristics (i.e., slope and aspect) on coarser simulations. Similar patterns are observed in soil water storage however, in addition to that, large errors are encountered primarily in riparian areas of the watershed on coarser simulations. The Weather Research Forecasting (WRF) model is used to develop the environmental forcing variables required as input to the integrated hydrologic model. WRF is an open source, community supported coupled land-atmosphere model capable of capturing spatial scales that permit convection. The integrated hydrologic modeling framework used in this work coincides with the ParFlow open-source surface-subsurface hydrology model. This work has important implications for the use of atmospheric and integrated hydrologic models in remote and ungauged areas. In particular, this work has potential ramifications for the design and development of observing system simulation experiments (OSSEs) in complex and snow-dominated landscapes. OSSEs are critical in constraining the performance characteristics of Earth-observing satellites.


The interest in cognitive aspects of human performance has dramatically increased in recent years in manufacturing, complementing the area of physical ergonomics, and the expanded focus on cognitive aspects may offer significant insights and contributions to industrial domains. A considerably increased interest has been directed at the role and effects cognitive load has on human performance, and ultimately on production outcome. The main question addressed is: How can an understanding of cognitive load in manufacturing lead us to design better workplaces for the personnel at the shop floor? To answer this question, we have to consider how technology interacts with work environment and with human cognition from a systems perspective. Technology should be considered a resource in the design of a better working environment, aid those activities for which we are poorly suited cognitively, and enhance those cognitive skills for which we are ideally suited. This has resulted in a potential framework of factors that might have impact on high cognitive load, consisting of three levels; internal factors, external factors, and activity space. The initial framework focuses primarily on the former factors, identifying risks where a high cognitive load might lead to difficulty of work, negatively affecting production outcome.


1. Upper limb venous thromboses are considered to be a rare event, but in large hospitals with a lot of patients who receive aggressive intravenous therapy the number of thromboses seem to increase. 2. We have analysed all the cases of upper limb venous thrombosis which occurred at the Essen University Hospital between the years of 1992-1996. All patients were examined using colour Doppler sonography. 3. Out of 827 patients that were examined, a thrombosis was diagnosed in 334 cases. The subclavian vein was involved in 69% of all thromboses. Isolated jugular vein thrombosis was found in 17% of the thromboses, combined thromboses of the jugular and subclavian vein in 19%. In 182 cases the patients were treated for primarily a malignant illness. In 96 cases we found an association with venous port-systems or central venous catheters. 4. More than 40,000 patients a year were treated at the university hospital. Considering this huge number of patients the thrombosis of the upper limb is still rare. The use of colour Doppler sonography allows an early and safe diagnosis of the thrombosis without straining the patients.


Successful design of environmental decision support systems (EDSS) depends on the accurate understanding of relevant behavioural and decision-making processes in the human mind. EDSS could provide variable types of assistance in various decision steps. Issue definition and criteria setting require articulation of the problem by universal decision frameworks and the Socratic method. Option generation needs creativity support by the provision of various creative environments. In the option assessment step, computers can support by arithmetic computations, deductive reasoning and stimulating intuition. Due to conceptual and technical inconsistencies, pipelining of all simulation tools to a universal environmental supermodel remains impossible. However, a toolbox approach might organise various independent tools in the issue definition phase. Efficient design of artificial intelligence may depend on the involvement of representatives of social control. Instead of leading to sustainable decisions, a functioning EDSS may facilitate ecological degradation, especially in case of long-term and global issues.


This paper examines the efficiency and price effects of mergers by applying a frontier profit function to data on bank 'megamergers'. We find that merged banks experience a statistically significant 16 percentage point average increase in profit efficiency rank relative to other large banks. Most of the improvement is from increasing revenues, including a shift in outputs from securities to loans, a higher-valued product. Improvements were greatest for the banks with the lowest efficiencies prior to merging, who therefore had the greatest capacity for improvement. By comparison, the effects on profits from merger-related changes in prices were found to be very small.


Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE HE Music is a universal phenomenon that has genetic and brain-localized features. As such, it warrants adaptive evolutionary explanations. While some scholars believe that music arose as a by-product of other adaptations, others argue that music is likely to have served some adaptive function, for example in coalition signaling or mother-child bonding. The sexual selection theory of music suggests that music serves as a signal in mate selection. While this claim is prevalent, it lacks empirical evidence. A facebook experiment revealed that women replied more positively to friendship requests from a man shown in a photo holding a guitar. These results offer initial support for the sexual selection theory of music.


An algorithmically hard phase was described in a range of inference problems: even if the signal can be reconstructed with a small error from an information theoretic point of view, known algorithms fail unless the noise-to-signal ratio is sufficiently small. This hard phase is typically understood as a metastable branch of the dynamical evolution of message passing algorithms. In this work we study the metastable branch for a prototypical inference problem, the low-rank matrix factorization, that presents a hard phase. We show that for noise-to-signal ratios that are below the information theoretic threshold, the posterior measure is composed of an exponential number of metastable glassy states and we compute their entropy, called the complexity. We show that this glassiness extends even slightly below the algorithmic threshold below which the well-known approximate message passing (AMP) algorithm is able to closely reconstruct the signal. Counter-intuitively, we find that the performance of the AMP algorithm is not improved by taking into account the glassy nature of the hard phase.


BACKGROUND
In contrast to the abundance of seizure outcome reports in epilepsy surgery for glioneuronal tumors in childhood and adolescence, there is a dearth of information regarding cognitive outcomes.

OBJECTIVE
To investigate the seizure and cognitive outcome of children and adolescents that underwent resective surgery for glioneuronal tumor-associated refractory epilepsy and determine their predictive factors.

METHODS
We retrospectively analyzed the presurgical findings, resection types, and outcomes over 1.3 to 12.3 years (mean, 7.3) of 29 consecutive patients, who underwent resection in 2000 to 2011. The mean age at epilepsy onset was 7.9 years (range, 0-15.4), the mean age at surgery was 11.7 years (range, 2.6-17.3), and the mean epilepsy duration to surgery was 3.8 years (range, 0.3-15.3). Etiology comprised 13 dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors and 16 gangliogliomas, with additional focal cortical dysplasia in 5 cases.

RESULTS
Eighty-six percent of children were seizure free 12 months after surgery; at final follow-up, 76% remained seizure free and 62% had discontinued antiepileptic drugs. Gross total resection was related to significantly higher rates of seizure freedom. Higher presurgical cognitive functioning (full-scale IQ, verbal IQ) was related to shorter epilepsy duration to surgery independent of age at epilepsy onset, thus determining postsurgical functioning. Improvements in verbal IQ, performance IQ, and visual memory as well as a trend toward improvement in full-scale IQ were established after surgery. Despite individual losses in full-scale IQ, verbal or visual memory, no deterioration was noted in any cognitive variable on a group level.

CONCLUSION
Completeness of resection predisposes to favorable outcomes regarding seizure alleviation. Whereas cognitive functioning deteriorates with time in glioneuronal tumor-related refractory epilepsy, surgery is linked to improvement rather than to deterioration on a group level.


A novel multi-parameter cardiac remote monitoring system based on Android is presented and demonstrated for overall health surveillance of Electrocardiograph (ECG), heart sound and pulse compared to the shortcomings of the monitoring through single ECG. This system is composed of a multi-channel physiological parameter acquisition unit, an Android terminal and a cloud server. Several key technologies such as integration of multi-parameter acquisition, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) data communication, Android terminal waveform drawing and data management, and cloudbased data storage are researched. Experimental results show that the aforementioned three physiological parameters can be gathered simultaneously at the rate of 1 KHz and the BLE communication, waveform drawing and data management in mobile terminal can be achieved. The system we presented has the merits of high Signal-to-Noise Ratio, comprehensive heart monitoring data and convenience for using and carrying, which provides an important reference for telemedicine and mobile health, and lays a good foundation for the integration of multi-parameter cardiac care.


Although not an EU member state, Norway has been part of the EU's internal market since 1994 through the EEA Agreement. As a result, Norway has implemented EU climate and energy legislation. While not bound by the headline climate and energy targets for 2020, Norway has had to implement the EEA-relevant legal acts stemming from the EU's climate and energy package. The package was based on synergy effects and side-payments that were challenging to reproduce in Norway, whose situation differed radically from an EU concerned about import dependency and low shares of renewable energy. Norwegian implementation varied across the different package components. This report enquires into the causes behind the mixed implementation performance, and analyses the long-term impact of the package on Norwegian climate and energy policy.


This paper presents the results of the environmental impact assessment into two different technologies for the production of solar power in Thailand. It considers mass and energy flows over the whole power generation process and compares two types of silicon solar cell; multicrystalline and amorphous. The process operations that make up the system are the solar cell array, inverter stations, transformer stations, a control center and substations. This study also examines the economic feasibility of such power stations, by analyzing their investment costs and the internal rate of return (IRR). After analyzing the results, 1 kWh of solar power generation was found to have an impact upon both human health and ecosystem quality, whilst resource depletion was unaffected. When the overall impact was compared against the non-renewable power generating technologies of natural gas, combined cycle and coal-fired power stations, solar energy was found to have an appreciably lower environmental impact, with the multicrystalline plant having the lowest impact of all. However, the economic analysis revealed that, despite their low environmental cost, under the present market conditions both solar power technologies are not financially viable.


My starting point in this paper is Jan Blommaert's injunction to explore 'the various forms of interconnectedness between levels and scales of sociolinguistic phenomena' in the process of establishing a 'sociolinguistics of globalisation'. My particular focus is on ways in which ideologies of linguistic differentiation are refracted through various discursive layers in talk about language in the context of the EU: from the institutionalised privileging of a certain kind of multilingualism in EU strategies through national policies on language and citizenship to individual perceptions and evaluations of linguistic experience. National governments of member states sign up to multilingual strategies which are predicated on the unquestioned legitimacy of 'national languages' but at the expense of other linguistic varieties (whether or not they are identified as 'European') which lack their currency or authority. Discourses around the German language are emblematic of this process of elision: it is promoted above English as the language with the highest number of 'mother-tongue' speakers in the EU, it is the 'national language' of more than one member state and of the driving force of the EU economy, its embodiment of the cultural heritage of 'central Europe' gives it a special place in the emergence of the new European space. But it occupies a different position in the European 'linguascape' (Coupland) depending on the vantage point of the observer. In Germany and Austria, standard German anchors the idea of a national language, neutralising problematic processes of social categorisation, but simultaneously creates potentially exclusionary obstacles to the construction of new conceptions of citizenship; in neighbouring eastern states, the same standard language ideology underpins the foreign cultural policy of German and Austrian governments but requires a realignment or recalibration of the repertoires of German-speaking minorities. My paper is framed by the encompassing discourses of multilingualism in national and European institutions, but it incorporates illustrative analyses of individual encounters with the politics of language in everyday life under different social and historical conditions in central Europe.


Written in a lucid and engaging style, the author takes readers from an overview of classical mechanics and the historical development of quantum theory through to advanced topics. The mathematical aspects of quantum theory necessary for a firm grasp of the subject are developed in the early chapters, but an effort is made to motivate that formalism on physical grounds. Including animated figures and their respective Mathematica® codes, this book provides a complete and comprehensive text for students in physics, maths, chemistry and engineering needing an accessible introduction to quantum mechanics. Supplementary Mathematica codes available within Book Information


A plethora of stimuli-responsive micellar aggregates with a compartmentalized shell can be formed in aqueous solution from ABC triblock terpolymers with tunable hydrophilicity. Polybutadiene-block-poly(tert-butyl methacrylate)-block-poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PB-b-PtBMA-b-PDMAEMA) and, after modifications by hydrolysis to poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) or quaternization to PDMAEMAq, PB-b-PMAA-b-PDMAEMAq terpolymers self-assemble in water, depending on pH and temperature. We demonstrate control over micellar shape, size, and charge via three different preparation pathways. Even more, the micelles are capable of undergoing rearrangements in both the shell and the corona in response to external stimuli like pH or salinity. In that way, different structures such as multicompartment, core–shell–corona or flower-like micelles were identified and characterized viacryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The presence of two oppositely charged polyelectrolyte blocks within the structures leads to the formation of intramicellar interpolyelectrolyte complexes (im-IPECs) in the shell of the particles. Surprisingly, the im-IPEC formed between PMAA and PDMAEMAq can be redissolved by changes in pH, even in the absence of additional salt.


The confused state of most state corporate merger statutes allows many intellectual property licenses to find their way into unintended hands by way of corporate merger, in spite of non-assignment clauses. Clearly a detriment to licensors, corporate licensees too should be wary of depending upon the merger statute; a court ruling may not go their way. The states must clean up their collective act and bring some much needed certainty to a highly unpredictable intersection of corporate and intellectual property law.


Creep deformation of nickel-based superalloys at elevated temperatures is inherently dependent on the microstructural state of the material. Carbides have been observed to suppress intragranular and intergranular deformation rates at elevated temperatures by impeding dislocation motion within the grain and along the grain boundary. First, the rate controlling effects of intraand intergranular carbides as it relates to the grain boundary sliding are examined. A microstructurally sensitive, viscous description and model of grain boundary sliding is then presented. This work provides the concepts and mathematical formulation to model the rate controlling processes governing the grain boundary sliding associated with creep of carbide-strengthened superalloy Inconel 617 (IN617). The framework of the model considers both the microstructural state (size, volume fraction, and spacing of carbides) in the matrix, as well as along the grain boundary when determining the overall sliding rate. The model accounts for the role of carbides as they pertain to dislocation arrival/absorption into the grain boundary and the rate at which they glide and climb along the grain boundary plane, resulting in grain boundary sliding. It is considered that grain boundary sliding necessitates the supply of extrinsic dislocations from the matrix to facilitate sliding and, as such, the rate at which dislocations arrive to and are absorbed into the grain boundary dictates the overall sliding rate. Carbides along the grain boundary are then modeled as accumulation points for backstress which suppresses grain boundary sliding as a function of their size and spacing. At elevated temperatures, carbides within the matrix and along the grain boundary are subjected to diffusional processes resulting in time-dependent microstructure and mechanical response, requiring a detailed understanding of the rate controlling properties of both intraand intergranular carbides as they pertain to grain boundary sliding and creep deformation. Following this, a method of using stress relaxation tests carried out at 780 °C on IN617 specimens of various aging exposure times to examine the effect that the matrix microstructure exerts over the material's deformation at elevated temperatures is explored. Included in this experimental work are quantitative microstructural assessments of IN617 specimens of various exposure times through the use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Once the microstructure of the material has been evaluated, the elevated temperature stress relaxation tests are utilized as a means of producing accelerated creep behavior via interconversion of stress relaxation data to creep strain data. At 780°C, above the solvus temperature of gamma prime (γ'), but below that of the chromium-rich M23C6 carbides, the microstructure could be regarded as constant. In doing this, the time dependent nature of the M23C6 carbide evolution was able to be eliminated, thereby allowing a "snapshot in time" with fixed carbide radius, volume fraction, and spacing values which could be quantified via SEM. As the inelastic sliding of the viscous grain boundary is asserted to provide the means of stress relaxation, holding constant the grain and grain boundary microstructure allowed for determination of the number of grain boundary dislocations (ngb) required to produce the corresponding amount of grain boundary displacement. This is achieved by analyzing the matrix and grain boundary dislocation behavior within the framework of a physics-based deformation model which couples the matrix dislocation release (nm) to the grain boundary dislocation population which – through prevailing glide and climb processes internal to the boundary that occur at the experimental stress and temperature – facilitate grain boundary sliding. A unification of the influence of the matrix and grain boundary microstructure on the creep behavior of IN617 is then provided, proffering a comprehensive and efficient tool for consideration in the design and analysis of carbide precipitate strengthened nickel-based superalloys for high temperature applications.


The use of social networks among students has spread since cheaper costs, the use of cellphones and the viral effect of the Twitter and Facebook platforms worldwide. Even though, the impact of the learning processes, as well as the communication mechanisms among students, has just started to be studied. This research focuses on the second option, trying to answer the question: How do college students use social networks to improve communication and exchange knowledge? From the application of two online surveys applied to business administration (BBA - Bachelor in Business Administration) and informatics management (BIM - Bachelor in Informatics Management) students in 2010 and 2012, it was possible to observe that business administration students are the ones that use these platforms the most for sharing information and that in just a few years the use of these tools has changed among students.


Due to their strategic geographic location between three different continents, Sicily and Southern Italy have long represented a major Mediterranean crossroad where different peoples and cultures came together over time. However, its multi-layered history of migration pathways and cultural exchanges, has made the reconstruction of its genetic history and population structure extremely controversial and widely debated. To address this debate, we surveyed the genetic variability of 326 accurately selected individuals from 8 different provinces of Sicily and Southern Italy, through a comprehensive evaluation of both Y-chromosome and mtDNA genomes. The main goal was to investigate the structuring of maternal and paternal genetic pools within Sicily and Southern Italy, and to examine their degrees of interaction with other Mediterranean populations. Our findings show high levels of within-population variability, coupled with the lack of significant genetic sub-structures both within Sicily, as well as between Sicily and Southern Italy. When Sicilian and Southern Italian populations were contextualized within the Euro-Mediterranean genetic space, we observed different historical dynamics for maternal and paternal inheritances. Y-chromosome results highlight a significant genetic differentiation between the North-Western and South-Eastern part of the Mediterranean, the Italian Peninsula occupying an intermediate position therein. In particular, Sicily and Southern Italy reveal a shared paternal genetic background with the Balkan Peninsula and the time estimates of main Y-chromosome lineages signal paternal genetic traces of Neolithic and post-Neolithic migration events. On the contrary, despite showing some correspondence with its paternal counterpart, mtDNA reveals a substantially homogeneous genetic landscape, which may reflect older population events or different demographic dynamics between males and females. Overall, both uniparental genetic structures and TMRCA estimates confirm the role of Sicily and Southern Italy as an ancient Mediterranean melting pot for genes and cultures.


Design of sewer networks involves many constraints and technical criteria. These issues make the problem complicated and the feasible alternatives difficult to achieve. Besides, the methods of handling these constraints play a major role in optimization approaches for the least cost design. In this work an integrated analysis-design model is developed thereby all constraints are automatically satisfied during designing. A normal design alternative is defined herein which is a vector of values between zero and one. This vector represents the sewers diameters, slopes and pump station locations. The normal alternative is then decoded to real design parameters based on the hydraulics rules and the problem constraints. Using the proposed model every normal alternative is feasible and consequently the input design parameters are totally unconditional. At the end the abilities of the model is shown introducing and solving a relatively large sewer network. Furthermore, to demonstrate the capability and easiness of integrating the model with optimization tools, a Simulated Annealing (SA) algorithm is also applied to obtain the least cost design of the example. The results show that the optimum design and the rate of optimization convergence are significantly improved using the proposed method.


Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) records of 62 non-growing patients were used to evaluate the pharyngeal airway volume (upper and lower components), and the shape of the airway, using semi-automatic segmentations to calculate real volumes instead of estimates based on linear measurements. The sample was divided according to antero-posterior jaw relationships and vertical proportions. There was a statistically significant relationship between the volume of the lower component and a-p jaw relationship, and between airway volume and both the size of the face and gender. No differences in airway volumes related to vertical facial proportions were observed. Skeletal Class II patients tended to display forward inclination of the airway, greater projection of the tongue into the airway, and narrower airways. Skeletal Class III patients usually had a vertically-oriented airway. This study is a pioneer in measuring real 3-D models and controlling for face size. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS


State governments commonly use business tax credits to promote economic development. Whether these incentives are successful at generating new economic activity - and whether they do so in a cost-effective manner - are important concerns, particularly in times of fiscal and economic stress. This paper explores the use and effectiveness of a selected group of incentives, namely tax credits geared toward capital investment, research and development, job creation, and film production. The paper examines the various credits offered by New England states and their structural features, and reviews and analyzes the available evidence on the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of these types of incentives. The analysis reveals the challenges entailed in measuring the impact of business tax credits and the need for both analysts and policymakers to consider those challenges carefully when using existing studies to inform the tax credit debate.


This study presents a stylistic analysis of Ophelia Alcantara-Dimalanta"s Montage by providing a syntactic and lexical investigation of the poem. It attempts to investigate the style and the language of the poem by focusing on the overall structure of the poem and the grammatical structure of the sentences thereby leading to a deeper understanding of the text. The analysis focuses on the syntax, specifically the structure of sentences, and the vocabulary of the poem. Some pedagogical implications re then drawn towards the concluding remarks of the study.


Older adult care in Ireland and the UK has seen substantial recruitment of migrant registered nurses and care assistants. However, there is little information on recruitment methods in this sector and on how the current immigration systems influence these strategies. This article aims to address this topic through a survey of care organizations and interviews with employers and migrant carers in Ireland and the UK. Recruitment of migrant carers is based on a combination of conventional approaches, informal networks and recruitment agencies. Choice of strategy is dependent on occupation type and the targeted labour pools. Findings demonstrate that immigration regulations effectively dictate the recruitment pools and shape employer recruitment methods.


When writing my introduction to Dr. Jentink's treatise on the Mammals collected during my sojourn in Borneo (N. L. M. XIX (1897), pp. 1—26), I had no idea that the publication of the present paper, which at that time was nearly ready for the press, would have to undergo such a long delay. But the duties of my new position as Director of the Zoological Garden at Rotterdam absorbed so much of my time that I could not think much about finishing my manuscript. And even now I am, for want of time, unable to do what I originally had proposed myself to do, i. e. to give a critical review of the birds of Borneo, but must content myself with an enumeration of the species obtained by myself and my companions, especially by my assistant Mr. Max Moret, who, after my return to Europe, made a small collection of birds in the surroundings of Pontianak near the west coast, and of Dr. A. W. Nieuwenhuis 1), who, from May 1896 to May 1897 and from November 1898 to March 1899, made collections of birds on the Upper Kapoeas 1) and on the River Mahakkam (East-Borneo) and its tributaries. Moreover I am indebted to Mr. L. Westenenk, an officer in the Dutch colonial civil service, at that time »Assistent Resident" at Sanggau, for a small collection of birds preserved in spirits, from the junction of the Sekajam with the Kapoeas River and sent to me after my return to Leyden.


AIM AND OBJECTIVES
To determine the factors influencing nurses' decisions and capacity to reduce sedentary behaviour in hospital inpatients in sub-acute hospital settings.

BACKGROUND
Sedentary behaviour in hospital inpatients is a complex issue that can be resistant to resolution. There is little research investigating factors influencing nurses' promotion of reduced levels of sedentary behaviour in sub-acute hospital settings.

DESIGN
An explanatory sequential design was employed, comprising quantitative and qualitative phases.

METHODS
An online survey was conducted with a convenience sample of 138 nurses from five Australian states. Logistic regression modelling identified demographic and behavioural characteristics of nurses who often encouraged patients to reduce their sedentary behaviour. In-depth interviews were conducted with 11 ward nurses and nurse managers, with the content subjected to thematic analysis. STROBE and GRAMMS checklists were employed.

RESULTS
Nurses recognised their role in promoting reduced sedentary behaviour but faced a range of personal and organisational barriers in achieving this outcome for patients. Few nurses were aware of national physical activity and sedentary behaviour guidelines. Five themes emerged from interviews (nursing role, care challenges, expectations of advocates, teamwork and improving the experience). Overall, many nurses experienced a lack of agency in promoting reduced sedentary behaviour and cognitive dissonance in feeling unable to undertake this role.

CONCLUSIONS
The results of this study are significant in confirming that reducing sedentary behaviour in hospital inpatients is influenced by a range of complex and multi-level factors. There is a fundamental need for organisational and clinical leadership in building a culture and climate in which staff feel empowered to promote reduced sedentary behaviour in their patients.

RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE
The results of this study highlight the importance of taking action to reduce sedentary behaviour in sub-acute hospital settings. A co-design approach to developing interventions in local health services is warranted.


This Article explores the long and intricate history of federalism, the arrangement between the federal and local governments to serve the people, in the United States. It begins with the beginnings of federalism in pre-colonial times and continues to discuss how recent Supreme Court decisions have failed to articulate a cohesive test for federalism issues. Ultimately, the Article proposes a method for resolving federalism disputes. This method focuses on the sociopolitical and economic benefits of federalism as the Framers intended. Further, it argues that courts should inquire as to the utility of either the federal or local government regulating a specific matter, and let each level of government do what it does best.


Data spatialization is a design technique through which data is used to create architectural spaces. It does not necessarily preserve the legibility of the represented data, but rather focuses on the spatial qualities that can be gained from the data. As a consequence, data in such data-driven spaces tend to be represented in abstract forms. Bymeans of a method of spatial representation that has historically been used in art and architecture, we produce a data-spatialized architecture that preserves data legibility. This research aims to introduce a method for the design of a data-driven pavilion that represents data spatially through catoptric (mirror-assisted) anamorphosis. The major contribution lies at the underexplored intersection of data spatialization and perspectival representation, where the input data defines the physicality of the pavilion and simultaneously remains readable. In this work, a set of environmental datasets from North America – including elevation, precipitation, temperature, and population – is used to generate an anamorphic structure. The spatialized datasets can be updated by means of illuminating the components of the pavilion. Based on the result, this design methodology provides an accurate data representation in an anamorphic data-driven public space.


Background : Atherosclerosis is the leading cause of death necessitates more research to find better solutions to this general concern. Due to the side effects of chemical compounds, more attention has been paid to herbal remedies. This study was designed to investigate the effects of Nigella sativa , on atherosclerosis and its risk factors in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Methods : Fifteen rabbits were randomly distributed into three groups of five each.( Normal diet group, hypercholesterolemic diet group (1% cholesterol) and group that received hypercholesterolemic diet supplemented with 5% nigella sativa). Animal groups received their own diets and water for a period of 8 weeks. At the beginning of the treatment period, blood samples were taken from all animals to measure biochemical factors. Same procedure was performed at the end of the period then the left and right coronary arteries and the aorta of each animal were dissected to study fatty streak formation (FSF). Results : Dietary use of Nigella sativa significantly decreased cardiovascular FSF as well as blood cholesterol and LDL in hypercholesterolemic animals. Though not significant but blood HDL was increased and reduction in C-reactive protein (CRP), triglyceride (TG) and oxidized LDL was observed in the same animals. Conclusion : The results indicate that Nigella sativa inhibits the development of atherosclerosis. This may be related to the effect of Nigella sativa on plasma lipoproteins in addition to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.