An understanding of machining process fluids (types, compositions, operational conditions, lubricating and cleaning effect) is important for maximizing machining process efficiency by reducing heat generation, improving surface roughness, stabilizing the machining process, and increasing the operating life. Contamination by bacteria or even fungi is the weak point of these liquids. The uninhibited growth of bacteria may lead to poor lubricating properties and higher material oxidization; moreover, the presence of endotoxins in a shop floor atmosphere is the consequence of bacterial activity. Thus, biocide chemicals are added to process fluids in order to prevent the bacterial growth. The biocides maintain the efficiency of the process fluids; however, they are injurious to the operators (potential carcinogenic compounds). Natural nanoadditives are a modern way of increasing the biocidal effects. Nanoadditives added to the process fluids have a positive effect on the machining process by reducing the friction coefficient resulting in a reduction of wear of the cutting tool. Nanoadditives can also enhance the bactericidal effect by reducing bacterial respiratory rates and viability.


In everyday life, humans and most animals need to navigate in their environment, which produces multiple sources of perceptual information, such as locomotor cues (i.e. proprioceptive, efference copy and vestibular cues) and optic flow. However, few studies focused on the role of the visual consequences of walking (bob, sway, and lunge head motion) on self-motion perception. In a previous study, in which static observers were confronted to a visual simulation of forward motion, we have shown that adding rhythmical components to an optic flow pattern improved the accuracy of subjects' travelled distance estimations, in comparison with a purely translational flow. These results were attributable to the fact that oscillations may increase the global retinal motion and thus improve vection. Another hypothesis was that, walking step frequency being a significant cue in speed perception, visual consequences of step frequency might be at the origin of better estimations.To test this, we used the same experimental procedure in which observers, immersed inside a 4-sided CAVE, had to indicate when they thought they had reached a previously seen target. We tested whether different oscillation frequencies would affect the perception of distance travelled. Observers were confronted with 4 conditions of optic flows simulating forward self-motion. The first condition was generated by purely translational optic flow, at constant speed. The three other conditions of flows were vertical triangular oscillations with three kinds of frequencies added to linear forward motion, at the same forward speed. Results show that two groups can be distinguished. Regarding the first group, as in the previous study, adding rhythmic components improves the perception of distance travelled. For the second group, the higher the frequency, the earlier the answers, suggesting that these subjects related the oscillation frequency to their step frequency and perceived themselves as moving faster.


Problem When poverty in Uganda deepened due to the miseries and destabilization caused by economic mismanagement, turbulent politics, and the incessant civil wars in Uganda up to 1985, all public, private, and religious organizations were adversely affected. At the end of 1985, conditions in the Seventh-day Adventist church were characterized by massive poverty among its rural membership, a slow church-growth annual rate of 4.9 percent--the lowest tithe per capita in the Eastern Africa Division (EAD)--and the lowest remuneration scales for pastors in the EAD. In 1986, an indigenous, grassroots organization sprouted in the SDA church under the leadership of a young pastor, James Kaggya. The Integrated Grassroots Development Agency (GRIDA), as it later became known, was established for the purpose of addressing the problem of slow church growth in the SDA church and of widespread poverty in the country. These objectives were accomplished (1) by mobilizing, training, equipping, and empowering lay members to participate in evangelism, church planting, and church construction, (2) by improving the quality of life of poor people in the church and in community by using participatory planning skills and training, to empower participants to plan and execute their own self-help development projects, using locally available resources. Great emphasis was placed on empowering church members (the "grassroots") to stop looking for help from outside but to instead exploit whatever resources were available to them, towards becoming self-reliant. They could accomplish this as individuals or as groups (Action Teams) This study analyzed the effectiveness and efficiency of GRIDA in achieving its goals, and the challenges it encountered in implementing its programs. Method I reviewed all the available literature on GRIDA, visited several grassroots projects, and held unstructured interviews with officers and participants of. GRIDA. Findings were analyzed in light of GRIDA's stated goals and also in the generally accepted church-growth and development principles. The Results The study found that, in general, GRIDA has been effective in achieving at least some of its initial goals. The most tangible objectives, such as increased lay participation in church affairs, substantial church growth through lay participation using grassroots methods, and the proliferation of self-help development projects using local resources, have been attained. However, the program has suffered from lack of sustainability. Many of the new members reverted for lack of nurturing, and several communal projects were never completed. This was due to organizational and methodological challenges. Conclusions Follow-up, disciple-making, and institutional development principles were recommended to GRIDA. If they are implemented, GRIDA will revolutionize the SDA church in Uganda. The potential of GRIDA on the basis of what has been realized is tremendous. It remains to be unlocked and released.


A hyperbolic polynomial (HP) is a real univariate polynomial with all roots real. By Descartes' rule of signs a HP with all coefficients nonvanishing has exactly $c$ positive and exactly $p$ negative roots counted with multiplicity, where $c$ and $p$ are the numbers of sign changes and sign preservations in the sequence of its coefficients. For $c=1$ and $2$, we discuss the question: When the moduli of all the roots of a HP are arranged in the increasing order on the real half-line, at which positions can be the moduli of its positive roots depending on the positions of the sign changes in the sequence of coefficients?


The computer programming knowledge requires high level problem solving skills. Complexity of programming language and the learning attributes, control focus, thought processes and individual differences like individual innovativeness characteristics (IIC), have an influence on the success of the students in programming. One of the methods in which information and communication technologies are utilized to secure student participation and retain learning is the blended learning method. The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of the introduction to programming course which is designed by web-based blended learning method on the academic successes and contentment of the students with different individual innovative characteristics. The results of the research have indicated that the execution of the course with web-based online learning instruments, has positively impacted the academic success and motivation of the students. One other finding is that there are meaningful deviations between the pretest- posttest success scores within each group whose individual innovative characteristics are being pioneering, questioning and skeptical. Furthermore the analysis results have indicated that there is no meaningful difference between the three individual innovative with regards to achievement test.


The paper deals with safety and reliability assessment as an integral part of the development process for modern aviation products with potentially critical functions. Focus is on digital engine control units, their development process and tools offering potential savings in otherwise time demanding and expensive safety assessment processes. The paper shows application of several approaches, which together form an innovative way for safety assessment of aerospace products (otherwise strictly limited by regulation procedures). It is focused on practical ways towards reduction of development costs during safety assessment, which do not compromise its comprehensiveness. Described approaches are based on experience from development of numerous aerospace products in last nearly 20 years. As an addition, possibility to further enhance the proposed innovative effect classification by application of FMECA was shown. Possible methods for quantitative assessment using Fuzzy logic and/or multiple-criteria decision analysis were discussed.


The paper studies the relation between globalization, inequality and marginalization, within and across nations. It reviews the existing evidence on globalization and global inequality and argues, using a simple theoretical model, that the two are inter-connected. It discusses policy alternative policies to counter extreme poverty and inequality. The paper takes the view that curbing these, even within one country, requires global, cross-country policies that we do not currently have, and advocates the setting up of an international initiative to coordinate such policies.


Through an analysis of Little Mr. Thimblefinger and His Queer Country (1894) by Joel Chandler Harris and The Conjure Woman and Other Conjure Tales (1899) by Charles Chesnutt, this essay attempts to account for a late nineteenth-century genre termed the queer fantastic. In so doing, it suggests that in the late nineteenth century, the term queer, as a signifier of distorted time, became central to debates over race and the nature of folkloric belonging.


In order to provide credible and valid simulation results it is important to built simulation models that accurately represent the environments were ad hoc networks will be deployed. Recent research results have shown that there is a disparity of 30% between protocol performance in real test beds and the one in simulation environments. In this paper we summarize the recent trends on the simulation models for ad hoc networks. First, we provide a survey of the synthetic and real traffic models used in ad hoc network simulation studies. Second, we select a representative of the most used mobility synthetic model, the real pedestrian mobility model, and the real vehicular model (for mixed traffic). We show that the real pedestrian and real vehicular model share common mobility characteristics: a) The transition matrix on both models illustrate that wireless nodes do not move from one location to another at random, but they are rather based on activities (work, shopping, college, gym); b) The dynamic membership property illustrates that nodes join and leave the simulation based on some variable distribution or patterns. Lastly, via simulations we show that when using realistic simulation models the simulation protocol performance closer reflects with the real test bed protocol performance.


Few tropes in American law teaching are more firmly entrenched than the criminal law division between Model Penal Code and common law states. Yet, even a cursory look at current state codes indicates that this bifurcation is outmoded. No state continues to cling to ancient English common law, nor does any state adhere fully to the Model Penal Code. In fact, those states that adopted portions of the Code have since produced a substantial body of case law – what this article terms "new common law" – transforming it. Taking the controversial position that criminal law pedagogy is antiquated, this article proposes a radical update, emphasizing two objectives: 1) the need to stress the interplay between individual state cases and codes, and 2) the need to abandon the position that the MPC represents a bold new vision of criminal law reform, particularly since that vision is itself almost half a century old.


Objectives: This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of life skills training on quality of life in mothers of children with Down syndrome. Methods: This research was done as a semi-experimental with pre-post test and with control group. Statistical population included all children with down syndrome, age from 2 months to 8 years, and their mothers who referred to Iran's down syndrome society. Thirty six children were randomly chosen and equally assigned to two groups: experimental and control group. The data were collected by using the demographic questionnaire and the short form of the World Health Organization Quality of Life. Experimental group was trained for life skills in 12 sessions, each session 60 minutes. Data were analyzed using SPSS-16 software and multivariate analysis of covariance test. Results: The results indicate that the mean score of quality of life in the experimental group was significantly higher than the control group after intervention. Discussion: According to the results, life skills training increased the quality of life in mothers of children with Down syndrome. Therefore the life skill training can be applied in mental health services for improving the quality of life in mothers of children with Down syndrome.


Boxing is a combat sport in which two men or women fight each other using punching strikes for competition and it is often associated with injuries. Bulk of the studies on injury incidence and prevalence in amateur and professional boxing have concentrated on head and brain injuries with attendant insufficient knowledge on the musculoskeletal injury incidences affecting the other regions of the body. Clear understanding of the incidence and nature of musculoskeletal injuries among amateur boxers will assist in providing preventive measures that can result in enhanced performance of this group of athletes. This study therefore aims at evaluating the nature and incidences of musculoskeletal injuries associated with amateur boxing among Nigerian athletes. Twenty nine (29) male amateur boxers who were in training camps preparatory to the 7 th Commonwealth and 10th All African Games (between 2010 and 2011) and competed in an international boxing competition within the period formed the subjects for this study. The camp period lasted for sixteen (16) weeks altogether during which the athletes trained daily, sparred and competed. Data concerning each individual athlete and the injuries sustained within the period were recorded by the team physical therapist. Subjects' ages ranged between 21 and 27years (mean= 22.50 ± 2.72 years), weight ranged between 50 and 99.35kg (mean= 71.43± 13.42kg) and height ranged between 1.62 and 1.88m (mean= 1.75 ± 0.08m). They are all right hand dominant participants whose competition weight categories ranged between light fly (49Kg) and heavy weight (91Kg) categories. The study design is a prospective cohort. Descriptive statistics of mean and percentages were used in establishing the percentage of injuries, incidences, types, patterns and body regions affected. A total of one hundred and thirteen (113) injuries were recorded within the period of the study. There was a 3.9 injury incidence rate per athlete, the upper limb (specifically the hands) was commonest site of musculoskeletal injuries (~54%) while the back (spine) was the least affected part of the body (4.42%). The most prevalent types of injuries were sprains, strains and contusions (59%), while dislocation (0.8%) and nasal cartilageneous fracture (1.8%) were least prevalent. Recurrent injuries/ acute on chronic injuries (69%) were more than chronic (31%) injuries. The average number of training days the injured athletes missed due to injuries was 2. The findings of this study suggest that amateur boxing is an injury prone sports, though with low incidence rate. Most injuries were acute on chronic that were recurrent in nature and affected the joints structures integrity. The patterns are typical of the sport affecting the hand and face more commonly. Although the injuries were traumatic, they were predominantly mild to moderate and usually not serious injuries. Their managements were effected immediately and spontaneously care to prevent complications and deformities.


This study tested the implication of reintegrative shaming theory (RST) (Braithwaite, 1989) that social disapproval (shaming) has an effect on the emotions that offenders feel. Interviews were conducted with 720 participants who had recently attended a court case or family group conference in the Australian Capital Territory, having been apprehended for driving while over the legal alcohol limit. Analyses show that shame-related emotions were predicted by perceptions of social disapproval, but that the relationship was more complex than expected. Differences between the shame-related emotions may have implications for theory. Comparisons between the court cases and family group conferences were consistent with expectations that restorative justice interventions would be more reintegrative, but also showed that they were not perceived as less stigmatizing.


The persistence of returns for an asset (momentum effect) is well known and robust: Practitioners use a variety of different approaches and methodologies to capture it. They often distinguish between trend-following (or time series) and cross-sectional momentum models. This article presents a comparison of the two methodologies based on statistical factors. For that purpose, we create trend-following and cross-sectional models in four asset classes (Equity, Forex, Interest Rate, and Commodity). We show that the first have relied on a dynamic (time varying) exposure to a few dominant statistical factors to generate performance. Interestingly, the predominant factor can easily be interpreted as the exposure to the asset class. On the other hand, cross-sectional models are more diversified but historically underperformed trend-following models. They, however, yield interesting results in more heterogeneous asset classes (for instance, Commodity and Interest Rate). Finally, we show that the categorization is of minor importance, as returns are driven by exposure to factors, which can be modified in multiple ways, such as, for example, by changes in the portfolio construction methodology. TOPICS: Quantitative methods, portfolio construction, factor-based models Key Findings • Trend-following models by asset class have relied on a dominant statistical factor to generate performance, which can be interpreted as exposure to the asset class. • Cross-sectional models are more diversified and appear to be more interesting in heterogeneous asset classes as they tend to hedge the dominant statistical factor. • The categorization in cross-sectional and trend-following models is of minor importance, as they might both load on similar performance drivers depending on portfolio constraints or portfolio construction methodologies.


Secure data transmission is a critical issue for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Clustering is an effective and practical way to enhance the system performance of WSNs. In this paper, we study a secure data transmission for cluster-based WSNs (CWSNs), where the clusters are formed dynamically and periodically. We propose two Secure and Efficient data Transmission (SET) protocols for CWSNs, called SET-IBS and SET-IBOOS, by using the Identity-Based digital Signature (IBS) scheme and the Identity-Based Online/Offline digital Signature (IBOOS) scheme, respectively. In SET-IBS, security relies on the hardness of the Diffie-Hellman problem in the pairing domain. SET-IBOOS further reduces the computational overhead for protocol security, which is crucial for WSNs, while its security relies on the hardness of the discrete logarithm problem. We show the feasibility of the SET-IBS and SET-IBOOS protocols with respect to the security requirements and security analysis against various attacks. The calculations and simulations are provided to illustrate the efficiency of the proposed protocols. The results show that, the proposed protocols have better performance than the existing secure protocols for CWSNs, in terms of securityoverhead and energy consumption.


Kurdistan in northern Iraq, a semi-arid region, predominantly a pastureland, is nourished by Lesser Zab, which is the second major tributary of Tigris River. The discharge in the tributary, in recent times, has been experiencing increasing variability contributing to more severe droughts and floods supposedly due to climate change. For a proper appreciation, SWAT model has been used to assess the impact of climate change on its hydrological components for a half-centennial lead time to 2046-2064 and a centennial lead time to 2080-2100. The suitability of the model was first evaluated, and then, outputs from six GCMs were incorporated to evaluate the impacts of climate change on water resources under three emission scenarios: A1B, A2 and B1. The results showed worsening water resources regime.


In recent years, the soft-switching techniques have attracted attention for its peculiar advantages such as low swtching loss, high-power density, EMI/RFI noise reduction and so on. Authors have already reported before about quasiresonant DC-DC converter using new phase-shift PWM control scheme. By using proposed control scheme, circulating current is elimineted and ZVS (Zero Voltage Switchig) is achieved with small commutating current. As a result, the conduction losses caused by their currents are substantially reduced.In this paper, authors apply a proposed control scheme to a quasi-resonant high-frequency transformer link DC-AC converter. As a result, all switching devices in this DC-AC converter can achieve soft-switching with small commutating current irrespectively of inverter mode and rectifier mode. Its operating principle and unique features are described as compared with the symmetrical control scheme of DC-ACconverter. Operating performance of this DC-AC converter in steady-state are illutrated by means of simulating results.


With the increasing penetration of wind power into electric power grids, energy storage devices will be required to dynamically match the intermittency of wind energy. This paper proposes a novel two-layer constant power control scheme for a wind farm equipped with doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) wind turbines. Each DFIG wind turbine is equipped with a super capacitor energy storage system (ESS) and is controlled by the low-layer wind turbine generator (WTG) controllers and coordinated by a high-layer wind farm supervisory controller (WFSC). The WFSC generates the active power references for the low-layer WTG controllers according to the active power demand from or generation commitment to the grid operator; the low-layer WTG controllers then regulate each DFIG wind turbine to generate the desired amount of active power, where the deviations between the available wind energy input and desired active power output are compensated by the ESS. Simulation studies are carried out in PSCAD/EMTDC on a wind farm equipped with 15 DFIG wind turbines to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.


The Southern African Regional Science Initiative (SAFARI 2000) involved two wet season and one dry season field campaigns. This paper reports on the wet season campaigns. The first was conducted at five sites along the Kalahari Transect in Zambia (Kataba Forest) and Botswana (Pandamatenga, Maun, Okwa River Crossing, Tshane) during February 2000 and concentrated primarily on characterizing the land surface with respect to exchanges of matter and energy with the atmosphere. The second, conducted in February 2001, focused on fluxes of water, gases and energy between the canopy and the atmosphere at Maun, Botswana, and at Skukuza in the Kruger National Park, South Africa. Eddy covariance measurements at Skukuza and Maun were designed to collect a near-continuous record of the seasonality and inter-annual variability in savanna carbon, water and energy exchanges in representative savanna ecosystems. This paper gives brief descriptions of the sites, the measurements made, and the methods used. It highlights some preliminary results, particularly from the first campaign, and outlines the next stages of the SAFARI 2000 project


This study uses the evolving meaning of "profit" in religious, political, economic, and social discourse to reveal the relationship between the prevailing concept of "just profit" and contemporary reactions to the Sixteenth-Century Price Revolution in Europe.


This paper seeks to explore how corporate social responsibility (CSR) is embedded in corporate organisations. The major questions examined are "How the CSR institutionalisation has been developed" and "How it functions in the organisation" While recent literature argues that CSR is important to a successful business strategy, and that CSR and corporate governance are intricately connected, this paper demonstrates how CSR is, or rather is not, actually incorporated into management processes and corporate governance, and argues that simply establishing the relevant institutions is not enough to ensure the automatic functioning of CSR. A qualitative interpretive research methodology was adopted with CSR managers of six major corporations in Japan. CSR departments should be given practical commissions and its roles should be clarified within organisations. When establishing a CSR mid-term plan, it should be linked to any concurrent mid-term management plan.


Platooning, or controlled management of vehicle formation, enables multiple vehicles equipped with adaptive cruise control systems to drive behind one another with a specified inter-vehicle distance, acting together as one unit. In a platoon, the leading vehicle drives at a constant speed, independent of the following vehicles. The succeeding vehicles try to emulate this speed and maintain a following distance based on the most forward vehicle. To facilitate platoon implementation, an efficient control system that specifies to each vehicle the safe following distance and corresponding velocity is indispensable. Delays that are prevalent in throttle and brake response, as well as in vehicle control systems, can significantly increase the complexity of such an effective design, namely in that delays are often be unpredictable and time-varying. This thesis presents a distributed cooperative control system that considers heterogeneous vehicles to improve the safety and stability of multi-vehicle platoons under the presence of delays. Moreover, multiple control schemes including those based on adaptive cruise control and cooperative adaptive cruise control algorithms are evaluated through the development of several simulations. All simulations are designed pragmatically to consider speed limits and restrictions on the maximum acceleration and deceleration rates vehicles can attain. As such, heterogeneous vehicle dynamics, including that of acceleration and braking capacities, as well as actuation, sensor, and communication delays, are incorporated. Further, this thesis presents a novel distributed control scheme that compensates for time-varying delays under the Integral Quadratic Constraint (IQC) framework. The results exemplify that platoon stability is significantly influenced by the control structure and that the IQC based delay compensation allows for the preservation of platoon stability with relatively small inter-vehicle distances.


Motion cueing algorithms can improve the perceived realism of a driving simulator, however, data on the effects on driver performance and simulator sickness remain scarce. Two novel motion cueing algorithms varying in concept and complexity were developed for a limited maneuvering workspace, hexapod/Stuart type motion platform. The RideCue algorithm uses a simple swing motion concept while OverTilt Track algorithm uses optimal pre-positioning to account for maneuver characteristics for coordinating tilt adjustments. An experiment was conducted on the US Army Tank Automotive Research, Development and Engineering Center (TARDEC) Ride Motion Simulator (RMS) platform comparing the two novel motion cueing algorithms to a pre-existing algorithm and a no-motion condition. A range of driver maneuvers based on military vehicle testing guidelines (e.g., NATO and TOP tests) were used to explore the algorithms' effects on driver performance measures, subjective ratings of inertial realism, and the Kennedy Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ) responses. Results show the general contribution of motion cueing to the simulation experience and suggest that motion cueing gives drivers an added feedback on which to control their steering inputs. Subjective ratings showed that drivers were generally influenced by the presence of motion cueing and the realism of control induced motions, but not influenced by the quality of control induced motions. Simulator sickness effects were mild but increased with exposure time in the simulator with the RideCue algorithm potentially inducing more simulator sickness than OverTilt Track.


Background Hypertension is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Hypertensives have been observed to have elevated hearing thresholds in various studies. Aims and objectives The aims of this study were to assess the hearing thresholds of hypertensives in a tertiary hospital in Nigeria and compare it with nonhypertensive controls. Patients and methods This was a cross-sectional study conducted among hypertensives and age-matched and sex-matched controls from August 2015 to April 2016. A pretested questionnaire was used to obtain information on demographic and medical history. General physical examination and blood pressure measurements were done. Hearing thresholds were then measured with a diagnostic pure tone audiometer. Data analysis The pure tone average was calculated. Data analysis was done using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences, version 23. Results A total number of 104 participants were enrolled into the study. Fifty-two were hypertensives while the other 52 were nonhypertensive controls. The mean age of the participants was 49.1±10.3 years, with ages ranging from 34 to 85 years. There were 38 (36.5%) women and 66 (63.5%) men. Among the hypertensive participants, 20 (38.5%) had various degrees of hearing loss, whereas seven (13.5%) of the non-hypertensives had hearing loss (P=0.004, χ2=8.45). The mean pure tone average (air conduction) among the hypertensive participants was 27.8±13.3 dB HL and 16.7±7.9 dB HL among the nonhypertensive control group. Among the hypertensives, 17 (32.7%) had mild hearing loss, while all seven (13.5%) patients in the nonhypertensive group had mild hearing loss. Conclusion This study has observed a 38.5% prevalence of hearing loss among hypertensives. It has shown an association between hypertension and hearing thresholds. All frequencies tested were observed to have elevated hearing thresholds among hypertensives as compared with the nonhypertensive control group.


Abstract The purposes of this study were to determine the Internet-based communication technologies and social media platforms Florida Farm Bureau Young Farmers & Ranchers use, as well as to evaluate their attitudes toward incorporating those communication methods within and from the Florida Farm Bureau Federation. Two focus groups were conducted with Florida Farm Bureau Young Farmers & Ranchers members. The organization consists of Farm Bureau members, ages 18 to 35 years. Results indicate that the focus group participants felt that social media and Internet-based communication should be utilized by the Florida Farm Bureau Federation and that by not doing so the organization could miss the opportunity to reach large audiences both within its own membership and in the general public. Respondents also expressed a desire for the organization to prepare its members to be proactive and share their story by providing online resources. Although the respondents expressed a need for the Florida Farm Bureau Federation to become more involved with utilizing social media and Internet-based communication, the respondents varied in levels of competency and comfort with those communication methods. The findings suggest that social media used by the organization should supplement existing communication channels, and satisfy younger members' need for the organization to employ a stronger Web presence and make information readily accessible online both for internal and external audiences.


In this paper, we propose and evaluate two parallel implementations of Multi-dimensional Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (MEEMD) for multi-core (CPU) and many-core (GPU) architectures. Relative to a sequential C implementation, our double precision GPU implementation, using the CUDA programming model, achieves up to 48.6x speedup on NVIDIA Tesla C2050. Our multi-core CPU implementation, using the OpenMP programming model, achieves up to 11.3x speedup on two octal-core Intel Xeon x7550 CPUs.


The extent of thermal damage in the glass fiber reinforced composite blade is highly dependent on the severity of the lightning current, which also determines the mechanism of lightning-strike-induced heat transfer in the composite. Lightning attachment at the electrically non-conductive glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composite surface may come as a direct heat injection. However, if the electric field at the attachment point is sufficient, the breakdown of the GFRP composite occurs. In this case, in addition to the direct heat injection at the surface, Joule heating will be produced in the newly conductive glass fiber reinforced composite. Therefore, it is crucial to determine whether dielectric breakdown can occur prior to formulating the problem. In this work, lightning-strike induced heat transfer in a GFRP composite wind turbine blade is analyzed. First, several models are employed to estimate the electric field in the vicinity of a wind turbine blade to determine if dielectric breakdown occurs. The wind turbine blade under consideration is the Sandia 100-meter All-glass Baseline Wind Turbine Blade (SNL 100-00). Results show that the dielectric breakdown of the composite blade is not likely to occur for a lightning stepped leader under three lightning protection levels (LPL I, LPL II and LPL III). Therefore, only the direct heat injection problem at the composite blade surface is considered, and the nonlinear transient heat transfer problem for a layered temperature-dependent GFRP composite panel is solved using finite element analysis.


Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a synthetic medium is stimulated by the presence of glycine. Methionine enhances this stimulation but will not substitute for glycine as a stimulator of cyanogenesis. Threonine and phenylalanine are effective substitutes for glycine in the stimulation of HCN production. Glycine, threonine, and serine are good radioisotope precursors of HCN, but methionine and phenylalanine are not. Cell extracts of P. aeruginosa convert [14C]threonine to [14C]glycine. H14CN is produced with low dilution of label from either [1-14C]glycine or [2-14C]glycine, indicating a randomization of label either in the primary or secondary metabolism of glycine. When whole cells were fed [1,2-14C]glycine, cyanide and bicarbonate were the only radioactive extracellular products observed.


Abstract. This paper provides a review of multi-criteria decision-making  (MCDM) applications to flood risk management, seeking to highlight trends and identify research gaps. A total of 128 peer-reviewed papers published from 1995 to June 2015 were systematically analysed. Results showed that the number of flood MCDM publications has exponentially grown during this period, with over 82 % of all papers published since 2009. A wide range of applications were identified, with most papers focusing on ranking alternatives for flood mitigation, followed by risk, hazard, and vulnerability assessment. The analytical hierarchy process (AHP) was the most popular method, followed by Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), and Simple Additive Weighting (SAW). Although there is greater interest in MCDM, uncertainty analysis remains an issue and was seldom applied in flood-related studies. In addition, participation of multiple stakeholders has been generally fragmented, focusing on particular stages of the decision-making process, especially on the definition of criteria weights. Therefore, addressing the uncertainties around stakeholders' judgments and endorsing an active participation in all steps of the decision-making process should be explored in future applications. This could help to increase the quality of decisions and the implementation of chosen measures.


Motivated by the control theoretic distinction between controllable and uncontrollable events, we distinguish between two types of agents within a multi-agent system: controllable agents, which are directly controlled by the system's designer, and uncontrollable agents, which are not under the designer's direct control. We refer to such systems as partially controlled multi-agent systems, and we investigate how one might influence the behavior of the uncontrolled agents through appropriate design of the controlled agents. In particular, we wish to understand which problems are naturally described in these terms, what methods can be applied to influence the uncontrollable agents, the effectiveness of such methods, and whether similar methods work across different domains. Using a game-theoretic framework, this paper studies the design of partially controlled multi-agent systems in two contexts: in one context, the uncontrollable agents are expected utility maximizers, while in the other they are reinforcement learners. We suggest different techniques for controlling agents' behavior in each domain, assess their success, and examine their relationship.


In the 2001 video, I Am A Revolutionary we see the artist undergoing a presentation skills training session with her own personal trainer. Within the stage-like environment of an empty office space, its glass wall offering a cinematic view onto an atrium of architecturally epic proportions, we can see other office workers immersed in their business. The artist works hard at perfecting one line – "I am a revolutionary" from what appears to be a larger speech intended for an unknown audience "I am a revolutionary". The words could come equally from heroic 'business leadership' rhetoric as a political context. The art work refers to the iconography of Joseph Beuys, specifically his lecture-based works.

I Am A Revolutionary appeared in solo shows at the Trafo Gallery, Budapest (2005) and John Hansard Gallery, Southampton, Angel Row, Nottingham and Firstsite, Colchester (curated by Film & Video Umbrella) (2001). The work has appeared in a considerable number of group shows internationally of which the following constitutes a selection: Global Feminisms at the Brooklyn Art Gallery (curated by Linda Nochlin, 2007); Happy Believers, Werkleitz Biennale (2006); Body: New British Art, Vancouver Art Gallery (2005, with the Chapmans, Sarah Lucas, Sam Taylor-Wood and others); Sharjah Bienniale; Making Things Public, ZKM, Karlsruhe (curated by Bruno Latour and Peter Weibel alongside work by Daumier, Goya, Heartfield, Rivera and others) (2004).

I Am A Revolutionary has been included in the following publications, amongst others, Townsend New Art from London (Thames and Hudson, 2006), Gressel, Critical Societies Reader (Badischer Kunstverein, 2006), Kivland Transmission (Site Gallery, 2006), Farquharson, British Art Show 6 (Hayward Gallery Publishing, 2005) and Latour, Making Things Public (MIT, 2005). The work is incorporated in the John Hansard / Film And Video Umberella catalogue Carey Young Incorporated.


In recent years, the shipping industry has faced an increasing number of challenges in terms of fluctuating fuel prices, stricter environmental regulations, and concerns about global warming. In this situation, passenger volumes on cruise ships have increased from around 4 million to 13 million from 1990 to 2008 and keep growing today. A small cruise ship can emit about 85 tons of CO2 per day, and require around 27 tons of fuel per day. To keep up with market demand, while reducing their impact on the environment, cruise ships will need to improve their energy efficiency. Most previous research in marine technology relates to energy efficiency focused on propulsion, which for most ship types constitutes the largest energy demand. On cruise ships, however, auxiliary heat and electric power also have a significant importance. For this reason, we focus in this paper on the heat demand and its integration with available sources of waste heat on board. In this study, the principles of process integration are applied to the energy system of a cruise ship operating in the Baltic Sea. The heat sources (waste heat from the main and auxiliary engines in form of exhaust gas, cylinder cooling, charge air cooling, and lubricating oil cooling) and sinks (HVAC, hot water, fuel heating) are evaluated based on one year of operational data and used to generate four operating conditions that best represent ship operations. Applying the pinch analysis to the system revealed that the theoretical potential for heat integration on board could potentially allow the reduction of the external heat demand by between 35% and 85% depending on the investigated case. A technoeconomic optimisation allowed the identification of the most economically viable heat exchanger network designs: two in the "retrofit" scenario and one in the "design" scenario, with a reduction of 13-33%, 15-27% and 46-56% of the external heat demand, respectively. Given the high amount of heat being available after the process integration, we also analysed the potential for the installation of a steam turbine for the recovery of the energy available in the exhaust gas, which resulted in up to 900 kW of power being available for on board electric power demand.


For reasons inexplicable to many physicians, and unbeknownst to many others, the diagnosis of Abusive Head Trauma/Shaken Baby Syndrome (AHT/SBS) remains a lightning rod for controversy. Recent legal commentary has suggested that there is insufficient science girding this diagnosis. In Part I of the analysis on this topic, Dr. Narang presented a relatively comprehensive analysis of the current science surrounding AHT/SBS, and more specifically, surrounding two of the most common injuries found in AHT/SBS — subdural hemorrhages (SDHs) and retinal hemorrhages (RHs). Dr. Narang asserted that the diagnosis of AHT is supported by "at least 700 peer-reviewed, clinical medical articles comprising thousands of pages of medical literature, published by over one thousand different medical authors, from at least twenty-eight different countries." In response to this article, Findley et al reiterated an insufficient scientific basis for the diagnosis, citing, amongst other things, logical fallacies (such as "circularity" and "the prosecutor's fallacy") as premises for the fallacious literature. In Part II of this analysis, Narang et al swing the microscope in the opposite direction. Narang et al scrutinize the "differential diagnosis" of AHT, and the differential diagnosis methodology itself, to ascertain whether the scientific process of coming to the AHT diagnosis meets reliability and relevancy criteria under Daubert.


In this thesis a performance assessment for the future German-French climate monitoring initiative, Methane Remote Sensing Lidar Mission (MERLIN), proposed by DLR and CNES in 2010 was undertaken. A general space lidar performance issue is the obstruction by optically dense clouds. For this purpose cloud free statistics, the global cloud top flatness and global cloud top distributions were derived from the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Path�nder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) level 2, 333 m and 5 km lidar cloud-layer products between 01 January 2007 and 01 January 2008. Merging both data sets together thereby allowed the best possible simulation of near global and seasonal real world atmospheric conditions that a spaceborne Integrated Path Differential Absorption (IPDA) lidar like MERLIN will encounter. With 40.5 % overall global cloud free fraction, a cloud gap distribution which is following a power-law distribution with exponent 1.51 +-� 0.01 together with a mean cloud gap length of 7.41 km and about 200 daily global cloud top flatness events, the analysis reveals a dominance of small cloud gaps which is confirmed by a low median cloud gap length of only 1 km. While the cloud free fraction results were compared and confirmed with Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) seasonal and annual cloud fraction data, the power-law distribution of cloud gaps was confirmed by an extensive statistical analysis using maximum likelihood estimation, Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistics and likelihood ratio tests. Taking 6.05 x 10e8 individual CALIPSO measurements of the year 2007 with a horizontal resolution of 333 m and computing cloud gap and cloud free statistics for 2 �x 2� latitude/longitude grid points thereby identified regional and seasonal changes in the probability of spaceborne lidar surface detection. The analysis reveals that MERLIN will be able to perform near global methane mixing ratio column retrievals.


In the 1960s excavations at the site of Sardis in Lydia brought to light the remains of a large and richly decorated synagogue building. The synagogue was installed in a preexisting Roman bath and gymnasium complex along one of Sardis' main thoroughfares. Based largely on the coins discovered beneath the mosaic floors, the excavators have dated the synagogue's construction to the mid to fourth century C.E. In this paper I reexamine the numismatic evidence and conclude that the synagogue was constructed about two centuries later. Dating the synagogue to the mid sixth century places the building and the Jewish community it served in a different historical setting.


Author(s): Parthasarathy, Balaji | Abstract: What are the implications for development in the Third World in light of the widespread intellectual retreat from Marxist theory and practice in recent years? This essay offers an answer to this question by focusing on the current debate concerning the rise of a new inter national division of labor (NIDL). The debate over the NIDL has much significance given the growing interpenetration of various re gional and national economies in an increasingly integrated global economy. But while one can safely argue that integration with the global economy is now essential to economic growth, the terms of the debate over that process appear to have shifted to the mechanism and conditions of integration for hitherto isolated economies. This essay will delineate the trajectory taken by the NIDL debate to date and will suggest how an historical-structural approach in the Marxist tradition, provides opportunities for furthering the discussion.The essay first provides a brief overview of Marxist theories of Third World development, including the ideas of Marx, Lenin and key post-World War II dependency theorists. Next, it highlights key points of continuity and discontinuity between these older theories and the current debate on the NIDL. The essay then concludes with a discus sion of both the structural and historically determined economic and political constraints on the incorporation of the Third World into the NIDL before setting out some questions for future research.


The underlying structure of system dynamics models is that of a proportional feedback controller. We propose a broader framework for system dynamics models, where systems are modeled using a combined feedback-feedforward structure. While the traditional structure for system dynamics models only uses proportional feedback of error for control, the proposed structure for information feedback employs the use of proportional, integral and derivative (PID) error. Hence, existing system dynamics models only use a small subset of the proposed structure for modeling systems. We argue that the proposed structure provides a more flexible framework for modeling and designing systems.


This is the second book in the series Shared Responsibility in International Law, which examines the problem of distribution of responsibilities among multiple states and other actors. In its work on the responsibility of states and international organisations, the International Law Commission recognised that attribution of acts to one actor does not exclude possible attribution of the same act to another state or organisation. However, it provided limited guidance for the often complex question of how responsibility is to be distributed among wrongdoing actors. This study fills that gap by shedding light on principles of distribution from extra-legal perspectives. Drawing on disciplines such as political theory, moral philosophy, and economics, this volume enquires into the bases and justifications for apportionment of responsibilities that can support a critique of current international law, offers insight into the justification of alternative interpretations, and provides inspiration for reform and further development of international law.


Sleepless nights, wailing babies, and defiant toddlers-these are universal issues for new parents. Now beloved pediatrician T. Berry Brazelton and his esteemed colleague the child psychiatrist Joshua Sparrow come to the rescue with these highly effective and affordable guides. Full of empathy, warmth, and wisdom, each book in the Brazelton Way series leads parents step-by-step through these trying struggles. Courtesy of Dr. Brazelton's unparalleled understanding and experience, parents will emerge from the turmoil relieved, empowered, and full of new pleasure in the strength and progress of their individual child.


A programme for the control of respiratory diseases in children was conceived for the State of S. Paulo, Brazil, in 1986. Its progress thereafter and the epidemiology of the diseases concerned are examined. Apart from an inquiry into the 64 existing State local health authorities, a sample of 18,255 cases of children assisted by the programme at different levels, including both in-patient and outpatient care, is analysed. Each case record included information about identification (child, doctor and health facility), reasons for calling, diagnoses made and outcome of treatment. Further data were also sought from hospitals and from State mortality records. The programme was found to be poorly implemented in the State but, where implemented, it showed itself capable of resolving problems (only 0.5% of the cases could not be handled) as also of changing ongoing trends (more than 50% reduction in hospital admission rates). Individual assessment of each item of the programme indicated its bottlenecks. Regarding the epidemiology of respiratory diseases, it is observed that the major burden to health services comes from children aged less than five, and that the most important diseases are wheezing illnesses and pneumonia. Moreover, they were found to be significantly associated (p = 0.000) so that a child in the community presenting wheezing diseases is 5 times more likely to develop pneumonia than a child with any other respiratory diagnosis. Similarly, among the under five deaths it was found that the risk for pneumonia is 3 times greater for children who died presenting wheezing diseases than it is for children with any other sort of diagnosis. In conclusion, the programme is deemed to be efficient and effective but its efficacy is marred by administrative flaws. The successful control of respiratory problems in childhood is related to a proper appreciation of the importance of wheezing diseases.


The paper discusses the issues related to the protection of the works of art against their export from Poland's territory. This matter is of vital significance, especially in the context of Poland's accession to the European Community – apart from national internal regulations, Community laws have become effective as well. The paper presents the legal regulations included in the new "Act on Historic Monument Protection and Care" of 2003, that replaced the previous "Act on cultural goods protection and museum protection" of 1962. European Community regulations serve as a point of reference. The author reviews the regulations on the protection of cultural goods adopted in the European Community as a whole. In addition, a comparison is drawn between the regulations applied in the particular member states. The paper also discusses the scope of protected objects as well as export control instruments.


Over the past decade, scientists have been called to participate more actively in public education and outreach (E&O). This is particularly true in fields of significant societal impact, such as earthquake science. Local earthquake risk culture plays a role in the way that the public engages in educational efforts. In this article, we describe an adapted E&O program for earthquake science and risk. The program is tailored for a region of slow tectonic deformation, where large earthquakes are extreme events that occur with long return periods. The adapted program has two main goals: (1) to increase the awareness and preparedness of the population to earthquake and related risks (tsunami, liquefaction, fires, etc.), and (2) to increase the quality of earthquake science education, so as to attract talented students to geosciences. Our integrated program relies on activities tuned for different population groups who have different interests and abilities, namely young children, teenagers, young adults, and professionals.


Existing water uses in the western United States often leave too little water for healthy ecosystems in rivers, lakes, and wetlands. One policy tool for addressing this problem is buying and leasing water rights for conversion to environmental use. This article reviews public funding programs for such acquisitions, examining why and how government entities have provided money for obtaining environmental water supplies. The article does not address implementation of these programs, focusing instead on their origins, purposes, legal and institutional structures, and revenue sources. It briefly explains the rationale for both environmental water acquisitions and public funding for them, then states a couple of important caveats about the role of these measures in securing water for the environment. The main body of the article describes several different public funding programs, focusing primarily on ones that do not rely on annual legislative appropriations to finance acquisitions. The conclusion offers brief analysis and comments regarding the origins, purposes, and revenues of publically funded environmental water acquisition programs.


The photovoltaic applications spreads in these days fast, therefore they also undergo great development. Because the amount of the energy obtained from the panel depends on the surrounding conditions, as intensity of the sun exposure or the temperature of the solar array, the converter must be connected to the panel output. The Solar system equipped with inverter can supply small loads like notebooks, mobile chargers etc. in the places where the supplying network is not present. Or the system can be used as a generator and it shall deliver energy to the supply network. Each type of the application has different requirements on the converter and its control algorithm. But for all of them the one thing is common – the maximal efficiency. The paper focuses on design and simulation of the low power inverter that acts as output part of the whole converter. In the paper the design of the control algorithm of the inverter for both types of inverter application – for islanding mode and for operation on the supply grid – is discussed. Attention is also paid to the design of the output filter that should reduce negative side effects of the converter on the supply network.


Two dialogues of Lucian are discussed in order to further evaluate the critique of contemporary philosophy that so often pervades the author's satirical works. In Lucian's Zeuxis and Symposium, the reader is offered two distinct 'versions' of the hybrid animal. In the first instance, the traditionally uncivilised centaur is portrayed as almost human in nature and representative of successful hybridity, while the hybrid philosopher-sophist is a corruption of the ideal form.Megan Hancock is a PhD candidate at the University of Tasmania, and her research interests are primarily focussed around the figure of Lucian. Her doctoral thesis assesses the role of hybridity throughout Lucian's works, and to demonstrate the means by which this theme informs his critique of the philosophers of the Second Sophistic. She is the 2018 recipient of the Tasmanian Friends of the Australian Archaeological Institute at Athens Greek Scholarship, allowing her to study in Greece in the later part of the year.


In this paper we discuss how to combine the method content from PosoMAS, the Process for open, self-organising Multi-Agent Systems, with the agile iterative-incremental life cycle of Scrum. The result is an agile software engineering methodology tailored to open self-organising systems. We show how the methodology has been applied in a development project and discuss the lessons learned. Finally, we compare the Scrum version of PosoMAS to other agile agent-oriented software engineering methodologies and address the selection of a suitable process.


Recent advances in probabilistic modelling have led to a large number of simulation-based inference algorithms which do not require numerical evaluation of likelihoods. However, a public benchmark with appropriate performance metrics for such 'likelihood-free' algorithms has been lacking. This has made it difficult to compare algorithms and identify their strengths and weaknesses. We set out to fill this gap: We provide a benchmark with inference tasks and suitable performance metrics, with an initial selection of algorithms including recent approaches employing neural networks and classical Approximate Bayesian Computation methods. We found that the choice of performance metric is critical, that even state-of-the-art algorithms have substantial room for improvement, and that sequential estimation improves sample efficiency. Neural network-based approaches generally exhibit better performance, but there is no uniformly best algorithm. We provide practical advice and highlight the potential of the benchmark to diagnose problems and improve algorithms. The results can be explored interactively on a companion website. All code is open source, making it possible to contribute further benchmark tasks and inference algorithms.


OBJECTIVE
The authors investigated the impact of medical comorbidity on the acute phase of antidepressant treatment in subjects with major depressive disorder.

METHOD
A total of 384 outpatients meeting DSM-III-R criteria for major depressive disorder enrolled in 8-week open treatment with fluoxetine, 20 mg/day. The authors used the Cumulative Illness Rating Scale to measure the burden of medical comorbidity and the 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression to assess changes in depressive symptoms. The outcome measures were response to treatment (>/=50% reduction in score) and clinical remission (score </=7 at the end of the trial).

RESULTS
Compared to responders to fluoxetine, nonresponders had significantly higher Cumulative Illness Rating Scale scores and a greater number of Cumulative Illness Rating Scale categories were endorsed. Compared to subjects who achieved remission with antidepressant treatment, those who did not achieve remission had significantly higher Cumulative Illness Rating Scale scores and a greater number of Cumulative Illness Rating Scale categories were endorsed (i.e., more organs were affected by medical illness). The final Hamilton depression scale score was directly correlated with the total Cumulative Illness Rating Scale score and the number of Cumulative Illness Rating Scale categories endorsed.

CONCLUSIONS
The total burden of medical illness and the number of organ systems affected by medical illness had a significantly negative predictive value for clinical outcome in the acute phase of treatment in major depressive disorder.


This paper introduces an adaptive mesh and algorithm refinement method for fluctuating hydrodynamics. This particle-continuum hybrid simulates the dynamics of a compressible fluid with thermal fluctuations. The particle algorithm is direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC), a molecular-level scheme based on the Boltzmann equation. The continuum algorithm is based on the Landau-Lifshitz Navier-Stokes (LLNS) equations, which incorporate thermal fluctuations into macroscopic hydrodynamics by using stochastic fluxes. It uses a recently-developed solver for LLNS, based on third-order Runge-Kutta. We present numerical tests of systems in and out of equilibrium, including time-dependent systems, and demonstrate dynamic adaptive refinement by the computation of a moving shock wave. Mean system behavior and second moment statistics of our simulations match theoretical values and benchmarks well. We find that particular attention should be paid to the spectrum of the flux at the interface between the particle and continuum methods, specifically for the non-hydrodynamic (kinetic) time scales.


Background Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is an anxiety disorder characterized by the presence of obsessions and compulsions that interfere with the patient's life. It has been shown that patients with OCD have increased rates of neurological soft signs (NSS) when compared with healthy controls. NSS are minor abnormalities like poor motor coordination, sensory and perceptual difficulties, and difficulties in sequencing of complex motor tasks. It has been suggested that OCD patients with poor insight are at the most severe end of this spectrum. Aim of the work The aim of this study was to determine the frequency pattern of symptoms (obsessions and compulsions) in OCD patients, to examine NSS in patients compared with healthy individuals, and find any correlation between NSS scores and the severity of OCDs [total Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (YBOCS) score] and the degree of insight. Participants and methods The study included two groups: 30 OCD patients and 30 healthy individuals as controls. Both groups were subjected to psychiatric and neurological examination using the Cambridge Neurological Inventory (Part 2), the YBOCS checklist to detect types of obsessions and compulsions, and the Overvalued Ideas Scale to assess the degree of insight in OCD patients. Results The most common types of obsessions and compulsions among the patients were religious (70%), contamination (77%), and cleaning compulsions (77%). OCD patients recorded significantly higher total scores of NSS and domain scores (motor coordination, sensory integration, and primitive reflexes) compared with the control group (P<0.05). A positive correlation was found between NSS scores and total YBOCS scores and Overvalued Ideas Scale scores. Conclusion We conclude that OCD patients have higher scores for NSS compared with controls, particularly for motor coordination signs. NSS positively correlated with the severity of disease. There was a positive correlation between NSS scores and OVIS scores, which measures the degree of insight.


Microblogs have become an important source of information for the purpose of marketing, intelligence, and reputation management. Streams of microblogs are of great value because of their direct and real-time nature. Determining what an individual microblog post is about, however, can be non-trivial because of creative language usage, the highly contextualized and informal nature of microblog posts, and the limited length of this form of communication. We propose a solution to the problem of determining what a microblog post is about through semantic linking: we add semantics to posts by automatically identifying concepts that are semantically related to it and generating links to the corresponding Wikipedia articles. The identified concepts can subsequently be used for, e.g., social media mining, thereby reducing the need for manual inspection and selection. Using a purpose-built test collection of tweets, we show that recently proposed approaches for semantic linking do not perform well, mainly due to the idiosyncratic nature of microblog posts. We propose a novel method based on machine learning with a set of innovative features and show that it is able to achieve significant improvements over all other methods, especially in terms of precision.


Abstract Parallel machine tools (i.e. machine tools capable of cutting a part with multiple tools simultaneously but independently) are being utilized more and more to increase operation productivity, decrease set-ups and reduce floor space. Process control is the utilization of real-time process sensor information to adjust process parameters (e.g. feed, spindle speed) automatically in order to increase operation productivity and quality. To date, however, these two technologies have not been combined. This paper describes the design of an output feedback controller for a parallel turning operation that accounts for the inherent non-linearities in the force process. An analysis of the process equilibriums explains the system's stability behaviour for different design specifications and the reverse trajectory method is used to numerically determine the exact stability boundary. Effects of saturation on stability are also analysed, and from this sufficient conditions for global stability are obtained. Finally, the system is analysed for robustness to parameter uncertainties. Simulations and phase portraits are used to verify the developed theory.


Thompson–Howarth error analysis is based on the assumption that measurement error is normally distributed. As a result, geochemical variables that are not normally distributed, such as those containing rare nuggets, cannot be statistically evaluated using Thompson–Howarth error analysis unless a modification to the procedure, involving use of the group root mean square (RMS) standard deviations, is implemented that makes it independent of the normality assumption. This modification prevents samples exhibiting a positively skewed error distribution, such as that produced by a 'nugget effect', from having their measurement errors underestimated (biased) using conventional Thompson–Howarth error analysis. A consequence of the duplicate error analysis of 'nuggety' samples is that the maximum feasible relative error (of 141.2%; one standard deviation divided by the mean) may be observed in some samples. Maximum feasible relative errors for n replicates are equal to √n. Maximum relative errors may be observed because Poisson probabilities of obtaining zero nuggets in one duplicate and one or several nuggets in another are not negligible, and thus very large grade disparities can be obtained in duplicate samples simply due to natural sampling variability. As a result, an abundance of samples exhibiting this maximum relative error is not necessarily an analytical or sample numbering error, but rather an expected consequence of sampling geological materials exhibiting large nugget effects, and may reflect relative measurement error that is larger than the maximum exhibited by duplicate samples. Consequently, if a large number of duplicate samples exhibit relative errors close to the maximum, it is likely that Thompson–Howarth error analysis of duplicate samples will underestimate the actual relative error in the data. As a result, replicate samples (where n >2) that have higher maximum relative error limits should be used to ensure that relative error estimates derived from such a Thompson–Howarth error analysis are not biased low (underestimated).


The article examines the contribution of method triangulation to the study of the self-construction of a schizophrenic inpatient in several encounters with a psychiatrist. We used institutional conversation analysis to probe the data for interactional sequence organization, while a positioning analysis enabled us to explore different levels of interpersonal positioning. Positioning is defined as a process whereby interlocutors locate one or several dimensions of their self in relation to others. Using these analyses, we identified, described, and interpreted the inpatient's discursive attempts, successes, and failures to construct who she was in the psychiatrist-inpatient encounters. The theoretical, methodological, and method frameworks are presented in the first, second, third, and fourth sections. Then, illustrative data are presented and analyzed in the fifth and sixth sections. Finally, the insights gained from the analyses, as well as the contribution of method triangulation, are elaborated on in the discussion.


Context: Security Requirements engineering is necessary to achieve secure software systems. Many techniques and approaches have been proposed to elicit security requirements in the initial phases of development. With the growing importance of security and immense increase in security breaches over the past few years, researchers and practitioners have been striving to achieve a mature process of coping with security requirements. Much of the activities in this regard are seen in academia but industry still seems to be lacking in giving the required importance to security requirements engineering. That is why, security requirements engineering is still not always considered as a central part of requirements engineering. This study is targeted to bridge this gap between academia and industry in terms of security requirements engineering and to provide a concrete approach to efficiently elicit and specify security requirements. The Misuse case technique is proposed for this purpose. However it lacks in providing guidelines for enabling scalable use. This limitation has been addressed to achieve a mature process of security requirements elicitation. Objectives: In this study, we propose a framework to elicit security requirements early in the software development using misuse case technique. Objective is to make misuse case technique scalable and applicable to the real-world projects. The proposed framework was presented to two representatives from the Swedish Armed Forces (SWAF). The feedback received from the representatives was utilized to refine, update and finalize the framework. Methods: The study involved a systematic review to gain an insight of the academic perspective in the area of study. Document extraction was adopted to observe the industrial trends in the said subject. These were the software requirements specification documents of the real-world systems. Document extraction was supported with informed brainstorming because the study revolved around misuse case technique and informed brainstorming is considered to be the most suitable technique for this purpose. A workshop was conducted with two representatives of Swedish Armed Forces followed by two subsequent asynchronous communication rounds and a facilitated session to get feedback about the proposed solution. This feedback was utilized to refine, update and finalize the proposed solution. Results: The results of the systematic review were organized in tabular forms for a clear understanding and easy analysis. A security requirements categorization was obtained as a result which was finalized after an initial validation with the help of real-world projects. Furthermore, a framework was proposed utilizing this categorization to address the limitations of misuse case technique. The framework was created and refined through workshop and different communication rounds with representatives of SWAF. Their feedback was used as input to further improve the usefulness and usability aspects of the framework. Conclusions: The significance of security requirements engineering is undisputedly accepted both in academia and industry. However, the area is not a subject of practice in industrial projects. The reasons include lack of mature processes as well as expensive and time consuming solutions. Lack of empirical evidences adds to the problems. The conducted study and proposed process of dealing with this issue is considered as a one step forward towards addressing the challenges.


ABSTRACT Soil salinity is a major abiotic factor limiting crop production but an amendment with synthetic zeolite may mitigate effects of salinity stress on plants. The objective of the study was to determine the effects of zeolite on soil properties and growth of barley irrigated with diluted seawater. Barley was raised on a sand dune soil treated with calcium type zeolite at the rate of 1 and 5% and irrigated every alternate day with seawater diluted to electrical conductivity (EC) levels of 3 and 16 dS m−1. Irrigation with 16 dS m−1 saline water significantly suppressed plant height by 25%, leaf area by 44% and dry weight by 60%. However, a substantial increase in plant biomass of salt stressed barley was observed in zeolite-amended treatments. The application of zeolite also enhanced water and salt holding capacity of soil. Post-harvest soil analysis showed high concentrations of calcium (Ca2 +), magnesium (Mg2 +), sodium (Na+), and potassium (K+) due to saline water especially in the upper soil layer but concentrations were lower in soils treated with zeolite. Zeolite application at 5% increased Ca2 + concentration in salt stressed plants; concentrations of trace elements were also increased by 19% for iron (Fe2 +) and 10% for manganese (Mn2 +). The overall results indicated that soil amendment with zeolite could effectively ameliorate salinity stress and improve nutrient balance in a sandy soil.


Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) play an essential role in ensuring safe, reliable and faster transportation with the help of an Intelligent Transportation system. The trustworthiness of vehicles in VANETs is extremely important to ensure the authenticity of messages and traffic information transmitted in extremely dynamic topographical conditions where vehicles move at high speed. False or misleading information may cause substantial traffic congestions, road accidents and may even cost lives. Many approaches exist in literature to measure the trustworthiness of GPS data and messages of an Autonomous Vehicle (AV). To the best of our knowledge, they have not considered the trustworthiness of other On-Board Unit (OBU) components of an AV, along with GPS data and transmitted messages, though they have a substantial relevance in overall vehicle trust measurement. In this paper, we introduce a novel model to measure the overall trustworthiness of an AV considering four different OBU components additionally. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated with a traffic simulation model developed by Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO) using realistic traffic data and considering different levels of uncertainty.


In a biodiversity conservation exercise a native raptor has been reintroduced to Marlborough, a wine- growing area in New Zealand's South Island, on the assumption that the abundant passerines attracted to the grapes will provide a natural food resource for this predator. As part of a study to assess the value of vineyards as habitat for the threatened New Zealand falcon (Falco novaeseelandiae) we used remote videography and prey remains to compare the diet composition of falcons nesting in a vineyard-dominated landscape with that of falcons nesting in natural habitat in nearby hills. We also quantified the abundance and species composition of avian prey in the habitats surrounding each falcon nest. Generally there were more birds in the vineyards but the composition of available prey did not differ between vineyards and the nearby hills, nor did the composition of avian species in the breeding-season diet of falcons. Avian prey was the main food source for falcons during the breeding season, representing 97.9% of prey items by frequency and 83.3% of prey items by biomass. Mammals represented only 1.9% of prey items by frequency, but made up 16.7% of prey items by biomass. We also found that falcons preyed on introduced species more than would be expected, and on endemic species less than would be expected, based on their availability in the landscape. The absence of any significant differences in diet between native and vineyard habitats during the breeding season suggests that the latter may be a suitable alternative when natural habitats are unavailable, although further study must be conducted into the role of supplementary feeding on these effects. These findings pave the way for research in other production landscapes that could be used for conservation measures.


Expert Level (Scientific Service Achievement Award): The award to the experts who have made outstanding contributions to advancing in the field of Dentistry World 2020. It is the most prestigious award of the whole conference and is tagged as scientific service Achievement award. The eligibility criteria for achieving this award is that one should have minimum of 20+ years of experience in the relative field in public or private sector. The receiver of this award should have a dedicated fascination and should take initiative in researching the recent trends and developments towards the related subjects. You can nominate deserving of the award through online.


The objective of this paper is to check measures for explanatory power of central bank independence (CBI) in a series of econometric tests. Measures of central bank autonomy offer a useful expression of the extent to which a central bank is able to keep the government away from influencing a change in the inflation rate. The more a measure represents this idea, the easier one can find a relation between the CBI value and the inflation rate. Results of estimations show that proxies by Grilli et al. (1991) are strong regressors of inflation rate, contrary to those by Cukierman et al. (1992). Moreover, estimation results challenge the belief that divergences in CBI-inflation rate estimations are due to differences in institutional features across samples of countries, not to differences in legal proxies of central bank independence. Already results from a homogenous group of industrial countries indicate that some indices perform "better" than others.


Model differences in technological and geographical scales are common, but their contributions to uncertainties have not been systematically quantified in the climate policy literature. This paper carries out a systematic assessment on the sensitivity of Computable General Equilibrium models to technological and geographical scales in evaluating the economic impacts of carbon mitigation policies. In particular, we examine the impacts of sub-national details and technological details of power generation on the estimate of carbon price and economic cost. Taking Italy as an example, we find that the estimation for carbon price and the economic cost of a de-carbonization pathway by means of a model with technological and regional details can be lower than a model without such details by up to 40%. Additionally, the effect of representing regional details appears to be far more important than the effect of representing the details of electricity technology in both the estimated carbon prices and the estimated economic impacts. Our results for Italy highlight the importance of modeling uncertainties of these two key assumptions, which should be appropriately acknowledged when applying CGE models for policy impact assessment. Our conclusions can be generalized to different countries and policy scenarios not in terms of absolute numbers but in terms of economic explanations. In particular, intra-national trade and the sub-national sectoral/technological specialization are important variables for understanding the economic dynamics behind these outcomes.


How are odors represented in the higher processing areas of the brain? Zou and Buck compared the responses of mouse olfactory cortical neurons to binary mixtures of odorants versus their individual components. They monitored neuronal activity in the anterior piriform cortex of the same animals in response to individual odors and mixtures. The technique used enabled the authors to monitor neuronal activity in response to two temporally segregated experiences. The results suggest that olfactory cortical neurons receive convergent input from multiple odorant receptors and that a subpopulation may require such convergent input for activation. Z. Zou, L. B. Buck, Combinatorial effects of odorant mixes in olfactory cortex. Science 311, 1477-1481 (2006). [Abstract] [Full Text]


Inward investment from foreign manufacturing firms has been sought as a remedy to regional industrial problems in the UK. Foreign manufacturing offers the prospect of industrial diversification, new jobs and incomes, and can also represent a stimulus to new ideas and practices in domestic industries. The potential for production externalities from the foreign to the domestic sector has been investigated in a number of empirical studies. The wider potential for foreign manufacturing to become a driver of regional competitive advantage is expected to be linked to a number of factors including underlying investment motives, subsidiary age and type, subsidiary size, degree of value added within the plant, type of plant/degree of autonomy, nationality of ownership, entry mode, industry sector, and the structure of the host/regional economy. An additional and inter-linked factor with the above is the extent to which foreign plants are embedded through their purchasing linkages into their respective local economies. The degree of embeddedness determines the indirect employment and output supported by foreign firm activities in regional economies, and is a general indicator of the extent to which foreign firms contribute towards regional growth. Previous research has work has highlighted the comparatively low levels of linkage that exist between inward investing sectors and local supply bases. For example, Turok (1993, 1997) demonstrated the Scottish electronics industry (including large numbers of inward investors) purchased just 12% of material inputs in Scotland, and that (with reference to Input-Output tables for Scotland) output based multipliers for the electronics sector still revealed a poor quality of linkages into the local economy. In Northern Ireland, Crone and Roper (1999) reported that weak supply linkages between foreign and regional firms had restricted the potential of positive production externalities. In Wales, Roberts (1996) considered the backward (and forward) linkages created by foreign manufacturing sectors in the local economy using 1994 Input-Output tables for Wales. Overall, this research found that, on average, less than 17% of non-wage spending of foreign manufacturing firms occurred in the Welsh economy (see also Gillespie, 2000). Finally, Brand, Hill and Munday (2000), explored in a regional Input-Output framework, the direct and indirect economic contribution of foreign owned and domestic manufacturing to the economies of Wales, Scotland and the West Midlands. The study demonstrated that foreign owned manufacturing in these regions purchased less locally than domestic firms. As a result in most of the industry sectors explored the output supported in other regional industries was generally greater in the domestic than in the foreign owned case. The analysis also explored how far each job created in foreign and domestically owned manufacturing contributed to regional value added. The superior productivity of the foreign sector meant that it generally contributed more per employee to regional value added than its domestic counterpart. The analysis of the impact of foreign (and in some cases domestic) manufacturing on local economies within an Input-Output framework has largely been based on cross-sectional information. The present paper attempts to develop a more dynamic perspective by considering structural changes over time. The objective of this paper is to explore the role of foreign manufacturing in changing the pattern of industry linkages in Wales and Scotland - two regions which have attracted comparatively high shares of new UK foreign inward investment. These two regions also make for a valuable comparative study with some analysts suggesting that there are important differences in the underlying quality of inward investment between the two regions (Hood, 1991). The paper uses information from the Scottish Input-Output tables 1973 and 1996 (see Fraser of Allander, 1973, and Scottish Executive, 1999), and Welsh Input-Output tables 1968 and 1996 (see Ireson and Tomkins, 1978; and Hill and Roberts, 2001) to examine the changing structure of these regional economies over time. The focus of the paper is comparing manufacturing sectors where there have been high and low levels of foreign investment. The influence of foreign manufacturing is considered in the context of changes in the export orientation, import propensity and indirect employment and output effects of selected industry sectors. The wider context of the paper is continuing concern in the UK on the more dynamic impacts of foreign manufacturing industry in improving the economic prospects for UK regions, and the validity of the "inward investment" model of development. The second section of the paper reviews the development of foreign manufacturing in the Welsh and Scottish economies, and critically analyses previous research that has explored the role of the foreign sector in these regions within an Input-Output model framework. The third section examines how foreign manufacturing might be expected to impact differently from the domestic sector in terms of impact on the structure of the regional economy over time. For example, in terms of its higher productivity, and different import and export propensities. The fourth section describes the Input-Output tables that are available for Wales and Scotland, and more specifically, discusses issues of comparability of tables of different vintages. The methodology used to reconcile the industry sectors in the table is discussed. The fifth section examines the nature of structural changes in the two economies, including an analysis of local trading propensities, together with estimates of multiplier effects of selected industries characterised by high and low levels of foreign direct investment (in the period 1968-1996 for Wales, and 1973-1996 for Scotland). The final section contains conclusions. References Hill, S. & A. Roberts (2001), Input-Output Tables for Wales 1996. Cardiff: South East Wales Economic Forum. Hood, N. (1991), Inward Investment and the Scottish Economy, Royal Bank of Scotland Review, 169, pp. 17-32. Brand S., Hill, S. & M. Munday (2000), Assessing the Impacts of Foreign Manufacturing on Regional Economies: The Cases of Wales, Scotland and West Midlands. Regional Studies 34, pp. 343-55. Crone, M. & S. Roper (1999), Knowledge Transfers from Multinational Plants in Northern Ireland, paper given to Regional Science Association European Congress, University College Dublin, August 23rd-27th. Fraser of Allander Institute, University of Strathclyde, The Scottish Council Research Institute Limited and IBM UK Scientific Centre (1978), Input-Output Tables for Scotland 1973. Scottish Academic Press, Edinburgh. Gillespie, G. (2000), Modelling the System-wide Impact of Foreign Direct Investment in Scotland: An Ownership-Disaggregated Regional Computable General Equilibrium Analysis, Ph.D thesis, University of Strathclyde. Ireson, R. & C. Tomkins (1978), Inter-Regional Input-Output Tables for Wales and the Rest of the UK 1968. HMSO, London. Roberts, A. (1996), The Economic Impact of Foreign Manufacturing Investment in Wales. Unpublished Ph.D, University of Wales, Cardiff. Scottish Executive (1999), Input-Output Tables and Multipliers for Scotland 1996. Government Statistical Service, Edinburgh. Turok, I. (1993), Inward Investment and Local Linkages: How Deeply Embedded is "Silicon Glen? Regional Studies 27, pp. 401-17. Turok, I. (1997), Linkages in the Scottish Electronics Industry: Further Evidence, Regional Studies 31, pp. 705-711.


Puppet is a perfoming art originally from Indonesia which fast developed in Java. The subdistcric Manyaran has puppet 56 home  industries of handycraft. The aims: (1) developing strategy in increasing social economy through bussiness character building, (2) analysis industry, (3) developing workshop of puppet industry character building based in increasing industrial works, by entrepreneurship in developing creative industry.Methods is descriptive qualitative, Need analysis is done by problem, potency and hope through FGD, and experimental method.The result is to develop  of puppet industry and bussiness management character building. based for entrepreneur characteristic  people  in doing management process 90% through home industry. It needs to be supported in order to not work in another field got 88%, all of the people have skills to be developed continuously 78%, the values of its production for welfare societ 81%. Government policy supported local lesson curricula at schools, 75%. In fact Junior and Senior High School have done it, 83%. Export marketing, tourism packages by touring from schools, 81%. The handcrafters really agree in their villages will be created as tourism village. The character building in entrepreneurship is done since early programed, it is necessary socialisation Grand Design of Charater Building strategy for puppet handcrafters 75%. Conclusion, in supporting the development of handcrafters character puppet industry should involve all components: (1) the content of the curriculum , (2) the procces of instruction, (3) the quality of relationships) , (4) the handling of discipline, implementation activity of co-curicula at school, character education is the deliberate effort to help people understand, care about, and act upon core ethical value , and ethos in all puppet handcrafters social environment.


Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) is a promising technology which can offer high speed voice, video and internet connection. The leading candidate for BWA is WiMAX, a technology that complies with the IEEE 802.16 family of standards. This paper is focused towards the hardware Implementation of WirelessMAN-OFDM Physical Layer of IEEE Std 802.16d Transmitter on FPGA. The RTL coding style of Verilog HDL was used which gave a high level design-flow for developing and validating communication system protocols and provides flexibility of modifications in future in order to meet real world performance evaluation. The proposed design is fully supportive to adaptive modulation schemes described in IEEE Std 802.16d and equipped with soft interfaces for MAC layer and RF-front end, so that in future more work could be done in order to deploy complete WiMAX CPE IP core. Keywords — WiMAX, IEEE Std 802.16d, OFDM, PHY Layer.


This paper aims at characterization of thermo-hydro-mechanical behaviour of MX-80 granular bentonite obtained from an innovative double-cell triaxial system. The system has been mainly developed to perform suction controlled tests on unsaturated geomaterials under wide ranges of temperature and confining pressure applied to nuclear waste storage. The device was provided with two innovative features; the double-wall system which allows precise measurement of volume variation of the sample, and the hydraulic and pneumatic circuits, which provide several testing layouts to apply on saturated and unsaturated soil conditions. The system has been calibrated for the mechanical loading and the inner-cell evolutions upon high temperature and pressure applications. Drained triaxial compression tests were performed on saturated and unsaturated MX-80 granular bentonite compacted at different water contents and target dry densities. In case of testing in unsaturated conditions, the total suction was controlled by means of the vapor equilibrium technique. The influence of total suction and confining stress on the compression index and the shear strength of bentonite samples were investigated in this paper. The influence of temperature on the deviatoric response of normally consolidated bentonite at high confining stress was also investigated.


We report studies of second-harmonic generation (SHG) of femtosecond pulses in long periodically poled lithium niobate waveguides under large conversion conditions. Strong saturation of the SHG efficiency was observed, accompanied by spectral and temporal distortion of the pump pulse. Our simulation studies suggest that the pulse distortions may be caused by the interaction of the phase-matched SHG process and an additional cascaded χ(2) process or processes, leading to a large nonlinear phase modulation. Such additional cascaded χ(2) processes could be caused by the existence of multiple transverse modes in the nonlinear waveguide. These phenomena, which to our knowledge have not been reported previously, may have a significant effect on studies of high-power short-pulse parametric process in waveguide devices and on the design of novel nonlinear optical waveguide devices for such applications.


NO (nitric oxide) has dual functions in cancer, promoting carcinogenesis in low concentrations and inducing tumor cell apoptosis at high concentrations. The dual-edged-sword functions of NO make it particularly appealing to develop a sensitive and specific chemical probe for its detection. However, most NO sensors suffer from poor Stokes shifts and are limited by ultraviolet (UV) or visible light excitation, which render it difficult to avoid the intrinsic background signal. In this study, an 808 nm laser-excited Nd3+-sensitized upconversion nanoprobe based on LRET (luminescence resonance energy-transfer) for NO detection was constructed for the first time. This probe was composed of Nd3+-sensitized core-shell upconversion nanoparticles (540 nm and 660 nm emission) as the energy donor and RhBs as the acceptor. In the presence of NO, RhBs was converted into Rhodamine B and its strong absorption subsequently quenched the 540 nm fluorescence of UCNPs, while the emission at 660 nm remained constant. The ratiometric detection of the fluorescence at 540 nm, as compared to 660 nm, can precisely respond to the difference in NO levels with a detection limit of 0.21 μM. Importantly, compared with conventional UCNPs excited at 980 nm, the 808 nm light excitation led to lower water absorption and deeper tissue penetration, thus avoiding overheating and allowing for long-term biological imaging. This strategy has been perfectly applied to detecting the NO levels in living cells to differentiate the tumor cells from normal cells based on varied intracellular NO concentration. Further, the nanosystem realized the real-time monitoring of NO during treatment with NO donor drugs, which could inspire the future application of this probe to guide NO therapy.


Playing host to articles written in different disciplines and perspectives on the shared subject of digital gaming, the current special issue means to galvanise interest in and recognition of the nascent field of games research. Despite being little more than 50 years old, the medium of digital games has seen a meteoric rise to economic and cultural prominence across the globe. A cultural shift accepting games as a worthwhile recreational activity (and more) is likewise resulting in shifting attentions within game studies. Games were seen as frivolous and even harmful, and research traditionally focused on the negative effects they were perceived to have while in the end coming up with very little reliable evidence to support this position. The current wave of games research exemplified in this issue is certainly wider: games are a cultural and often highly socialised medium that has changed the way we view the world. They are used in non-entertainment settings, helping to promote active learning in players of all ages. The medium also facilitates deeper psychological and philosophical theorizing, as researchers grapple with deeper questions on what games and play mean to each of us. Put simply: games research is not just fun and games.


A BSTRACT Background Salmonella enterica serotype choleraesuis is a cause of serious systemic infections. Because fluoroquinolones are the drug of choice for the treatment of severe salmonella infections, the emergence and dissemination of fluoroquinolone-resistant S. enterica serotype choleraesuis have clinical consequences. Methods In Taiwan, a hospital-based surveillance system has been in place since 1987 to monitor the incidence of S. enterica serotype choleraesuis infections and the antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates. We investigated the rapid emergence of fluoroquinolone resistance in this serotype in 2000 and 2001. Pigs in Taiwan were evaluated as a potential source of the resistant salmonella. Results A total of 501 clinical isolates of S. enterica serotype choleraesuis were recovered in our hospital from 1987 through 2000. The proportion of total salmonella isolates made up by S. enterica serotype choleraesuis decreased from an average of 8.4 percent before 1995 to 2.7 percent in 1996 through 1998. During 1999 and 2000, this proportion increased significantly, to an average of 5.0 percent. Ciprofloxacin resistance in S. enterica serotype choleraesuis has been observed since 2000. In the third quarter of 2001, 60 percent of isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin. Molecular typing indicated that the primary source of S. enterica serotype choleraesuis isolates was herds of swine. All the resistant isolates from humans and swine had mutations that led to the substitution of phenylalanine for serine at position 83 and asparagine for aspartic acid at position 87 in the gene for DNA gyrase A. Conclusions This investigation in Taiwan indicates that fluoroquinolone-resistant S. enterica serotype choleraesuis can spread from swine to humans. The use of fluoroquinolones in food animals should be prohibited. (N Engl J Med 2002;346:413-9.)