Objective: A clear knowledge of the location of supraorbital foramen (SOF) is vital for the surgeons, particularly in endoscopic surgery and regional block in crania. The aim of this study was to analyze SOF and notch in skulls of various ancestries.Methods: The anatomical variations of SOF and notch were examined in 100 adults skulls (55 males and 45 females) of the Malay, Chinese, and Indian ancestries by traditional measurement made with the Osirix software. The parameters included distance between supraorbital structure and nasal midline, shape, and transverse diameter of the SOF.Results: It was manifested that bilateral supraorbital notch (SON) was the most prevalent combination in both sexes and ancestries (61%), while combined SON and foramen (11%) were the least prevalent characteristic. The mean distances of supraorbital structure from nasal midline bilaterally in males were slightly greater than females. The horizontal diameter of SOF, notch and their distances from the nasal midline showed no difference between ancestries.Conclusion: This study would serve as a guide for the surgeons when surgery is performed on the scalp. It can help in the precise determination of reference points for supraorbital nerve blockade for the Malaysians. In addition, the variations exhibited in supraorbital measurements inevitably revealed that sex and ancestry should be taken into consideration when choosing samples for anatomical classification of crania.


Material strength is a complex concept that includes the material resistance to various types of loading. Often the improvement of strength in one type of load leads to deterioration in the other. For example, the ordinary window glass is quite durable material under the pseudo-static slow loading, but it is easily broken upon impact. In solid mechanics, there are conceptions of the static strength and fracture toughness characterizing resistance to the crack growing in a material. The glass has very low fracture toughness: A crack propagates easily in it. Metals can possess both high strength and high fracture toughness. These characteristics are largely determined by the possibility of dislocations movement. The easier the dislocations move, the lower the static strength, but the higher the fracture toughness, the harder the crack propagates. Therefore, the introduction of special additives impeding the movement of the dislocations (for example, carbon in iron) leads to an increase in the static strength, but also to rising in brittleness and facilitating the crack propagation.


The results of <<MHD>> experiment with quasispherical Laser-produced Plasma Clouds (LPC) expanding into strong (B0 ~10 kG) and uniform magnetic field at KI-1 facility of ILP are presented. Main characteristics and the influence of non-MHD flute instability onto effectiveness of plasma-field interaction were studied especially for the purpose of plasma confinement and the direct conversion of its kinetic energy into magnetic and electric ones (of pick-up coils). A new model of enhanced field penetration into plasma due to Hall-effect in its flutes and under conditions of finite ion Larmor radius is discussed. The data obtained on the current generation by LPC in short-circuited surrounding coils (with total conversion efficiency up to ~10%) are compared with the models of ILP and last results of relevant 3D/PIC calculations done at KU. All these results show the opportunities of LPC-experiments to simulate both space exploding plasmas (AMPTE) and MHD-effects of ICF micro-explosions in planned NIF experiments for study Laser Fusion Rocket like a VISTA.


A sensitive HPLC method with fluorescence detection and gradient elution has been developed for the determination of folates in vegetables. The method involved extraction of folates from food matrix by heat treatment, deconjugation of folate polyglutamates to monoglutamates by incubation with hog kidney conjugase and purification of food extracts by solid-phase extraction with strong-anion exchange cartridges. The chromatographic separation of folates was achieved on Zorbax SB C8 column, which was found to be superior over conventional C18 column in terms of selectivity and sensitivity. Validation of the method included linearity tests, the addition of standard folates for the determination of recovery, repeatability and stability tests. The method developed was applied to analysis of raw and processed beetroots; 5-methyltetrahydrofolate was found to be the main folate form in beetroots. Cultivar differences and growing conditions were found to have a pronounced effect on the folate content in beetroots. Processing resulted in considerable losses of folates, whereas losses during storage appeared to be moderate. # 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.


In ordinary, repowering is converting old steam power plants in to combined cycle plants. In this paper, considering the distinguished characteristics of feedwater heating option for new power plants, study their application requirements on Steam power plants. After determining characteristics of more suitable power plants for repowering using this procedure, introduce common methods of feedwater heating option and explain the characteristics of each manner for using in steam power plants. In the second step, considering expected conditions, compare suitable cases for repowering. This paper offers main points in different types of feedwater heating option and their specifications. KeywordsRepowering, Gas Turbine, Feedwater Heating, Steam Power Plant


The typical smartphone user has many thousands of photos in their personal collection. Photo acquisition is effortless, and the next challenge is in devising methods to easily edit such large collections. Specifically, we need manipulation algorithms that are powerful enough for experts, yet simple for novices to master. We identified three key directions to empower novice users with expert-level editing capabilities while maintaining an overall simplicity in the process. Those directions are (1) better selection masks, (2) high-level goal-centric algorithms and (3) domain specific algorithms. In this thesis we give examples from each category. Given a photo, a novice user will typically either not edit it at all, or apply a simple global operation such as exposure correction. In contrast, a professional photo editor might perform local edits, specifying a selection mask to limit the operation to specific photo regions, or combining regions from several photos into a single composition. To ease selection mask creation we present a new patch embedding technique that allows for single-click selection masks. Novices often think in terms of goals (e.g. improve lighting, de-clutter photo) and less in technical terms such as color spaces and image layers. One example of a high-level goal is the removal of distracting elements from photos. The task is motivated by the way professional photographers operate. They carefully frame the scene and might move objects around in order to stage the perfect photo. We define "photo distractors" as the elements that, if removed, would improve the photo. Using a simple slider interaction we allow users to automatically remove such distractors from photos. It is at times useful to tailor solutions to specific photo types. As an example we show that, specifically for human heads, simple controls can induce sophisticated edits. Given a single portrait photo as input, we can change the pose of the head and the camera distance. This allows users to correct the "selfie effect", i.e. big noses and small ears or to transform distant photos into selfies.


Research comparing the leadership styles of women and men is reviewed, and evidence is found for both the presence and the absence of differences between the sexes. In contrast to the gender-stereotypic expectation that women lead in an interpersonaily oriented style and men in a task-oriented style, female and male leaders did not differ in these two styles in organizational studies. However, these aspects of leadership style were somewhat gender stereotypic in the two other classes of leadership studies investigated, namely (a) laboratory experiments and (b) assessment studies, which were denned as research that assessed the leadership styles of people not selected for occupancy of leadership roles. Consistent with stereotypic expectations about a different aspect of leadership style, the tendency to lead democratically or autocratically, women tended to adopt a more democratic or participative style and a less autocratic or directive style than did men. This sex difference appeared in all three classes of leadership studies, including those conducted in organizations. These and other findings are interpreted in terms of a social role theory of sex differences in social behavior.


BACKGROUND
The Australian Trial in Acute Hepatitis C (ATAHC) is a National Institutes of Health-funded prospective cohort study of the natural history and efficacy of treatment in individuals with recently acquired hepatitis C. Enrollment is open to both human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected and -uninfected individuals. The aim of this article was to evaluate characteristics and virological outcomes among HIV-infected individuals enrolled in ATAHC.

METHODS
Eligibility criteria included the first positive result of testing for anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibody within 6 months and either clinical hepatitis diagnosed within the past 12 months or documented anti-HCV seroconversion within the past 24 months.

RESULTS
Of the initial 103 patients enrolled, 27 (26%) were HIV infected. HIV-infected patients were more likely to be older, to have HCV genotype 1 infection and high levels of HCV RNA at baseline than were HCV-monoinfected patients. Sexual acquisition accounted for the majority (56%) of HCV infections among HIV-infected patients, compared with only 8% of HCV-monoinfected patients. The median duration from estimated HCV infection to treatment was 30 weeks. Treatment with 24 weeks of pegylated interferon and ribavirin resulted in rates of undetectability of HCV RNA of 95%, 90%, and 80% at weeks 12, 24, and 48, respectively. Undetectability at week 4 was achieved in 44% of patients and yielded positive and negative predictive values for sustained virological response of 100% and 33%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS
Significant differences were demonstrated between HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected individuals enrolled in ATAHC. Treatment responses among HIV-infected individuals with both acute and early chronic infection are encouraging and support regular HCV screening of high-risk individuals and early treatment for recently acquired HCV infection.


Studies related to the effect of insecticides on insect pests and nontarget organisms, such as natural enemies, are traditionally accessed by the estimative of lethal effects, through mortality data. Due to the limitations of the traditional methods, recent studies in the past three decades are assessing the sublethal effects of insecticides upon several important biological traits of insect pests and natural enemies. Besides mortality, the sublethal dose/concentrations of an insecticide can affect insect biology, physiology, behavior and demographic parameters. In this chapter, many sublethal effects of insecticides were addressed for several chemical groups, such as botanical insecticides, carbamate, diamide, insect growth regulators, neonicotinoid, organochlorides, organophosphates, pyrethroid and others. An accurate assessment of these effects is crucial to acquire knowledge on the overall insecticide efficacy in the management of pest insect populations, as well as on their selectivity toward nontarget organisms.


Links between the semantic fields of repayment and of revenge occur in many languages. As the usual pattern of metaphorical sense development is from concrete to abstract, repayment has been taken as the source domain, with revenge as the target. However, the relationship does not conform to that usual in metaphor. Revenge is not understood in terms of repayment; and both in Old English and later stages of the language, the semantic field of revenge includes not only polysemous but monosemous terms. The explanation may lie in the early legal system, which constructed links between the domains of revenge and restitution to provide an alternative to the blood feud. From a diachronic perspective, the domains were so closely related that the semantic link may represent metonymy rather than metaphor. A diachronic perspective also suggests that revenge was the more concrete concept, acting as source domain, with repayment as the target.


This paper assesses whether a causal relationship exists between recent increases in female labor force participation and the increased prevalence of obesity amongst women. The expansions of the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) in the 1980s and 1990s have been established by prior literature as having generated variation in female labor supply, particularly amongst single mothers. Here, we use this plausibly exogenous variation in female labor supply to identify the effect of labor force participation on obesity status. We use data from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) and replicate labor supply effects of the EITC expansions found in previous literature. This validates employing a difference-in-differences estimation strategy in the NHIS data, as has been done in several other data sets. Depending on the specification, we find that increased labor force participation can account for at most 19% of the observed change in obesity prevalence over our sample period. Our preferred specification, however, suggests that there is no causal link between increased female labor force participation and increased obesity.


In addition to the more acknowledged consequences of climate change, such as global warming, the current human-induced increase of CO2 into the atmosphere is also responsible for a change in the chemical composition of seawater. Since 1750, the initiation of the industrial revolution, approximately 50% of the emitted anthropogenic CO2 is taken up by the oceans. These enhanced concentrations of aquatic CO2 is responsible for an increase of the seawater acidity and thus a decrease in pH, leading to ocean acidification. The impact of present-day ocean acidification on the development of future climate change is still not entirely understood. Of key importance, in this matter, is the role of primary producers within the global carbon cycle and underlying feedback mechanisms. Studying past periods of ocean acidification that are characterized by low pH and high atmospheric CO2 levels, are important in unravelling these issues. In this thesis the response of micro-organisms (algae, bacteria and archaea) to high CO2 and low pH levels has been investigated by studying the distribution patterns and the stable carbon isotopic composition of specific biomarkers in present day and past environments. This resulted in the development of a number of new and potentially promising proxies. The distribution of branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers, expressed by the Cyclisation of Branched Tetraether (CBT) index, is now shown to record lake water pH and alkalinity and may therefore be suitable for reconstructing lake water chemistry. The strong dependence of stable carbon isotopic fractionation on aquatic CO2 concentrations in several algal species, as well as the application of algal biomarkers in reconstructions of past pCO2 levels during Eocene Thermal Maximum 2, suggests that specific biomarkers from various important phytoplankton groups can be used for the reconstruction of past pCO2 levels. Finally, the stable carbon isotopic composition of isoprenoid glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers, derived from Thaumarchaeota, show great potential as a proxy for the reconstruction of stable carbon isotopic values of dissolved inorganic carbon and may be used as a new approach to constrain the negative carbon isotope excursions during hyperthermals, such as the Palaeocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum and Eocene Thermal Maximum 2. The studies presented in this thesis show that the distribution and stable carbon isotopic composition of certain lipid biomarkers add great value to assess direct changes in pH and atmospheric CO2 levels and thus contribute to our understanding of the effects of contemporary and past climate ocean acidification processes on the development of future climate change


Abstract Open field experiments were conducted in Brazil to assess the suitability of the South American leaf feeding beetle Metriona elatior Klug for biological control of tropical soda apple, Solanum viarum Dunal in the USA. A multiple choice open field test with eggplant (Solanum melongena L.), bell-pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), giló (Solanum gilo Raddi), falsa-jurubeba (Solanum fastigiatum Willd.), and the target weed Solanum viarum, was conducted at the Universidade Federal do Paraná Experimental Station in Curitiba. A second multiple choice-test was conducted 2 years later at the same location excluding the target weed and exposing M. elatior adults to S. melongena, S. tuberosum, L. scullentum, and C. annuum. An S. viarum control plot was established 60 km from the choice-test field. In total, 276 teneral adult beetles were released in the first multiple choice-test. In the second test, 176 beetles were released in the choice-test plot that excluded S. viarum, and 172 adult beetles were released in the S. viarum control plot at different developmental stages of the tested plants. All the plants in each plot were visually checked once a week and the number of adults, immatures, and eggs recorded. Results in the first multiple choice-test showed a complete rejection of the crop plants by M. elatior. Minor feeding (<3%) was observed on eggplant in the second experiment in which S. viarum was excluded from the crop plots, but all M. elatior larvae died in less than a week. The tests were ended when the plants started to senesce. The results of these open field tests corroborate previous quarantine/laboratory host specificity tests indicating that host range expansion of M. elatior to include the solanaceous crops tested is highly unlikely. A petition to release M. elatior in the USA was submitted to the TAG committee in September 2006.


RATIONALE
Rifapentine has potent activity in mouse models of tuberculosis chemotherapy but its optimal dose and exposure in humans are unknown.

OBJECTIVES
We conducted a randomized, partially blinded dose-ranging study to determine tolerability, safety, and antimicrobial activity of daily rifapentine for pulmonary tuberculosis treatment.

METHODS
Adults with sputum smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis were assigned rifapentine 10, 15, or 20 mg/kg or rifampin 10 mg/kg daily for 8 weeks (intensive phase), with isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol. The primary tolerability end point was treatment discontinuation. The primary efficacy end point was negative sputum cultures at completion of intensive phase.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS
A total of 334 participants were enrolled. At completion of intensive phase, cultures on solid media were negative in 81.3% of participants in the rifampin group versus 92.5% (P = 0.097), 89.4% (P = 0.29), and 94.7% (P = 0.049) in the rifapentine 10, 15, and 20 mg/kg groups. Liquid cultures were negative in 56.3% (rifampin group) versus 74.6% (P = 0.042), 69.7% (P = 0.16), and 82.5% (P = 0.004), respectively. Compared with the rifampin group, the proportion negative at the end of intensive phase was higher among rifapentine recipients who had high rifapentine areas under the concentration-time curve. Percentages of participants discontinuing assigned treatment for reasons other than microbiologic ineligibility were similar across groups (rifampin, 8.2%; rifapentine 10, 15, or 20 mg/kg, 3.4, 2.5, and 7.4%, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS
Daily rifapentine was well-tolerated and safe. High rifapentine exposures were associated with high levels of sputum sterilization at completion of intensive phase. Further studies are warranted to determine if regimens that deliver high rifapentine exposures can shorten treatment duration to less than 6 months. Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT 00694629).


"The Law Code of Visnu" ("Vaisnava-dharmasastra") is one of the latest of the ancient Indian legal texts composed around the seventh century ce in Kashmir. Both because the "Vaishnava-Dharmasastra" is the only Dharmasastra that can be geographically located and because it introduces some interesting and new elements into the discussion of Dharmasastric topics, this is a document of interest both to scholars of Indian legal literature and to cultural historians of India, especially of Kashmir. The new elements include the first Dharmasastric evidence for a wife burning herself at her husband's cremation and the intrusion of devotional religion (bhakti) into Dharmasastras. This volume contains a critical edition of the Sanskrit text based on fifteen manuscripts, an annotated English translation, and an introduction evaluating its textual history, its connections to previous Dharmasastras, its date and provenance, its structure and content, and the use made of it by later medieval writers.


Classroom management has been shown to be the most common concern of both pre-service and experienced teachers (Gee, 2001; Johns, MacNaughton, & Karabinus, 1989; Smith, 2000; Weinstein, 1996; Weinstein & Mignano, 1993). Furthermore, teachers who self-define their teaching experiences as failures attribute their experiences to a lack of preparation by their teacher education programs (Britt, 1997; Goodnough, 2000). Pre-service teachers, who commonly cite student behaviours as negative aspects of their practicum placements (Killen, 1994), share this perception. According to pre-service teachers, their frustration with their inability to manage student behaviour is left unaddressed by their co-operating teachers (Goodnough, 2000; Key, 1998) as well as by their faculty advisors (Farkas, Johnson, & Duffet, 1997). These findings are cause for concern, as teachers who perceive problems with classroom management are more likely to leave the teaching profession (Goodenough, 2000; Taylor & Dale, 1971). Research has demonstrated that effective classroom instruction in teacher education programs can alter students' views about classroom management (Hollingsworth, 1989). More often, however, student teachers begin their traditional teacher education programs (four- or five-year Bachelor of Education programs) with well-defined ideas about classroom management (Chan, 1999)--ideas that remain unchanged during the course of their training (O'Loughlin, 1991; Tatto, 1996; Zeichner & Tabachnick, 1981). Ironically, changes occur when these teachers are hired for their first teaching positions (Celep, 1997; Laut, 1999). At this point, their attitudes usually become more interventionist. While copious research has been conducted on the development of teacher attitudes toward classroom management in teachers attending traditional teacher education programs, less research has been conducted with students in non-traditional alternative certification (AC) programs. The prevalence of AC programs is increasing (Feistritzer, 2000); in the United States two thirds of the teacher education institutions currently offer some type of AC program (Barry, 2001). The issue of classroom management attitude development is of interest to American and Canadian universities that are offering AC programs as a way to educate enough teachers to meet the predicted teacher shortages. The current study sought to determine whether teachers' attitudes toward classroom management develop the same way in alternative certification (AC) teacher education programs as in traditional programs. This report will begin with a description of the continuum of teacher orientations toward classroom management. Next, past research linking classroom management attitudes to AC programs will be explored, followed by a discussion of the rates at which AC teachers leave the profession. Finally, we will discuss the findings of the current project with regard to the development of teacher attitudes over the course of an AC program and place the findings within the current literature on classroom management attitudes. Classroom Management Attitudes Attitudes toward classroom management can be classified into three broad categories (Glickman & Tamashiro, 1980; Wolfgang, 1995). These categories represent a continuum from high teacher control to low teacher control (see Figure 1). While teachers may demonstrate characteristics of each category in different situations, they are likely to use one approach more often than others (Wolfgang, 1995). [FIGURE 1 OMITTED] Low teacher control is characteristic of noninterventionist models of classroom management, which include Ginott's Congruent Communication (1972) and Gordon's Teacher Effectiveness Training (1974). Underlying this approach is the belief that children have innate needs that require expression. This approach focuses on what an individual child does to modify his or her own environment. …


This NCSEHE Briefing Note provides an update on domestic undergraduate student enrolment and equity outcomes from 2007 to 2014, following Koshy and Seymour (2014). It focuses on undergraduate outcomes for Table A providers, given policy changes in recent years to Australian undergraduate education that affect them, including the full deregulation of undergraduate places in 2012 under the Demand Driven System (DDS). It reports on the number of domestic undergraduates between 2007 and 2014 in the 38 'Table A providers' in Australian higher education and enrolments in seven equity groups: Low Socio-Economic Status ('low SES') students; Students with Disability; Indigenous Students; Women in Non-Traditional Areas; Regional Students; Remote Students; and Non-English Speaking Background (NESB) students (also referred to as 'Culturally and Linguistically Diverse' or 'CALD' students). In each equity group, results are reported for the national system in total, by institutional groupings, by state and territory, and by regional or metropolitan status, for each year. All reporting is for domestic undergraduates in each given year. The institutional groupings in 2014 were as follows: The Group of Eight: Australian National University (ANU), Melbourne, Monash, Sydney, New South Wales (UNSW), Queensland (UQ), Western Australia (UWA), and Adelaide. The Australian Technology Network (ATN): Curtin University, University of Technology, Sydney (UTS), RMIT University (RMIT), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), and University of South Australia (UniSA). The Innovative Research Universities (IRU): Murdoch, Flinders, Griffith, James Cook (JCU), La Trobe, Charles Darwin University (CDU) and Newcastle. (Note: Newcastle left the IRU in December 2014). Regional Universities Network: Southern Cross, New England (UNE), Federation, Sunshine Coast (SCU), CQUniversity Australia (CQU), and Southern Queensland (USQ). The Unaligned Universities: Other Table A providers) – Macquarie, Wollongong, Deakin, Charles Sturt (CSU), Tasmania, Australian Catholic University (ACU), Canberra, Edith Cowan University (ECU), Swinburne, Victoria, Western Sydney (WSU) and The Batchelor Institute (Batchelor) (Note: Batchelor and CDU entered into a collaborative partnership in 2012 which has seen CDU take delivery of most undergraduate programs.) In addition, an analysis is reported for universities on the basis of their campus location and infrastructure, as per Koshy and Phillimore (2013): Regionally Headquartered: Institutions with a major regional – CSU, Southern Cross, UNE, Federation, CQU, JCU, USQ, Tasmania, CDU, and Batchelor. Metropolitan Institutions with Regional Campuses: Institutions with one or more regional campus – Newcastle, Sydney, Wollongong, Deakin, La Trobe, Monash, RMIT, Melbourne, QUT, UQ, SCU, Curtin, ECU, Murdoch, UWA, Flinders, Adelaide, UniSA, and ACU. No Regional Campuses: Metropolitan Institutions with no regional campus: ANU, Sydney, UNSW, Griffith, Macquarie, Canberra, Swinburne, Victoria and WSU. All student data reported or derived for the purposes of this document are sourced from Students: Selected Higher Education Statistics 2014 (Appendix 2: Equity Data), published by the Australian Government Department of Education and Training (2015).


Fathers in the United Kingdom (UK) usually attend the birth and immediate care of their baby. They also have an increasing presence during complicated and preterm childbirth, newborn resuscitation and early neonatal unit(NNU) care. However, there is limited evidence about the effect of these experiences on them. The aim of this study was to gain an understanding of the experiences of fathers encountering these situations. The study consisted of three phases and was undertaken in one National Health Service trust in the UK. Qualitative semi-structured interviews using a phenomenological approach were undertaken with 20 first-time fathers present at the delivery, resuscitation and/or admission of their baby to the NNU. Direct observations were made of 22 normal and complicated deliveries and initial newborn care and qualitative semi-structured interviews using the critical incident approach were undertaken with 37 health care professionals (HCPs). The study generated qualitative and quantitative data that were analysed accordingly. The findings show that most fathers were involved for at least some of the time and often spontaneously initiated their involvement. Their most important need was for information. They were usually more concerned about their partner, irrespective of the baby?s need for resuscitation and NNU care. To facilitate their involvement, fathers needed guidance and support from HCPs, particularly delivery suite midwives. Most HCPs recognised the needs of fathers and ways in which they could be helped to connect with their experience. However, these needs were not always met, usually because of inadequate staffing levels, a lack of resources or a mother-centred philosophy of care. The findings suggest the service often determines the extent to which fathers are involved. It is anticipated that these findings will inform HCP education and training and the development of both policy and health education thereby enhancing the quality of care provision for fathers.


There is a big difference between the opportunistic hunting of bees for their honey and the keeping and managing of bees in order to fully exploit the products of the bees' nest. Bee hunting, as illustrated in various rock art works, goes back to the earliest days of man as a hunter gatherer. The beginnings of beekeeping are harder to date but probably coincide with the changes from nomadic to a more agrarian lifestyle. New discoveries in Israel may shed light on Apiary Beekeeping.


Planar acoustic holography has been well acknowledged as a useful tool to predict whole sound fields in space. In practical applications, however, an insufficient number of microphones has trouble measuring whole holograms, therefore limiting the improvement to construct a better picture of sound. This problem conveys the issue to virtually increase the number of microphones so that it can construct a better, realistic sound field. As one of these measuring techniques, the conventional scanning technique requires a reference and holds the array during the measurement of pressures. Instead, the proposed method measures the hologram continuously by a moving array without a reference. Its basic idea is that the pressure signal of a moving microphone is modulated with the carrier frequency which is the frequency of the sound field. Although this is a time signal, it includes the spatial information of pressure distribution; i.e., hologram, due to a constant moving speed. The bandwidth of modulated signal is d...


In the past two decades, Kenya has witnessed the rapid and unprecedented growth of local, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) within its borders. This trend reflects similar NGO sector growth throughout the developing world. Scholars have attributed the growth of these key civil society actors to an increasingly neoliberal orientation among international donors, an ideology which favors non-state service providers. Yet less research has been done on the state-level reasons for NGO sector growth. This article asks why the NGO sector has grown so rapidly in Kenya. Drawing on the example of HIV/AIDS-focused NGOs, an historical analysis of the proliferation of these organizations is offered. It is found that donor pressures to democratize helped lead to an environment that prompted NGO growth. It is then argued that the Kenyan government's failure to respond quickly to the HIV/AIDS crisis created the political space necessary for local NGOs to establish and grow. Also, democratic reforms increased civil liberties and reduced state harassment of NGOs. At the same time, the New Policy Agenda (NPA) adopted by major international donors led to increased funding opportunities for NGOs. This article contributes to the understanding of civil society development in Kenya by demonstrating that both international and domestic factors worked together to lay the groundwork for Kenya's active community of HIV/AIDS NGOs.


Recent field and experimental research has shown that certain classes of subsurface contaminants can biodegrade at many sites (e.g., Borden. etal. 95, Lovely. etal. 94). A number of factors influence the rate of biodegradation, which helps determine the ultimate extent of contamination. Estimation of degradation rate constants is necessary for determining the impact of contaminants on environmental receptors. The purpose of this note is to show one method for estimating rate constants from field data that relies upon application of a standard solution of a linear ordinary differential equation (ODE).


Two stem cell types are found in the Drosophila ovary, germline stem cells and somatic stem cells. Self-renewal of these cells requires the function of the Hedgehog, bone morphogenic protein (BMP), and Wingless signaling pathways. Xi and Xie now show that two adenosine triphosphate-dependent chromatin remodeling factors, Imitation SWI (ISWI) and DOMINO (DOM), also regulate self-renewal in the Drosophila ovary. DOM is required for somatic stem cell self-renewal, and ISWI is required for germline stem cell self-renewal in response to BMP signaling in the stem cell microenvironment or "niche." Because this type of chromatin remodeling complex is highly conserved, it is likely that chromatin remodeling may play a role in stem cell self-renewal in other organisms. R. Xi, T. Xie, Stem cell self-renewal controlled by chromatin remodeling factors. Science 310, 1487-1489 (2005). [Abstract] [Full Text]


AIM
The objective of this investigation was to assess the performance of an allometric model as the basis for interpolating drug exposure in the context of pharmacokinetic bridging across paediatric subpopulations.

METHODS
Midazolam was selected as a paradigm compound. Two nonlinear mixed effects models were developed to describe midazolam pharmacokinetics in infants, toddlers and adults (model 1) and in children and adolescents (model 2). Subsequently, systemic drug exposure, expressed in terms of the area under the concentration vs. time curve (AUC), in children and adolescents was interpolated based on pharmacokinetic parameter distributions obtained from the model describing infants, toddlers and adults (model 1). Results were compared with the values obtained from modelling of the data in the corresponding population (model 2).

RESULTS
The two pharmacokinetic models accurately described midazolam exposure in the population on which they were built. However, the model based on data from infants, toddlers and adults failed to predict the exposure observed in children and adolescents: the mean difference between the predicted and estimated AUC(0-180) was of -17.8%, with a range of -6.8 to -38.4%.The discrepancy between estimated and interpolated exposure increased proportionally with body weight.

CONCLUSIONS
The current results indicate that irrespective of whether extrapolation or interpolation methods are to be applied during paediatric drug development, model predictions beyond the range of the data used for parameter estimation may be biased. For accurate inter- or extrapolation to different populations, the assumption of identical parameter-covariate correlations across age groups may not be taken for granted.


The CJEU's judgment in Pringle saved the European Stability Mechanism from invalidity. The result was unsurprising, given that the contrary conclusion would have precipitated further crisis in the financial markets. The judgment is nonetheless highly interesting and not merely for those concerned with this aspect of EU law. This is because it contains much that is of more general relevance for the very nature of legal reasoning, and the blend of text, purpose and teleology that informs legal discourse. This article addresses two of the central claims made in the case. The first was that the ESM was in reality concerned with monetary policy and not economic policy and thus fell within the exclusive competence of the EU, with the consequence that the Member States had no capacity to make the ESM. The second and most important aspect of the applicant's argument was that the ESM infringed the rule against bail outs contained in the Lisbon Treaty. The CJEU also rejected this argument. It correctly identified the rationale underlying the no bail out rule, this being to prevent diminution in the incentive for financial probity by the Member States. The Court then concluded that the terms of ESM assistance entailed no such diminution. This conclusion is however problematic as will be seen in the article, and the reality is that result in Pringle can only really be sustained by the addition of a teleogical dimension to the Court's reasoning. A third dimension to the case concerned the ability of the EU institutions to participate in the ESM. Reasons of space mean that this is not examined in any detail in this article. In brief, the CJEU applied prior rulings to the effect that EU institutions are able to participate in agreements made outside the EU legal framework, provided only that they are compatible with EU law, and that the powers accorded to the EU institutions do not alter the essential character of the powers conferred on those institutions by the Treaties. The application of this rule may well have been defensible in relation to the ESM, but it nonetheless raises more general issues of principle and legitimacy that have not been explored. A subsequent article will consider the foundational, procedural and substantive issues posed by this rule.


The effects of leaf toughness, trichome characteristics, nutrient and water availability, and secondary chemistry on diet selection by the leafcutting ant Atta cephalotes were determined using individuals of 49 woody plant species from a tropical deciduous forest in Costa Rica. The palatability of plants was measured by presenting whole leaves to leafcutting ant foragers on trails and counting the number of pieces cut from leaves. The effectiveness of physical barriers to leaf cutting was evaluated by measuring the speed with which ants were able to cut leaves of varying toughness, trichome densities, and trichome lengths. Plant secondary chemistry was highly correlated with the relative palatability of leaves, while palatability was only marginally correlated with trichome characteristics and plant nutritional quality and was uncorrelated with leaf toughness and water content. Highly palatable leaves generally contained hydrolyzable tannins, while most unpalatable leaves possessed nonpolar extracts found to deter leaf cutting in laboratory bioassays. Within the subset of highly palatable plants, leaf protein content was positively correlated with the number of pieces cut, indicating that secondary chemistry and nutrient availability interact to determine palatability. Decreases in plant palatability over time paralleled decreases in protein content. Ant size was the most important variable determining the rate at which ants cut leaves. Trichome characteristics were uncorrelated with the rate at which leaves were cut, while leaf toughness explained a small amount of the variance in cutting rate. The results suggest that leaf toughness and trichome characteristics within the ranges encountered by leafcutting ants in this tropical deciduous forest do not generally deter attack by ants. Instead, the results are consistent with the idea that leafcutting ants use a combination of plant secondary chemistry and nutrient availability to evaluate the quality of leaves.


In the twentieth century, two Nobel-Prize winning economists wrote two seemingly unrelated characterizations of the processes constraining human behavior. One, Ronald Coase, wrote a short article entitled The Nature of the Firm, in which he reduced all managerial decision-making to a choice between making the factors of production, or buying them. This article, and the "make or buy" decision for which it has come to be known, has proven to be among the most seminal in the history of financial economics and organizational behavior. The second economist, Friedrich Hayek, wrote what he thought to be a comprehensive treatment of the approach that ought to be taken to the generation of rules constraining human interaction. This voluminous work, Law, Legislation and Liberty, characterized the creation of legal rules as the product of either spontaneous or planned orders. Hayek argued that spontaneous orders like the common law were more efficient mechanisms for governing human behavior than planned or made orders like legislation. This thesis received a lukewarm reception generally, and in legal circles, virtually no reception at all. This Article demonstrates that Coase and Hayek were actually making the same observation, albeit in different contexts. Hayek's conception of rule-making is, in fact, a specific application of Coase's "make or buy" decision. Common law adjudication, as a retrospective, recurrent, and cumulative spontaneous order, has the ability to make use of more and better information about human interaction than legislation, as a prospective made order, can ever hope to access. Although rules generated through adjudication have been met with mistrust, it is the process that distinguishes informed from under-informed rule-making. The efficient rule generation processes of adjudication may be employed by courts, agencies, or legislatures. Likewise, the less efficient mechanisms of legislation can characterize rule generation by any legal institution, including courts. Properly understood, Hayek and Coase together demonstrate that if courts can be restrained from engaging in legislation, the rules they generate are more likely to promote social welfare than can be accomplished through central planning.


The essay that follows is an effort to take on a narrow but important question in a serious, though limited, way. The question is whether there is a MORAL case for lifting primary responsibility for Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention from the shoulders of those who know they are infected. The question is important because, for many people, it feels so obviously right to require those with HIV to accept this responsibility that punishing them as criminals if they fail to do so seems a natural, logical and entirely fair next step. As far as we can tell, objections to HIV exposure or transmission laws to date have rested on practical, rather than moral concerns. We will ask whether there is a good moral case to be made against criminalisation.There are two important things we will not do. We will not address the use of criminal law to deter or punish people who deliberately expose others to HIV with the aim of causing harm or with callous disregard of a significant risk of transmission. Like other commentators, we regard trying to harm others as wrongful and subject to prosecution regardless of the weapon used; our only concern in such a case, from the HIV perspective, is that a defendant not be punished more harshly only because the chosen weapon was the virus3 The second thing we will not do is attempt a moral analysis that is culturally comprehensive. The people of the world have developed many powerful systems of moral thought. We investigate our moral question within just one, the Western tradition of deontological ethics and liberal political philosophy. Our purpose is not, ultimately, to define for all people and all places a morality of HIV exposure, but to test whether the case for assigning primary moral responsibility for HIV to the person infected is as strong as it is assumed to be.


A 36-year-old man presented with a six week history of progressive ascending weakness. Physical examination showed generalized motor weakness, more severe in the lower extremities (LE), muscle wasting, absent LE reflexes, dysesthesia, and no cranial nerve involvement. Neurologic workup was consistent with acute motor and sensory axonal neuropathy (AMSAN), a variant of Guillain-Barre syndrome. Concomitantly on admission, serum chemistry panel showed a sodium (Na) 115 mmol/L with normal kidney function. Urine showed Na <20 mmol/L, and specific gravity 1.045. Urine osmolality was not available initially. He received IV fluid for volume expansion. The Na did not significantly improve after he became euvolemic. Fluid restriction was then tried with mild improvement. Endocrine work-up ruled out hypothyroidism and adrenal insufficiency. Repeat labs showed serum Na 124 mmol/L, urine Na 191 mmol/L and urine Osm 531 mOsm, and the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) was diagnosed. Our case report suggests that SIADH should be high on the differential diagnosis for hyponatremia in patients with AMSAN, especially in the setting of euvolemia.


HIV research has made rapid progress and led to remarkable achievements in recent decades, the most important of which are combination antiretroviral therapies (cART). However, in the absence of a vaccine, the pandemic continues, and additional strategies are needed. The 'towards an HIV cure' initiative aims to eradicate HIV or at least bring about a lasting remission of infection during which the host can control viral replication in the absence of cART. Cases of spontaneous and treatment-induced control of infection offer substantial hope. Here, we describe the scientific knowledge that is lacking, and the priorities that have been established for research into a cure. We discuss in detail the immunological lessons that can be learned by studying natural human and animal models of protection and spontaneous control of viraemia or of disease progression. In particular, we describe the insights we have gained into the immune mechanisms of virus control, the impact of early virus–host interactions and why chronic inflammation, a hallmark of HIV infection, is an obstacle to a cure. Finally, we enumerate current interventions aimed towards improving the host immune response.


Over the past few decades, the national industry has seen the number of farms decrease with a simultaneous increase in the average farm size. With larger farms and continuously improving farming techniques, the need to increase production and efficiency has affected equipment carrying capacity and completely changed the tools being used. During select seasons, it is common to have single -axle loads on secondary roads and bridges that exceed normal load limits (typical examples are grain carts and manure wagons). Even though these load levels occur only during a short period of time of the year (fall for grain carts and spring for manure wagons), there is concern that they can do significant damage to pavements and bridges. Currently, the only limitation placed upon farm implements is a metric based upon the load per unit width of tire. This metric does not appear to be consistent with the metrics commonly used during design of infrastructure. The objective of the work presented in this report was to perform a synthesis study related to the impacts of heavy agriculture vehicles on Minnesota pavements and bridges and to identify those impacts. The synthesis and associated analyses were completed using metrics that are consistent with engineering design and evaluation concepts. The conclusion of this study validates the years of close observation of highway and bridge engineers that the heavy agricultural loads can cause potential problems in terms of both safety to the traveling public and added costs to the maintenance of the local system of highway infrastructure. Disciplines Civil and Environmental Engineering This report is available at Iowa State University Digital Repository: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/intrans_reports/55


This volume presents the results of archaeological fieldwork undertaken along the River Dee, Aberdeenshire, north-east Scotland, by the Mesolithic Deeside voluntary community archaeology group between 2017 and 2019. A total of 42 fields were investigated, from which over 11,000 lithics were recovered, representing at least 15 archaeological sites and a span of human activity covering some 10,000 years from around 12,000 BC to c 2000 BC. Finds from the Late Upper Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic and Bronze Age were present. Work comprised fieldwalking, test pitting, specialist analysis, and small-scale excavation. The investigation described here is significant not just for the light it throws on the early prehistoric populations along the River Dee but also for the methodology by which investigation was undertaken, as this provides a potential model for work in other areas. Both aspects are covered in the report.
The River Dee flows between postglacial gravel and sand terraces, the structure of which has played an important role for the early settlers of the area, and this is covered in some detail in order to provide the physical background framework for the sites. There are also sections on more specialised geophysical and geoscience techniques where these were undertaken, together with a summary of research on the palaeoenvironmental conditions throughout the millennia of prehistory. The artefactual evidence comprises lithic assemblages which were all catalogued as fieldwork progressed; the contents of each site are presented, together with more detailed analysis of the finds from test pitted sites. Finally, given the rich archaeological record from the area, the results of the present project are set into the wider context of the evidence for prehistoric settlement along the river, and there is consideration of future directions for further fieldwork.
While all authors have contributed to the whole volume, individual sections that present specialist work by specific teams have been attributed. The distribution maps and GIS are the work of Irvine Ross.
Dates given are calibrated BC dates. The Nethermills Farm NM4 dates are calibrated using the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit calibration program OxCal 4 (Bronk Ramsey 2009) and their date ranges are calibrated using the IntCal13 atmospheric calibration curve (Reimer et al 2013). Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) was used to profile sediment accumulations on some of the sites and obtain information relating to site formation, but it was not used for dating in any of the projects.


By the 1990s, East Asia had become one of three core economic regions (along with Europe and North America) that together dominated the world economy, accounting for 25 per cent of world GDP by 1995. East Asia had become the new workshop of the world, the location of fast emerging markets, and a new financial power in the making. Japan had first spearheaded East Asia's economic rise up to the 1990s, and now China has become a major force behind the region's economic momentum. Theses two countries are amongst the world's four largest national economies, but East Asia is also host to the highest concentration of newly industrialized economies (e.g. South Korea, Taiwan Singapore, Thailand, Malaysia) found anywhere in the world. The trade and financial surpluses generated by East Asian countries are second to none. The region accounts for just over a quarter of world trade, production, new technology patents and gross domestic product. It is also the home of some of the world's largest banks and multinational enterprises. East Asia has achieved one of the most profound economic transformations in recorded history. In the 1950s and 1960s, it was a relatively poor developing part of the world, with countries such as Korea having comparable income per capita and development levels on par with many sub-Saharan African states. The region accounted for only 4 per cent of world gross domestic product (GDP) in 1960. In this article, the relation of global market, regionalization and regional conflict is discussed. The role of economic community in emerging market and global market in the East Asia is the section of establishing trade investment liberalization. So, new liberalization is based an economic regionalization and global market. This model is forming is East Asia and APEC region.


Ocean literature is considered one of the trendiest subcategories among Taiwanese literature. Series of researches centered on contemporary ocean literature had brought numerous discussions. While academic articles even dissertations draw attention to the theme, related education often stays elementary. How does this so-called trendiest subcategory of Taiwanese literature stand itself within high school, junior college, or university level? How does it shape readers' habitually routines? Does it alter any individual's thoughts into action?This study was intended to search for possible responds to those topics. Based on circumstances and related restrictions, it centered its subject groups within Pingtong area. 668 designed questioners were distributed among high school and junior college level students. The outcome included preface, evaluation on marine education's past and present stages, analysis of cognition upon ocean literature, and conclusion.Based on this study, compared to internet literature, ocean literature, rose around 1990, seemed not yet having obvious influences upon senior high school students. It showed in spite of the attempts our government undertook to strengthen the educational aspects and authorized portions of ocean literature, yet the ocean literature education, in this case, is still undergo its beginner stage.


This article identifies and illustrates a number of significant tendencies relating to the evolution of perfect formations within the insular Celtic languages. A recurring pattern is discerned by which perfects emerge, are grammaticalised within the verbal system, extend their functional range and are eventually replaced by neological constructions. It is shown that in their functional development, perfect constructions tend to progress from the indication of state (or else perfectivity), to the marking of anteriority, to the expression of simple action. In the process of replacement, there is a propensity for perfects to be initially ousted from their primary function and to be reduced to the marking of previously subsidiary functions. The evolution of perfect formations within Celtic also illustrates the fundamental relationship between the perfect category and the passive voice: there are some indications that the functional extension of the perfect is particularly liable to take place in the passive and perhaps in future passive or non-actual contexts. Furthermore, a structural symbiosis is identified within Celtic between these two categories: those languages (and language stages) which develop perfects based upon the verbal noun also employ verbal-nominal passives, while those which develop perfects constructed on the verbal adjective tend to develop verbal-adjectival passives.


A unilateral carbon tax trades off the distortionary costs of taxation and the future gains from slowing down global warming. Because the cost is local and immediate, whereas the benefit is global and delayed, this tradeoff tends to be unfavorable to unilateral carbon taxes. We show that this logic breaks down in a world with trade and migration where economic geography is shaped by agglomeration economies and congestion forces. Using a multisector dynamic spatial integrated assessment model (S-IAM), this paper predicts that a carbon tax introduced by the European Union (EU) and rebated locally can, if not too large, increase the size of Europe's economy by concentrating economic activity in its high-productivity non-agricultural core and by incentivizing immigration to the EU. The resulting change in the spatial distribution of economic activity improves global efficiency and welfare. A unilateral carbon tax with local rebating introduced by the US generates similar global welfare gains. Other forms of rebating can dilute or revert this positive effect.


Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the adoption of a time-based activity-based costing (ABC) information system in resource planning (ABP) in the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) of England and Wales, a public service organisation in the United Kingdom, for the period of 2000-2005. The aims of the study are to provide a technical review of the ABP application and to explore roles of the ABP system in achieving a "fairer" internal resource allocation and an improved understanding of business processes. Design/methodology/approach – The CPS's experience of adopting an ABP system is explained through the use of a case study involving interviews, observations, work shadowing and archival data over a period of six years, 2000-2005. The longitudinal nature of the study has enabled the researchers to align the outcome of ABP adoption with concurrent organisational changes. Findings – The study reveals that the growing understanding of the intrinsic links between business processes and the ABP information and its rationale, which remains unchanged throughout various phases of organisational changes, has promoted a sense of stability amongst CPS staff members. Practical implications – This study provides an in-depth understanding of the practical use of ABP and its evolving roles in the face of the changing organisational environment. Originality/value – This research discusses the prerequisite of the ABP system, a time-based ABC system, and the evolving roles of ABP from a cost-effective planning tool to a stability mechanism in face of constant organisational changes. This experience is invaluable to companies and practitioners seeking to implement a cost-effective planning tool.


Precision medicine seeks to provide treatment only if, when, to whom, and at the dose it is needed. Thus, precision medicine is a vehicle by which healthcare can be made both more effective and efficient. Individualized treatment rules operationalize precision medicine as a map from current patient information to a recommended treatment. An optimal individualized treatment rule is defined as maximizing the mean of a pre‐specified scalar outcome. However, in settings with multiple outcomes, choosing a scalar composite outcome by which to define optimality is difficult. Furthermore, when there is heterogeneity across patient preferences for these outcomes, it may not be possible to construct a single composite outcome that leads to high‐quality treatment recommendations for all patients. We simultaneously estimate the optimal individualized treatment rule for all composite outcomes representable as a convex combination of the (suitably transformed) outcomes. For each patient, we use a preference elicitation questionnaire and item response theory to derive the posterior distribution over preferences for these composite outcomes and subsequently derive an estimator of an optimal individualized treatment rule tailored to patient preferences. We prove that as the number of subjects and items on the questionnaire diverge, our estimator is consistent for an oracle optimal individualized treatment rule wherein each patient's preference is known a priori. We illustrate the proposed method using data from a clinical trial on antipsychotic medications for schizophrenia.


Ubiquitous-computing environments are heterogeneous and volatile in nature. Systems that support ubicomp applications must be self-managed, to reduce human intervention. In this paper, we present a general service that helps distributed software components to manage their dependencies. Our service proactively monitors the liveness of components and recovers them according to supplied policies. Our service also tracks the state of components, on behalf of their dependents, and may automatically select components for the dependent to use based on evaluations of customized functions. We believe that our approach is flexible and abstracts away many of the complexities encountered in ubicomp environments. In particular, we show how we applied the service to manage dependencies of context-fusion operators and present some experimental results.


Detecting differential activation of transcription factors (TFs) in response to perturbation provides insight into cellular processes. Transcription Factor Enrichment Analysis (TFEA) is a robust and reliable computational method that detects differential activity of hundreds of TFs given any set of perturbation data. TFEA draws inspiration from GSEA and detects positional motif enrichment within a list of ranked regions of interest (ROIs). As ROIs are typically inferred from the data, we also introduce muMerge, a statistically principled method of generating a consensus list of ROIs from multiple replicates and conditions. TFEA is broadly applicable to data that informs on transcriptional regulation including nascent (eg. PRO-Seq), CAGE, ChIP-Seq, and accessibility (e.g. ATAC-Seq). TFEA not only identifies the key regulators responding to a perturbation, but also temporally unravels regulatory networks with time series data. Consequently, TFEA serves as a hypothesis-generating tool that provides an easy, rigorous, and cost-effective means to broadly assess TF activity yielding new biological insights.


This much-needed update to the bestselling guide on the extensive changes to the local area networks (LAN) switching technologies explains why LAN switching technologies are critical to network design. This in-depth guide covers the capabilities, application, and design of LAN switches and switched internetworks and examines the significant changes that have taken place since the publication of the first edition seven years ago. Youre sure to appreciate the witty writing style and easy-to-follow format on such an often-complicated subject matter.


High prolactin levels during breast-feeding, is recognized to influence metabolism in order to supply glucose and fat for milk production. Pathologic overproduction of prolactin, hyperprolactinemia, is a condition primarily associated with reproductive disorders; however, the metabolic impact of elevated prolactin indicates that these parameters might be considered in clinical management of the condition. Prolactin receptors have previously not been demonstrated in human adipose tissue, and prolactinrelated effects in adipose tissue, therefore, were regarded as indirect. This thesis focuses on the demonstration of prolactin receptors in human adipose tissue, and the metabolic function of prolactin stimulation in vitro and in vivo. We have demonstrated the expression of four prolactin receptor isoforms in human adipose tissue, the L-, I-, s1a- and s1b-prolactin receptors. Prolactin stimulation of cultured human adipose tissue in vitro was found to reduce lipoprotein lipase activity, and thereby likely diminishes the ability for fat uptake. Furthermore, lipogenic parameters such as glucose transporter 4 expression and malonyl-CoA concentration in the cultured adipose tissue were also found to be suppressed by prolactin. The insulin-sensitizing hormone adiponectin is secreted from adipose tissue, and prolactin stimulation during culture suppressed adiponectin secretion. These results were confirmed in female prolactin transgenic mice, which were observed to have suppressed adiponectin serum levels. The effects of prolactin were further investigated in an initiated study of hyperprolactinemic women in vivo. By using indirect calorimetry, these women were demonstrated to have a decreased fat oxidation. Based on the results of this thesis and other studies, there are indications that prolactin could be a potent and specific regulator of several metabolic processes. The regulation of nutrient flux is important to maintain a balanced metabolism. The metabolic effects in hyperprolactinemia are often overlooked in clinical practice, but we find further investigations motivated in order to clarify the magnitude of metabolic effects in hyperprolactinemia.


Many studies on the effect of codetermination at company-level reveal its significant influence on wage levels within companies. However, does this effect at the micro-level result in higher income equality at the macro-level as well?A cross-sectional regression analysis of data on EU and OECD countries will be used to test for the codetermination's effect on income distribution. Assessing the impact of codetermination, a new index on codetermination strength will be introduced, combining the scope of codetermination rights with the threshold of codetermination laws. The results suggest a significant negative impact on the Gini index which indicates that codetermination rights lead to higher income equality.


There are many different techniques and notations for extracting architecturally interesting information from the source code of existing software systems. This process is known as reverse engineering. One current problem with reverse engineering techniques is that models of software systems cannot easily be transferred from one notation and storage format to another. We refer to this as the problem of bridging technical spaces. In this work, we approach the issue of bridging between the SWAG technical space and the UML technical space. The SWAG technical space, named after the Software Architecture Group at the University of Waterloo, consists of fact extractors, fact manipulators, schemas, and a fact storage language the Tuple-Attribute language (TA). The UML technical space consists of the UML metamodel, the XML Metadata Interchange (XMI) format for encoding UML models, and various UML modeling tools. We have designed and implemented a plugin for MagicDraw UML, which will import, export, and merge between XMI-encoded UML models and TA-encoded Function-Level Schema models. We document evidence of what is referred to as a bridge domain a technical space which exists between two encodable spaces. The metamodels of the two notation languages that we have focused on are very rich and flexible, but neither technical space is capable of fully expressing an accurate architectural model of any given software system; however, each technical space is capable of maintaining certain semantic information relevant to that technical space through multiple merge operations.


This study presents the long-term exhumation history of the Wrangellia composite terrane of the remote and ice-covered northern St. Elias Mountains in southwest Yukon, northwest British Columbia, and adjacent Alaska. Detrital zircon and apatite fission-track age distributions are presented from 21 glacial catchments. The detrital sampling approach allows for a large spatial coverage (∼30,000 km 2 ) and access to material eroded beneath the ice. An additional five bedrock samples were dated by zircon fission-track analysis for a comparison with detrital results. Our new thermochronology data record the Late Jurassic–mid-Cretaceous accretion of the Wrangellia composite terrane to the former North American margin and magmatism, which reset the older thermal record. The good preservation of the Jurassic–Cretaceous record suggests that Cenozoic erosion must have been limited overall. Nonetheless, Eocene spreading-ridge subduction and Oligocene–Neogene cooling in response to the ongoing Yakutat flat-slab subduction are evident in the study area despite its inboard position from the active plate boundary. The results further indicate an area of rapid exhumation at the northern end of the Fairweather fault ca. 10–5 Ma; this area is bounded by discrete, unmapped structures. The area of rapid exhumation shifted southwest toward the plate boundary and the center of the St. Elias syntaxis after 5 Ma. Integrating the new data with published detrital thermochronology from the southern St. Elias Mountains reveals an evolving concentration of deformation and exhumation, possibly within a large-scale, transpressional structure providing important constraints for geodynamic models of syntaxes.


Unlike forward contact tracing, backward contact tracing identifies the source of newly detected cases. This approach is particularly valuable when there is high individual-level variation in the number of secondary transmissions. By using a simple branching process model, we explored the potential of combining backward contact tracing with more conventional forward contact tracing for control of COVID-19.


Gallica, the digital library of the Bibliothèque Nationale de France, was launched in 1997. The library contains almost five million documents (manuscripts, books, journals, newspapers, maps, iconographic documents, and recordings), many of which are connected to Latin America, offering rich perspectives on the relationships between France and Latin American countries across the centuries. The many travel narratives, testimonies, essays, photographs, and maps available provide rich insight into French perception of Latin America from the early 16th century to the mid-20th century. Although Gallica's collection of manuscripts on Latin America is not plentiful, one of its main goals is to provide easy access to rare French books printed centuries ago, of which not many copies are available today and which are rarely present in other digital libraries. The richest collection is probably on Brazil, since Gallica has organized a special collection titled "France-Brésil" which provides access to the rich personal collection of books and manuscripts of the first French historian of Brazil, Ferdinand Denis (1798–1890), among other treasures. Gallica has undeniable value for researchers specialized in Latin American history, although working on its collections requires at least reading proficiency in French as the vast majority of the accessible resources are in French.


Purpose

Through examining the two constructs of inter-organizational complementarity and inter-organizational compatibility in supply chains, the purpose of this paper is to develop a taxonomy of focal firms' inter-organizational fit (IOF) configurations with their suppliers and customers, and examine the relationship between these configurations and environmental innovation (EI) in order to answer the question of "with whom" to collaborate for EI development.

Design/methodology/approach

A survey instrument was elaborated and data from a sample of 171 US firms were collected. The authors adopted cluster analysis to identify the IOF taxonomy. Canonical discriminant analysis was employed to uncover underlying dimensions between clustering variables and cluster membership. Then, ANOVA tests were conducted to investigate relationships between IOF configurations in the context of EI in supply chains.

Findings

Three configurations were identified based on the complementarity and compatibility between focal firms and their supply chain partners. It is observed that the overall IOF level is positively related to firms' EI outcomes. Moreover, inter-organizational complementarity facilitates incremental EI while inter-organizational compatibility plays a more crucial role in radical EI. Both are required to achieve the best innovation outcome.

Originality/value

This research develops the first taxonomy for depicting IOF in a supply chain innovation context and also clarifies different rationale behind the development of incremental and radical EI through examining distinctive effects of the complementarity and compatibility with supply chain partners.


Title of Dissertation: A QUALITATIVE STUDY OF CHARACTERISTICS, COMPETENCIES, AND STRATEGIES OF TRANSITION STAFF WORKING WITH URBAN LATINO/A YOUTH WITH DISABILITIES Omayra Muñoz-Lorenzo, Doctor of Philosophy, 2012 Dissertation Directed by: Dr. Ellen Fabian Department of Counseling, Higher and Special Education The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore characteristics, compete ncies, and strategies of transition program employment representatives who attain s uccessful employment outcomes for urban Latino/a youths with disabilities. This study employed in-depth interviewing as a method of data collection. The central research que stion guiding the study was: What factors are characteristic of employe r representatives who achieved successful transition outcomes with urban youth with disabilities who participated in a multi-site vocational intervention? In addition, the following sub questions were investigated: (a) Which specific characteristics and perc eptions of employment representatives are associated with successful job attainm ent for urban youths with disabilities? (b) What competencies of employment represent ativ s are associated with successful job attainment for urban Latino/a youths with disa bilities? (c) What job development strategies are associated with successful job attainme n for urban youths with disabilities? Data collection involved two main sources of information: (a) secondary analyses of the national Bridges Program database, which includes information about employment representatives and the outcomes they achieved for students they served; and (b) in-depth structured individual interviews with 15 Bridges employer representatives. P articipants were a diverse sample from six different sites of the Bridges School-toWork program. The data were analyzed using the method developed by Thomas (2006) and similar to t he Miles and Huberman (1994) steps of data reduction, data displays, and conclusion drawing/verification. The analysis yielded nine staff-related fact ors influencing successful outcomes for Latino/a youths with disabilities participating i n Bridges Schoolto-Work program. These categories were labeled: (a) high level of commi tment, (b) instilling-hope, (c) entrepreneurial skills, (d) cultural sensitivity (s kills and knowledge), (e) awareness of youth needs and challenges, (f) networking and relationship bui lding, (g) teamwork, (h) on-going support, and (i) family systems focus. This study contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of the staff characteristics, competenc ies, a d strategies associated with the successful transition outcomes for Latino/ a youth with


The global acceptance of solar and wind resources for power generation has continued to increase due to the fluctuation of world oil and gas prices, recent advances in technology, high prices of fossil fuels, no direct greenhouse gas emission from solar and wind resources and government policies to support utilisation of renewable energy resources (RESs). In recent times, RESs have become a potential alternative to supply electricity to the rural communities where the extension of transmission and distribution lines is difficult due to technical and financial barriers. In view of this, this study deals with the optimisation of net present cost (NPC), fuel cost, operation cost and cost of energy (COE) of the hybrid system which consists of photovoltaic (PV), wind turbine generator (WTG), diesel generator and battery storage system. A hybrid power system is designed in this research work to serve a remote community. The optimisation of the key performance indicators of the proposed hybrid power system is done by using the hybrid optimisation model for electric renewable (HOMER). The results obtained from this research work are analysed to select the best options among the available configurations based on the lowest NPC and COE produced by each configuration. The simulation results from several case studies show that incorporation of PV and WTG have reduced the operating cost of the system.


This exploratory randomised controlled trial examined the effectiveness of a novel short messaging service intervention underpinned by the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) in improving insulin administration in young adults with type 1 diabetes and the role of moderating variables. Those in the intervention condition (N = 8) received one daily text message underpinned by TPB constructs: Attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control and intention. Those in the control condition (N = 10) received weekly general health messages. Self-reported insulin administration was the main outcome measure; conscientiousness and consideration of future consequences (CFC) were measured as potential moderators. Analyses of covariance revealed no main effects of condition for morning and afternoon injections but a marginally significant effect for evening injections (p = .08). This main effect was qualified by significant interactions of condition with conscientiousness (p = .001), CFC (p = .007) and a three-way interaction among condition, conscientiousness and CFC (p = .009). Exploration of the interactions indicated the intervention significantly improved evening injection rates only in the low conscientiousness and low CFC groups. This effect was particularly strong among those low in both conscientiousness and CFC. Further investigation is warranted, using more objective measures of insulin adherence in a larger sample.


Effectively communicating designs to stakeholders or end users is a critical step in the design process yet can be a difficult challenge for engineers. Prototypes are unique tools that can enhance communication between these two groups, as prototypes are physical manifestations of the designer's mental model. Previous work has demonstrated that novice designers often struggle to use prototypes as communication tools. We argue that it is critical that engineering students learn to fully leverage prototypes, and thus the current work sought to understand the relationship between argumentation, prototyping, and design decisions. In order to understand the communication patterns of novice designers during a prototyping task, a controlled study was conducted with a total of 46 undergraduate engineering students. The analysis of quantitative and qualitative data point to the intricate linkages between how students make material decisions and how they justify those decisions.


The New Deal is often said to represent a sea change in American constitutional history, overturning a century of precedent to permit an expanded federal government, increased regulation of the economy, and eroded property protections. John Compton offers a surprising revision of this familiar narrative, showing that nineteenth-century evangelical Protestants, not New Deal reformers, paved the way for the most important constitutional developments of the twentieth century.Following the great religious revivals of the early 1800s, American evangelicals embarked on a crusade to eradicate immorality from national life by destroying the property that made it possible. Their cause represented a direct challenge to founding-era legal protections of sinful practices such as slavery, lottery gambling, and buying and selling liquor. Although evangelicals urged the judiciary to bend the rules of constitutional adjudication on behalf of moral reform, antebellum judges usually resisted their overtures. But after the Civil War, American jurists increasingly acquiesced in the destruction of property on moral grounds.In the early twentieth century, Oliver Wendell Holmes and other critics of laissez-faire constitutionalism used the judiciary's acceptance of evangelical moral values to demonstrate that conceptions of property rights and federalism were fluid, socially constructed, and subject to modification by democratic majorities. The result was a progressive constitutional regime--rooted in evangelical Protestantism--that would hold sway for the rest of the twentieth century.


This article investigates the mediatization of neo-Paganism by analyzing how Estonian witches use Facebook groups and Messenger and how Facebook's affordances shape the neo-Paganism practiced in those spaces. This is a small-scale exploratory study based on ethnographic interviews and observational data. To understand the mediatization of neo-Paganism, we use the communicative figurations model which suggests three layers of analysis: framing, actors, and communicative practices. For a more granular understanding of these three on social media, we rely on the framework of affordances. We found that social media neo-Paganism is (1) characterized by networked eclecticism; (2) enacted by witches who amass authority by successfully using social media affordances; and (3) consists of practices and rituals that are preferred by seekers, easily transferable to social media settings and validated by Facebook algorithms. Social media neo-Paganism thus is a negotiation between authoritative witches, seekers, and platform affordances that validate some practices over others.


In this paper a Guided Tabu Search (GTS) is utilized for optimal nodal ordering of finite element models (FEMs) leading to small profile for the stiffness matrices of the models. The search strategy is accelerated and a graph-theoretical approach is used as guidance. The method is evaluated by minimization of graph matrices pattern equivalent to stiffness matrices of finite element models. Comparison of the results with those of some powerful methods, confirms the robustness of the algorithm.


This paper describes an expectation propagation (EP) method for multi-class classification with Gaussian processes that scales well to very large datasets. In such a method the estimate of the log-marginal-likelihood involves a sum across the data instances. This enables efficient training using stochastic gradients and mini-batches. When this type of training is used, the computational cost does not depend on the number of data instances $N$. Furthermore, extra assumptions in the approximate inference process make the memory cost independent of $N$. The consequence is that the proposed EP method can be used on datasets with millions of instances. We compare empirically this method with alternative approaches that approximate the required computations using variational inference. The results show that it performs similar or even better than these techniques, which sometimes give significantly worse predictive distributions in terms of the test log-likelihood. Besides this, the training process of the proposed approach also seems to converge in a smaller number of iterations.


In its fourth year the minitrack on Value Webs again attracted several diverse and interesting submissions. Value Webs consist of networks of partners who collaborate within different stages of interlinked value chains enabled by ICT. They form a basis for establishing a new interdisciplinary research field. Diffusion of Internet, web services as well as deployment of mobile and pervasive technologies result in both industry wide and organizational transformations with far reaching micro- and macro economic effects. These transformations are triggered by pervasive ICT infrastructures, and new products and services that enable sustained product- and process-innovations. Examples of such innovations include Zero Latency Business, Mass Customisation, Enterprise Application Integration, Collaborative Supply Chain Management, Mobile Commerce, and Customer Integration in product development and distribution. Each one of them echoes deep changes that the Internet and Mobile Technologies are creating in that Internet and Mobile Technologies affect now all facets of production, distribution and usage of information goods and significantly transform development-, production- and distribution of physical goods.


OBJECTIVE
This study aimed to develop and evaluate a scenario-based nutrition literacy (NL) online program for Taiwanese college students.

DESIGN
A randomised pilot trial design was used in this study.

SETTING
The study was conducted in a university in Taiwan. The intervention consisted of a five-unit web-based NL program including videos of real-life scenario-based stories, situational analysis teaching, and after-unit quizzes. Theme-related website information and smartphone apps (both iOS and Android systems) were offered for reference in every unit. The NL measure consisted of a self-rated scale, a scenario-based test, and a healthy-eating behaviour survey. Paired sample t-tests and ANCOVA were performed to test the effects on NL and healthy eating behaviour.

PARTICIPANTS
Participants were ninety-eight students, with a retention rate of 98%. The ratio of men to women was 0.2:1. Most students were freshmen (48%).

RESULTS
Compared with the control group, the experimental group showed significant post-intervention improvements in the NL and healthy eating behaviours after controlling for pretest scores.

CONCLUSIONS
This pilot study offers preliminary evidence of the potential positive effects of implementing a scenario-based NL online program for college students. It offers a possibly novel strategy to enhance health-promoting behaviours in Taiwanese universities. Further research with larger sample sizes and more rigorous designs is warranted to confirm and build upon these initial findings.


Spectra of identified charged hadrons are measured in pPb collisions with the CMS detector at the LHC at √ sN N = 5.02 TeV. Charged pions, kaons, and protons in the transverse-momentum range pT ≈ 0.1–1.7 GeV/c and laboratory rapidity |y| < 1 are identified via their energy loss in the silicon tracker. The average pT increases with particle mass and the charged multiplicity of the event. The increase of the average pT with charged multiplicity is greater for heavier hadrons. Comparisons to Monte Carlo event generators reveal that Epos Lhc, which incorporates additional hydrodynamic evolution of the created system, is able to reproduce most of the data features, unlike Hijing and Ampt. The pT spectra and integrated yields are also compared to those measured in pp and PbPb collisions at various energies. The average transverse momentum and particle ratio measurements indicate that particle production at LHC energies is strongly correlated with event particle multiplicity.


This thesis is structured into four sections. The first section is a brief statement on the choice of the text chosen for the purpose of translation. Ityala Lamawele is one of the old and classic Xhosa texts and after seeing some translated texts either from Xhosa to English or English to Xhosa such as Uhambo Lomhambi (The Pilgrim's Progress) Ingqumbo Yeminyanya (The Wrath ofthe Ancestors), Akusekho Konwaba (No Longer at Ease) and having not seen any translation of Ityala Lamawele, I felt an attempt at translating Ityala Lamawele was long overdue. This first section also looks at the theoretical aspects of translation that will inform the translation of ltyala Lamawele. The second section is the actual translation (the process and the product) of selected extracts which deal specifically and exclusively with the case of the twins. Though the translation of the whole text is not a remote possibility or consideration, for the purpose of this thesis, selected extracts will be dealt with. The third section of this thesis is the reflection on and the discussion of the choices I have made. This section looks at the process of translating ltyala Lamawele , the challenges and obstacles that I have come across, the way I have put and expressed issues and why.


We provide an algorithmic framework for structured sparse recovery which unifies combinatorial optimization with the non-smooth convex optimization framework by Nesterov [1, 2]. Our algorithm, dubbed Nesterov iterative hard-thresholding (NIHT), is similar to the algebraic pursuits (ALPS) in [3] in spirit: we use the gradient information in the convex data error objective to navigate over the non convex set of structured sparse signals. While ALPS feature a priori approximation guarantees, we were only able to provide an online approximation guarantee for NIHT (e.g., the guarantees require the algorithm execution). Experiments show however that NIHT can empirically outperform ALPS and other state-of-the-art convex optimization-based algorithms in sparse recovery.


Background/Context Ensuring a safe learning environment for every student at school is a major responsibility of educators, school administrators, and policy makers in our society. Students' fear associated with school violence affects their school attendance, learning motivation, and academic achievement. Although predictors of adults' fear of crimes have been studied extensively in the field of criminology, only a small number of studies have been conducted to examine the school and teacher factors associated with students' fear of school violence. Objectives The objectives of this study are (1) to examine the characteristics of students who fear being victimized by school violence and (2) to examine teacher and school characteristics associated with students' fear. Research Design This study is based on a secondary analysis of the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) data collected from a nationally representative sample of 2,787 15-year-olds in 111 schools in the United States. Findings/Results The study found that low achievers reported a higher level of fear of school violence than high achievers. In addition, classroom disorder and a lower level of school mean parental education level were associated with a higher level of fear, and students' sense of belonging and student–teacher bonding were associated with a lower level of fear. Low academic achievement and a weak sense of student belonging at school were the two strongest predictors of students' fear. Conclusions/Recommendations It is important for school administrators and teachers to focus on developing a sense of school community and maintaining orderly and effective classroom environments. Teachers play an important role in developing a close and trusting relationship with students, providing meaningful learning and social activities for students to strengthen their sense of belonging at school, and developing caring and effective classroom environments. School administrators should provide support to teachers and develop a school climate that promotes a sense of school community among students through involving students and their family members in important school decision-making processes.


Most people in Gujarat prefer vegetarian diets. Their protein requirement is derived from pulses, vegetables, and various milk products. However, tuar dal (pigeonpea) is, by far, the most popular and cheap source of protein in their diets. The state produces 2.4 lakh tonnes of pigeonpea annually, but this quantity is insufficient to meet the ever increasing domestic needs. Since the scope of increasing pigeonpea area in the state is limited, the emphasis is now centered on increasing its productivity. In this context, the recently developed CMS-based hybrid pigeonpea technology has shown a promise and hybrids such as ICPH 4506, ICPH 4503, ICPH 4502 and ICPH 4429 have demonstrated >50% yield advantage over the popular cultivars. The commercial hybrid seed production technology was successfully tested for over two years and, on average, yield of about 1000 kg/ha has been recorded. This paper summarizes the successful joint efforts made byICRISAT and Biogene Agritech, Ahmedabad (a private seed company) in developing and testing the first ever white-seeded high-yielding, and wilt and sterility mosaic disease resistant pigeonpea hybrid for Gujarat.


Abstract Since the early 1980s organic agriculture has undergone enormous growth and innovation in the US and throughout the world. Some observers have pointed to the US Department of Agriculture's 1980 Report and Recommendations on Organic Farming as having provided the catalyst for many of these developments. It is important, however, to understand how the evolving character of organic ideology during the 1960s and 1970s helped lay the foundation for moving organic agriculture onto the US governmental agenda in the early 1980s. We explore these and other contextual factors surrounding the USDA Report's release, including its methods, findings and recommendations, and both positive and negative reactions, as well as those factors that led to the Report's declining influence by the decade's end. The need for agricultural sustainability has played an important role in shaping, not only the path of organic agriculture in the US but also the overall politics of American agriculture. Legislative efforts to support organic agriculture have evolved along with this altered policy environment and are considered here within the broader context of the politics of sustainable agriculture. Next, we consider the organic industry's transition from a privately managed enterprise to the pivotal role now played by the federal government in the administration of the National Organic Program. Calls to move 'beyond organic' are also examined. Finally, we explore the impact of sustainable agriculture, agricultural research and farm structure upon the future of organic agriculture in the US. The politics within these three interrelated domains of public agricultural policy will likely bear heavily upon the future of organic farming and the organic industry as a whole.


The UAE's evolution from first foundations to the country that it is today as well as the vision it holds for the future is masterfully shaped by the Government's determination to the innovation agenda coupled with the passion and active participation of the private sector in the UAE. This article looks into the innovation drivers, major milestones, accomplishments of this relatively young yet highly achieving country and provides insights others can gain from. The article also highlights considerations for all countries in the Middle East region to reflect on in terms of 1) acting fast to keep up with the pace required for innovation, 2) being flexible, adapting to change and learning from failure, 3) being open for the wisdom of the crowds as well as partnerships and collaborations, and finally 4) getting on and following through the implementation of the innovation agenda.


The immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif-containing FcγRIIb modulates immune function on multiple cell types including B cells, monocytes/macrophages, and dendritic cells. The promoter for the human FCGR2B is polymorphic, and the less frequent 2B.4 promoter haplotype is associated with the autoimmune phenotype of systemic lupus erythematosus. In the present study, we demonstrate that the 2B.4 promoter haplotype of FCGR2B has increased binding capacity for GATA4 and Yin-Yang1 (YY1) transcription factors in both B lymphocytes and monocytes, and that overexpression of GATA4 or YY1 enhances the FCGR2B promoter activity. The 2B.4 haplotype leads to elevated expression of the endogenous receptor in heterozygous donors by ≈1.5-fold as assessed on EBV-transformed cells, primary B lymphocytes, and CD14+ monocytes. This increased expression accentuates the inhibitory effect of FcγRIIb on B cell Ag receptor signaling, measured by Ca2+ influx and cell viability in B cells. Our results indicate that transcription factors GATA4 and YY1 are involved in the regulation of FcγRIIb expression, and that the expression variants of FcγRIIb lead to altered cell signaling, which may contribute to autoimmune pathogenesis in humans.


Counterfactual statements describe events that did not or cannot take place. We consider the problem of counterfactual detection (CFD) in product reviews. For this purpose, we annotate a multilingual CFD dataset from Amazon product reviews covering counterfactual statements written in English, German, and Japanese languages. The dataset is unique as it contains counterfactuals in multiple languages, covers a new application area of e-commerce reviews, and provides high quality professional annotations. We train CFD models using different text representation methods and classifiers. We find that these models are robust against the selectional biases introduced due to cue phrase-based sentence selection. Moreover, our CFD dataset is compatible with prior datasets and can be merged to learn accurate CFD models. Applying machine translation on English counterfactual examples to create multilingual data performs poorly, demonstrating the language-specificity of this problem, which has been ignored so far.