Diet Reconstruction of Wild Rio-Grande Turkey of Central Utah Using Stable Isotope Analysis Benjamin D. Stearns Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences Master of Science The wild turkey is endemic to North America and has played a role in human cultures past and present. However, with the turkey's elusive behavior some aspects of its ecology are challenging to understand. Diet is one of these difficult aspects to study. The purpose of this study was to determine the diet selection of wild turkeys in central Utah using non invasive stable isotope technology. We hypothesize that turkey diet is highly specific, that consumption of specific plant species correlates with the needs of the individual turkey, and that stable isotope analysis will reveal patterns in annual dietary intake. Vegetative forage, turkey feces, and feather samples were collected from the Salt Creek area east of Mt. Nebo during 2007 and 2008. Feces samples were identified to bird sex and forage samples were identified to family or growth form (grass, forb, and shrub) when species could not be determined. Carbon isotope analysis of turkey feces and dietary forage using a mass spectrometer revealed that composition of turkey diet changed seasonally and yearly. Isotope analysis of dietary forage according to vegetative growth form revealed that turkey diet for the spring of 2007 contained approximately 46.0% grasses, 30.0% forbs, and 24.0% shrubs and trees. The summer diet for 2007 consisted of 39.0% grasses, 31.0% forbs, and 30.0% shrubs and trees. During spring 2008, grasses comprised 10.3% of the diet whereas forbs and tree/shrubs constituted 53.0% and 36.7%, respectively. Turkey summer diet for 2008 was found to consist of 13.1% grasses, 48.5% forbs, and 38.4% shrubs/trees. Isotope analysis of turkey feathers revealed no significant patterns in isotope signatures in relation to vegetation type and season of year. Stable isotope signatures resulting from fecal analysis reflect opportunistic foraging behavior as birds utilized a wide variety of forages throughout the year. Our findings suggest habitat structure and type play a more major role in wild turkey survival then food type. These findings also strengthen the need to rigorously evaluate turkey habitat prior to reintroduction with respect to vegetative composition and structure and their relationship with wild turkey behavior and life processes.


. This paper examines the important and pioneering role played by Dr. Hugh Cleghorn, a Scottish medical surgeon, in the implementation of forest conservancy in colonial India. I focus on three aspects of his contribution in India, which preceded forest conservancy in Britain itself. Firstly, I deal with the social and intellectual background of Cleghorn that greatly influenced his ideas on forests. Then I discuss Cleghorn's contribution to forest conservation in India. Here, I analyse Cleghorn's views on the causes of deforestation in India. I then examine his ideas on forest conservancy and the importance of forests. Given the economic and political context, I also show how and to what extent he could use his ideas to influence the colonial state to implement forest conservation. I explain why it was that the colonial state accepted Cleghorn's conservation views. I argue that to the extent that Cleghorn was able to show that forest conservation would maintain the timber supply to support infrastructure intended to exploit India's resources efficiently and thereby generate revenue, the colonial state accepted his proposals. Finally, I discuss what kind of forest conservancy, based on Cleghorn's ideas, was adopted by the state. All rights reserved. © 2005 The White Horse Press


In this article, the authors share how a team of librarians used the ADDIE instructional design model to incorporate best practices in teaching and learning into an online, four-credit information literacy course. In this redesign process, the Association of American Colleges and Universities' high-impact practices and e-learning best practices were integrated as scaffolds for course content. The authors' experience with this systematic process and the concepts of instructional design suggest that the ADDIE model can be used to achieve several different ends in information literacy instruction. First, it can provide a structure around which librarians can develop a variety of instructional interactions. Second, it can help librarians consider student engagement, learning, and assessment more intentionally. And third, it can help to marry information literacy-specific standards and other learning guidelines, such as high-impact practices and e-learning best practices. From the authors' experience, other academic librarians may find applications for instructional design constructs into their own teaching practices, both in online and face-to-face learning environments.


This Article responds to two reviews of my book, Privacy at Risk: The New Government Surveillance and the Fourth Amendment (University of Chicago Press, 2007). The book criticizes Supreme Court decisions that immunize from constitutional challenge numerous government surveillance techniques, including monitoring of public activities, spying on the home using generally available technology, and aggregation of records describing everyday transactions. Privacy at Risk proposes instead that the Fourth Amendment be read to permit only those surveillance techniques that produce a success rate roughly proportionate to the intrusion they visit upon those affected, and argues that intrusiveness should be measured empirically rather than simply determined through guesswork. In their reviews of the book, Professor Swire finds this proportionality idea attractive but would tweak it, while Professor Kerr argues that intrusions on civil liberties should be gauged "normatively" rather than empirically and that the justification for a particular intrusion should depend on numerous variables besides the extent to which it is likely to produce evidence of wrongdoing. This Article defends my original proposals and adds discussion about (1) the relevance of empirical findings to constitutional adjudication and (2) the relevance of political process theory to surveillance of groups.


The subject of this thesis is the design, analysis, fabrication and characterisation of third order Bragg grating optical filters on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) rib waveguides. New design guidelines for small cross sectional SOI waveguides have been proposed and described to address the issue of satisfying polarisation independence and single mode conditions simultaneously. This waveguide design will be used as a building block for the realisation of Bragg grating filters. The reflection spectral response of the deep Bragg grating operating in a third diffraction order on a single mode rib SOI waveguide has been studied theoretically using Floquet-Bloch Theory (FBT) developed in Politecnico di Bari, Italy in comparison with optical modelling software utilising Coupled Mode Theory (CMT). A series of Bragg gratings with different grating etch depths and lengths were fabricated at Southampton University to investigate the agreement between experimental results with theoretical predictions. The wavelength tuning capability of these Bragg grating filters in SOI waveguide structures were also investigated and implemented using the thermo-optic effect, through Joule heating of thin film aluminium heaters situated on top of the rib structure. The SOI rib waveguides with 1.5mum height are designed to exhibit polarisation independence and single mode operation. The Bragg grating filter is designed to operate at a wavelength of 1.55mum with a grating period of 689nm. The less rigorous fabrication tolerance of third order grating in comparison with that required by 228nm first order gratings is highly desirable only at the expense of slightly lower maximum reflectivity. The maximum reflectivity measurements of approximately 0.42 for third order grating are in agreement with theoretical prediction by FBT. The Bragg grating filters were thermally tuned to shift the Bragg resonance wavelength by up to 3.5nm with heater power of approximately 190mW. The tuning range of the filter is inhibited by the short lifetime of the heater caused by electromigration. At the time this work was carried out, this is the first demonstration of thermo-optic tuning through an integrated heating element, of third order Bragg grating filters based on small cross sectional SOI waveguide. The temperature sensitivity of the Bragg grating filters was analysed using a 2-D finite element method (FEM) and was consistent with the experimental results.


OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of olanzapine for the treatment of acute manic or mixed episodes associated with bipolar disorder in adolescents.

METHOD
A 3-week multicenter, parallel, double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial was conducted at 24 sites in the United States and two sites in Puerto Rico. The participants were outpatient and inpatient male and female adolescents 13-17 years of age with an acute manic or mixed episode. Subjects received either olanzapine (2.5-20 mg/day [N=107]) or placebo (N=54). The mean change from baseline to endpoint in the Young Mania Rating Scale total score was the primary outcome measure.

RESULTS
The mean baseline-to-endpoint change in the Young Mania Rating Scale total score was significantly greater for patients receiving olanzapine relative to patients receiving placebo, and a greater proportion of olanzapine-treated patients met response and remission criteria (44.8% versus 18.5% and 35.2% versus 11.1%, respectively). The mean baseline-to-endpoint weight change was significantly greater for patients receiving olanzapine relative to patients receiving placebo (3.7 kg versus 0.3 kg), and the incidence of treatment-emergent weight gain > or =7% of baseline was higher for olanzapine-treated patients (41.9% versus 1.9%). The mean baseline-to-endpoint changes in prolactin, fasting glucose, fasting total cholesterol, uric acid, and the hepatic enzymes aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase were significantly greater in patients treated with olanzapine relative to patients receiving placebo.

CONCLUSIONS
Olanzapine was effective in the treatment of bipolar mania in adolescent patients. Patients treated with olanzapine, however, had significantly greater weight gain and increases in the levels of hepatic enzymes, prolactin, fasting glucose, fasting total cholesterol, and uric acid.


Mobile Learning (M-Learning) has added a new dimension to the traditional system of education. The importance of M-Learning has been acknowledged by industrialized countries and therefore these countries have implemented it in the educational institutions. The Software developer, Software analyst, and Software test engineer face challenges in requirements elicitation, design, development, testing, and deployment of M-Learning application. It's because the Software engineering domain of M-Learning has not yet attended maturity. The design and development of M-Learning application is still a challenge. This study explores and analyses existing approaches in the design phase of M-Learning application development, reports the limitations, and propose a new solution. M-Learning has two basic components: pedagogy and software application (application). M-Learning pedagogy describes learning content in terms of instructional and learning design while software application provides platform for accessibility of learning content. The integration of these two components while designing, development, and testing play crucial role in the successful implementation of M-Learning. However, review of the existing literature has revealed lack of integrated approach for designing M-Learning pedagogy and application. There are researchers who have proposed design approaches for M-Learning pedagogy and application however separately. The significance of these approaches cannot be ignored but M-Learning application design and development suffers from compatibility issues, lack of design and testing mechanisms, identified stakeholders and their roles, lack of defined step and procedures. Therefore, this article presents an integrated design model for M-Learning pedagogy and application. The proposed model consists of pedagogy, application, and testing as important components. The application design is concerned with architectural level, high level, and detailed design. The pedagogical design is related to instruction and learning content. The test case design is concerned with formulation of conditions for testing the pedagogy and application. The proposed integrated design model has been compared with the existing approaches and ISO/IEC 12207:2008 and ISO/IEC 19796-1 standards. Also, the model has been reviewed by IT experts. The outcome is positive in both the cases.


Rats were housed on a cabinet designed to control their access to water or morphine solutions. They were trained to drink all of their fluid as morphine solutions or tap water during 5-minute access periods scheduled at 2 A.M., 8 A.M., 2 P.M. and 8 P.M. On this schedule, the morphine drinking rats consumed an average of 29, 27, 21 and 23% of their total daily fluid during the four respective access periods. The rats that had access to the 0.05% morphine solution drank an average of 53 mg/kg/day of morphine. Separate groups of rats were tested for morphine tolerance and dependence at 4-day intervals. Tolerance to the analgesic effect of challenge doses of morphine (3, 6 and 9 mg/kg) was first detected after 10 days of morphine drinking and reached a plateau after 18 days. Withdrawal scores for rats injected with 0.3 or 3 mg/kg of naloxone reached a plateau between 14 and 18 days of morphine drinking, whereas the scores of rats given 0.03 mg/kg were still increasing after 26 days of drinking. Plasma levels of morphine ranged between 167 and 300 ng/ml in blood samples collected 1 hour after each access period on the 18th day of morphine drinking. Six hours after the 8 A.M. access period, the levels of morphine in the plasma had decreased to 50% of the levels detected at 1 hour after the access period. Ninety percent of the rats accepted the morphine solutions and drank regularly for the 26 days the solutions were offered. They remained healthy throughout this period and, except for the fact that they gained 11% less body weight over the 26 days, they were visibly indistinguishable from the water drinking control rats.


Despite the benefit of vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae type b in developed
countries, respiratory tract infections with non encapsulated strains remain a significant
problem that is compounded by increasing antibiotic resistance in H. influenzae,
particularly to s-lactam antibiotics.
The most common mechanism of resistance to s-lactam antibiotics in H. influenzae is the
production of a s-lactamase, usually TEM-1 or occasionally ROB-1. Less commonly, the
resistance is associated with altered penicillin binding protein 3 (PBP3) to produce slactamase
negative ampicillin resistant (BLNAR) strains.
Single nucleotide specific PCR and multiplex PCR assays were developed to differentiate
the s-lactamase genes of H. influenzae. These assays were able to differentiate ROB-1
from TEM-1 producers, and further differentiate the promoter type of the blaTEM genes
into Pa/Pb, Pdel and Prpt, with the latter two representing promoter types discovered
during the study. In the study, 89 TEM-1 s-lactamase positive clinical isolates of H.
influenzae were examined, and the relative percentages of the promoter types were 60, 20
and 20% for Pdel, Prpt and Pa/Pb respectively. Significantly, the P3 promoter which is
the most common type associated with blaTEM-1 in Enterobacteriaceae, was not found.
Cloning experiments demonstrated that while TEM type extended spectrum s-lactamases
(ESBLs) and inhibitor resistant TEM s-lactamases (IRTs) would significantly raise the
cefotaxime and amoxicillin-clavulante MICs respectively in recombinant strains, the
MICs would not be high enough to exceed the CLSI resistance breakpoints. Expression
of these s-lactamase genes in strains with altered PBP3 further increased the levels of
resistance.
A disc diffusion screening test was developed to screen for ESBLs in H. influenzae, and
was able to differentiate recombinant strains producing ESBLs from other strains with
naturally occurring resistance mechanisms. Two cefotaxime and amoxicillin-clavulanate resistant clinical isolates of H.
parainfluenzae were extensively characterised. Both strains gave a positive ESBL disc
diffusion screening test, and were found to produce both a TEM-15 ESBL and a TEM-1
s-lactamase. The strains had identical 3.7kb plasmids bearing a blaTEM-15 gene transcribed
from a Prpt promoter. Both strains also had a chromosomally integrated blaTEM-1, and in
one of the strains was transcribed from a novel promoter (Pdel17) produced from a 17bp
deletion of the Pa/Pb promoter. Both strains also had deduced amino acid substitutions in
PBP3 similar to those found in BLNAR strains of H. influenzae. Studies involving
transformation of various control strains with the blaTEM-15 indicate that the combination
of blaTEM-15 and the altered PBP3 was responsible for the very high cefotaxime MICs.
This was the first report of an ESBL in a Haemophilus spp., and the first report of altered
PBP3 in a Haemophilus sp. other than H. influenzae.
Characterisation of a limited collection of ROB-1 producing strains has shown that the
location of the blaROB-1 gene on the small mobilisable plasmid pB1000 appears to be
widespread. The inefficiency with which this plasmid is mobilised might account for the
relatively low frequency with which ROB-1 positive strains are encountered. Variation in
cefaclor MIC is not associated with variation in blaROB-1 sequence, but may be associated
with a previously unrecognised heterogeneity in the PBP3 background of the host strains.
In summary, the major findings of this work are:
1) An insight into how various possible genotypic changes in antibiotic resistance
genes in H. influenzae would affect the resistance phenotype.
2) The prediction of the emergence of a new resistance mechanism and subsequent
characterization of the strains in which this was found.
3) Data, screening tests and guidelines that will improve both the detection of
antibiotic resistance in H. influenzae and the interpretation of susceptibility testing
results


The data cube operator encapsulates all possible groupings of a data set and has proved to be an invaluable tool in analyzing vast amounts of data. However its apparent exponential complexity has significantly limited its applicability to low dimensional datasets. Recently the idea of the dwarf data cube model was introduced, and showed that highdimensional "dwarf data cubes" are orders of magnitudes smaller in size than the original data cubes even when they calculate and store every possible aggregation with 100% precision. In this paper we present a surprising analytical result proving that the size of dwarf cubes grows polynomially with the dimensionality of the data set and, therefore, a full data cube at 100% precision is not inherently cursed by high dimensionality. This striking result of polynomial complexity reformulates the context of cube management and redefines most of the problems associated with datawarehousing and On-Line Analytical Processing. We also develop an efficient algorithm for estimating the size of dwarf data cubes before actually computing them. Finally, we complement our analytical approach with an experimental evaluation using real and synthetic data sets, and demonstrate our results.


New oilfields are discovered further from land, at great depths and in harsh environments. Subsea developments of such fields are economical and preferred choice for operators today. One of the challenges is to process the well stream subsea. Statoil are continuously developing the technology and are going to launch the world?s first subsea processing facility, the Asgard Subsea Compression station. This facility requires maintenance and repair even in rough weather, to avoid economic losses. For marine operations dedicated to this task, dynamic responses are crucial in order to assess the safety level during lifts and work on deck. The main objective of this thesis is to reduce the uncertainties related to numerical analysis of the wave impact process on the subsea compression modules. The wave impact on complex structures is in reality a complicated process considering the wave kinematics and the involved forces. Two programs, SIMO and Orcaflex, have been used to give an estimation of forces involved in the wave impact process on the complex compression module. A model test focusing on the splash zone crossing phase was proposed and approved. The aim is to estimate the actual maximum forces in the splash zone and compare the forces against results obtained from the numerical simulations. The module was subjected to regular waves using three environmental conditions in four different elevations. The numerical comparison between SIMO and Orcaflex shows that the main differences occur when the structure is suspended above the mean sea level. In these elevations the slamming forces are large which is believed to be the root cause of the observed differences. Orcaflex?s and SIMO?s calculation of slam forces are different and will give different results. The comparison between the model test and the numerical analysis in SIMO and Orcaflex indicates that the numerical prediction of forces is conservative in most cases. In cases where the numerical models were not conservative, the involved forces are not very large and that the model test wave was not representing the regular wave theory in a sufficient way. The comparison of forces in elevation 1 & 2 proved that Orcaflex?s estimation of slam forces are conservative, when the slamming coefficient is based on slamming tests. The slamming forces in SIMO gives a good estimation of the forces compared to the model test results. As the modules are submerged the slam forces are less governing and Orcaflex?s estimation is in many cases closer to the forces obtained in the model tests compared to SIMO.


Purpose: The purpose of this article was to evaluate the potential association between sociodemographic factors with clinical characteristics, vision-related quality of life (QoL), and glaucoma-related symptoms scores in a large cohort of primary open-angle glaucoma patients. Materials and Methods: Multicenter, cross-sectional study involving academic and nonacademic centers. Previously diagnosed primary open-angle glaucoma patients aged >18 years were enrolled. At baseline, information on demographic characteristics, social, medical and ocular history, clinical presentation and treatments was collected. Vision-related QoL was evaluated by means of the 25-item National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire (NEI-VFQ-25), while glaucoma-related symptoms were evaluated using the Glaucoma Symptom Scale (GSS) questionnaire. The associations between sociodemographic factors with clinical characteristics (mean deviation, pattern standard deviation, best-corrected visual acuity), NEI-VFQ-25, and GSS scores were evaluated by means of univariate and multivariate general linear models. Results: A total of 3227 patients were enrolled. Older age and male sex were significantly associated with lower mean deviation (P<0.01) and higher pattern standard deviation (P<0.01), whereas older age was associated with lower best-corrected visual acuity (P<0.01). The composite GSS score was related to age (P=0.02), sex (P<0.01), employment (P=0.01), and profession (P=0.04), while the total NEI-VFQ-25 score was associated with sex (P<0.01), marital status (P=0.02), and employment (P=0.02). Conclusions: Age and sex were significantly associated with almost all indicators of glaucoma severity at baseline. Other variables, such as employment, profession, and marital status were significantly associated with vision-related QoL scores.


As part of providing wireline access to the 5G core, deployed wireline
networks carry user data between 5G residential gateways and the 5G
Access Gateway Function (AGF). The encapsulation used needs to meet a
variety of requirements including being able to multiplex the traffic
of multiple PDU sessions within a VLAN delineated access circuit, to
permit legacy equipment in the data path to snoop certain packet
fields, to carry 5G QoS information associated with the data, and to
be efficiently encoded. This memo specifies an encapsulation that
meets these requirements.


People with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are often under-recognised as a group with elevated risk of cardiovascular (CV) disease and increased morbidity from CV events. Standard clinical risk assessment tools, which take into account traditional CV risk factors such as smoking, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, and family history do not accurately predict CV risk in patients with autoimmune rheumatic disorders; therefore, there is an unmet need for other methods to assess their risk. Non-invasive CV imaging is evolving as a novel clinical tool to determine subclinical atherosclerotic coronary artery disease in patients with RA. Non-invasive imaging studies, such as tests of endothelial function (i.e. reactive hyperaemia index and flow-mediated dilation) and arterial stiffness (i.e. pulse-wave velocity), have been identified as a potential means for providing accurate assessment of early CV risk in the general population and are evolving in their utility for patients with RA. These types of non-invasive imaging have the potential to eliminate the current use of invasive assessments for identification of precursors to coronary artery disease, such as coronary angiography for early endothelial cell dysfunction. By combining the expertise of subspecialists in cardio-rheumatology clinics, the expectation is to pre-emptively identify RA patients with early coronary artery disease, allowing early modification of risk factors through either medical management or lifestyle modification.


CD28 has been characterized as a coreceptor for the T cell receptor (TCR) and as responsible for providing the costimulatory signal required for T cell activation. Raab et al. provide evidence that CD28 is a receptor independent of the TCR and can initiate signaling events without concomitant TCR ligation. The initial studies used Jurkat cells cotransfected with the adaptor VAV and the adaptor SLP-76 and measured the stimulation of expression of reporter genes with the promoters for interleukins (ILs) IL-2 or IL-4 in response to CD28 activation in the absence of TCR ligation. Similar experiments using human T cells heterogenously expressing VAV or SLP-76 showed that activation of CD28 with an antibody ligand or with Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing the native CD28 ligand CD80 stimulated IL-2 secretion. Analysis of the tranfected Jurkat cells or the human T cells showed that the SLP-76 and VAV complexes were formed in the membrane fraction and phosphorylated with highest efficiency in the membrane fraction after CD28 activation. Signaling from CD28 was also tested in nonlymphoid cells by transfection of CD28, VAV, SLP-76, and a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled NFAT into COS cells. Again CD28 activation stimulated the translocation of GFP-NFAT into the nucleus in cells expressing all four proteins: CD28, VAV, SLP-76, and GFP-NFAT. Cotransfection experiments in Jurkat cells with VAV, SLP-76, and the guanosine triphosphatase Rac1 showed that Rac1 potentiated CD28-stimulated expression of the IL-2 reporter gene. This result prompted Raab et al. to test whether CD28 activation could induce actin reorganization, because of the known regulation of the cytoskeleton by Rac, and, indeed, CD28 activation in the presence of VAV and SLP-76 produced capping and F-actin polymerization. Thus, CD28 appears able to signal independently from TCR activation, at least in the presence of exogenous VAV and SLP-76, both for regulating gene expression and for cytoskeletal reorganization. M. Raab, S. Pfister, C. Rudd, CD28 signaling via VAV/SLP76 adaptors: Regulation of cytokine transcription independent of TCR ligation. Immunity 15, 921-933 (2001). [Online Journal]


Background At the end of 2010, the FDA issued an alert regarding the use of a new method for serum creatinine determination. The IDMS method appears to underestimate serum creatinine values compared to older methods when the serum creatinine values are relatively low (e.g., ~0.7 mg/dL). This could lead to higher doses than necessary and carboplatin toxicity. It was therefore recommended the use of fixed maximum doses for each target AUC value. Purpose To determine compliance with FDA recommendations about carboplatin dosage, and to assess the toxicity that emerged at doses higher than recommended. Materials and methods The overall number of patients and carboplatin courses, sex, age, diagnosis and percentage overdose were extracted from the Farmis database on cytostatics management, from January 2011 to September 2013. Overdoses were designated: carboplatin dosing >900 mg for a target AUC = 6; carboplatin dosing >750 mg for a target AUC = 5; carboplatin dosing >600 mg for a target AUC = 4. In the event of overdosing (Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) criteria), blood tests were sought before the next round of treatment and the need to delay the chemotherapy treatment were evaluated. Results A total of 195 patients and 763 courses of carboplatin were identified; 18 patients (2%) had been given an excessive dose. Toxicity was caused in 3 women and 4 men by overdosing with carboplatin, with an average of 48 years and different cancers: lung (N = 2), stomach (N = 1), ovary (N = 2) and unknown origin (N = 2). Following evaluation of the eighteen patients who had received an excessive dose, 22.2% of their chemotherapy courses were delayed. Conclusions As so many patients are exposed to toxicity in this way, it is necessary to set up an automated alert system based on FDA recommendations. Neutropenia was the only adverse event for which chemotherapy had to be postponed; there was no thrombocytopenia. Abstract GM-006 Table 1 Chemotherapy courses Percentage overdose Need to delay the next chemotherapy course? (1 week) Adverse events 1 2% No – 5 3% Yes, N = 2 Neutropenia, grade 1 (N = 3)Neutropenia, grade 2 (N = 1) 2 7% Yes, N = 1 Neutropenia, grade 3 (N = 1) 1 9% No – 1 10% No – 2 13% No – 1 15% No – 3 20% Yes, N = 1 Neutropenia, grade 3 (N = 1) 1 22% No – 1 29% No – No conflict of interest.


Over the last few decades, integrated assessment models (IAM) have provided insight into the relationship between climate change, economy, and climate policies. The limitations of these models in capturing uncertainty in climate parameters, heterogeneity in damages and policies, have given rise to skepticism about the relevance of these models for policy making. IAM community needs to respond to these critics and to the new challenges posed by developments in the policy arena. New climate targets emerging from the Paris Agreement and the uncertainty about the signatories' commitment to Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) are prime examples of challenges that need to be addressed in the next generation of IAMs. Given these challenges, calculating the social cost of carbon requires a new framework. This can be done by computing marginal abatement cost in cost-effective settings which provides different results than those calculated using constrained cost-benefit analysis. Here we focus on the areas where IAMs can be deployed to asses uncertainty and risk management, learning, and regional heterogeneity in climate change impacts.


The dewetting of low molecular weight sulfonated polystyrene ionomers (SPS) on inorganic silicon oxide substrates is compared with unmodified polystyrene (PS, Mw ) 4000) using a combination of X-ray reflectivity, optical and atomic force microscopy. The amounts of sulfonate group and metal counterion (Li + ,Z n 2+ ) were both varied in our study. Unlike unmodified PS, which readily dewets the substrate, a strong inhibition of dewetting occurs for low sulfonation (=2.3 mol %), and no apparent dewetting was found for high sulfonation (g7 mol %). For ZnSPS, dewetting was not observed in any of the films, even for those with very low sulfonation. Comparison with bulk rheological data suggests that inter- and intramolecular ionomer complexation may be important in retarding the dewetting process (a nonequilibrium effect), in addition to an increased wettability arising from long-range electrostatic polymer-surface interactions.


The NSF's International Research Networks Connections (IRNC) Program supports the research and education community by funding globally interoperable high-bandwidth infrastructure, coordinated experimental services, and human network community building. At the January 2013 IRNC principal investigator (PI) meeting, one area of discussion was measurement capabilities and opportunities that could provide NSF and others with greater insight into what science projects are supported internationally through this program. This note summarizes discussions at the meeting, including each project's current measurement activities, and consensus on several concrete directions that would support greater visibility into IRNC infrastructure operations, usage, and value.


The phylogeny and taxonomy of mammalian species were originally based upon shared or derived morphological characteristics. However, genetic analyses have more recently played an increasingly important role in confirming existing or establishing often radically different mammalian groupings and phylogenies. The two most commonly used genetic loci in species identification are the cytochrome oxidase I gene (COI) and the cytochrome b gene (cyt b). For the first time this study provides a detailed comparison of the effectiveness of these two loci in reconstructing the phylogeny of mammals at different levels of the taxonomic hierarchy in order to provide a basis for standardizing methodologies in the future. Interspecific and intraspecific variation is assessed and for the first time, to our knowledge, statistical confidence is applied to sequence comparisons. Comparison of the DNA sequences of 217 mammalian species reveals that cyt b more accurately reconstructs their phylogeny and known relationships between species based on other molecular and morphological analyses at Super Order, Order, Family and generic levels. Cyt b correctly assigned 95.85% of mammal species to Super Order, 94.31% to Order and 98.16% to Family compared to 78.34%, 93.36% and 96.93% respectively for COI. Cyt b also gives better resolution when separating species based on sequence data. Using a Kimura 2-parameter p-distance (x100) threshold of 1.5–2.5, cyt b gives a better resolution for separating species with a lower false positive rate and higher positive predictive value than those of COI.


This study explored the development of subject knowledge by pre-service teachers of Design and Technology (D&T) in secondary schools in England. In doing so it aimed to throw light on their lived experience of developing subject knowledge whilst on placement in schools. It was anticipated that this would help to identify the factors that shape what is learned and the ways in which pre-service teachers may be better prepared and supported for placement in the future. The study made use of phenomenology as a methodological approach in order to capture the lived experience of developing knowledge through the eyes of pre-service teachers. This was framed against an exploration of subject knowledge in Design and Technology and the extensive experience of the researcher in the field. Empirical data was gathered through a process of interviewing 11 participants three times during the course of one academic year. Processes of data reduction and explication were undertaken to explore individual experiences and aspects that they had in common. Findings from the study highlight the inadequacy of the term subject knowledge in describing the processes that take place. They demonstrate that pre-service teachers drawn on cognitive, psychomotor and affective domains in developing their understanding of materials and processes in preparation for teaching. The findings also highlight the complex, and interrelated nature of factors that affect the development of subject knowledge and the significant influence that the placement school arena, and teachers, have on shaping the nature of what can be learned. They also indicate that learning new knowledge is a central part of the experience and that developing 'skills of knowing' is essential. Key recommendations from the study include the preparation of pre-service teachers for their placement experiences by enabling them to understand how they learn completely new things. It is also recommended that the responsibility for the development of subject knowledge should be more in the hands of placement schools. Further work is also needed in exploring alternative ways of representing the processes that take place when knowledge is acquired by individuals as they become the teachers of the future.


Research on subject-verb agreement production in SVO languages has shown that objects moved pre-verbally sometimes trigger attraction, i.e., erroneous agreement of the verb with the object rather than the subject. Moreover, objects c-commanding one of the agreement positions in the hierarchical structure were found to generate stronger attraction than those linearly preceding them. Evidence for the role of c-command comes from the observation that the accusative clitic in French triggers stronger attraction than the preverbal dative pronoun and the PP modifier (Franck et al. 2006; 2010). In this study, we report the results of an experiment in Persian (an SOV language) in which subject–verb agreement was elicited by presenting sentences in Rapid Serial Visual Presentation procedure (RSVP) followed by verb selection (Staub 2009; 2010). We compared attraction errors induced by pre-verbal accusatives versus datives in the canonical SOV word order as well as the OSV word order. Corroborating Franck et al. (2006; 2010), we found stronger attraction when the pre-verbal object occupies a c-commanding position in the hierarchical structure than when it simply precedes one of the agreement positions in the linear string. We also found stronger attraction in the OSV word order as compared to the canonical SOV word order. This finding is attributed to the real-time processes of erroneous structure building and/or erroneous controller selection during subject-verb agreement computation.


All measures of growth whether population, gross national product, waste loads, or demand for recreation suggest that demands on the country's water resources are increasing at a rate that exceeds the rate of installation of waste treatment facilities (Fig. 9). Presumably it is these demands which constitute the customary measure of "pollution" and upon which prophesies are made regarding the condition of the resource and its future prospects. Pressures posed by population and growth must have an effect on the river systems which, even with regulation, have finite assimilative or carrying capacity for wastes of different kinds. At the outset, then, one might assume, even in the absence of proof, that the very large increase in society's activities should have recognizable consequences. Unfortunately, it is easier to estimate the potential demand on a river system than it is to measure the effect. Certainly many rivers of the United States, like the rivers in Illinois, Colorado, and other places cited here, are not as they were 70 years ago. Nevertheless, while we "know" that conditions must be getting worse, we are hard-pressed to determine precisely the relation between the pressures posed by society and the responses of the river system. To a large extent observations of the condition of river systems have been confined to measures of the quality of the flow itself and exclude descriptions of the bed, banks, and environs of the river. In some instances the parameters observed, for example, dissolved oxygen or coliform organisms, are surrogates for broader effects of greater interest. Although useful, they provide only partial measures of the river's condition or assimilative capacity (45). Thus in the Hudson River, while it can be shown that the change in dissolved oxygen is exceedingly small since 1922, we have some reason to believe that dissolved oxygen inadequately describes accumulating sludge on the bottom of the river as well as increasing growth of algae. Many years ago Henderson (46) demonstrated that a portion of the Shenandoah River was virtually devoid of life despite high oxygen levels and other quality standards of the water. Intended to surmount this disability, current attempts to quantify biological observations may not in fact do so unless they are associated with true biological surveys (47). Observation programs continue to emphasize measures of water quality to the virtual exclusion of measurements of river quality (48). Observational programs appear to be particularly weak with regard to the detection of subtle initial changes from a natural to a polluted condition. This is not to suggest that no such observations are being made, for example on wild rivers, but rather that there is no systematic program for the detection of initial changes. The initiation and progression of change are often considered impossible to prevent and inexorable in character. This leads further to the view that virtually all changes from a pristine to a used condition are irreversible. Such does not appear to be the case. Experience on the Ohio River described above, the reversal of changes in surfactant concentrations in the Illinois River, and the marked reduction of sediment in the Schuylkill River illustrate that it is possible to reverse or to improve the conditions of some rivers with respect to important pollutants. Fish may migrate rapidly to formerly polluted areas when either industrial shutdowns or large cleanup programs occur. The Thames River near London is reported to have fish for the first time in very many decades as a result of a major pollution control program. Indeed, a brief report suggests " that the condition of rivers in England and Wales . . . may well have improved since 1958" (49). Because the evidence up to now does indicate that the pressure on the water resources posed by population and industrial growth significantly exceeds the rate of investment in control facilities, much higher cost must be incurred if even a rough parallelism between development and control is to be achieved. More important, the kind of technology that will be needed is not only more expensive, but may be distinctly different in kind from secondary treatment that is now projected for most municipal areas. Even if treatment or pollution control were to maintain parity with pollution pressure, there is good reason to believe that many would continue to hold to the definition that " pollution is that which is getting worse." In the eyes of the beholders (50), the sights and smells of rivers today may be considered unsatisfactory, and while the "quality" of the rivers may be unchanged, they will be viewed as being polluted and becoming more so, as the interests of those living in more crowded areas turn toward rivers to satisfy their recreational and esthetic needs. Many observers have noted historic changes in values in the environment, and there is reason to believe that these play no small part in the current scene (51). The paucity of information and the handful of investigators concerned with evaluating trends in the quality of the rivers of the United States suggest some specific conclusions. First, none of the observational programs were designed specifically to measure the quality of rivers or the river environment. The sampling programs emphasize the measurement of specific characteristics primarily related to water use by industry and municipalities. The new National Water Quality Network should improve on this single objective orientation (52). Few observational programs combine the necessary hydrology with measurements of water quality, river characteristics, and biology. While some long-term observations exist, the lack of coordinate observations makes longterm comparisons virtually impossible. For this reason, one must resort to the selected or case method described here. In addition, as Dworsky and Strandberg (53) emphasize, interpretation is "the vital part of the task of water quality assessment." Such interpretation requires the knowledge and skill of analysts familiar both with the data and with the changing characteristics of the land use and economy of the drainage basin. The new emphasis on quality of the environment demands continuing assessment and interpretation. A second conclusion from the available data suggests that surrogate measures of river and water quality as wellas a multiplicity of measurements of easily measured parameters may shed little light on the dynamics of the processes active in river systems and hence such measures may be of limited use in estimating the likelihood of reversing specific observed trends in the absence of a knowledge of their causes. Additional attention must be given to the measurement of parameters related to models of river behavior and to estimates of inputs based on budgets of materials derived from industrial outputs and land use. Third, while hydrologists have long been concerned with variability of the flow of natural rivers, because of the difficulty of observation, much less attention has been given to the variability of biological activity as well as physical variability associated with natural variations and cycles in rivers. Many measurements of biological effects are done during low and summer flows where measurement is easy, organisms often flourish, and concentrations of various substances in the flow are high. The effect of winter flow on the growth of slimes on the bottom of rivers, for example, and the special significance to the flora and fauna of periodic floods are not well documented. Significantly, however, among the most common trends in river management is the progressive regulation of flow through the provision of storage. Conceivably regulation rather than pollutants alone may have the most far-reaching effects on the character of many river systems. To date, observations have not been designed to measure these effects. Because the demands on the waters of the rivers of the country are increasing, the concept of threshold and irreversibility must be studied on (i) pristine waters to disclose the nature of the initial, presumably biological, changes which take place and (ii) specific rivers where large scale control or cleanup programs have been initiated. It may well be that observations designed to detect "polluters," that is, observations designed to support the enforcement of standards, may not in themselves provide satisfactory measures of thresholds, trends, or reversals of trends. If one is to judge the effectiveness of the expenditure of large sums of money, observational tools must be designed to evaluate the response of the rivers to these expenditures.


During excavation for the foundation of the new John T. O'Connell North Tower at St. Francis Hospital and Medical Center (SFHMC), in Hartford, Connecticut in 2008, Building 3, an immediately-adjacent five-story brick masonry building suddenly settled up to 1.5 in. and moved laterally about 5/8-in., resulting in severe cracking of interior and exterior bearing walls and floor slabs. The excavation was immediately backfilled within 30 feet of Building 3 and all construction activities were stopped until the condition of Building 3, which provided critical laboratory, pharmacy, and administrative support functions to the hospital, was evaluated and the cause of movement determined. SFHMC retained Simpson Gumpertz & Heger Inc. (SGH) to perform an investigation of the cause(s) of the building settlement and lateral movement, and to perform a condition assessment of the affected building. SGH determined that the building settlement was due to bearing failure of the Connecticut Valley Varved Clay (CVVC) stratum underlying the soil nailed excavation support wall installed below the perimeter soil bearing foundation of Building 3. In addition, it was concluded that Building 3 would not be able to sustain additional settlement, and alternate construction processes were needed to allow construction of the North Tower foundations to resume. SFHMC retained SGH to design the alternate construction processes needed. This paper presents the results of the forensic investigation and condition assessment of the distressed building as background for a detailed discussion of the alternate construction processes implemented to control further movement. This paper will present the design, monitoring, and construction considerations for new jacked pile underpinning of a portion of Building 3, a new cross lot braced soldier pile and lagging excavation support system adjacent to Building 3, and new micropiles to replace driven H piles specified for the North Tower foundation in the immediate vicinity of Building 3, all selected to minimize additional damage to the adjacent building. We will also discuss the challenges faced by Moretrench, the subcontractor engaged to implement the work, during construction of these systems and how these challenges were successfully overcome.


We propose that the Andes Cordillera formed by a "collision" between the trenchward-moving South American plate and the Nazca slab and subslab mantle. Resistance to trenchward motion, in the form of horizontal compressive normal stress, deforms South America9s leading edge. The advancing continent also perturbs the subslab mantle flow field as mantle is displaced. This flow field, detected via shear-wave splitting, includes trench-parallel flow away from a central stagnation point and corner flow around the northern and southern ends of the continent. The corresponding spatial variation in applied stress accounts for the large-scale characteristics of Andean deformation: buckling at the stagnation point (maximum normal stress) forming the Central Andes and Bolivian orocline, and corner flow associated with the eastward motion of the Caribbean and Scotia plates. The high stresses required to form and maintain the Andes imply that South America9s trenchward motion is primarily driven by deep mantle flow coupled to its base; no other driving force of sufficient magnitude is available. Similarities between North and South American plate motion history and large-scale Cordillera structure indicate that the western North American Laramide Rockies formed in a similar manner and that the North American plate is also driven westward by deep mantle flow. We infer that Atlantic spreading itself is similarly driven. By contrast, slab rollback in a closing ocean basin opens marginal basins at convergent margins, as in the western Pacific. We suggest that there is a causal link between the opening and closing of ocean basins and the formation of cordilleras and marginal basins. Cordillera formation occurs at the leading continental margin during the spreading phase of the Wilson cycle, whereas marginal basins form during the closing phase.


This thesis explores decision-making and perceptions of decisional quality in parents whose children have undergone newborn bloodspot screening. Newborn bloodspot screening is the programme through which newborn babies are screened for a variety of conditions shortly after birth. In the UK babies are screened for phenylketonuria (PKU), congenital hypothyroidism (CH), sickle cell diseases (SCD), cystic fibrosis (CF) and medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MCADD), with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) offered as additional screen in Wales. Much has been written about the applicability of consent to newborn bloodspot screening, yet research has tended to revolve around parental knowledge and information provision. These studies say little in terms of actual or perceived decisional quality or whether parents are making an informed choice. Taking an exploratory sequential mixed methods approach, the present study aims to identify and model factors that in fluence parental perceptions of decisional quality within the context of newborn bloodspot screening. The thesis draws on two studies; an exploratory study of parental experiences of newborn bloodspot screening using semi-structured interviews, and a subsequent quantitative phase which analysed data collected through a postal questionnaire. The results of these studies provide significant insights into parental decision-making. Attitudes toward medicine were shown to have a significant causal infl uence on perceived decisional quality through its indirect effect on parental attitudes towards screening. Through the disaggregation of these general and specific attitudes, the significant role of perceived choice is identified. Perceived choice is demonstrated not only to be a significant contributing factor to the perceived quality of decision made, but is also shown to have a strong infl uence on attitudes towards screening through an indirect and positive relationship with perceived knowledge of screening. Both of these elements suggest that the context of screening and its presentation are key determinants of parental decisional quality.


Common computational methods for automated eye movement detection - i.e. the task of detecting different types of eye movement in a continuous stream of gaze data - are limited in that they either involve thresholding on hand-crafted signal features, require individual detectors each only detecting a single movement, or require pre-segmented data. We propose a novel approach for eye movement detection that only involves learning a single detector end-to-end, i.e. directly from the continuous gaze data stream and simultaneously for different eye movements without any manual feature crafting or segmentation. Our method is based on convolutional neural networks (CNN) that recently demonstrated superior performance in a variety of tasks in computer vision, signal processing, and machine learning. We further introduce a novel multi-participant dataset that contains scripted and free-viewing sequences of ground-truth annotated saccades, fixations, and smooth pursuits. We show that our CNN-based method outperforms state-of-the-art baselines by a large margin on this challenging dataset, thereby underlining the significant potential of this approach for holistic, robust, and accurate eye movement protocol analysis.


Female gang affiliation has often gone overlooked, however, recent research indicates a need to examine this issue due to the increase in adolescent females becoming gang affiliated. A national survey collecting data on gang affiliation indicated that females account for nearly a third of the gang member population. Not only are females joining gangs at an increased rate but they are maintaining their affiliation despite maltreatment and abuse. The purpose of this project was to explore the factors that contribute and encourage adolescent females to maintain their gang affiliation even though it is likely that they will endure continued trauma. A review of the literature indicated victimization and abuse within the family system as a strong contributing factor for gang involvement and maintaining affiliation. Using a qualitative design, eight interviews were completed with professionals who have experience working with adolescent females affiliated with gangs. Using an inductive grounded theory method, the data was analyzed and coded, and emerging themes were recorded. Major similarities between the data and the literature were found in the areas of early childhood exposures to dysfunction within the family system, the developmental needs that are being met within the gang, gender role expectations and continued exposure to trauma within the gang. The findings, however, exposed a major issue within the communities that young females return to after treatment, placements or incarceration that make it difficult to avoid returning to their gang affiliations. These findings highlight the importance for social workers to engage the families and communities in prevention and intervention strategies when working with adolescent females who are gang affiliated. FEMALE GANG AFFILIATION 3


Whole-body vibration is a significant health risk for between 4% and 7% of the work force in North America. In addition, many factors compound the health risks of heavy machinery operators. For example, twisted trunk and neck postures stiffen the spine and increase the transmission of vibration to the head. Similarly, workers adopt awkward postures in order to gain appropriate lines of sight for machine operations. Although the relative contribution of these various issues can be evaluated in field studies and models, we propose that virtual reality is a powerful medium for investigating issues related to health and safety in mining machine operators. We have collected field data of posture and vibration, as well as visual environment, for a forklift operating in a warehouse. This paper describes the process and outcome of this field data collection, and provides a discussion on the next steps to develop and test the virtual reality model to enable laboratory testing. Our ongoing studies will evaluate the interplay between posture and vibration under conditions replicating routine heavy machinery operations, such as underground mining.


No matter how much repeat business you get from loyal customers, the lifeblood of your business is a constant flow of new accounts. Whether you're a sales rep, sales manager, or a professional services executive, if you are expected to bring in new business, you need a proven formula for prospecting, developing, and closing deals. New Sales. Simplified. is the answer. You'll learn how to:

? Identify a strategic, finite, workable list of genuine prospects
? Draft a compelling, customer-focused ?sales story?
? Perfect the proactive telephone call to get face-to-face with more prospects
? Use email, voicemail, and social media to your advantage
? Overcome?even prevent?every buyer's anti-salesperson reflex
? Build rapport, because people buy from people they like and trust
? Prepare for and structure a winning sales call
? Stop presenting and start dialoguing with buyers
? Make time in your calendar for business development activities
? And much more

Packed with examples and anecdotes, New Sales. Simplified. balances a blunt (and often funny) look at what most salespeople and executives do wrong with an easy-to-follow plan for ramping up new business starting today.


We are living in a time when it is frequently assumed that the logic of capital has subsumed every single aspect of our lives, intervening in the organization of our intimate relations as well as the control of our time, including investments in the future (e.g. via debt). The theories that document the incursion of this logic (often through the terms of neoliberalism and/or governmentality) assume that this logic is internalized, works and organizes everything including our subjectivity. These theories performatively reproduce the very conditions they describe, shrinking the domain of values and making it subject to capital's logic. All values are reduced to value. Yet values and value are always dialogic, dependent and co-constituting. In this paper I chart the history by which value eclipses values and how this shrinks our sociological imagination. By outlining the historical processes that institutionalized different organizations of the population through political economy and the social contract, producing ideas of proper personhood premised on propriety, I detail how forms of raced, gendered and classed personhood was formed. The gaps between the proper and improper generate significant contradictions that offer both opportunities to and limits on capitals' lines of flight. It is the lacks, the residues, and the excess that cannot be captured by capital's mechanisms of valuation that will be explored in order to think beyond the logic of capital and show how values will always haunt value.


This study tests the hypothesis that the effect of High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) can be correlated with the texture feature of general ultrasound image subtraction (USIS). Porcine muscle was chosen as in-vitro sample. Tissue's ultrasound images and their relative temperature values were caught during experiment. We calculate the wavelet decomposition coefficient energy (WDCE) of USIS of the HIFU lesion area to analysis texture features at different temperature. The statistical results show that WDCE elevates linearly with the temperature especially under 65°C. We still analyzed the WDCE of rotation-invariant subbands. Between 40°C to 65°C, the subband WDCEs elevate linearly with temperature, but they will not change much above 65°C. So we get a conclusion that WDCE can be used as a parameter for estimating the temperature during HIFU treatment and subband WDCEs are helpful to monitor the HIFU effect non-invasively.


The success of pretrained contextual encoders, such as ELMo and BERT, has brought a great deal of interest in what these models learn: do they, without explicit supervision, learn to encode meaningful notions of linguistic structure? If so, how is this structure encoded? To investigate this, we introduce latent subclass learning (LSL): a modification to existing classifier-based probing methods that induces a latent categorization (or ontology) of the probe's inputs. Without access to fine-grained gold labels, LSL extracts emergent structure from input representations in an interpretable and quantifiable form. In experiments, we find strong evidence of familiar categories, such as a notion of personhood in ELMo, as well as novel ontological distinctions, such as a preference for fine-grained semantic roles on core arguments. Our results provide unique new evidence of emergent structure in pretrained encoders, including departures from existing annotations which are inaccessible to earlier methods.


Real time Crash testing and the Simulation of FE model are the most important sources of checking the safety of the car. The main aim of this study is for designing a crush box for different segment cars and checking its performance through numerical simulation. The companies of Insurance and the RCAR council requires the idea or technology for reducing the cost of repair and the same time improving the safety of the occupant or the passenger in the car during the Low speed impact. For reducing the cost of repair in case of Low speed crash, a special device is needed to absorb the energy caused by impact, which is called as Crush box assembly. The Crush Box is a thin-walled structure attached between the vehicle bumper structure and the side rail. The need of the Crush box is quite most important for absorbing the energy of impact. In this study, the process for crush box design development to improve the energy of absorption is proposed. The proposed process has two steps. Firstly experimental tests and numerical analysis on crush box cross sections were carried out in order to better understand their behavior and model them properly. Secondly, adding additional reinforcement and some foam types in order to satisfy different segment cars, where the difference between the segments will be the mass. The simulation of the crash itself was done by means of the Ls-Dyna code. The optimized design of crush box will be designed which should absorb more energy during RCAR Crash performance. According to the RCAR rule, the simulation at low-speed impact of 16km/h was carried out to evaluate the crashworthiness of the car.


Photonic crystal slab line defect waveguides with slightly small innermost holes are theoretically expected to show light transmission with low-group-velocity and low-dispersion (LVLD) characteristics owing to a linear and almost flat photonic band. In this study, the LVLD characteristics of such waveguides were experimentally confirmed by using modulation phase shift measurement and transmission of ultrashort optical pulses. These results will be applicable to buffering and nonlinearity enhancement of optical signals.


Tools used for assessing marine trophic status are generally based on water column characteristics, which, however, may provide unreliable classification of the benthic trophic status. Here, we provide evidence from the literature that quantity and bioavailability of sediment organic matter are reliable proxies to assess benthic marine trophic status. We compiled data on the protein, carbohydrate and lipid concentration of sediments from different oceanic and coastal regions and varying water depths. The concentration of these 3 components as a whole (biopolymeric carbon) was found to be significantly correlated (r = 0.84) with the total organic carbon concentration, suggesting that the biopolymeric fraction is representative of the total organic carbon pool. However, the system- atic variation of the biopolymeric fraction was higher than that of total organic carbon concentrations, suggesting that biopolymeric carbon is a more sensitive proxy of benthic trophic status than is the total carbon pool. Furthermore, biopolymeric carbon was significantly correlated to the amount of phytopigments, indicating that biopolymeric carbon accumulation in the sediment is related to inputs of algal carbon. Biopolymeric carbon concentrations were also positively correlated to the sediment community oxygen consumption, suggesting that the progressive accumulation of biopolymeric car- bon could be an additional co-factor potentially responsible for hypoxic or anoxic events. The enzy- matically digestible and algal fractions of biopolymeric carbon decreased in sediments with increas- ing biopolymeric carbon content (i.e. eutrophic systems), suggesting that organic carbon in eutrophic sediments is mostly refractory in nature. We propose that a biopolymeric carbon concentration in the sediment of >2.5 mg C g -1 , being associated with a bioavailable fraction of <10%, can be considered as a threshold level at which benthic consumers may experience mostly refractory organic carbon.


In this paper the photocatalytic decolorisation and mineralisation of three orange dyes (AO10, AO12 and AO8) in neutral, alkaline and hydrolysed solutions under UV light irradiation in the presence of TiO(2) nanoparticles has been compared. The investigated photocatalyst was Millennium PC-500 TiO(2) (crystallites mean size 5-10 nm) immobilised on non-woven paper. All the experiments were performed in a circulation photochemical reactor equipped with a 15 W UV lamp emitting around 365 nm. Results indicated that complete decolorisation of 250 mL pure dye solutions with initial dye concentration of 30 mg/L could be achieved in 140 min. Photocatalytic mineralisation of the neutral, alkaline and hydrolysed dye solutions was monitored by total organic carbon (TOC) decrease and ammonium ion formation. Results indicated that the photocatalytic decolorisation and mineralisation of the dyes was less efficient with the hydrolysed and alkaline dye solutions in comparison with the neutral pure dye solutions. The amount of NH(4)(+), as N-containing mineralisation product, during UV/TiO(2) process was analysed. The electrical energy consumption for photocatalytic decolorisation of the dyes was calculated and related to the treatment costs.


Genome editing is used to make targeted modifications to the genome of eukaryotic cells. There are many potential applications of genome editing in human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) including the generation of knockout and reporter cell lines. This protocol describes a system for efficient genome editing in hPSCs using engineered transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) or clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) technology.


This paper presents solution of economic dispatch problem via a particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO). The objective is to minimize the total generation fuel cost and keep the power flows within the security limits. The PSO is simple in concept, easy in implementation .It does not require any derivative information, sure and fast convergence, Moreover; it is needs less computational time than other heuristic methods. These features increase the applicability of the PSO, particularly in power system applications .The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated on the IEEE 37-bus system and their performances are compared with the results of genetic algorithm (GA). The results show that PSO can converge to optimum solution with higher accuracy in comparison with GA.


Computerized tomography (CT) has made it possible to study the gross anatomy of the brain during life without significant risks or discomfort to the subject. While its main role has been in the diagnosis of intercranial space-occupying lesions and hydrocephalus, over the past 5 yr the technique has been used increasingly in the diagnostic evaluation and study of patients with vascular, demyelinating and degenerative brain diseases and in the detection of brain damage due to exogenous agents such as alcohol. As a result, CT studies carried out in Australia, Canada, and Europe have shown a high incidence of brain atrophy in chronic alcoholics and have provided important insights into the natural history of alcohol-related brain damage


This article outlines the development of a theory of predecessor-successor transitions in social contexts using a grounded theory approach. The theory can be applied to such diverse phenomena as the transfer of family businesses to the next generation, university chair succession, the passing on of parental roles (for example in the case of adoption or remarriage), and organ transplantation. The core conceptual category that emerged was "the transfer of personal objects". This concept refers to the transfer of the power of disposal over objects that are fundamental to the identity and the identification of the owner. A number of theoretical dimensions of the category were identified. Methodologically speaking, the theory generated can be classified as a formal grounded theory. In other words, the comparison of different empirical fields and cases using hermeneutical analysis yielded a transdisciplinary social science category that can be employed to conceptualise the dynamics of the development of interpersonal, social, or institutional structures, especially with regard to the links and the interplay between material and symbolic components, between the individual and the social, and the past and the present. URN: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs1102165


In this essay in a special issue dedicated to teaching trusts and estates, the co-authors of Contemporary Trusts & Estates: An Experiential Approach (2d. ed. Aspen 2014) reflect on how the teaching of trusts and estates can integrate policy, practice, doctrine, and centuries of tradition. They describe the genesis of their problem-based casebook and the influence of the Carnegie Report on their choice of pedagogic framework. Each of the co-authors embraced the fundamental principles advocated by the Carnegie Report, which counsels that legal education should integrate "theoretical and practical legal knowledge and professional identity." This essay goes on to outline how the book incorporates a problem-based methodology as well as an innovative choice of ordering the chapters that tracks the chronological path of estate planning, addressing the lifetime use of trusts first, followed by issues of will validity and interpretation. Drafting exercises complement the problems as well as traditional cases that illuminate theory and practice. With chapters on planning for disability, the federal estate and gift tax, estate administration and charitable trusts as well as basic doctrine on intestacy, wills and trusts, the book reflects the contemporary challenges addressed by trusts and estates lawyers. The co-authors have found that the book's innovative approach engages students in a way that makes the study of trusts and estates relevant and students practice-aware.This article is part of the Journal's annual Teaching Issue, "created as a forum for scholars, judges, practitioners and students to discuss methods for the effective teaching and learning of particular law school courses. With the constant evolution of legal topics and instructional resource options, this issue provides a resource for professors, deans, and anyone interested in the continued development and improvement of legal education."


Cuba and Venezuela have pioneered a new form of socialist multinational enterprise. Grounded in the concepto grannacional these proyectos and empresas grannacionales provide a way for states to engage in globalization directly using forms distinct from the traditional model of state owned enterprises. But engagement with globalization might create conflict with emerging global norms. This paper considers recent to Cuban-led efforts to develop grannacionales and the potential conflicts between these entities and the emerging rules for international business behavior, especially those touching on business and human rights. The paper starts by discussing the basic theory and objectives of the grannacional generally, as a new form of transnational public enterprise, one that is meant to provide a viable challenge to current conventional global systems of economic organization. The focus is on the development of the "concepto grannacional" within the political framework of the socialist trade organization, the Alianza Bolivariana Para los Pueblos de Nuestra America (ALBA). The paper then considers the emerging global consensus for the governance of the human rights effects of business enterprises. The focus is on three approaches — first, through the application of national law, and then through the emergence of two international soft law frameworks, the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and the U.N. Guiding Principles for Business and Human Rights. The paper ends with a consideration of the possible conflicts between these international frameworks and the structural ideology and practices of socialist enterprises through the lens of an example — the system of bartering medical services for petroleum instituted between Cuba and Venezuela.


What is a musical work? Philosophers debate it, but for judges the answer has long been simple: music means melody. Though few recognize it today, that answer goes all the way back to the birth of music copyright litigation in the nineteenth century. Courts adopted the era's dominant aesthetic view identifying melody as the site of originality and, consequently, the litmus test for similarity. Surprisingly, music's single-element test has persisted as an anomaly within the modern copyright system, where typically multiple features of eligible subject matter are eligible for protection.
Yet things are now changing. Recent judicial decisions are beginning to break down the old definitional wall around melody, looking elsewhere within the work to find protected expression. Many have called this increasing scope problematic. This Article agrees—but not for the reason that most people think. The problem is not, as is commonly alleged, that these decisions are unfaithful to bedrock copyright doctrine. A closer inspection reveals that, if anything, they are in fact more faithful than their predecessors. The problem, rather, is that the bedrock doctrine itself is misguided. Copyright law, unlike patent law, has never shown any interest in trying to increase the predictability of its infringement test, leaving second comers to speculate as to what might or might not be allowed. But the history of music copyright offers a valuable look at a path not taken, an accidental experiment where predictability was unwittingly achieved by consistently emphasizing a single element out of a multi-element work. As a factual matter, the notion that melody is the primary locus of music's value is a fiction. As a policy matter, however, that fiction has turned out to be useful. While its original, culturally-myopic rationale should be discarded, music's unidimensional test still offers underappreciated advantages over the "everything counts" analysis that the rest of the copyright system long ago chose.


Abstract. This study investigated the role played by iron-filing in the strength and microstructural characteristic of high ordinary Portland cement (OPC) based paste and mortar at substitution levels that ranged from 0 to 15 wt.%. It was found that, iron-filing mainly comprised Fe2O3, reduced the workability, influence carbonation, early strength development and impacted the nature of the product formed especially if prepared within the w/c ratio of 0.25 and 0.35–0.4 for paste and mortar, respectively. Moreover, iron-filing also induced and enhanced belite hydration, and influenced the crack-bridging effect within the microstructural matrix, while substitution level less than 5 % affected not the early strength. Besides, iron-filing could also influence the formation of calcium ferrosilicate hydrate as revealed in the microstructural analysis or elemental analysis from energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer. The 28-day strength of 114 MPa and 61 MPa were achievable in paste and mortar, respectively for iron-filing replacement level within 5–10 %, even substitution up to 15 % could perform better than the sample prepared with OPC only. The study promotes waste valorization and the use of iron-filing in mass-concrete production.


The transmittance of laser pulses through the forest canopy was studied as a function of forest attributes (inventory parameters) and the scanning angle from the point of view of elevation modeling. Here transmittance is defined as the ratio of the number of pulses within a threshold of the detected elevation model to the total number of transmitted pulses. Airborne laser scanning (ALS) using a Leica ALS50-II scanner took place on 25 July 2009 in the Evo test area in Southern Finland. The total number of circular field test plots with a radius of 10 meters was 246. Several of the test plots were observed from two different flight lines, and this resulted in 454 observations. Multiple regression analysis was applied to calculate statistical parameters for the scanning angle and the forest attributes. The canopy layer is an important factor that influences the number of ground hits. We found that the characteristics of the trees determine the number of transmitted pulses penetrating down to the ground level. When using scanning angles between 0 to 15 degrees in forested areas, the results showed that the scanning angle did not have a statistically significant effect on the vegetation penetration nor on the number of ground hits. It appears to be feasible to increase the scanning angle for boreal forest elevation modeling if some degree of local shadowing can be accepted in the data. By increasing the scanning angle, it is also possible to perform laser scanning and digital aerial photography simultaneously even over forested areas. Nationwide laser scanning in Finland and Sweden is carried out with scanning angles of ±20 degrees, but further studies are needed to assess the results when using even larger scanning angles.


We explore a connection between Gaussian radial basis functions and polynomials. Using standard tools of potential theory, we find that these radial functions are susceptible to the Runge phenomenon, not only in the limit of increasingly flat functions, but also in the finite shape parameter case. We show that there exist interpolation node distributions that prevent such phenomena and allow stable approximations. Using polynomials also provides an explicit interpolation formula that avoids the difficulties of inverting interpolation matrices, while not imposing restrictions on the shape parameter or number of points.


Hemangiopericytoma is an extremely rare soft tissue tumor of the pericytes that surround the walls of blood vessels. The lesion is characterized by proliferation of the pericytes above the basement membrane. The microscopic features of the hemangiopericytoma can often be demonstrated by reticulin staining. Clinical presentation can vary. The lesion has been found in any number of anatomic locations. Occurrence in breast tissue, however, has been strikingly rare. Most lesions are benign. However, they can be aggressive and can recur at distant sites. Malignant varieties have been reported. In breast tissue, the most difficult aspect of the diagnosis appears to be that the tumor grossly, and to some extent microscopically, resembles cystosarcoma phylloides, particularly in the malignant degenerative form of the latter disease. Most diagnostic methods for evaluating the tumor fail to produce a definitive diagnosis. Microscopic confirmation is perhaps the only method by which definitive diagnosis can be made. Treatment consists of wide excision and careful clinical follow-up. A case history and a review of the literature concerning this lesion are included here. (


Abstract New field and laboratory data from western Sulawesi, Indonesia, integrated with available data establish its Late Cenozoic igneous framework and a new model for its tectonic evolution. Western Sulawesi contains three major Neogene N-S-trending tectonic domains (from W to E): (1) an active foldbelt, in which Pliocene and Miocene volcanogenic rocks are involved in W-vergent thrusting which extends into the Makassar Strait; (2) a central belt comprised of a deformed submarine Miocene volcanoplutonic arc built on an Oligocene-Eocene clastic and carbonate platform with Latimojong Mesozoic basement metamorphic and sedimentary rocks thrust over its eastern margin on W-vergent faults; and (3) an accreted Cretaceous-Palaeogene(?) ophiolite (Lamasi Complex) between the Latimojong basement block and Bone Bay. The Lamasi Complex ophiolite includes dioritic plutons, basaltic sheeted dykes, pillow lavas, greenstones, tuffs and volcanic agglomerates with depleted (MORB-like) Sr & Nd isotope and REE characteristics of probable normal oceanic crust with possible subduction-related or back-arc affinity. New K-Ar, 40Ar-39Ar, Rb-Sr, and Nd-Sm isotope data suggest Cretaceous to Eocene crystallization and Oligocene to Miocene obduction. Late Miocene to Poliocene extrusive and intrusive rocks form a cogenetic volcanoplutonic complex of calc-alkalic to mildly alkalic, potassic, and shoshonitic felsic and mafic magmatic rocks of bimodal composition which were erupted and intruded during a short episode of Middle Miocene to Pliocene (3–18 Ma) lithospheric melting. Based on new Rb-Sr, Nd-Sm, and U-Pb isotope, and major and trace element geochemical data, parental source rocks of the Miocene melts were Late Proterozoic to Early Palaeozoic crustal and mantle lithospheric assemblages which became heated and melted owing to a continent-continent collision in which west-vergent continental lithosphere derived from the Australian-New Guinea plate was subducted beneath eastern-most Sundaland. The timing of this magmatism and subsequent cooling and denudation history are constrained by 113 new K-Ar, 40Ar-39Ar, and fission track ages. The new tectonic model differs significantly from previous models: the Makassar Strait is now interpreted as a foreland basin bound on both sides by converging Neogene thrust belts, in contrast to previous models suggesting Late Tertiary oceanic spreading or continental rifting. West-vergent obduction of a pre-Eocene oceanic, primitive arc, or back-arc crust onto western Sulawesi occurred during late Oligocene to Miocene times. The Late Miocene western Sulawesi magmatic arc is envisioned as a continent-continent collision product, in contrast to previous models involving a normal ocean-continent or ocean-ocean subduction-related magmatic arc (west or east vergent) or post-subduction rifting. The east Sulawesi ophiolite extends into western Sulawesi, suggesting that Bone Bay resulted from collapse of the over-thickened Miocene orogen. The new tectonic model illustrates the central role western Sulawesi plays in unlocking the complex evolution of Indonesia as well as the temporal and magmatic details of a continent-continent collision zone.


In the last quarter of the sixteenth century, John Dee, Sir Humphrey Gilbert, and John Davis, became key advocates of the English search for the a northwest passage. Before the English explorers set out in search of such a passage, they needed reasons to belive that there might be an open sea route to China. Tese three man were instrumental in constructing rational arguments for the existence of a northwest passage.They found Plato's "Timaeus" a particularly valuable source for justifying and validating their belief in the existence of the passage. Although the majority of received classical lore indicated that the Arctic regions were neither inhabitable nor navigable, paradoxically it was their familiarity with the classics that caused these English writers and explorers to develop their own carefully reasoned theoretical arguments for the existence of northwest passage. In doing so they helped to spur English arctic exploration from thought into action.


This article explores workers' experiences of flexibility, control, and autonomy in organisations with extensive contracting of staff from temporary work agencies (TWAs). The starting point for this article is in theoretical perspectives on workplace flexibility and organisational control practices. I argue that workers' opportunities to control and have autonomy over their work and accomplish workplace flexibility are interconnected with the controlling practices that are present in their everyday working life. In organisations with extensive hiring of temporary agency workers (TAWs), this is complicated further, as workers from different organisations, with different management strategies, are working together at the same work site. Open-ended, semi-structured interviews were conducted with TAWs and regular employees in three user firms with extensive contracting of TAWs. A questionnaire was also completed by them. The results show that there are few opportunities for either TAWs or regular staff to achieve workplace flexibility in terms of making choices about where, when, and for how long they are going to work. The findings contradict assumptions that formal differences between the employment conditions of regulars and agency workers affect their opportunities for workplace flexibility. Similar technical control systems were used in the user firms despite differences between assembly line production and customer support. Despite these similarities in the opportunities for flexibility for both groups of workers, the findings showed some differences between TAWs' and regulars' everyday experiences of flexibility and control. The findings showed how close surveillance by technological systems was intertwined with a normative control, which means the awareness among TAWs of their replaceable position implicates anxiety about the consequences of absence from work. As a consequence of their vulnerable position, TAWs were striving to prove themselves to be competent to both the user firms and the agency. This highlights the dualistic controlling practices that TAWs are subjected to by user firms as well as the agency in their everyday work. This constitutes an effective and powerful system of organisational control.


The present paper deals with two parasites of the crab Pugettia brevirostris, the one representing the new species Sacculina reinhardi, the other identified with Sacculina muricata. The excrescences of the external cuticle of Sacculina reinhardi are similar to those of Sacculina gracilis. For a comparison of S. gracilis with S. reinhardi some additional data of previously described specimens of S. gracilis are here noted and figured, to show that certain characters of this species are constantly different from the corresponding peculiarities in the only available specimen of S. reinhardi. Sacculina reinhardi nov. spec. 1) U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Northwestern Pacific Cruise, 1906, in entrance of Uraga Strait, Gulf of Tokyo, Japan, 70 fms., October 26, 1906, 1 specimen on Pugettia brevirostris (Doflein), U. S. National Museum, catalogue number 49552. Specific characters. Male organs in the posterior part of the body, outside the visceral mass, forming straight thick-walled canals slightly increasing in size towards the dorsal region; transition of vas deferens into testis indicated by short chitinous tube only. Colleteric glands flat, their tubes nearly all in one row parallel to the surface, 15 to 17 tubes in longitudinal sections of the regions of maximum division. External cuticle with hyaline excrescences consisting of a basal part and a varying number of spines; diameter of excrescences 8 to 23 μ, height (including the spines) 8 to 27 μ. Retinacula unknown. The specimen is oval to rectangular (fig. 1 a), the mantle opening lies at the top of a papilla at the anterior surface, slightly protruding above its 1) Named after Dr. Edward G. Reinhard, Catholic University of America, the author of several important papers on Rhizocephala.


Recent research has achieved impressive results on understanding and improving source code by building up on machine-learning techniques developed for natural languages. A significant advancement in natural-language understanding has come with the development of pre-trained contextual embeddings, such as BERT, which can be fine-tuned for downstream tasks with less labeled data and training budget, while achieving better accuracies. However, there is no attempt yet to obtain a high-quality contextual embedding of source code, and to evaluate it on multiple program-understanding tasks simultaneously; that is the gap that this paper aims to mitigate. Specifically, first, we curate a massive, deduplicated corpus of 7.4M Python files from GitHub, which we use to pre-train CuBERT, an open-sourced code-understanding BERT model; and, second, we create an open-sourced benchmark that comprises five classification tasks and one program-repair task, akin to code-understanding tasks proposed in the literature before. We fine-tune CuBERT on our benchmark tasks, and compare the resulting models to different variants of Word2Vec token embeddings, BiLSTM and Transformer models, as well as published state-of-the-art models, showing that CuBERT outperforms them all, even with shorter training, and with fewer labeled examples. Future work on source-code embedding can benefit from reusing our benchmark, and from comparing against CuBERT models as a strong baseline.


This paper explores students' satisfaction and valuation of web-based lecture recording technologies (WBLT) that enable students to download recordings of lectures they could not attend or wish to review for revision purposes. The study was undertaken among undergraduates and postgraduates in accounting at an Australian university. In addition to traditional Likert scale questions capturing the extent to which students appreciate WBLT, we introduce new valuations such as the price they are willing to pay to access WBLT. The findings revealed that the majority of students rarely used WBLT and placed a very low monetary value on them, placing into question the high percentage 'positive' and 'appreciative' feedback found in this and earlier studies. Although most students appreciate WBLT when it is perceived to be free, most are unwilling to pay for access, suggesting they are not 'truly' valued. Importantly, while most students do not value WBLT, some students value them very highly, raising issues of equity and access not captured by average values across students. Students who regularly attend face to face lectures did not use WBLT as much, and those students who rarely used WBLT were more likely to accept a $50 reduction in fees if WBLT were not made available. It appears university administrations are correctly emphasising that WBLT should not be viewed as a replacement for traditional face to face lectures.


Systems Engineering is catching pace in many segments of product manufacturing industries. Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) is the formalized application of modeling to perform systems engineering activities. In order to effectively utilize the complete potential of MBSE, a methodology consisting of appropriate processes, methods and tools is a key necessity. In the last decade, several MBSE projects have been implemented in industries varying from aerospace and defense to automotive, healthcare and transportation. The Systems Modeling Language (SysML) standard has been a key enabler of these projects at many companies. Although SysML is capable of providing a rich representation of any system through various viewpoints, the journey towards adopting SysML to realize the true potential of MBSE has been a challenge. Among all, one of the common roadblocks faced by systems engineers across industries has been the software engineering-based nature of SysML which leads to difficulties in grasping the modeling concepts for people that do not possess a software engineering background. As a consequence, developing a system (or a system of systems) architecture model using SysML has been a challenging task for many engineers even after a decade of its inception and multiple successive iterations of the language specification. Being a modeling language, SysML is method-agnostic, but its associated limitations outweigh the advantages. ARCADIA (Architecture Analysis and Design Integrated Approach) is a systems and software architecture engineering method based on architecture-centric and model-based engineering activities. If applied properly, ARCADIA allows for a very effective way to model the architecture of multi-domain systems, and overcome many of the limitations faced in traditional SysML implementation. This thesis evaluates the architecture development capabilities of ARCADIA/Capella versus SysML following the Object-Oriented Systems Engineering Method (OOSEM). The study focuses on the key equivalences and differences between the two MBSE solutions from a model development perspective and provides several criteria to evaluate their effectiveness for architecture development using a conceptual case of Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC). The evaluation is based on three perspectives namely, architecture quality, ability to support key process deliverables, and the overall methodology. Towards this end, an industry-wide survey of MBSE practitioners and thought leaders was conducted to identify several concerns in using models but also to validate the results of the study. The case study demonstrates how the ARCADIA/Capella approach addresses several challenges that are currently faced in SysML implementation. From a process point of view, ARCADIA/Capella and SysML equally support the provision of the key deliverable artifacts required in the systems engineering process. However, the candidate architectures developed using the two approaches show a considerable difference in various aspects such as the mapping of the form to function, creating functional architectures, etc. The ARCADIA/Capella approach allows to develop a 'good' system architecture representation efficiently and intuitively. The study also provides answers to several useful criteria pertaining to the overall candidate methodologies while serving as a practitioner's reference in selecting the most suitable approach.


Abstract Radio Frequency Identification technology in recent times is finding several application in the health care industry. With the increase in integration of RFID in daily hospital routines, there is a growing concern about its impact on infirmary equipment and implantable devices. Several organizations have published results on this issue developing individual test procedures but few have tried to generalize the testing procedures. This article is a sincere attempt to understand the science that is unexplored and unreasoned behind the raw results provided; to unify the data sources and present a direction for future research in this branch of engineering. RF sources conforming to ISO 18000 series and impact on Cardiac Rhythmic Medical Devices are presented as an embodiment to summarize the results of testing completed at the RFID Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh. The discussion and results presented in this article can be interpolated and extrapolated to the RF communication and Active Implantable Medical Devices.


This study explores the grammar of focus particles in German. It gives a thorough description and analysis of focus particle constructions and links their syntactic, semantic, and information structural properties to their prosodic characteristics. The study also shows that focus particles present a particularly well-suited subject for the investigation of the modularity of grammar in general. The first part of the book deals with the syntax, semantics, and pragmatics of focus particle constructions and results in a modular account of the relation between their word order, information structure, and meaning. The second part presents a corpus study and several speech production and perception experiments investigating the prosodic realization of the constructions. The integration of these two lines of research results in a comprehensive theory of focus particles and of the interaction of grammar and information structure in German.