A measure for evaluating whether live hog and cattle futures prices represent rational forecasts is presented. It is assumed that the mechanisms which generate rational price forecasts possess the same stochastic properties as the cash prices with which they are associated. Using empirical data, tests are constructed which suggest that for contracts more than two months from maturity the rationality hypothesis is generally rejected. These findings are related to other studies of futures performance and the livestock markets.


Pseudomonas aeruginosa is highly successful in colonizing in all types of environments. P. aeruginosa colonizing in adverse environment due to the presence of its virulence factors include production of toxins, proteases hemolysins, and formation of biofilms. In man, the most common opportunist pathogen is P. aeruginosa. Metabolically P. aeruginosa is versatile. Most of the antibiotics targeted metabolically active cells and bacteria could contribute to decrease in biofilm susceptibility to the antimicrobial agents. Scientists suggested about Pseudomonas that it can be catabolized any hydrocarbon in specific time along with availability of oxygen and nitrite. If bacteria are not susceptible to one agent in three or more, it is called as multidrug-resistance strains. The antimicrobial treatments were not suitable when microorganism presented in vitro microorganism resistance to antimicrobials used for treatment of the patient which lack of treatment for 24 h after diagnosis of microbial infections. Bacteria have developed resistance against commonly used antibiotics. Treatment of Pseudomonas infections is coming harder day by day as its resistance against most of the antibiotics. Because of resistance of bacteria antibiotics, alternative methods are in consideration. These methods include use of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and most recently nano-particles. That is why they are used as antibacterial agents.


In Proxy Mobile IPv6, packets received from a Mobile Node (MN) by the
Mobile Access Gateway (MAG) to which it is attached are typically
tunneled to a Local Mobility Anchor (LMA) for routing. The term
"localized routing" refers to a method by which packets are routed
directly between an MN's MAG and the MAG of its Correspondent Node
(CN) without involving any LMA. In a Proxy Mobile IPv6 deployment, it
may be desirable to control the establishment of localized routing
sessions between two MAGs in a Proxy Mobile IPv6 domain by requiring
that the session be authorized. This document specifies how to
accomplish this using the Diameter protocol.


a b s t r a c t In this paper we thoroughly cover the issue of blank nodes, which have been defined in RDF as 'existential variables'. We first introduce the theoretical precedent for existential blank nodes from first order logic and incomplete information in database theory. We then cover the different (and sometimes incompatible) treatment of blank nodes across the W3C stack of RDF-related standards. We present an empirical survey of the blank nodes present in a large sample of RDF data published on the Web (the BTC- 2012 dataset), where we find that 25.7% of unique RDF terms are blank nodes, that 44.9% of documents and 66.2% of domains featured use of at least one blank node, and that aside from one Linked Data domain whose RDF data contains many ''blank node cycles'', the vast majority of blank nodes form tree structures that are efficient to compute simple entailment over. With respect to the RDF-merge of the full data, we show that 6.1% of blank-nodes are redundant under simple entailment. The vast majority of non-lean cases are isomorphisms resulting from multiple blank nodes with no discriminating information being given within an RDF document or documents being duplicated in multiple Web locations. Although simple entailment is NP-complete and leanness-checking is coNP-complete, in computing this latter result, we demonstrate that in practice, real-world RDF graphs are sufficiently ''rich'' in ground information for problematic cases to be avoided by non-naive algorithms.


One of the major challenges to building intelligent educational software is determining what kinds of feedback to give learners. Useful feedback makes use of models of domain-specific knowledge, especially models that are commonly held by potential students. To empirically determine what these models are, student data can be clustered to reveal common misconceptions or common problem-solving strategies. This paper describes how analogical retrieval and generalization can be used to cluster automatically analyzed hand-drawn sketches incorporating both spatial and conceptual information. We use this approach to cluster a corpus of hand-drawn student sketches to discover common answers. Common answer clusters can be used for the design of targeted feedback and for assessment.


/ This study utilizes a textual analysis of selected threads from the Arabic discussion forums of two of the most popular Islamic websites — Islamonline.net and Islamway.com — to explore the potential impact of the new Islamic virtual public sphere, and the reconfiguration of the 'virtual umma' (Islamic community) online, on the creation of collective identities. The study also assesses whether the discourses and deliberations taking place in these two sites' discussion forums exemplify an ideal Habermasian public sphere, through shura (consultation), ijtihad (interpretation) and ijma (consensus), as defined within the Islamic context. Findings indicate that there is an uncritical, unquestioning type of emotional consensus among posters who did not exemplify a truly rational-critical debate, particularly when it came to issues of political salience. Discussions among the posters show that they consider being a 'Muslim' as the most important 'identity signifier' in their lives. However, in some cases, especially while discussing political issues of a 'pan-Arab' nature, a parallel 'Arab' identity also emerged, confirming the parallelism and interrelatedness of 'Arab' and 'Muslim' identities, and the overlap between mediated 'Arab' and 'Islamic' public spheres.


This study was done to investigate the role of some risk factors for development of peripheral neuropathy in children and young adolescents with type I diabetes mellitus (type I DM), Diabetic patients were divided into three groups: Group I included 10 diabetic patients with clinically and electrophysiologically evident peripheral neuropathy, Group II included 20 diabetic patients with subclinical peripheral neuropathy evident only by measuring the motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) and Group III included 30 diabetic patients without any evidence of peripheral neuropathy. Ten normal healthy individuals with matched age and sex served as a control group (Group IV). All the studied groups were subjected to full clinical and neurological examination, measuring (MNCV) of the common peroneal and median nerves, estimation of glycosylated hemoglobin level (HbA1c), assay of erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD) level as well as molecular genetic study of the manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) gene polymorphism. Our results showed that there was a significant increase in HbA1c level and a significant decrease in both erythrocyte SOD level as well as a significant decrease in MNCV of common peroneal and median nerves in group I and group II as compared with group III and group IV. There were significant negative correlations between HbA1c when compared with SOD and MNCV as well as significant positive correlation between SOD levels and MNCV in all the diabetic groups. The frequencies of Ala allele and the Ala/Ala genotype of the Mn-SOD gene were significantly lower in neuropathic diabetic patients.In contrast, the Val allele and Val/Val genotype were significantly more frequent in neuropathic diabetic patients than in diabetic subjects without peripheral neuropathy. This suggests that the Ala(-9)Val dimorphism in the Mn-SOD gene is associated with neuropathy in type 1 diabetes mellitus. In conclusion, Poor glycaemic control, low levels of the key antioxidant enzyme SOD, and the Ala(-9)Val genotype of the Mn-SOD gene were significant risk factors for the development of diabetic neuropathy in type 1 diabetic patients which may necessitate appropriate support for enhancing antioxidant supply to act against the rapid onset and progression of peripheral neuropathy where as the Ala allele and Ala/ Ala genotype are associated with low risk of neuropathy in patients with type 1 DM.


CD46 is a ubiquitous human cell surface receptor for the complement components C3b and C4b and for various pathogens, including the measles virus and human herpes virus 6. Ligand binding to CD46 affects (i) protection of autologous cells from complement attack by breakdown of complement components, (ii) intracellular signals that affect the regulation of immune cell function, (iii) antigen presentation, and (iv) down-regulation of cell surface CD46. Recent evidence indicates that CD46 signaling can link innate and acquired immune function. The molecular mechanisms for these processes and the importance of intracellular trafficking of the receptor have not yet been elucidated. We demonstrate here that, in nonlymphoid cells, CD46 is constitutively internalized via clathrin-coated pits, traffics to multivesicular bodies, and is recycled to the cell surface. However, cross-linking of CD46 at the cell surface, by either multivalent antibody or by measles virus, induces pseudopodia that engulf the ligand in a process similar to macropinocytosis, and leads to the degradation of cell surface CD46. Thus, we have elucidated two pathways for CD46 internalization, which are regulated by the valence of cross-linking of CD46 and which utilize either clathrin-coated pits or pseudopodial extension. This has important implications for CD46 signaling, antigen presentation, CD46 down-regulation, and engulfment of pathogens.


Over the last 30 years or so, there has been growing international interest in the "infon-nal
sector" of the economy in developing countries, and there is now the recognition that to
operate successfully as artisans in the informal sector, "apprentices" require a range of
knowledge and skills.

The general aim of the present, qualitative study, was to investigate how apprentices in
informal sector enterprises in two trades (the Motor Vehicle trade and the Tie-dye trade) in
The Gambia learn at the workplace and how such learning was facilitated. Twenty
enterprises were selected for the study, ten in each trade.

A variety of data collection methods were employed, namely, (a) individual, semistructured
interviews of the entrepreneurs (who owned these enterprises), and of the
apprentices, (b) observations of the tradespersons and apprentices at the workplace, (c)
accounts of "critical events", and (d) documentary studies.

The study has shown that (a) the tradespersons did not demonstrate to the apprentices the
procedures for the tasks that they were undertaking, (b) the apprentices were not allowed to
practise on the tasks that the tradespersons were contracted to und(rtake; (c) the
apprentices practised their skills privately in their leisure time. (d) the tradespersons did
not explain to the apprentices the theories underpinning the technical procedures; and for
the apprentices, the term "theory" referred to the technical procedures, as such, rather than
to the scientific and technological concepts and principles underpinning the procedures, (e)
although the apprentices were often outwardly passive they did observe closely the
tradespersons at work and made associative links with their own previous knowledge and
experience.

What has also emerged from the study is that apprentices' learning at the workplace in the
informal sector is: (a) a multi-dimensional process, largely self-motivated and conditioned
by the rigid hierarchical structure of the workplace. (b) (i) productivity-driven, (ii)
atheoretical, (iii) unplanned, (iv) unstructured, (v) facilitated through role modelling.
The study compared the concepts of learning which emerged from the study with the
traditional concepts of learning and teaching in Vocational Training Institutions.

This study has also shown that the tradespersons failed to assess formally competent
performance at the workplace. There was no end-of-apprenticeship assessment for the
apprentices in the Tie-dye trade; and in the Motor Vehicle trade, the assessment was adhoc.
Importantly too, from the entrepreneurs' perspective, the workplace was about
production and not about apprentice learning. The tradespersons were expected to
concentrate on their jobs and not on training, in sharp contrast to the apprentices'
expectation that the tradespersons should concentrate on skills training.


PURPOSE
Criticisms of the acute to chronic workload ratio (ACWR) have been that the mathematical coupling inherent in the traditional calculation of the ACWR results in a spurious correlation. The purposes of this commentary are (1) to examine how mathematical coupling causes spurious correlations and (2) to use a case study from actual monitoring data to determine how mathematical coupling affects the ACWR.

METHODS
Training and competition workload (TL) data were obtained from international-level open-skill (basketball) and closed-skill (weightlifting) athletes before their respective qualifying tournaments for the 2016 Olympic Games. Correlations between acute TL, chronic TL, and the ACWR as coupled/uncoupled variations were examined. These variables were also compared using both rolling averages and exponentially weighted moving averages to account for any potential benefits of one calculation method over another.

RESULTS
Although there were some significant differences between coupled and uncoupled chronic TL and ACWR data, the effect sizes of these differences were almost all trivial (g = 0.04-0.21). Correlations ranged from r = .55 to .76, .17 to .53, and .88 to .99 for acute to chronic TL, acute to uncoupled chronic TL, and ACWR to uncoupled ACWR, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS
There may be low risk of mathematical coupling causing spurious correlations in the TL-injury-risk relationship. Varying levels of correlation seem to exist naturally between acute and chronic TL variables regardless of coupling. The trivial to small effect sizes and large to nearly perfect correlations between coupled and uncoupled AWCRs also imply that mathematical coupling may have little effect on either calculation method, if practitioners choose to apply the ACWR for TL monitoring purposes.


In this Article, I argue for a unified theory of detention that explains how the wide range of defensible modes of detention, including the detention of prisoners of war and of some suspected terrorists, can be justified within a liberal tradition that respects the liberty of autonomous individuals. The overarching principle for what I call the Autonomy Respecting Model of Detention is this: Those who can be adequately policed and held accountable for their choices as normal autonomous agents and who can control whether their interactions with others will be impermissibly harmful can be subjected to long-term detention only if they have committed a crime for which long-term punitive detention or loss of the right not to be subjected to long-term preventive detention is a fitting punishment. The Autonomy Respecting Model justifies the long-term preventive detention of prisoners of war on the ground that were such prisoners to escape or be released, they would not be policed in a way that would hold them accountable for their use of force in the future. The model justifies the long-term preventive detention of suspected terrorists only in those cases in which they too would be effectively unaccountable for their future actions. Importantly, the autonomy respecting model does not allow the long-term preventive detention of suspected terrorists simply because they are predicted to pose a threat larger than that of almost all other criminals.


Genetic interactions, defined as the non-additive phenotypic impact of combinations of genes, are a hallmark of the mapping from genotype to phenotype. However, genetic interactions remain challenging to systematically test given the massive number of possible combinations. In particular, while large-scale screening efforts in yeast have quantified pairwise interactions that affect cell viability, or synthetic lethality, between all pairs of genes as well as for a limited number of three-way interactions, it has previously been intractable to perform the large screens needed to comprehensively assess interactions in a mammalian genome. Here, we develop Shuffle-Seq, a scalable method to assay genetic interactions. Shuffle-Seq leverages the co-inheritance of genetically encoded barcodes in dividing cells and can scale in proportion to sequencing throughput. We demonstrate the technical validity of Shuffle-Seq and apply it to screening for mechanisms underlying drug resistance in a melanoma model. Shuffle-Seq should allow screens of hundreds of millions of combinatorial perturbations and facilitate the understanding of genetic dependencies and drug sensitivities.


Introduction: Surface electromyography has been a technique used to describe muscle activity during running. However, there is little literature that analyses the behaviour of muscle coactivation in runners, describing the effect between two techniques associated with the initial contact, such as the use of rearfoot (RF) and forefoot (FF). Material and method: The purpose of this study was to compare muscle coactivation levels developed in the lower limb during two running techniques, FF vs RF. Fourteen amateur runners were evaluated (eight men, six women; age= 23.21 ± 3.58 years, mass= 63.89 ± 8.13 kg, height= 1.68 ± 0.08m). Surface electromyography was used to measure muscle activity during both running techniques evaluated on a treadmill, considering the muscle pairs: Rectus femoris- Biceps femoris (RFe-BF), Lateral Gastrocnemius–Tibialis Anterior (LG-TA), and Medial Gastrocnemius - Tibialis Anterior (MG-TA). These were calculated in three windows considering ten running cycles (0-5%, 80-100%, and 0-100%). To compare FF vs RF t-student test for paired data was used. Results: It was observed significant differences in the MG-TA pair (FF= 18.42 ± 11.84% vs RF = 39.05 ± 13.28%, p = 0.0018 during 0-5%, and RFe-BF pair (FF = 42.38 ± 18.11% vs RF = 28.37 ± 17.2%, p = 0.0331) during 80-100% of the race. Conclusion: Our findings show that the behaviour of muscle coactivation is different between FF vs RF techniques if we analyze little windows in the running cycle. This could be associated with an increase in the joint stability between these short intervals, represented in the initial and final regions of the running cycle.


SME's form a dominant share of the private sector in developing countries, and account for more than 50 percent of jobs in their respective economies. Besides their positive employment effects, the growth and vibrancy of these firms is also important for broader economic growth, diversification of economic base and as a source of innovation that is exhibited by some of the start-ups. Women-owned SMEs are emerging as one of the fast growing segments within the SME sector. Youth play an important role in the creation of new firms and start up activities. Given this importance of SMEs for creation of more, better and inclusive jobs, there is significant focus on understanding the constraints to growth of this sector and implementing programs to address them in the World Bank Group and the other development institutions. Among the several constraints that they face, access to finance is usually cited as the most important and there are several instruments that can be applied to address this constraint. However, what is the evidence of impact of these programs on the employment effects? This note brings together the learnings and evidence from access to finance interventions on employment and provides some recommendations for development practitioners who seek to maximize this objective from their access to finance interventions.


Cannabis, the most consumed illicit psychoactive drug in the world, is increasingly used by pregnant women. However, while cannabinoid receptors are expressed in the early embryo, the impact of phytocannabinoids exposure on early embryonic processes is lacking. Here, we leverage a stepwise in vitro differentiation system that captures early embryonic developmental cascade to investigate the impact of exposure to the most abundant phytocannabinoid, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC). We demonstrate that Δ9-THC increases the proliferation of naïve mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) but not of their primed counterpart. Surprisingly, this increased proliferation, dependent on the CB1 receptor binding, is only associated with moderate transcriptomic changes. Instead, Δ9-THC capitalizes on ESCs' metabolic bivalence by increasing their glycolytic rates and anabolic capabilities. A memory of this metabolic rewiring is retained throughout differentiation to Primordial Germ Cell-Like Cells in the absence of direct exposure and is associated with an alteration of their transcriptional profile. These results represent the first in-depth molecular characterization of the impact of Δ9-THC exposure on early stages of germline development.


The incidence of Clostridium difficile infection has recently increased in North American and European countries. This pathogen has been isolated from retail pork, turkey, and beef products and reported associated with human illness. This increase in infections has been attributed to the emergence of a toxigenic strain designated North America pulsed-field gel electrophoresis type 1 (NAP1). The NAP1 strain has been isolated from calves as well as ground meat products, leading to speculation of illness from consumption of contaminated meat products. However, information on C. difficile associated with beef cattle during processing and commercially produced ground beef is limited. To address this data gap, samples from various steps during beef production were collected. Samples from hides (n = 525), preevisceration carcasses (n = 475), postintervention carcasses (n = 471), and 956 commercial ground beef samples were collected from across the United States. The prevalence of C. difficile spores on hides was 3.2%. C. difficile spores were not detected on preevisceration and postintervention carcasses or in commercially produced ground beef. Phenotypic and genetic characterizations were carried out for all 18 isolates collected from hide samples. Twenty-two percent of the isolates were nontoxigenic strains, while 78% of the isolates were toxigenic. Toxinotyping and PCR ribotyping patterns revealed that 6 and 33% of the isolates were identified as NAP1 and NAP7 strains, respectively. This article evidences that the prevalence of C. difficile, specifically pathogenic strains, in the U.S. beef production chain is low.


Application of integrated Bayesian modeling and Markov chain Monte Carlo methods to the conservation of a harvested species.— When endeavoring to make informed decisions, conservation biologists must frequently contend with disparate sources of data and competing hypotheses about the likely impacts of proposed decisions on the resource status. Frequently, statistical analyses, modeling (e.g., for population projection) and optimization or simulation are conducted as separate exercises. For example, a population model might be constructed, whose parameters are then estimated from data (e.g., ringing studies, population surveys). This model might then be used to predict future population states, from current population estimates, under a particular management regime. Finally, the parameterized model might also be used to evaluate alternative candidate management decisions, via simulation, optimization, or both. This approach, while effective, does not take full advantage of the integration of data and model components for prediction and updating; we propose a hierarchical Bayesian context for this integration. In the case of American black ducks (Anas rubripes), managers are simultaneously faced with trying to extract a sustainable harvest from the species, while maintaining individual stocks above acceptable thresholds. The problem is complicated by spatial heterogeneity in the growth rates and carrying capacity of black ducks stocks, movement between stocks, regional differences in the intensity of harvest pressure, and heterogeneity in the degree of competition from a close congener, mallards (Anas platyrynchos) among stocks. We have constructed a population life cycle model that takes these components into account and simultaneously performs parameter estimation and population prediction in a Bayesian framework. Ringing data are used to develop posterior predictive distributions for harvest mortality rates, given as input decisions about harvest regulations. Population surveys of black ducks and mallards are used to obtain stock–specific estimates of population size for both species, for inputs into the population life–cycle model. These estimates are combined with the posterior distributions for harvest mortality, to obtain posterior predictive distributions of future population status for candidate sets of regional harvest regulations, under alternative biological hypotheses for black duck population dynamics. These distributions might then be used for both the exploration of optimal harvest policies and for sequential updating of model posteriors, via comparison of predictive distributions to future survey estimates of stock–specific abundance. Our approach illustrates advantages of MCMC for integrating disparate data sources into a common predictive framework, for use in conservation decision making.


"The Terrible Twos" is a wickedly funny, sharp-edged fictional assault on all those sulky, spoiled naysayers needing instant gratification--Americans. Ishmael Reed's sixth novel depicts a zany, bizarre, and all-too believable future where mankind's fate depends upon St. Nicholas and a Risto rasta dwarf named Black Peter, who together wreak mischievous havoc on Wall Street and in the Oval Office. This offbeat, on-target social critique makes marvelous fun of everything that is American, from commercialism to Congress, Santa Claus to religions cults.


In classical scholarship of the past two centuries, the term "epyllion" was used to label short hexametric texts mainly ascribable to the Hellenistic period (Greek) or the Neoterics (Latin). Apart from their brevity, characteristics such as a predilection for episodic narration or female characters were regarded as typically "epyllic" features. However, in Antiquity itself, the texts we call "epyllia" were not considered a coherent genre, which seems to be an innovation of the late 18th century. The contributions in this book not only re-examine some important (and some lesser known) Greek and Latin primary texts, but also critically reconsider the theoretical discourses attached to it, and also sketch their literary and scholarly reception in the Byzantine and Middle Ages, the Renaissance, and the Modern Age.


Social media increasingly shapes the way in which we perceive conflicts and conflict parties abroad. Conflict parties, therefore, have started using social media strategically to influence public opinion abroad. This book explores the phenomenon by examining, (1) which strategies of external communication conflict parties use during asymmetric conflicts and (2) what shapes the selection of these communication strategies. In a comprehensive case study of the conflict in Israel and Palestine, Bernd Hirschberger shows that the selection of strategies of external communication is shaped by the (asymmetric) conflict structure.


Due to the variation of botanical origin honey differs in appearance, sensory perception and composition. The main nutritional and health relevant components are carbohydrates, mainly fructose and glucose but also about 25 different oligosaccharides. Although honey is a high carbohydrate food, its glycemic index varies within a wide range from 32 to 85, depending on the botanical source. It contains small amounts of proteins, enzymes, amino acids, minerals, trace elements, vitamins, aroma compounds and polyphenols. The review covers the composition, the nutritional contribution of its components, its physiological and nutritional effects. It shows that honey has a variety of positive nutritional and health effects, if consumed at higher doses of 50 to 80 g per intake.


Since the 1992 Education Act inaugurated national arrangements for inspection, schools have operated within an 'inspection climate' which pervades every aspect of school life on a continual basis. The significance of OFSTED inspections cannot be overestimated. They are often the most challenging, searching, uncompromising and stressful events teacher have ever experienced. What effects do they have on teachers and their work, on their self and role, and on school policy and ethos? Drawing on case studies from contrasting primary schools over a three- year period, this book reveals how OFSTED inspections were received within primary schools. It meets the need for detailed, rigorous research into inspections and their effects on teachers.


Based on ethnographic research on the male sex industry in China since 2004, sociologist Travis S.K. Kong examines how male rural migrants become male sex workers (or "money boys") and explains how to make sense of their lives within the context of China's quest for urbanization, modernization, and globalization. Money boys have found opportunities opened up in new spaces by the development of the market economy, the burgeoning of the sex industry, and the emergence of the gay community in reform China; however, they are struggling in these new spaces of social exclusion, legal constraints, and cultural domination.


Label-free alignment between datasets collected at different times, locations, or by different instruments is a fundamental scientific task. Hyperbolic spaces have recently provided a fruitful foundation for the development of informative representations of hierarchical data. Here, we take a purely geometric approach for label-free alignment of hierarchical datasets and introduce hyperbolic Procrustes analysis (HPA). HPA consists of new implementations of the three prototypical Procrustes analysis components: translation, scaling, and rotation, based on the Riemannian geometry of the Lorentz model of hyperbolic space. We analyze the proposed components, highlighting their useful properties for alignment. The efficacy of HPA, its theoretical properties, stability and computational efficiency are demonstrated in simulations. In addition, we showcase its performance on three batch correction tasks involving gene expression and mass cytometry data. Specifically, we demonstrate high-quality unsupervised batch effect removal from data acquired at different sites and with different technologies that outperforms recent methods for label-free alignment in hyperbolic spaces.


In spite of its off-putting title, this important collection, representing papers given by English and American scholars in England in May 1999 at a conference by the same name, at long last answers some questions about the status of women in librarianship in the otherwise most familiar of Western European countries. As for the title, besides this reviewer's antipathy for making verbs out of nouns, it promises a bit more than it delivers. If "sex" describes a binary (male/female) or at most, if one adds hermaphrodites, and the two trans-gendered possibilities, a five-sided biological phenomenon, then "gender" implies social roles and constructions based upon sex. While not all or even a majority of the essays go beyond the description of inequalities in the profession based upon sex to discuss gender roles, they do include aspects of sex not normally covered in a collection of this kind, namely, sexual minorities and men's studies. The interdisciplinary aspects of discussions that followed the papers, referred to in the acknowledgments section, are not reflected in the content of the majority of papers. On considering one wearisome Foucauldian exercise in postmodern terminology (31-39), this may be a blessing; expanding our knowledge of women in library history abroad alone would justify the collection.


Current developmental descriptions of children's Wh-question production are contradictory. One account posits a stage in which the auxiliary verb and subject noun phrase are uninverted, whereas another view offers no empirical support for such a stage. The purpose of the present investigation was to test these divergent developmental descriptions by analyzing children's spontaneously produced questions. Six children at each of three linguistic stages, defined by mean utterance length in morphemes and ranging from 2.50 to 3.99, were selected for study. The children were between 25 and 47 months of age and evidenced no speech, language, or hearing disorders. Although the results replicated the proposed semantic ordering of question types, a stage characterized by uninverted forms was not supported.


Despite its shortcomings, cross-level or ecological inference remains a necessary part of some areas of quantitative inference, including in United States voting rights litigation. Ecological inference suffers from a lack of identification that, most agree, is best addressed by incorporating individuallevel data into the model. In this paper we test the limits of such an incorporation by attempting it in the context of drawing inferences about racial voting patterns using a combination of an exit poll and precinct-level ecological data; accurate information about racial voting patterns is needed to assess triggers in voting rights laws that can determine the composition of United States legislative bodies. Specifically, we extend and study a hybrid model that addresses two-way tables of arbitrary dimension. We apply the hybrid model to an exit poll we administered in the City of Boston in 2008. Using the resulting data as well as simulation, we compare the performance of a pure ecological estimator, pure survey estimators using various sampling schemes and our hybrid. We conclude that the hybrid estimator offers substantial benefits by enabling substantive inferences about voting patterns not practicably available without its use.


As the use of social media increases, Extension is challenged to stay relevant with cliental by using digital tools. This article illustrates how Facebook can be part of Extension's repertoire of methods for communication, program implementation, education, and marketing. This allows professionals to build social networking capacity with their cliental online and transfer that social capital to the off-line world. The capacity of Facebook users to develop Groups and Pages allows those with specific interests to connect for education, sharing, and socialization. Extension professionals should consider the opportunities provided by Facebook and how it can affect their program delivery.


For many datasets, multiple variables measured on (possibly differing) areal units are available. We wish to simultaneously model both 1) the spatial relations within each variable, and 2) the relations between variables. Unlike other approaches to constructing multivariate generalizations of the CAR model, we require that each marginal distribution is an ordinary CAR model. The method is based on transforming each variable to a variable that is marginally standard normal, but with a cross-covariance matrix between each pair proportional to a fixed region "overlap matrix" analogous to an adjacency matrix. This method allows the possibility that the geographies of each variable differ from each other, but at the disadvantage of a set of conditions to ensure positive definiteness that quickly become cumbersome as the number of variables increases. The remainder of this work describes the advantages and consequences of incorporating
an Imprecise Probability Model into the analysis of competing risks data with masked failure types. Using an imprecise probability model can be interpreted either in terms of the theory of imprecise probability models directly, or less controversially, in terms of Bayesian sensitivity analysis where the imprecise probability model is viewed as a method of making Bayesian inferences more robust against prior assumptions. Modeling competing risks data with masked failure types is complicated by the unidentifiability of the model. This has been handled previously by making restrictive identifying assumptions about the parameters or by specifying a proper Bayesian prior on the unidentified components. Both of these approaches suffer from making untestable modeling decisions which affect the inferences made. The approach of the proposed model uses an imprecise probability model to avoid such decisions about the unidentified components.


Retrievals of sea ice drift from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images at high spatial resolution are valuable for understanding kinematic behavior and deformation processes of the ice at different spatial scales. Ice deformation causes temporal changes in patterns observed in sequences of SAR images; which makes it difficult to retrieve ice displacement with algorithms based on correlation and feature identification techniques. Here, we propose two extensions to a pattern matching algorithm, with the objective to improve the reliability of the retrieved sea ice drift field at spatial resolutions of a few hundred meters. Firstly, we extended a reliability assessment proposed in an earlier study, which is based on analyzing texture and correlation parameters of SAR image pairs, with the aim to reject unreliable pattern matches. The second step is specifically adapted to the presence of deformation features to avoid the erasing of discontinuities in the drift field. We suggest an adapted detection scheme that identifies linear deformation features (LDFs) in the drift vector field, and detects and replaces outliers after considering the presence of such LDFs in their neighborhood. We validate the improvement of our pattern matching algorithm by comparing the automatically retrieved drift to manually derived reference data for three SAR scenes acquired over different sea ice covered regions.


Free air or gas in mediastinum is defined as pneumomediastinum. This is a rare condition which orginates from over distention of alveolus and alveolar rupture by barotrauma. A 6-year-old boy was admitted to our department with sudden onset, swelling of neck and face that developed during drinking water from tap by using his mouth. Physical examination revealed the presence of subcutaneous emphysema over the two side of the face that extended toward the neck bilaterally. The chest X-ray and CT of the thorax, when performed, revealed the diagnosis of pneumomediastinum and extrathoracic subcutaneous emphysema. Interestingly neither trachea-bronchial nor esophageal pathology was found by emergent rigid bronchoscopy and endoscopy for etiology of pneumomediastinum. Antibiotic treatment and oxygen therapy were given to the patient with chest pain and dyspnea. During the following days, the patient's condition improved notably, with almost total resolution of the cervical emphysema and pneumomediastinum confirmed by daily chest X-ray and control thorax CT. He was discharged home after 6 days. The emphysema gradually resolved. Pneumomediastinum caused by barotrauma is a rare condition and only conservative treatment is required when the other causes are ruled out.


Evidence of Holocene sea-level changes along the Rio de Janeiro State Coast, and for the evolution of coastal lagoons and barriers in response to these sea- level movements, has been examined using stratigraphical and micropalaeontological techniques, radiocarbon dating and published data. Present-day diatom death assemblages have been studied in order to facilitate the interpretation of fossil assemblages, which has inter aha permitted the development of a simple statistical technique for the evaluation of the allochthonous diatom component. Modern lagoonal tide- gauge data have been used to establish a relationship between lagoonal water levels and tidal levels on the open coast. Evidence is presented which indicates that barriers which were previously believed to date from the mid-Holocene formed during the 'Last' Interglacial. The history of true Holocene barriers has been shown to be relatively complex, with some barriers having migrated by over-stepping and others by continous shoreface retreat. The published Holocene sea-level maximum for Rio de Janeiro State of -t- 4.8 m at 5100 BP is considered to be in error (approximately 3.0 m too high at this time) and a maximum Holocene sea level of -t- 3.0 m at c. 4000 BP is preferred. The evidence for sea-level maxima in other parts of Brazil at 5150 BP and for the migration of the geoid surface during the Holocene is questioned and shown to require further study. It is tentatively suggested that there may be evidence for an interglacial sea-level high at c. 35000 BP in Rio de Janeiro State.


National Parks 1975 Park Use Statistics. Socio-Economic Research Division, Parks Canada, Indian and Northern Affairs, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0H4. May 1976. 270p. Readers are encouraged to submit items for inclusion in the Travel Research Bookshelf All items submitted should include the author title, source of availability, length, and price Anyone wishing copies of the materials listed in the Travel Research Bookshelf should write to the source indicated and not to the Journal of Travel Research.


A synthetic hologram is an optical system made of hundreds of images amalgamated in a structure of holographic cells. Each of these images represents a point of view on a three-dimensional space which makes us consider synthetic holography as a multiple points of view perspective system. In the composition of a computer graphics scene for a synthetic hologram, the field of view of the holographic image can be divided into several viewing zones. We can attribute these divisions to any object or image feature independently and operate different transformations on image content. In computer generated holography, we tend to consider content variations as a continuous animation much like a short movie. However, by composing sequential variations of image features in relation with spatial divisions, we can build new narrative forms distinct from linear cinematographic narration. When observers move freely and change their viewing positions, they travel from one field of view division to another. In synthetic holography, metamorphoses of image content are within the observer's path. In all imaging Medias, the transformation of image features in synchronisation with the observer's position is a rare occurrence. However, this is a predominant characteristic of synthetic holography. This paper describes some of my experimental works in the development of metamorphic holographic images.


Nilem fish (Osteochilus hasseltii) has a great potential as product of baby fish (three months old), and fish eggs (caviar) and that is now introduced in the floating cages started nursery phase. Optimization of cultivation through input-protein energy efficient as well as enrichment efforts fatty acids in the diet is very urgent. This study aims to get the kind of fat supplement of alternative materials which added to the feed to improve growth and protein retention in nilem fish reared in Cirata. The research was conducted in two stages: (1) Phase 1, scale up alternative sources of fats from hazelnut and meal worm (Tenebrio molitor); added in the feed formulation; (2) Phase 2, growth, feed conversion, and retention of protein on fish meat. The experimental design in biological assay using a completely randomized design (6x3); with standard ration treatment (Rs), then Rs with the addition of animal fat supplements (meal worm) and vegetable oils (hazelnut) in the form of flour and oil extraction, as well as a commercial feed controls. The results showed that: 1) Yield of pure oil of hazelnut and meal worm results flouring solvent extraction followed respectively by 27.3% and 12.15% of the fresh weight. 2) Feeding for four weeks showed that growth rate between 3.72 g 5.82 g, with meal worm feed supplements 2% was highest absolute growth rate, and no significant with high protein on control, and so was hazelnut 2%. 3) Retention of protein obtained in supplement worm oil and hazelnut oil 1%, respectively 33.42 and 33.46%.


Background. Metabolic syndrome is defined by a constellation of abnormal factors that directly increse the risk for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disorders. the the gulf cooperation council region the prevelance of metabolic syndrome in the population is higher than in most developed countries, with generally greater rates for women, often higher than 40%. Thus, early clinical identification of patients is important to adequately implement treatments to reduce their risk of subsequent metabolic disease. Aims/hypothesis. Therefore the aims of this study were to investigate the hypothesis that in sedentry subjects, post-prandial hyperinsulinemia, despite normal levels of glucose, is an indicator of incipient diabetes. further this lesion is associated with markers of adipose and hepatic dysfunction.Methods.Forty two apparently clinically healthy residents of Qatar were studied. After a 10-hour overnight fast, subjects underwent a detailed clinical assessment, including body composition by bioimpedance, anthropometry measurments (height, weight and BMI), and blood pressure. A liquid mixed meal was administered (200 ml of 18g proteins, 17.4g fats and 40g carbohydrates: total energetic value of 400 kcal) and blood sampling carried out prior to and 30 and 120 minutes after the meal. the study was approved by the Institutional Research Ethics Committee and all subjects provided written informed consent prior to participation.Fasting serum levels of lipids (HDL-C, LDL-C,total cholesterol and triglycrides),liver (GGT,ALP,TB,DB and albumin), plasma glucose, insulin and proinsulin were also determined. HOMA-IR (homeostasis model of assessment-insulin resistance) was calculated using the foloowing formula:(fasting insulin in mIU/L *fasting glucose in mmol/L)/22.5.Serum levels of Leptin and adiponectin were measured using human 2-site ELISAs. All inter- and intra-assay CVs were less than 10%. Results.there were no differrence in age, blood pressure and body composition between the two groups. However, 48% of this population showed hyperinsulinemia in the fasting state, as well as relative hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia and hyperproinsulinemia 2 hour after the meal challenge.Systemic lipids and markers of liver function were comparable between the groups. while leptin was elevated in the hyperinsulinemia group (26.1 ng/ml versus 20.9 ng/ml), this did not reach significance. However adiponectin was significantly lower in this chohort (5.8 mcg/ml versus 8.5 mcg/ml, P = 0.002).significant correlation were apparent between fasting insulin concentration and height, measures of body fat as well as muscle mass. In addition fasting insulin also correlated significant with SBP, as well as all measures of glucose and HOMA-IR. interestingly fasting insulin also correlated positively and significantly with liver enzymes. inverse, but significant, association was found between insulin with HDL-C and adiponection. Most of these relationships were lost in the postprandial state.conclusions/interpretation. Thus, these data indicate that postprandial hyperinsulinemia and decreased adiponectin levels should be considered in the plethora of the altered biochemical parameters that define the metabolic syndrome. More importantly, since these biochemical alterations occur in seemingly healthy residents, they may well be considered early biomarkers on incipient metabolic syndrome. the reasons for this lesion in a young and healthy population is likely to be the consequence of a sedentry lifestyle. Exercise and training can improve both insulin resistance and increase adiponectin and should be actively advocated for this population.


This paper presents a model of information and political regime change. If enough citizens act against a regime, it is overthrown. Citizens are imperfectly informed about how hard this will be and the regime can, at a cost, engage in propaganda so that at face-value it seems hard. This coordination game with endogenous information manipulation has a unique equilibrium and the paper gives a complete analytic characterization of its comparative statics. If the quantity of information available to citizens is sufficiently high, then the regime has a better chance of surviving. However, an increase in the reliability of information can reduce the regime's chances. These two effects are always in tension: a regime benefits from an increase in information quantity if and only if an increase in information reliability reduces its chances. The model allows for two kinds of information revolutions. In the first, associated with radio and mass newspapers under the totalitarian regimes of the early twentieth century, an increase in information quantity coincides with a shift towards media institutions more accommodative of the regime and, in this sense, a decrease in information reliability. In this case, both effects help the regime. In the second kind, associated with diffuse technologies like modern social media, an increase in information quantity coincides with a shift towards sources of information less accommodative of the regime and an increase in information reliability. This makes the quantity and reliability effects work against each other. The model predicts that a given percentage increase in information reliability has exactly twice as large an effect on the regime's chances as the same percentage increase in information quantity, so, overall, an information revolution that leads to roughly equal-sized percentage increases in both these characteristics will reduce a regime's chances of surviving.


Internet interventions have gained popularity and the idea is to use them to increase the availability of psychological treatment. Research suggests that internet interventions are effective for a number of psychological disorders with effect sizes comparable to those found in face-to-face treatment. However, when provided as an add-on to treatment as usual, internet interventions do not seem to provide additional benefit. Furthermore, adherence and dropout rates vary greatly between studies, limiting the generalizability of the findings. This underlines the need to further investigate differences between internet interventions, participating patients, and their usage of interventions. A stronger focus on the processes of change seems necessary to better understand the varying findings regarding outcome, adherence and dropout in internet interventions. Thus, the aim of this dissertation was to investigate change processes in internet interventions and the factors that impact treatment response. This could help to identify important variables that should be considered in research on internet interventions as well as in clinical settings that make use of internet interventions.
Study I (Chapter 5) investigated early change patterns in participants of an internet intervention targeting depression. Data from 409 participants were analyzed using Growth Mixture Modeling. Specifically a piecewise model was applied to model change from screening to registration (pretreatment) and early change (registration to week four of treatment). Three early change patterns were identified; two were characterized by improvement and one by deterioration. The patterns were predictive of treatment outcome. The results therefore indicated that early change should be closely monitored in internet interventions, as early change may be an important indicator of treatment outcome.
Study II (Chapter 6) picked up on the idea of analyzing change patterns in internet interventions and extended it by using the Muthen-Roy model to identify change-dropout patterns. A sligthly bigger sample of the dataset from Study I was analyzed (N = 483). Four change-dropout patterns emerged; high risk of dropout was associated with rapid improvement and deterioration. These findings indicate that clinicians should consider how dropout may depend on patient characteristics as well as symptom change, as dropout is associated with both deterioration and a good enough dosage of treatment.
Study III (Chapter 7) compared adherence and outcome in different participant groups and investigated the impact of adherence to treatment components on treatment outcome in an internet intervention targeting anxiety symptoms. 50 outpatient participants waiting for face- to-face treatment and 37 self-referred participants were compared regarding adherence to treatment components and outcome. In addition, outpatient participants were compared to a matched sample of outpatients, who had no access to the internet intervention during the waiting period. Adherence to treatment components was investigated as a predictor of treatment outcome. Results suggested that especially adherence may vary depending on participant group. Also using specific measures of adherence such as adherence to treatment components may be crucial to detect change mechanisms in internet interventions. Fostering adherence to treatment components in participants may increase the effectiveness of internet interventions.
Results of the three studies are discussed and general conclusions are drawn.
Implications for future research as well as their utility for clinical practice and decision- making are presented.


Late Oligocene to Miocene sedimentary strata of the Lake Mead, Nevada, region hold evidence that can test models of central Basin and Range extension and tectonic evolution and illuminate paleodrainage systems related to the carving of the Grand Canyon. In this region, Sevier contraction and a period of relative tectonic quiescence predate Miocene extension and magmatism. The herein revised Rainbow Gardens Formation, formerly the oldest member of the Horse Spring Formation, is found throughout the Lake Mead area and spans the transition from quiescence to the start of extension. New detailed stratigraphic work within the Rainbow Gardens Formation, including paleocurrent analyses, stable isotope geochemical data, new 40 Ar/ 39 Ar dates, tephrochronologic data, and ongoing structural studies, was used to build a detailed chronostratigraphic framework and reconstruct the Rainbow Gardens basin through time. Our results show that the basin formed by a combination of inherited topography and tectonic events outside the Lake Mead region prior to ca. 25 Ma. Sedimentation rates, sedimentary facies patterns, and the lack of evidence for syndepositional faulting indicate that the basin did not form during extensional faulting, although recent work suggests that this basin was modified by uplift to the south between 18 and 20 Ma. Initially, the basin recorded fluvial sedimentation within the center of an E-NE–trending inherited valley, with two facing gravel-dominated bajadas on either side. As the valley filled, rivers from the Caliente volcanic field to the north delivered an influx of volcaniclastic material into a broad area of marshes and ephemeral lakes. In the final stages of sedimentation, just prior to the onset of extension at ca. 17 Ma, the basin filled with limestone in a series of shallow lakes. Understanding the development and evolution of this basin is crucial for testing models of extension as recorded by the younger Horse Spring Formation. In addition, the detailed sedimentology and stratigraphy place constraints on models of the formation of the Grand Canyon and suggest that a paleo–Colorado River did not deposit sediment in the Lake Mead area between 25 and 17 Ma. This work highlights the importance of detailed basin analyses, which are crucial companions to structural, tectonic, and geomorphologic studies aimed at understanding the complex evolution of lithospheric and landscape changes across a large region.


Hundreds of women from all over the world supported the Spanish Republic in the Spanish Civil War. For decades their commitment had been almost forgotten, they were not more than a passing reference in the abundant literature about the Spanish Civil War – referred to as humanitarian helpers who came to Spain following their husbands. This contribution discusses the targets and experiences of these foreign female volunteers in a war in an alien country and analyses their role in the development of transnational relations – refuting the traditional gender role model. It will be illustrated how women – in the medical service, at the militias, in logistics and administration, as translators and reporters – fought for their political convictions risking health and life. Many of the networks formed in Spain survived the following years and due to them some Spanienkampferinnen could be saved from death in the extermination camps of the national socialists.


In this thesis, electroweak processes in relativistic lepton-antilepton collisions
taking place inside strong laser fields are studied. The energy of the
pre-accelerated particles can be vastly enhanced by their interaction with
the intense laser field in such a scenario. The main effort of the investigations
presented in this work lies in the examination of the associated
production of Higgs and Z^0 bosons. Since laser experiments most commonly
employ lasers of either circular or linear polarization, the total cross section
of the reaction as well as the energy distribution of the produced Higgs
boson are discussed in detail for both of these polarizations. The findings
are related to feld-free collisions of comparable collision energies. Special
attention is paid to the linear polarization case since it is more appealing
in view of an experimental implementation. The required laser parameters
for such an implementation and the experimental challenges that need to
be overcome are specified. As another example for a laser-boosted reaction,
the production of muon-antimuon pairs in electron-positron collisions
taking place in a laser field is studied. This process can in principle be
experimentally realized using present-day technology and thus might serve
as a proof-of-principle experiment for the concepts underlying this work.


Abstract The waste generated from a pyrochemical process to recover uranium and transuranic elements has been one of the problematic wastes because of high volatility and low compatibility with silicate glass. For the minimization of final waste, an oxidative precipitation by sparging oxygen has been under development, and the waste containing rare earth oxides (REOs) and volatile salt is expected to be generated. This study intended to find a way to immobilize these kinds of wastes under the limitations of a processing temperature (~1200°C) and a waste loading (~20 wt%). From a series of consolidation experiments, it was induced that Ca-rich silicate glass is effective in consolidating the REOs at relatively low temperature. Based on this result, CaO-SiO2-P2O5 (CaPS) was designed to provide a way to control the volatility of waste and to avoid glass effects in the consolidation at a given temperature. By using a CaPS, REOs were consolidated, regardless of glass composition. At a high content of metal chlorides, CaPS can control the volatility up to 1200°C, but it has a low ability to immobilize alkali metal elements. For this, SiO2-Al2O3-P2O5 (SAP) was suggested to treat LiCl-KCl salt in precipitate. This composite can also control the volatility up to 1200°C, and it converted the REOs into monazite at 650°C, where the entire metal elements in chloride form are changed into relatively stable compounds. The leach test by the product consistency test-method A confirmed the immobilization ability of SAP for waste with a high content of metal chlorides. In conclusion, this study suggests the approach concept to treat a waste containing volatile compounds. For a lower content of metal chloride, CaPS are more favorable, and for a high content of metal chlorides, SAP is more effective to fabricate a wasteform for final disposal.


In literary translation 'correctness' is rarely ratified by linguistic rules; it is
more often a question of what a sensitive translator feels to be correct. Intuition will
therefore play a major part. This intuition is seen here neither as instinctive reaction
prompted by experience, nor as native competence, but as an inquiring, self-moderating
influence inspired by the language itself. It is treated in this respect as an informed
intuition, that is, as having a linguistic base for sensitive judgement. This assumes that
the literary translator is both a creative writer and his own critical reader as well as a
fine judge of language potential. This line is applied to translating meaning and sense,
transferring the very language, imitating the form and style, re-creating the features,
and above all, to capturing those unique qualities of the original. After dealing with
word-accuracy, the question of literary input demanded by form and style is examined.
The treatment of language used for effect features in a section on Kafka. The merits
and the problems of translating dialect as dialect for its own sake are looked at closely
and in a positive way as are the possibilities of reproducing 'oddities' of language. The
immense task of translating the language of Joyce ('Ulysses ') with all its vagaries and
skilful manipulation of words is examined for the possibility of providing an accurate
copy. The ultimate test of reproducing a uniqueness of artistic creation together with
the profound thought which inspired it, is reserved for a section on Hopkins. While it
is recognized that, owing to the constrictions imposed by the extreme and sensitive use
of language, no translation can fully include all that there is in his poems, it might be
possible to capture enough of their essence to give an impression of a 'German' Hopkins
at work. A major objective throughout is the establishment of a linguistic base for the
part played by intuition in literary translation.


The thesis describes a detailed investigation into the quality of meetings between Swedish therapists and refugee families, and how this is affected by language and culture differences. In a series of books and papers under the heading, "OpenDialogue", the Finnish psychologist Jaakko Seikkula and his colleague have written about the importance ofdialogical quality in meetings with psychiatric patients. This Open Dialogue perspective was adopted in the research, particularly by using Dialogical Sequence Analysis (DSA), the method of text analysis as developed by Seikkula and his colleagues. The Thesis examines the first two or three meetings (but in one case, the eighth) between six refugee families from different homelands and three sets of experienced therapists, asking whether the talk was dialogical and led to some form of new understanding. It also asks whether DSA is an appropriate method of text analysis for such meetings, and by extension, how far the Open Dialogue (OD) approach is appropriate. A multi-perspective methodology was used, combining DSA, video-reflections - the interactive use of video-recordings, and interviews with the families concerned. Graphic display of DSA outputs turned out to be a valuable method for comparing meeting quality. The display showed that "new understanding" developed in these meetings under similar conditions predicted by DSA for psychotic patients. Statistical analysis also showed substantial agreement between DSA assessments of meeting quality and those made by the participating therapists. Thematic analysis of the video-reflections complemented the DSA by revealing more about the non-verbal aspects of the meetings, embodying the feelings of the participants. Interviews with the families gave their feedback on the meetings. The conclusions of the research are that the OD approach is highly appropriate, although therapists sometimes need to use more initiative than OD would suggest. The cross-cultural obstacles to dialogue were seldom the obvious ones of misunderstanding, but inhibitions on both sides and difficulties of achieving spontaneity through an interpreter. Given these obstacles, the dialogical quality turned out to be high though uneven, whether assessed by DSA or by the therapists concerned. Most families were also positive about the meetings. Guidelines emerge from the research that should improve the quality of meetings with refugee families, and strengthen the development of a therapeutic alliance.


The LHC operational cycle is comprised of several phases such as the ramp, the squeeze and stable beams. During the ramp and squeeze in particular, it has been ob- served that the behaviour of key LHC beam parameters such as tune, orbit and chromaticity is highly reproducible from fill to fill. To reduce the reliance on the crucial feed- back systems, it was decided to perform fill-to-fill feed- forward corrections. The LHC feed-forward application was developed to ease the introduction of corrections to the operational settings. The LHC Feed-Forward software has been used during LHC commissioning and tune and orbit corrections during ramp and squeeze have been suc- cessfully applied. As a result, the required real-time cor- rections for the above parameters have been reduced to a minimum. In parallel, successful trials have been made to apply feedforward corrections before commissioning with beam which are based on M AD - X simulation scans over the unused setting functions. In this paper we present the evolution of feedforward for the LHC and discuss further improvements of this software.


National Minority, Regional Majority: Palestinian Arabs Versus Jews in Israel, by Yitzhak Reiter. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2009. 403 pp. $49.95. National Minority, Regional Majority is an ambitious book written by a scholar who has both academic experience and government service. He was the Israeli Prime Minster's deputy advisor on Arab affairs from 1978 to 1987. The book provides insights into a variety of issues related to present-day Israel studies. Students of Israeli domestic policies concerning Palestinian citizens will be most served by it. The book is focused on providing an understanding of the dynamic relationship between Jewish and Palestinian citizens in Israel. It is organized in a fairly straightforward manner and provides useful conclusions on the topic. The study, in the words of Mr. Reiter, seeks to add a new dimension of analysis, interlocking conflict, to the body of work already engaged with the subject. The framework employed analyzes the relationship between Jewish and Palestinian citizens in Israel and the impact on it by the Israel-Palestinian conflict, the Arab-Israeli conflict, and great power conflicts in the Middle East region (p. xiii). The chapters of the book are organized around two bookends. One is a historical narrative and the other some conclusions. Chapters in between, on individual Israeli governments and their treatment of Palestinian citizens of Israel, make up the bulk of the study. The best chapter is number seven,"Peace and Affirmative Action," which details the Oslo Process and the lead up to the Second Intifada. It is the most analytical chapter of the book. The final chapter in the study offers thoughtful suggestions for the way forward for Jewish and Palestinian Israeli relations. These are largely focused on how Israel can continue to be a self-professed Jewish and democratic state with a significant non-Jewish minority. From his analysis, Mr. Reiter maintains that the government of Israel needs to be more mindful of the needs of the Palestinian community if it hopes to avoid a full-scale reproach of the idea of being both Jewish and democratic. He implies that had Israel been more aware of the needs of Palestinian Israelis they would have been less inclined towards Land Day 1976 protests, a rallying cry now for equal rights by Palestinians in Israel, and solidarity with the first and second intifadas (p. 296). This conclusion is similar to one made concerning Israel's occupational overreach in the West Bank and Gaza Strip by Neve Gordon in Israel's Occupation (2008). Unfortunately, the limitations of the book place it within a category of literature that is broadly defined as status quo. Reiter is clearly comfortable with government nomenclature. Calling Palestinian Israeli citizens Arabs and Israeli Arabs throughout the book is a case in point. …


Till today, the light traps in Nepal are found using with traditional type, which have not being recognized internationally. These light traps were of low efficiency for trapping insects as compared to black light trap (BLT). The black light tube (F10T8/BL) was used in newly constructed trap at National Maize Research Program (NMRP), Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal. Both traps were installed at the maize experimental field at NMRP during February to October, 2017. Data on insect numbers were recorded once in a week from dusk to down in two different days to minimize the light effects of each others. The total number of insects trapped in BLT was 2804 as compared to 868 in traditional light trap (TLT). Among the insect orders, Coleopterans were mostly trapped in BLT followed by Lepidopteron and Hemipterans. The results showed that the trapping efficiency of BLT was three fold higher than that of TLT. Therefore, black light trap was highly effective monitoring tool and its field applications are expected to be commercialized.


Wind affects the radon entry rate from soil into buildings and the resulting indoor concentration. To investigate this phenomenon. we employ a previously tested three-dimensional numerical model of soil-gas flow around houses. a commercial computational fluid dynamics code. an established model for determining ventilation rates in the presence of wind. and new wind tunnel results for the ground-surface pressure field caused by wind. These tools and data, applied under steady-state conditions to a prototypical residential building. allow us to (I) determine the complex soil-gas flow patterns that result from the presence of wind-generated ground-surface pressures, (2) evaluate the effect of these flows on the radon concentration in the soil. and (3) calculate the effect of wind on the radon entry rate and indoor concentration. For a broad range of soil permeabilities. two wind speeds, and two wind directions, we quantify the "flushing" effect of wind on the radon in the soil surrounding a house, and the consequent sharp decrease in radon entry rates. Experimental measurements of the time-dependent radon concentration in soil gas beneath houses confirm the existence of wind-induced flushing. Comparisons are made to modeling predictions obtained while ignoring the effect of the wind-generated ground-surface pressures. These investigations lead to the conclusion that wind-generated ground-surface pressures play a significant role in determining radon entry rates into residential buildings.


Contemporary autoregressive language models (LMs) trained purely on corpus data have been shown to capture numerous features of human incremental processing. However, past work has also suggested dissociations between corpus probabilities and human next-word predictions. Here we evaluate several state-of-the-art language models for their match to human next-word predictions and to reading time behavior from eye movements. We then propose a novel method for distilling the linguistic information implicit in human linguistic predictions into pre-trained LMs: Cloze Distillation. We apply this method to a baseline neural LM and show potential improvement in reading time prediction and generalization to held-out human cloze data.


Created in response to the aging infrastructure in the United States, the Long Term Bridge Performance Program (LTBPP) under the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) proposes to assess the long-term performance of representative bridges through nondestructive evaluation (NDE) techniques and visual inspection. For consistency, a set of guidelines is needed to define the procedures for testing each bridge. The NDE techniques involve dynamic testing, and the protocol for this testing has yet to be finalized. To evaluate the dynamic testing guidelines, a 103 ft single-span, simply supported highway bridge was dynamically tested. The test bridge was characterized by a skew of 34° and superelevation around 4%. Forced vibration testing involved an impact hammer with accelerometers measuring the response. Resonant frequencies were identified from the data by picking peaks from the magnitudes of the frequency response functions (FRF). Eleven modes were identified with frequencies ranging from 2.75 Hz to 22.5 Hz. Mode shapes associated with each mode were constructed using the imaginary components of the FRFs. The half-power bandwidth method was used to estimate the damping for each mode, with values ranging from 1% to 5% of critical damping. Finite element (FE) models of the bridge were constructed in the commercial FE software Abaqus. The effects of adding and removing superelevation and skew, varying mesh refinement, and changing boundary conditions on modal parameters were thoroughly investigated. FE models were compared to the experimental results by directly comparing frequencies and using the modal assurance criterion to compare mode shapes. Support conditions of the actual structure were bounded using the results of the comparison. Much insight was gained about forced vibration testing as applied to a full-scale bridge. The spectral resolution of the data proved to limit the accuracy and confidence of detecting closely-spaced modes and calculating damping estimates. Also, a more controlled method of exciting the structure was desired, such as using a shaker with a known input. Resonant frequencies of the FE models were sensitive to changes in boundary conditions, with some frequencies doubling. Both changes in boundary conditions and including skew and superelevation noticeably affected the mode shapes. When compared to the experimental results, the models with idealized roller and pin boundary conditions provided the best correlations based on resonant frequencies and mode shapes.


The molecular phylogenetic relationships within three of the five cirrhitoid fish families were
reconstructed from mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b, cytochrome oxidase I, and D-loop
sequences.
Analysis of the Cheilodactylidae provided evidence that much taxonomic revision is required.
The molecular data suggest that this family should be restricted to the two South African
Cheilodactylus, as they are highly divergent from the other cheilodactylids and one member
is the type species. The remaining 25 cheilodactylids should be transferred to the Latridae.
Nine of the non South African Cheilodactylus can be allocated to three new genera;
Goniistius (elevated to generic rank), Zeodrius (resurrected), and Morwong (resurrected),
while the placement of three species is uncertain. The three South African Chirodactylus
should revert to Palunolepis, as they are distinct from the South American type species
Chirodact_vlus variegatus. Acantholatris clusters within Nemadactylus, ar;d the former should
be synonymised. Cryptic speciation has occurred within Cheilodactylus (Goniistius) vittatus.
The generic allocation of the four latrid species is sound, although this family should be
expanded to encompass all but two cheilodactylids. Relative levels of genetic divergence
within the Aplodactylidae support the most recent revision of this family, during which the
monotypic genus Crinodus was synonymised with Aplodactylus.
Mokcular phylogenetic relationships and estimates of divergence time obtained from
molecular clock calibrations suggest a dominant role of long distance dispersal for the present
distribution of cheilodactylid and aplodactylid fishes. Suggestions that ancestral taxa were
vicariantly isolated during the fragmentation of Gondwana are rejected, as estimated
divergence times appreciably postdate this event. Dispersal and radiation of Nemadactylus
and Acantholatris throughout the Southern Ocean was particularly recent, occurring within
the last 0.6-2.6 Myr. The waters of Australia and New Zealand represent a likely origin for
this dispersal, and at least two events are identified, one eastward. Similarly, it appears that aplodactylids also originated in the waters of Australia and New Zealand, but in this instance
the majority of radiation was undertaken prior to colonisation of the southeastern Pacific.
Ocean currents and long duration offshore pelagic larvae probably facilitated dispersal.
Phylogeographic analysis of the antitropically-distributed cheilodactylid subgenus Goniistius
identified three transequatorial divergences, rather than a minimum of two as inferred from
the distributions of individual taxa. The identified divergences also occurred during two
distinct periods, the mid Miocene and mid to late Pliocene, and are best explained by chance
dispersal or vicariance resulting from biotic interactions or temperature changes.
The levels of genetic separation for three cirrhitoid species pairs with east-west allopatric
distributions across southern Australia reject the possibility that the members of each pair
diverged simultaneously during a shared vicariance event. Although the levels of genetic
separation were similar for Goniistius and Aplodactylus pairs, separate north and south coast
"
vicariance events are invoked based on likely thermal tolerances. Speciation resulting from
chance dispersal and the founding of new populations is rejected due to the absence of
barriers sufficiently large to isolate taxa with such high dispersal capabilities. Estimated
divergence times fall between the late Miocene and mid Pliocene, and fail to implicate recent
· Pleistocene glaciations.
Seven microsatellite loci were characterised for Nemadactylus macropterus in an effort to
resolve its stock structure in Australian waters and to assess the resolving power of different
molecular techniques. Microsatellites did not identify any stock structuring in the waters of
southern Australia. Divergence was also absent between Australian and New Zealand
populations, which contrasted the findings from allozyme and mitochondrial DNA studies.
Homoplasy of alleles at highly polymorphic loci is offered as a possible explanation for the
lower resolution of stock structure obtained with microsatellites.The microsatellites characterised for N. macropterus were also employed to examine the
taxonomic status of the morphologically similar S0uth American species N. bergi. Separate
status was supported by divergence at a single locus. Microsatellites also provided evidence
for a recent bottleneck in the effective population size of N. bergi, but not N. macropterus or
A. monodactylus. Based on this observation, the mitochondrial DNA lineage monophyly
observed for N. hergi, but not N. macropterus or A. monodactylus, may reflect the influence
of effective population size on the time required for complete sorting of mitochondrial
lineages.


In this study, we introduced a general framework to use PacBio full-length transcriptome sequencing for the investigation of the fundamental problems in mitochondrial biology, e.g. genome arrangement, heteroplasmy, RNA processing and the regulation of transcription or replication. As a result, we produced the first full-length human mitochondrial transcriptome from the MCF7 cell line based on the PacBio platform and characterized the human mitochondrial transcriptome with more comprehensive and accurate information. The most important finding is two novel genes hsa-MDL1 and hsa-MDL1AS, which are encoded by the mitochondrial D-loop regions. We propose hsa-MDL1 and hsa-MDL1AS, as the precursors of transcription initiation RNAs (tiRNAs), belong to a novel class of long non-coding RNAs (lnRNAs), which is named as long tiRNAs (ltiRNAs). Based on the mitochondrial RNA processing model, the primary tiRNAs, precursors and mature tiRNAs could be discovered to completely reveal tiRNAs from their origins to functions. The ltiRNA/tiRNA system and their regulation mechanisms could exist ubiquitously in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. These findings will enrich the basic concepts in the field of mitochondrial biology, lnRNA functions and regulation of gene expression.


This report seeks to provide a per-kilometre value for the health benefits of active transport modes (such as walking and cycling) that is compatible with the Land Transport New Zealand Economic Evaluation Manual Volume 2 (EEM2). The first two sections of the report begin by explaining the scope of the project and the background. Section 3 investigates the evidence of the connection between physical activity and health outcomes. Section 4 clarifies the role of active transport modes as physical activity, and reports the New Zealand-specific data about active transport mode engagement. Section 5 gives a brief comparative summary of the literature review of cost-benefit analyses and valuation techniques used overseas to value the health benefits of active modes. This report uses population attributable fractions (PAF) to estimate the annual burden of mortality and morbidity costs per inactive adult. Annual estimates of the costs of inactivity are applied to the New Zealand adult population using a weighted sum to establish a per-kilometre value for each mode. The valuation presented in this report is limited by a poverty of data, but the final values are considered to be a reasonable estimate of the health benefits of active modes. While further research is recommended to obtain more precise estimates of the costs of inactivity in New Zealand, it is considered that the values presented in this report are a sound interim estimate for inclusion in the EEM2. (a)


Increasing competition and regulatory changes place micro-sized enterprises (MSEs) in the agri-food sector under strong competitive pressure. Smallness may be a substantial barrier to success. Previous research suggests that networks can be used strategically to combat these constraints. However, there is a lack of understanding of the extent to which this finding may be applicable to MSEs and the local agri-food sector. Based on eight in-depth interviews of agri-food MSEs, it is concluded that MSEs apply networks to strengthen their competitive advantage – for example, by forming stronger customer relationships. The MSEs are using their networks to combat their size-related disadvantages, but not by growing; rather, the networks enable them to remain small and independent while further strengthening their position as small producers.


Thermal discharge from industrial outfalls is categorized into two major classes based on their density. First class is the effluent that has a higher density than that of the ambient water body. The second class is the effluent that has a lower density than that of the ambient water body. Due to the effect of several factors such as tides, waves, winds, river discharges, thermal effluents etc., the mixing characteristics of OTEC (Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion) thermal plume is much complicated. In this study we try to identify the mixing and dispersion characteristics of coastal waters to consider their physical properties using a field observation and a three-dimensional numerical modeling with FVM (Finite Volume Method). A plume model and observed CTD data was used to predict the mixing behavior of thermal discharges in coastal waters. The elevation, current, temperature and salinity boundary conditions on the open boundary and thermal effluents at the specific boundary are considered in this study. Various turbulence models have been applied in the numerical model to assess the accuracy of turbulence models in predicting the effluent discharges in submerged outfalls. The model successfully reproduced well known the plume behavior in coastal waters. These works illustrate the challenging nature of OTEC environmental studies.


We exploit time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy to determine the evolution of the out-of-equilibrium electronic structure of the topological insulator Bi2Se3. The response of the Fermi-Dirac distribution to ultrashort IR laser pulses has been studied by modeling the dynamics of hot electrons after optical excitation. We disentangle a large increase in the effective temperature (T*) from a shift of the chemical potential (mu*), which is consequence of the ultrafast photodoping of the conduction band. The relaxation dynamics of T* and mu* are k independent and these two quantities uniquely define the evolution of the excited charge population. We observe that the energy dependence of the nonequilibrium charge population is solely determined by the analytical form of the effective Fermi-Dirac distribution.


The two subtypes of human estrogen receptor, alpha (hERalpha) and beta (hERbeta), regulate transcription at an AP-1 response element differently in response to estradiol and the anti-estrogens tamoxifen and raloxifene. To better understand the protein determinants of these differences, chimeric and deletional mutants of the N-terminal domain and the F region of ERalpha and ERbeta were made and tested in transient transfection assays at the classical estrogen response element (ERE) site as well as at an AP-1 site. Although the same regions on each receptor subtype appeared to be primarily responsible for estradiol activation at an ERE and in HeLa cells, major differences between ERalpha and ERbeta mutants were seen in the estrogen and anti-estrogen responses at an AP-1 site. This differential ligand response maps to the N-terminal domain and the F region. These results suggest that different estrogenic and anti-estrogenic ligands use different mechanisms of activation and inhibition at the AP-1 site. In contrast to previous studies, this work also shows that many of subtype-specific responses are not transferred to the other subtype by swapping the N-terminal domain of the receptor. This implies that there are other unique surfaces presented by each subtype outside of the N-terminal domain, and these surfaces can play a role in subtype-selective signaling. Together, these data suggest a complex interface between ligand, response element, and receptor that underlies ligand activation in estrogen signaling pathways.


This report was commissioned by the City of Bradford Metropolitan District Council (MDC) Directorate of Social Services; the aims and objectives are presented in section two, but simply stated the research seeks to determine the mental health needs of Bradford's Pakistani Muslim children and young people and, based on the findings, recommend ways in which those needs can be addressed.

It is important to mention here that the research was commissioned following a Joint Planning Team recommendation that noted a lack of information around the mental health needs of Bradford's 'Asian' population. A population that makes up a sizeable component of Bradford and yet whose children and young people are significantly under represented in Child & Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS). In recognition of the complexity of cultural, religious, language, geographical regions of origin and socio- economic experience encompassed in the term 'Asian' (Patel K, 2000) the decision was taken to concentrate on the Pakistani Muslim community, which is the largest minority ethnic group in Bradford.

This introduction will, therefore, through narrative and through a review of the relevant literature, seek to prepare the ground for the views of the professionals, young people, children, parents, carers and community members that follow this chapter. It will paint a broad demographic picture of the UK's and Bradford's Pakistani Muslim population; bearing in mind the universal environmental, family and child risk factors as identified by the Health Advisory Service (HAS. 1995) identifying those specific to the Pakistani Muslim population in the Bradford Metropolitan District; and discussing the impact of the findings, negative and positive, on the mental health and mental health needs of the children and young people of this population.


In Florida v. HHS, a lawsuit brought on behalf of 26 states challenging the constitutionality of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA), the Supreme Court will determine the future direction of health care reform in the United States. During the unprecedented 5-1/2 hours of oral arguments, the Court will hear 4 issues: the individual purchase mandate, severability, the Medicaid expansion and the Anti-Injunction Act. The states challenging the ACA maintain that the purchase mandate uniquely penalizes individuals for failing to purchase insurance. Uninsured individuals, however, rarely do nothing. Instead, they self-insure, rely on family, and cost-shift to hospitals, the insured, and tax payers. Because most uninsured people will eventually require uncompensated care, they impose costs on everyone through higher taxes and insurance premiums. Further, although the ACA's mandate is unusual, it is not unprecedented. Mandatory worker contributions to Medicare, for example, are a compelled purchase of health insurance. The necessary and proper clause, which permits Congress to pass laws rationally related to the exercise of federal powers, may be the best argument in favor of the mandate because the mandate is necessary for the other insurance market reforms to work. If the Court were to strike down the mandate, it would then have to determine whether the mandate is severable from the rest of the ACA. Although the ACA did not explicitly state that if part of the act were deemed unconstitutional the rest would survive, most ACA reforms are severable because they are unrelated to the mandate, such as funding for public health and community health centers. The more difficult question is whether the mandate is so intertwined with the ACA's still unimplemented market reforms that the Court must strike them down. The Court will also review the constitutionality of expanding Medicaid to all individuals with household incomes below 138% of the federal poverty level. The states argue that Medicaid expansion is unduly coercive because they could lose all Medicaid funding and not just the funding related to the expansion. The Court, however, is unlikely to uphold the coercion theory because state participation in Medicaid has always been optional and some states have openly discussed exercising their option to discontinue the program. Finally, the Court will hear technical arguments concerning the Anti-Injunction Act (AIA), which prohibits lawsuits "for the purpose of restraining the assessment or collection of any tax." The Court is unlikely to invoke the AIA because neither the administration nor the states contend that it applies. The ACA will achieve near universal coverage, something that seemed unimaginable just a short time ago. Health reform envisages a social contract in which everyone shares the cost, recognizing that virtually everyone will become ill one day. The ACA and its individual mandate are not unjustified limits on freedom, but rather are vital to a decent society.


With the dawn of the new curriculum in this country, namely, Curriculum 2005 (C2005) in 1997, and the Revised National Curriculum Statement (RNCS) in 2002, which are the two major curriculum policy developments in South Africa (Ramsuran & Malcolm, 2006:515), it invited an assortment of reactions from the entire education fraternity. The most obvious and extensive critique of the curriculum was that of the Report of the Ministerial Review Committee, which was established to review it in 2000. The approach adopted in this study is to encompass both processes of initial introduction and the revision stages in its reference to the curriculum. This article however, reveals that despite these implementation challenges, the overwhelming majority (88%) of the teachers have not only begun to embrace it, but are also applying the OBE principles in their lessons.


Small-scale variations within the low-level outflow and inflow of an MCS can either support or deter the upscale growth and maintenance of the MCS. However, these small-scale variations, in particular in the thermodynamics (temperature and humidity), remain poorly understood, due to a lack of detailed measurements. The compact Raman lidar (CRL) deployed on the University of Wyoming King Air aircraft directly sampled temperature and water vapor profiles at unprecedented vertical and along-track resolutions along the southern margin of a series of mature nocturnal MCSs traveling along a frontal boundary on 1 July 2015 during the Plains Elevated Convection at Night (PECAN) campaign. Here, the capability of the airborne CRL to document interactions between the MCS inflow and outflow currents is illustrated. The CRL reveals the well-defined boundary of a cooler current. This is interpreted as the frontal boundary sharpened by convectively induced cold pools, in particular by the outflow boundary of the downstream MCS. In one CRL transect, the frontal/outflow boundary appeared as a distinct two-layer structure of moisture and aerosols formed by moist stable boundary layer air advected above the boundary. The second transect, one hour later, reveals a single sloping boundary. In both cases, the lofting of the moist stably stratified air over the boundary favors MCS maintenance, through enhanced elevated CAPE and reduced CIN. The CRL data are sufficiently resolved to reveal Kelvin–Helmholtz (KH) billows and the vertical structure of the outflow boundary, which in this case behaved as a density current rather than an undular bore.


The history of public transport in Durban is characterised by a diverse set of socio-political forces that have shaped and styled its present form. Characterised by horse and cart driven coach modes of transport in the early colonial period, Durban's transport systems' transition to motorised forms has been founded on racial exclusionary measures that sought to sustain white monopoly over the economic sector at the expense of under-development of the vast majority of disenfranchised Blacks in the city. In its transport history different modes of conveyance were used and it rapidly adapted to motorised transport which placed Durban in the forefront of economic prosperity. To Durban's credit its transport sector boasts to have made a transition from exotically human drawn rickshas, to an animal drawn tram which was later superseded by electric driven trams. Durban was the first province to have introduced the railway mode of transport which served as a foundation for its economic growth. Notwithstanding these achievements, both during colonialism and apartheid the transport sector excluded the majority of the Black populace in the city and even when it did include them strict racial separation was maintained. Under apartheid transport engineering was heightened to keep racial groups apart and Durban was the first city to respond to the notorious Group Areas Act which created racial enclaves in the form of townships for the different race groups. As consequence of such separationist human settlement patterns, the transport sector became costly, disconnected people from their homes and livelihoods, was fragmented and inefficient resulting in the emergence of transport monopolies both legal and illegal that capitalised on these deficiencies. It is against this context that this paper traces the historical evolution of Durban's public transport system and the challenges it poses for the post-apartheid metropolitan government.


Although it is controversial that seizure duration can influence the efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), a missed or brief seizure is considered less effective ECT. Of the background in the practice of ECT, hyperventilation may augment the seizure duration. To elucidate these hypotheses, we performed double-blind randomized controlled trial for 19 patients. They were divided into 2 groups, according to the end-tidal pressure of carbon dioxide (ETCO2): The moderate hyperventilation group with ETCO2 of 30 mm Hg and the normal ventilation group with ETCO2 of 40 mm Hg. ECT was performed under general anesthesia with propofol and suxamethonium. During ECT electroencephalogram (EEG) and electromyogram were recorded. The Global Assessment of Functioning scores were also analyzed before and after 6 sequential ECT. The moderate hyperventilation group showed a significant increase in EEG seizure duration in the first treatment compared with the normal ventilation group (P < 0.05). However, EEG seizure duration in the subsequent treatments and electromyogram seizure duration in all the treatments did not differ between 2 groups. The moderate hyperventilation did not prevent the increase in seizure threshold or shortening of seizure duration. No complications or sever adverse effects were observed after ECT in any of the 6 treatments. The Global Assessment of Functioning scores were not significantly changed with moderate hyperventilation. We conclude that moderate hyperventilation is safe and may be useful for seizure augmentation before the restimulation with higher intensities.