This paper describes potential applications of Biologically Inspired Cognitive Architectures to Intelligence Analysis. The focus of our efforts is on higher level reasoning rather than low level perception. We will never have enough human analysts to read, filter and make sense of all the text data out there. Can some form of BICA help? In this paper we discuss issues related to knowledge acquisition, natural language processing and cognitive architectures that we have encountered in an ongoing project to apply the Sandia Cognitive Framework to analysis problems. We believe that studying intelligence analysis will lead to new insights into BICA.


Wireless Machine to Machine (M2M) communications enable ubiquitous sensing, controlling, and acting via sensors, actuators, and actors. Reliability and security are of foremost importance in wireless M2M systems. A simple, target distinguishing attack can result in M2M's failure. This paper presents a RelIable and SEcure scheme, RISE, which is a package of policies that guarantee the reliability of data (including sensor reports and actuator instructions) and devices (including sensors, actuators, and actors). The data reliability is improved by four algorithms, ChooseMedian, ChooseMost, ChooseNearest, and Trust-based Enhancement. Report attainability is improved via m repeat-sending and n multiple-reporting algorithms. Device reliability is guaranteed by device-indistinguishability, which comprises data-indistinguishability and behavior-indistinguishability. The security requirements are formally defined, and the security analysis proves the soundness and completeness of the scheme.


A new paradigm is presented to reconstruct the plasma current density profile in a tokamak in real-time. The traditional method of basing the reconstruction on real-time diagnostics combined with a real-time Grad–Shafranov solver suffers from the difficulty of obtaining reliable internal current profile measurements with sufficient spatial and temporal accuracy to have a complete picture of the profile evolution at all times. A new methodology is proposed in which the plasma current density profile is simulated in real-time by solving the first-principle physics-based equations determining its evolution. Effectively, an interpretative transport simulation similar to those run today in post-plasma shot analysis is performed in real-time. This provides real-time reconstructions of the current density profile with spatial and temporal resolution constrained only by the capabilities of the computational platform used and not by the available diagnostics or the choice of basis functions. The diagnostic measurements available in real-time are used to constrain and improve the accuracy of the simulated profiles. Estimates of other plasma quantities, related to the current density profile, become available in real-time as well. The implementation of the proposed paradigm in the TCV tokamak is discussed, and its successful use in plasma experiments is demonstrated. This framework opens up the possibility of unifying q profile reconstructions across different tokamaks using a common physics model and will support a wealth of applications in which improved real-time knowledge of the plasma state is used for feedback control, disruption avoidance, scenario monitoring and external disturbance estimation.


Since its publication in 1985, Katzenstein's Small States in World Markets has been extremely influential in explaining the policy responses of small European states to their vulnerability in the international economy. The Katzenstein framework has also been important in underpinning accounts of public policy in the non-European small states. In particular, it forms the basis of the 'domestic defence' model (Castles 1988; 1989), which has become the dominant account of the policy pattern in Australia and New Zealand throughout the twentieth century. The application of the arguments in Small States to the case of Australia and New Zealand provides the opportunity to indirectly assess the generalisability of Katzenstein's model. In this paper we argue that an assessment of the domestic defence model reinforces many of the criticisms that have recently been levelled at Small States in the European context. Some of these criticisms have their basis in dissatisfaction with the institutionalist flavour of the model. This resonates with our analysis of the Australasian case, which elevates the importance of considering political-economic interests as well as institutions. We find that the institutionalist bias of much of the comparative policy literature on Australia and New Zealand skews conclusions regarding similarity and difference between the two in terms of policy processes and outcomes.


The present study was carried out to examine how the event-related potentials to fragmentation predict recognition success. Stimuli were abstract meaningless figures that were either complete or fragmented to various extents but still recoverable. Stimuli were first encoded as part of a symmetry discrimination task. In a subsequent recognition phase, encoded stimuli were presented complete along with never presented stimuli and participants performed an old/new discrimination task. Fragmentation stimuli elicited more negative ERPs than complete figures over the frontal, central and parietal areas between 180 and 260 ms, and over the occipito-temporal areas between 220 and 340 ms. Only this latter effect was modulated as a function of whether stimuli were recognized or not during the recognition phase of the memory test. More specifically, the effect occurred for stimuli that were later forgotten and was absent for stimuli that were later recognized. This ERP to fragmentation, the occipito-temporal Nfrag, possibly reflects the brain response to encoding difficulty, and is thus predictive of recognition performance. 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.


We report on a systematic study of local structural, magnetic and magneto-optical properties of Mn-doped SiC films synthesized on a 3C–SiC(001) homoepitaxial wafer by an annealing method. A thin Mn layer was deposited on the SiC wafer, and then annealing was performed to diffuse the Mn atoms into the SiC epitaxial layer. Transmission magnetic circular dichroism and magnetization investigations demonstrated ferromagnetic behavior up to 300 K, although the x-ray diffraction studies indicated that the domaint phase of the synthesized layer was antiferromagnetic α-Mn. A detailed extended x-ray-absorption fine structure measurement further revealed that the synthesized sample, in fact, comprises two uncoupled phases: one is the top antiferromagnetic α-Mn layer and the other one is Mn atoms, which may randomly substitute the Si and C atoms in the 3C–SiC lattice. Combining these experimental results with recent theoretical calculations, we strongly propose that the observed room-temperature ferromagnetism was of intrinsic origin, arising from the 'embedded Mn atoms' in the 3C–SiC lattice, instead of other magnetic clusters.


A fundamental problem in neuroscience is to characterize the dynamics of spiking from the neurons in a circuit that is involved in learning about a stimulus or a contingency. A key limitation of current methods to analyze neural spiking data is the need to collapse neural activity over time or trials, which may cause the loss of information pertinent to understanding the function of a neuron or circuit. We introduce a new method that can determine not only the trial-to-trial dynamics that accompany the learning of a contingency by a neuron, but also the latency of this learning with respect to the onset of a conditioned stimulus. The backbone of the method is a separable two-dimensional (2D) random field (RF) model of neural spike rasters, in which the joint conditional intensity function of a neuron over time and trials depends on two latent Markovian state sequences that evolve separately but in parallel. Classical tools to estimate state-space models cannot be applied readily to our 2D separable RF model. We develop efficient statistical and computational tools to estimate the parameters of the separable 2D RF model. We apply these to data collected from neurons in the pre-frontal cortex (PFC) in an experiment designed to characterize the neural underpinnings of the associative learning of fear in mice. Overall, the separable 2D RF model provides a detailed, interpretable, characterization of the dynamics of neural spiking that accompany the learning of a contingency.


HYPERCAT project proposes a digital organization of the technical information relative to the building products and materials. Its application on technical information search by images is one of context-based image search engines. However, a manual construction of an image database for this application can be very costly. The image extracted from the French building product providers' Web sites can solve the problem of acquisition and indexing. The problematic of the Web image extraction for this activity is how can we extract the pertinent images and how to index them? Consequently, this question leads to twofold challenges: image extraction and image indexing. First, an extraction rule is applied to illustrate the extraction process. Second, an indexing process indexes pertinent images with terms in the thesaurus. The application on building product data extraction on the Web is called the Wimex-Bot.


This study provides an account and analysis of the development of systems of educational provision In capitalist democracies, especially in connection with the social origin and relative autonony of those systems. Using the case study of Athabasca University, a Canadian distance-education institution in the province of Alberta, the study is a critical work of historical sociology, in which the shifting social role of a system of educational provision during two transitions of a regional political economy is analyzed. Comparative observations are made in reference to other systems of educational provision and organizations, in particular the training department of a large Company based In the same region as the Unversity. The study explores the social origin and relative autonomy of systems of educational provision In relation to educational ideologies, which are themselves associated with social ideologies. Pierre Bourdieu's theoretical construction of "fields of power'' allows for a consideration of power as a relational phenomenon in the study. In other words, power is understood as being exercised in a way that simultaneously takes account of the power of other actors and groups. Fields of power also allow for an analysis of power as it is exercised at various levels of organizations and within society. The study is organized in two phases. First, an account is developed of the historical period in which the Unlversity and the Company were created, but especially the period of establishment for the Unlversity, 1970 - 75. Conclusions are offered concerning the causal associations between the historical antecedents that gave rise to the two organlzations. It is argued that both the University and the Company were established In part to enact the AIberta government's efforts to enhance Its powers within the Canadian federation (a process called province-building), The second phase is concerned with a more recent period of three years, 1993 - 95. By this time, province-building was not as significant a concern for policy-makers, and the organizational responses of the University and the Company reflected this shift. A divergence of practice is observed at the University and the Company, with actors at the Company encouraging the development of collectivist values for employees, while at the University no such overt strategy was followed, The study concludes that a consumerist model of education developed by the University in 1970 - 75 and expanded In 1993 - 95 contributed significantly to the institution's social origin and relative autonomy. The model was used as an Ideology in the earlier period and as a strategy In the later one, serving to forestall the institution's closure during both periods of crisis, though Ieading to ambiguous social outcomes. A consumerist model may on the one hand be progressive in that expanded access to educational opportunities is made possible. On the other hand, the consumerist model will tend increasingly to provide educational services to those social segments that already have access to educational opportunities.


Medicine played an important role in the early secularisation and eventual modernisation of German Jewish culture. As both physicians and patients, Jews exerted a great influence on the formation of modern medical discourse and practice. This fascinating book investigates the relationship between German Jews and medicine from medieval times until its demise under the Nazis. John Efron examines the rise of the German Jewish physician in the Middle Ages and his emergence as a new kind of secular, Jewish intellectual in the early modern period and beyond. The author shows how nineteenth-century medicine regarded Jews as possessing distinct physical and mental pathologies, which in turn led to the emergence in modern Germany of the 'Jewish body' as a cultural and scientific idea. He demonstrates why Jews flocked to the medical profession in Germany and Austria, noting that by 1933, 50 percent of Berlin's and 60 percent of Vienna's physicians were Jewish. He discusses the impact of this on Jewish and German culture, concluding with the fate of Jewish doctors under the Nazis, whose assault on them was designed to eliminate whatever intimacy had been built up between Germans and their Jewish doctors over the centuries.


This study reviews the experience of cooperation in five international river basins, focusing on the perceptions of risks and opportunities by country decision makers responding to a specific prospect of cooperation, and the effects of risk reduction and opportunity enhancement on the cooperation process. We explore the following five categories of risk: Capacity and Knowledge; Accountability and Voice; Sovereignty and Autonomy; Equity and Access; and Stability and Support. We surmise that risk perception plays a key and less understood role in decision-making processes over shared rivers cooperation, and conclude that countries and third parties can best achieve sustainable cooperation when long-term investments are made in risk reduction. We also point to areas for further study to better understand the motivations for cooperation.


The study of sport spectatorship has an increasing focus on the importance of fandom beyond fan violence. Fundamental to understanding fan behavior are the meaningful rituals and emotions experienced by fans. In this paper, I use the theoretical work of Randall Collins to examine the ritualistic outcomes of collective effervescence, emotional energy, and group symbols and solidarity among sport fans. I illustrate these concepts using case study data from participant observation of fans of a U.S. football team, the Pittsburgh Steelers, and content analysis of news articles. I extend Collins' interaction ritual (IR) theory by taking the group as the unit of analysis and analyzing group solidarity beyond situational interactions and typical sport settings, including the significant life events of weddings and funerals. While critiquing Collins' (2004) a priori portrayal of sports fans, the analysis advances IR theory, improving its utility for understanding sports fan behavior.


This paper introduces event-driven network control, a network control framework that makes networks easier to manage by automating many tasks that must currently be performed by manually modifying low-level, distributed, and complex device configuration. We identify four policy domains that inherently capture many events: time, user, history, and traffic flow. We then present Lithium, an eventdriven network control framework that can implement policies expressed using these domains. Lithium can support policies that automatically react to a wide range of events, from fluctuations in traffic volumes to changes in the time of day. Lithium allows network operators to specify networkwide policies in terms of a high-level, event-driven policy model, as opposed to configuring individual network devices with low-level commands. To show that Lithium is practical, general, and applicable in different types of network scenarios, we have deployed Lithium in both a campus network and a home network and used it to implement more flexible and dynamic network policies. We also perform evaluations to show that Lithium introduces negligible overhead beyond a conventional OpenFlow-based control framework.


This article explores how literacy research is currently being positioned to address the political imperatives of the day, focusing on debates relating to the teaching of grammar. It takes the international debate about the value of grammar teaching as the context for exploring prevailing ambiguities and tensions in literacy research, arguing a particular view of what educational researchers should be trying to achieve, and which methodologies might be most appropriate to research that is of social benefit. How might researchers on literacy contend with conflicting social and political demands? How might they reffirm the need to engage in research that is both socially responsible and methodologically rigorous? The paper also seeks to problematise the notion of evidence-based research and to question research which is heavily shaped by academic or professional binaries. It will draw upon the authors' recent experience of creating a research design to investigate the impact or otherwise of contextualised teaching of grammar to support writing development and it will suggest that literacy research needs to engage with the methodological tensions inherent in literacy research in a more pluralist way, drawing on theoretical and empirical understandings from socio-cultural, psychological and linguistic domains.


The values of two inherent properties of one photon – its spin and its orbital angular momentum – have been transferred via quantum teleportation onto another photon for the first time by physicists in China. Previous experiments have managed to teleport a single property, but scaling that up to two properties proved to be a difficult task, which has only now been achieved. The team's work is a crucial step forward in improving our understanding of the fundamentals of quantum mechanics and the result could also play an important role in the development of quantum communications and quantum computers. [10]


The poet H.D., Hilda Doolittle, is a major twentieth-century writer whose fame begins and nearly ends in 1913 with publication of marvelous short poems that remain axiom and paradigm for the literary innovation called lmagism. Probably because she was a woman, and a contemporary of strong male literary achievers, her later long-poems, such as the three-volume Trilogy written during World War Two bombings in London, and the epic Helen in Egypt, published just before her death in 1961, are less known. American poetry burst forth in this century with the nonlinear narrative epic where the poet's persona vibrates as hero, juxtaposing elements without regard for chronology or decorum. Ezra Pound's Cantos took on all the history of the world; William Carlos Williams personified the city of Paterson, New Jersey; Hart Crane transformed the soaring construct of the Brooklyn Bridge. H.D. chose to transform the myth of Helen of Troy, to free the image of the beautiful Helen from burdens of time and history. Film art is especially capable of freeing an image from its past associations. Cinema offers us a clue to the evolution of H.D.'s style. In the late 1920s, H.D.'s life was daily involved with filmmaking and film criticism. She was then living in Territet, Switzerland, where her close friends Kenneth Macpherson and his wife Bryher edited the avant-garde film magazine Close Up, attracting a circle of enthusiastic cineastes. H.D. published a series of film reviews in Close Up and, in 1930, she played a leading role opposite Paul Robeson in Borderline, a full-length experimental film made by Macpherson.l H.D.'s essays on cinema prove her knowledge of film editing to be technically sophisticated, accurate and visionary-designations which apply to her poetic art. A note of clarification: it is not the purpose here to assert that H. D. deliberately incorporated cinematic techniques into her language. This analysis discovers word tension and action that is controlled by analogous techniques. It is likely that H. D. was drawn to the efficiency with which cinema can visually portray the influence of conscious and unconscious memory upon present experience. The sense of past-present-future as continuum informs her perceptions throughout her work. It may seem paradoxical that the poet praised for hard crystal imagery used these images to create poems that might dissolve the boundaries of time, that might evoke mystical or mythic realities. Cinematic illusion depends entirely on paradox-offering artistic advantage by manipulating successions of fixed frames. It is worthwhile to read Helen in Egypt at one sitting, to experience its dynamics in the space of a few hours, approaching the work passively, as though in a cinema, allowing the changings of images, voices and sounds to move us as they will. Cinematic parallels exist in the book's structure, scenario set-up of language, and in poetic techniques which correspond to film editing practice. The structure of the book is organized into sequences of three-line stanzas, each verse sequence preceded by a statement in prose, differentiated by italics. At first, the prose appears to be an argument or introduction, but close attention shows the alternations of prose and verse to be integral to the poem's structure. The prose acts as another voice, one which continually intercedes as counterpoint to the highly subjective, emotional, inner points of view in the poetic lines. In a recording of H. D. herself reading aloud a passage from Helen in Egypt, the change in voice can be heard, clearly differentiated by the poet's tones. 2 This structure suggests a cinematic parallel. While watching a film, we experience dual levels of consciousness-the view dictated by the camera lens interacts with our conscious awareness of the self as onlooker. No matter how powerfully, even hypnotically, the film may play upon our imaginations, a certain conscious intellect stays active. …


With burgeoning caseloads and persistent vacancies in many federal courts, senior judges play a vital role in the continued well-being of our federal judiciary. Despite the importance of their participation in the judicial process, however, senior judges raise a host of constitutional concerns that have escaped the notice of scholars and courts. Many of the problems originate with recent changes to the statute authorizing federal judges to elect senior status, including a 1989 law that permits senior judges to fulfill their statutory responsibilities by performing entirely nonjudicial work. Others arise from the ambiguity of the statutory scheme itself, which seems to suggest that senior status represents a separate constitutional office, requiring reappointment, even though senior judges nominally retain judicial office under federal law. In the first scholarly article addressing the constitutionality of senior judges, the authors examine two general constitutional objections: (1) whether the requirement that senior judges be designated and assigned by another federal judge before performing any judicial work violates the tenure protection of Article III; and (2) whether allowing judges to elect senior status, without a second intervening appointment, violates the Appointments Clause. They also examine whether two specific types of senior judges - the bureaucratic senior judge who performs only administrative duties and the itinerant senior judge who sits exclusively on courts outside his home district or circuit - violate the Constitution. The authors conclude that the current statute authorizing senior judges raises serious constitutional problems that should be addressed by Congress or the Judicial Conference of the United States. In that respect, they formulate a number of straightforward suggestions to repair senior status without having to sacrifice any of the considerable benefits that senior judges have conferred on the federal judiciary over the years.


The purpose of this article is to explore the future of the EU's Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) in terms of its objectives. In order to do this, the reasons behind this policy tool, its structure, and the changes it brought to the EU's relationships with its neighbours are analyzed. The article investigates the areas in which the ENP has been successful and pinpoints the deficiencies which have lead to its failure in other areas. The analysis concludes that the ENP has enhanced the EU's role in the international arena and improved the credibility of its foreign, security and defence policies despite the fact that it is still a very new policy. Nevertheless, the policy is by no means perfect and there exists scope for further improvement in terms of its effectiveness.


Modern regulatory theory has long treated voluntary self-regulation and direct government regulation as opposing ends of a regulatory continuum, with most self-regulatory schemes falling somewhere in the middle. This chapter explores the middle ground by examining co-regulatory approaches to privacy, in which industry enjoys considerable flexibility in shaping self-regulatory guidelines, consumer advocacy groups have a seat at the table, and government sets default requirements and retains general oversight authority to approve and enforce these guidelines. Privacy co-regulation is generally understood as a collaborative, flexible, and performance-based approach to privacy regulation that draws on the theoretical insights of collaborative governance theory. This chapter argues that privacy self-regulation in the form of voluntary codes has had a sufficiently long run to prove its worth but has failed. Now is the time to make the transition to co-regulation, especially in the U.S. It is organized into three sections. The first considers in greater detail the differences between self-regulation and co-regulation. The second looks at the failure and stubborn persistence of voluntary codes of conduct. The third shifts the discussion to three case studies of privacy codes and practices that have benefited from a co-regulatory approach. In the past few years, there have been some notable developments in co-regulatory schemes as well some important empirical studies. These new materials provide an opportunity to understand the conditions for the success (and failure) of co-regulatory solutions in the privacy field and what this implies for the future of regulatory innovation. The chapter concludes by offering a few recommendations on how the U.S. Congress can implement co-regulatory approaches in any future legislation to optimally protect online consumer privacy while preserving innovation and economic growth.


This paper analyzes the contributions of Théodore Géricault to the second volume of Baron Isidore Taylor, Charles Nodier, and Alphonse de Cailleux's Voyages pittoresques: Normandie (1820; 1825) within the context of French Restoration historiography. It argues that Géricault's prints are allegorical commentaries on the production of visual history during this period as much as they are examples of it.


Forty patients with moderate degrees of dehydration and acidosis because of acute watery diarrhoea were successfully treated randomly with either WHO recommended oral rehydration solution containing 2.5 g sodium bicarbonate or an oral solution containing 2.94 g sodium citrate in place of sodium bicarbonate per litre of oral rehydration rehydration solution. Efficacies were compared by measuring oral fluid intake, stool and vomitus output, change in body weight, hydration status, and rate of correction of acidosis during a period of 48 hours. Seventy five per cent (21 cases) in the citrate group and 83% (19 cases) in the bicarbonate group were successfully rehydrated (p greater than 0.05). There were no significant differences in intake, output, gain in body weight, fall in haematocrit and plasma specific gravity, and correction of acidosis between the two groups of patients within 48 hours after initiation of therapy. The solution with sodium citrate base was as effective as WHO-oral rehydration solution for management of diarrhoea. This study shows the efficacy, safety, and acceptability of citrate containing oral rehydration solution for rehydration and correction of acidosis in diarrhoea.


In coral reef conservation and management, the prevailing metric of reef health is percent coral cover, a measurement commonly used with the assumption that each unit of live coral tissue has equivalent ecological value. Here we show that the reproductive output of a coral population is not proportional to the cover of coral present. Instead, when compared to declining populations nearby, high cover coral populations produced up to four times more larvae per square centimeter of tissue, resulting in up to 200 times higher larval production per square meter of reef. Importantly, corals that produced more larvae did not produce smaller larvae, as predicted by resource allocation theory. Instead, higher fecundity corresponded to higher energetic lipid reserves in higher cover coral populations. In the wake of unprecedented global coral bleaching, our findings suggest that the largest reductions in coral reproduction may occur when corals are lost from previously healthy populations.


Aeolian dune interdunes have been relatively ignored when compared with the research attention on the morphodynamics of the dune bodies themselves. This neglect is in spite of the possible significance of interdune dynamics for the geomorphology of the sand dune system as a whole, especially with regard to dune spacing.
This project involved the collection of geomorphologically relevant airflow data for four relatively simple transverse dune interdunes. The study locations were chosen in order to sample interdunes with different size and surface type characteristics, the dynamics of which were investigated for when incident flow was normal to the upwind crest. The findings confirm existing models of aeolian dune lee-side flow in terms of flow re-attachment length and recovery attributes. A consistent pattern of increasing near-surface velocity downwind of re-attachment provides a mechanism for interdunes as sand-free features. Where studies for comparison from other aeolian examples are limited, the field-measured turbulence shows the importance of the shear layer as a source of turbulence, and agrees with studies from subaqueous bedforms. The importance of shear stress variability and the possible contribution of turbulence structures to the maintenance of sediment transport at re-attachment where velocity and mean stress is low or negative is also emphasised. At the downwind edge of interdunes, the mean and turbulent velocity properties, and therefore morphodynamics, vary according to the interdune size. In this case, interdune length leads to greater recovery, and a balance exists in this region between the recovering flow at the surface, dissipating wake from above and the obstacle effect of the dune.
The flow dynamics are characterised for the different types of interdune observed. Dynamics accordant with the flow response model are seen to characterise the interdune setting with the closest spacing. The occurrence of other "extended" aeolian interdunes with a length well over that for flow separation demanded the development of a new descriptive model to characterise the dynamics therein. In this model, the variation in near-surface flow allowed process zones to be identified through the interdune. The geomorphological significance of the processes dominating each zone are discussed and comparisons are made between the flow response case and the new interdune model from this study


Objective: To assess the lactate and base excess values taken on admission and after 24 hours can be used as a prognostic marker of patient outcome. Patients and methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted in Indiana Hospital and Heart Institute, emergency unit. Total 60 consecutive patients were treated in 16 bedded emergency units. Arterial blood samples were collected on admission and 24 hours of admission. Results: Lactate level of 1.5 mmol/l or more were having 89.5% sensitivity and 75% specificity for prediction of in-hospital death, with a greater possibility of ventilator support and need of inotropes with multi-organ dysfunction syndrome (p<0.000). Conclusions: Prognostic value of lactate can vary considerably depending on the patient population; lactate generally increases the ability to predict non-survival, prognosis and patient outcome. Base excess and lactate are still indicators of severity of disease and can be used to monitor treatment and response.


Typical multi-asset-class portfolios can be dominated by equity risk, even when the allocation to equities is relatively modest. Achieving risk parity between equities and fixed income in an unlevered portfolio would require significant rebalancing towards fixed income. While such rebalancing can lead to a reduction in risk, portfolios with high fixed-income allocations have historically underperformed equity-dominated portfolios. However, achieving risk parity through leverage, while keeping the initial asset allocation constant, would typically require substantial levels of leverage and could lead to a significant increase in portfolio volatility. The authors combine rebalancing and leverage to construct risk parity portfolios that target the same expected return and the same portfolio risk as the initial asset allocation and examine the performance of these portfolios in different market conditions.


The multidrug resistance gene 1 (MDR1) product, P-glycoprotein (P-gp), pumps out a variety of anticancer agents from the cell, including anthracyclines, Vinca alkaloids, and taxanes. The expression of P-gp therefore confers resistance to these anticancer agents. In our present study, we found that FTI-277 (a farnesyltransferase inhibitor), U0126 [an inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase (MEK)], and 17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (an inhibitor of heat shock protein 90) reduced the endogenous expression levels of P-gp in the human colorectal cancer cells, HCT-15 and SW620-14. In contrast, inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol 3-OH kinase, mammalian target of rapamycin, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase did not affect P-gp expression in these cells. We further found that U0126 down-regulated exogenous P-gp expression in the MDR1-transduced human breast cancer cells, MCF-7/MDR and MDA-MB-231/MDR. However, the MDR1 mRNA levels in these cells were unaffected by this treatment. PD98059 (a MEK inhibitor), ERK small interfering RNA, and p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) small interfering RNA also suppressed P-gp expression. Conversely, epidermal growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor enhanced P-gp expression, but the MDR1 mRNA levels were unchanged in epidermal growth factor–stimulated cells. Pulse-chase analysis revealed that U0126 promoted P-gp degradation but did not affect the biosynthesis of this gene product. The pretreatment of cells with U0126 enhanced the paclitaxel-induced cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and paclitaxel sensitivity. Furthermore, U0126-treated cells showed high levels of rhodamine123 uptake. Hence, our present data show that inhibition of the MEK-ERK-RSK pathway down-regulates P-gp expression levels and diminishes the cellular multidrug resistance. [Mol Cancer Ther 2007;6(7):2092–2102]


The impact and behavior of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) entering the environment is an important issue due to their growing use in consumer and agricultural products. Their mobility and fate in the environment are heavily impacted by their interactions with natural particle components of saturated sediments and soils. In this study, functionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs - used as model ENMs) were spiked into complex solid-containing media (standard soils and estuarine sediment in moderately hard water). AuNPs were characterized in the colloidal extract (< 1 μm) following centrifugal separation of the non-colloidal phase, using different analytical techniques including asymmetric-flow field-flow fractionation and single particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Attachment of functionalized AuNPs to the soil particles did not significantly depend on their concentration or surface coating (citrate, bPEI, PVP, PEG). Similarly, UV degradation of coatings did not substantially alter their recovery. Conversely, the presence of natural organic matter (NOM) is a key factor in their adhesion to matrix particles, by decreasing the predicted influence of native surface chemistry and functional coatings. A kinetic experiment performed over 48 h showed that attachment to soil colloids is rapid and that hetero-aggregation is dominant. These results suggest that transport of ENMs away from the point of discharge (or entry) could be limited in soils and sediments, but additional experiments under more realistic and dynamic field conditions would be necessary to confirm this more generally. Transport properties may also differ substantially in matrices where NOM is largely absent or otherwise sequestered or when dissolution of ENMs is an important factor.


Background: Asthma is considered as the most common chronic disease of childhood that can cause missing school and daily limits. It can also have effects on physical, psychological, and social well-being in children. Therefore, improving two indicators of self-efficacy and self-esteem seem of utmost importance in this domain. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of family-centered empowerment model (FCEM) on self-efficacy and self-esteem in children with asthma. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 60 children along with their parents were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups. Then, family-centered empowerment model was implemented for the experimental group lasting seven 30-minute sessions. After that, self-efficacy and self-esteem were similarly evaluated by distributing questionnaires in both groups before and after the intervention. Moreover, the data were analyzed using the SPSS Software as well as descriptive statistics (frequency, mean, and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, independent t-test, and paired t-test). Results: The self-efficacy scores of all children in the experimental group before (2.95±0.33) and after (3.97±0.49) the intervention showed a significant difference (P=0.0001). Meanwhile, a significant difference was observed in the self-esteem scores of all children in the experimental group before (0.62±0.13) and after (0.77±0.08) the intervention (P=0.0001), while self-efficacy scores of the individuals in the control group before (2.86±0.49) and after (2.88±0.40) the intervention suggested no significant difference (P=0.607) in this respect. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in self-efficacy scores of the control group before (0.67±0.17) and after (0.67±0.13) the intervention (P=0.845). Conclusion: It seems that empowerment (FCEM) of children suffering from asthma can lead to increased self-efficacy and self-esteem and help them to have an efficient care, and also may result in improvements in their roles. Therefore, further studies are recommended in this domain.


Abstract An eigenvector (EV) method for the determination of directional spectra from heave, pitch and roll buoy data is presented. Both a direct and an iterative form (based on an algorithm by Pawka) of this data-adaptive procedure are developed. The direct form outperforms the Longuet-Higgins et al. method, the cosine spread model and the maximum likelihood (ML) method for both simulated and real data. In the iterative form, the iterative EV method is superior to the other methods tested, including the iterative ML method for unimodal peaks when the noise-to-signal ratio is greater than 0.2 and for bimodal peaks at all noise levels. With real data, the direct EV method produced errors within an 80% confidence zone of the data cross-spectral matrix within the stopping criteria of Lawson and Long. Errors of the iterative EV and iterative ML methods were lower than for both the direct EV and ML results and were about the same magnitude when compared to each other. The iterative EV method, however, produced...


Musical tastes reflect our unique values and experiences, our relationships with others, and the places where we live. But as each of these things changes, do our tastes also change to reflect the present, or remain fixed, reflecting our past? Here, we investigate how where a person lives shapes their musical preferences, using geographic relocation to construct quasi-natural experiments that measure short- and long-term effects. Analyzing comprehensive data on over 16 million users on Spotify, we show that relocation within the United States has only a small impact on individuals' tastes, which remain more similar to those of their past environments. We then show that the age gap between a person and the music they consume indicates that adolescence, and likely their environment during these years, shapes their lifelong musical tastes. Our results demonstrate the robustness of individuals' musical identity, and shed new light on the development of preferences.


Current clinical image quality assessment techniques mainly analyze image quality for the imaging system in terms of factors such as the capture system DQE and MTF, the exposure technique, and the particular image processing method and processing parameters. However, when assessing a clinical image, radiologists seldom refer to these factors, but rather examine several specific regions of the image to see whether the image is suitable for diagnosis. In this work, we developed a new strategy to learn and simulate radiologists' evaluation process on actual clinical chest images. Based on this strategy, a preliminary study was conducted on 254 digital chest radiographs (38 AP without grids, 35 AP with 6:1 ratio grids and 151 PA with 10:1 ratio grids). First, ten regional based perceptual qualities were summarized through an observer study. Each quality was characterized in terms of a physical quantity measured from the image, and as a first step, the three physical quantities in lung region were then implemented algorithmically. A pilot observer study was performed to verify the correlation between image perceptual qualities and physical quantitative qualities. The results demonstrated that our regional based metrics have promising performance for grading perceptual properties of chest radiographs.


A Burning Hunger: One Family's Struggle Against Apartheid. By Lynda Schuster. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2006. London: Jonathan Cape, 2004. Pp. xii, 451; 16 illustrations, 2 maps. $49.95 cloth, $19.95 paper. A Burning Hunger traces the fortunes of the family of Joseph and Nomkhitha Mashinini who lived in Soweto, the large African township west of Johannesburg, South Africa. Lynda Schuster follows five of the Mashinini sons, Tsietsi, Mpho, Rocks, Dee, and Tshepiso, who after the township erupted in protest in June 1976, became involved to varying degrees in the struggle to overthrow the apartheid state. The story of the second-born son, Tsietsi is the "Greek tragedy" (p. 127) that dominates the narrative. Intellectually talented, charismatic, and a skilled speaker, he was one of the organizers of the June 16, 1976 demonstrations protesting the introduction of Afrikaans as a language of instruction in the under-funded and under-staffed schools that evolved after the implementation of the 1953 Bantu Education Act. Though Tsietsi and his fellow students advocated non-violence, police fired into the crowds of schoolchildren. In the aftermath, Tsietsi and two friends fled first to Botswana and then to London. Tsietsi was an ardent advocate of Steve Biko's Black Consciousness (BC) ideology and a virulent critic of the African National Congress (ANC), whose multiracial approach he considered an insult to oppressed blacks. Tsietsi's public rants on international television and his growing megalomania eventually alienated him from his colleagues, who excluded him from membership in the South African Youth Revolutionary Council founded in 1979 by BC exiles in Lusaka, Zambia (p. 219). He died in relative obscurity in Nigeria, a victim of mental illness and alcoholism. His brothers Dee and Rocks escorted his body home to Soweto· in August 1990, six months after the ANC's Nelson Mandela-who in 1994 became the first president of a democratic South Africa-was released after twenty-seven years' imprisonment for treason against the apartheid state. Dee had fled first to Swaziland, where he took refuge in a safe house run by the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC), which had broken with the ANC in 1959. By 1976, both the ANC and the PAC had been banned by the apartheid state and operated underground. Dee preferred the openness of the ANC approach, which sought international allies, especially in Europe, and moved to an ANC camp in Swaziland. …


Recently, vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) has emerged as an excellent candidate to change the life style of the traveling passengers along the roads and highways in terms of improving the safety levels and providing a wide range of comfort applications. Due to the foreseen impact of VANETs on our lives, extensive attentions in industry and academia are directed towards bringing VANETs into real life and standardizing its network operation. Unfortunately, the open medium nature of wireless communications and the high-speed mobility of a large number of vehicles in VANETs pose many challenges that should be solved before deploying VANETs. It is evident that any malicious behavior of a user, such as injecting false information, modifying and replaying the disseminated messages, could be fatal to other legal users. In addition, users show prime interest in protecting their privacy. The privacy of users must be guaranteed in the sense that the privacy-related information of a vehicle should be protected to prevent an observer from revealing the real identities of the users, tracking their locations, and inferring sensitive data. From the aforementioned discussion, it is clear that security and privacy preservation are among the critical challenges for the deployment of VANETs. Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) is a well-recognized solution to secure VANETs. However, the traditional management of PKI cannot meet the security requirements of VANETs. In addition, some security services such as location privacy and fast authentication cannot be provided by the traditional PKI. Consequently, to satisfy the security and privacy requirements, it is prerequisite to elaborately design an efficient management of PKI and complementary mechanisms for PKI to achieve security and privacy preservation for practical VANETs. In this thesis, we focus on developing an efficient certificate management in PKI and designing PKI complementary mechanisms to provide security and privacy for VANETs. The accomplishments of this thesis can be briefly summarized as follows. Firstly, we propose an efficient Distributed Certificate Service (DCS) scheme for vehiciii ular networks. The proposed scheme offers a flexible interoperability for certificate service in heterogeneous administrative authorities, and an efficient way for any On-Board Units (OBUs) to update its certificate from the available infrastructure Road-Side Units (RSUs) in a timely manner. In addition, the DCS scheme introduces an aggregate batch verification technique for authenticating certificate-based signatures, which significantly decreases the verification overhead. Secondly, we propose an Efficient Decentralized Revocation (EDR) protocol based on a novel pairing-based threshold scheme and a probabilistic key distribution technique. Because of the decentralized nature of the EDR protocol, it enables a group of legitimate vehicles to perform fast revocation of a nearby misbehaving vehicle. Consequently, the EDR protocol improves the safety levels in VANETs as it diminishes the revocation vulnerability window existing in the conventional Certificate Revocation Lists (CRLs). Finally, we propose complementing PKI with group communication to achieve location privacy and expedite message authentication. In specific, the proposed complemented PKI features the following. First, it employs a probabilistic key distribution to establish a shared secret group key between non-revoked OBUs. Second, it uses the shared secret group key to perform expedite message authentication (EMAP) which replaces the timeconsuming CRL checking process by an efficient revocation checking process. Third, it uses the shared secret group key to provide novel location privacy preservation through random encryption periods (REP) which ensures that the requirements to track a vehicle are always violated. Moreover, in case of revocation an OBU can calculate the new group key and update its compromised keys even if the OBU missed previous rekeying process. For each of the aforementioned accomplishments, we conduct security analysis and performance evaluation to demonstrate the reliable security and efficiency of the proposed schemes.


On March 8, 2013, the Berkeley Journal of Gender, Law & Justice hosted an all-day symposium featuring more than forty speakers at the University of California, Berkeley School of Law to celebrate and invite responses to the book entitled, Presumed Incompetent: The Intersections of Race and Class for Women in Academia (Gabriella Gutierrez y Muhs, Yolanda Flores Niemann, Carmen G. Gonzalez & Angela P. Harris eds., 2012). Presumed Incompetent presents gripping first-hand accounts of the obstacles encountered by female faculty of color in the academic workplace, and provides specific recommendations to women of color, allies, and academic leaders on ways to eliminate these barriers. The symposium held at Berkeley continued the conversation begun in the book through a series of concurrent and plenary panels, poetry readings, and keynote addresses. Selected papers from the symposium were published in both the Berkeley Journal of Gender, Law & Justice and the Seattle Journal for Social Justice (SJSJ). This introduction discusses and contextualizes the papers published in the Berkeley Journal of Gender, Law & Justice. These papers reflect the exhilarating breadth and depth of the discussions that took place during the symposium. Like the papers published in SJSJ, they enhance our understanding of the hierarchies of the academic workplace, and offer additional tools to promote a more equitable and inclusive campus environment.


Abstract This article briefly explores the reasons why the Committee of the Regions (CoR) has only partially accomplished its representative function. It is divided into three parts. In the first part I argue that the ambiguous nature of the CoR is the consequence of the polysemous notion of 'region' in EU law (Palermo, 2005) and of the very heterogeneous approach to the 'federal issue' in Europe. In the second part of the article I look at the recent developments that have given the CoR new powers, for instance in light of Art. 263 TFEU in order to defend its own prerogatives and Art. 8 of Protocol No 2 on the application of the principles of subsidiarity and proportionality. This will be done by looking at a recent resolution of the CoR on a proposal made by the EU Commission to amend Regulation (EU) No 1303/2013. Finally, I deal with some proposals that have been advanced to strengthen the role of the CoR, and their feasibility.


U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey USGS Fact Sheet 2011-3145 2011 the largest volcano in the Cascades volcanic arc and covers an area the size of Rhode Island. Unlike familiar cone-shaped Cascades volcanoes, Newberry was built into the shape of a broad shield by repeated eruptions over 400,000 years. About 75,000 years ago a major explosion and collapse event created a large volcanic depression (caldera) at its summit. Newberry last erupted about 1,300 years ago, and presentday hot springs and geologically young lava flows indicate that it could reawaken at any time. Because of its proximity to nearby communities, frequency and size of past eruptions, and geologic youthfulness, U.S. Geological Survey scientists are working to better understand volcanic activity at Newberry and closely monitor the volcano for signs of unrest. H idden in plain sight, Oregon's massive Newberry Volcano is


Like many others, I have resisted the idea that education, in general, is a form of training. We always talk about training for something , while an educated person is not educated for any one thing. But for this very reason, I do not wish to abandon the term 'teacher training' in favor of 'teacher education', although ideally I would prefer to speak of 'teacher preparation' (or even 'teacher formation') because the term 'training' always reminds me of monkeys. I shall use the terms 'training' and 'preparation' interchangeably, with both standing in contrast to 'education'. All persons deserve to be educated; there is nothing specific to teachers here. Teacher training, whether general or specific to a subject or discipline, remains a contentious business. Some regard Pedagogy as a legitimate subject area (I used to teach a subject entitled The Art and Science of Effective Teaching ) and structure training around it; others prefer to see teacher training firmly in the context of the various disciplines that teachers will, in turn, be teaching: mathematics, literature, history and, in this case, philosophy. Indeed, when it comes to training teachers to teach philosophy, the problem is exacerbated by the plain fact that most teachers have no formal background in philosophy. So we are faced with the rather daunting prospect of providing such a background (teaching philosophy) as well as providing whatever is needed in order to teach philosophy to others (e.g. children). Matthew Lipman and Ann Margaret Sharp were well aware of this challenge when they set up the first training programs in Philosophy for Children (p4c) at Montclair State College (as it was then) in the early 1970s; hence the requirement that if classroom teachers were not actually qualified in philosophy (however that is interpreted!), at least those who trained them to do philosophy with children should be. However, this idealistic model was always going to be difficult to apply. The problem, as it developed in countries around the world, was two-fold: teachers with little or no philosophical background were, increasingly, being trained by other educators who were in the same boat (hence the fear that however good the pedagogy, there would be little or no philosophy actually being done in classrooms); and conversely, when professional philosophers did become involved in teacher training, it quickly became apparent that they (often) lacked any real training in pedagogy, and so were inadequate to the task of modeling the role of the teacher in the (pre-tertiary) classroom. To look on the bright side, some constructive attempts have been made to resolve these shortcomings. The one with which I am most familiar (being one of those who instituted it) is the Australian model for what is termed 'Level Two training', that is, training those who will, in turn, train and work with classroom teachers. This model recognizes the complementary requirements of philosophical and pedagogic expertise, respectively, by awarding certificates of achievement based on whether those trained have come from the discipline of philosophy, the practice of teaching (children), or both. Ideally, then, training workshops for teachers would be directed by at least one person in the former category, and at least one in the latter.


Aims Adenylate kinase 1 (AK1) catalyses the reaction 2ADP ↔ ATP + AMP, extracting extra energy under metabolic stress and promoting energetic homeostasis. We hypothesised that increased AK1 activity would have negligible effects at rest, but protect against ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Methods and Results Cardiac-specific AK1 overexpressing mice (AK1-OE) had 31% higher AK1 activity (P = 0.009), with unchanged total creatine kinase and citrate synthase activities. Male AK1-OE exhibited mild in vivo dysfunction at baseline with lower LV pressure, impaired relaxation, and contractile reserve. LV weight was 19% higher in AK1-OE males due to higher tissue water content in the absence of hypertrophy or fibrosis. AK1-OE hearts had significantly raised creatine, unaltered total adenine nucleotides, and 20% higher AMP levels (P = 0.05), but AMP-activated protein kinase was not activated (P = 0.85). 1H-NMR revealed significant differences in LV metabolite levels compared to wild-type, with aspartate, tyrosine, sphingomyelin, cholesterol all elevated, whereas taurine and triglycerides were significantly lower. Ex vivo global no-flow I/R, caused four-of-seven AK1-OE hearts to develop terminal arrhythmia (cf. zero WT), yet surviving AK1-OE hearts had improved functional recovery. However, AK1-OE did not influence infarct size in vivo and arrhythmias were only observed ex vivo, probably as an artefact of adenine nucleotide loss during cannulation. Conclusion Modest elevation of AK1 may improve functional recovery following I/R, but has unexpected impact on LV weight, function and metabolite levels under basal resting conditions, suggesting a more nuanced role for AK1 underpinning myocardial energy homeostasis and not just as a response to stress.


Purpose
This study aims to explore the antecedents that generate value co-destruction, the negative outcomes resulting from interactive value formation, in the sharing economy context, particularly taxi services. The focus of the study is on customers' Uber reviews that are written in English and posted online. Three keywords, "bad", "terrible" and "awful", were used to capture online narratives linked to customers' negative experiences with Uber. Out of the 758 online reviews, 75 negative reviews were analysed in this study.

Design/methodology/approach
A grounded theory approach was used for data analysis.

Findings
Two distinct themes resulted in value co-destruction: Uber drivers' bad behaviour and poor customer service. The managerial implications include that Uber clearly should invest more resources to minimise the negative experiences of its customers by clearly defining the taxi drivers' tasks and responsibilities. In addition, when customers report their dissatisfaction, they should be dealt with promptly and effectively through good customer service.

Research limitations/implications
First, the netnography study, by its nature, was restricted to those customers who shared their reviews online. The study did not consider those customers who have not posted their reviews online. Second, the focus of the study was on customer reviews that were written in English. Third, only three keywords ("bad", "terrible" and "awful") were used in the data selection process, limiting the number of review posts (75) that were analysed in this study. In addition, even if this study does not produce statistically generalizable findings, the findings are valuable in an analytical sense.

Practical implications
From a managerial perspective, Uber clearly should invest more in resources to minimise the negative experiences of its customers (both domestic customers and tourists) by clearly defining the taxi drivers' tasks and responsibilities. If the drivers' tasks are unclear, then customers cannot be served in an effective manner and with consistent service quality. The taxi drivers, regardless of their full-time or part-time work shifts, should ensure that quality services are offered to customers. Providing high-quality service might reduce the number of complaints and result in positive comments and compliments.

Originality/value
This study addresses the gap in previous literature by examining customers' negative experiences during the overall service encounter and antecedents of value co-destruction in the context of Uber. This study contributes to a better understanding of value co-destruction within the sharing economy.


The isolation of CD8+ cytolytic T cells (CTL) reactive to the autologous tumors in cancer patients has allowed, during the last decade, the identification of several categories of tumor-associated antigens that can be the target of tumor-specific immune responses. Among them, one of the most relevant for the development of cancer vaccines is the group of the so-called Cancer-Testis (CT) antigens, which are expressed by tumor cells but not by most somatic adult tissues, with the exception of testis. Because of their expression commonly found in tumors of various histological types, CT antigen-derived peptides recognized by tumor reactive CTL are relevant candidates for generic vaccination of cancer patients.

In the last two years, we have analyzed the natural response to four CT antigen-derived HLA-A2 restricted epitopes recognized by tumor reactive CTL. Three of them correspond to the previously described peptides from MAGE-A10 (254-262), NY-ESO-1 (157-165) and CAMEL (1-11). The fourth peptide corresponds to the first identified SSX-2 (41-49) derived epitope, which has recently been defined in our laboratory. For each peptide natural responses were analyzed in circulating lymphocytes of melanoma patients bearing or not antigen expressing tumors, as well as in healthy donors. The results obtained indicate that the repertoire of specific CD8+ T cells available for each of these peptides is composed of T-cell clones able to recognize the antigen with different functional avidity. In each case, avidity of antigen recognition directly correlated with the efficiency of tumor recognition. Both high and low avidity CTL could be isolated from either melanoma patients or healthy donors. However, isolation of high avidity CTL was significantly more frequent from patients bearing antigen-expressing tumors. Natural responses to the four peptides were also found among tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) and tumor infiltrated lymph node cells (TILN) from some patients bearing tumor lesions expressing the corresponding antigens. Interestingly, in each case, specific CTL isolated from TIL or TILN displayed high avidity of antigen recognition and tumor reactivity. These results indicate that both high and low avidity CTL specific for the analyzed peptides are a normal constituent of the repertoire of CD8+ T cell available for these antigens and that high avidity, tumor-reactive CTL are selectively expanded during spontaneous immune responses to antigen expressing tumors.

On the basis of these results, clinical trials of cancer patient's vaccination with CT antigen- derived peptides have recently being undertaken with the aim of either inducing or boosting natural tumor-specific immune responses. In a trial that in currently ongoing at the Ludwig Institute Clinical Trial Center (New York Branch at Division of Medical Oncology, Columbia University, New York), we analyzed the CD8+ T-cell response to a NY-ESO-1 peptide vaccine in three sarcoma patients bearing NY-ESO-1 expressing lesions and with no specific immune response detectable prior to vaccination. The vaccine consisted of the 9-mer NY-ESO-1 157-165 and the 11-mer 157-167 administered together with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) as systemic adjuvant. Consistent with the results of previous studies, we detected, in these patients, a significant CD8+ T-cell response to the vaccine. By analyzing this response more in detail, however, we found that the largest part of the vaccine elicited CD8+ T cells were directed against multiple distinct epitopes in the 157-167 region and were non tumor reactive. Only a minor fraction of elicited CD8+ T cells directed against the 9-mer 157-165, and of sufficient high functional avidity, recognized the naturally processed target on NY-ESO-1+ tumor cells. In a separate study conducted at the Division of Clinical Onco-immunology of the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, (Lausanne Branch, Switzerland), a single patient with metastatic ocular melanoma received vaccination with four melanoma antigen derived peptides, including the 9-mer NY-ESO-1 157-165, administered with Montanide. Peptide NY-ESO-1 157-165 was remarkably immunogenic in this formulation and induced a CD8+ T-cell response detectable ex vivo at an early time point of the immunization protocol. The vaccine-induced CD8+ T-cell response decreased upon dismissed peptide administration, but was boosted by further peptide injections. Importantly, vaccine-elicited CD8+ T cells specifically lysed NY-ESO-1 expressing tumor cells. Together, the results of these studies underline that, because of the complexity of the repertoire of CD8+ T cells that can be elicited by vaccination with synthetic peptides, a precise definition of the targeted epitope and, hence, of the corresponding peptide to be used as immunogen, is required to ensure a precise targeting of the tumor.

This abstract was published in Cancer Immunity , a [Cancer Research Institute][1] journal that ceased publication in 2013 and is now provided online in association with Cancer Immunology Research .

 [1]: http://cancerresearch.org/


Real estate investment trust (REIT) stock prices deviate substantially from net asset values (NAV). Using REIT data since 1990, we find large positive excess returns to a strategy of buying stocks that trade at a discount to NAV, and shorting stocks trading at a premium to NAV. Estimated alphas from this strategy are between 0.9% and 1.8% per month, with little risk. Trading costs and short-sale constraints are not prohibitive and the results strengthen when we control for differences in liquidity or the extent of institutional ownership. We find that some variation in P/NAV makes sense, as premiums are positively related to recent and future NAV growth. However, there appears to be too much volatility in P/NAV, giving rise to potential profits from short-term mean reversion. The closed-end fund literature has some similar findings on stock price deviations from fundamental value, but compared to closed-end funds REITs are much larger and have much higher insider and institutional ownership. These differences suggest that REIT premiums and discounts reflect more than just small investor sentiment, which is a common explanation of why closed-end fund prices deviate from their fundamental value.


The paper addresses the impact of heating rate on treatment of selected graphite cast irons and their properties after isothermal austempering and the applied type of heat treatment Moreover, the paper aims to correlate the type of heat treatment and the structural and stress conditions in lamellar graphite cast iron (LGCI) and spheroidal graphite cast iron (SGCI). LGCI and SGCI heat treatment was designed to receive a hard, abrasive and tough surface layer after surface induction marquenching while maintaining the original microstructure of the core of the material. To achieve this goal, we applied induction marquenching and evaluated the experimental material in line with the following criteria: to determine hardness and toughness (KCO), microscopic stress values and assess the experimental material in terms of metallographic microfractographic analysis.


To prevent overweight and obesity the implementation of an integrated community-wide intervention approach (ICIA) is often advocated. Evaluation can enhance implementation of such an approach and demonstrate the extent of effectiveness. To be able to support professionals in the evaluation of ICIAs we studied barriers to and facilitators of ICIA evaluation. In this study ten professionals of two Dutch municipalities involved in the evaluation of an ICIA participated. We conducted semi-structured interviews (n = 12), observed programme meetings (n = 4) and carried out document analysis. Data were analyzed using a thematic content approach. We learned that evaluation is hampered when it is perceived as unfeasible due to limited time and budget, a lack of evaluation knowledge or a negative evaluation attitude. Other barriers are a poor understanding of the evaluation process and its added value to optimizing the programme. Sufficient communication between involved professionals on evaluation can facilitate evaluation, as does support for evaluation of ICIAs together with stakeholders at a strategic and tactical level. To stimulate the evaluation of ICIAs, we recommend supporting professionals in securing evaluation resources, providing tailored training and tools to enhance evaluation competences and stimulating strategic communication on evaluation.


On what bases should corporations be taxed? This article presents evidence from a series of discrete choice experiments designed to elicit the tax preferences of ordinary citizens. We find that respondents favour higher taxes on more profitable companies, but not high enough to make taxes progressive. Moreover, respondents prefer higher taxes on more internationally mobile companies, which is at odds with well-known results from optimal tax theory. The experiments were conducted in Tanzania, making this result all the more striking as developing countries are particularly sensitive to location decisions of corporations. We also find that citizens favour lower taxes on companies that have more local employees, and higher taxes on foreign owned companies compared to domestic ones. The latter result is not due to perceived differences in local or foreign employment or other local impacts, suggesting a strong home bias in respondent preferences. Furthermore, we find significant gender differences. Men appear more efficiency oriented in their tax preferences. Both men and women are primarily in favour of companies that offer employment to their own gender, and male respondents focus more on job growth than on job security. The results have important implications for debates on the legitimacy of tax policies.


Little is known about the response behavior of parents whose children are exposed to an early-life shock. In this paper we interpret the prenatal exposure of the Austrian 1986 cohort to radioactive fallout from the Chernobyl accident as a negative human capital shock and examine their parents' response behavior. To identify causal effects we can rely on exogenous variation in the exposure to radioactive fallout (over time and) between communities due to geographic differences in precipitation at the time of the accident. We find robust empirical evidence of compensating investment behavior by parents in response to the shock. Families with low socioeconomic status reduced their family size, while families with higher socioeconomic status responded with reduced maternal labor supply. Compensating investment made by the latter group seems relatively more effective because we do not find any detrimental long-term effects for exposed children from higher socioeconomic backgrounds. In contrast, exposed children from low socioeconomic backgrounds have significantly worse labor market outcomes as young adults.


Much of modern commercial law is devoted to the cause of enhancing the liquidity of debt. From the "holder in due course" doctrine for commercial paper to the laws designed to facilitate asset backed securitization, the advent of credit derivatives and the emergence of bankruptcy claims trading the focus has been on protecting liquidity. Little attention has been paid to the fact that liquidity enhancement has costs. This Article takes a skeptical look at liquidity enhancement, seeking to catalogue the direct (transactional) and indirect (social) costs of enhancing liquidity, and then questioning certain assumptions about the justification for facilitating the post-petition trading of claims in bankruptcy. Part I describes the traditional doctrines used to enhance the liquidity of otherwise illiquid assets, and detail the modern transactional devices that are used to similar effect on new categories of assets, regardless of whether the traditional prerequisites for liquidity enhancement are met. Part II catalogues the various transparency, and other costs, associated with liquidity enhancement generally, and the novel liquidity enhancement devices in particular. Part III describes a number of contexts in bankruptcy where courts have been faced with a tension between liquidity enhancement and bankruptcy policies. In most of these cases, liquidity policies have won out over bankruptcy policies. The article concludes by arguing that the debate about post-bankruptcy claims trading operates from the wrong baseline. Regulation of claims trading is generally treated as liquidity harming, but actually, allowing any claims trading post-bankruptcy should be viewed as a liquidity enhancement doctrine, and its desirability as policy should be weighed against its effects on reorganization policy. In my view, bankruptcy policy and the market will be better served by close attention to the traditional limits on liquidity enhancement than by a mindless solicitude for debt markets.


A series of studies across countries and disciplines in higher education confirm that student evaluations of teaching (SET) are significantly correlated with instructor gender, with students regularly rating female instructors lower than male peers. Anne Boring, Kellie Ottoboni and Philip B. Stark argue the findings warrant serious attention in light of increasing pressure on universities to measure teaching effectiveness. Given the unreliability of the metric and the harmful impact these evaluations can have, universities should think carefully on the role of such evaluations in decision-making.


Healthcare use in the year prior to death represents a large portion of healthcare spending by older adults. While Canada is considered to have advanced integration of palliative care services within our healthcare system, much of this care is still delivered in hospitals and with varying levels of access according to cause of death trajectory and geography. Results presented in a series of studies from the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (ICES) unveil gaps in current palliative care delivery and offer directions for future research and policy development.


Localized calcium influx induces developmental dendrite pruning. Highly branched dendritic trees form during neural development and subsequently undergo selective pruning to establish proper connectivity. Kanamori et al. report that transient calcium (Ca2+) waves localized to specific dendrites occurred before pruning during maturation of a subset of sensory neurons in Drosophila melanogaster pupae. The authors visualized changes in Ca2+ concentration in intact pupae using a fluorescent Ca2+ indicator and observed Ca2+ transients in groups of dendrites, but not in axons or cell bodies, before dendrite severing and fragmentation. The Ca2+ waves were not coordinated between different groups of dendrites, and dendrites were pruned in the same temporal order in which the Ca2+ transients appeared: Dendrites with the earliest Ca2+ transients were pruned first, followed by dendrites that initiated Ca2+ waves later. The formation of Ca2+ transients correlated with increased dendrite excitability before pruning, and voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (VGCCs) were required for Ca2+ influx and efficient pruning. Normal pruning required the Ca2+-activated protease calpain. Whereas animals individually heterozygous for loss-of-function mutations in genes encoding a VGCC β subunit, calpainA, or calpainB exhibited normal pruning, triple heterozygotes showed impaired pruning. Thus, the authors proposed that localized increases in dendrite excitability produce Ca2+ transients that initiate dendrite death through compartmentalized activation of calpain. T. Kanamori, M. I. Kanai, Y. Dairyo, K.-i. Yasunaga, R. K. Morikawa, K. Emoto, Compartmentalized calcium transients trigger dendrite pruning in Drosophila sensory neurons. Science 340, 1475–1478 (2013). [Abstract] [Full Text]


Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) were formed on gold at anodic potentials from solutions containing two different alkyl thiosulfates, CH_3(CH_2)_10S_2O_3Na and HO_2C(CH_2)_10S_2O_3Na. The resulting two-component SAMs were analyzed using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to relate their compositions to those of the solutions from which they were adsorbed. This relationship was more linear than reported for analogous SAMs adsorbed from mixed solutions of alkanethiols. The wettability of these surfaces by water and by hexadecane was also measured and compared to analogous SAMs prepared by chemisorption of thiols from solution.


Purpose
Drawing on and theorizing continuous change, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the antecedents of continuous change behavior in schools. Relying on conceptual discussions about organizational change (OC), three sets of variables including context (workload, participatory management, trust), process (knowledge sharing, social interaction) and outcome (job satisfaction) were identified as antecedents of continuous change.

Design/methodology/approach
To test the predictive value of the antecedents for continuous change, a correlational study was design and structural equation modeling was used to test the direct and indirect relationships among study variables. The data were collected from a sample of 648 primary and secondary public school teachers.

Findings
The results showed that context, outcome, and process factors function through direct and indirect paths to contribute to the prediction of continuous change behavior. Moreover, knowledge sharing either directly or indirectly played a central role in the prediction of continuous change behavior.

Research limitations/implications
These results suggested that a widened knowledge base provides the basis for ongoing experimentation with, alteration, and modification of work categories in schools. Providing such factors in schools seems to facilitate the ongoing improvement of work practices in schools, even in the absence of a planned change intervention.

Originality/value
This study is one of the first empirical studies tested the predictive value of antecedents of continuous change in school organizational context, where OC is the norm and change failures are very common.


The gibbsian model for surfaces is reformulated in order to account for stress and strain within quasi-ideal crystals and on their surface. Tensor calculus, extensively used, leads to an invariant formalism. The symbols appearing therein are given a physical interpretation. The Second Principle, applied to the crystal-crystalline surface-vapour system, yields necessary equilibrium conditions. Herring's formula for the chemical potential is derived as a special case. The validity of the usual assumptions relating to shape equilibria are investigated.


CCIE Routing and Switching v4.0 Troubleshooting Practice Labs presents you with two full troubleshooting lab scenarios in exam style format to echo the real CCIE Routing and Switching v4.0 lab exam. This publication gives you the opportunity to put into practice your own extensive theoretical knowledge of subjects to find out how they interact with each other on a larger complex scale. Each section has an "Ask the Proctor" section list of questions that helps provide clarity and maintains direction to ensure you do not give up and check the answers directly if you find a task too challenging. After each lab, this eBook lets you compare configurations and routing tables with the required answers. You can also run through a lab de-brief, view configurations, and cut and paste configs into your own lab equipment for testing and verification. The point scoring for each question lets you know if you passed or failed each lab. This extensive set of practice labs that sell for hundreds of dollars elsewhere help you make sure you are fully prepared for the grueling CCIE lab exam experience.


In order to find electron sources of low emittance and high quantum efficiency, single tip cathodes with a microstructured surface are investigated. Emission currents up to 310 A were obtained, by combining a 2 ns, 50 kV accelerating voltage pulse with a 266 nm wavelength, picosecond (sigma(t) = 6.2 ps) laser delivering a few mu J pulse energy. The multifilamentary cylindric Nb3Sn tip with a typical diameter of 0.8 mm provides quantum efficiencies up to 0.5%. The microstructured needle has also been tested in a combined diode-rf electron gun with 500 kV, 250 ns pulsed bias voltage as a first step towards reducing emittance-spoiling space-charge forces.


Introduction: Women health volunteers (WHVs) program started since 1990 in Iran to increase the access of population to health services, especially in deprived and suburban areas. WHVs are responsible for promotion of society's health knowledge through being a bridge between society and healthcare centers. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effects of communication skills on efficacy of WHVs in urban health centers in Shahrekord city located in southwest of Iran. Materials and Methods: In a quasi-experimental study, 45 WHVs working in urban Shahrekord health centers were enrolled and received some training on communication skills. The data were obtained from WHVs as well as their related covered families using a researcher-made questionnaire (with content validity of 86%), before and 6 months after training. Results: The mean age of WHVs was 41.28 ± 7.55 years (range; 22-55) and 33.3% had diploma. There was a significant difference in communication skills among WHVs before and after training (P = 0.001). Among families, a significant difference of being familiar with WHVs and their duties, follow-up of health problems and transmitting health messages before and after training was detected (P = 0.001). Around 91.3% of families were satisfied from WHVs' efficacy before training which increased into 95.9% after training (P = 0.001). Finally, 83.3% trusted in WHVs before training, increased into 89.7% after training (P = 0.001). Conclusion: Training of WHVs about communication skills could enhance the knowledge and satisfaction of families on health issues as well as communication levels between WHVs and the families which in turn will promote the efficacy of WHVs program.


The phototropism response of plants directs growth toward light sources. Motchoulski and Liscum have now identified and characterized one of the early molecular components, NPH3, that Arabidopsis uses to respond to blue light. The NPH3 protein interacts with the NPH1 photoreceptor and may function as a scaffold that brings together the various molecular components responsible for the initial phototropic response to blue light. Motchoulski, A., and Liscum, E. (1999) Arabidopsis NPH3: A NPH1 photoreceptor-interacting protein essential for phototropism. Science 286: 961-964. [Abstract] [Full Text]


Settling disputes, even disputes about meaning, by third party arbitration is different from settling them by negotiation. Moreover, disputes can be settled by a procedure in which the disputing parties follow a protocol that prohibits them from simply following their original aims. They can collectively constitute an arbitrator. This provides an alternative model for resolving differences in meaning from simple negotiation. In his theory of communicative rationality, Habermas has a model in which human languages, in effect, invariably provide a system of collective arbitration. Indeed human agents may be best understood by treating their aims as derivative and their needs as fundamental. Arbitration can operate by respecting needs but not necessarily aims .I nc ommunicative rationality, needs may come to be recognised which an agent did not originally understand itself to have, so the agent's aims may change. Thus it is distinct from strategic (gametheoretical) or instrumental (means-end) rationality, because these presuppose fixed aims for each agent. Artificial agents may be constructible on this model, but it is suggested that they would be complex, and no blueprint is proposed. However, a formal account of the model is sketched.


After the closing of his first art gallery in 1917, photographer Alfred Stieglitz reemerged in the New York art world in the 1920s. He achieved his comeback in large part through the innovative means he used to promote himself and the artists of his inner circle. Stieglitz and a number of well-established critics drew on period conceptions of sexuality, gender, and cultural identity to characterize the artists he championed as the fulfillment of a shared vision of a vital, nonrepressed American art. In Painting Gender, Constructing Theory, Marcia Brennan examines how Stieglitz and the critics drew on early-twentieth-century discourses on sex and the psyche, particularly the theories of Sigmund Freud and Havelock Ellis, to characterize the artworks of the Stieglitz circle. Critics routinely described the often highly abstracted paintings of Georgia O'Keeffe, Arthur Dove, John Marin, Marsden Hartley, and Charles Demuth as transparent displays of the most intimate aspects of the self, taking both subject matter and painterly form to be guided by the artist's own gendered and psychic energies. Focusing on the key historical criticism and artworks, Brennan shows how the identities of all five Stieglitz circle artists were presented in terms of the masculinity and femininity, and the heterosexuality and homosexuality, thought to be embedded in their work. Brennan also discusses Stieglitz's relation to competing artistic and critical movements, including Thomas Hart Benton's regionalist art and Clement Greenberg's reformulation of formalism. Arguing that American formalist criticism consisted of a complex and paradoxical mixture of corporeality and disembodied transcendence, Brennan provides insight not only into the works of the Stieglitz circle but into the development of formalist criticism itself.


Synchronization plays an important role in neural signal processing and transmission. Many hypotheses have been proposed to explain the origin of neural synchronization. In recent years, correlated noise-induced synchronization has received support from many theoretical and experimental studies. However, many of these prior studies have assumed that neurons have identical biophysical properties and that their inputs are well modeled by white noise. In this context, we use colored noise to induce synchronization between oscillators with heterogeneity in both phase-response curves and frequencies. In the low noise limit, we derive novel analytical theory showing that the time constant of colored noise influences correlated noise-induced synchronization and that oscillator heterogeneity can limit synchronization. Surprisingly, however, heterogeneous oscillators may synchronize better than homogeneous oscillators given low input correlations. We also find resonance of oscillator synchronization to colored noise inputs when firing frequencies diverge. Collectively, these results prove robust for both relatively high noise regimes and when applied to biophysically realistic spiking neuron models, and further match experimental recordings from acute brain slices.


[1] A solution of the lidar equation is discussed, that permits combining backscatter and depolarization measurements to quantitatively distinguish two different aerosol types with different depolarization properties. The method has been successfully applied to simultaneous observations of volcanic ash and boundary layer aerosol obtained in Exeter, United Kingdom, on 16 and 18 April 2010, permitting the contribution of the two aerosols to be quantified separately. First a subset of the atmospheric profiles is used where the two aerosol types belong to clearly distinguished layers, for the purpose of characterizing the ash in terms of lidar ratio and depolarization. These quantities are then used in a three-component atmosphere solution scheme of the lidar equation applied to the full data set, in order to compute the optical properties of both aerosol types separately. On 16 April a thin ash layer, 100–400 m deep, is observed (average and maximum estimated ash optical depth: 0.11 and 0.2); it descends from ∼2800 to ∼1400 m altitude over a 6-hour period. On 18 April a double ash layer, ∼400 m deep, is observed just above the morning boundary layer (average and maximum estimated ash optical depth: 0.19 and 0.27). In the afternoon the ash is entrained into the boundary layer, and the latter reaches a depth of ∼1800 m (average and maximum estimated ash optical depth: 0.1 and 0.15). An additional ash layer, with a very small optical depth, was observed on 18 April at an altitude of 3500–4000 m. By converting the lidar optical measurements using estimates of volcanic ash specific extinction, derived from other works, the observations seem to suggest approximate peak ash concentrations of ∼1500 and ∼1000 μg/m3, respectively, on the two observations dates.


Stages on Life's Way, the sequel to Either/Or, is an intensely poetic example of Kierkegaard's vision of the three stages, or spheres, of existence: the esthetic, the ethical, and the religious. With characteristic love for mystification, he presents the work as a bundle of documents fallen by chance into the hands of "Hilarius Bookbinder, " who prepared them for printing. The book begins with a banquet scene patterned on Plato's Symposium. (George Brandes maintained that "one must recognize with amazement that it holds its own in this comparison.") Next is a discourse by "Judge William" in praise of marriage "in answer to objections." The remainder of the volume, almost two-thirds of the whole, is the diary of a young man, discovered by "Frater Taciturnus, " who was deeply in love but felt compelled to break his engagement. The work closes with a letter to the reader from Taciturnus on the three "existence-spheres" represented by the three parts of the book.Stages on Life's Way not only repeats themes, characters, and pseudonymous authors of the earlier works but also goes beyond them and points to further development of central ideas in Concluding Unscientific Postscript.


In this paper, we propose an off-line system for the segmentation and recognition of the unconstrained handwritten connected digits. The proposed system provides new segmentation paths by finding two types of structural features. The background and foreground features points are found from the input string image. The possible cutting paths are generated from these features points. Each candidate component is evaluated individually based on its features points and its height. The output of the segmentation module is evaluated using the fuzzy-artificial immune system (Fuzzy-AIS). The latter performs a decision function on the resulting segments, and then the hypothesis that has the best score is regarded as the global decision. The experimental results on the ell-known handwritten digit database NIST SD19 show the effectiveness of the proposed system compared with other methods in both segmentation and recognition.


Abstract. Erosion and deposition processes in badland areas are usually estimated using traditional observations of topographic changes, measured by erosion pins or profile metres (invasive techniques). In recent times, remote-sensing techniques (non-invasive) have been routinely applied in geomorphology studies, especially in erosion studies. These techniques provide the opportunity to build high-resolution topographic models at centimetre accuracy. By comparing different 3-D point clouds of the same area, obtained at different time intervals, the variations in the terrain and temporal dynamics can be analysed. The aim of this study is to assess and compare the functioning of terrestrial laser scanner (TLS, RIEGL LPM-321) and structure-from-motion photogrammetry (SfM) techniques (Camera FUJIFILM, Finepix x100 and software PhotoScan by AgiSoft) to evaluate erosion and deposition processes in two opposite slopes in a humid badlands area in the central Spanish Pyrenees. Results showed that TLS data sets and SfM photogrammetry techniques provide new opportunities in geomorphological erosion studies. The data we recorded over 1 year demonstrated that north-facing slopes experienced more intense and faster changing geomorphological dynamics than south-facing slopes as well as the highest erosion rates. Different seasonal processes were observed, with the highest topographic differences observed during winter periods and the high-intensity rainfalls in summer. While TLS provided the highest accuracy models, SfM photogrammetry was still a faster methodology in the field and precise at short distances. Both techniques present advantages and disadvantages, and do not require direct contact with the soil and thus prevent the usual surface disturbance of traditional and invasive methods.


The objective of this thesis is to identify economic and regulatory issues which affected the development of the West German capital market and the financing behaviour of public limited companies during the early post war period. Following the introductory chapter, the thesis summarises literature on the relevance of capital structure in imperfect markets and discusses findings on the relationship between financial development and economic growth in consideration the historical circumstances of the early post war period. Chapter three provides a detailed account of the West German currency reform which looks beyond the conversion of monetary assets as it incorporates the accompanying conversion of company balance sheets. An analysis of the conversion of balance sheets shows that companies emerged from the reform with significantly reduced leverage. This finding provides an unconventional interpretation of the observed financing behaviour of West German companies during the early post war period. Chapter four discusses how public policy measures affected the development of the West German capital market during the immediate post currency reform period. It is argued that the policy of partial price controls coincided with a restriction of the capital market in providing funds to private and uncontrolled sectors as public authorities introduced measures which favoured funding in public and price controlled sectors. After having outlined the economic environment of the immediate post war period, the thesis analyses the financing behaviour of a sample of 79 non financial public limited companies between 1952 and 1965. The thesis argues that exceptional circumstances created by the war and the following policy decisions affected companies' financing behaviour. It shows that companies entered the post war period with severely altered capital structures and suggests that internally generated funds and bank loans featured no more prominently during the early post war years than during the following decades.


We analyse benefit-entitlement effects and the likely impact of the recent reform of the unemployment compensation system on the duration of unemployment in Germany on the basis of a flexible discrete-time hazard rate model estimated on pre-reform data from the German Socioeconomic Panel (SOEP). We find (i) relatively strong benefit-entitlement effects for the unemployed who are eligible to means-tested unemployment assistance after the exhaustion of unemployment benefit, but not for those without such entitlement; (ii) non-monotonic benefit-entitlement effects on hazard rates with pronounced spikes around the month of benefit-exhaustion, and (iii) relatively small marginal effects of the amount of unemployment compensation on the duration of unemployment. Our simulation results show that the recent labour market reform is unlikely to have a major impact on the average duration of unemployment in the population as a whole, but will significantly reduce the level of long-term unemployment among older workers.


We examine the effect of domestic violence on mortality of children born to female victims using Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data across thirty two different developing countries. We start by examining associations between interpersonal violence and child mortality while controlling for potential confounds. We find that children of (ever) victimized mothers are 0.4 pp more likely to die within thirty days, 0.7 pp more likely to die within a year and 1.1 pp more likely to die within the first five years of being born in comparison with children born to mothers who never experienced violence. We find similar patterns when examining the effect of violence taking place in the last twelve months on female victims and their children. Our results are similar when we use matching methods. We also examine the causal effect of violence on child mortality using an instrumental variables strategy. Exploiting variation in domestic violence and marital rape laws across countries and over time, we find that laws that criminalize violence against women and/or marital rape lower its incidence. Using this as an exogenous source of variation in domestic violence, we find that children born within the last twelve months to female victims were 3.7 pp more likely to die in the first thirty days of life. Our results indicate significant externalities to violence against women and underline the importance of recent efforts to tackle this violence in developing countries.