The key element in improving traffic operations and performing effective real time management is the ability to assess the effectiveness of the various alternatives prior to implementation. Simulation methods have long been recognized as the most effective tool for such an analysis, and various simulators have been developed by different agencies for freeway and arterial networks. While there have been individual tests of each software by various agencies, no comprehensive effort has been made to quantify and evaluate the performance of each model. The major difficulty includes the lack of detailed real data and the time-consuming manual effort to prepare input information for each software. To be sure there is no user-interface developed to data that can generate input files for different simulators with a common set of data. Recent installation of the state-of-the-art video detection systems in the I-394 freeway provides a unique opportunity to develop a comprehensive freeway database that can be used to create various test cases with detailed traffic database that can be used to create various test cases with detailed traffic information. Further, the I-494 Integrated Corridor Traffic Management project being conducted by MN/DOT will be able to provide valuable corridor traffic data which can be used for evaluating freeway/arterial network models. By evaluating existing traffic simulation models the advantages/disadvantages of each model can be identified. Based on the evaluation results, a comprehensive modeling approach for freeway/arterial networks can be developed. The ultimate goal of this research is to develop a traffic simulation laboratory where various roadway design/operational alternatives can be evaluated with traffic simulators under an integrated database-simulation environment. The proposed research, Phase I, will evaluate existing freeway simulation models with detailed traffic data to be collected using machine-vision and loop detection systems.


We present a detailed study of spectral self-imaging phenomena, namely, integer and fractional Talbot effects, observed in the reflection response of chirped sampled fiber Bragg gratings (C-SFBGs). The basic condition for observing spectral self-imaging effects is first derived heuristically, and an intuitive interpretation of the problem based on the notion of multislit interference is also provided. We then present a rigorous analysis of the spectral self-imaging problem in C-SFBGs, including the formal derivation of the conditions for observing the different spectral Talbot effects. This analysis reveals the existence of new effects, in particular, inverse integer and fractional self-images, which are described here for the first time, to our knowledge. Moreover, we also show that the grating physical parameters need to satisfy additional conditions in order for one to be able to observe spectral self-imaging phenomena in C-SFBGs. We also evaluate the impact of deviations from these ideal conditions on the reflection spectrum of a real device. We confirm our theoretical predictions by using numerical simulations, and we report the first experimental observation of fractional spectral Talbot effects in C-SFBGs. Besides their intrinsic physical interest, the results presented constitute the basis for exploiting the spectral self-imaging effect for practical applications, e.g., to optimize the design of SFBGs for applications requiring periodic comb filters with low in-band dispersion.


Establishing robust, equitable, and effective social protection is essential to reducing poverty and boosting prosperity at all levels of development. The demographic transition that has already transformed most high-income societies will exert similar and growing pressures on others, reinforcing the role of pensions and savings for old age as a central pillar of social protection systems. One possible solution that has emerged in recent years that offers the potential to overcome this challenge is the provision of contribution matches to provide an immediate and powerful incentive for participation in pension saving systems. Originating in several high-income settings there are now a number of innovations and substantial experience in low-income countries in using this design to stimulate coverage and savings. This experience now provides a rich opportunity for learning, not just from the longer experience of a few high-income countries but also the more meaningful South-South learning across developing countries. This volume, which reviews the experience with matching pension contributions across the range of countries that have used the design, makes an initial, but critically important investment in this learning process. The description and analysis of this experience which is the product of partnership and collaboration across many public and private institutions provide an invaluable early assessment of the design to inform policy makers and practitioners as well as serve as a model for the kind of cooperation that will be required to address this difficult challenge. At the World Bank, we look forward to being part of this learning process of how to best provide old-age security for all.


An electronic questionnaire was utilized to conduct a survey on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use among first year Howard University pharmacy students. 36 out of 49 completed the questionnaire for a response rate of 73.5%. 21 (58.3%) reported having used herbs or other supplements in the past 5 years with cranberry, garlic, ginger and ginseng topping the list. Prayer (48%) and Yoga (32%) were the most commonly utilized non-herbal CAM modalities. Our finding is consistent with other studies, including one by the same authors, that CAM is a widely practiced modality in diverse segments of the US population.


Philosophers and other scholars sometimes take their own experience to be the measure of reality in theories of consciousness. The purpose of this paper is to present some data from altered states of consciousness that need to be taken into account in any adequate interpretations. At the outset, the four common definitions of the term consciousness are clarified and the spectrum from materialist to transcendent beliefs about consciousness and reality held by consciousness researchers is presented. This is followed by a list of alterations of consciousness. In the substance of the paper, three salient issues are presented: feelings of reality, anomalous information transfer, and somatic plasticity. In each case, some of the implications for theories of consciousness are discussed.


Recent work has demonstrated that treating resource reasoning separately from causal reasoning can lead to improved planning performance and rational resource management where increase in resources does not degrade planning performance. However, the resources were scheduled procedurally and limited to cases that could be solved backtrackfree. Terming the decoupled framework as RealPlan, in this work, I extend it with a general approach to convert the resource allocation problem as a declaratively specified dynamic constraint satisfaction problem (DCSP), compile it into CSP and solve it with a CSP solver. By doing so, the resource scheduling problem can be handled in its full complexity and can provide a computational characterization of the different scheduling classes. The CSP formulation also facilitates planner-scheduler interaction by helping the scheduler interpret the resource allocation policies proposed by the planner in terms of constraints on values of scheduling variables. Moreover, if the extraction of causal plan is also formulated as a CSP problem, the two CSPs can enable dependency directed backtracking between them. I have implemented declarative scheduling on top of Graphplan and GPCSP planners (which poses the backward search of Graphplan as a CSP problem), and the resulting planners reiterate the benefits of decoupling planning and scheduling while providing elegant CSP models (RealPlan-MS, RealPlan-PP) for investigating planner-scheduler communication.


On March 22-23, 2015, Touro Law Center hosted a Conference on Billy Joel and the Law. Speakers at the conference included judges, lawyers, law professors, and music scholars, who considered ways in which Billy Joel's work relates to American law, society, and culture. The conference panels addressed a variety of interrelated topics, including: Billy Joel and Legal Doctrine; Billy Joel and the Practice of Law; Billy Joel, Law, and the Performing Arts; and Billy Joel, Law, and Society.In some ways, the conference was a sequel — or rather, the third in a series — following in the path of previous conferences exploring connections between the work of a singer-songwriter and the American legal system. In 2005, Widener Law School initiated this set of loosely-connected conferences, with The Lawyer as Poet Advocate: Bruce Springsteen and the American Lawyer, and in 2011, Fordham Law School hosted Bob Dylan and the Law, co-sponsored by Touro Law Center.Building on the success of these events, participants at the conference on Billy Joel and the Law engaged in a wide-ranging discussion of legal themes, as well as broader cultural and societal implications, that can be found in Billy Joel's music. Along with the formal presentations, many of which revolved around recorded excerpts from Joel's work, the conference proceedings included brief musical performances of a number of his songs, accompanied by scholarly commentary, further contributing to the educational focus of the conference. In addition, given Touro Law Center's presence in Central Islip and Billy Joel's well-known association with Long Island, the conference attracted a fair amount of media attention, both in New York outlets and beyond.Indeed, the conference's setting, a law school located near the geographical center of Long Island, inspired several speakers to take a closer look at Billy Joel, both the person and the musical persona, uncovering themes that are, at once, both particular and universal in relevance and application. Many of the speakers likewise reflected upon their own personal and professional experiences, finding in Billy Joel's words and music a lens through which they presented their insights into various aspects of American law, culture, and society. The articles from the conference published in this Symposium Issue of the Touro Law Review provide a sampling of the variety of topics and disciplines explored and the range of perspectives represented


The perplexity of the question of what psychoanalysis is challenges analysts who strive for a self-defining priority of view. The consequent conflicts, if open to thought, can contribute to a creative aliveness about psychoanalysis, but, if closed, possibly to its demise. Psychoanalysis' roots are in understanding conflict and this study is initiated and informed by conflict, i.e. to understand psychoanalysis' contributions to its practitioners' conflicts while avoiding involvement in these. To achieve this dual goal, understanding is sought through a focus upon dichotomous realisations of psychoanalysis, both with Freud and in general. This focus reveals a paradoxical basis to psychoanalysis manifesting in such dichotomy. Understanding psychoanalysis through paradox is facilitated by Winnicott's (1971) observations of the creative potential of accepted ontological paradox including that basic to psychoanalysis. These ideas re psychoanalysis and paradox are explored through, in particular, Parsons, Ogdon and, especially, Bion and his approach to psychoanalysis as thing-in-itself and the developing understanding of it. These explorations lead to conclusions that "psychoanalysis" manifests in three interlocked realisations: 1) a process that is both uniquely individual but also one that becomes open to general consideration guided by and leading to theoretical conceptualisations about it; 2) an intrinsic psychoanalysis unknown and unknowable but know of: discovered by Freud, its qualities are being explicated; 3) psychoanalysis as the creative product of accepted ontological paradox: this paradox reveal qualities re its constituent elements informing further about the existential/experiential basis of psychoanalysis and contributing to the explication of the qualities of the intrinsic psychoanalysis.


Governance indicators have come under fire in recent years, especially the World Governance Indicators (WGIs). Critics present these indicators as a-theoretical and biased. Critics of the critics counter that no better alternatives exist. We suggest otherwise, arguing that more appropriate 'governance' indicators will (i) have theoretical grounding, (ii) focus on specific fields of engagement, (iii) emphasize outcomes, and (iv) control for key contextual differences in comparing countries. Such measures can help indicate where countries seem to have governance problems, allowing second stage analyses of what these problems are. We present under national five mortality rates adjusted for country income groups as an example of such measure, presenting data for contextually controlled outcomes in this specific field to show where governance seems better and worse. The United States is shown up as relatively weak, whereas a country like Pakistan seems to have better governance in this sector than other low income countries. The indicator allows questions about why governance of this sector might be problematic in certain contexts and easier in others.


Many scholars do not understand the reality of the violence in Indonesia. They point to some individual or group or to the political structure of the New Order as the dalang (mastermind) for the state-sponsored violence of the Soeharto and the previous Soekarno regimes. The fact is, it is no longer a structural problem but a socio-cultural one. It is not only Soeharto but also Soekarno and Nasution who are responsible for the tradition of killing people to end all movements against the government. The origin of violence should be found long before the New order or the Soeharto presidency. It is in the whole process of Indonesian history since its independence, where the militaristic nature and overwhelming distrust within the state and society were created. At this stage, clearly I have some differences compared to well-known Indonesianists in understanding the present riots or social violence in Indonesia.


The efforts of educators in the last three decades have, among other things, focused on the use of information technology (IT) in education. It has become commonplace to view information systems both as an effective carrier of course content as well as a cost-effective tool to improve student learning outcomes. One of such technologies is the e-book. Decision-makers in the education field need make sense of this technological transformation. However, despite the growing popularity of e-books in higher education, its adoption by students is yet to be crystalized. This study exploits the technology acceptance model (TAM) framework to examine student acceptance of e-textbooks as "internally" impacted by technology innovativeness and "externally" influenced by system exposure. The results showed that students' technology innovativeness is associated with student acceptance of e-textbooks and that system exposure was a strong moderator of the TAM relationships. The findings suggest that students' openness to new technology, in general, is likely to positively affect the adoption of a specific new instructional technology. Additionally, system exposure was found to be a significant moderator of the TAM relationships. It is concluded that students' technology innovativeness and system exposure must therefore be factored into instructional technology usage decision-making models.


Batteryless energy-harvesting devices are computing platforms that operate in environments where batteries are not viable for energy storage. Energy-harvesting devices operate intermittently, only as energy is available. Prior work developed software execution models robust to intermittent power failures but no existing intermittent execution model allows interrupts to update global persistent state without allowing incorrect behavior or requiring complex programming. We present Coati, a system that supports event-driven concurrency via interrupts in an intermittent software execution model. Coati exposes a task-based interface for synchronous computations and an event interface for asynchronous interrupts. Coati supports synchronizing tasks and events using transactions, which allow for multi-task atomic regions that extend across multiple power failures. This work explores two different models for serializing events and tasks that both safely provide intuitive semantics for event-driven intermittent programs. We implement a prototype of Coati as C language extensions and a runtime library. Using energy-harvesting hardware, we evaluate Coati on benchmarks adapted from prior work. We show that Coati prevents failures when interrupts are introduced, while the baseline fails in just seconds. Moreover, Coati operates with a reasonable run time overhead that is often comparable to an idealized baseline.


Behavioral insights or nudges have yielded great benefits for today's public administrators by improving the quality of official messages and increasing revenue flows. In the absence of a large number of studies suitable for meta-analysis, less is known about the external validity of these interventions, their range of impact, and the exact matching of the behavioral cue to the client group and context. Factorial designs and repeated interventions, as in the study reported in this article, can add insight through respectively comparing interventions and analyzing their impacts over time. This randomized controlled trial tests whether simplification and/or a descriptive social norm can increase payment of local taxes in a central London local authority. In the first wave, a factorial design on a targeted group of residents, simplification increased the number of people paying by four percentage points, whereas the social norm did not change behavior. In wave two of the study, which was carried out across all households, the descriptive social norm backfired, reducing the rate of payment. The heterogeneous nature of the target population and the exact wording of the social norm are discussed as possible reasons for these results.


Trophic models of three upwelling ecosystems, the southern Benguela (South African), southern Humboldt (Chilean) and northern Humboldt (Peruvian) systems, have been fitted to catch, abundance and fishing mortality time-series. Three drivers were considered during the model fitting: internal forcing by means of the trophic flow controls between the various interacting species groups, and two kinds of external forcing, namely fishing and the environment. The southern Benguela model was fitted to time-series data from 1978 to 2003, the southern Humboldt model to data from 1970 to 2004, and the northern Humboldt to data for a shorter period, 1995–2004. Fishing has been relatively carefully managed in the southern Benguela during the period modelled and previous studies found that most of the resource variability was attributed to internal trophodynamic forcing and to environmental forcing rather than to fishing. By comparison, fishing has been shown to have played a relatively major role in driving ecosystem changes observed in the southern and northern Humboldt models. Bearing in mind the different roles played by each of the drivers in these ecosystems, flow controls between interacting species groups, which improved the fits of the models, were compared across the three ecosystems to determine to what extent the three models supported the hypothesis that upwelling ecosystems function as wasp-waist systems. Secondly, environmental forcing was examined by searching for hypothetical forcing functions, affecting different levels of the foodweb, which improved the model fits. This was an attempt to start to uncover the processes that may be involved in linking the environment to observed ecosystem dynamics and changes in these upwelling ecosystems. Model results confirmed the important ecological role played by small pelagic fish in the studied upwelling ecosystems. For example, the fit of the southern Benguela model to time-series data of catch and abundance was similarly improved when anchovy/sardine–prey and anchovy/sardine–predator interactions were externally forced, supporting the wasp-waist hypothesis. In addition, although physical drivers and conditions may differ in their nature or merely their frequency and intensity between systems, and different fishing strategies operate in each of the three ecosystems, model results suggest that these effects are transferred through the ecosystems and manifest themselves as ecosystem changes and observed resource dynamics largely via interactions with small pelagic fish.


OBJECTIVE
Our objective was to analyze the prevalence, incidence, and mortality of diabetes in a population of 280,539 inhabitants.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
The incidence, prevalence, and deaths from diabetes at all ages of a population have been prospectively followed in the county of Skaraborg, Sweden, since 1991.

RESULTS
The annual incidence of diabetes per 100,000 inhabitants in 1991-1995 was (mean +/- 95% CI) 14.7 +/- 3.2 for type 1 diabetes (diagnosed at 24.1 +/- 2.2 years of age) and 265.6 +/- 16.1 for type 2 diabetes (diagnosed at 66.6 +/- 0.6 years of age). The incidence of type 2 diabetes was significantly (P < 0.001) higher among men. There was no significant change in the age at diagnosis of diabetes. Although the incidence rate and the age at diagnosis were constant, the prevalence of diabetes increased by 6% each year. The relative mortality risk for diabetic patients was almost four times higher than expected. The median age at death, however, increased significantly, from 77.2 to 80.2 years (P < 0.05), during the study.

CONCLUSIONS
The prevalence but not the incidence rate of diabetes increased during the years 1991-1995. Although diabetic patients showed a high relative mortality, increased survival apparently explains the increase in prevalence of diabetes in the country of Skaraborg.


Dear producers and consumers of knowledge,
I would like to share the happiness of being with you again with 8th Volume 4th last issue of Pegem Journal of Education and Instruction (PEGEGOG) in 2018. I hope you could find time to have a rest after your busy schedule. Initially, I want to thank you for the increasing interest for our journal.
There has been 54 articles sent for publication to our journal. I'm pleased to inform you in this issue that the journal's h-index rose to 16. This is good news for our journal and country. On the other hand, I have to indicate that there were critical problems in terms of format within these articles as stated in the previous issue. First of all, unfortunately we had to reject some articles as in many of them there were texts very similar to ones in different articles. At first step, we scan all articles in i-Thenticate program to determine the exact quotations from other resources. After this scan, we reject the articles detected to have exact quotations at a high rate without initiating peer-review process. Apart from that, we also send back the articles not written in an academic format not to disturb our reviewers unnecessarily.
One of the problems with the articles submitted to our journal and we had to reject was about data analysis. The data is the raw information collected from related resources through research aims. These should be analyzed in parallel with these aims. It is necessary to analyze them using statistics for quantitative data and methods such as content analysis or descriptive analysis for qualitative data. Analysis provides the data being transformed into findings and make sense. Especially, in some of document analysis and some qualitative studies, it is seen that data are presented as findings. In some others, data are presented being only described. It is essential that the studies are formed in an article format obeying the rules by the journal and presented for publication afterwards.
As always, we present the six articles got through peer-review process and given DOI number to you dear producers and consumers of knowledge. I wish these studies conducted in various fields of educational sciences will be useful and contribute to theoretical knowledge within the field. Hope to meet within the next issue.
Sincerely yours,


Comprehensive FTIR studies on the progress of mutarotation in d-fructose mixed with maltitol have been carried out over a wide range of temperatures, both above and below the glass transition temperature Tg. In addition to the analysis of single bands, we have developed a completely new approach considering the full spectral range to follow the overall progress of the reaction. We have found that at the calorimetric Tg, there is a clear change in the temperature dependence of constant rates. The activation barrier for mutarotation changes from around 59 kJ mol-1 (the supercooled state) to around 249 kJ mol-1 (the glassy state). This dramatic variation in the activation barrier is consistent with the change in the mechanism of this specific chemical conversion, as theoretically considered by Wlodarczyk et al. [Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2014, 16, 4694-4698]. Alternatively, it can also be connected to the change in the viscosity of the sample. Additionally, we investigated the relationship between constant rates (k) of mutarotation, structural relaxation times (τα), and dc conductivity (σdc) above and below the glass transition temperature. It was found that there was a linear correlation between all these quantities; they scale with various exponents changing at Tg. Our results also indicate that a single activation barrier might not be sufficient to describe the mutarotation process.


Background and purpose: The purpose of the study is effects of cryotherapy on the intrinsic muscle strength of the hand using modified sphygmomanometer.Therapeutic use of ice has clinical applications both in rehabilitation and other areas of medicine. Cryotherapy has been show to decrease increase and not impact torque production which requies isometric strength of intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of hand. Till date few studies have been conducted to see the carry over effect of cryotherapy on intrinsic muscle. Objective of the study: The objective of the study was to find out the effectiveness of cryotherapy on intrinsic muscle strength using modified sphygmomanometer. Methodology: 50 subjects with age group 17-23 were participated in this study. This study clinically implied to find out the immediate and carry over effect of cryotherapy on intrinsic muscle strength of hand using modified sphygmomanometer . Result: There is significant increase in intrinsic muscle strength immediately after the cryotherapy application. There is significant decrease in intrinsic muscle strength after 15-30 minutes of ice immersion. After 30-45 minutes it continuously decreased of hand strength. Conclusion: The study concluded that muscle strength is increased at immediately after immersion of 100-150 cold water.


Quantitative myocardial mouse heart imaging with positron emission tomography (PET) is compromised when the PET system has a resolution on the order of the left ventricular (LV) wall thickness. In this study a partial volume correction (PVC) strategy is employed to compensate for the partial volume losses experienced in PET images from the Inveon small animal PET scanner. A 1D algorithm extracts the edges of the heart wall and activity information outside the wall. This information is used to build a 2D image and a PVC model is developed to correct the activity in the LV. A dynamic mouse heart LV phantom, with variable wall thickness and 8 gates, was created digitally and physically so that the algorithm could be tested on simulated and real measured image data. An effective 2D Gaussian point spread function, with a FWHM of 1.3 mm, was derived from the measured PET images and used in the PVC models. The simulated and measured phantom images underestimated the relative activity by approximately 30–40% before PVC, but this was improved to an overestimation of 10% after PVC. The coefficient of variation was improved from 20–30% to 5–10% with PVC demonstrating that the algorithm has the ability to increase accuracy and restore homogenous activity distributions in 2D. This algorithm was developed for mouse imaging, but it could be applied to any other species where myocardial wall thickness is on the order of the PET system's spatial resolution.


The significant role and contributions of counselling is now well recognized in remedial and preventive areas. Different models of healing and human functioning has appreciated the incredible efforts of counselling in the relevant fields. Medical setting has always been promoted by counselling, where counselling has proved its exertions through vital contributions in primary care to deal with various issues and problems towards patient perception, diagnosis, treatment and care. The health awareness, prevention and developmental issues are also covered by counselling in medical care. The contributions of counselling to medical care are enormous. This paper explores the integrity of counselling in medical setting along with the issues of patients perception.

 Key words: Counselling, medical setting, Counselling Psychology,


Unintentional injuries in childhood are a major cause of mortality and morbidity. Numerous risk factors for unintentional injury have been identified over recent years, and there have been several suggestions that injury prevention programmes should be targeted at children identified as high risk, based on these risk factors. There has also been increasing interest in, and emphasis on, the role of members of the primary health care team in preventing unintentional injuries to children, including within recent government policy. There is some evidence, so far, that primary care interventions can be effective in reducing hazards, increasing knowledge and changing behaviour. There is however, less evidence that they can be effective in reducing injury frequency or severity, with very few studies of high quality addressing this issue.

The objectives of the research presented in this thesis are:

1.) to examine the relationship between accident and emergency department attendance and future hospital admission following unintentional injury, and to consider the transmission of injury data between secondary and primary care and the uses of such data within primary care;

2.) to examine the associations between risk factors for childhood injury and a variety of injury outcomes and to calculate the sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value for risk factors in identifying children who will subsequently suffer an unintentional injury, and to consider high risk group and whole population strategies for injury prevention in the light of the findings;

3.) to assess knowledge, attitudes and current practices in childhood injury prevention amongst members of the primary health care team and to consider the implications of the findings for injury prevention in primary care.

The first objective has been achieved by a matched case-control study. The main findings were that children who had been admitted to hospital following an unintentional injury were twice as likely to have previously attended the accident and emergency (A&E) department than community controls. However, only one third of hospital admissions had a history of previous A&E department attendance, hence most of the children admitted to hospital would not have been identified using A&E attendance. Current practice in many A&E departments is that a paediatric liaison health visitor notifies the community health visitor of children attending A&E following injury. Most authors in the field discuss post injury follow up visits as an appropriate response to receipt of such notifications, but there is little evidence for their effectiveness, and several studies show such visits are perceived to be difficult for both parents and health visitors. There is little evidence that, at present, injury data transmitted from secondary care is collated in a systematic way, to be used in primary care for needs assessment or injury surveillance. It is therefore recommended that the role of the paediatric liaison health visitor in the collection and transmission of injury data is in need of further consideration, and that post injury follow up visits require further study to demonstrate their effectiveness.

The second objective has been achieved by a cross sectional survey followed by a cohort study. The main findings from this study are that only previous injury and male sex were associated with A&E department attendance and only previous injury with primary health care team attendance, despite sufficient power to demonstrate associations for several other risk factors. Consequently the sensitivity and positive predictive value of the risk factors in identifying children who will suffer previous injury was found to be low. The specificity was high for most risk factors, suggesting they will miss most children who will have injuries but will correctly identify most children who will not suffer future injury. The number of children needing to be targeted with an intervention to prevent one injury was similar for most risk factors, and similar to that if the whole population received an intervention. The results could not be adequately explained by bias, confounding or insufficient power Further work examining associations between risk fectors and unintentional injury in childhood is needed with larger sample sizes and in a population with a wide cross section of socioeconomic status to confirm these findings. At present, it is recommended that injury prevention programmes in primary care use a population approach.

The third objective was achieved by a cross sectional survey of general practitioners, practice nurses and health visitors in Nottinghamshire. The main findings from this survey were that health visitors had a significantly higher score for knowledge of childhood unintentional injury epidemiology than general practitioners or practice nurses. They held significantly more positive attitudes to, and were undertaking significantly more injury prevention than, both general practitioners and practice nurses. Despite this both general practitioners and practice nurses held positive attitudes to at least some injury prevention activities.

The activities most commonly undertaken were those using a preventive model of health education, for all professional groups. Activities involving empowerment or radical or political models of health education were used less often. There was little evidence of a systematic approach to injury prevention, with prevention occurring most often opportunistically. For all activities, and across all professional groups, a greater proportion of respondents agreed that an activity should be undertaken than actually undertook that activity, suggesting there may be barriers to undertaking injury prevention in primary care. The difference between the proportion agreeing an activity should be undertaken and doing so, was greatest for lobbying or campaigning and for collecting injury data. The conclusions from this study are that current injury prevention practice, which often uses a preventive model of health education, often as an isolated approach, and most often opportunistically, may not be the most effective strategy for reducing unintentional injuries in primary care.

Further studies are needed to assess the effectiveness of primary health care team interventions offered systematically, using a combination of health education models and approaches. Such studies must address the barriers to injury prevention in primary care. The findings from this study suggest there is already some knowledge, and positive attitudes towards injury prevention, amongst at least some primary health care team members, on which to build interest in such future research.

NB. This ethesis has been created by scanning the typescript original and contains some inaccuracies. In case of difficulty, please refer to the original text.


Chemical tags are now viable alternatives to fluorescent proteins for labeling proteins in living cells with organic fluorophores that have improved brightness and other specialized properties. Recently, we successfully rendered our TMP-tag covalent with a proximity-induced reaction between the protein tag and the ligand-fluorophore label. This initial design, however, suffered from slow in vitro labeling kinetics and limited live cell protein labeling. Thus, here we report a second-generation covalent TMP-tag that has a fast labeling half-life and can readily label a variety of intracellular proteins in living cells. Specifically, we designed an acrylamide-trimethoprim-fluorophore (A-TMP-fluorophore v2.0) electrophile with an optimized linker for fast reaction with a cysteine (Cys) nucleophile engineered just outside the TMP-binding pocket of Escherichia coli dihydrofolate reductase (eDHFR) and developed an efficient chemical synthesis for routine production of a variety of A-TMP-probe v2.0 labels. We then screened a panel of eDHFR:Cys variants and identified eDHFR:L28C as having an 8-min half-life for reaction with A-TMP-biotin v2.0 in vitro. Finally, we demonstrated live cell imaging of various cellular protein targets with A-TMP-fluorescein, A-TMP-Dapoxyl, and A-TMP-Atto655. With its robustness, this second-generation covalent TMP-tag adds to the limited number of chemical tags that can be used to covalently label intracellular proteins efficiently in living cells. Moreover, the success of this second-generation design further validates proximity-induced reactivity and organic chemistry as tools not only for chemical tag engineering but also more broadly for synthetic biology.


The present investigation examined the role of cognitive interference in sport. In
Study 1 an instrument to assess intrusive thoughts athletes experience during
performance was developed (Thought Occurrence Questionnaire for Sport; TOQS). In
the first part of the study, which involved modification of an instrument constructed in
educational settings, three types of thoughts were identified. These were 'performance
worries', 'situation irrelevant thoughts' and 'thoughts of escape'. In the second part of
the study, which involved validation of the modified instrument, support for the
psychometric properties of the TOQS was provided through tests of convergent,
concurrent and discriminant validity.
Study 2 examined situational antecedents of cognitive interference. Discrepancies
between expected and actual performance was identified as the best predictor of
cognitive interference athletes experience, whereas cognitive anxiety was found moderately related to cognitive interference. Finally, it was found that athletes experiencing their anxiety states as facilitative reported less cognitive interference than athletes experiencing their anxiety states as debilitative. Study 3 investigated possible effects cognitive interference has on aspects of sport
performance based on athletes' perceptions. Participants reported cognitive interference to be detrimental to their concentration. Furthermore, it was revealed that different types of thoughts influence effort input in different ways. The relationship between 'performance worries' and subsequent effort depended on goal attainment expectancies. Athletes holding higher expectancies reported that their worries resulted
in increased effort, whereas athletes holding lower expectancies reported their worries to result in decreased effort. 'Situation irrelevant thoughts' were reported not to have any effects on subsequent effort, while 'thoughts of escape' were associated with decreases in effort. Finally, Study 4 examined relationships between achievement goal orientations and cognitive interference. A negative relationship between task orientation and thoughts of escape was the only strong and consistent association that emerged. Goal profiles analysis revealed that, in contrast to athletes holding self-referenced goals, for those holding comparative goals outcome is an important determinant of withdrawal
thoughts. The results of the present investigation are discussed in relation to findings
in educational and sport settings, and a conceptual model regarding the role of
cognitive interference in sport is proposed. Overall, cognitive interference is identified
as a topic which requires further examination in the sport psychology domain.


This chapter introduces a book with numerous contributions touching on the themes of effective enforcement and legitimate enforcement of competition law. A wide variety of subjects are discussed including, among others: the range of affected interests in competition law litigation and participatory rights, commitment procedures, behavioral and structural competition law remedies, the role of amici curiae, public restraints of competition, due process and fundamental rights (such as ne bis in idem and others), institutional management strategies adopted by competition authorities with a view to developing a 'brand', global competition enforcement including the under-performance of regional integration platforms, the gaps in international merger governance, the UK's Consumer Rights Act 2015, and the (incomplete) move toward more rigorous judicial control of infringement decisions.


Sericultural production is seriously influenced by the blood pathogens of grasserie, Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV). To investigate the infectious condition and define an effective control method for BmNPV. 233 from 240 suspected samples infected with BmNPV were detected using PCR identification. One sample was selected from each county in the positive sample collection area, 56 isolates of which were used as experimental objects. The homology of the bro-d nucleotide sequence was at least 91% among the 56 BmNPV isolates. However, the conserved 7 amino acids (percentage of amino acid constant sites, PAACS) at the position 217–224 were absent for YNQJLL001 and YNZTQJ074 pandemic isolates. Phylogenetic tree analysis of bro-d gene separated the BmNPV isolates from Yunnan into 4 main clades: I, II, III, and IV. Clade I was the dominant clade containing 32 local epidemic isolates. Clades II, III, and IV contained 5, 16, and 3 pandemic isolates, respectively. Geographical distribution of clade I in Yunnan showed a concentrated pattern, while the remaining members of the other three clades depicted no direct contact in relation to their locations. This study may provide valuable molecular types on BmNPV isolate distribution in the silkworm-raising regions, also be helpful for evaluating BmNPV pathogenesis and epidemic situations in the Yunnan sericulture region.


Some critics of Game‐Based Assessment (GBA) have focused on the small sized coefficients that tend to emerge during construct validations, and this casts unnecessary doubts on the overall validity of
the approach. This paper will combine three pieces of evidence that suggest other factors may affect
coefficient sizes when estimating the construct validity of GBAs, and why this should not impact the
overall validity of the GBA. Specifically, evidence comparing two groups of people differing only by
their tendency to respond desirably in self‐reported survey will be presented to demonstrate that
the weakness of self‐reported measures typically used for construct validations are often the very reason behind the lack ‐ or smaller size – of correlations between GBAs and other tests measuring the same construct. Furthermore, Multi‐Trait‐Multi‐Method (MTMM) matrices will be discussed to
show the impact that common method variance has on self‐report measures, and how this compares to GBA. Finally, recent developments of a GBAs scoring keys will be used to Illustrate how
well GBAs can capture the full breadth of a given construct, maintaining great content coverage
especially when dealing with facets that exceed the test takers' capacity for self‐insight. These three
sources of evidence will equip the audience with a good understanding of how construct validity of
GBAs differ from self-report measures, and how this does not constitute a weakness.


A probabilistic framework based on the covariate-dependent relational gamma process is developed to analyze relational data arising from longitudinal networks. The proposed framework characterizes networked nodes by nonnegative node-group memberships, which allow each node to belong to multiple latent groups simultaneously, and encodes edge probabilities between each pair of nodes using a Bernoulli Poisson link to the embedded latent space. Within the latent space, our framework models the birth and death dynamics of individual groups via a thinning function. Our framework also captures the evolution of individual node-group memberships over time using gamma Markov processes. Exploiting the recent advances in data augmentation and marginalization techniques, a simple and efficient Gibbs sampler is proposed for posterior computation. Experimental results on a simulation study and three real-world temporal network data sets demonstrate the model's capability, competitive performance and scalability compared to state-of-the-art methods.


To be truly useful for media theory, the concept of presence should be applicable to all forms of virtual environments including those of traditional media like television and traditional content such as advertising. This study reports the results of an experiment on the effects of the visual angle of the display (sensory saturation) and room illumination (sensory suppression) on the sensation of telepresence during normal television viewing. A self-report measure of presence yielded two factors. Using [Gerrig's (1993)] terminology for the sense of being transported to a mediated environments, we labeled the two factors "arrival," for the feeling of being there in the virtual environment, and "departure," for the feeling of not being there in the in physical environment. It appears that being in the virtual environment is not equivalent to not being in the physical environment. A path analysis found that these two factors have very different relationships to viewer memory for the experience and for attitude change (i.e., buying intention and confidence in product decision). We theorize that the departure factor may be measuring the feeling that the medium has disappeared and may constitute a deeper absorption into the virtual environment. The study did not find evidence that visual angle and room illumination affected the sensation of telepresence


The physical mechanism that governs the incipience and development of leading edge cavitation on hydrofoils is still not fully understood. It involves several parameters such as the pressure level, the nuclei content, the surface roughness and the boundary layer with strong interaction between each other. In the present study we have carried out an experimental investigation to analyze the role of these parameters on the vaporization process. The case study is the water flow over a 2D NACA0009 hydrofoil placed in the test section of the EPFL high speed cavitation tunnel. Wall pressure measurements as well as high speed visualization are carried out for a large variation of hydrodynamic conditions and surface roughness. First the analysis of nucleation effect led us to distinguish between homogeneous nucleation, characterized by free micro bubbles within the liquid stream, and the surface nucleation, which consist of micro sized volume of gas trapped between the liquid and solid surface. The later, which results from a lack of wettability, depends on the surface roughness as well as the physical and chemical properties of the solid (hydrophobic or hydrophilic surfaces).Experimental evidence of the existence of such nucleation is clearly made in both still and flowing liquids. Our experiments have revealed that surface nucleation plays a major role in the cavitation onset and development over lifting hydrofoils. A novel mathematical model is proposed to predict the growth of a single nucleus from a surface roughness element with respect to surrounding pressure and surface tension in still liquid. For moderate Reynolds numbers and low incidence angles, we have demonstrated that the liquid may withstand negative pressure, with absolute values as -1 bar, without vaporization. We have also investigated a particular development of periodic bubble cavitation. We have demonstrated that such bubbles originate from surface nucleation and described the physical process of growth and advection of single surface nucleus. The generation frequency of such bubbles was found to vary substantially from one nucleation site to another. Indeed, besides the pressure level, the size of non wetted volume in the hydrofoil surface is a dominant parameter in the vaporization rate. As the traveling bubbles evolve on the hydrofoil surface, they interact strongly with the boundary layer and outer flow. According to pressure signals, we have shown that while the bubbles grow, they remain slightly above the hydrofoil surface and a moving 3D boundary separation is evidenced in their back. We have also shown that as the pressure level is reduced below a threshold value, which is different from one nucleation site to another, the periodic bubble cavitation turns into attached spot cavitation in a continuous way. The role of the boundary layer state in the cavitation onset and development has been also investigated. We believe that for smooth surfaces (i.e. low Reynolds number based on roughness height), the onset of attached cavitation requires a laminar separation of the boundary layer as already stated by several authors. Nevertheless, this condition is no more required when surface nucleation occurs. In this case, the cavity is continuously fed with vapor generated at its detachment. Finally, the cavitation occurrence on a single indentation on the hydrofoil surface has been investigated. We have demonstrated the significant role of sheer stress on the vaporization process and questioned the pressure based criterion for cavitation incipience. We have shown that for flowing liquids, the criterion based on the maximum tensile stress is more appropriate.


An aqueous Na-ion based hybrid capacitor has been successfully developed by using highly porous graphitic carbon (HPGC) derived from waste writing paper and a new electrode material as a negative and positive electrode, respectively. HPGC was prepared via hydrothermal carbonization and subsequent KOH activation of waste writing paper which showed a highly porous stacked sheet-like morphology with an exceptionally high BET specific surface area (1254 m2 g−1). HPGC exhibited typical electrical double layer capacitor (EDLC) behavior with a high specific capacitance of 384 F g−1 and good negative working potential (−1.0 V) in an aqueous electrolyte. On the other hand, Ni2P2O7 was synthesized by a simple co-precipitation technique and tested as a cathode material which delivered a maximum specific capacitance of 1893 F g−1 at 2 A g−1 current density. The fabricated HPGC‖Ni2P2O7 hybrid device displayed excellent cyclic stability up to 2000 cycles and delivered a maximum energy density of 65 W h kg−1 at 800 W kg−1 power density in a Na-ion based aqueous electrolyte.


The purpose of this study was to explore the extent of e-space community framework in developing metacognitive strategies of pre-service teacher trainees towards ICT competency in contemporary learning technologies. The e-space community framework used in this study created a virtual community of practice (VCoP) that has the possibilities of developing the trainees' metacognitive strategies in learning technologies. The framework looks at extending Vygotsky's concept of Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) upon the VCoP. Evidence has shown that ZPD has the potential of helping a learner learn better by seeking guidance from surrounding peers. It is argued that the combination of ZPD and VCoP has the advantages of making teaching and learning more engaging and effective. The study proposed the use of an e-space community as the mediator to develop metacognitive strategies in learning technologies. The concept of e-space community is congruent with Wenger's concept of Communities of Practice (CoPs), where people of the same interest do and learn better via regular interaction. It is also parallel with the earlier mentioned concept of ZPD as discussed by Vygotsky. The research used an explanatory mixed-method approach on 38 pre-service teacher trainees, where a pre-test, a mid-test and a post-test with a treatment intervention were supported by interviews. The quantitative findings of this study revealed that e-space community in this study gave very little impact on the development of the pre-service teacher trainees' metacognitive strategies towards ICT competency in contemporary learning technologies. This was supported by the qualitative findings that concur with the fact that the participants did not prefer the official e-space platform chosen for this study and were more drawn to more convenient external platforms. The study has implications on how any official e-space platform of an institution should be designed and deployed in order to create more appeal and attract the targeted CoP to use and gain benefits from the intended objectives towards ICT competency.


What was the relationship between government and religion in Middle Eastern history? In a world of caliphs, sultans, and judges, who exercised political and religious authority? In this book, Ali Humayun Akhtar investigates debates about leadership that involved ruling circles and scholars of jurisprudence and theology. At the heart of this story is a medieval rivalry between three caliphates: the Umayyads of Cordoba, the Fatimids of Cairo, and the Abbasids of Baghdad. In a fascinating revival of Late Antique Hellenism, Aristotelian and Platonic notions of wisdom became a key component of how these caliphs debated their authority as political leaders. By tracing how these political debates impacted the theological and jurisprudential scholars and their own conception of communal guidance, Akhtar offers a new picture of premodern political authority and the connections between Western and Islamic civilizations. It will be of use to students and specialists of the premodern and modern Middle East.


Objective We updated a prior systematic review of interventions for children (0–12 years) with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), focusing on recent studies of behavioral interventions. Data sources We searched the MEDLINE® (PubMed®), PsycInfo, and Educational Resources Information Clearinghouse (ERIC) databases as well as the reference lists of included studies and recent systematic reviews. We conducted the search in December 2013. Methods We included comparative studies (with treatment and comparison groups) of behavioral interventions with at least 10 participants with ASD in the update, and made our conclusions based on the cumulative comparative evidence across the original report and update. Two investigators independently screened studies against predetermined inclusion criteria and independently rated the quality of included studies. Results We included 65 unique studies comprising 48 randomized trials and 17 nonrandomized comparative studies (19 good, 39 fair, and 7 poor quality) published since the prior review. The quality of studies improved compared with that reported in the earlier review; however, our assessment of the strength of evidence (SOE), our confidence in the stability of effects of interventions in the face of future research, remains low for many intervention/outcome pairs. Early intervention based on high-intensity applied behavior analysis over extended timeframes was associated with improvement in cognitive functioning and language skills (moderate SOE for improvements in both outcomes) relative to community controls in some groups of young children. The magnitude of these effects varied across studies, potentially reflecting poorly understood modifying characteristics related to subgroups of children. Early intensive parent training programs modified parenting behaviors during interactions; however, data were more limited about their ability to improve developmental skills beyond language gains for some children (low SOE for positive effects on language). Social skills interventions varied in scope and intensity and showed some positive effects on social behaviors for older children in small studies (low SOE for positive effects on social skills). Studies of play/interaction-based approaches reported that joint attention interventions may demonstrate positive outcomes in preschool-age children with ASD when targeting joint attention skills (moderate SOE); data on the effects of such interventions in other areas were limited (low SOE for positive effects on play skills, language, social skills). Studies examining the effects of cognitive behavioral therapy on anxiety reported positive results in older children with IQs ≥70 (high SOE for improvements in anxiety in this population). Smaller short-term studies of other interventions reported some improvements in areas such as sleep and communication, but data were too sparse to assess their overall effectiveness. Conclusions A growing evidence base suggests that behavioral interventions can be associated with positive outcomes for children with ASD. Despite improvements in the quality of the included literature, a need remains for studies of interventions across settings and continued improvements in methodologic rigor. Substantial scientific advances are needed to enhance our understanding of which interventions are most effective for specific children with ASD and to isolate elements or components of interventions most associated with effects.


A structural systematic study was undertaken on benzamides, carbamates and substituted benzamide derivatives as 3×3 isomer grids comprising N-(pyridyl)benzamide (Fxx and Mxx) (x = para-/meta-/ortho-) and N-(phenyl)pyridinecarboxamide (NxxF and NxxM) grids. These were synthesised and characterised, with their crystal structures determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Five series of CxxR (R = CH3, OCH3, F, Cl, Br) carbamate isomer grids have been synthesised and characterised, with some pertinent structures determined by X-ray diffraction. Ab initio modelling, conformational analysis and comparisons of
experimental solid state with optimised molecular geometries have facilitated an examination of the relationships between conformations and inter/intramolecular
interactions, rationalisation of differences between the solid state and calculated structures, as well as the presence of molecular disorder and polymorphism.

New classes of macrocycles have been developed including tetramers and trimers, based on our earlier research on benzamides and carbamates. These systems include various para-substituted derivatives (F, Cl, Br, CH3 CO2CH3) and have been fully characterized by 1H, 13C, 19F NMR and IR spectroscopy, while their crystal and molecular structures have been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction.

The development of tennimides and trezimides as new macrocycles based on an imide backbone, presents an important entry point into a potentially fruitful area.
Furthermore, discovery of trezimides is especially important since no analogous macrocycle has been reported. Synthesis of tennimides and trezimides has been accomplished using a one-step synthetic strategy over a range of derivatives and presents a basis for synthesis of analogous macrocycles. Tennimides and trezimides proved to be rigid and stable compounds. The determining factors in the cyclisation are (i) the presence of the imide ortho-pyridine/pyrimidine rings and (ii) the inherent ability
of the imide group to twist by 80-120°, as measured by the 'CO···CO' torsion angle, providing a 'hinge' for ring closure or helical assembly. The trezimides can adopt two
distinct conformations in the solid state, (though one is preferred), whereas the tennimides adopt discrete conformational states as oc, cc and oo that highlight subtle
macrocyclic geometric changes on cavity opening (o) and closing (c) (though these interconvert in solution).


Too many companies think creativity means throwing money into marketing efforts and giving lip service to "out of the box" thinking. But such efforts rarely have a positive impact on the bottom line. Pat Fallon and Fred Senn argue that leaders have more creativity within their organizations than they realize--but they inadvertently stifle it or channel it in ineffective ways. Juicing the Orange outlines a disciplined approach to building creativity actively into the organizational culture and leveraging that creativity into campaigns that deliver measurable results. Drawing from 25 years of successful marketing and acclaimed, award-winning work, the authors show that bankable, creative ideas come from zeroing in on the one key business problem that must be solved and then rigorously unearthing insights that will lead to a spectacular solution. Behind-the-scenes stories of successful and failed campaigns for companies in diverse industries reveal the core secrets of training for creativity: develop a proprietary brand emotion, offer big ideas without a big budget, and get customers to seek out your message. Illustrating the link between creativity and profits, Juicing the Orange helps industry players measure their success at the cash register.


Many important problems in discrete optimization require maximization of a monotonic submodular function subject to matroid constraints. For these problems, a simple greedy algorithm is guaranteed to obtain near-optimal solutions. In this article, we extend this classic result to a general class of adaptive optimization problems under partial observability, where each choice can depend on observations resulting from past choices. Specifically, we prove that a natural adaptive greedy algorithm provides a $1/(p+1)$ approximation for the problem of maximizing an adaptive monotone submodular function subject to $p$ matroid constraints, and more generally over arbitrary $p$-independence systems. We illustrate the usefulness of our result on a complex adaptive match-making application.


In 1663, the Puritan missionary John Eliot, with the help of a Nipmuck convert whom the English called James Printer, produced the first Bible printed in North America. It was printed not in English but in Algonquian, making it one of the first books printed in a Native language. In this ambitious and multidisciplinary work, Phillip Round examines the relationship between Native Americans and printed books over a two-hundred-year period, uncovering the individual, communal, regional, and political contexts for Native peoples' use of the printed word. From the northeastern woodlands to the Great Plains, Round argues, alphabetic literacy and printed books mattered greatly in the emergent, transitional cultural formations of indigenous nations threatened by European imperialism. "Removable Type" showcases the varied ways that Native peoples produced and utilized printed texts over time, approaching them as both opportunity and threat. Surveying this rich history, Round addresses such issues as the role of white missionaries and Christian texts in the dissemination of print culture in Indian Country, the establishment of "national" publishing houses by tribes, the production and consumption of bilingual texts, the importance of copyright in establishing Native intellectual sovereignty (and the sometimes corrosive effects of reprinting thereon), and the significance of illustrations.


Hydrogels are known to be covalently or ionic cross-linked, hydrophilic three-dimensional
polymer networks, which exist in our bodies in a biological gel form such as the vitreous
humour that fills the interior of the eyes. Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (poly(NIPAAm))
hydrogels are attracting more interest in biomedical applications because, besides others, they
exhibit a well-defined lower critical solution temperature (LCST) in water, around 31–34°C,
which is close to the body temperature. This is considered to be of great interest in drug
delivery, cell encapsulation, and tissue engineering applications. In this work, the
poly(NIPAAm) hydrogel is synthesized by free radical polymerization. Hydrogel properties
and the dimensional changes accompanied with the volume phase transition of the
thermosensitive poly(NIPAAm) hydrogel were investigated in terms of Raman spectra,
swelling ratio, and hydration. The thermal swelling/deswelling changes that occur at different
equilibrium temperatures and different solutions (phenol, ethanol, propanol, and sodium
chloride) based on Raman spectrum were investigated. In addition, Raman spectroscopy has
been employed to evaluate the diffusion aspects of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and phenol
through the poly(NIPAAm) network. The determination of the mutual diffusion coefficient,
\(D_{mut}\) for hydrogels/solvent system was achieved successfully using Raman spectroscopy at
different solute concentrations. Moreover, the mechanical properties of the hydrogel, which
were investigated by uniaxial compression tests, were used to characterize the hydrogel and to
determine the collective diffusion coefficient through the hydrogel. The solute release coupled
with shrinking of the hydrogel particles was modelled with a bi-dimensional diffusion model
with moving boundary conditions. The influence of the variable diffusion coefficient is
observed and leads to a better description of the kinetic curve in the case of important
deformation around the LCST. A good accordance between experimental and calculated data
was obtained.


The Islamic State, which controlled significant territory in Iraq and Syria between 2014 and 2017, engaged in a wide repertoire of violence against civilians living in these areas. Despite extensive media coverage and scholarly attention, the determinants of this pattern of violence remain poorly understood. We argue that, contrary to a widespread assumption that the Islamic State wielded violence indiscriminately, it systematically targeted different social groups with distinct forms of violence, including sexual violence. Our theory focuses on ideology, suggesting it is a necessary element of explanations of patterns of violence on the part of many armed actors. Ideologies, to varying extent, prescribe organizational policies that order or authorize particular forms of violence against specific social groups and institutions that regulate the conditions under which they occur. We find support for our theory in the case of sexual violence by the Islamic State by triangulating between several types of qualitative data: official documents; social media data generated by individuals in or near Islamic State-controlled areas; interviews with Syrians and Iraqis who have knowledge of the organization's policies including victims of violence and former Islamic State combatants; and secondary sources including local Arabic-language newspapers. Consistent with our theory, we find that the organization adopted ideologically motivated policies that authorized certain forms of sexual violence, including sexual slavery and child marriage. Forms of violence that violated organizational policies but were nonetheless tolerated by many commanders also occurred and we find evidence of two such practices: gang rape of Yazidi women and forced marriage of Sunni Muslim women.


Abstract. Drones are becoming popular in spatial mapping or survey. The use of drones survey can be seen from it low flying heights (capable to create a clear images), accessible on difficult or non-friendly vehicle access areas, faster data acquisition and higher data resolution henceforth improve the quality of the survey. However, this paper focuses on the post-processing of drone images for 3D surface modeling. With the motivation of producing better 3D models, four software packages are used for comparison. Those software packages are eyesMap3D, Drone Deploy, Agisoft PhotoScan and Pix4Dmapper. The equipment used to ensure a high level of quality model is the Leica GPS1200+ stationary GPS module and the DJI Phantom 4 PRO drone. The Leica GPS1200+ stationary GPS module were used to track the exact position of tie points on the ground. Meanwhile the DJI Phantom 4 PRO drone is used as data inputs (images) for the software packages stated. In addition, the drone is used to fly over a golf course, with a challenge of homogenous surface for 3D surface modeling. Based on the output, it shows that each software packages produces slightly different outputs. This paper summarizes the outputs and discusses the key elements in each software packages. This variation might be useful for future references in 3D surface modeling that can conform in different applications requirements.


In this paper we present a parallel formulation of the multilevel graph partitioning and sparse matrix ordering algorithm. A key feature of our parallel formulation (that distinguishes it from other proposed parallel formulations of multilevel algorithms) is that it partitions the vertices of the graph intopparts while distributing the overall adjacency matrix of the graph among allpprocessors. This mapping results in substantially smaller communication than one-dimensional distribution for graphs with relatively high degree, especially if the graph is randomly distributed among the processors. We also present a parallel algorithm for computing a minimal cover of a bipartite graph which is a key operation for obtaining a small vertex separator that is useful for computing the fill reducing ordering of sparse matrices. Our parallel algorithm achieves a speedup of up to 56 on 128 processors for moderate size problems, further reducing the already moderate serial run time of multilevel schemes. Furthermore, the quality of the produced partitions and orderings are comparable to those produced by the serial multilevel algorithm that has been shown to outperform both spectral partitioning and multiple minimum degree.


Over the past quarter century, researchers have successfully explored the inner workings of the physical and biological sciences using a variety of social and historical lenses. Inspired by these advances, the contributors to "Social Knowledge in the Making" turn their attention to the social sciences, broadly construed. The result is the first comprehensive effort to study and understand the day-to-day activities involved in the creation of social-scientific and related forms of knowledge about the social world. The essays collected here tackle a range of previously unexplored questions about the practices involved in the production, assessment, and use of diverse forms of social knowledge. A stellar cast of multidisciplinary scholars addresses topics such as the changing practices of historical research, anthropological data collection, library usage, peer review, and institutional review boards. Turning to the world beyond the academy, other essays focus on global banks, survey research organizations, and national security and economic policy makers. "Social Knowledge in the Making" is a landmark volume for a new field of inquiry, and the bold new research agenda it proposes will be welcomed in the social sciences, the humanities, and a broad range of non-academic settings.


Aim  Our aim was to test whether extinction risk of frog species could be predicted from their body size, fecundity or geographical range size. Because small geographical range size is a correlate of extinction risk in many taxa, we also tested hypotheses about correlates of range size in frogs.

Location  Global.

Methods  Using a large comparative data set (n = 527 species) compiled from the literature, we performed bivariate and multiple regressions through the origin of independent contrasts to test proposed macroecological patterns and correlates of extinction risk in frogs. We also created minimum adequate models to predict snout–vent length, clutch size, geographical range size and IUCN Red List status in frogs. Parallel non-phylogenetic analyses were also conducted. We verified the results of the phylogenetic analyses using gridded data accounting for spatial autocorrelation.

Results  The most threatened frog species tend to have small geographical ranges, although the relationship between range and extinction risk is not linear. In addition, tropical frogs with small clutches have the smallest ranges. Clutch size was strongly positively correlated with geographical range size (r2 = 0.22) and body size (r2 = 0.28).

Main conclusions  Our results suggest that body size and fecundity only affect extinction risk indirectly through their effect on geographical range size. Thus, although large frogs with small clutches tend to be endangered, there is no comparative evidence that this relationship is direct. If correct, this inference has consequences for conservation strategy: it would be inefficient to allocate conservation resources on the basis of low fecundity or large body size; instead it would be better to protect areas that contain many frog species with small geographical ranges.


Water scarcity has been the main restraint factor for the development of oasis cities around the world. Urumqi, a typical oasis city in arid northwestern China, is facing an increasing water shortage with rapid development over the past decades. In this paper, we use a system dynamics method and multi-scenario simulation to predict the water-resource demand and the supporting capacity of water resources for the urban development of Urumqi under different scenarios. The results show that existing water resources can hardly meet the needs of urban development. Even if water transfer and saving projects are adopted, in the medium and high-speed development scenarios, there will still be a large water deficit in Urumqi in 2030. Also, to relieve the constraint of water resources on urban development, both water-use structure and industrial structure should be optimized. It is suggested that the demands of ecological water and domestic water are given a primary guarantee; that the proportion of industrial water should significantly increase while drastically decreasing the proportion of agricultural water; that the development of secondary industry should be strengthened while reducing the proportion of primary industry; and, finally, restriction placed on high-water-consuming industry while encouraging low- and medium-water-consuming industries.


The Schiff base compound (E)-N-{2-[(2-hydroxybenzylidene)amino]phenyl}benzenesulfonamide has been synthesized and characterized by IR, NMR and Uv-vis spectroscopies, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction technique. In addition, quantum chemical calculations employing density functional theory (DFT) method with the 6–311++G(d,p) basis set were performed to study the molecular, spectroscopic and some electronic structure properties of the title compound, and the results were compared with the experimental findings. There exists a good correlation between experimental and theoretical data. Enol-imine/keto-amine tautomerization mechanism was investigated in the gas phase and in solution phase using the polarizable continuum model (PCM) approximation. The energetic and thermodynamic parameters of the enol-imine → keto-amine transfer process show that the single proton exchange is thermodynamically unfavored both in the gas phase and in solution phase. However, the reverse reaction seems to be feasible with a low barrier height and is supported by negative values in enthalpy and free energy changes both in the gas phase and in solution phase. The solvent effect is found to be sizable with increasing polarity of the solvents for the reverse reaction. The predicted nonlinear optical properties of the compound are found to be much greater than those of urea.


The estimation of a random vector with independent components passed through a linear transform followed by a componentwise (possibly nonlinear) output map arises in a range of applications. Approximate message passing (AMP) methods, based on Gaussian approximations of loopy belief propagation, have recently attracted considerable attention for such problems. For large random transforms, these methods exhibit fast convergence and admit precise analytic characterizations with testable conditions for optimality, even for certain non-convex problem instances. However, the behavior of AMP under general transforms is not fully understood. In this paper, we consider the generalized AMP (GAMP) algorithm and relate the method to more common optimization techniques. This analysis enables a precise characterization of the GAMP algorithm fixed-points that applies to arbitrary transforms. In particular, we show that the fixed points of the so-called max-sum GAMP algorithm for MAP estimation are critical points of a constrained maximization of the posterior density. The fixed-points of the sum-product GAMP algorithm for estimation of the posterior marginals can be interpreted as critical points of a certain mean-field variational optimization.


Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PCPPS) are a newly emerging pollutant and are not well managed in traditional water treatment processes. In addition, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are being studied for application to various fields such as catalysts, energy storage, adsorption, etc. due to their structural characteristics such as porosity, high specific surface area, some metal organic structures are undergoing basic research to be applied to the treatment of environmental pollutants in water and atmospheric environment. Recently distinguished types of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have dynamic applications for clofibric acid (PPCPs pharmaceutical and personal care product) removal through the adsorption process from the aqueous phase. In this study, we investigated the adsorption and removal characteristics of clofibric acid belonging to medicinal materials and personal care products by synthesizing metal organic structure. The metal organic structure used in the study is MIL-101(Cr) and MIL-101-OH, modified by attaching the hydroxyl functional groups (-OH) to MIL-101(Cr). The metal organic structure was prepared by hydrothermal reaction and its structural characteristics were investigated by FTIR, XRD and specific surface area analysis. Batch adsorption experiments were carried out and the results were determined by kinetic analysis and optimum isothermal adsorption. Adsorption reaction rate analysis showed that both adsorption of clofibric acid to MIL-101 (Cr) and MIL-101-OH was followed by pseudo-second-order kinetic equation. All adsorption experiments were found to be more consistent with Langmuir isotherms. Therefore, the maximum adsorption amount of MIL-101-OH with -OH radicals was higher in the pollutant, which is somewhat different from the result of structural characterization.


In the summer of 1982 the Department of Geological Sciences, University of Durham carried out a seismic survey across the north Irish Sea, northern England and the Mid North Sea High. Recording stations were set up at 2 km intervals across northern England , with other stations offline. Sea-bottom sesimometers were deployed at sea. Explosions were fired at 4 km intervals in the Irish and North Seas and in two boreholes on land. Airgun shots were also fired at sea. The data has been digitised and interpreted using the plus-minus method, time-term analysis, and modelling techniques. Results from other geophysical surveys have been used to complement the interpretation. An Upper Palaeozoic and Mesozoic sequence is underlain by Lower Palaeozoic rocks (5.5 to 5.7 km/s) at a depth of 0.5 to 3.0 km. A seismic basement (Pg) with a velocity of 6.15 km/s can be recognised at a depth of 4 km, except in the north-east where it appears to be absent, and is identified as Precambrian crystalline basement from south of the lapetus Suture. Beneath the whole line the crust appears to have an average crustal velocity of 6.3-6.4 km/s and a crustal thickness of about 30 km. Wide-angle reflections from a mid-crustal discontinuity are observed at a depth of 18-20 km beneath the Northumberland Trough and Mid North Sea High but appear to be absent beneath the Solway and Carlisle Basins. Crustal phases are best developed for shots in deeper water which have energy in the 2-5 Hz band. Energy above 6 Hz from shots in shallower water is believed to be scattered by inhomogeneities within the crust.


The verification of Extended Entity Relationship (EER) diagrams and other conceptual models that capture the design of information systems is crucial to ensure reliable systems. To scale up verification processes to larger groups of experts, Human Computation techniques were used focusing primarily on closed tasks, which constrain the number and variety of reported defects in favor of easy aggregation of derived judgements. To address this limitation of closed tasks, in this paper, we investigate EER verification (as instance of a broader family of model verification problems) with open tasks to extend the range of collected results. We also address the challenge of aggregating results of open tasks by proposing a follow-up HC task for defect validation. We evaluate our approach for HC-based EER Verification with open tasks in a set of experiments conducted with junior developers and show that (1) open tasks allow collecting a variety of insights that go beyond a manually built gold standard while still leading to good performance (F1=60%) and (2) HC-based validation can be reliably used for validating the results of open tasks (F1=84% compared to expert validation).


Want to calculate the probability that an event will happen? Be able to spot fake data? Prove beyond doubt whether one thing causes another? Or learn to be a better gambler? You can do that and much more with 75 practical and fun hacks packed into Statistics Hacks. These cool tips, tricks, and mind-boggling solutions from the world of statistics, measurement, and research methods will not only amaze and entertain you, but will give you an advantage in several real-world situations-including business. This book is ideal for anyone who likes puzzles, brainteasers, games, gambling, magic tricks, and those who want to apply math and science to everyday circumstances. Several hacks in the first chapter alone-such as the "central limit theorem,", which allows you to know everything by knowing just a little-serve as sound approaches for marketing and other business objectives. Using the tools of inferential statistics, you can understand the way probability works, discover relationships, predict events with uncanny accuracy, and even make a little money with a well-placed wager here and there.Statistics Hacks presents useful techniques from statistics, educational and psychological measurement, and experimental research to help you solve a variety of problems in business, games, and life. You'll learn how to:Play smart when you play Texas Hold 'Em, blackjack, roulette, dice games, or even the lotteryDesign your own winnable bar bets to make money and amaze your friendsPredict the outcomes of baseball games, know when to "go for two" in football, and anticipate the winners of other sporting events with surprising accuracyDemystify amazing coincidences and distinguish the truly random from the only seemingly random--even keep your iPod's "random" shuffle honestSpot fraudulent data, detect plagiarism, and break codesHow to isolate the effects of observation on the thing observedWhether you're a statistics enthusiast who does calculations in your sleep or a civilian who is entertained by clever solutions to interesting problems, Statistics Hacks has tools to give you an edge over the world's slim odds.


Many students find great difficulty with the learning of programming. This paper discusses some of those difficulties and ways in which the cognitive load that students experience can be reduced. One way of reducing the load is to make use of the cloze method that is used in English comprehension testing. When used with the learning of programming, the cloze method requires students to fill-in and complete a part-complete solution to a programming problem that they have been given. A code restructuring tool, CORT, has been built by the author to support this method and utilised by students in an introductory programming course. Initial results suggest that students were encouraged and motivated whilst using CORT and that the time taken to complete problems and the help required were less than for students who did not use the tool.


In the research presented we investigated the features of Korean adolescents' social purpose as compared with other life goals in terms of different aspects of psychological well-being (study 1). We also examine the perceptions of high achieving Korean adolescents on social purpose and factors affecting it (study 2).The results of study 1 showed that the pursuit of social purpose significantly predicted psychological well-being compared to the other two life goals. Results of study 2 showed Korean adolescents value and pursue social purpose as a life goal. They explicitly accepted their social responsibility to serve their country in line with idyllic Confucianism values and Collectivistic roles. However, further analysis revealed that they had implicitly pursued individualistic desires of materialistic wealth and fame in parallel with their explicit social purpose. Implications of the results are discussed from the socio-cultural perspective on social purpose in regards to how to understand the features of social purpose that Korean adolescents have and how to foster its development.


Although aggressive behavioural patterns directed by female ungulates to conspecifics of the same sex have been documented for Cervids and Bovids, lethal interactions are very rare. This note reports the observation of a lethal attack carried out by an adult female roe deer to a subadult one. Apparently, the attacking, older female killed the younger one by striking to the throat/neck and abdomen of the latter, with her incisor teeth. Female roe deer are assumed not to defend territories and live in loose, small groups only in the winter months. Download the complete issue.


The preparation of carbon nanomaterials has been the focus of many research groups over the last twenty years. Traditionally, the synthesis of these materials has been accomplished using physical methods involving harsh conditions, limiting their applicability in numerous technological areas. Thus, researchers have been constantly working on developing new methods involving organic molecules possessing highly reactive functional groups that can be graphitized under mild conditions. In this tutorial review, we highlight recent approaches for the preparation of various carbon nanomaterials using physical stimuli (heat and/or light) to trigger graphitization of both non-organized and self-assembled molecular precursors. Special attention is devoted to the preparation of carbon nanomaterials from alkyne-containing molecules.


Disturbance, especially that caused by human recreational activities, is a threat to waterbirds, particularly since many recreational activities may be increasing in intensity and distribution. Disturbance can have a considerable effect on the numbers of birds using a site and in some circumstances may have consequences for the size of populations. The EC Birds Directive, Ramsar Convention and the African-Eurasian Waterbird Agreement provide the legislative framework for waterbird conservation along the east Atlantic flyway and require signatories to assess the extent, effects and impacts of human disturbance and to mitigate against any deleterious effects. There is also a good scientific basis for monitoring the effects and impacts of disturbance. We recommend that existing large-scale volunteer-based surveys should be used to monitor the extent and distribution of human activities at a variety of spatial scales. However, we argue that these surveys are of little direct use in measuring the effects and impacts of disturbance on waterbirds.


Known mineralization in the N Antarctic Peninsula, although sparse, is comparable to that of the Andean metalliferous province. It includes porphyry-style Cu (MO and Fe) mineralization, polymetallic (Cu, Pb. Zn and Ag) veins, and a volcanogenic Fe deposit of Laco Sur type. Extensive areas of pyrite-rich hydrothermally altered rocks represent exposures of the high-level parts of porphyry copper systems. The known mineralization can be related to magmatism associated with subduction of the Pacific plate beneath the Antarctic Peninsula in the ?late Cretaceous and Cenozoic. A longitudinal distribution of metallogenic belts can be demonstrated; these are terminated by transverse tectonic boundaries which may reflect segmentation of the underlying subducted ocean plate. There is evidence that mineralization is concentrated along these tectonic boundaries.


Element concentrations in quartz, feldspar and biotite of Sveconorwegian (1.13–0.9 Ga) granitic pegmatites in Froland, Norway, were analysed by LA-ICP-MS, EPMA and XRF, respectively, in order to determine chemical variations between different pegmatite types and within individual pegmatitic bodies. A refined classification of the syn-, late- and post-orogenic granitic pegmatites of Froland is presented basing on the pegmatite structure, bulk composition and mineral chemistry. Syn-orogenic pegmatites (1.13–1.06 Ga) are relative primitive with respect to granite differentiation. Late-orogenic pegmatites linked to the Herefoss pluton (0.93 Ga) have the most primitive composition and contain Fe phlogopite. Post-orogenic zinnwaldite pegmatites (< 0.93 Ga) are the most evolved. Pegmatitic quartz has an astonishingly consistent trace element signature between and within syn-orogenic pegmatites. Average concentrations are in the range of 6–10 μgg−1 for Li, 34–44 μgg−1 for Al, 4–8 μgg−1 for Ti, and 0.9–1.8 μgg−1 for Ge. Al, Li, Fe, Ge, and Ti in quartz of late- and post-orogenic and contact-metamorphosed syn-orogenic pegmatites are more variable. Micro-mylonitisation and contact metamorphism caused the lowering of Li and Al and the increase of Ti and Ge in pegmatitic quartz of some syn-orogenic granites. Several generations of secondary quartz replaced pegmatitic quartz at the micro scale (< 1 mm) during retrograde fluid-driven overprint. Secondary quartz is depleted in Al, Ti and Li compared to the host quartz. In contrast to quartz, the feldspar and biotite chemistry depends largely on the differentiation degree of the pegmatites and varies significantly within structurally-zoned pegmatite bodies. Feldspar and biotite chemistry reflects changes in melt composition within pegmatites, which includes a decrease of Mg and Sr and increase of Li, Rb, and Ba. The syn-orogenic pegmatites were formed during the crustal accretion on the western margin of Fennoscandia under constant PTX -conditions causing the homogeneous trace element signature of quartz.


Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), saccharide (i.e. monosaccharide, disaccharide and polysaccharide), are continuously generated, transformed and consumed in the living systems. As a consequence of their significant value towards human health in aerobic life, it is very important and has drawn much attention in the chemical and biological sensing of the species. It is our long-standing interest in the recognition of monosaccharide (e.g. glucose) through exploration of various boronate-based fluorescence probes, thus, based on the previous work, we started on the design, synthesis and evaluation of novel fluorescent chemosensors for breakthrough discoveries in the detection of saccharide and ROS selectively and specifically, which are made up of different receptors and diverse singaling fluorophores, e.g. anthracene, coumarin, fluorescein, naphthalimine. Firstly, "integrated" and "insulated" boronate-based fluorescent probes (2-naphthylboronic acid and N-Methyl-o-(aminomethyl)phenylboronic acid) have been evaluated for the detection of hydrogen peroxide in the presence of saccharides (i.e. D-fructose). In the presence of D-fructose the initial fluorescence intensity of the "insulated" system is much higher and produces a blue visible fluorescence. Based on the experimental observation above in the boronate-based systems (i.e. B-N bond protection), a new water-soluble boronate-based fluorescent probe was designed and evaluated for the detection of peroxynitrite (much stronger oxidant) in the presence of D-fructose. The enhanced fluorescence of probe when bound with D-fructose was switched off in the presence of peroxynitrite. While, other reactive oxygen/nitrogen species led to only slight fluorescence decreases due to protection by the internal N-B interaction. The interaction of probe with D-fructose not only strengthens the fluorescence signal, but also protects the boronic acid to oxidation by other ROS/RNS. Therefore, under conditions generating various ROS/RNS, the boronate-based sugar complex preferentially reacts with peroxynitrite (ONOO−). The sensor displays good "on-off" response towards peroxynitrite both in RAW 264.7 cells and HeLa cells. A new ICT (internal charge transfer) sensing system was developed for the detection of hydrogen peroxide and peroxynitrite. The probe displayed an enhanced fluorescence change when bound with D-fructose due to the prolonged N-B distance. The fluorescence intensity of the probe dropped down both in the detection of H2O2 and ONOO− which was attributed to the oxidation of arylboronic acid even though in the presence of D-fructose. Using the self-assembly of aromatic boronic acids with Alizarin Red S (ARS), we developed a new chemo/biosensor for the selective detection of peroxynitrite. Phenylboronic acid, benzoboroxole and 2-(N, N-dimethylaminomethyl) phenylboronic acid were employed to bind with ARS to form the complex probes. In particular the ARS-NBA system with a high binding affinity can preferably react with peroxynitrite over hydrogen peroxide and hypochlorite due to the protection of the boron via the solvent-insertion B-N interaction. Our simple system produces a visible naked-eye colorimetric change and on-off fluorescence response towards peroxynitrite. By coupling a chemical reaction that leads to an indicator displacement, we have developed a new sensing strategy, referred to herein as RIA (Reaction-based Indicator displacement Assay). Next, we developed a novel class of simple materials for sensing monosaccharides by the functionalization of graphene oxide (GO) with boronate-based fluorescence probes. The composite materials were characterized by atomic force microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and UV-vis/fluorescence spectroscopy. The strong fluorescence of the fluorescence probes is quenched in the presence of GO through fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). The BA@GO composite sensors formed provide a useful platform for fluorogenic detection of monosaccharides based on the strong affinity between the boronic acid receptor and monosaccharides. The BA@GO composite sensor displayed a "turn-on" fluorescence response with a good linear relationship towards fructose over a range of other saccharides. Next, new water-soluble copper (II) complex fluorescence probes were developed and evaluated for the detection of nitric oxide and nitroxyl in a physiological condition. A significant fluorescence "off-on" response displayed by using the copper (II) complex for the detection of NO and HNO (Na2N2O3 as a donor). Under pathological conditions generating various ROS/RNS, the copper (II) complex fluorescent probe preferentially reacts with NO/HNO over other reactive oxygen species. The dual-analyte recognitions of the simple, sensitive probe were further applied in living cell for the exogenous NO/HNO. In the following work, we synthesised a phosphorous-based compound for the detection of HNO which derived from Angeli's salt in a biological condition. Significantly, it displayed a high sensitivity and selectivity toward HNO over other various ROS species, especially NO since they have a similar chemical property. The underlying mechanism was attributed to the cleavage of C-O bond induced by Staudinger Ligation.


In order to reduce CO2 generated from internal combustion engines, various efforts have been made to reduce the weight of vehicles over the last few decades. High-strength steel materials are indispensable for the reduction of vehicles weight. It is for this reason, the materials used for the frames and chassis are being made of Advanced High-Strength Steel (AHSS) and/or Ultra High-Strength Steel (UHSS) possessing properties of high yield strength, and also better mechanical characteristics. There exist strong requirements for materials to be fed to the automobile production lines with precise dimensional accuracy, favorable physical shape and improved surface quality. On the other hand, in the production line of UHSS material, higher rate rapid cooling with water on the runout table is inevitable, which becomes one of the elements of lower flatness performance than conventional strips. To produce UHSS material to the required quality, JP Steel Plantech Co. designed, manufactured and delivered a Hot Skin Pass Mill Line with Tension Leveler adopting various techniques and innovations suitable for UHSS materials. This paper introduces details of such techniques and innovations.


Many companies rely on Oracle and SAP for their business-critical enterprise applications. Whether automating manufacturing processes, uncovering volatility in supply or demand, or running the latest financial analyses, the ability to access and analyze the right data quickly is essential. As business needs continue to evolve, adding new capabilities, increasing performance levels, and meeting service-level agreements (SLAs) with flat or declining budgets are pushing IT organizations to the breaking point. Oracle delivers all the pieces needed to accelerate SAP deployment and reduce costs throughout the SAP lifecycle. Now companies can take advantage of the unique capabilities of the Oracle Optimized Solution for SAP, based on Oracle SuperCluster, to simplify the data center, reduce total cost of ownership (TCO), improve workforce productivity and performance, and reduce risk.