We derive a theoretical model of how jumbo and conforming mortgage rates are determined and how the jumbo-conforming spread might arise. We show that mortgage rates reflect the cost of funding mortgages and that this cost of funding can drive a wedge between jumbo and conforming rates (the jumbo-conforming spread). Further, we show how the jumbo-conforming spread widens when mortgage demand is high or core deposits are not sufficient to fund mortgage demand, and tighten as the mortgage market becomes more liquid and realizes economies of scale. Using MIRS data for April 1997 through May 2003, we estimate that the GSE funding advantage accounts for about seven basis points of the 15-18 basis point jumbo-conforming spread.


Abstract Attributional style can have an influence on the way people think about their performances, the kind of tasks people choose to perform, and as a consequence the career path people choose. Attributional styles could be more or less adaptive for certain situations. If a person has maladaptive attributional style, through attributional retraining he or she can be trained to develop more adaptive causal attributions. Results from this study show that attributional retraining for high school students is effective with as few as five training sessions and that attributional retraining has an influence on the career choices listed by the students before and after the attributional retraining. Key words: attributional style, attributional retraining, career choices, gender differences INTRODUCTION Attributional patterns can have consequences for the kind of tasks people choose to perform, in students for the elective courses they register for, and in the end for the careers people choose to follow in their life path (Matlin, 1987; Nieva & Gutek, 1981; Zuckerman, 1980). According to attributional theory (Weiner, 1986), it is only when an individual performs according to expectations that the outcome is attributed to skill. When the person performs inconsistent with expectations, the outcome is attributed to factors such as luck, situational factors that enable success, easiness of tasks, or effort. More than that, even when the performance outcome is successful, interpretations of that success differ when the one who performed it is a woman or a man. When equally successful, a woman is perceived as less skilled than a man (Deaux & Emswiller, 1974). Some researchers (Wigfield & Karpathian, 1991) have found that females are less likely than males to attribute success to ability and more likely to attribute failure to lack of ability. Sex differentiated attributions can impact males' and females' subsequent motivation in a certain domain of interest, and can influence cognitive outcomes such as achievement. From an attributional style point of view, it could be said that those females who "survived" in the "male" dominated fields had a more effective attributional style. Attributions for success and failure are often related to achievement activities. Attributing success to one's ability and effort and failure to lack of effort is seen as positive, whereas attributing success to luck and failure to lack of ability has negative connotations. In order to help students be more adaptive in their thinking about different situations in their life different models of attributional training were developed to help them (females especially, and low achievers) to make better causal attributions about their successes and failures. Attributional retraining might in the end change not only the way people make causal attributions about different situations in their life, but also the way they think about and choose careers. OVERVIEW OF ATTRIBUTIONAL THEORY Educational psychologists relate school achievement to motivation, and researchers in this domain attempt to determine what factors, other than ability, account for the differences found in the way students respond to academic success and academic failure. Failure may elicit intensified effort and persistence for some (adaptive pattern), while others may withdraw from the situation and resign to failure (maladaptive pattern). Academic success, on the other hand, may evoke responses ranging from surprise and relief to feelings of competence and confidence (adaptive patterns). Although such differential patterns do not necessarily indicate differing intellectual abilities, they do have a profound effect on one's academic behavior (Weiner, 1986). Does the student persist or withdraw in the face of academic challenge? Attributional theory provides a plausible explanation for such discrepant motivational patterns. Attributional theory emerged from Heider's (1958) "lay" psychology and subsequent reformulations by Jones and Davis (1965), Kelley (1973), and Weiner (1986). …


Due to increasing population pressure on limited cultivable land in many parts of subSaharan Africa (SSA), farm size has been shrinking, fallow periods have been shortened, and soil fertility has been declining. In accordance with the Boserupian evolutionary theory and the Hayami-Ruttan induced innovation theory, however, investments in land improvements have taken place, which leads to strengthened individual land rights and the intensification of farming systems in many other parts of SSA. Based on the literature review, this paper argues that such evolutionary and spontaneous changes should be supported by means of technology development and dissemination, formalization of land rights, and improvement of access to agricultural markets.


This working paper reviews three methods of assessing the quality of long term care for the aged. The three methods are as follows. First, in criterion-guided assessment, a largely subjective assessment is made, using a set of guidelines as a framework for the assessment. These guidelines are a list of criteria which define the aspects of care which are important. Second, assessment may be made using structured assessment protocols which may include completion of written questionnaires. Structured assessment procedures concentrate on assessment of individuals living in the facility, or consist of a more general assessment of the 'personality' of the facility. Third, assessment may be based on selected key indicators which are assumed to reflect the level of quality of care found in other unmeasured areas as well, or they are used as markers for more intensive investigation. This method is a shorthand summary of the overall quality, and is used either alone or in conjunction with more detailed assessments. These methods are reviewed here with particular reference to the method of assessing quality of long term care that is used by the Australian federal government. After reviewing the literature, the policy implications of the review, and future directions for research in this field are discussed.


Numerous studies of young stellar objects (YSOs) have uncovered associated optical outflows, the majority of which are driven by low-mass, embedded, Class I sources Initially these outflows were thought to extend only a few thousand AU, however recent observations have shown that they can stretch for several parsecs. In this thesis I examine the more massive intermediate - mass (2M0 < M* < 10Mo) YSOs and the more evolved Class II low-mass YSOs (Classical T Tauri stars - CTTSs) for evidence of similar large - scale outflows.

It is now well known that mass outflow accompanies the birth of stars. Outflows occur early in the formation process when YSOs are optically obscured by large amounts of dust although the outflow itself may be optically visible. They are an essential part of the star formation process and can remove significant amounts of excess angular momentum from a YSO as it forms. On large scales outflows may generate turbulence m their parent cloud thus helping to support the cloud against gravitational collapse. In this way outflows may even influence subsequent star formation Parsec-scale outflows, created over thousands of years, are also an important "fossil record" of the mass-ejection (and, to a lesser extent, of the accretion) history of their source.

The intermediate - mass YSOs presented here were found to generate outflows of up to 8 parsecs in length. Their morphology follows trends seen in large - scale outflows from embedded low-mass sources such as decreasing spatial frequency, increasing dimensions and increasing complexity of Herbig-Haro (HH) emission with distance from the source. Extrapolating the decline in spatial frequency suggests that HH emission may exist on even greater scales than seen here 1 e tens of parsecs. Remarkably, virtually all of the optical outflows from intermediate - mass YSOs have a high degree of collimation. As very high mass YSOs are known to have poorly collimated outflows (e g the Orion Bullets), these observations therefore suggest that the transition from focused jet to poorly collimated wind must occur at higher masses than those studied here.

The CTTSs observed were previously known only to drive "micro-jets" of several thousand AU m length. The wide field observations presented here however show that they also drive parsec - scale flows of the order of 0 5pc. Their degree of collimation is again very high and comparable to what is observed m the case of more embedded sources of similar mass. This implies that the collimation angle remains small even as the source evolves over 1 Myr timescales. Again one observes the same decrease in spatial frequency of HH emission with increasing distance from the source as seen for the more embedded sources. The apparent dynamical lifetimes of these large-scale outflows (around 103-4 yrs) are comparable to the inferred time interval between major accretion events that give rise to FU Orioms outbursts. This would suggest a link between major HH complexes and the FU Orioms phenomenon. Finally my research would suggest that most optical outflows (both from intermediate mass YSOs and CTTSs) have blown out of their parent cloud and are much larger than inferred from their apparent size.

A proper motion study was undertaken on the CTTS-driven outflows to determine tangential velocities, particularly for the more distant HH emission, as an aid to understanding outflow dynamics. This study shows the more distant objects in the outflows to be moving with velocities of ~ 200 kins-1 while the "micro - jets" themselves are slightly faster, suggesting that the velocities remain high with distance from the source.


The FETS is a light and compact thermal surface (sun shade, IR thermal shield, cover, and/or deployable radiator) that is mounted on a set of offset tape-spring hinges. The thermal surface is constrained during launch and activated in space by a thermomechanical latch such as a wax actuator. An application-specific embodiment of this technology developed for the MATMOS (Mars Atmospheric Trace Molecule Occultation Spectrometer) project serves as a deployable cover and thermal shield for its passive cooler. The FETS fits compactly against the instrument within the constrained launch envelope, and then unfolds into a larger area once in space. In this application, the FETS protects the passive cooler from thermal damage and contamination during ground operations, launch, and during orbit insertion. Once unfolded or deployed, the FETS serves as a heat shield, intercepting parasitic heat loads by blocking the passive cooler s view of the warm spacecraft. The technology significantly enhances the capabilities of instruments requiring either active or passive cooling of optical detectors. This can be particularly important for instruments where performance is limited by the available radiator area. Examples would be IR optical instruments on CubeSATs or those launched as hosted payloads because radiator area is limited and views are often undesirable. As a deployable radiator, the panels making up the FETS are linked thermally by thermal straps and heat pipes; the structural support and deployment energy is provided using tape-spring hinges. The FETS is a novel combination of existing technologies. Prior art for deployable heat shields uses rotating hinges that typically must be lubricated to avoid cold welding or static friction. By using tape-spring hinges, the FETS avoids the need for lubricants by avoiding friction altogether. This also eliminates the potential for contamination of nearby cooled optics by outgassing lubricants. Furthermore, the tape-spring design of the FETS is also self-locking so the panels stay in a rigid and extended configuration after deployment. This unexpected benefit makes the tape-spring hinge design of the FETS a light, simple, reliable, compact, non-outgassing hinge, spring, and latch. While tape-spring hinges are not novel, they have never been used to deploy passive unfolding thermal surfaces (radiator panels, covers, sun shades, or IR thermal shields). Furthermore, because this technology is compact, it has minimal impact on the launch envelope and mass specifications. FETS enhances the performance of hosted payload instruments where the science data is limited by dark noise. Incorporating FETS into a thermal control system increases radiator area, which lowers the optical detector temperature. This results in higher SNR (signal-to-noise ratio) and improved science data.


The disposal of treated wastewater from an anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) effluent into water bodies can cause pollution. Treated wastewater management through irrigation of crops has the potential of increasing crop production through nutrient uptake while reducing the risks of environmental pollution. However, this study aimed to investigate the effect of irrigation with ABR effluent on Swiss chard yield, nutrient (N and P) uptake and leaching. Field experiments were done over three seasons at Newlands, Durban, South Africa. The experiments were laid out in a randomised complete block design with three treatments: ABR effluent irrigation (ABR), tap water irrigation with fertiliser (TWF) and rain-fed with fertiliser (RFF). Data were collected on nutrient (N and P) leaching at 30 and 50 cm depths, crop growth, soil chemical properties and nutrient uptake. Effects of irrigation with ABR effluent on soil chemical properties, Swiss chard growth, plant nutrient uptake and leaching were comparable to TWF and RFF treatments. This implies that irrigating crops with ABR effluent is a potential method for wastewater management in a manner that will not cause environmental pollution while benefiting peri-urban farmers.


What More Could I Have Done?" A Graduate Student's Experience Teaching Writing About Writing Lena May Harper Department of English, BYU Master of Arts As writing about writing (WAW) research enters its "second wave," characterized not only by an increase in data-driven studies that theorize and assess the effectiveness of WAW curricula (Downs) but also by an increase in its prominence and adaptation, particularly among emerging writing studies scholars and teachers (e.g., Bird et al.), a space has opened for more and varied types of research, especially empirical research, to determine its effectiveness and to produce more solid recommendations for training and curriculum development, especially for those who are new to the field. This case study, which highlights how a novice teacher responds to a new teaching experience, aims to address the dearth of empirical research on WAW curricula and to aid other graduate instructors interested in teaching WAW or program administrators interested in implementing WAW. The study reports results from data collected (e.g., interviews, in-class observations, teachings logs) on the experience of a second-year MA graduate student in composition and rhetoric as he taught a WAW-based curriculum in a firstyear composition (FYC) class in the beginning of 2016. His twenty students were also research subjects, but only a small portion of their data is reported here. The instructor's experience, chronicled in narrative form, began optimistically, though with a hint of skepticism, and ended in discouragement and even pessimism. These results were largely unexpected due to the instructor's confidence with and knowledge of WAW history, assumptions, and pedagogy and experience teaching FYC. However, his struggle with the approach reveals and confirms several important points for anyone hoping to teach or implement WAW. Particularly, new WAW instructors need sustained training, support, and mentoring to help them properly temper their expectations for the course, correctly and usefully interpret their experiences teaching WAW, successfully transfer prior teaching knowledge and methods to the WAW classroom, and ultimately find their place in WAW instruction.


We report on the growth by evaporation under high vacuum of high-quality thin films of Fe(phen)2(NCS)2 (phen=1,10-phenanthroline) that maintain the expected electronic structure down to a thickness of 10 nm and that exhibit a temperature-driven spin transition. We have investigated the current-voltage characteristics of a device based on such films. From the space charge-limited current regime, we deduce a mobility of 6.5×10−6 cm2/V s that is similar to the low-range mobility measured on the widely studied tris(8-hydroxyquinoline)aluminum organic semiconductor. This work paves the way for multifunctional molecular devices based on spin-crossover complexes.


One of the most important fallacies in information processing is the assumption that a particular interpretation of any given data is truth. Layers of complex information structures and belief systems are constructed on this foundation without questioning this assumption at each new layer. For example, only a small portion of information in the entire scientific literature is backed up with complete, currently available data from which the information has been deduced. For the rest, the data are no longer available; hence, there is no way to reinterpret the data and validate their conclusions. A sustainable model of biomedical data, information and knowledge requires a repository of objective data and metadata, associated with a set of software interpreters or interpretation protocols (algorithms). Outputs of interpreters become new sets of data to be interpreted by other interpreters. This model preserves not only abstractions and other underlying assumptions explicitly but also enables coexistence of differing interpretations, which may yield different conclusions on the same data.


Introduction: The premature rupture of membranes (PROM) in term pregnancy is not categorized separately in the Robson Classification. The aim of this study is to identify differences between parturiens who were admitted to the labor unit with PROM, spontaneous onset of labor (contractions) and induced labor. Materials and methods: All parturients who delivered at our department were included. The data were obtained from medical records of patients from 1.1.2018 to 30.9.2019. The population of parturiens in term with one fetus in cephalic position was then selected and subdivided according to the cause of admission: spontaneous onset of labor (contractions), spontaneous rupture of membranes and induction of labor. Primiparas and multiparas without a history of cesarean section where evaluated separately. Results: The frequency of cesarean section in the population of primiparas admitted to the labor unit with PROM was 14.7%, in those admitted with contractions was 8.0% (OR: 0.51, 95% CI: 0.37 – 0.70, p < 0.0001). In the population of parturiens with induced labor, the frequency of cesarean section was 20.7% (OR: 1.51, 95% CI: 1.08 – 2.12, p = 0.0156). Cesarean sections performed out of the indication "prolonged labor" represented 10.6% of all deliveries in the population of parturiens admitted with PROM, 5.4% in the population admitted with contractions (OR: 0.48, 95% CI: 0.33 – 0.71, p = 0.0002). In the population with induced labor those cesarean sections represented 5.4% of all deliveries, the difference was not statistically significant. In cesarean sections performed out of the indication "fetal hypoxia", no significant difference was observed between populations with PROM and spontaneous onset of labor (3.6% vs 2.3%). Comparing to the population with induced labor (7.1%), the difference was statistically significant (OR: 2.03, 95% CI: 1.11 – 3.70, p = 0.0217). Similar results were obtained in the population of multiparas. Conclusion: Different outcomes were recorded in the population of primiparas and multiparas with PROM. A separate category in the Robson Classification for those parturiens would be beneficial.


People are increasingly exposed to environmental threat in the form of "slow-scale" disaster, such as the water contamination at Flint, Michigan. Little is known about the role of place attachment in determining responses to such threats. The present research tests a comprehensive model linking place attachment style to patterns of environmental threat response. Two highly powered surveys (total N = 603) test this model in the context of a water contamination scenario. Across both studies, we find that a more communal and traditionalist place inherited style predicts defensive denial of the threat and compensatory identification with spiritual powers, while a more agentic and cosmopolitan place discovered style predicts identification with responsible institutions and collective action motivation. Place relativity style—characterized by high mobility and lack of attachment—predicts scapegoating of responsible institutions, especially when the threat occurs in a location other than one's neighborhood (Study 2).


A novel approach toward realizing a large capacity high-throughput pipelined content addressable memory (CAM) or associative memory (AM) at low cost has been described. It employs only commercial random access memory (RAM) along with a simple binary search pipeline (BSPL). In order to search a (2/sup n/-1)-word search key field (SKF) storage RAM, the BSPL employs n identical and simple binary search processing elements, each having its local copy of the SKF storage RAM (SKFSR). The SKFSR stores, in an ordered manner, the SKFs of all the words in the CAM, whereas a data field storage RAM (DFSR) stores the unordered CAM data words. The n-times replicated SKFSR, along with the n-processor BSPL, functions as a simple n-stage pipelined content-to-address memory (CTAM). The CTAM, a new kind of memory that performs the inverse function of a RAM, serves as the first and the most important stage in the proposed 3-stage pipelined CAM architecture. In response to the stream of input query words (search keys) fed to the pipelined CAM, the pipelined CTAM first produces the corresponding stream of SKFSR addresses where the query words reside. These SKFSR addresses corresponding to the queries are next mapped back by the second stage, namely, the address mapping RAM, to their original addresses in the CAM, i.e., in the DFSR, which had been altered due to data ordering in the SKFSR. Now, the third stage of the pipelined CAM, namely, the DFSR, is read out at the mapped, i.e., the original CAM addresses, to obtain the desired stream of responses from the CAM. An augmented version of the pipelined CTAM has been designed to handle the presence of duplicate search keys in the CAM. A few illustrative examples of querying a simple database stored in the CAM have been included. The proposed pipelined CAM has a modular and highly scalable architecture. Its throughput rate, which is independent of the CAM size, is a little less than the RAM access rate and its latency is a little more than (n+2) times the RAM access time.


Reactions between bis(trimethylsilyl)methyllithium LiCHR2 and a nitrile R′CN gave lithium 1-azaallyls, β-diketiminates or 1,3-diazaallyls. The products of related processes involving the lithium alkyl LiCH2R, LiCH(R)Ph or [Li(tmen)]2[1,2-{C(H)R}2C6H4] have also been obtained (R = SiMe3 and R′ = But, Ph or C6H4Me-4). Analytical and spectroscopic data served to identify the following crystalline compounds: [Li{N(R)C(But)C(H)R}(D)]n [D absent and n = 2; D = tmen or dme and n = 1], [Li{N(R)C(Ph)C(H)R}(D)]n [D = tmen or pmdien and n = 1, or D = thf and n = 2], [Li{N(R)C(Ph)C(H)C(R′′)NR}(D)]n [D absent, n = 2 and R′′ = Ph (4a), C6H4Me-4 (4b) or But; or D = tmen, (thf )2 (9b), NEt3 or thf and NCPh and n = 1 and R′′ = Ph], [Li{N(R)C(Ph)C(H)C(Ph)NR}(D)Li(CHR2)] [D = OEt2 or thf], [Li{N(R)C(Ar)NC(Ph)[double bond, length half m-dash]C(H)R}(D)]n [D = tmen, n = 1 and Ar = Ph or C6H4Me-4; or D = thf, n = 2 and Ar = Ph], [Li{N(Ph)C(R)NC(Ph)[double bond, length half m-dash]C(H)R}(tmen)], [Li{N(R)C(But)CH2]2, [Li{N(R)C(Ph)[double bond, length half m-dash]C(H)Ph}(tmen)], and [Li(tmen)]2[1,2-{N(R)C(But)CH}2C6H4]. Each of the three classes of ligands has a diversity of ligating possibilities, functioning towards lithium variously in a terminal or bridging and mono- or bi-dentate fashion, the role of a neutral donor D often being crucial. For an isomeric pair, the lithium β-diketiminate was thermodynamically preferred over the 1,3-diazaallyl. From [Li{N(R)C(But)C(H)R}]2 and successively CH2Br2 and LiBun, the further lithium 1-azaallyl compound [Li{N(R)C(But)C(H)C(H)(R)Bun}]2 was obtained. From 4a and CH2Br2 or (BrCH2)2 a bis(β-diketiminyl)methane CH2[C{C(Ph)NR}C(Ph)N(H)R]2 or 9b or β-diketimine HN(R)C(Ph)C(H)C(Ph)NR were obtained, while 4b with successively KOBut and H2O gave the β-diketimine HN(R)C(C6H4Me-4)C(H)C(C6H4Me-4)NR. Mechanistic pathways are proposed, which involve Me3Si migrations: from C to N or N to N; or, for the latter a 1,2-dyotropic Me3Si/H exchange. The crystal structures of eleven of these compounds have been determined. Each of the new lithium compounds may in principle behave as an N-, C-, (N,N ′)-, or (N,C )-centred nucleophile. Reactions demonstrating the first two alternatives for the β-diketiminate [Li{N(R)C(Ar)C(H)C(Ar)NR}]2 are (i) those with water (Ar = C6H4Me-4) or (BrCH2)2 (Ar = Ph) which gave the diketimine N(R)C(Ar)C(H)C(Ar)N(H)R, whereas (ii) that with CH2Br2 (Ar = Ph) yielded CH2[[upper bond 1 start]C{C(Ph)NR}C[upper bond 1 end](Ph)N(H)R]2.


Contemporaneous studies generally find a negative relationship between audit partner busyness (APB), measured as the number of clients in an audit partner's portfolio, and audit quality. Their argument is that a busy partner does not devote sufficient time to properly audit his average client. Contrary to these studies, we argue that when busyness is optimally chosen by the partner, in equilibrium, there is no causal relationship between APB and audit quality. Using Australian data for the 1999–2010 period, we show that APB is not reliably linked to audit quality, consistent with this equilibrium theory. We argue that causality can be ascribed to the APB-audit quality relationship when accounting scandals exogenously shocked the Australian audit market during the 2002–04 period and APB likely deviated from optimum levels. Supporting this disequilibrium view, we find that higher APB reduces a partner's propensity to issue first-time going-concern opinions during this period. Our evidence highlights the importance of the equilibrium condition in testing empirical associations between audit outcomes and endogenous auditor attributes, and shows that the detrimental effect of APB on audit quality is not as pervasive as contemporaneous studies suggest.


Location-awareness is an important requirement for many mobile wireless applications today. When GPS is not applicable because of the required precision and/or the resource constraints on the hardware platform, radio interferometric ranging may offer an alternative. In this paper, we present a technique that enables the precise tracking of multiple wireless nodes simultaneously. It relies on multiple infrastructure nodes deployed at known locations measuring the position of tracked mobile nodes using radio interferometry. In addition to location information, the approach also provides node velocity estimates by measuring the Doppler shift of the interference signal. The performance of the technique is evaluated using a prototype implementation on mote-class wireless sensor nodes. Finally, a possible application scenario of dirty bomb detection in a football stadium is briefly described.


Storytelling and resistance are powerful tools of both lawyering and individual identity, as I argue in this brief essay published in Narrative as part of a dialogue on disability, narrative, and law with Rosemarie Garland-Thompson and Ellen Barton. Garland-Thompson's work shows us the life-affirming potential of storytelling, its role in shaping disability identity, and its role in communicating that identity to the outside world. By contrast, Barton powerfully shows how those same life-affirming narratives can force a certain kind of storytelling, can create a mandate to tell one story and not another. In short, Barton reminds us of the need to respect other kinds of stories.The clinical lawyering pedagogy of Jean Koh-Peters and the late Kathleen Sullivan demonstrated a parallel dialectic. Koh-Peters urged aspiring lawyers to use a storytelling approach as the best way both to empower clients - who often want their stories told in court - and to represent their interests before decision-makers who respond to compelling narratives. Sullivan, by contrast, encouraged a resistance approach to advocacy. She helped her law students see that their clients in a clinic on Advocacy for Parents and Children had been forced to reveal the private details of their lives far more than most Americans, and thus that resisting state intrusion was an important part of the advocate's role.Ultimately, these perspectives - on law and identity - alert us not only to the importance of telling new stories, and of telling challenging stories, but also to the occasional, yet vital, need to stop the stories. They call our attention to the overlooked moment when identity shapes itself by resisting the demand to tell stories.


The increase in liking for a repeatedly presented stimulus is a central theoretical justification for advertisement repetition. Products and brand names are repeatedly presented because it supposedly leads to an increase in liking for the brand or product and therefore more chance a consumer will purchase the product. Recent research suggests that the influence of repeated exposure to a stimulus is not so straightforward. The increase in liking for a stimulus due to repeated exposure is known as the mere exposure effect and is one of the most established and replicated phenomena in experimental psychology. It appears as though the mere exposure effect is most likely the result of increased ease in processing the stimulus, known as processing fluency. In contrast to over 300 experiments corroborating this effect, distracting stimuli viewed during visual selective attention tasks become disliked, in what has become known as the distractor devaluation effect. This effect is based on inhibition associated with ignoring distractors in these tasks and poses a potential inconsistency with the mere exposure effect, which leads to the prediction that the exposure should produce a preference for any exposed stimulus. The aim of the current research is to determine whether the divergent outcomes of exposure to a stimulus observed in these two effects operate via a common set of mechanisms or whether the observations of distractor devaluation studies are due to a different evaluative process. In the reported series of experiments, participants were repeatedly exposed to distracting stimuli for brief periods whilst engaged in visual search tasks. Participants' liking and familiarity for target and distractor stimuli were assessed using self-report and implicit measures. Results indicate that processing fluency is increased due to exposure to the distracting stimulus; however, the processing fluency does not always lead to positive subjective preference ratings for the same stimulus. Results from these experiments instead suggest that negative attitudes towards distractors are related to rejecting the distractors. The negative feelings are related to a hedonic marker that increases efficacy in visual search tasks. The implication of this research is that ignoring a stimulus leads to a short-term negative attitude for the stimulus related to goal attainment that has little long-term consequence for preference formation. The mere exposure effect is the development of a longer term liking of a stimulus based on exposure and, therefore the distractor devaluation effect contributes little to the understanding of the Selective attention and the mere exposure effect mechanisms underlying the mere exposure effect and the development of persistent likes and dislikes.


Based on a detailed study of 35 cases in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and post-communist Eurasia, this book explores the fate of competitive authoritarian regimes between 1990 and 2008. It finds that where social, economic, and technocratic ties to the West were extensive, as in Eastern Europe and the Americas, the external cost of abuse led incumbents to cede power rather than crack down, which led to democratization. Where ties to the West were limited, external democratizing pressure was weaker and countries rarely democratized. In these cases, regime outcomes hinged on the character of state and ruling party organizations. Where incumbents possessed developed and cohesive coercive party structures, they could thwart opposition challenges, and competitive authoritarian regimes survived; where incumbents lacked such organizational tools, regimes were unstable but rarely democratized.


Various initiatives to identify global priority areas for conservation have been developed over the last 20 years (e.g. Biodiversity Hotspots). However, translating this information to actionable local scales has proven to be a major task, highlighting the necessity of efforts to bridge the global-scale priority areas with local-based conservation actions. Furthermore, as these global priority areas are increasingly threatened by climate change and by the loss and alteration of their natural habitats, developing additional efforts to identify priority areas for restoration activities is becoming an urgent task. In this study we used a Spatial Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (SMCDA) approach to help optimize the selection of sites for restoration initiatives of two endemic threatened flora species of the "Chilean Winter Rainfall-Valdivian Forest" Hotspot. Our approach takes advantage of freely GIS software, niche modeling tools, and available geospatial databases, in an effort to provide an affordable methodology to bridge global-scale priority areas with local actionable restoration scales. We used a set of weighting scenarios to evaluate the potential effects of short-term vs long-term planning perspective in prioritization results. The generated SMCDA was helpful for evaluating, identifying and prioritizing best suitable areas for restoration of the assessed species. The method proved to be simple, transparent, cost effective and flexible enough to be easily replicable on different ecosystems. This approach could be useful for prioritizing regional-scale areas for species restoration in Chile, as well as in other countries with restricted budgets for conservation efforts.


A common approach to regulator design is to define an objective function, which is minimized with respect to adjustable regulator parameters. Here we discuss how such objective functions can be minimized on-line, thus providing adaptive control. Such an approach to adaptive control has its roots in early contributions to learning systems, and it is here further developed and discussed in the light of the recent development of the field. A general algorithm is given and special attention is paid to minimization of quadratic criteria. A key problem is to obtain information about the system dynamics in order to compute the derivatives of the criterion with respect to the regulator parameters. It is shown that the self-tuning regulator is obtained as a special case, corresponding to a particular quadratic criterion and a particular way of estimating the system dynamics. Explicit ways using instrumental variables techniques based on extra injected noise are also discussed. A specific feature of the algorithm is that it does not utilize specific knowledge about how to calculate the optimal regulator. The algorithm is the same for minimum phase as well as for non-minimum phase systems.


Studies on the phytochemicals and bioactivities were carried out towards three plants species; Mangifera pajang Kosterm, Aglaia odoratissima Blume and Acacia albida
Delile. Various classes of chemical constituents have been isolated and identified by spectroscopic method including infrared (IR), mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic
resonance (NMR) and by comparison with reported data. Some of the plant extracts and isolated constituents demonstrated potential activity on antibacterial, antioxidant and cytotoxic screening tests.
 Chromatographic isolation of the kernel, stem bark and leaves extracts of Mangifera pajang Kosterm from Sabah has led to the isolation of an aromatic ester, methyl
 gallate (28), mixture of benzaldehyde (64) and benzyl alcohol (65), cycloartane triterpenes identified as mangiferonic acid (10), 3β-hydroxy-cycloart-24-ene-26-oic
acid (66) and 3β,23-dihydroxy-cycloart-24-ene-26-oic acid (9), lupane triterpenes;lupeol (59) and lupenone (58), steroids; β-sitosterol (46) and stigmasterol (47),
monoterpene; trans-sobrerol (67) and a flavonol glycoside identified as quercitrin (68). However, isolation work towards extracts of Aglaia odoratissima also has led
to the isolation of compounds (46), (47) and (59). Chromatographic isolation towards extracts of stem bark of Acacia albida has afforded compounds (47) and (59) from
its crude hexane and chloroform extracts. Meanwhile, sucrose (69) was obtained from methanol crude extract.
 All of the crude extract from Mangifera pajang Kosterm, Aglaia odoratissima Blume and Acacia albida Delile were subjected to cytotoxic screening against various cancer cell lines (MCF-7, HeLa and HT-29). Crude ethyl acetate and methanol extracts from kernel show strong cytotoxic activity towards MCF-7 and HeLa cells with IC50 less than 10 μg/mL while crude petroleum ether, chloroform and ethyl
 acetate extracts of the stem bark show strong to moderate activity against MCF-7,HeLa and HT-29 cancer cell lines with the IC50 values ranging from 5 to 30 μg/mL. Cytotoxic screening on the isolated compounds revealed high cytotoxic activity by compounds (28) and (66) for MCF-7 cell. Meanwhile, compounds (10), (59), (66) and (68) showed high cytotoxic activity towards HeLa cell, while compounds (10),
(28) and (68) were also active towards HT-29 cell.
 However, only crude ethyl acetate and methanol extracts from kernel shows inhibition towards microbes in antimicrobial and antifungal assays. For DPPH assays, the kernel crude extracts show highest free radical scavenging activity with IC50 less than 10 μg/mL, while crude ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of leaves show weak activity with IC50 less than 150 μg/mL. Methyl gallate (28) was the only isolated compound which showed high antifungal activity towards MRSA and high radical scavenging activity with IC50 value of 6.24 ± 0.30 μg/mL.


Objective This study aimed to elucidate the effects of cholecystectomy on the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) by conducting a meta-analysis of 10 cohort studies. Methods The eligible cohort studies were selected by searching the PubMed and EMBASE databases from their origination to June 30, 2016, as well as by consulting the reference lists of the selected articles. Two authors individually collected the data from the 10 papers. When the data showed marked heterogeneity, we used a random-effects model to estimate the overall pooled risk; otherwise, a fixed effects model was employed. Results The final analysis included ten cohort studies. According to the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS), nine papers were considered high quality. After the data of these 9 studies were combined, an increased risk of CRC was found among the individuals who had undergone cholecystectomy (risk ratio (RR) 1.22; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.08–1.38). In addition, we also found a promising increased risk for colon cancer (CC) (RR 1.30, 95% CI 1.07–1.58), but no relationship between cholecystectomy and rectum cancer (RC) (RR 1.09; 95% CI 0.89–1.34) was observed. Additionally, in the sub-group analysis of the tumor location in the colon, a positive risk for ascending colon cancer (ACC) was found (RR 1.18, 95% CI 1.11–1.26). After combining the ACC, transverse colon cancer (TCC), sigmoid colon cancer (SCC) and descending colon cancer (DCC) patients, we found a positive relationship with cholecystectomy (RR 1.18, 95% CI 1.11–1.26). Furthermore, after combining the ACC and DCC patients, we also found a positive relationship with cholecystectomy (RR 1.28; 95% CI 1.11–1.26) in the sub-group analysis. In an additional sub-group analysis of patients from Western countries, there was a positive relationship between cholecystectomy and the risk of CRC (RR 1.20; 95% CI 1.05–1.36). Furthermore, a positive relationship between female gender and CRC was also found (RR 1.17; 95% CI 1.03–1.34). However, there was no relationship between gender and CC or RC. Furthermore, no publication bias was observed, and the sensitivity analysis indicated stable results. Conclusions This meta-analysis of 10 cohort studies revealed that cholecystectomy is associated with an increased risk for CRC, CC and ACC, particularly in Western countries. No relationship between cholecystectomy and RC was observed. There was no relationship between gender and either CC or RC, but a positive relationship between female gender and CRC was observed.


Title of Document: HETEROGENEOUS ORDERED MESOPOROUS CARBON/METAL OXIDE COMPOSITES FOR THE ELECTROCHEMICAL ENERGY STORAGE Junkai Hu, Doctor of Philosophy, 2015 Directed By: Professor Sang Bok Lee, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry The combination of high electronic conductivity, enhanced ionic mobility, and large pore volume make ordered mesoporous carbons (OMCs) promising scaffolds for active energy storage materials. However, mesoporous structures and material morphology need to be more thoroughly addressed. This dissertation discusses the effects of mesoporous structures and material morphologies on the electrochemical performance of OMC/Fe2O3 composites. In the first approach, Fe2O3 was embedded into 1D cylindrical (FDU-15), 2D hexagonal (CMK-3), and 3D bicontinuous (CMK-8) symmetries of mesoporous carbons. These materials were used as supercapacitors for a systematic study of the effects of mesoporous architecture on the structure stability, ion mobility, and performance of mesoporous composite electrodes. The results show that the CMK-3 and CMK-8 synthesized by hard template method can provide high pore volume, but the instability of their mesostructures hinders the total electrode performances upon oxide impregnation. In contrast, the FDU-15 from the soft template method can provide a stable mesostructure. However, it contains much smaller pore volume and surface area, leading to limited metal oxide loading and electrode capacitance. Based on these results, anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) and triblock copolymer F127 are used together as hard and soft templates to fabricate ordered mesoporous carbon nanowires (OMCNW) as a host material for Fe2O3 nanoparticles. The synergistic effects in the dual template strategy provide a high pore volume and surface area, and the structure remains stable even with high metal oxide loading amounts. Additionally, the unique nanowire morphology and mesoporous structure of the OMCNW/Fe2O3 facilitate high ionic mobility in the composite, leading to a large capacitance with good rate capability and cycling stability. I further evaluated this OMCNW/Fe2O3 as a lithium-ion battery (LIB) anode, which showed that the porous symmetry, material morphology, and structure stability are even more important in the rate and cycling performances of LIBs. This work helps further the understanding and optimization of porous structures and morphologies of heterogeneous composites for next generation electrochemical energy storage materials. HETEROGENEOUS ORDERED MESOPOROUS CARBON/METAL OXIDE COMPOSITES FOR THE ELECTROCHEMICAL ENERGY STORAGE


Background Coronary artery disease is very common in Pakistani population. Some of the studies carried out on Western populations have shown a relationship between body iron status as determined by the ratio of concentrations of serum soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) to ferritin and the risk of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). In order to investigate whether increased body iron status has any relationship with the risk of premature AMI in Pakistani population, a case-control study was carried out. Methodology/Principal findings In this case-control study, 203 consecutive AMI patients [146 males and 57 females; age range 18–45 years] admitted to the National Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases, Karachi, were enrolled with informed consent. In addition, 205 healthy controls whose gender and age (within 3 years) matched the patients, and who had a similar socio-economic background were recruited. Fasting venous blood was obtained and assessed for plasma/serum folate, vitamin B12, homocysteine, total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, sTfR and ferritin and blood lead. It was found that serum concentration of ferritin and blood lead levels were significantly higher in AMI patients compared to their age and gender-matched healthy controls (p value <0.05), while the concentrations of vitamin B12 and HDL-cholesterol were significantly lower in AMI patients compared to controls (p value <0.01). The ratio of sTfR to ferritin was significantly lower in AMI patients compared to controls [mean±SD/median (IQR) values 84.7±295/28.9 (38.4) vs 255±836/49.4 (83.8), respectively; p value <0.001]. Compared with the highest quartile of sTfR/ferritin (low body iron status), the OR for the risk of AMI was 3.29(95% CI, 1.54–7.03) for the lowest quartile (quartile 1) when the model was adjusted for vitamin B12 and HDL-cholesterol (p value for trend <0.01). Conclusions/Significance This study shows a positive association between total body iron status and risk of premature AMI in a Pakistani population.


Several distinct regions of the integrin αIIb subunit have been implicated in ligand binding. To localize the ligand binding sites in αIIb, we swapped all 27 predicted loops with the corresponding sequences of α4 or α5. 19 of the 27 swapping mutations had no effect on binding to both fibrinogen and ligand-mimetic antibodies (e.g. LJ-CP3), suggesting that these regions do not contain major ligand binding sites. In contrast, swapping the remaining 8 predicted loops completely blocked ligand binding. Ala scanning mutagenesis of these critical predicted loops identified more than 30 discontinuous residues in repeats 2–4 and at the boundary between repeats 4 and 5 as critical for ligand binding. Interestingly, these residues are clustered in the predicted β-propeller model, consistent with this model. Most of the critical residues are located at the edge of the upper face of the propeller, and several critical residues are located on the side of the propeller domain. None of the predicted loops in repeats 1, 6, and 7, and none of the four putative Ca2+-binding predicted loops on the lower surface of the β-propeller were important for ligand binding. The results map an important ligand binding interface at the edge of the top and on the side of the β-propeller toroid, centering on repeat 3.


I. INTRODUCTION "Behavioral law and economics"-the general topic of this Symposium-seeks to bring together "behavior" and "law and economics." Law and economics (without the modifier) is of course already about behavior. But it is typically about behavior of a particular sort: highly "rational" (in a particular sense of that term), optimizing behavior. Sometimes it is reasonable to assume that people behave in this manner; other times it is not.l The "behavioral" in "behavioral law and economics" is about infusing law and economics with insights into actual (rather than hypothesized) human behavior when such insights are needed to insure sound predictions or prescriptions about law. Behavioral law and economics is not a critique of law and economics. It shares with that approach to the law the view that human behavior is organized by predictable patterns, which enable the analyst to generate models (often formal ones) and testable hypotheses about the effects of legal rules. And it shares the view that such analysis is an important and valuable pursuit, one most worthy of legal scholars' attention. Where it disagrees with conventional law and economics is about the shape of the predictable patterns of human behavior. Its goal is to offer better predictions and prescriptions about law based on improved accounts of how people actually behave. This Essay offers a behavioral economic analysis of redistributive legal rules. Redistributive legal rules are rules chosen for their effects in shifting wealth from high-income to low-income individuals (progressive redistribution). The desirability of such rules has been the subject of intense debate within the legal community. Many law and economics scholars have urged that legal rules be chosen solely with an eye towards Kaldor-Hicks efficiency (which I will call simply "efficiency" for the remainder of this Essay); these scholars often urge that distributional considerations be addressed (if they are to be addressed at all) exclusively through the tax and welfare systems.2 On this view, distributive goals do not provide a basis for choosing an inefficient legal rule-although they might, it seems, provide a basis for choosing between two efficient rules.3 Other legal scholars have argued that the selection of legal rules should be informed by distributional considerations even at the expense of efficiency.4 I will call a rule "redistributive" if it makes such a trade-off between distributive objectives and efficiency. A recurring theme in the debate over redistributive legal rules has been the relative cost of redistributing wealth through legal rules (defined to mean rules other than those that directly relate to the tax and welfare systems) and redistributing wealth through the tax and welfare systems (which I will call simply "the tax system" or "taxes" for the remainder of this Essay). Under the assumptions of neoclassical economics, any desired level of redistribution can be achieved at lower cost through the tax system than through legal rules.5 This is not because the tax system can redistribute wealth costlessly; the animating feature of both lawyers' and economists' analyses of tax schemes is their potential to distort people's work incentives. Higher taxes on the wealthy will tend to discourage people from earning high incomes. But from the perspective of neoclassical economics, precisely the same is true of redistributive legal rules: "[U]sing legal rules to redistribute income distorts work incentives fully as much as the income tax system-because the distortion is caused by the redistribution itself...'6 Thus, for example, a thirty percent marginal tax rate, together with an inefficient legal rule that redistributes an average of one percent of high earners' income to the poor, creates the same distortion in work incentives as a thirty-one percent marginal tax rate coupled with an efficient, non-redistributive legal rule.7 However, the former regime also entails costs due to the inefficient legal rule. …


In 2017, a team of librarians and archivists at Western University developed local Information Literacy Learning Outcomes (ILLOs). The resulting document outlined the skills and understanding that Western University students should demonstrate at the end of a four-year undergraduate degree—specifically, the skills relating to accessing, assessing, and applying information. This article focuses on the challenges and opportunities encountered during the collaborative process as well as the approach employed by the team in the development of these ILLOs.
Six librarians and archivists in very different roles formed the project team. Despite coming from diverse backgrounds, the team recognized that there could be many benefits to developing these outcomes: they could be used as a benchmark for students to measure their own learning, as a conversation starter and leveler with faculty and other instruction partners, and as a stepping stone to develop a full instruction program and common understanding among the librarians and archivists at Western University and Huron University College.
The ILLOs created also incorporate guidelines and ideas from various sources, including the Association of College and Research Libraries' Framework for Information Literacy for Higher Education and Information Literacy Competency Standards for Higher Education, Western University's undergraduate Degree Outcomes, and the university's and library system's strategic plans.
To ensure the success of this complex venture, detailed project planning was vital. We consulted with our colleagues through multiple engagement activities: information literacy retreats, focused discussion meetings, and one-on-one consultations. The diversity of roles and experiences of our team members and colleagues added both a richness to our project and specific challenges in dealing with dissenting opinions, information overload, engagement and visioning fatigue, and collaborative writing. This article will discuss our approach to writing collaboratively and valuing diverse opinions to improve colleague and organizational buy-in. We have also included practical suggestions for implementing a similar process at the reader's own institution.


Using a generalization of the integral theory of metallic and dielectric gratings developed in our laboratory 15 years ago, we propose a rigorous integral theory of scattering by metallic or dielectric nonperiodic rough surfaces leading to a single integral equation. The numerical implementation has been carried out despite strong difficulties for TM polarization and metallic surfaces because of propagation of surface plasmon waves outside the illuminated region of the rough surface. Numerical results show the influence of the statistical parameters of the asperities on the absorption phenomena for metallic surfaces. Then the influence of asperities on the total transmission around Brewster incidence is studied. Finally numerical results of enhanced backscattering from perfectly conducting, metallic, and dielectric random rough surfaces are given.


In the last decade, the world has seen a surge of protests and social movements. Also in Turkey, a group of protesters occupied the Gezi Park in 2013 against the government's plans to transform it into a commercial complex. This paper explores the protests to advance knowledge on the relationship between urban space and protests. The paper argues that first; Gezi Park reflects variegated 'rights of, in and to the city' created through 'commoning'. Second, the Park becomes a 'socio-spatial-virtual bricolage,' which contains past and present, traditional and contemporary and global and local subjects, elements and activities and different realms such as the physical and the virtual. Finally, the paper argues that the Park reflects a new political urban space and subjectivity.


Micro-blogging is increasingly extending its role from a daily chatting tool into a critical platform for individuals and organizations to seek and share real-time news updates during emergencies. However, seeking and extracting useful information from micro-blogging sites poses significant challenges due to the volume of the traffic and the presence of a large body of irrelevant personal messages and spams. In this paper, we propose a novel recommendation framework to overcome this problem. By analyzing information diffusion patterns among a large set of micro-blogs who play the role of emergency news providers, our approach could select a small subset as recommended emergency news feeds for regular users. We have evaluated our diffusion-based recommendation framework on Twitter during the early outbreak of H1N1 Flu. The evaluation results show that our method results in more balanced and comprehensive recommendations compared to benchmark approaches.


A substantial proportion of Latina/o college students enroll at Hispanic-Serving Institutions (HSIs) and emerging HSIs. Utilizing data from the University of California, Los Angeles Cooperative Institutional Research Program, this study quantitatively examines the choice process of Latina/os enrolled at 4-year HSIs, emerging HSIs, and non-HSIs. Guided by traditional theories of college choice and community cultural wealth, this study examines how demographic characteristics and various forms of capital influence Latina/os' college choices. Different factors are associated with enrollment at HSIs and emerging HSIs compared with non-HSIs and can inform how institutions can transform practices and environments to serve the needs of their Latina/o students.


The purpose of this paper is to provide insights into how the successors of family-owned manufacturing SMEs view and manage innovativeness. Research into company takeovers mainly focuses on large companies and little is known about innovativeness in research on family-owned businesses, often SMEs. This paper presents findings from ten company successions, five of which describe family successions and five external ones. The paper points to that there is little difference in how various types of successor view and manage innovativeness. A successor is chosen with care and this also influences the view and management of innovativeness; other criteria seem to apply in the succession and radical changes can only be introduced if a number of contextual factors are managed properly. The paper also indicates that while financial constraints may limit innovations, a strong financial situation is not an antecedent for innovativeness.


Overall this thesis describes the study of the ability of the tetracationic cyclophane CBPQT4+ to form inclusion complexes with electron-rich moieties such as tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) and dioxynaphthalene. These complexes are strengthened by π-stacking and charge transfer interactions, which give rise to coloured complexes. The complexes are fully reversible and can be decomplexed by the addition of a stimulus that can be chemical, electrochemical, and thermal. In addition
we have exploited the ability of ferrocene to form inclusion complexes with cyclodextrins in aqueous media. The host-guest interactions that occur between these molecules were investigated using a number of techniques such as UV-Vis, fluorescence, NMR spectroscopy and cyclic
voltammetry. Isothermal titration calorimetery (ITC) was also be used to measure the Ka of the complexes.
Chapter two describes the synthesis of naphthalene and ferrocene functionalised dihydroimidazophenanthridines (DIPs). These materials were synthesised in order to create DNA intercalating agents that could undergo further host-guest interactions with either CBPQT4+ or β-cyclodextrin. These interactions were studied using ITC in a number of
aqueous buffers with calf thymus DNA and the synthetic Dickerson dodecamer D-DNA. Additionally, the host-guest interactions for the naphthalene functionalised DIP with CBPQT4+ were studied using UV-Vis, fluorescence and NMR spectroscopy. The cytotoxic nature of the functionalised DIPs were investigated using MDCK epithelial cell culture
experiments.
Chapter three describes the synthesis and analysis of silane and disulfides modified with chosen electron rich substrates for the production of functionalised surfaces where self-assembled monolayers were produced on either glass or gold surfaces. These functionalised surfaces
were then utilised in cell adhesion experiments with MDCK cells where the modulation of adhesion was attempted by the formation of pseudorotaxanes with either CBPQT4+ or β-cyclodextrin and by changing the oxidation state of the functional group in the case of ferrocene.
Chapter four describes the synthesis of functionalised diacetylenes for the formation of polydiacetylene liposomes in aqueous conditions. The liposomes successfully formed were analysed by DLS. UV-Vis spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry were used to investigate the dual
response chromophoric sensing applications of these materials.
Chapter five describes the synthesis of functionalised surfactant compounds for the formation of mixed micelles in aqueous conditions with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The interactions between the
surfactant and CBPQT4+ were measured by ITC, NMR, UV-Vis, and fluorescence spectroscopy.
Chapter six describes the modification of the protein BSA with a naphthalene functionalised chloroacetate. The modified protein was analysed by ITC, MALDI TOF, UV-Vis, and fluorescence spectroscopy in
order to identify the degree of functionalisation that had occurred and whether complexation was possible with CBPQT4+.
Chapter seven describes the synthesis of a naphthalene, and two ferrocene functionalised biotin conjugates with a view to investigate the interactions with avidin proteins. The interactions were measured by ITC and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The effect of changing the chain length on binding to neutravidin and β-cyclodextrin was studied in the ferrocene biotin conjugates where the interactions were assessed using ITC, cyclic voltammetry, and NMR spectroscopy. The interactions between the naphthalene based conjugate and CBPQT4+ was measured by UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy.


Nucleophilic Activation of Coordinated Carbon Monoxide. 3. Hydroxide and Methoxide Reactions with the Trinuclear Clusters MJ(C0)12 ( M = Fe, Ru or Os). Implications with Regard to Catalysis of the Water Cas Shift Reaction [J. Am. Chem. SOC. 1985, 107, 585-5933. DAVID C. GROSS and PETER C. FORD* Page 592: The two equations appearing in the right-side column of print are incorrect. These should be respectively


Oregon State University has been a pioneer in developing a "Platform for Learning" using their TekBots platform as a fundamental part of their electrical and computer engineering curriculum. At George Fox University, we fundamentally affirm this concept of a "Platform for Learning," but we additionally desire a "Platform for Prototyping." By "Platform for Prototyping," we mean a platform that will enable our engineering students to create significant engineering projects as part of a myriad of service-learning projects, student research, course projects, and the senior capstone experience. To be effective across our curriculum, this system must not only be usable by mechanical, electrical and computer engineers, but by engineering students at the end of their first year in the engineering program. As it is difficult to conceive of a significant engineering application that does not have some form of embedded control system, it is almost imperative that these students obtain the ability to understand and control some form of an embedded control system early in the curriculum. This presents some challenges. Many embedded processing systems make use of one microcontroller controlling a variety of sensors and actuators, requiring that one microcontroller program be written to control every detail of the embedded system. Even simple embedded systems can require a multitude of tiny details including modulation for multiple infrared sensors, pulsewidth modulation control for various dc and servo motors, and interfaces to various components such as LCD displays and wireless interfaces. This level of programming sophistication is generally reserved for upper-division ECE courses where interrupts and timers are discussed in great detail. To address these issues, we have developed a distributed embedded processing system called "Chirps." Chirps are a suite of boards that can communicate with one another using short command bursts, or "chirps." Rather than having a central controller that needs to manage pulsewidth-modulation and encoder processing for a variety of motors, a Chirp system will contain a Chirps motor controller board that can be accessed using simple commands such as "Move Forward 100 ticks." This Chirp abstraction will provide users the ability to rapidly assemble and control larger systems (such as robots) from Chirp modules and easily control them using "chirps." Although detailed functions are moved to individual control boards, a central controller must still be provided to control the system and send and receive "chirps." For this purpose, we have enhanced the very popular open-source suite of hardware and software provided by the Arduino project. The Chirps controllers are built on the foundation of the Arduino Diecimila board, with a power and communication interface added to facilitate the "chirp" system. In the first-year engineering sequence, students are taught how to program the basic controller and make calls to the various Chirps boards. Upper-division ECE students develop new Chirps boards as part of the microprocessor course. These boards are targeted toward the needs of the various projects being developed throughout the curriculum. Using the Chirps system, Y University engineering can rapidly prototype and control a variety of significant engineering systems.


Photographer, costume designer, avid diarist - Cecil Beaton was also a 'romantic royalist' whose glittering photographs of Queen Elizabeth II became among the most widely published portraits of the twentieth century. This fascinating book explores Beaton's long relationship with the Queen and the royal family, and describes how his royal portraits shaped the monarchy's public image from the 1930s to the late 1960s. It is a celebration of Beaton, the enduring flair of his portraits, and the myriad sources of inspiration that resulted in photographs so powerful that they moulded the world's perception of a princess, monarch and mother.


Author(s): Schafer, Edward W., Jr.; Eschen, Mary L. | Abstract: Pigeons held under a fall and spring photoperiod-temperature regime consumed a maximum of 16.9 to 21.4 kernels of whole corn per hour with an average ranging from 7.6 to 12.4 kernels per hour. Peak consumption occurred during the first and/or next-to-last hour of the day with a secondary, but smaller, peak around noon. Corn consumption ranged from 91 to 112 kernels/bird/day and approximated daily consumption equal to 10% of an average bird's mass. The acute oral LD50 of strychnine alkaloid to pigeons was estimated to be 7.73 mg/kg (95% Confidence Interval of 6.75 to 8.85). The LD90 was 10.99 mg/kg (8.79 to 13.7) and the LD10 was 5,37 mg/kg (4.35 to 6.63). Time to death ranged from 5 to 39 minutes. Treatment of groups of 10 pigeons at 6-hour intervals beginning at 0600h with 7.73 mg/kg strychnine suggested that pigeons were more sensitive to intoxication at 1200h and 1800h than they were at 0600h. Laboratory tests of 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6% strychnine-treated whole corn bait with pigeons during the first hour of the day and at noon indicated that mortality from the 0.2% bait was insufficient for adequate control (17 to 33%). The 0.4% and 0.6% baits, however, produced acceptable mortality (48 to 71%). Pigeons killed by the 0.4% and 0.6% baits consumed from 11 to 21 kernels of corn depending upon the time of ingestion. Strychnine residues in the crop and gizzard contents of pigeons consuming 0.4% and 0.6% baits ranged from 455 ppm to 1500 ppm. Residues in birds fed the 0.4% baits were 37% that of those fed the 0.6% bait during the early morning, and 49% that of birds exposed at noon. Gizzard residues ranged from 16 ppm to 38 ppm and intestinal tissue residues ranged from 4.6 ppm to 9.2 ppm and were not correlated with treatment or treatment time. Strychnine residues in organs (heart, liver, and kidney) ranged from not detectable to 2.2 ppm and residues in muscle from 0.17 ppm to 0.56 ppm. These data indicate that a 0.4% strychnine alkaloid bait may be an effective substitute for the 0.6% bait now registered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Pigeon Bait Poisoned Grain, Reg. No. 6704-42). The exposure of predatory and scavenger birds and mammals to potential secondary poisoning following the consumption of strychnine-treated pigeons could be reduced by 51% to 63% with the use of the 0.4% bait.


The architects of todays large and complex systems all too often struggle with the lack of a consistent set of principles and practices that adequately address the entire breadth of systems architecture. The Method Framework for Engineering System Architectures (MFESA) enables system architects and process engineers to create methods for effectively and efficiently engineering high-quality architecture for systems, subsystems, and software components. Meets the Needs of Specific Projects The book begins by documenting the common challenges that must be addressed by system architecture engineering. It explores the major principles answering these challenges and forming the basis of MFESA. Next, the authors introduce MFESA, including its primary goals, inputs, tasks, outputs, and assumptions. Then they describe the fundamental concepts and terminology on which the systems architecture engineering is founded. This is followed by a description of each of the ten system architecture engineering tasks including associated goals and objectives, preconditions, inputs, steps, postconditions, work products, guidelines, and pitfalls.Finally, the book documents the relationship between quality and architecture, explains the quality model underlying MFESA, and provides a summary of MFESA method framework, as well as a list of points to remember and future directions planned for MFESA.Explains Specific RationalesOrganized as a handy desk reference, this book harnesses more than 100 years of the authors combined professional experience to provide extensive guidelines, best practices, and tips on avoiding possible pitfalls. It presents a direct rationale of why steps are taken, how things can go wrong, and guidance for how and when to tailor the model for a systems specific context.


Background: Ethics and dignity in prehospital emergency care are important due to vulnerability and suffering. Patients can lose control of their body and encounter unfamiliar faces in an emergency situation. Objective: To describe what specialist ambulance nurse students experienced as preserved and humiliated dignity in prehospital emergency care. Research design: The study had a qualitative approach. Method: Data were collected by Flanagan's critical incident technique. The participants were 26 specialist ambulance nurse students who described two critical incidents of preserved and humiliated dignity, from prehospital emergency care. Data consist of 52 critical incidents and were analyzed with interpretive content analysis. Ethical considerations: The study followed the ethical principles in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Findings: The result showed how human dignity in prehospital emergency care can be preserved by the ambulance nurse being there for the patient. The ambulance nurses meet the patient in the patient's world and make professional decisions. The ambulance nurse respects the patient's will and protects the patient's body from the gaze of others. Humiliated dignity was described through the ambulance nurse abandoning the patient and by healthcare professionals failing, disrespecting, and ignoring the patient. Discussion: It is a unique situation when a nurse meets a patient face to face in a critical life or death moment. The discussion describes courage and the ethical vision to see another human. Conclusion: Dignity was preserved when the ambulance nurse showed respect and protected the patient in prehospital emergency care. The ambulance nurse students' ethical obligation results in the courage to see when a patient's dignity is in jeopardy of being humiliated. Humiliated dignity occurs when patients are ignored and left unprotected. This ethical dilemma affects the ambulance nurse students badly due to the fact that the morals and attitudes of ambulance nurses are reflected in their actions toward the patient.


This report documents potential enhancements in three areas for the Washington State Pavement Management System (WSPMS): (1) a checking scheme for the annual pavement condition survey, (2) models for use in estimating vehicle operating costs due to pavement deterioration and their use in the optimal timing of rehabilitation, and (3) an alternate method for estimating pavement performance equations. The earlier report prepared for the study (WA-RD 315.1, "Statistical Methods for WSDOT Pavement and Material Applications") provides an overview of various statistical methods. A purpose of that report was to explain statistical methods (with special emphasis on regression analysis) in a straightforward manner to a broad group of users.


Neuromuscular disorders such as Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy and Spinal Muscular Atrophy are neurodegenerative genetic diseases characterized primarily by muscle weakness and wasting. Until recently there were no effective therapies for these conditions, but antisense oligonucleotides, a new class of synthetic single stranded molecules of nucleic acids, have demonstrated promising experimental results and are at different stages of regulatory approval. The antisense oligonucleotides can modulate the protein expression via targeting hnRNAs or mRNAs and inducing interference with splicing, mRNA degradation, or arrest of translation, finally, resulting in rescue or reduction of the target protein expression. Different classes of antisense oligonucleotides are being tested in several clinical trials, and limitations of their clinical efficacy and toxicity have been reported for some of these compounds, while more encouraging results have supported the development of others. New generation antisense oligonucleotides are also being tested in preclinical models together with specific delivery systems that could allow some of the limitations of current antisense oligonucleotides to be overcome, to improve the cell penetration, to achieve more robust target engagement, and hopefully also be associated with acceptable toxicity. This review article describes the chemical properties and molecular mechanisms of action of the antisense oligonucleotides and the therapeutic implications these compounds have in neuromuscular diseases. Current strategies and carrier systems available for the oligonucleotides delivery will be also described to provide an overview on the past, present and future of these appealing molecules.


Microgrids is an new opportunity to reduce the total costs of power generation and supply the energy demands through small-scale power plants such as wind sources, photo voltaic panels, battery banks, fuel cells, etc. Like any power system in micro grid (MG), an unexpected faults or load shifting leads to frequency oscillations. Hence, this paper employs an adaptive fuzzy P-PID controller for frequency control of microgrid and a modified multi objective Chaotic Gravitational Search Algorithm (CGSA) in order to find out the optimal setting parameters of the proposed controller. To provide a robust controller design, two non-commensurable objective functions are formulated based on eigenvalues-domain and time-domain and multi objective CGSA algorithm is used to solve them. Moreover, a fuzzy decision method is applied to extract the best and optimal Pareto fronts. The proposed controller is carried out on a MG system under different loading conditions with wind turbine generators, photovoltaic system, flywheel energy, battery storages, diesel generator and electrolyzer. The simulation results revealed that the proposed controller is more stable in comparison with the classical and other types of fuzzy controller.


Background : Even in 25 years after Chernobyl catastrophe, the interpretation of the findings on leukemia risk among Chernobyl clean-up workers is still a point of much controversy. Precise diagnosis of the main types of hematopoietic malignancies according to FAB classification and new WHO classification and comparison of these data with that in the general population will be helpful in estimating the relative contribution of the radiation factor to the overall incidence of such pathologies. Methods : The data on 295 consecutive cases of malignant tumors of hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues in Chernobyl clean-up workers diagnosed in 1996-2010 are given in comparison with the data of 2697 consecutive patients of general population of the same age group. The complex of diagnostic techniques was used including morphology and cytochemistry of bone marrow and peripheral blood cells as well as immunocytochemical techniques (APAAP, LSAB-AP) and the broad panel of monoclonal antibodies to lineage specific and differentiation antigens of leukocytes. Results: All the main forms of tumors of hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues were diagnosed among clean-up workers under study in 10-25 years after Chernobyl catastrophe including myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), acute leukemias (ALL and AML), chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and other chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) and other chronic lymphoproliferative diseases of B and T cell origin. Among clean-up workers with hematopoietic malignancies, MDS percentage tended to exceed that in the group of patients representing the general population examined at the same period (5.42% vs. 3.70%). Among 46 AML cases in clean-up workers, leukemia was preceded by MDS in seven patients. Also CML percentage was higher in group of patients representing clean-up workers (9.01% vs. 6.59%). B-CLL was a predominant form of hematopoietic malignancies in clean-up workers under study (26.10%). Nevertheless, B-CLL percentage in patients of clean-up workers group did not differ significantly from that in the patients of general population. The multiple myeloma percentage in the group of patients belonging to clean-up workers in our study was higher than in the patients of general population (6.44% vs. 4.0%). Conclusions: The verified diagnosis of tumors of hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues according to the up-to-date classifications (EGIL, WHO) could be the prerequisite for further molecular genetic and analytical epidemiology study of leukemias that may be related to Chernobyl catastrophe. Keywords: Chernobyl clean-up workers, leukemias, cytochemistry, immunophenotyping


AASL's Standards for the 21st Century Learner are based on a number of common beliefs, including the importance of reading and technology skills, and the acknowledgment that the concept of information literacy has indeed become more complex since the last century. The data provided in this article support the importance of considering the dispositions-in-action component of the new standards when planning instruction. Specifically, this article investigates the contributions of perceived competence in information and digital literacy skills, perceived competence in reading, the disposition to read for enjoyment, and the disposition of curiosity, towards actual performance in an information and digital literacy skills knowledge test. Study participants included more than twelve hundred eighth grade students from twenty states. The study is grounded in historical literature on the construct of curiosity and on self-determination theory. Implications for curriculum design are discussed. The research was supported by a National Leadership Grant from the Institute of Museum and Library Services.


We investigate the relativistic properties under boost transformations of the κ-Poincare model with multiple causally connected interactions, both at the level of its formulation in momentum space only and when it is endowed with a full phase space construction, provided by the relative locality framework. Previous studies focusing on the momentum space picture showed that in the presence of just one interaction vertex the model is relativistic, provided that the boost parameter acting on each given particle receives a "backreaction" from the momenta of the other particles that participate in the interaction. Here we show that in the presence of multiple causally connected vertices the model is relativistic if the boost parameter acting on each given particle receives a backreaction from the total momentum of all the particles that are causally connected, even those that do not directly enter the vertex. The relative locality framework constructs spacetime by defining a set of dual coordinates to the momentum of each particle and interaction coordinates as Lagrange multipliers that enforce momentum conservation at interaction events. We show that the picture is Lorentz invariant if one uses an appropriate "total boost" to act on the particles' worldlines and on the interaction coordinates. The picture we develop also allows for a reinterpretation of the backreaction as the manifestation of the total boost action. Our findings provide the basis to consistently define distant relatively boosted observers in the relative locality framework.


This article analyzes the ongoing debate over amendments to the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) in the broader context of adaptation to climate change. In the fifty years since its enactment, the NFIP has proven to be a financial and environmental disaster. The availability of flood insurance through the NFIP has encouraged an unprecedented population surge along the coasts, and, as this population has become increasingly vulnerable to hurricane activity and flooding from sea level rise, the federal government has paid billions in insurance claims and disaster relief. Moreover, the increased coastal population has jeopardized the ability of coastal ecosystems to adapt to rising sea levels, putting both humans and the natural environment at risk. The Biggert-Waters Flood Insurance Reform Act of 2012 was intended to correct some of the these problems in the NFIP by eliminating subsidized premium rates and updating insurance rates to more accurately reflect risk. Those amendments, however, have been met with bitter opposition from those now facing increased premium rates for flood insurance. Several recent pieces of legislation have called for significant delays in the rate increases. Much of the opposition to the NFIP amendments can be traced to a broader resistance to lifestyle changes that may be required by a changing climate. Adaptation to climate change is still in its infancy in the United States, and has not yet had an impact on the lifestyles of most individuals, including lifestyles made possible by substantial government subsidies for everything from flood insurance to roads to water. But as certain land use patterns and other behaviors become increasingly unsustainable, the elimination of subsidies that encourage environmentally harmful behaviors is likely to become an appealing first step toward adaptation. The elimination of those subsidies will work tremendous changes on communities that have relied upon them for decades, as is currently happening in coastal communities reliant on flood insurance. Consequently, prior to their elimination, it is important to understand whether the provision of subsidies in the past creates any future obligation on the part of the government to those people who have built their lives around subsidies. After considering several different legal frameworks through which such legal obligations might be imposed, my article concludes that the government is under no obligation to continue its subsidies of environmentally harmful behaviors. Despite the controversy and reluctance likely to accompany any measures that force changes in lifestyle, these are the kinds of changes that adaptation will require.


Recent developments in biomineralization have already demonstrated that nanosized particles play an important role in the formation of hard tissues of animals. Namely, the basic inorganic building blocks of bones and teeth of mammals are nanodimensional and nanocrystalline calcium orthophosphates (in the form of apatites) of a biological origin. In mammals, tens to hundreds nanocrystals of a biological apatite were found to be combined into self-assembled structures under the control of various bioorganic matrixes. In addition, the structures of both dental enamel and bones could be mimicked by an oriented aggregation of nanosized calcium orthophosphates, determined by the biomolecules. The application and prospective use of nanodimensional and nanocrystalline calcium orthophosphates for a clinical repair of damaged bones and teeth are also known. For example, a greater viability and a better proliferation of various types of cells were detected on smaller crystals of calcium orthophosphates. Thus, the nanodimensional and nanocrystalline forms of calcium orthophosphates have a great potential to revolutionize the field of hard tissue engineering starting from bone repair and augmentation to the controlled drug delivery devices. This paper reviews current state of knowledge and recent developments of this subject starting from the synthesis and characterization to biomedical and clinical applications. More to the point, this review provides possible directions of future research and development.


The present research was performed to study the qualitative and quantitative composition of epiphytic algae on the aquatic host plant Ceratophyllum demersum L. Four sites in Tigris River, at Wassit Governorate were covered, during the seasons of Autumn 2017, winter 2018, Spring 2018, and Summer 2018. The study also included measuring the physiochemical parameters (temperature of air and water, pH , water level, EC, salinity, TDS, TSS, dissolved oxygen,  BOD5, alkalinity, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, total nitrogen, total phosphourus). The total number of species of epiphytic algae was145 species, 98 species belonging to Bacillariophyceae, followed by 27species of class Cyanophyceae, 19 species of class Chlorophyceae, 4 species of class Euglenophyceae, and only 1 species for each of Chrycophyceae and Rhodophceae.  The total number of epiphytic algae ranged from 1681× cell/gm in Winter to 2014.95× cell/gm in Spring. The range of biodiversity indices was (1-8.2) for Richness index, (1.5-3.2) for Shannon index and (0.3-0.65) for Evenness index.


Reservoir geometry and internal architecture in the Niger Delta can vary over short distances with rapid lateral and vertical changes in lithology and porosity. Understanding such variations is critical to designing an optimum development strategy for prospects in this basin. It was in order to fully understand the variations in reservoir facies and internal architecture over Okari oil field in the Niger Delta that this study was undertaken. Conventional seismic interpretation, attribute analyses, and subsequent drilling had located a stack of reservoirs in a rollover anticline. To unravel the paleo-stratigraphy of the field and fully populate the field with log properties, we used a multilayered feed-forward neural network (MLFN) to predict shale volume and porosity from seismic and well-log data sets. Earlier, rock physics analyses had been undertaken to understand litho-fluid facies associations in the field and assist in further quantitative interpretation and calibration of neural-network predictions...


COVID-19 has shown a high potential of transmission via virus-carrying aerosols as supported by growing evidence. However, detailed investigations that draw direct links between aerosol transport and virus infection are still lacking. To fill in the gap, we conducted a systematic computational fluid dynamics (CFD)-based investigation of indoor air flow and the associated aerosol transport in a restaurant setting, where likely cases of airborne infection of COVID-19 caused by asymptomatic individuals were widely reported by the media. We employed an advanced in-house large eddy simulation (LES) solver and other cutting-edge numerical methods to resolve complex indoor processes simultaneously, including turbulence, flow--aerosol interplay, thermal effect, and the filtration effect by air conditioners. Using the aerosol exposure index derived from the simulation, we are able to provide a spatial map of the airborne infection risk under different settings. Our results have shown a remarkable direct linkage between regions of high aerosol exposure index and the reported infection patterns in the restaurant, providing strong support to the airborne transmission occurring in this widely-reported incidence. Using flow structure analysis and reverse-time tracing of aerosol trajectories, we are able to further pinpoint the influence of environmental parameters on the infection risks and highlight the needs for more effective preventive measures, e.g., placement of shielding according to the local flow patterns. Our research, thus, has demonstrated the capability and value of high-fidelity CFD tools for airborne infection risk assessment and the development of effective preventive measures.


Although myelinated nervous systems are shared among 60,000 jawed vertebrates, studies aimed at understanding myelination have focused more and more on mice and zebrafish. To obtain a broader understanding of the myelination process, we examined the little skate, Leucoraja erinacea. The reasons behind initiating studies at this time include: the desire to study a species belonging to an out group of other jawed vertebrates; using a species with embryos accessible throughout development; the availability of genome sequences; and the likelihood that mammalian antibodies recognize homologs in the chosen species. We report that the morphological features of myelination in a skate hatchling, a stage that supports complex behavioral repertoires needed for survival, are highly similar in terms of: appearances of myelinating oligodendrocytes (CNS) and Schwann cells (PNS); the way their levels of myelination conform to axon caliber; and their identity in terms of nodal and paranodal specializations. These features provide a core for further studies to determine: axon–myelinating cell communication; the structures of the proteins and lipids upon which myelinated fibers are formed; the pathways used to transport these molecules to sites of myelin assembly and maintenance; and the gene regulatory networks that control their expressions.


We propose ACProp (Asynchronous-centering-Prop), an adaptive optimizer which combines centering of second momentum and asynchronous update (e.g. for $t$-th update, denominator uses information up to step $t-1$, while numerator uses gradient at $t$-th step). ACProp has both strong theoretical properties and empirical performance. With the example by Reddi et al. (2018), we show that asynchronous optimizers (e.g. AdaShift, ACProp) have weaker convergence condition than synchronous optimizers (e.g. Adam, RMSProp, AdaBelief); within asynchronous optimizers, we show that centering of second momentum further weakens the convergence condition. We demonstrate that ACProp has a convergence rate of $O(\frac{1}{\sqrt{T}})$ for the stochastic non-convex case, which matches the oracle rate and outperforms the $O(\frac{logT}{\sqrt{T}})$ rate of RMSProp and Adam. We validate ACProp in extensive empirical studies: ACProp outperforms both SGD and other adaptive optimizers in image classification with CNN, and outperforms well-tuned adaptive optimizers in the training of various GAN models, reinforcement learning and transformers. To sum up, ACProp has good theoretical properties including weak convergence condition and optimal convergence rate, and strong empirical performance including good generalization like SGD and training stability like Adam. We provide the implementation at https://github.com/juntang-zhuang/ACProp-Optimizer.


In this book, Roberto CortA©s Conde describes and explains the decline of the Argentine economy in the twentieth century, its evolution, and its consequences. At the beginning of the century, the economy grew at a sustained rate, a modern transport system united the country, a massive influx of immigrants populated the land, and education expanded, leading to a dramatic fall in illiteracy. However, by the second half of the century, growth not only stalled, but a dramatic reversal occurred, and the perspectives in the median and long term turned negative, and growth eventually collapsed. This work of historical analysis defines the most important problems faced by the Argentine economy. Some of these problems were fundamental, while others occurred without being properly considered, but in their entirety, CortA©s Conde demonstrates how they had a deleterious effect on the country.


Almost 90% of freshwater resources consumed globally are used to produce plant and animal commodities. Water-scarce countries can balance their water needs by importing food from other countries. This process, known as virtual water transfer, represents the externalization of water use. The volume and geographic reach of virtual water transfers is increasing, but little is known about how these transfers redistribute the environmental costs of agricultural production. The grey water footprint quantifies the environmental costs of virtual water transfers. The grey water footprint is calculated as the amount of water necessary to reduce nitrogen concentrations from fertilizers and pesticides released into streams and aquifers to allowed standards. We reconstructed the global network of virtual grey water transfers for the period 1986–2010 based on international trade data and grey water footprints for 309 commodities. We tracked changes in the structure of the grey water transfer network with network and inequality statistics. Pollution is increasing and is becoming more strongly concentrated in only a handful of countries. The global external grey water footprint, the pollution created by countries outside of their borders, increased 136% during the period. The extent of externalization of pollution is highly unequal between countries, and most of this inequality is due to differences in social development status. Our results demonstrate a growing globalization of pollution due to virtual water transfers.


SMT-based program verification can achieve high precision using bit-precise models or combinations of different theories. Often such approaches suffer from problems related to scalability due to the complexity of the underlying decision procedures. Precision is traded for performance by increasing the abstraction level of the model. As the level of abstraction increases, missing important details of the program model becomes problematic. In this paper we address this problem with an incremental verification approach that alternates precision of the program modules on demand. The idea is to model a program using the lightest possible (i.e., less expensive) theories that suffice to verify the desired property. To this end, we employ safe over-approximations for the program based on both function summaries and light-weight SMT theories. If during verification it turns out that the precision is too low, our approach lazily strengthens all affected summaries or the theory through an iterative refinement procedure. The resulting summarization framework provides a natural and light-weight approach for carrying information between different theories. An experimental evaluation with a bounded model checker for C on a wide range of benchmarks demonstrates that our approach scales well, often effortlessly solving instances where the state-of-the-art model checker CBMC runs out of time or memory.


Global food prices have increased significantly since the early 2000s, reversing the long-run trend decline in relative food prices over previous decades. A range of supply disruptions in key food-producing countries have contributed to higher food prices, along with strong demand from developing countries as per capita incomes rise and consumption patterns change. Rising commodity prices are leading to higher headline consumer price inflation in many countries though, at this stage, core measures of inflation remain relatively contained.


Introduction
The current literature highlights that the key treatment and management of women with psychosis is with atypical antipsychotic medications. However, many clinicians lack the knowledge and confidence in the management of the woman who is pregnant or planning to be, whilst taking antipsychotic medication. To maintain her optimal mental health status they require access to the most current evidence at the time when decisions must be made about ongoing care. Clinicians who provide care for this vulnerable group of women, their families and their babies during pregnancy, birth and postpartum encompasses those in both maternity and mental health services. They work in a variety of different ways with their clients, however most recognise that they work to achieve the best outcome for both mother and baby, but struggle at times to know how best to achieve this because working with this group of women requires specialist skills and knowledge.
Method
A qualitative descriptive design, using semi structured interviews to explore and describe the experiences of clinicians in three health care settings in Victoria, Australia was adopted. The emergent themes related to the current management, issues and problems that arise for clinicians, particularly in relation to the management of medications.
Findings
An optimal outcome was described by clinicians as 'both mother and baby were well and healthy and that mother and baby developed a good bond and who remain together as a family'. Clinicians are clearly concerned that harm could be caused particularly to the baby, with the use of medications. Clinicians ask 'can we really use that?' and state that 'we just don't know!'
Discussion
Clearly there is a need for further education of all clinicians in the management of women with serious mental illness during pregnancy and postpartum. Particularly important is the need for development of a specialist clinician to act as the key professional in initiating and maintaining care and contact with women and their clinicians. A Perinatal Mental Health Nurse Practitioner would be available to work with women in both services and to act as a professional resource for clinicians in providing the optimal care for women and their babies.