The electric dipole moment (EDM) challenge measures a non-zero proton EDM value and this book suggests how the challenge can be met. Any measurably large proton EDM would violate the standard model. The method to be employed uses an intense beam of 'frozen spin' protons circulating for hour-long times in a storage ring 'trap'. The smallness of EDMs allows them to test existing theories, but also makes them hard to measure. Such EDM experiments are inexpensive, at least compared to building accelerators of ever-greater energy.


Lake Huron, the third largest freshwater lake in the world, has become increasingly oligotrophic since the early 1990s and is also currently experiencing substantial changes in species abundances and diversity. We used long‐term biomonitoring data to calculate whole‐body energy densities for Lake Huron rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax), lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush), and also for herring gull (Larus argentatus) eggs collected from 1989–2011. Significant temporal declines in energy densities were observed for all three species, and significant declines were found for lake trout size‐at‐age and herring gull egg sizes. For lake trout and herring gulls, these declines occurred during a period of reduced abundance of pelagic forage fish and increased inclusion of terrestrial food in diets of herring gulls. Declining energy density in rainbow smelt occurred concomitant with declining phytoplankton and zooplankton resources, the principal energy source for this species. Reduced production capacity in lower trophic levels appears to be affecting upper trophic levels of the Lake Huron food web, emphasizing the cascading effects of ecosystem change.


Following the announcement of a unified Value-Added Tax (VAT) across the GCC countries (Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates) and the subsequent ratification of agreement for its introduction in 2018 by Saudi Arabia as a new tax system in 2018, there arose critical issues that need to be addressed with regards to VAT. This conceptual paper discusses emerging issues in the management of VAT, economic benefits and constraints, and concludes with policy recommendations. In accomplishing the research objective, the paper adopts a qualitative research method, which entails reviewing journal articles, texts and other relevant online resources on VAT. The extractions from afore-mentioned sources were analysed through critical discourse analyses. The paper established that VAT obviously became a front-burner tax in the GCC region because of the difficult economic, social and political realities caused by dwindling oil revenues in the face of rising populations and growing expectations of the citizens. The paper concludes that although the Kingdom has commenced implementation of VAT, but its development by the policymakers requires stronger education for better understanding of the economic benefits and constraints, sensitisation for acceptance by the citizens, and cooperation of businesses and citizens for compliance and collection to meet the fiscal objectives of this new tax system in a region with little history of consumption tax.


With the completion of the human genome sequence in 2003, efforts have shifted towards elucidating gene function. Such phenotypic investigations are aided by advances in techniques for genetic modification of mice, with whom we share ~99% of genes. Mice are key models for both examination of basic gene function and translational study of human conditions. Furthering these efforts, ambitious programmes are underway to produce knockout mice for the ~25,000 mouse genes. In the coming years, methods to rapidly phenotype mouse morphology will be in great demand. This thesis demonstrates the development of non-invasive microscopic magnetic resonance imaging (\muMRI) methods for high-resolution ex-vivo phenotyping of mouse embryo and mouse brain morphology. It then goes on to show the application of computational atlasing techniques to these datasets, enabling automated analysis of phenotype. First, the issue of image quality in high-throughput embryo MRI was addressed. After investigating preparation and imaging parameters, substantial gains in signal- and contrast-to-noise were achieved. This protocol was applied to a study of Chd7+/- mice (a model of CHARGE syndrome), identifying cardiac defects. Combining this protocol with automated segmentation-propagation techniques, phenotypic differences were shown between three groups of mice in a volumetric analysis involving a number of organ systems. Focussing on the mouse brain, the optimal preparation and imaging parameters to maximise image quality and structural contrast were investigated, producing a high-resolution in-skull imaging protocol. Enhanced delineation of hippocampal and cerebellar structures was observed, correlating well to detailed histological comparisons. Subsequently this protocol was applied to a phenotypic investigation of the Tc1 model of Down syndrome. Using both visual inspection and automated, tensor based morphometry, novel phenotypic findings were identified in brain and inner ear structures. It is hoped that a combination of \muMRI with computational analysis techniques, as presented in this work, may help ease the burden of current phenotyping efforts.


District governments in Indonesia are in the early stages of trying to reduce poverty in their areas. We explain the influences on district officials' ability to effectively address poverty in two forest districts based on observations between 2003 and 2005. We found that centrally-imposed programs have created bureaucratic requirements that officials are reluctant to meet or prefer to use to their own benefit. District initiatives for economic development rarely reach the poor and even increase their vulnerability. This poor performance can be explained by weak incentives and institutions, unclear strategies and information and little participation of the poor themselves. District, provincial and central authorities need to ensure benefits for district officials who work to reduce poverty, have coherent, simple strategies, enable poor communities to voice their needs, revitalize coordination with funding and stronger leadership, and enable monitoring by districts and communities of government programs impacts on poverty.


A major use of neuropsychological assessment is to measure changes in functioning over time; that is, to determine whether a difference in test performance indicates a real change in the individual or just chance variation. Using 7 illustrative test measures and retest data from 384 neurologically stable adults, this paper compares different methods of predicting retest scores, and of determining whether observed changes in performance are unusual. The methods include the Reliable Change Index, with and without correction for practice effect, and models based upon simple and multiple regression. For all test variables, the most powerful predictor of follow-up performance was initial performance. Adding demographic variables and overall neuropsychological competence at baseline significantly but slightly improved prediction of all follow-up scores. The simple Reliable Change Index without correction for practice performed least well, with high error rates and large prediction intervals (confidence intervals). Overall prediction accuracy was similar for the other three methods; however, different models produce large differences in predicted scores for some individuals, especially those with extremes of initial test performance, overall competency, or demographics. All 5 measures from the Halstead–Reitan Battery had residual (observed − predicted score) variability that increased with poorer initial performance. Two variables showed significant nonnormality in the distribution of residuals. For accurate prediction with smallest prediction–confidence intervals, we recommend multiple regression models with attention to differential variability and nonnormality of residuals. (JINS, 1999, 5, 357–369.)


The continuous discovery of new biomarkers is reflected not only in the scientific literature but also in its application in current clinical practice. The urgent need to determine the values of appropriate clinical parameters (biomarkers) in biological fluids is driving the development of new analytical methodologies capable of providing quantitative, precise, accurate and validated information on the concentration of those biomarkers, both in control individuals as well as in patients affected by the considered pathologies. In this regard, diseases associated with disorders of the iron metabolism affect a significant proportion of the population, especially in the case of iron deficiencies (e.g. Fe-dependent anemia) as well as iron overload (e.g. hereditary hemochromatosis). In 2001, a liver-synthesized peptide hormone called hepcidin-25, present in biological fluids in the ng ml-1 range, was discovered. Despite its present importance, there is currently a lack of analytical methodologies validated for determination of this putative biomarker to the point of enabling its implementation in clinical routine analysis. While hepcidin-25 controls Fe absorption from food and its release into circulation, a significant part of this trace metal is stored intracellularly, incorporated in the protein ferritin. However, a small fraction of this protein in the ng ml-1 range can be detected in serum. Serum ferritin concentration forms part of a series of biomarkers routinely determined in clinical laboratories to assess the iron status in patients. However, the determination of ferritin-bound iron in serum could offer a higher potential to diagnose iron disorders than pure ferritin measurements since the concentration of the protein is altered in response to inflammation as well. In this context, the development and validation of new analytical methods based on elemental and molecular mass spectrometry for the reliable determination of putative clinical biomarkers is currently an urgent need. Therefore, the main objective of the present dissertation is the development and validation of MS-based quantitative methods, based on the use of stable isotopes, for the determination of clinical biomarkers in disorders of iron metabolism. This overall aim was pursued through the following specific objectives: Development of a quantification strategy of the peptide hepcidin-25 in human urine by HPLC-ICP-MS. Since the first publications dealing with hepcidin-25 and its biological function, more than one decade ago, many progresses have been made in the quantification of this peptide hormone. Thus, for the quantification of the hormone hepcidin-25, various methodologies have been developed throughout this decade which are mainly based on antibodies or those that employ molecular mass spectrometry (SELDI-MS or LC-MS). Of course, it should be taken into account that both strategies are accompanied by some disadvantages. Thus, this study has been focused towards the development of a new elemental method for the determination of hepcidin through the detection of sulfur, using ICP-MS as a detector, after capillary liquid chromatography for the separation of the species. Sulfur (which is present in nine of the 25 amino acids of the hepcidin-25) can be detected by ICP-MS after the elimination of spectral interferences. For this purpose, three different ICP-MS instruments were compared with each other, whereby each of them uses a different strategy to eliminate the polyatomic interference (e.g. collision cell, sector field (SF) and formation of oxides). Finally, ICP-SF-MS offered the best limits of detection, accuracy and precision. Quantitative recoveries of the peptide standard with the proposed configuration (LC-ICP-MS) were obtained maintaining the column temperature at 50°C. Then, various cleaning procedures of the sample were studied in order to apply that methodology in urine samples. The best results were obtained by a combination of dialysis and solid phase extraction. The treated extracts were analyzed by µHPLC-ICP-MS and also by LC-ESI-QTOF-MS (for confirmatory purposes). The results revealed that screening by ESI-QTOF-MS is more suitable for hepcidin in urine samples, regarding both the selectivity and sensitivity, mainly due to the relatively high limits of detection of sulfur by ICP-MS. Evaluation of a direct chemical labeling strategy with divalent metal ions (Cu2+) for the quantitative analysis of hepcidin in serum samples. Taking into account the limitations of quantification of hepcidin-25 through elemental detection of sulfur, the second objective was focused on the use of a labeling strategy, using heteroelements, by taking advantage of hepcidin's affinity to form stable complexes with bivalent metal ions such as Cu2+. This type of selective union would allow the quantification of the peptide by Cu detection via ICP-MS. Therefore, an incubation of the peptide with Cu2+ is required, followed by chromatographic separation (anion exchange chromatography) of the complex from the excess of metal ions applied for incubation, but maintaining the integrity of the complex through the separation. For this purpose, conditions of incubation (between the hepcidin-25 and Cu2+) were optimized by using ESI-QTOF-MS. It was found that the complex "Cu:hepcidin-25" is stable under physiological conditions and shows an equimolar stoichiometry (1:1). Once the stability of the complex through chromatographic separation was demonstrated, two IDMS strategies employing ICP-MS for detection were developed for the quantification of hepcidin-25. The first one was based on the post-column addition of a 65Cu tracer (species-unspecific or post-column isotope dilution analysis approach), and secondly, by the synthesis of the complex "65Cu:hepcidin-25" used as spike for IDA (species-specific isotope dilution analysis). Analytical performance of each of both methods was critically compared in serum samples. The determination of hepcidin-25 in different serum samples of healthy individuals showed a concentration range of about 7.7-19.3 ng ml-1 (95% confidence level), a value in agreement with previously published data. Development of a quantification method for serum ferritin by using a "sandwich"-type immunoassay linked to ICP-MS. In this section, the use of an antibody-labeling strategy (using Ru-labeled antibodies) for the absolute detection of ferritin without the need for chromatographic separation was evaluated. The developed method uses two monoclonal anti-ferritin antibodies: one of them biotinylated and the other marked with a chelate of ruthenium [Ru(bpy)3]2+. In aqueous solutions, a complex (bioconjugate) between the ferritin and two antibodies is formed. The use of streptavidin-coated magnetic microparticles allows to retain the analyte as well as to remove the excess of antibodies and unbound species. Subsequently, the resuspended particles can be directly introduced into the ICP-MS using flow injection (FI). Since the Ru complex also allows the quantification by electrochemiluminescence (ECL), the combination of both data (ICP-MS and ECL) enabled the establishment of the stoichiometry between the ferritin protein and the element Ru ~1:23). This provided the basis for ferritin quantification by post-FI using isotopically enriched 99Ru (species-unspecific isotope dilution analysis) without the need for ferritin calibration standards. The developed strategy allowed the absolute quantification of ferritin at the femtomolar level with good precision ~8%) and recoveries between 85-109% (determined using a recombinant ferritin reference material NIBSC 94/572). Development of a quantitative strategy to address the ferritin-bound iron concentration in human serum. For this aim, two different analytical methods were evaluated: in the first approach a multi-dimensional purification strategy was developed in order to separate the ferritin-bound iron from other possible iron-containing species. After the purity of the analyte was successfully evaluated (by using size exclusion chromatography coupled to ICP-MS), quantitative analysis of the ferritin-bound iron was carried out by species-unspecific IDA-ICP-MS. The achieved analyte recovery rates were found to be relatively low (31 ± 10%). Therefore, individual recoveries have to be taken into account. In order to overcome this limitation, the second strategy employs species-specific IDA-ICP-MS for the determination of ferritin-bound iron. In this vein, the synthesis and characterization of isotopically enriched 57Fe-ferritin as tracer was accomplished by a) biosynthesis of recombinant plant ferritin by heterologous expression in E. coli (scientific research stay in the National University of Singapore) and b) by incorporation of 57Fe into apo-ferritin. Here, the most promising result were obtained with the second strategy which in turn uses ammonium iron(II) sulfate as 57Fe(II) source. The fully characterized spike enabled the quantification of ferritin-bound iron by HPLC coupled to ICP-MS using species-specific isotope dilution analysis. With the concentration of iron determined by ICP-MS and the concentration of ferritin (determined by ECLIA) the Fe:ferritin ratios can be calculated. This ratio is a putative clinical biomarker which may prove invaluable to assess disorders of iron metabolism.


Background: This study reports the development and revision of the Beliefs about Paranoia Scale (BaPS), a self-report measure to assess metacognitive beliefs about paranoia in non-patients. We aimed to confirm the factor structure of a revised 50-item version of the measure and test the specific hypotheses that positive beliefs about paranoia would predict frequency of paranoia, and that negative beliefs about paranoia would predict distress associated with paranoia. Method: 185 non-patient participants completed questionnaires assessing beliefs about paranoia, thought control, self-consciousness, anxiety, depression and paranoia. Results: The results showed that the original four-factor solution could not be replicated. Instead a three-factor solution comprising Negative Beliefs about Paranoia, Paranoia as a Survival Strategy, and Normalizing Beliefs was developed. The revised 18-item measure showed good internal consistency. Stepwise regression analysis showed that, BaPS-negative beliefs accounted for 34% of the variance with R2 of 0.339, with a multiple R of 0.585 in relation to frequency of paranoia. In relation to distress arising from paranoia, stepwise regression analysis showed that BaPS-negative beliefs accounted for 34% of the variance with R2 of 0.339, with a multiple R of 0.585. In both analyses, BaPS-Survival strategy showed a small but significant incremental increase in the variance accounted for in the overall model. Conclusions: These findings suggest that a metacognitive approach to the conceptualization of paranoia as a strategy for managing interpersonal threat may have some utility. The clinical implications of the findings are also discussed.


Wireless sensor networks have been considered as a promising tool for many location-dependent applications. In such deployments, the requirement of low system cost prohibits many range-based methods for sensor node localization; on the other hand, range-free approaches depending only on radio connectivity may underutilize the proximity information embedded in neighborhood sensing. In response to these limitations, this paper introduces a proximity metric called RSD to capture the distance relationships among 1-hop neighboring nodes in a range-free manner. With little overhead, RSD can be conveniently applied as a transparent supporting layer for state-of-the-art connectivity-based localization solutions to achieve better accuracy. We implemented RSD with three well-known algorithms and evaluated using two outdoor test beds: an 850-foot-long linear network with 54 MICAz motes, and a regular 2D network covering an area of 10,000 square feet with 49 motes. Results show that our design helps eliminate estimation ambiguity with a subhop resolution, and reduces localization errors by as much as 35 percent. In addition, simulations confirm its effectiveness for large-scale networks and reveal an interesting feature of robustness under unevenly distributed radio path loss.


A new technique to retrieve cloud optical depth for broken clouds above green vegetation using ground‐based zenith radiance measurements is developed. By analogy with the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), the Normalized Difference Cloud Index (NDCI) is defined as a ratio between the difference and the sum of two zenith radiances measured for two narrow spectral bands in the visible and near‐IR regions. The very different spectral behavior of cloud liquid water drops and green vegetation is the key physics behind the NDCI. It provides extra tools to remove the radiative effects of the 3D cloud structure. Numerical calculations based on fractal clouds and real measurements of NDCI and cloud liquid water path confirm the improvements.


Abstract : The information revolution has brought forth new and improved capabilities to rapidly disseminate and employ information in decision-making. These capabilities are critical to the civilian and military infrastructures of the United States, and act as force enhancers and enablers for the Armed Forces. These capabilities, however, often rely upon systems interconnected throughout the world, resulting in potentially increased vulnerability to attack. To add to this problem, elusive, threatening forces (national and transnational) originating from anywhere on the globe are likely to offer opponents less reliant on information technology an asymmetric advantage over information-reliant nations like the United States. To date, effective methods and measures to specifically value information and information systems are lacking. This thesis develops a first cut methodology facilitating the identification of key information, generating information assurance strategies and implementing measures to assess them.


Robert Venturi is probably architecture's best-known hero for the wrong reason. Extremely successful at a young age as the iconoclast of North America's late modernism, he soon came to represent (through his collaboration with Denise Scott Brown and Steven Izneour) a specific kind of sociology turned into one-dimensional architecture, forever incarnated in Learning from Las Vegas. The gargantuan success of his second publication somehow dwarfed the monumental achievements of his first (and far more funny) book: Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture. Ever devoured by generations as obligatory literature in their education, the reading of this treatise has always been somehow biased by what came afterwards. In many ways the facts of history are always more nuanced and complicated then simple slogans can assess. Still we feel it is important to reactivate again the grammar, vocabulary, methods and insights that are so beautifully presented to us in his seminal work. Taking Venturi's work as a method however, would account for a gigantic mistake, as it would not be truthful to the very core of his practice: to suggest without claiming, and to claim without consequence (something he sadly forgot in later times). For that reason this Venturi studio in Tokyo is (and was) 'Without Venturi'. In an attempt to take his work afresh, we should not theorise it too much, we should appropriate it with a certain naivete. The workshop we organised did exactly that: take a Venturi project, appropriate it, transform it, replace it. This simple method of dumb transformation allowed us to think about language and principles, without the bias of interpretation. The interpretation came later. 'Without Venturi' came about because Yoshi Tsukamoto invited us to do a workshop at Tokyo Tech, an invitation we took with much pleasure and engagement. From the very beginning, it was clear to us that the Tokyo of Bow Wow, Sakamoto and Shinohara was the perfect spot to investigate the rather naive hunch on Venturi we caress for some time now. Perhaps the work of these three architects is the best example of the possible success of false interpretation, appropriation and indirect inspiration. In a conversation we had the luck to have with Sakamoto-sensei, he confessed of being at a certain point, very inspired by the 'images' and the 'image sequence' of the Complexity book. Untranslated and to a certain extent, obscure, the visual poetry and probably the visual argument found its way into the very idiosyncratic and beautiful work of the Japanese master. Without Venturi is for that reason very much tribute to this work, to architects that took formal risks more or less inspired by it, or more often just out of the blue. We feel this is the fundamental lesson of Venturi's legacy, as it brings us back to a radical method of formal accumulation that does not fall short because of its ideological bandwidth, but is able to embrace the complexity of the world without sacrificing its own inner consistency


ABSTRACT The ongoing war in Syria reflects the interesting phenomenon of foreigners flocking to the troubled region to join the combat. While foreign Jihadists joining the fighting ranks of terror organizations such as the Islamic State or Al Qaeda have attracted considerable reporting and research, the flip side of this phenomenon has gone largely unnoticed—that of the foreign anti-ISIS fighters. Although these fighters share a common enemy, adversary on the battlefield, they hold disparate personal ideologies and motives. This article will examine manifestations of foreign anti-ISIS fighters affiliated with both the far right and far left ideologies, in order to contribute to the understanding of this unfamiliar aspect of the war in Syria and its scope, as well as the potential consequences and potential threats it embodies.


Background: Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number in peripheral blood has been found to be associated with risk of developing several cancers. However, data on pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) are very limited. Methods: To further our knowledge on this topic, we measured relative mtDNA copy number by a quantitative real-time PCR assay in peripheral leukocyte samples of 476 PDAC cases and 357 controls nested within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort. Results: We observed lower mtDNA copy number with advancing age (P = 6.54 × 10−5) and with a high body mass index (BMI) level (P = 0.004) and no association with sex, smoking behavior, and alcohol consumption. We found an association between increased mtDNA copy number and decreased risk of developing PDAC with an odds ratios (OR) of 0.35 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.16–0.79; P = 0.01] when comparing the fifth quintile with the first using an unconditional logistic regression and an OR of 0.19 (95% CI, 0.07–0.52; P = 0.001) with a conditional analysis. Analyses stratified by BMI showed an association between high mtDNA copy number and decreased risk in the stratum of normal weight, consistent with the main analyses. Conclusions: Our results suggest a protective effect of a higher number of mitochondria, measured in peripheral blood leukocytes, on PDAC risk. Impact: Our findings highlight the importance of understanding the mitochondrial biology in pancreatic cancer.


We use data from a sample of applicants to a national means-tested school voucher program and a national sample of the population eligible for the program to evaluate the factors leading families to use school vouchers. Our analysis divides the process of voucher usage into two distinct stages: initial application and subsequent take-up. Using a nested logit model, we find that some factors, like religious affiliation and religious service attendance, affect both stages. Others, like mother's education, affect only one (application). Still others, like ethnicity, have opposite effects at the two stages. Compared to Whites, minorities are more likely to apply for vouchers, but less likely to take them when given the opportunity. © 2005 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management


This paper presents an adaptive optical system intended for focusing the radiation of powerful processing lasers. The system consists of a wave-front corrector, a wave-front meter, and a software-hardware system for controlling the corrector. A flexible bimorph mirror is used as a corrector. An M2 sensor is used to analyze the radiation-focusing quality, making it possible to estimate such parameters of the laser radiation as the diameter, the divergence angle, and the quality parameter M2. The bimorph mirror is controlled by means of a combined method, based on gradient methods of searching for the extremum and a genetic algorithm. The system makes it possible to correct low-order aberrations and to estimate the focusing efficiency of the laser radiation.


The action of a novel cardiotonic agent N-hydroxy-5,6-dimethoxy-benzo[b]thiophene-2-carboximide hydrochloride (Org 30029) on intracellular aequorin light transients and isometric contractions was investigated in isolated canine ventricular trabeculae. The positive inotropic effect of Org 30029 (30 ,uM-3 mM) was consistently associated with prolongation of the duration of contraction and an increase in the amplitude of the intracellular Ca2' transients. The maximum inotropic response to Org 30029 was approximately 150% of the maximum response to isoproterenol, whereas the maximum increase in the amplitude of Ca2' transients produced by Org 30029 was only 20% of the isoproterenol-induced maximum. The duration of isometric contractions was prolonged by Org 30029, with no change in the duration of the light transients. The concentration-response curve for the positive inotropic effect of Org 30029 was shifted by carbamylcholine chloride (carbachol, 3 AM) to the right and downward, but the maximum response to Org 30029 was greater than that to isoproterenol even in the presence of carbachol. Carbachol abolished the increase in light transients and cAMP accumulation induced by Org 30029 (1 mM), whereas it only partially attenuated the positive inotropic effect of Org 30029. In the presence of carbachol (3 JM), Org 30029 increased the force of contraction in a concentration-dependent manner without augmenting the aequorin light transients. These results are compatible with the hypothesis that Org 30029 increases cardiac contractility by increasing myofilament Ca2' responsiveness. (Circulation Research 1993;72:597-606)


We have developed mirrorless quasi-monochromatic laser sources made of stoichiometric neodymium compounds (Nd0.75:La0.25P4O15 and NdCl3· 6H2O) pumped by nanosecond laser pulses. We find that short subnanosecond and narrow-bandwidth (0.15-nm) pulses are generated in both compounds when they are pumped at high intensities. This emission is spatially incoherent as shown by a speckle statistics analysis. Its origin is discussed in terms of collective effects. This shows that poor optical materials with strongly quenched emission may be useful for generating incoherent short pulses.


Genetic differentiation among populations may arise from the disruption of gene flow due to local adaptation to distinct environments and/or neutral accumulation of mutations and genetic drift resulted from geographical isolation. Quantifying the role of these processes in determining the genetic structure of natural populations remains challenging. Here, we analyze the relative contribution of isolation-by-resistance (IBR), isolation-by-environment (IBE), genetic drift and historical isolation in allopatry during Pleistocene glacial cycles on shaping patterns of genetic differentiation in caribou/reindeer populations (Rangifer tarandus) across the entire distribution range of the species. Our study integrates analyses at range-wide and regional scales to partial out the effects of historical and contemporary isolation mechanisms. At the circumpolar scale, our results indicate that genetic differentiation is predominantly explained by IBR and historical isolation. At a regional scale, we found that environmental dissimilarity and population size significantly explained the spatial distribution of genetic variation among populations belonging to the Euro-Beringian lineage within North America. In contrast, genetic differentiation among populations within the North American lineage was predominantly explained by IBR and population size, but not IBE. We also found discrepancies between genetic and ecotype designation across the Holarctic species distribution range. Overall, these results indicate that multiple isolating mechanisms have played roles in shaping the spatial distribution of genetic variation across the distribution range of a large mammal with high potential for gene flow. Considering multiple spatial scales and simultaneously testing a comprehensive suite of potential isolating mechanisms, our study contributes to understand the ecological and evolutionary processes underlying organism–landscape interactions.

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.


Faced with substantial funding shortfalls in meeting transportation needs, one of Washington State Department of Transportation's (WSDOT's) key strategies for preserving mobility is improving the efficient operation of the existing transportation facilities by increasing the use of transportation demand management (TDM) strategies to decrease drive alone rates. This requires an ability to forecast the magnitude and geographic distribution of changes in travel patterns likely to result from more aggressive TDM programs. It also requires an ability to estimate the effect these changes will have on delay, speed, and travel time throughout affected corridors. This project developed a Transportation Demand Management Assessment Procedure (TDMAP), as a sketch planning modeling approach to incorporate TDM into WSDOT's travel demand model. TDMAP does so by (1) extracting mode split tables from the model; (2) processing them to be compatible with TRIMMS© 2.0, an existing tool that estimates changes in travel behavior as a result of implementing different TDM strategies; (3) running the tables through TRIMMS© 2.0; and then (4) processing them back into the four-step model for distribution over the transportation network. The study did develop a low cost method to help WSDOT plan TDM strategies as part of its overall transportation planning process. Ideally, the next generation would also help WSDOT identify and choose the most cost-effective mix of program elements for improving traffic and air quality conditions in a corridor, and for the desired level of change in vehicle traffic, and see how the cost and mix varies with the desired level of change. Building such a tool requires additional research, and improved data on the cost and effectiveness of TDM program elements under different conditions. Recommendations for research and data development to help bring this goal to fruition were made.


There are several reasons for the fact that fracture flow has been a subject of active research for the last three decades. Rock fractures commonly exist in the Earth's upper crust and, therefore, significantly control groundwater movement. Fracture-dominated flow has become increasingly important in various problems of geotechnical interest. A particularly important reason for investigating fracture flow and contaminant transport is the necessity of building repositories of nuclearfuel waste which are often situated deep in granite massifs. The possibility of their damage during the long periods of storage requires the study of problems connected with the risk of possible contaminant displacement. The aim of this article is to model water flow and contaminant transport in hardrock fractures. Such results are required that make it possible to determine the hydraulic parameters of real fractures by comparison with data measurable under field conditions. Making use of the known hydromechanical characteristics of the modelled fracture and the aqueous phase, a problem with a set of three partial differential equations and related boundary conditions was formulated and numerically solved. The unknown functions of the problem are the liquid-phase pressure, the flow velocity and the contaminant concentration. The method of solution is described and the achieved results are visualized and presented.


In object individuation, spatiotemporal episodic cues are used to register an object as a distinct perceptual event, relative to other stimuli. The present study examined the time course of individuation to assess the information processing stage at which it arises and the extent to which it draws on early sensory cortices. Previous research has failed to provide definitive evidence on these issues, as individuation manipulations have co-varied with other low-level physical differences (e.g., hue, luminance). Similarly, no previous study has had both high spatial and temporal resolution, and consequently has been unable to speak directly to both the neural and cognitive substrates of individuation. Here we used a multi-modal EEG/fMRI approach and a novel enumeration paradigm that equated physical stimulus properties across conditions. We could therefore pinpoint the time window and visual sensory regions associated with individuation for items in attended and unattended locations, as indexed by set-size-dependent changes in activity. P1 (100-140 ms) and N2 (185-250 ms) event-related potentials both increased in amplitude with the number of attended targets, but unattended non-targets only modulated the N2. Using fMRI, we found that V2 and other extrastriate visual areas were the likely source of the early P1 effect observed for attended targets. Thus, object individuation appears to arise at a perceptual stage of processing and can be detected in early sensory brain regions. In addition, individuation of unattended items occurs at a later stage of processing than attended targets, suggesting a role of selective attention in this operation. Meeting abstract presented at VSS 2015.


The thrust of this study was to determine the level of preparedness of school Board of Management in enforcing compliance to performance contracts in public secondary schools in Makueni County, Kenya. The objectives which guided the study were; knowledge of board members on management issues, how signing performance contract will affect service delivery in public secondary schools and establishing the relationship between performance contracting and management. The study employed the Taylor's scientific classical management theory which advocates for job specialization and training employees for a single task. A descriptive survey design was adopter. The target population in this study consisted of 250 principals and   3250 BOG members from the 250 Schools in Makueni County. Both purposive and simple random sampling techniques were   used to select 36 secondary schools as the sampling units. From each of the sampled schools, on principal and 6 members of BOM were selected to yield a total sample size of 252 comprising 36 principals and 216 BOM members. The instruments used for the study were questionnaire for principals and an interview schedule for members of the BOM. The key findings were that many principals and members of the BOM lacked training in management and that although signing performance contract could improve service delivery, most school managers lacked appropriate skills in enforcing implementation of signing the contracts in public secondary schools in study locale. Many conflicts in public schools were as a result of poor financial management. It is recommended that: more funds to be allocated to train school managers, integrate information technology to financial management,  follow ups   the recommendations made from inspections reports are implemented and the ministry of education to give limit to the number of years one should lead an institution.[295 words]. Key Words : Performance contracts, school managers, Preparedness, Public secondary schools, Makueni County, Kenya.


Dual-polarization two-subcarrier coherent optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (CO-OFDM) transmission and reception is successfully demonstrated with blind equalization. A two-subcarrier quadrature phase shift keyed OFDM (QPSK-OFDM) signal can be equalized as a 9-ary quadrature amplitude modulation signal in the time domain with the cascaded multimodulus algorithm equalization method. The nonlinear effect resistance and transmission distance can be enhanced compared with the traditional CO-OFDM transmission system based on frequency equalization with training sequence.


Abstract. Temperature and water vapor variations due to clouds in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) are investigated using co-located MLS, CALIPSO, and CloudSat data. Convective cooling occurs only up to the cloud tops, with warming above these heights in the TTL. Water vapor and ozone anomalies above the cloud tops are consistent with the warming being due to downward motion. Thicker clouds are associated with larger anomalies. Environmental water vapor below cloud tops can be either higher or lower than when clouds are absent, depending on the cloud top height. The critical factor determining the sign of this change appears to be the relative humidity. In general cloud-forming processes hydrate the environment below 16 km, where the air after mixing between cloud and the environmental air does not reach saturation, but clouds dehydrate above 16 km, as the larger temperature drop and the high initial relative humidity cause supersaturation to occur. Negative water vapor anomalies above cloud tops compared to clear skies suggest another dehydration mechanism operating above the detected cloud layers.


Greg Critser's brilliantly incisive Generation Rx moves the conversation about prescription drugs to where it hits home: our own bodies. How, he asks, has "big pharma" created a nation of pharmaceutical tribes, each with its own unique beliefs, taboos, and brand loyalties? How have powerful chemical compounds for chronic diseases, once controlled by physicians, become substances we feel entitled to, whether we need them or not? How did we come to hate drug companies but love their pills?

Read on in Generation Rx for:
-- exclusive interviews with the strategists, scientists, and current and former heads of GlaxoSmithKline, Eli Lilly, Merck, Roche, and more

-- a first-ever, inside look at the rollicking business story behind pharma's rise to power

-- the dramatic effects our drug culture is having on our major organs, from the liver to the heart to the brain

-- why old bodies and young bodies are the biggest, and riskiest, arenas for our great American prescription pill party

-- how the largely uncharted terrain of polypharmacy (various drugs taken together) has unleashed unanticipated, often deadly, consequences on unwitting patients


Fasting in Ramadhan is not only abstaining from food, but from evil actions, thoughts, and words. Ramadhan is also a time for spiritual reflection and devoting time to worship and pray to Allah. Fasting during the month of Ramadhan is thus regarded as a form of spiritual training for Muslims. In committing ourselves to this form of worship, we can reflect on and correct our deeds and attitudes. The 'hardship' of hunger and thirst that one bears during fasting opens us up to God's Blessings and Mercy, with resultant greater sensitivity, compassion and love toward others.


With today's sake drinkers increasingly informed and adventurous, now is the time for a truly expert guide to take you deeper into appreciation of this complex but delightful Japanese beverage, brewed from rice and enjoyed both warm or chilled. And what better mentor than John Gauntner, the "Sake Guy" and the world's leading non-Japanese sake educator and evangelist? Here in over two dozen no-holds-barred essays, John reveals "the truth about sake" from a connected insider's perspective. No other book or website presents such a knowledgeable, practical, and concise yet complete guide to sake idiosyncrasies, misperceptions, and controversies. Sake Confidential is the perfect FAQ for beginners, experts, and sommeliers. Indexed for easy reference with suggested brands and label photos. Includes: * Sake Secrets: junmai vs. non-junmai, namazake, aging, dry vs. sweet, ginjo, warm vs. chilled, nigori, water, yeast, rice, regionality * How the Industry Really Works: pricing, contests, distribution, glassware, milling, food pairing * The Brewer's Art Revealed: koji-making, brewers' guilds, grading John Gauntner John Gauntner is the only non-Japanese certified Master of Sake Tasting. A resident of Japan since 1988, he has worked in the sake industry promoting and educating since 1994. Each year he conducts Sake Professional Courses for sake professionals and aficionados, and several of his students have gone on to open thriving sake shops, breweries, and izakaya in the United States.


Business outlays on intangible assets are usually expensed in economic and financial accounts. Following Hulten (1979), this paper develops an intertemporal framework for measuring capital in which consumer utility maximization governs the expenditures that are current consumption versus those that are capital investment. This framework suggests that any business outlay that is intended to increase future rather than current consumption should be treated as capital investment. Applying this principle to newly developed estimates of business spending on intangibles, we find that, by about the mid-1990s, business investment in intangible capital was as large as business investment in traditional, tangible capital. Relative to official measures, our framework portrays the U.S. economy as having had higher gross private saving and, under plausible assumptions, fractionally higher average annual rates of change in real output and labor productivity from 1995 to 2002.


To the Editor, With interest we read the article written by Rietjens et al. concerning practical recommendations for calcium channel antagonist poisoning.1 The authors give a nice overview of the pathophysiology and the treatment options. However, one potential life-saving option was not mentioned. In 2007 we published a case report on the use of 4-aminopyridine (fampridine) treatment in case of calcium channel poisoning.2 We described a case of amlodipine intoxication but this substance has also been used in verapamil intoxication.3-5 4-Aminopyridine inhibits different types of potassium channels (G-protein coupled potassium channels, ATP-sensitive potassium channel, Na+ -activated potassium channel6). This blocking action causes a slight depolarisation, thereby opening Na+ and subsequently calcium channels. In particular, the Na+ influx can elicit a rise in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration by inhibiting the Na+⁄Ca2+ exchanger, which under physiological conditions removes Ca2+ out of the cell driven by the Na+ gradient. 4-Aminopyridine-mediated Na+ influx will decrease the Na+ gradient and thereby decrease the driving force for this Ca2+-extruding Na+⁄Ca2+ exchanger. Therefore, in calcium entry blocker overdose, 4-aminopyridine can increase the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration very efficiently independent of the calcium channels. In addition, variability exists between calcium entry blockers as intoxication with diltiazem can usually be treated with calcium infusion and we do not advise 4-aminopyridine in this type of intoxication. Any differentiation in the type of calcium entry blocker is lacking in the paper by Rietjens et al. In conclusion, we think that the 4-aminopyridinetreatment option deserves a place in a review concerning this topic.


Fishing has been an important source of livelihood for many Kenyans for many years. It is one of the oldest occupations of mankind. In Kenya, both gender have been involved in this industry while performing different roles such as fish production by the male and fish processing and marketing by the female. The roles ultimately complemented each other.  The objective of the study was to establish the challenges the fisher folk have faced in the fishing industry in reference to Homalime landing bay and Kendu Bay County of Kenya. The study focused on the factors that have hindered the fishers from executing their roles as expected. Sampling was conducted in Homalime "Doho Beach" and at "Kotieno" in Kendu Bay. This took place between May 2013 and the month of August 2013.  Data was obtained using a cross-sectional survey research design, quantitative and descriptive research designs. Information was collected through interviews using open-ended questions and questionnaire guides. The population of the study consisted of 1,804 registered fisher folk in Homalime and Kendu Bay by the year 2013.  A number of fisher folk never registered because of various reasons although they participated fully. 586 of the fisher folk were registered in Kendu Bay while 498 were from Homalime. The fishers in both  bays perceived that their challenges in the fishing industry were due to the decline of the Kenyan economy. The fisher folk could not be sustained by the income they realised from fishing activities since the daily expenses increased.  Fish prices shot up lowering protein consumption among the fishing communities hence vulnerability to all kinds of diseases including diarrhea, amoeba, typhoid, cholera, malaria and HIV/AIDS.  Results indicated the challenges in groups of major factors and individual factors that have hindered equitable economic growth of the fishing industry in the regions discussed in the study. Key w ords: Challenges, Fisheries, Gender, Landing bays


Most migrant workers in mainland China are officially covered by the New Rural Cooperative Medical System (NRCMS), a rural health insurance system that operates in their home communities. The NRCMS and the system of household registration (, hukou) are tightly linked and systemically interdependent institutions. Migrant workers have difficulties benefitting from this social protection because it remains spatially separated from them. Only a minority have access to urban health insurance systems. This paper sheds light on the institutional origins of the coverage problem of migrant workers and examines crucial policy initiatives that attempt to solve it. In the context of the ongoing hukou reforms, these policies aim to partially dissolve the systemic interdependence of hukou and health insurance. While the policies provide feasible, yet conflict-prone, solutions in short-distance and concentrated bilateral migration systems, covering migrants who cross provincial boundaries remains a challenge.


This doctoral study examines the aspects of psychological trauma and investigates why singular explanatory models fail compared with a holistic approach. Part of this integrated approach includes the development of a benchmarked psychometric test, the Sherry Trauma Assessment Test [STAT]) (Copyrighted © Richard Sherry 2011). The test's reliability was evaluated using Chronbach's alpha (p< 0.001 levels of significance), which these findings were crosschecked with the findings from eleven other psychometric tests to standardise the results. In comparing the data sets, the STAT test project data was used to both answer fundamental questions within the field of clinical trauma psychology and confirm the reliability of the newly developed psychometric test. Furthermore, the information was collected and used to derive a principle component analysis (PCA) to help in developing a model to support current thinking within the social neuro-scientific arenas as well as to better organize clinical psychology assessment and treatment approaches. These findings have important implications on how trauma, in particular, the human neuropsychological learning process, is addressed. This psychometric foundation was then used to develop this newer model and adaptive tele-medicine platform (Zielinski et al., 2006). This multidisciplinary integration of information, expertise and models, has served to clarify the effects of maturation in relationship to traumatic response and helped to refine the understanding of how traumatic phenomena serves to fragment the integration of embedded systems, and what can be done to reverse these problematic processes in order to replace them with positive cycles of development. The STAT test findings have shown statistically significant results (p< 0.001 level), which provide quantitatively grounded evidence in support of this psychometric measure and improve clinical assessment and treatment approaches. The theoretical model of the STAT test is included in the concept of Integrated Systems Healing, which was developed independently, but has similar theoretical roots in Goetz and Caron's (2005) bio-psychosocial model of the Systemic Healing used in the treatment of sick children. The author describes further conceptual developments within the concept of Integrated Systems Healing (Copyrighted © Richard Sherry 2011) to include the holistic systems approach, which could be used for a large-scale treatment with specific interacting components of Integration, Compassion, Developmentally scaled interventions, and Sustainability or the ICDS Model (Copyrighted © Richard Sherry 2011). This project has evolved improved strategies for integrative assessment, feedback, and holistic approaches for learning and programme development to improve people's lives. These foundations of improved internal and external dynamic assessment connect to flexible tele-health approaches, using defined cut-off scores, elearning modules, and strategies for checking and reassessment. Further work links and integrates processes to identify and reduce vulnerability and strengthen resiliency and support.


Purpose – This is a theoretical paper, which aims to consider the role of strategic human resource management (SHRM) in the development of "gross national happiness" (GNH) in Bhutan. Design/Methodology/Approach – The paper initially examines the question of what is strategic capacity building and its importance for developing nations. It then considers the story of Bhutan where the idea of GNH forms the development philosophy and approach to attaining the long-term visions and goals for the country. Different models and structures for SHRM in Bhutan are discussed in order to determine whether it can be applied to a nation effectively and, if so, whether it will enable the attainment of GNH and the performance desired by the government.Findings – A link between SHRM and the achievement of Bhutan's 2020 vision is identified as, if Bhutan is to achieve its national capacity, it must identify the capabilities that it needs and then the strategies to support such developments. All four of Ulrich's HRM types will be required and this will need careful management, as there is a tendency to move towards one or other within an organization. Bhutan is going through a period of extensive change and the values will be changing. What is recognized here is that not only must the SHRM develop appropriate people management strategies, it must also acknowledge its crucial role in the recognition and maintenance of appropriate value sets. Research Limitations/Implications – The proposed framework is currently limited to a theoretical application for Bhutan because, it is argued, that an appropriate model of SHRM will support the desired attainments, but that to do so the specific values of Bhutan will need to be identified and integrated into policy development.Practical Implications – The role of SHRM in supporting or driving change is considered and a potential framework for SHRM in Bhutan is proposed. There is potential to apply these ideas more widely. Originality/Value – This paper identifies a role for SHRM in the attainment of GNH for Bhutan, which is important in helping Bhutan to achieve its national capability.


Natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in clearing virally infected cells, an activity that is tightly regulated through a balance of signals transmitted by activation and inhibitory receptors on the NK cell surface. There are haplotypes containing different combinations of NK receptor genes, and considerable variation exists between individuals carrying appropriate ligands for a given NK receptor. Thus, NK-dependent immunity may vary considerably within a population. Khakoo et al. (see the Perspective by Parham) observe that a specific combination of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) ligands associated strongly with the ability to resolve infection with hepatitis C virus spontaneously. The effect was probably the result of inefficient NK inhibition by this receptor-ligand combination, which promoted NK activation. S. I. Khakoo, C. L. Thio, M. P. Martin, C. R. Brooks, X. Gao, J. Astemborski, J. Cheng, J. J. Goedert, D. Vlahov, M. Hilgartner, S. Cox, A.-M. Little, G. J. Alexander, M. E. Cramp, S. J. O'Brien, W. M. C. Rosenberg, D. L. Thomas, M. Carrington, HLA and NK cell inhibitory receptor genes in resolving hepatitis C virus infection. Science 305, 872-874 (2004). [Abstract] [Full Text] P. Parham, NK cells lose their inhibition. Science 305, 786-787 (2004). [Summary] [Full Text]


A complete and fascinating chronicle of Beatles music and history, Beatlesongs details the growth, evolution, and dissolution of the most influential group of out time. Drawing together information from sources that include interviews, insider accounts, magazines, and news wire services, this is a complete profile of every Beatles song ever written -from recording details such as who played which instruments and sang what harmonies to how each song fared on the charts and how other musicians and critics felt about it. Chronologically arranged by U.K. release date, Beatlesongs nails down dates, places, participants, and other intriguing facts in a truly remarkable portrait of the Liverpudlian legends. Behind each song is a story -like Paul's criticism of George's guitar playing during the Rubber Soul sessions, John's acid trip during the Sgt. Pepper's session, and the selection process for the Revolver album cover. And carefully examined along the way are the Beatles' evolving musical talents, their stormy private lives, and their successful -and unsuccessful -collaborations. Beatlesongs is truly an inside look at the Fab Four and a treasure for all their fans.


The Hawaiian Archipelago contains some of the best surveyed black coral populations on the globe; however, most previous surveys have grouped all black coral species into a single category. As a result, the unique ecological features of individual species have not been identified. This study mapped the spatial distribution of eight antipatharian species ( Antipathes griggi , Antipathes grandis , Cirrhipathes cf. anguina , Stichopathes echinulata , Stichopathes? sp., Aphanipathes verticillata , Acanthopathes undulata and Myriopathes cf. ulex ) found in shallow-waters ( , 150 m) along the Hawaiian Archipelago, and compared data on substrate type, depth and temperature among species. All black coral species were exclusively recorded on hard substrates and were generally widely distributed along the Hawaiian Islands. Additionally, antipatharian species were found at overlapping depths and temperatures, although there were significant differences in the mean depths and temperatures between most species. In cases where species did not have significant differences in mean depths, the overlapping species had different colony and polyp morphologies, which may serve to minimize competition by allowing species to grow most efficiently under particular current regimes. This study represents one of the first to map the spatial distribution of sympatric antipatharian species, and indicates that individual species exploit unique environments in terms of depth and temperature or have unique morphologies to avoid overlap.


This paper presents an approach for assessing the risk of producing non-compliant drinking water (i.e. one of the quality parameters exceeds the standards fixed by legislation), taking into account the quality parameters of raw water and the process line of the treatment plant (technology, different failure mode and corresponding failure rate). Firstly, nominal and degraded modes of each step of the treatment line are analysed, in order to obtain transfer functions (which give output concentration of parameters in function of the input concentration) for each step of the treatment and each quality parameter, in nominal and degraded functioning. The transfer function of the whole treatment process can thereby be obtained by combination of transfer function of each step, and failure conditions of the whole treatment process and corresponding degraded global transfer function could be determined. Secondly, an inversion of both global function (nominal and degraded) permits to estimate probability for the resource to exceed thresholds fixed by regulation (in that case, a scenario of non-compliant drinking water exists), and to obtain a compliant water availability. Finally, this paper presents a software tool realised to evaluate the risk of non-compliant produced water, using the described methodology. Finally, an approach of risk assessment for Cryptosporidium is also presented. This method allows identification and sets priorities for utilities presenting the highest risk.


is one of the few locations in the southern segment of the Land's End Granite (Early Permian) where magmatic-hydrothermal tin mineralization has been worked. Three principal mineralization episodes are recognized. The first episode comprises steeply dipping ENE-WSW striking tourmaline ± quartz veins precipitated from magmatic-hydrothermal fluids during regional NNW-SSE extension; they are not associated with metalliferous mineralization. The second episode is represented by two sets of vertical/sub-vertical tourmaline veins striking, respectively, 280° and 340°. The NNW striking set hosts tourmaline-quartz-cassiterite (± alkali feldspar, apatite, zircon) mineralization and was worked for tin during the 19 th Century. The first generation of tourmaline in these veins is dominated by the Mg-rich end-member, dravite. The subsequent two generations of tourmaline are dominated by the Fe-rich end-member, schorl, together with zoned cassiterite with Fe-rich cores and Fe-poor rims. The NNW striking tourmaline-quartz-cassiterite veins at Nanjizal have a similar orientation to cassiterite-bearing veins within the St. Just Mining District further north. It is possible that the mineralization at Nanjizal was contemporaneous with mineralization in the St. Just Mining District and hence related to a later magmatic episode and the renewed release of magmatic-hydrothermal fluids during ENE-WSW extension. The third mineralization episode is dominated by steeply dipping WNW-NNW striking quartz-limonite-chalcedony veins that are associated with wall rock hematisation and kaolinisation. Schorl-quartz-cassiterite mineralisation is relatively uncommon in S.W. England but there are remarkable similarities between the vein parageneses at Nanjizal and the Birch Tor-Vitifer area of Dartmoor; both are likely to been sourced from predominantly magmatic-hydrothermal fluids.


Technology development and transfer has been identified as a key element in the Bali Action Plan. In the negotiations on a global climate treaty the developing nations have put forth ideas and plans to ensure that intellectual property rights (IPRs) do not become a barrier to transfer of climate friendly technology. In this discussion paper, this question of technology transfer, intellectual property rights is addressed in the context of climate change. Patent statistics shows the dominance of developed countries in specific technologies. The analysis on specific technologies indicates that IPRs is an important issue in development and transfer of technology and it is a barrier. Data indicates that although developing countries have made some progress, the dominance of developed countries in terms of patents, royalty and licensing income and expenditure on Research and Development remains as before. The historical experience is that stronger IPRs do not always result in more technology transfer and technology absorption. Hence the argument that developing countries should provide stronger protection of IPRs to encourage technology transfer has to be challenged. The technology transfer under UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol has been minimal and insufficient to meet the needs of developing countries. The harmonization of IPRs through TRIPS has limited the options of countries to use compulsory licensing and competition policy. TRIPS has not facilitated technology transfer, particularly to Least Developed Countries (LDCs) and the North-South divide on this issue has resulted in a stalemate. Under these circumstances it is futile to expect that TRIPS alone will result in more transfer of climate-friendly technologies. Using Common But Differentiated Responsibility principle in technology development and transfer is desirable. Many proposals and suggestions have been made to stimulate technology development and transfer. Montreal Protocol is a successful example that is relevant in the context of climate change. The proposals including the proposals made by developing countries deserve a serious consideration and innovative solutions have to be found. Humanity does not has the luxury of finding solutions over a century to solve problems created by global climate change. Developing countries need both development and access to technologies that will facilitate the transition to less carbon intensive economy within the next two or three decades. So it is essential that IP issues do not become a barrier in this transition. The challenge of climate change calls for out of the box thinking to find solutions that can make a difference. The IPR issues in technology transfer need to be tackled by a combination of policy measures, incentives and bringing in changes at the global IP regime under TRIPS.


The effect of a live nef-deleted SIVmac 239 construct (SIVΔ nef) was evaluated in rhesus macaques infected with wild-type SIVmac 239 . Rhesus macaques were inoculated by intravenous administration of 100 tissue culture infectious doses 50% (TCID 50 ) of SIVmac 239 . All animals had detectable viremia at 1 week post-inoculation (pi), with peak viremia (6 to 100 million copies viral RNA/ml plasma) two to three weeks pi. From week 4 to week 8 pi, virus levels ranged from ~ 10 4 to ~ 10 6 copies/ml, which is the expected range for SIVmac 239 . MHC type 1 Phenotyping and week 4 viral load data were used to stratify the animals into 3 groups, which all received 2 consecutive intravenous injections of Placebo or SIV Δnef at weeks 8 and 10 pi. The control group received Placebo vehicle (RPMI1640 medium). The Low Dose group received 4e5 TCID 50 units/dose of SIV Δnef, while the log- fold High Dose group received 4e6 TCID 50 units/dose. Animals were monitored daily for clinical signs. At defined regular time points, weight and body temperatures were recorded and blood and urine samples were collected for viral load analysis, clinical haematology, clinical chemistry, urinalysis and immunological assay. No obvious differences were observed in any parameters between the three experimental groups.We conclude that SIV Δnef injection in rhesus macaques infected with wild-type SIV did not increase the progression to disease compared to Placebo control.
We also investigated whether intradermal injection of rhesus macaques with nef-deleted SIV is a suitable route to induce infection with this live-attenuated SIV. Two animals that received a high-dose intradermal injection of SIVΔnef became infected and had a pattern of viremia that is indistinguishable from historical data for animals inoculated intravenously with this virus. These findings confirm the attenuated phenotype of SIVΔnef.


ABSTRACT: This paper is concerned with mixed lag synchronization between two complex networks, which means that different state variables of the corresponding nodes can attain lag synchronization, antilag synchronization and even amplitude death simultaneously for a given channel time-delay. By using the Lyapunov stability theory and the LaSalle's invariance principle, several sufficient conditions for realizing the mixed lag synchronization between two networks are obtained with two kinds of schemes based on pinning feedback control. Finally, some numerical simulations are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness and feasibility of the results.


OBJECTIVES
To characterize the prevalence of obesity and associated health care use within an integrated health care system in California.

STUDY DESIGN
Cross-sectional study using electronic health records.

METHODS
Primary care patients 18 years and older receiving care at Sutter Health between 2015 and 2020 were included in the study. Obesity was classified and health care utilization was ascertained at index and during the follow-up periods. Differences in prevalence by demographic and clinical characteristics among patients with and without obesity were assessed. Logistic regression was used to estimate the relationship between obesity class and health care utilization (outpatient encounters).

RESULTS
Of the 1,094,790 primary care patients included in the analysis, 35% were classified as having obesity, defined as a body mass index of 30 kg/m2 or more or 25 kg/m2 or more for Asian individuals. Obesity prevalence was greater in Hispanic patients (46%) than in non-Hispanic White patients (30%). Patients without obesity had fewer outpatient visits (mean [SD], 3.7 [3.8]) than those with class 1 (4.1 [4.0]), class 2 (4.6 [4.4]), and class 3 (5.2 [4.8]) obesity. In the fully adjusted regression model, the odds of being a high utilizer among patients with obesity were 1.1 (class 1), 1.2 (class 2), and 1.3 (class 3) times that of patients without obesity (P < .001).

CONCLUSION
Obesity prevalence is high among patients in the Sutter Health system, varying by race/ethnicity, and was associated with increased outpatient visit utilization. There is a need for greater awareness of the impact of obesity and the specific patient populations affected by the disease.


The strength based mirror effect (SBME) refers to higher hit rates and lower false alarm rates for strongly encoded items. The SBME has been explained by two alternative mechanisms: differentiation and criterion shift. The differentiation account posits that as the memory traces are strengthened, the memory for the items is less noisy and therefore are less confusable with the stored memory traces. The criterion shift account, on the other hand, suggests that the tendency to endorse a test item differs between strong and weak test lists. When participants receive a test after studying a strong list of items, they require more evidence to endorse an item. This account suggests that the SBME is observed due to the decision processes rather than memory. One strong piece of evidence for the criterion shift account is that the SBME is observed after studying a mixed list in which half of the items are strengthened and the other half are not. The differentiation mechanism can not account for the SBME observed after a mixed study list. However, recent findings of output interference (OI) in recognition memory have been explained by encoding at retrieval, which suggest that differentiation can also take place at retrieval. This suggests a third possible explanation for the SBME might be encoding during retrieval. In a series of experiments, we investigated the effect of strengthening items at study on OI in pure and mixed list paradigms. The results from the pure list paradigm (Experiment 1) showed both OI and the SBME as well as an interaction between OI and the SBME, as the item-noise models predicted. The results from the mixed list paradigm (Experiment 2-4) showed that the SBME was observed only when participants were informed of the strength of the list that they would be tested on. This finding adds constraints to the criterion shift account which states that participants shift their criterion to endorse a test item according to the type of the test list and that shift in the criterion causes the SBME. These results suggest that both criterion shift and differentiation account could be playing a role in the SBME after studying pure lists, and that only criterion shift account plays a role in SBME after studying a mixed list, but only when participants are explicitly aware of the testing conditions.


Energy policies are taken throughout the world to reduce fossil fuel emissions from transportation sources. Agriculturally based biofuels are currently the only alternatives to liquid fossil fuels. However, as biofuel production spreads, so too do its cascading impacts on environment and food security. This paper analyzes the impact of Mexican ethanol-sugarcane policy on water resources. The water footprint of sugarcane (WFsc) was quantified for an agricultural region in Jalisco, Mexico, and used to estimate anthropologic water demand and stress index. This analysis was performed using historical climate data, and for projected changes under scenarios A2 and B1, using ECHAM and GFDL models. The average historical water footprint of sugarcane was estimated as 104.9 m3/ton, total average water demand as 152.3 Mm3/year and a historical water scarcity index as 59%. Under climate change, the footprint might increase 2% by 2020 and 3–4% by 2050. The available water is predicted to fall 4–7% by 2020, and 6–8% by 2050, with negative effects on water stress. Due to the strong influence of local factors on water footprint and stress, additional research is needed for all Mexican sugarcane regions, in order to evaluate the feasibility of the policy regarding the use of ethanol for transportation.


We have designed an expert system called CHORAL, for harmonizing four-part chorales in the style of J.S. Bach. The system contains over 270 rules, expressed in a form of first order predicate calculus, for representing the knowledge required for harmonizing a given melody. The rules observe the chorale from multiple viewpoints, such as the chord skeleton, individual melodic lines of each voice, and the Schenkerian voice leading within the descant and bass. The program harmonizes chorales using a generate-and-test method with intelligent backtracking. A substantial number of heuristics are used for biasing the search toward musical solutions. Examples of program output are given in the paper. BSL, a new and efficient logic programming language which is fundamentally different from Prolog, was designed to implement the CHORAL system.


Objectives: It is well documented that high physical work demands is associated with increased risk of chronic low back pain (LBP) while regular physical exercise reduce the risk. However, there is limited knowledge about the combined effect of physical work demands and leisure time physical exercise on risk of LBP. The objective of this study was to investigate whether work-related physical fatigue increases the risk of chronic LBP and if leisure time physical exercise alters this association.Methods: The study population consisted of 8,293 men and 6,374 women who were vocationally active and who had participated in the Nord-Trondelag health study in 1984-1986 (HUNT 1) and 1995-1997 (HUNT 2). Risk ratios (RR) of LBP in HUNT 2 associated with work-related physical fatigue and leisure time physical exercise was estimated by a general linear model. Precision of the estimated risk ratios was assessed by 95% confidence intervals (CI).Results: At follow-up (HUNT 2) 1,267 women and 1,253 men reported chronic LBP. A dose-dependent association was found between work-related physical fatigue and risk of LBP (P-trend <0.001) both among women and men. In specific, women and men who reported to be "often/always" fatigued had multiadjusted RRs of 1.64 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.33-2.03) and, 1.43 (95% CI 1.18-1.74) respectively, compared with those who reported to be "never" fatigued. The different measures of physical exercise showed a weak dose-dependent protective effect on LBP both among women (P-trend <0.16) and men (P-trend <0.14). Analysis of physical exercise showed that women and men who exercised for ≥2 hours per week had a RRs of 0.87 (95% CI 0.70-1.09) and 0.86 (95% CI 0.70-1.04), respectively, referring inactive individuals. Combined analysis showed that individuals who were physically active and reported to be "often/always" fatigued had 30% lower risk (P-value 0.02) than inactive individuals with similar level of work-related physical fatigue.Conclusion: Work-related physical fatigue is associated with increased risk of chronic LBP in a dose-dependent manner. Leisure time physical exercise can, to some extent, reduce the adverse effect of work-related physical fatigue on risk of chronic LBP.


Abstract The insect chemoreceptor superfamily, consisting of the odorant receptor (Or) and gustatory receptor (Gr) families, exhibits patterns of evolution ranging from highly conserved proteins to lineage-specific gene subfamily expansions when compared across insect suborders and orders. Here their evolution across the timespan of 25 million years is examined which yield orthologous divergences ranging from 5–50%. They also reveal the beginnings of lineage-specific gene subfamilies as multiple duplications of particular gene lineages in either or both Drosophila melanogaster and D. pseudoobscura (Frolova and Astaurov) (Diptera: Drosophilidae). Gene losses and pseudogenes are similarly evident in both lineages, and even in closer comparisons of D. melanogaster with D. yakuba, leaving these species with roughly similar numbers of chemoreceptors despite considerable gene turnover. The large range of divergences and gene duplications provide abundant raw material for studies of structure and function in this novel superfamily, which contains proteins that evolved to bind specific ligands that mediate much of the ecology and mating behavior of insects.


Using targeted sampling, self-reported data of 1,767 drug users in the Euregion Maas-Rhein were collected over 3 years. Forty-two percent of the injection drug users shared syringes with sexual partners and 47.8% with friends. Eighty-one percent of the total sample had sexual contact in the last 6 months, half of whom with one person and half with two or more. Significant predictors of high-risk drug use were injecting in the presence of others, injection onset before the age of 20, female gender, and not living in The Netherlands. Participation in needle exchange or methadone programs and sufficient knowledge of risk factors was not significantly related to a reduction of high-risk drug use behavior. High-risk sexual behavior was found to be related to male gender, under the age of 30 and to multiple sexual partners. We conclude that in a social context where needle exchange, methadone programs, and sufficient knowledge of risk factors among the drug user population exist, AIDS prevention can be improved through behavioral skills training and developing specific interventions that target the peer group environments, rituals, partner relationships, and lifestyles of drug users.


The work of the Centre for Legal Terminology in African Languages comprises the compilation of a legal dictionary where various legal terms are defined and translated into the different indigenous African languages. During the first phase of the Centre's work a selection is made of English terms in the domains of criminal law and criminal procedural law. These terms are then defined and translated into the first target language, namely Afrikaans. This article deals with the lexicographical and legal problems encountered by the Centre during this phase as seen from a lawyer's perspective. On the lexicographical side the problems relate to demarcating the domains, determining a target group, the availability or lack of sources and indicating how the Afrikaans translation helps in establishing the correct meanings of terms. The legal problems encountered relate mostly to copyright, but brief reference is also made to the aspect of civil liability which might arise from the use of the completed dictionary. Keywords: centre for legal terminology in african languages; copyright; crime; criminal law; criminal procedural law; definition; dictionary; indigenous african languages; law; legal liability; legal term; legal terminology; lexicography; product liability; translation


This paper discusses an approach of the abnormal condition detection of whole blood using piezo-synthetic effects in blood under dynamic external pressure. Three groups of samples having verified chemical and biological conditions were analysed to prove reliable detection: saline, whole blood and whole blood with colorectal cancer as an example of abnormal conditions. The procedure of a discrete differentiation process for obtained experimental data has been proposed as preliminary processing. Three information parameters have been selected to describe experimental data. Fischer F-statistics were used to determine the information content of the proposed information parameters. It has been proved that the proposed information parameters react on changing state of object under test and therefore can be effectively used for the abnormal condition detection.


The application of a 48-V mild hybrid powertrain system is one of the eco-friendly technologies for global CO2 reduction in the present sector of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). It is well known that the energy management strategy is crucial for improving the fuel economy of the HEVs. Therefore, the strengths and the limitations of dynamic programming (DP) global optimization strategy and adaptive equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS) for this kind of powertrain system under new European driving cycle (NEDC) and federal test procedure (FTP75) driving cycles are discussed in this paper. The results of the DP global optimization solution have also been adopted as a reference for evaluating the degree of optimality of real-time controllers. The reference start of charge (SOC) was found to be a very important parameter for the real-time ECMS approach. Thus, an adaptive ECMS approach using the SOC obtained from DP global optimization algorithm as a reference SOC in real-time ECMS control was studied. The study results in this paper may provide some theoretical support for future energy management optimization of a 48-V mild hybrid parallel powertrain system.


The objective of this research was to obtain quantitative growth hormone gene polymorphism association between growth hormone gene genotype with quantitative characteristics of the thin-tail sheep in the highlands and lowlands of Jambi Province. Two phases of research were done on the field and in the laboratory. Field research which was conducted to obtain the quantitative characteristics data includes; withers height (WH), body length (BL), chest grid (ChG), chest depth (ChD), chest width (ChW), body weight (BW) and body weight gain (BWG). Laboratory research included: DNA isolation, amplification and gel purification, characterization and identification using PCR-RFLP with the MspI, and AluI. Quantitative characteristics data was collected from 240 heads of thin-tailed sheep. Blood samples were collected from 160 of them and all were between the ages of 1 and 2 years (I1 = pair of permanent teeth). Field research was conducted in the Kerinci District and Sungai Penuh City (Highlands) and Muara Jambi Districts and Batanghari Districts (lowlands). The purposive sampling technique used in this research revealed that: 1) quantitative characteristics (BW, BWG, BL, ChG, ChD, and ChW) of thin-tailed sheep both male and female in highland were better than in the lowlands; 2) studied locus was polymorphic on the highlands and lowlands; 3) the highest of genotype and allele frequencies of both highlands and lowlands were related to the genotype (+/+) and allele (+), respectively; 4) the highest quantitative characteristic (BW BW, BWG, BL, ChG, ChD, and ChW) of thin-tailed sheep was genotype (+/+); and 5) the diversity of GH genes MspI and AluI were associated with BW, BWG, BL, ChG, ChD, and ChW of thin-tailed sheep both on the highlands and lowlands of Jambi Province.

 Key words: Characterization, local sheep, thin-tailed sheep, diversity, growth hormone (GH) gene, lowlands, highlands, PCR-RFLP.


Purpose
Title II of the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act aims to make it easier for new ventures to raise funds from accredited investors via equity crowdfunding. The purpose of this paper is to understand whether Title II equity crowdfunding represents an opportunity for women-owned companies (those that have one or more female owners/founders) to raise capital at rates similar to companies owned by men.

Design/methodology/approach
The authors conduct an exploratory analysis using a data set containing 6,234 Title II equity crowdfunded offerings aggregated across 17 crowdfunding platforms between September 2013 and December 2015.

Findings
The authors find that women-owned companies constitute only 15.2 per cent of the ventures seeking funding in this data set; however, gender had no effect on the likelihood of successful fundraising under Title II.

Originality/value
This study is the first to examine the roll of gender on the success of equity crowdfunding campaigns the USA. It provides empirical evidence that crowdfunding has had limited impact on democratizing access to capital for woman-owned startups and small businesses. The data reveal that woman-owned companies are underrepresented in Title II equity crowdfunding to an even greater extent than they are underrepresented in angel and venture capital (VC) investments. The results of this study also highlight the importance of examining the role of gender in equity crowdfunding across different countries.


This paper seeks to describe and understand what influence the movement of personnel in the Australian Defence Force (ADF), associated the 'posting cycle', has on group formation and team development.

The military posting cycle, by intent and function, imposes substantial change to membership on groups and teams. The structural elements retain their formal identity and role within the organisation, and some of their constituent membership, while a significant proportion of the group members leave the group, sometimes remaining within the same geographic location but in different positions, and are replaced by new members. Postings also occur for compassionate and a variety of other reasons, in conjunction with individual promotions, and when personnel are deployed on operations. In latter case, entire units often relocate into another geographic location. A period of intense preparation in terms of medical, technical skill and general readiness is conducted in preparation for rotation through an operational area. In these circumstances, the preparatory period may result in closer bonds being formed between group members through an intense, task focused process of team development.

This study includes both full-time and part-time serving members of the Royal Australian Navy (RAN), the Australian Army (Army), and Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) in order to identify and attempt to explain the impact of the various service cultures on members and their respective use of in and out of cycle postings. In order to test the validity of chosen theoretical framework, Tuckman's 1965 'forming, storming, norming and performing' model and later 1977, 'adjourning' revision, (with Jensen), in a military context, groups which have recently participated in periods of training from each service, and Officer Cadets from the Australian Defence Force Academy, characterised by relatively stable group membership
Research methodology
The methodology used in this research is qualitative. The combination of techniques should lend a degree of reliability due to triangulation through the use of multiple devices: survey questionnaire, semi-structured interview and focus groups.
Findings
The initial findings resulting from this work point to the validity of Tuckman's model as an accurate descriptor of behaviour in environments where groups are subject to stable membership, where team development is deliberately integrated into the daily routine of the group over a prolonged period. These conditions manifest themselves in the various training environments investigated in this study.
Conclusions
This paper should make a significant contribution to the understanding of the form, function and effectiveness of groups and teams within the uniformed personnel of the ADF. The posting cycle serves as a mechanism which imposes change to the membership of groups, a condition outside the scope of Tuckman's widely recognised and acknowledged, model of group development, from which point, this study has examined group formation and development. This study presents a significant extension of Tuckman's theory into a context of membership change. In the military context, it adds to the understanding of group formation and team development subject to the influence of the posting cycle, which has implications for recruitment, training, job performance, member satisfaction and their quality of life.


Significance Amati and Stradivari violins are highly appreciated by musicians and collectors, but the objective understanding of their acoustic qualities is still lacking. By applying speech analysis techniques, we found early Italian violins to emulate the vocal tract resonances of male singers, comparable to basses or baritones. Stradivari pushed these resonance peaks higher to resemble the shorter vocal tract lengths of tenors or altos. Stradivari violins also exhibit vowel qualities that correspond to lower tongue height and backness. These properties may explain the characteristic brilliance of Stradivari violins. The ideal for violin tone in the Baroque era was to imitate the human voice, and we found that Cremonese violins are capable of producing the formant features of human singers. The shape and design of the modern violin are largely influenced by two makers from Cremona, Italy: The instrument was invented by Andrea Amati and then improved by Antonio Stradivari. Although the construction methods of Amati and Stradivari have been carefully examined, the underlying acoustic qualities which contribute to their popularity are little understood. According to Geminiani, a Baroque violinist, the ideal violin tone should "rival the most perfect human voice." To investigate whether Amati and Stradivari violins produce voice-like features, we recorded the scales of 15 antique Italian violins as well as male and female singers. The frequency response curves are similar between the Andrea Amati violin and human singers, up to ∼4.2 kHz. By linear predictive coding analyses, the first two formants of the Amati exhibit vowel-like qualities (F1/F2 = 503/1,583 Hz), mapping to the central region on the vowel diagram. Its third and fourth formants (F3/F4 = 2,602/3,731 Hz) resemble those produced by male singers. Using F1 to F4 values to estimate the corresponding vocal tract length, we observed that antique Italian violins generally resemble basses/baritones, but Stradivari violins are closer to tenors/altos. Furthermore, the vowel qualities of Stradivari violins show reduced backness and height. The unique formant properties displayed by Stradivari violins may represent the acoustic correlate of their distinctive brilliance perceived by musicians. Our data demonstrate that the pioneering designs of Cremonese violins exhibit voice-like qualities in their acoustic output.


The Archimedes Palimpsest is a manuscript containing the partial text of seven treatises by Archimedes that were copied onto parchment and bound in the tenth-century AD. This work is aimed at providing tools that allow scholars of ancient Greek mathematics to retrieve as much information as possible from images of the remaining degraded text. A correlation pattern recognition (CPR) system has been developed to recognize distorted versions of Greek characters in problematic regions of the palimpsest imagery, which have been obscured by damage from mold and fire, overtext, and natural aging. Feature vectors for each class of characters are constructed using a series of spatial correlation algorithms and corresponding performance metrics. Principal components analysis (PCA) is employed prior to classification to remove features corresponding to filtering schemes that performed poorly for the spatial characteristics of the selected region-of-interest. A probability is then assigned to each class, forming a character probability distribution based on relative distances from the class feature vectors to the ROI feature vector in principal component (PC) space. However, the current CPR system does not produce a single classification decision, as is common in most target detection problems, but instead has been designed to provide intermediate results that allow the user to apply his or her own decisions (or evidence) to arrive at a conclusion. To achieve this result, a probabilistic network has been incorporated into the recognition system. A probabilistic network represents a method for modeling the uncertainty in a system, and for this application, it allows information from the existing partial transcription and contextual knowledge from the user to be an integral part of the decision-making process.
The CPR system was designed to provide a framework for future research in the area of spatial pattern recognition by accommodating a broad range of applications and the development of new filtering methods. For example, during preliminary testing, the CPR system was used to confirm the publication date of a fifteenth-century Hebrew colophon, and demonstrated success in the detection of registration markers in three-dimensional MRI breast imaging.
In addition, a new correlation algorithm that exploits the benefits of linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and the inherent shift invariance of spatial correlation has been derived, implemented, and tested. Results show that this composite filtering method provides a high level of class discrimination while maintaining tolerance to within-class distortions. With the integration of this algorithm into the existing filter library, this work completes each stage of a cyclic workflow using the developed CPR system, and provides the necessary tools for continued experimentation.


Background: In China, stroke is the leading cause of death and contributes to a heavy disease burden. However, a nationwide population-based survey of the mortality of stroke and its subtypes is lacking for this country. Methods: Data derived from the National Epidemiological Survey of Stroke in China, which was a multistage, stratified clustering sampling-designed, cross-sectional survey, were analyzed. Mortality rate analyses were performed for 476,156 participants ≥20 years old from September 1, 2012 to August 31, 2013. Results: Of the 476,156 participants in the investigated population, 364 died of ischemic stroke, 373 of hemorrhagic stroke, and 21 of stroke of undetermined pathological type. The age-standardized mortality rates per 100,000 person-years among those aged ≥20 years were 114.8 for total stroke, 56.5 for ischemic stroke, and 55.8 for hemorrhagic stroke. The age-standardized mortality rates of total stroke, ischemic stroke, and hemorrhagic stroke were all higher in rural areas than those in urban areas. The stroke mortality rate was higher in the northern regions than in the south. An estimated 1.12 million people aged ≥20 years in China died of stroke during the period from September 1, 2012 to August 31, 2013. Conclusions: The burden of stroke in China is still heavy. Greater attention should be paid to improve strategies for preventing stroke.


This is a chapter from a core textbook for pre-registration nursing students and practitioners working with people with learning disabilities in a wide range of settings.


This paper describes the design of a deep-UV Raman imaging spectrometer operating with an excitation wavelength of 228 nm. The designed system will provide the ability to detect explosives (both traditional military explosives and home-made explosives) from standoff distances of 1-10 meters with an interrogation area of 1 mm x 1 mm to 200 mm x 200 mm. This excitation wavelength provides resonant enhancement of many common explosives, no background fluorescence, and an enhanced cross-section due to the inverse wavelength scaling of Raman scattering. A coded-aperture spectrograph combined with compressive imaging algorithms will allow for wide-area interrogation with fast acquisition rates. Coded-aperture spectral imaging exploits the compressibility of hyperspectral data-cubes to greatly reduce the amount of acquired data needed to interrogate an area. The resultant systems are able to cover wider areas much faster than traditional push-broom and tunable filter systems. The full system design will be presented along with initial data from the instrument. Estimates for area scanning rates and chemical sensitivity will be presented. The system components include a solid-state deep-UV laser operating at 228 nm, a spectrograph consisting of well-corrected refractive imaging optics and a reflective grating, an intensified solar-blind CCD camera, and a high-efficiency collection optic.