User-defined and system-level checkpointing have contrary properties. While user-defined checkpoints are smaller and simpler to recover, system-level checkpointing better knows the global system's state and parameters like the expected mean time to failure (MTTF) per node. Both approaches lead to non-optimal checkpoint time, intervals, sizes, or I/O bandwidth when concurrent checkpoints conflict and compete for it. We combine user-defined and system-level checkpointing to exploit the benefits and avoid the drawbacks of each other. Thus, applications frequently offer to create checkpoints. The system accepts such offers according to the current status and implied costs to recalculate from the last checkpoint or denies them, i.e., immediately lets continue the application without checkpoint creation. To support this approach, we develop economic models for multi-application checkpointing on shared I/O resources that are dedicated for checkpointing (e.g. burst-buffers) by defining an appropriate goal function and solving a global optimization problem. Using our models, the checkpoints of applications on a supercomputer are scheduled to effectively use the available I/O bandwidth and minimize the failure overhead (checkpoint creations plus recalculations). Our simulations show an overall reduction in failure overhead of all nodes of up to 30% for a typical supercomputer workload (HLRN). We can also derive the most cost effective burst-buffer bandwidth for a given node's MTTF and application workload.


With the recent rise of toxicity in online conversations on social media platforms, using modern machine learning algorithms for toxic comment detection has become a central focus of many online applications. Researchers and companies have developed a variety of models to identify toxicity in online conversations, reviews, or comments with mixed successes. However, many existing approaches have learned to incorrectly associate non-toxic comments that have certain trigger-words (e.g. gay, lesbian, black, muslim) as a potential source of toxicity. In this paper, we evaluate several state-of-the-art models with the specific focus of reducing model bias towards these commonly-attacked identity groups. We propose a multi-task learning model with an attention layer that jointly learns to predict the toxicity of a comment as well as the identities present in the comments in order to reduce this bias. We then compare our model to an array of shallow and deep-learning models using metrics designed especially to test for unintended model bias within these identity groups.


Abstract The sweep of the coronavirus pandemic across the world and the United States offers an almost unparalleled opportunity to study how social systems cope with the threat and opportunities for collective action. In this paper, we draw on survey data collected as the United States flailed in response and before a general consensus among executive officeholders developed in the following weeks. In particular, we assess how holding prosperity gospel views strongly shaped perceptions of the virus and reactions to state responses to the virus. Research on the prosperity gospel is slowly expanding and this paper helps to highlight some missing dimensions. At a time when concerted action for the social good could be uniting the country, prosperity gospel beliefs systematically undermine that possibility by augmenting threat, raising outgroup barriers, and decreasing social trust.


Abstract In this study, a hybrid forecasting approach combining Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) and Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD) is proposed for software-reliability forecasting. This hybrid approach first decomposes the software-reliability data series using EEMD into several subseries including a small number of intrinsic-mode functions and a residual. Then ARIMA is used to model each of the derived subseries and to generate a forecast for each. Finally, an ensemble forecast is obtained by summing up the forecasts for each subseries. A real software-reliability data set obtained from the literature is used to evaluate the performance of the proposed approach. The experimental results demonstrate that the approach described here outperforms the other methods reported in the literature using the same experimental settings. Hence, the proposed approach is a valid and promising alternative for software-reliability forecasting.


In Disability, Public Space Performance and Spectatorship: Unconscious Performers , Bree Hadley investigates what she identifies as 'interventionalist performances' by people with disabilities: performances that make acts of looking visible to those who look. In the public sphere, the disabled body is a spectacular body, and people with disabilities are involuntarily cast into the 'daily social drama of disability' (2). The way people with disabilities are seen is circumscribed by social narratives and tropes that lock them into the dominant cultural discourse. For Hadley, this paradigm holds as a subtext that threatens to surface in everyday exchanges and encounters even when the disability is not visible. Her selection and readings of performances in Disability, Public Space Performance and Spectatorship are driven, in large part, by her own experience as someone who uses a cane to walk and has, she says, become conscious of just how much this sense of self as social performer informs the practices—not just the content, but the structure, staging and performer-spectator interface—of many of those who choose to touch on their disability in their performance-making (3).


This article examines the change in name of the devolved governing body of Scotland from the Scottish Executive (1999–2007) to the Scottish Government (2007-present) following the majority result for the Scottish National Party in the 2007 Scottish Parliament elections. In the wider European political landscape this is unusual: while ministries, departments and even political parties change their names relatively frequently, the same cannot be said for top-level political institutions. This paper investigates this discursive act of "rebranding" from a discourse-historical perspective (see Reisigl & Wodak 2009). In addition to critical analysis of various texts about the act of rebranding itself (media reports, political speeches and parliamentary debates, policy documents), the historical, cultural and political contexts are examined in relation to the wider significance of this move for top-down Scottish national identity construction. Keywords: discourse-historical approach; national identity; political branding; Scottish Government; Scottish National Party; Scottish Parliament


Summary

The high Arctic is the world's fasting warming biome, allowing access to sections of previously inaccessible land for resource extraction. Starting in 2011, exploration of one of the Earth's largest undeveloped coal seams was initiated in a relatively pristine, polar desert environment in the Canadian high Arctic. Due to the relative lack of historic anthropogenic disturbance, significant gaps in knowledge exist on how the landscape will be impacted by development.

At an abandoned airstrip located near the area of current exploration, we used a disturbance case–control approach to evaluate the long-term ecological consequences of high Arctic infrastructure disturbance to vegetation and sensitive, ice-rich permafrost. We quantified: (i) long-term effects on vegetation diversity, soil nutrients and abiotic ground conditions and (ii) the alteration of the ground surface topography and legacy of subsurface thermal changes.

We found that in over 60 years since abandonment, the disturbed landscape has not recovered to initial conditions but instead reflects a disturbance-initiated succession towards a different stable-state community.

Microtopography greatly influenced recovery patterns in the landscape. The terrain overlaying buried ice (ice-wedge polygon troughs) was the most sensitive to disturbance and had a different species composition, decreased plot-level species richness, significant increases in vegetation cover and a drastically reduced seasonal fluctuation in subsurface temperatures. In contrast, disturbed polygon tops showed resiliency in vegetation recovery, but still had remarkable increases in depth of seasonal soil thaw (active layer).

Synthesis and applications. Our results indicate that disturbance effects differ depending on microtopographic features, leading to an increased patchiness of the landscape as found elsewhere in the Arctic. Managers who wish to lessen their impact on high Arctic environments should avoid areas of sensitive, ice-rich permafrost, constrain the geographic scale of near-surface ground disturbance, limit vegetation removal where possible and reseed disturbed areas with native species.


This paper seeks to explore the challenges and the rewards of supervision from two perspectives: artists who are employed as lecturers within the academy and mature artists returning to the academy to undertake a higher degree by research. The University of Wollongong introduced its Doctorate of Creative Arts (DCA) program in 1986. As one of the earliest doctoral programs in the country, this apparent perspicacity was arguably more to do with Creative Arts as a resident faculty within the University, and the need to work within a university framework. This is in contradistinction to the forced marriages undertaken between many art schools, vocational training institutions and the university sector during the Dawkins era (1987 – 92). From the outset, UOW's strong multidisciplinary emphasis on supporting experienced artists to undertake high-level creative research through higher degree study has been a distinguishing characteristic of its postgraduate programs. The challenges involved in supervising highly experienced artists, who often have extensive teaching experience themselves, to undertake a doctoral qualification are quite distinct from the supervision of younger practitioners who have typically undertaken early research training through their Honours programs. In their discussion, Bunt and Miller will consider the following strategies that have evolved over the past few years in particular, and which seek to facilitate the progress of mature practitioners through a higher degree by research, acknowledging the tensions that may exist between the professional demand for higher qualifications and the desire for mature practitioners to reflect on their practices to date; the institutional demand for timely completions, the sometimes awkward fit between artists' expectations and the structure of doctoral research; the supervisory effort to provide adequate support and advice; and the institutional capacity to support the creative component of the work in a fiscally constrained environment.


This paper describes ColorPalette, a knowledge-based system to advise users in selecting colors for a palette used for computer screen design applications. Color selections and advice are based on principles of human computer interface design and color theory, gathered through both research and knowledge acquisition from a human expert. The user may put together various color combinations to form acceptable and successful palettes. The system consists of a color data-base of facts formulated from an HSV color model, a knowledge base that can reason about these colors and their relations to each other, and a set of rules based on the interface design and color theory research. Colors may be added to and removed from the palette as desired, as long as they meet the criteria of the knowledge-based system. The system may be called on to propose a sample palette with desired characteristics, or may be asked to suggest a color that is recommended to go with the current palette. An explanation facility is available to explain the system's decisions to allow or restrict the adding of colors, and to explain why a certain color has been suggested. ColorPalette is written in Prolog, taking advantage of Prolog's structural foundations, logic programming support, database management capabilities, and natural format for rule-based systems. ColorPalette has a simple command-line interface, with potential extensions to be able to support graphical selection of colors. It is implemented on an Apple Macintosh, and with such extensions would be able to take advantage of Color Quickdraw calls for interactive color selection and display.


Piotr Kubinski's monograph is an outline of certain specific aspects of video games, examined from the perspective of poetics. Apart from a semiotic analysis of the user interface and a look at how games influence various texts and practices, what the readers will find here is an investigation into the strained relationship between immersion and emersion in video games. Contrary to the popular belief that immersion is unquestionably desirable, Kubinski shows that emersion – a group of phenomena that disrupt the players' impression of unmediated presence in the game world – can also be a source of ludic and artistic effects that merit a scholarly study. The book offers a well-organized and carefully documented analysis of an understudied dimension of digital games; the tensions between immersion and emersion are present in many, if not all, video games; and the author's efforts in other publications are making the term "emersion" more visible. For these three reasons, the monograph has the potential to become a significant work in Polish game studies, encouraging other scholars to apply Kubinski's term in their own research. This would be instrumental in the development of an academic field that has suffered from insufficient accumulation of knowledge.


A huge variety of halogenated metabolites found in nature have a profound pharmacological effect or act as antimicrobials like the antibiotics, vancomycin and chloramphenicol, or the antitumor agent, rebeccamycin. Due to the high demand for halogenated compounds, which can be met only partially by chemical synthesis, intense research effort has been undertaken to characterize enzymes catalyzing halogenation reactions in nature and to uncover their reaction mechanisms with the aim to utilize biotechnological production strategies for the retrieval of these high-value compounds. Within the last 15 years, several bacterial flavin-dependent tryptophan halogenases have been characterized in terms of their regiospecific chlorine substitution of arenes. In this regard, halogenation of pharmacologically important secondary metabolites is of special interest, to introduce novel functions into given compounds or enable further modification of the skeleton by substitution. Also, capability of tryptophan-halogenases for application in plant biotechnology has been initially tested. Biosynthesis of chlorinated monoterpene indole alkaloids (MIAs) was previously demonstrated in Catharanthus roseus through halogenation of a precursor molecule by two tryptophan halogenases. Based on these findings, catalytic activity of three tryptophan halogenases, namely, RebH wt, RebH Y455W and Stth, was investigated in detail regarding subcellular localization, biosynthesis of valuable fine chemicals and modification of the precursor of all MIAs, strictosidine. In this regard, both the 7-halogenase, RebH wt as well as the
6-halogenase, Stth efficiently catalyzed chlorine substitution of tryptophan and tryptamine in the cytosol and chloroplasts of transiently transformed Nicotiana benthamiana. Halogenated products accumulated in high concentrations, up to 6.17 ± 2 ng/mg fresh weight (6-chlorotryptamine). Strikingly, both halogenases were active in chloroplasts without the partner reductase, RebF, whereas no enzymatic activity was observed after translocation to the apoplast. Moreover, tandem halogenation of tryptophan, but not tryptamine, was observed when both enzymes were co-localized in the cytosol or chloroplasts. RebH wt alone also synthesized minor amounts of di-chlorotryptophan. Additionally, both enzymes were shown to efficiently catalyze bromide substitution of tryptophan, resulting in a variety of mono-brominated and di-brominated tryptophan molecules as well as chloro-bromotryptophan. The engineered 7-halogenase, RebH Y455W, reported to predominantly chlorinate tryptamine instead of tryptophan, showed only low catalytic activity in planta. This inefficiency could not be compensated by optimization of the metabolic flux through anchoring of the involved enzymes within a protein scaffold. On top of the aforementioned studies on MIA biosynthesis, the halogenases were also incorporated into a newly designed indoxyl biosynthetic pathway to synthesize chlorinated indican derivatives in planta. Introduction of tryptophanase TnaA from Escherichia coli, into a previously investigated artificial indican pathway resulted in high yields of 6- and 7-chloroindican. Moreover, subcellular localization of enzymes of this optimized metabolic route was shown to be very flexible and allowed both co-localization and separation of enzymes in the cytosol and chloroplasts. Remarkably, the human CYP450 2A6 mutant L240C/N297Q was also active in chloroplasts, which implies transport of electrons required for substrate oxidation, presumably from the photosystem I, to the cytochrome P450. Further optimization of this production system by introduction of additional enzymes or establishment of stable transgenic tobacco plants and cell cultures might enable efficient and ecological biosynthesis of a huge variety of highly valuable indigoids in planta.
To reach the final goal of obtaining halogenated monoterpenoid indole alkaloids in a synthetic pathway, reconstitution and modification of the strictosidine biosynthetic pathway was analyzed in planta. In this regard, accumulation of 14 new metabolites was associated with transgene expression; biosynthesis of five of those was enhanced by co-infiltration of the initial precursor, geraniol, whereas four were synthesized exclusively upon geraniol supplementation. However, no actual pathway intermediates could be identified within this group. Even though biosynthesis of precursors was enhanced and constitutive gene expression was facilitated by establishing transgenic tobacco lines, no metabolites of interest were observed. Therefore, the biosynthetic track needs to be further optimized by elimination of potential bottlenecks and replacement of the inefficient RebH Y455W by wild type halogenases. Taken together, the analyzed flavin-dependent tryptophan halogenases represent promising tools for biosynthesis of valuable molecules. Their substantive efficiency enables economical production of halogenated metabolites in high yields in planta.


This contribution deals with images of Tyche on the civic bronze coinage of the Roman colony of Berytus (Beirut). The visual type of this local patron goddess, a hybrid composition drawing on a variety of iconographic sources, was created in the late first or early second century CE and quickly adopted by cities across the Near East. The meanings of such local divine images are rarely explored. When examined in their proper context, the seemingly generic images of Tyche can be shown to be meaningful to the community in many different ways. With a wider appeal than any other coin types, the Tyche of Berytus stood as the universally acknowledged badge of the city and expressed the collective values of the community. The study of the genesis and meaning of this 'new' type of goddess throws a light on the cultural and religious life of Roman Phoenicia.


A four-year study was conducted to uncover differences in tissue mineral levels related to waterberry (WB) in Thompson Seedless grapevines and to attempt to alleviate the condition. Clusters were dipped into nutrient solutions with no success in decreasing symptoms. The main effect was an increase in symptoms with the diammonium phosphate treatment. Vineyards of varying WB incidence were surveyed, and differences in mineral content of petiole and rachis tissue were noted and correlated with waterberry incidence. Both petiole and rachis levels of total N and NH 4 -N correlated closely with WB incidence, and K rachis levels tended to be lower in the WB symptom samples. Ca and Mg levels did not vary with incidence. In three years of N, P, Ca, and Mg fertilizer trials in vineyards of varying WB susceptibility, the following effects were noted: N and P petiole levels generally increased with N and P treatments, respectively; petiole K was significantly reduced in one location, apparently as an effect of N fertilization, and Ca and Mg treatments did not consistently increase petiole levels of Ca and Mg. None of the fertilizer treatments decreased WB. However, N fertilizer increased WB in some locations, particularly those with histories of low WB incidence and low N fertilization. Regression analysis of all Thompson Seedless rachis mineral analyses, 1979-1982, showed significant correlation only between total N and NH 4 -N levels and the occurrence of symptoms. WB symptoms were observed at total N levels of approximately 1.5% and higher and NH 4 -N levels of 3000 ppm and above in rachis tissue.


Saposin deficiency is a lysosomal storage disorder (LSD) characterised by the lysosomal accumulation of sphingolipids. The disorder is caused by mutations in the prosaposin gene, which encodes 4 activator proteins: saposins A - D. Mutations affecting individual saposins lead to different LSDs. Therefore, modelling saposin deficiency in Drosophila provides great scope for understanding childhood neurodegeneration. The Drosophila prosaposin homologue is the Saposin-related (dSap-r) locus, which encodes 8 putative saposins. During this investigation, dSap-r mutants were generated and characterised for classic hallmarks of LSDs. Reduced longevity and progressive neurodegeneration were identified in all dSap-r mutants. Neurodegeneration was mainly localised to sensory regions of the brain involved in olfaction and vision. Ultrastructural analysis revealed neuronal storage of electron-dense material containing numerous multivesicular and multilamellar bodies, and a gross enlargement in neuronal cell body size. The physiological implication of this progressive degeneration was a decline in sensorimotor output, measured as a reduction in climbing and jumping ability, and a deterioration in phototransduction, measured by electroretinograms. In addition to nervous system pathology, dSap-r mutants also exhibited an abdominal swelling phenotype that may be related to their abnormal Malpighian (renal) tubules and may, therefore, represent an osmoregulatory defect. Both the neurodegenerative and visceral organ pathology observed in the dSap-r mutants suggest these mutants are a valid model for the study of the saposin deficiencies and related disorders.


Aims: To study aspects of Marcel Duchamp's posthumous permanent installation 'Etant donnes: 1° La chute d'eau, 2° Le gaz d'eclairage…' ('Given: 1. The Waterfall, 2. The Illuminating Gas...'). To investigate and show methods in the making as well as in the interpretation of Duchamp's work. To perform and document minor actions as reflections on (and of) the study. To investigate relations between reading and writing texts on the one hand and making, showing, and reproducing artifacts on the other. To acknowledge the object of study not only as the thematic content of the research but to let it influence the methodology by which the study is made.
Methods: Associations by names and naming, parallel reading across two languages, exaggerated calculations, and attention to small and perhaps overlooked details were among the methods used. Studies of selected texts about 'Etant donnes' were done experimentally as comments mainly written while reading the text.
Results: An archive box containing a compilation of booklets with texts with pictures, pictures only, and pictures with texts. There are at least three or four details which may add to the understanding of Duchamp's work: 1) a hidden geometry of the space framing the nude in 'Etant donnes' 2) a rebus in a sketch of a nude 3) the nude skin in a Pygmalionesque context 4) the momentary geometry of a rendezvous as well as a game...
Conclusions: In Duchamp's art, specific methods can probably be seen as generative, but both the generative process for making art and the interpretative efforts are regarded as important. Studies of Duchamp's work can contribute to the understanding of how to perform research by art. Here, an effort to experiment with a wider range of methods for how to study Duchamp's work in an academic context is shown. For to allow a continuous interplay with an object of study, it is suggested that a multitude of more or less provisional methods and genres of results is valuable. The very term 'conclusion' is derived from Latin 'concludere' (to shut up, enclose) from the prefix 'com-' (or 'cum-') usually meaning 'with' and 'together' and 'cludere' 'to shut'. In this study, Duchamp's work 'Etant donnes' is treated as an endpoint–a closure–and a conclusive construction rather than inceptive and therefore as being related to the history of art and culture rather than contemporary art. It is also interpreted as an expansion of the material used in classic art. By the choice of material Duchamp might still be controversial by using a hide–real skin–for constructing a nude figure.


Interview in seven sessions (June-November 2015) with Ahmed Zewail, Linus Pauling Professor of Chemistry and professor of physics, and 1999 Nobel laureate in chemistry. Zewail talks at length about growing up on the banks of the Nile in Desouk, Egypt, describing family and cultural influences, and the interplay of education, politics, and faith during his youth and adolescence. He recalls his early "passion" for knowledge and fascination with science, and the moderate, "intellectually rich" Islam of his day. He talks about his studies at the University of Alexandria (BSc '67, MSc '69), the stimulating intellectual and socially tolerant environment there, his designation as a "special" (outstanding) student majoring in chemistry, and his determination to pursue a doctorate in the United States. He recalls his adjustment to life in America, both at the University of Pennsylvania, where he earned his PhD in 1974 with R. Hochstrasser, and as a postdoc at UC Berkeley, where molecular dynamics research with C. Harris set the stage for his future forays into laser-based femtoscience. He recalls turning down numerous academic jobs, including one proffered by S. Hussein in Iraq, to accept a faculty position at Caltech in 1976. He traces the decade of work that led in 1987 to the first direct observations of the making and breaking of chemical bonds, including collaborative work with R. Bernstein and the crucial role of Caltech institutional support. He recalls traveling to Saudi Arabia and Israel to receive the King Faisal and Wolf Prizes respectively and the circumstances surrounding the announcement of the Nobel Prize in 1999 and its aftermath. Zewail talks about the Nobel's impact on his personal and professional life, including his involvement in public policy, global educational initiatives, and commitment to advancing science education in Egypt, and discusses his post-Nobel 4D electron microscopy research and the establishment of Caltech's Physical Biology Center for Ultrafast Science and Technology. He recalls discussions with then-Egyptian president H. Mubarak that ultimately led to the founding of Zewail City and touches briefly on his involvement in the 2011 Egyptian Spring. He offers his thoughts on personalities who influenced his life and career, including the iconic Egyptian singer Umm Kulthum and numerous members of the Caltech community. The oral history concludes with a retrospective on his 40 years at Caltech.

Occasional references in this oral history to a memoir or autobiography refer to Voyage through Time: Walks of Life to the Nobel Prize, by Ahmed Zewail, American University in Cairo Press, 2002.


Background: tBid is a Bcl-2 family protein that promotes apoptosis at the mitochondria. Results: tBid undergoes a reversible conformational change at membranes before activation that is accelerated by Mtch2. Conclusion: The Mtch2 accelerated conformational change in membrane-bound tBid enables it to activate Bax. Significance: The conformational change in tBid is a novel potential site of apoptosis regulation. Bid is a Bcl-2 family protein that promotes apoptosis by activating Bax and eliciting mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP). Full-length Bid is cleaved in response to apoptotic stimuli into two fragments, p7 and tBid (p15), that are held together by strong hydrophobic interactions until the complex binds to membranes. The detailed mechanism(s) of fragment separation including tBid binding to membranes and release of the p7 fragment to the cytoplasm remain unclear. Using liposomes or isolated mitochondria with fluorescently labeled proteins at physiological concentrations as in vitro models, we report that the two components of the complex quickly separate upon interaction with a membrane. Once tBid binds to the membrane, it undergoes slow structural rearrangements that result in an equilibrium between two major tBid conformations on the membrane. The conformational change of tBid is a prerequisite for interaction with Bax and is, therefore, a novel step that can be modulated to promote or inhibit MOMP. Using automated high-throughput image analysis in cells, we show that down-regulation of Mtch2 causes a significant delay between tBid and Bax relocalization in cells. We propose that by promoting insertion of tBid via a conformational change at the mitochondrial outer membrane, Mtch2 accelerates tBid-mediated Bax activation and MOMP. Thus the interaction of Mtch2 and tBid is a potential target for therapeutic control of Bid initiated cell death.


In India and China, a population gap has opened between young men and women. There are now about 100 million more men than women in those countries and a few of their neighbors. Many of the "missing women" either were never born because of sex-selective abortion or died in childhood because families devote more medical and other resources to boys. "Missing women" mean men who will never marry. Socially unintegrated young men are associated with a variety of social pathologies; most importantly, they are the prime recruitment targets of nationalist and fundamentalist political groups. Conservative and reactionaries have always argued that society and the state have an interest in individual reproductive decisions; liberals have answered that reproduction belongs to a zone of personal autonomy. These crises demonstrate that individual choices do have systemic consequences in which society has to take an interest. This formulation leads to the normative question of the paper: how to address the demographic crises while protecting reproductive autonomy? In India, girls' survival rates improve only with indicators of women's empowerment: female literacy and workforce participation. In Europe, social policies that reduce the cost of tradeoffs between childbearing and career enable families to choose both, and induce higher birthrates. Increases in the set of options that women and families control, that is, their substantive freedom, seem to reduce the tension between personal choice and social well-being. In this case, at least, where autonomy produces crises, the answer is more and deeper autonomy.


The possibility for market participants to simultaneously place their bids in different markets across an interconnection is investigated in this paper. Transaction schedulers settle multilateral transactions among participants, while a central entity coordinates the overall operation through interactions with the transaction schedulers. Two issues are dealt with in this context. First, the market participants are allowed to place their bids simultaneously in more than one transactions scheduler's market, and, second, the available transmission capacity is fairly shared among the transaction schedulers. Economically interesting transactions are favored, while confidentiality of market data and independence of transaction schedulers' clearing mechanisms are preserved. The corresponding iterative algorithm is illustrated in detail on a 15-bus as well as the IEEE-RTS system.


Late Neoproterozoic to Early Cambrian geologic, geochronologic, and paleomagnetic data from along the Iapetus margin of Laurentia may be reconciled within a multistage rift history that involved an initial separation of Laurentia from the west Gondwana cratons ca. 570 Ma, followed by rifting of a further block or blocks from Laurentia ca. 540– 535 Ma into an already open Iapetus Ocean to establish the main passive-margin sequence in the Appalachians. Paleomagnetic data suggest that Laurentia rifted from Amazonia−Rio de la Plata cratons and began its northward movement ca. 570 Ma to produce a wide Iapetus Ocean by 550 Ma. Geologic data from the Newfoundland segment of the Laurentian margin provide evidence for a rift-drift transition ca. 540–535 Ma, as constrained by the youngest rift-related magmatism at 550.5 +3/–2 Ma (U/Pb zircon) for the Skinner Cove Formation and 555 +3/–5 Ma for the Lady Slipper pluton, and a late Early Cambrian age of ca. 525–520 Ma for the oldest drift-related sedimentation. Rifting between the Laurentia and the west Gondwana cratons was probably distributed among multiple rift systems that fostered the production of a number of terranes (such as the Argentine Precordillera, Oaxacan) as well as the Iapetus Ocean. Development of Laurentian-derived Iapetan terranes during the final breakout of Laurentia from Rodinia may have been facilitated by preexisting 760–700 Ma rift weaknesses and apparently rapidly changing plate vectors during latest Neoproterozoic time.


Objectives The pathogenesis of axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) is still unclear. There is a strong association with HLA-B27 and other genes. Recently, anti-CD74 antibodies with specificity to a class II-associated invariant chain peptide (anti-CLIP-ABs) were found in axSpA patients. We examined the prevalence, sensitivity and specificity of anti-CLIP-ABs in axSpA in comparison with controls. Methods Sera of axSpA and non-SpA patients were analysed for IgG-antibodies against CD74 by ELISA with specificity for CLIP developed in cooperation with AESKU Diagnostics (Germany). A cut-off of ≥4 SDs of arbitrary units (AU) from mean serum levels was used to differentiate the results. The laboratory workers were completely blinded for clinical data. Results We analysed 145 sera from 94 axSpA and 51 non-SpA patients. AxSpA patients were more often male and younger. HLA-B27 status was available in 72 patients. Anti-CLIP-ABs were detected in 85.1% in axSpA but in only 7.8% in non-SpA patients (p≤0.0001). AxSpA patients showed higher levels of anti-CLIP-ABs versus non-SpA: mean 14.5 versus 0.8 AU (p≤0.0001). The sensitivity of anti-CLIP-ABs for diagnosing axSpA was 85.1%, specificity 92.2%, likelihood ratio (LR) LR+ was 10.8 and LR− was 0.08. Anti-CLIP-ABs and HLA-B27 were positive in 87.5% patients with axSpA, but only 14.9% were anti-CLIP-negative, while 23.6% were HLA-B27-negative. Conclusions Anti-CLIP antibodies were strongly associated with axSpA. The LR for confirming axSpA by using anti-CLIP was even higher than by using HLA-B27. More studies using this promising new method in patients with non-radiographic axial SpA or peripheral SpA are needed to establish its usefulness in clinical practice.


Gas diffusion often dominates constituent in porous media (PM) and it dependent on pore geometry, water content, and water distribution in PM. Network models of PM offer the ability to investigate the influence and interaction of pore-scale PM properties and fluid properties on macroscopic properties of the system. This study was conducted to investigate the macroscopic relative gas diffusion coefficient vs. air-filled porosity relationship or diffusion characteristic (DC) of PM using a network model. The network model was used to simulate DCs in wetting and drying PM containing air and water. A network size of nine by nine spheres was used; increasing the network size to 19 by 19 by 19 produced essentially no change in the DC. The DC was independent of Henry`s law gas-liquid partition coefficient (H) for H values of 0.1, 1.0, and 5.0. The product HR{sub W}, where R{sub W} is the ratio between the bulk gas- and liquid-phase diffusion coefficients, strongly influences the DC when H values of 1000 to 10 000 are considered; this indicates that certain organic compounds have DCs independent of air-filled porosity. Hysteresis in DCs was found in selected network cases, with the wetting DCs being greater than the drying DCsmore » for most air-filled porosities, in accord with some experimental results reported in the literature. Spatial correlation of network pore space was shown to bring the simulated DCs into better agreement with some experimental DCs. 23 refs., 10 figs., 3 tabs.« less


Purpose of the article: Effective communication in an organization is one of the preconditions of its operation. The aim of the article is to point out the communication process in the complaints management, to emphasize importance of the communication in the business practice and the current state analyze of the communication in Slovak business subjects. The paper presents the partial results and conclusions of research carried out. Methodology/methods: The methodology of this study is based on the scientific methods of acquiring and processing data – observation, questionnaire, interview, qualitative methods (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, comparison, abstraction, etc.); quantitative methods (descriptive statistics such as frequency analysis, statistical analysis, confidence intervals) and graphical methods. Scientific aim: The scientific aim of the article is to prove the established differences between business subjects that are the result of systematic influence (for example quality management system, subject of business, duration of action in the market). Findings: The research results have revealed the strengths of business subjects and revealed the areas which need to be improved. In the first place, they should become aware of the fact that the communication process necessarily forms the part of the complaints management and is well founded. The positive effect also has implementation of the existing ISO 9000 series of standards into business practice, which was reflected in a higher level of complaints management. Conclusions: Following the knowledge of communication process and its functioning plus awareness of communication obstacles, it is possible to improve the effectiveness and the result of communication and by that affect the overall result of claim procedure. Therefore, communication can be considered as very significant element in the process of complaints and claims handling.


The Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol is an efficient Mobile Ad hoc NETworks (MANETs) routing protocol. It uses hop count as a metric for the path selection. AODV does not support Quality of Service (QoS) and neither any load-balancing mechanism. The performance of the network can be improved by using a load balancing mechanism. Such a mechanism transfers jobs from overloaded nodes to under loaded nodes. In this paper, we propose a new protocol called "Load-Aware AODV" (LA-AODV), to provide QoS and load-balancing features. LA-AODV is based on AODV, where protocol messages extensions are used to accomplish QoS and load-balancing features. LA-AODV is a cross-layer solution that works in conjunction with a QoS-based MAC layer. It uses only local information and does not require any additional communication or co-operation between nodes. The path selection in LA-AODV is based on the current MAC load of the nodes. The proposed protocol selects the path with the minimum MAC load based on a metric called "MAC load indicator". We show through simulations that LA-AODV outperforms AODV in terms of received packets, delay, and routing overhead.


Twenty-five of the most outstanding African American women artists have contributed their work to the exhibition "Bearing Witness, " celebrating the opening of the Spelman College Museum of Fine Art and the 115th anniversary of the college. Works in all mediums are included here - paintings, sculptures, fiber art, mixed mediums, and prints - created by some of today's most exceptional artists, among them Lorna Simpson, Faith Ringgold, Carrie Mae Weems, and Betye Saar. Because of its history as the first institution of higher learning for black women, Spelman has become a mecca, a true wellspring of strength and sustenance for African American women. It is only fitting that these artists gather to honor Spelman College, which has long nurtured the creative and educational vision of black women. The arts have always held a central place at Spelman. The college has an impressive fine arts tradition that began with the assemblage of one of the first college-held collections of works by black artists. The tradition continues with the opening of the college's new Museum of Fine Art, the centerpiece of the new Camille Olivia Hanks Cosby Academic Center. The museum's 4,500 square feet of exhibition space is designed to house the college's internationally recognized collection of paintings, prints, and photographs, as well as an impressive grouping of African sculptures and textiles. The museum also includes a conservatory, one of the few in the country devoted to preserving African American artworks.


Knowledge-based potentials are energy functions derived from the analysis of databases of protein structures and sequences. They can be divided into two classes. Potentials from the first class are based on a direct conversion of the distributions of some geometric properties observed in native protein structures into energy values, while potentials from the second class are trained to mimic quantitatively the geometric differences between incorrectly folded models and native structures. In this paper, we focus on the relationship between energy and geometry when training the second class of knowledge-based potentials. We assume that the difference in energy between a decoy structure and the corresponding native structure is linearly related to the distance between the two structures. We trained two distance-based knowledge-based potentials accordingly, one based on all inter-residue distances (PPD), while the other had the set of all distances filtered to reflect consistency in an ensemble of decoys (PPE). We tested four types of metric to characterize the distance between the decoy and the native structure, two based on extrinsic geometry (RMSD and GTD-TS*), and two based on intrinsic geometry (Q* and MT). The corresponding eight potentials were tested on a large collection of decoy sets. We found that it is usually better to train a potential using an intrinsic distance measure. We also found that PPE outperforms PPD, emphasizing the benefits of capturing consistent information in an ensemble. The relevance of these results for the design of knowledge-based potentials is discussed.


Background: Native American veterans compose a disproportionate amount of those who have served in the armed forces. Native veterans are more likely to be rural, have served in combat and have limited access to mental health services compared to other, non-Native rural veterans. Telemedicine may provide a unique modality which would increase access to health care and medication compliance. Although the use of telemedicine has been in place for over a decade with this population, its use is still limited and there is a dearth of studies on any long-term outcomes. Can the use of telemedicine mental health services increase access and medication compliance for Native American veterans in rural locations? Methods: An exhaustive search of available medical literature was performed using Medline (Ovid and PubMed), CINAHL, Web of Science and PsycInfo using the following search terms: Native American, veteran and telemedicine. Relevant articles were assessed for quality using GRADE. Results: Two studies reviewed met the inclusion criteria. A randomized trial in which 53 male Native American Vietnam veteran participants were administered the SCID (Structured Clinical Interview DSM) both inperson and via videoconferencing. Each participant completed the SCID using both modalities within a two week period. The assessment administered via videoconferencing provided accurate diagnostic information when compared to the in-person assessment. A retrospective, observational medical record and chart review was performed using the records of 85 male, Native American veterans. Information was gathered from before and after the patients' first telehealth conference. The use of all health services by participants and psychotropic medication compliance increased after initial use of telemedicine services. Conclusion: Access to mental health services increased with the introduction of telehealth services. Telemedicine is a valid treatment modality for mental health services and may be used to accurately diagnose patients who seek care. Additionally, telehealth services increased the use of prescribed, appropriate medication treatments for Native American veterans. Recommendations include the immediate expansion of telemedicine services, mental health and otherwise, for Native American veterans. More research needs to be done with multiple tribes with an emphasis on female veterans along with implications of telemedicine when mental health emergencies occur.


There is wide concern that migration flows may undermine the financial viability of generous welfare arrangements. The discussion focuses on welfare arrangements as attractors of migrants, suggesting that the issue does not pertain to migrant workers. However, this overlooks how welfare arrangements affect return-migration in case of social events like job loss. Importantly, migrants are shown to be self-selected in a way affecting both migration and return-migration. Two migration regimes prevail. In one, with relatively low benefits, unemployed workers return, while in the other some stay. Importantly, the stay or return migration decision is more sensitive to welfare generosity than the migration decision.


This paper examines the relationship between fluency and vocabulary size, and also between fluency and word frequency level. Fluency was operationalised as the time learners need to recognize meanings of words sampled from different frequency levels. It was measured by a computerised vocabulary recognition speed test (VORST). The test was given to 488 native and non-native speakers who were divided by vocabulary size into four groups. The four groups were compared on speed of response to the 3000 level and University Word List (UWL) words. Speed was also correlated with vocabulary size. Additionally, response times to different frequency levels were compared for each subject. Results suggest that speed of retrieval is moderately related to vocabulary size and word frequency. Non-native speakers' increase in speed lags behind increase in vocabulary size. Non-native speakers also respond more slowly to less frequent words. Responses of native speakers, on the other hand, are more homogeneous across subjects and across vocabulary frequencies. Speed of retrieval cannot be fully predicted from vocabulary knowledge and therefore speed tests should supplement tests of vocabulary size and depth.


This study aimed to develop a methodology for accurate determination of the impact location of a cricket ball on the bat face, as well as the identification of bat–ball contact timing and post-impact instantaneous ball velocity in a whole-body kinematic data collection environment. Three-dimensional kinematic data of bat and ball were recorded during 14 batting strokes: 8 hitting a static ball and 6 against a bowling machine. Curves were fitted separately to the pre- and post-impact phases of the ball position data against time in three axes according to logarithmic equations determined from mechanical principles. Separate Fourier series models were similarly fitted to the four corners of the bat face against time during the downswing prior to ball impact. Time of impact for the dynamic ball trials was determined based on the intersection of pre- and post-impact curves, with impact location calculated from ball and bat face curves at this time. R2 values for the goodness of fit of the ball and bat curves averaged 0.99 ± 0.04 and 1.00 ± 0.00 with root mean square errors of 7.5 ± 2.6 and 0.8 ± 0.2 mm, respectively. Calculated impact locations were assessed against measured impact locations derived from the impression imparted to a fine powder coating on the bat face, finding absolute differences of 6.4 ± 4.2 and 7.1 ± 4.4 mm in the transverse and longitudinal axes of the bat, respectively. Thus, an automated curve fitting methodology enables the accurate determination of cricket bat–ball impact characteristics for use in experimental investigations.


This manuscript provides an understanding of water conservation related innovations in green buildings, both in terms of what is being selected in design phase and how professionals perceive their experiences with these innovations. The innovations examined include toilets, showers, sinks, plumbing, water heating, appliances, alternative water sources, landscaping, performance monitoring, and user education. It contains a literature review of unanticipated consequences associated with these innovations, and creates a framework for categorizing these based on a synthesis of the literature of unanticipated consequences. A review of certification documents from the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) rating system identifies what landscaping, toilet, and shower innovations are most commonly designed for in LEED certified buildings. These data are also used to identify differences in innovation selection across climate regimes. An internet survey of green building professionals provides a picture of satisfaction with these innovations in practice. It also gives examples of these experiences so that future users can take advantage or take caution as necessary.


Optimal Location and Sizing of Distributed Generation (DG) units are a promising solution to many power system problems such as voltage regulation, power loss among others.  In this work a method termed Hybrid Analytical Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm (HAPSOA) was developed. HAPSOA comprised of two stage optimization approach. The first stage involved the determination of optimal DG sizes using analytical approach. In the second stage, the DG sizes obtained in the first stage were further optimized using a constrained Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)-based approach while determining an optimal DG location on the network busses. HAPSOA was tested on IEEE 30, 33 and 69 buses for optimal DG placement and sizing. Results showed that a maximum DG size of 97 kW, 27.4 kW and 32.8 kW were deployed on the three buses. These improved the voltage profile of the buses by 27.78%, 25.21%, and 28.15% respectively. Optimal DG placement and sizing analysis was extended to Jimeta Electricity Distribution Network (JEDN). Here also, results showed that a maximum DG size of 2.165 kW was placed on NASSARAWO feeder, which resulted in an improved voltage of 34.33% and a power loss reduction of 18.86%. The smallest DG of 0.122kW was placed on FUTY network and this improved the voltage profile by 48.74% and a real power loss reduction of 28.57%. HAPSOA support a variety of DG placement simulation scenarios involving either heavily or lightly loaded networks by improving the voltage and increasing percentage loss reduction.


This study aims to provide an overview of democratic accountability aspects of the European Rapid Reaction Force (ERRF), taking into account that the development of an operational European Security and Defense Policy (ESDP) and the further fine tuning of the ERRF are part of a dynamic process. In this context, this study examines aspects of the ERRF where a growing gap in democratic accountability is identified and recommends measures of bridging this gap. Given that the ERRF is still at its initial stages and has not been officially utilized in any international crisis, the author borrows a narrow definition of democratic accountability developed by Robert Behn. According to this definition, a governing body is accountable when it explains and justifies its specific actions or inactions. In this framework, the author addresses the questions of how the European Union (EU) acts; what it has set to accomplish on issues relating to the ERRF; and, who it answers to.Accordingly, this study looks at the divergent and vague definitions of the Petersberg Tasks that have prevailed among the EU member states as well as within the European Union. The paper concentrates primarily on the role of France and the UK, the leading states in ESDP issues, without which an EU military operation could not take place. It proposes prescribing precise limits to the Petersberg Tasks, both in terms of geographical reach and the intensity of the operations. Another aspect of democratic accountability of the ERRF is assessing EU decision-making processes and coordination mechanisms. In this context, we address such questions as, how do the European Parliament (EP), European Commission and Council of the European Union work together on defense issues? What are relations like between the EP and the newly (trans)formed Interim European Security and Defense Assembly? More importantly, how do EU citizens feel about efforts at militarizing the EU? The last section explores the transparency of the ERRF from an international perspective. It therefore assesses EU-NATO relations; considers the possibility of creating an autonomous EU planning apparatus; looks at relations between the EU and non-EU 'partners'; deals with American concerns regarding EU military capabilities; and, addresses the relevance of a UN mandate in EU military operations.


Extracted from text ... NEWS & VIEWS FOR MAGISTRATES
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The term "judicial independence" is
used to mean that both the constitutional
institution of the judiciary [collectively]
and its individual judicial officers
are free from interference by other institutions
and individuals. It connotes a
constitutional arrangement of a separation
of the judicial power from the executive
and legislative powers. Although
this does not define the term fully, since
judicial independence has many facets
and is an evolving concept in South
Africa, the definition is widely accepted
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Microbial Electrosynthesis (MES) comprises electro-reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) to multi-carbon organic compounds by chemolithotrophs using electrons from a cathode. Reduction of CO2 to chemicals through microbial electrocatalysis was investigated by using a mixed culture of acetogenic and carboxydotrophic bacteria forming a microbial biofilm supported on a carbon based electrode, as biocathode, in a two chamber reactor. The biofilm was developed after a start-up phase with fructose and later on, growing on bicarbonate as substrate at sufficiently negative cathode potential (hydrogen evolution) in a couple of subsequent fed-batch operations. CO2 reduction could occur via direct electron transfer from the electrode or indirectly via mediators or via hydrogen at more reductive potential. Predominantly, Acetic acid was produced along with other volatile fatty acids (VFAs) while applying − 1.1 V/Ag/AgCl cathode potential, along with hydrogen evolution. At the initial stage of fed-batch operation, higher carbon recovery up to 60% was observed from bicarbonate (dissolved CO2) to acetic acid while after accumulation of acetate, the recovery rate went down to 12% as acetate degradation/conversion started or other unmeasured products formed. Maximum acetate production rate achieved during the operation was 40 g m− 2 day− 1 corresponding to coulumbic efficiency of 41%. Microbial analysis of catholyte at the end of the experiment showed that the bacterial community was dominated by Cellulomonas, Stappia and Pseudomonas spp. These results suggest that the mixed culture enriched with acetogenic bacteria can catalyze the electro-reduction of CO2 into a number of chemicals like VFAs through direct or indirect electron transfer mechanisms. While using gaseous CO2 as carbon source, the dissolution and mass transfer of CO2 to the biocatalyst limit the biological reduction process. In addition, the bacterial attachment and retention of reducing equivalent specially hydrogen also restrict the process at the cathode. In order to deal with these issues, a gas diffusion cathode (GDC) (VITO Core™) and a flow-through porous carbon felt cathode were separately tested in MES for CO2 reduction. In principal, the porous activated carbon with hydrophobic binder layer in GDC creates a three-phase interface that makes CO2 and reducing equivalents available to the bacteria. Flow-through graphite felt cathode retains the suspended biomass and electrochemically produced hydrogen when the catholyte is forced to flow through it. An enriched inoculum of acetogenic bacteria, isolated from wastewater sludge was used as biocatalyst. The cathode potentials were maintained at − 0.9 to − 1.1 V vs Ag/AgCl to facilitate CO2 reduction also via the hydrogen evolved at the cathode. On average, CO2 reduction to acetate was achieved with the production rate ∼35 to 43 mg/L/d supplying 20% (v/v) CO2 gas mixture in both the reactors. In the reactors without GDCs or modified cathode, CO2 reduction was never steady for a long period of operation. Acetate was the primary product of CO2 reduction but ethanol and butyrate were also produced concurrently at pH lower than 6. The highest acetate production rate reached in GDC reactor was ∼550 mg/L/d supplying 80% (v/v) CO2 mixture over the GDC. In conclusion, gas diffusion and flow-through cathodes were useful to develop stable CO2 reducing biocathodes and also to operate in continuous mode. Keywords: Microbial electrosynthesis, CO2 reduction, Gas diffusion cathode, Flow-through biocathode, Biocathode, Autotrophic Bioproduction.


The secondary rainbow scattering angle for spheroidal drops of water is virtually independent of aspect ratio for most visible wavelengths. For most solar heights the residual aspect-ratio dependence shifts the bow toward a smaller deviation angle if the drop size increases. These two facts explain why the supernumeraries of the secondary rainbow are never seen in rain showers. At high solar elevations the flattening of drops results in a shift of the secondary rainbow toward a larger deviation angle. It is shown that this shift is still large enough to cause the formation of the first supernumerary in red light. This red supernumerary of the secondary rainbow may be observable by eye in natural showers if a red filter is used to remove the obscuring contribution of shorter wavelengths to the light of the rainbow. For indices of refraction far from that of water, a strong aspect-ratio dependence of the secondary rainbow angle is shown to be present. Some possible implications of this for the formation of a hyperbolic umbilic diffraction catastrophe in the secondary rainbow pattern are indicated.


In vitro cell models are easy, reproducible, and cost-effective tools for tracking drug absorption rates and for elucidating related mechanisms. Traditionally, before introduction into an analysis system, samples crossing an in vitro cell membrane usually undergo complicated processes including precipitation, centrifugation, and even filtering. In the current study, a generic, sensitive and rapid method was developed for the determination of natural products in the matrix of in vitro drug absorption systems (HBSS, Hank's balanced salt solution). A guard RP-C18 column was used to retain the target compounds, while a tandem mass spectrometry system in the multiple reaction monitoring mode was used to specifically detect the target compounds. In addition, a six-way valve was used to connect the LC and MS systems, and to automatically switch the flow directions between the mass spectrometer and the waste. The method was validated by determining the accuracy, precision and sensitivity using seven natural products including (+)-praeruptorin A (dPA), (−)-praeruptorin A (lPA), (+)-praeruptorin B (dPB), (−)-praeruptorin B (lPB) from Peucedani Radix (Chinese name: Qian-hu), morusin (Mo), sanggenon C (SC), and kuwanon G (KG) from Mori Cortex (Chinese name: Sang-Bai-Pi). The developed method is proposed to be applied for in vitro absorption and transport studies.


In the past decade, depression rates have skyrocketed, and one in four Americans will suffer from major depression at some point in their lives. Where have we gone wrong? Dr. Stephen Ilardi sheds light on our current predicament and reminds us that our bodies were never designed for the sleep-deprived, poorly nourished, frenzied pace of twenty-first century life. Inspired by the extraordinary resilience of aboriginal groups like the Kaluli of Papua New Guinea, Dr. Ilardi prescribes an easy-to-follow, clinically proven program that harks back to what our bodies were originally made for and what they continue to need. The Depression Cure program has already delivered dramatic results, helping even those who have failed to respond to traditional medications.


This paper is about four courses developed by faculty of the Wisconsin Law School from about 1950-1970 that reflected the law-in-action instructional goals of American legal realism: Legal history by Willard Hurst; Criminal Justice Administration by Frank Remington, Herman Goldstein and colleagues; The Wisconsin contracts course by Stewart Macaulay, Bill Whitford and colleagues; Legal Process by Willard Hurst, Lloyd Garrison, Carl Auerbach and colleagues.

Eight themes in the courses are discussed: 1. Major flaws in the legal reasoning of appellate decisions (e.g., as internally incoherent, un-predictive of later results, politically biased under the guise of formal reasoning) 2, The importance of practical remedies over theoretical rights 3. The importance of legal agencies and law practice beyond appellate and other court decisions (e.g., legislation, administrative law) 4. The importance and impact of discretionary decisions of lower level public officials (for lawyers and citizens) 5, How private actors react to law and influence outcomes (and the role of lawyers in advising them) 6. Growth of legal policies over time in relationship to the wider society & economy (legal history) 7. The gap between social needs and justice and real legal outcomes and workable legal reforms (political progressivism) 8. The importance of empirical research on law, interdisciplinary research and social scientists on law school faculties or in collaboration with law faculty members.


Abstract : The Outer Space Treaty established the obligation to provide continuing supervision of its national space activities by the appropriate state. The implementation of this obligation remains a matter of state discretion. Since this Treaty came into force the world has evolved to become reliant on space based utilities to enable the global economy and state governance. Today, space faring states are increasingly dependent upon the supervision practices of other states to assure its space interests as the attribution of state responsibility becomes more difficult to ascribe. Therefore, the absence of binding supervision standards may become an impediment to future space applications due to three identified trends. First, the trend towards space commercialization requires active state supervision. Second, the rise in environmental hazards requires minimal safety standards to decrease the harmful effects on space applications. Third, space security requires identification of intentional acts and prudent measures to safeguard vital space applications.


This paper addresses the interpretability of deep learning-enabled image recognition processes in computer vision science in relation to theories in art history and cognitive psychology on the vision-related perceptual capabilities of humans. Examination of what is determinable about the machine-learned image in comparison to humanistic theories of visual perception, particularly in regard to art historian Erwin Panofsky's methodology for image analysis and psychologist Eleanor Rosch's theory of graded categorization according to prototypes, finds that there are surprising similarities between the two that suggest that researchers in the arts and the sciences would have much to benefit from closer collaborations. Utilizing the examples of Google's DeepDream and the Machine Learning and Perception Lab at Georgia Tech's Grad-CAM: Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping programs, this study suggests that a revival of art historical research in iconography and formalism in the age of AI is essential for shaping the future navigation and interpretation of all machine-learned images, given the rapid developments in image recognition technologies.


DOI: 10.5935/2177-1235.2015RBCP0138 Institution: Hospital Universitario da Universidade Federal de Alagoas (HU/UFAL), Maceio, AL, Brazil. Introduction: The latissimus dorsi muscle is located on the lateral-posterior chest wall. The latissimus dorsi muscle flap (LDMF) has extensive applications due to its consistent anatomy, which contributes to its use in plastic surgery. This muscle can be dissected in the dorsal decubitus (DD) position; this removes the need for a change in patient position and enables microsurgical reconstruction to be performed. This study aimed to describe the technique used for the dissection and transfer of the LDMF in the DD position. Methods: We evaluated 10 cases of LDMF formation performed in the University Hospital of the Federal University of Alagoas. The surgical procedures of individualization of the flaps and their positioning in the receiver region were similar in all ten cases. The evaluation of the muscle and the demarcation of the flap were performed with the patient in the standing position. Then, with the patient in the DD position, anesthetic induction was initiated and the operating field prepared. The neurovascular pedicle was formed by incising the top edge of the ellipse that delimits the LDMF, dissecting the insertion tendon of the muscle, and removing the flap necessary for the reconstruction of the receiver area. Results: The patient was in the DD position during the intraoperative period, even during the dissection of muscle flaps, and the technique used had no surgical disadvantages. Conclusion: It is possible to perform the dissection and individualization of the LDMF with the patient in the DD position. ■ ABSTRACT


Based on the experiences of psychiatric patients who were in the process of rehabilitation after a significant period of rest and recuperation, the author aimed at analyzing the phenomena that facilitate as well as hinder patient maladjustment, in order to identify ways for clinical psychiatry to support patients' rehabilitation processes. Two female patients with pathological personality traits who were in the process of rehabilitation were chosen. One attended a community center that offers employment for people with mental disorders, followed by a vocational rehabilitation center for the unemployed; the other returned to an ordinary job for which she was qualified. The author first investigated the interactions between their personalities and the group mentalities in their workplaces, and then analyzed these interactions using psychodynamic theories. The dynamic interactions between these patients' personality pathologies and the group mentalities of the workplaces they chose for their rehabilitation seemed to play a crucial role in determining whether they experienced maladjustment or not. Various phenomena experienced by an individual in a community setting should not be ascribed solely to either the person's personality or the community group mentality, but rather to the interaction between the two. Community centers for people with mental disorders must provide support that facilitates the accomplishment of the original purposes of the group, but also helps each group member improve their self-esteem. At the end of this article, the author argues that the narcissistic need for approval cannot be dismissed simply as pathological, but should be seen as a ubiquitous phenomenon in the contemporary Japanese ethos.


William Donald Hamilton was born in 1936 in Cairo to New Zealander parents, and was brought up for the most part in a rural and wooded part of Kent, England. He described his childhood as idyllic, full of freedom to roam, and of maternal inspiration and encouragement, and himself as a great burrower. He was fascinated by insects from an early age. A great–aunt gave him her insect collection, whose cases he used for his own (later rueing his discarding of the insects themselves), and also lent him a translation from Fabre, the great French naturalist and one of the first to study behaviour scientifically. A birthday present from his parents was a much coveted copy of E. B. Ford's Butterflies (Ford 1945) in Collins's New Naturalist Series, which introduced the 12–year–old to genetics, to a scientific sensibility that looked down on 'mere collecting', to mathematical biology in the shape of Mendelian segregation ratios, and to the modern study of evolution. After reading Ford, he asked for a copy of Darwin's Origin of Species as a school prize. To have inspired this one young biologist would by itself justify Ford's efforts in writing Butterflies.


Abstract The low-frequency conductivity of aqueous kaolinite suspensions has beenmeasured as a function of volume fraction and concentration of KCl, K2SO4 and BaCl2, respectively. Thesemeasurements were interpretedwith a theoreticalmodel accounting for surface conductivity and particle shape. For the first time, an internally consistent data set was established by measuring all parameters necessary to solve the relevant equations. The simultaneous availability of surface conductivity, surface charge density and diffuse layer charge density permitted the estimation of counterionmobilities in the stagnant layer and a consistency check for the evaluation procedure of the conductivity experiments. In agreement with current literature results, monovalent counterions were found to have a Stern layer mobility similar to their bulk mobility, whereas the mobility of divalent counterions in this layer is reduced by a factor of ~2.


The precise analog of the theta-quantization ambiguity of Yang-Mills theory exists for the real SU(2) connection formulation of general relativity. As in the former case theta labels representations of large gauge transformations, which are super-selection sectors in loop quantum gravity. We show that unless theta=0, the (kinematical) geometric operators such as area and volume are not well defined on spin network states. More precisely the intersection of their domain with the dense set Cyl in the kinematical Hilbert space H of loop quantum gravity is empty. The absence of a well defined notion of area operator acting on spin network states seems at first in conflict with the expected finite black hole entropy. However, we show that the black hole (isolated) horizon area--which in contrast to kinematical area is a (Dirac) physical observable--is indeed well defined, and quantized so that the black hole entropy is proportional to the area. The effect of theta is negligible in the semiclassical limit where proportionality to area holds.


Steam turbines are responsible for up to 80% of global electricity production. Because steam powers these units, ingression of water into steam turbine oils is a common concern. As the saying goes: "Oil and water don't mix." When they do, failures and costly downtime may result. A lubricant's ability to separate from water is, therefore, paramount to the generating unit's reliability. While turbine oils are engineered to readily separate from water, their ability to do so (demulsibility) often becomes impaired during service. The factors which impact demulsibility are many; fortunately, the solution to this problem remains the same regardless of its root cause. Indeed, well-engineered ion exchange-based treatment systems have shown considerable promise when it comes to the restoration of turbine oil-water separability. In addition to restoring demulsibility, these resins also allow for the removal of oil breakdown products (varnish etc.) which present a further challenge to power generators.


This thesis identifies the variance in gender empowerment between Argentina and Chile, two countries that share countless parallels in histories, cultural norms, and political achievements. Using women's formal legislative representation as a gauge for gender empowerment, this comparative study uses a most-similarsystems design to investigate and generate a hypothesis of the factors that contribute to Chilean women's lack of empowerment, contrasting with the mechanisms by which Argentine women have achieved empowerment. Both Catholic nations of the Southern Cone re-democratized following military regimes, currently enjoy female heads of state and possess similar cultural phenomena where motherhood has defined women's social and political roles for decades. Nevertheless, Argentina and Chile remain starkly dissimilar in the scope of women's legislative presence. Chile's open-list electoral system that exposes women to rampant machismo and the conservative influence from the Church that encourages women to embrace their primary role as mothers are two significant factors that prevent women's legislative representation and thereby empowerment. Contrarily, Argentina possesses one of the leading levels of gender empowerment in the world. At first glance, one may attribute the variance to the Ley de Cupos, the quota law requiring parties to enlist a critical mass of women candidates. While the Ley is certainly necessary to promote gender equity, it remains insufficient. The historical precedence of women in politics as well as an electoral system conducive to the quota's progression allow Argentine women to achieve a greater level of political empowerment than do women in Chile, further evidenced by the Argentine success over similar laws in other Latin American countries.


Small and medium sized enterprises are an important feature of the Swedish industrial infrastructure. The formation of collaborative networks is seen as an important means for dealing with a shortage of financial, technical and other resources. This article deals with the start up and development of two networks involving managers of small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) and researchers from the Centre for Working Life Research and Development of Halmstad University. The striking features of the various phases of the development of the networks, as well as of those of the role of the researchers, are presented and discussed. Some important recent developments, such as connections between networks and community-based relationships, are also revealed.


We document the portfolio activity of federal housing agencies and provide evidence on its impact on mortgage markets and the economy. Through a narrative analysis, we identify historical policy changes leading to expansions or contractions in agency mortgage holdings. Based on those regulatory events that we classify as unrelated to short-run cyclical or credit market shocks, we find that an increase in mortgage purchases by the agencies boosts mortgage lending and lowers mortgage rates. Agency purchases influence prices in other asset markets and stimulate residential investment. Using information in GSE stock prices to construct an alternative instrument for agency purchasing activity yields very similar results as our benchmark narrative identification approach.


A deep (R ∼ 19.5) photographic Hα Survey of the southern Galactic Plane was recently completed using the UK Schmidt Telescope at the AAO. In addition, we have recently started a similar, CCD‐based survey of the northern Galactic Plane using the Wide Field Camera on the INT. Both surveys aim to provide information on many types of emission line objects, such as planetary nebulae, luminous blue variables and interacting binaries.Here, we focus specifically on the ability of Hα emission line surveys to discover cataclysmic variables (CVs). Follow‐up observations have already begun, and we present initial spectra of a candidate CV discovered by these surveys. We also present results from analyzing the properties of known CVs in the Southern Survey. By calculating the recovery rate of these objects, we estimate the efficiency of Hα‐based searches in finding CVs.


Chemical names can be so long that, when a manuscript is printed, they have to be hyphenated/ divided at the end of a line. Many names already contain hyphens, but in some cases, using these hyphens as end-of-line divisions can lead to illogical divisions in print, as can also happen when hyphens are added arbitrarily without considering the 'chemical' context. The present document provides guidelines for authors of chemical manuscripts, their publishers and editors, on where to divide chemical names at the end of a line, and instructions on how to avoid these names being divided at illogical places. Readability and chemical sense should prevail when authors insert hyphens. The software used to convert electronic manuscripts to print can now be programmed to avoid illogical end-of-line hyphenation and thereby save the author much time and annoyance when proofreading. The Recommendations also allow readers of the printed article to determine which end-of-line hyphens are an integral part of the name and should not be deleted when 'undividing' the name. These Recommendations may also prove useful in languages other than English.


OpenAI is developing a research program to assess the economic impacts of code generation models and is inviting collaboration with external researchers. Rapid advances in the capabilities of large language models (LLMs) trained on code have made it increasingly important to study their economic impacts on individuals, firms, and society. Codex – an LLM developed by OpenAI by fine-tuning GPT-3 on billions of lines of publicly available code from GitHub – has been shown to generate functionally correct code 28.8% of the time on a sample of evaluation problems (Chen et al. 2021). This may have important implications for the future of coding and the economics of the industries that depend on it. In this document, we lay out a research agenda to assess the effects of Codex on economic factors of interest to policymakers, firms, and the public. We make a case for this research agenda by highlighting the potentially broad applicability of code generation models to software development, the potential for other LLMs to create significant social and economic impact as model capabilities advance, and the value of using Codex to generate evidence and establish methodologies that may be applicable to research on the economic impacts of future models. We propose that academic and policy research focus on studying code generation models and other LLMs so that evidence on their economic impacts can be used to inform decision-making in three key areas: Deployment policy, AI system design, and public policy. To help guide this research, we outline six priority outcome areas within the realm of economic impacts that we intend to use Codex to study: Productivity, Employment, Skill Development, Inter-firm


Cukier and Sidel provide a much-needed overview of the global problem of gun violence as a threat to public health, including the effects of violence, the sources of firearms (both legal and illegal), the factors shaping demand, and the interventions aimed at reducing the misuse of guns. Just as guns know no borders, gun violence has become a global epidemic, killing hundreds of thousands of people each year and injuring many more. The toll is staggering. Experts estimate that there are 35,000 annual gun-related deaths in Brazil, 10,000 in South Africa, 20,000 in Colombia, and 30,000 in the United States. While guns kill or maim great numbers of people in war zones, two thirds of small arms are in the possession of civilians. Although guns do not in and of themselves cause violence, they increase its lethality and fuel cultures of violence. This book documents the global gun trade, its threat to public health, and efforts to remedy the situation. Virtually every illegal gun begins as a legal gun. With the globalization of trade in licit products has come the globalization of the illegal trade in guns. For example, weapons originating in the United States fuel violence in Canada, Latin America, and as far away as Japan. And unregulated ownership of guns fuels crime. Because weapons tend to flow from unregulated areas to regulated areas, international cooperation is critical, but global efforts have been hampered by major arms producers and gun lobbies such as the National Rifle Association. Since 1998 there has been an emerging global movement to control the illicit trade and misuse in guns, and many countries have moved to strengthen their gun laws in an effort to combat this global epidemic.


The advent of multicore processors has put the performance of traditional parallel programming techniques in question. The traditional lock-based parallel programming techniques are error prone and suffer from various problems such as deadlocks, live-locks, priority inversion etc. In the last one and half decade, a considerable amount of the research has been carried out to achieve the synchronization among the parallel applications without using locking. One of most promising technique which has come out as a result of this research work is Transactional Memory (TM). Transactional Memory system commits the data in atomic code sequences called the transaction. Research has shown that Transactional Memory has the potential to out perform traditional locking mechanisms. In order to understand the design and implementation trade-offs of different implementations of the Software Transactional Memory, a comprehensive comparative study is required. Although some comparative studies have been carried out in the past, they were very focused in their scope and covered only few STM implementations. In this master thesis, a qualitative literature survey is conducted and the state of the art in Software Transactional Memory is presented, covering prominent approaches to date while discussing their design and implementation trade offs.


Aim To evaluate the feasibility of performing 99mTc dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) (V) brain single photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT) in patients with glioblastoma multiform after their definitive therapy. Patients and methods Patients with documented grade IV glioma were prospectively recruited for this study. 99mTc-DMSA (V) brain SPECT/CT imaging was acquired after a mean interval of 76 ± 46 days from therapy, 2–3 h. After intravenous injection of 555–740 mBq of the tracer. Scans were interpreted visually as positive or negative by three nuclear medicine physicians. Agreement between two or more physicians was considered a consensus decision. The consensus results of DMSA (V) SPECT/CT were compared against the reference standard which was based on subsequent clinical/neuroimaging follow up or pathology whenever resurgery is performed. Lesion quantitation was performed by one nuclear medicine physician by drawing a region of interest on the lesion site (L) and a mirror region of interest on the contralateral normal brain tissue (NL) then L/NL ratio was calculated. Results A total of 20 patients were enrolled in this study. According to the reference standard, recurrence was detected in 10 patients while 10 were disease free. Interreader kappa agreement ranged from 0.65 to 0.90. Consensus reading of DMSA (V) SPECT/CT correctly detected recurrence in 8/10 (sensitivity 80%) and correctly ruled out disease in 9/10 (specificity 90%). L/NL ratio for positive and negative cases were 6.6 ± 8 and 1.3 ± 1.1, respectively (P < 0.001). Conclusion 99mTc-DMSA (V) brain SPECT/CT is feasible and may be a specific noninvasive diagnostic tool for the follow-up of patients with glioblastoma multiform after chemoradiotherapy.


Correlative species distribution models (SDMs) combined with spatial layers of climate and species' localities represent a frequently utilized and rapid method for generating spatial estimates of species distributions. However, an SDM is only as accurate as the inputs upon which it is based. Current best‐practice climate layers commonly utilized in SDM (e.g. ANUCLIM) are frequently inaccurate and biased spatially. Here, we statistically downscale 30 years of existing spatial weather estimates against empirical weather data and spatial layers of topography and vegetation to produce highly accurate spatial layers of weather. We proceed to demonstrate the effect of inaccurately quantified spatial data on SDM outcomes.


In this research, I apply and extend Handel's (2005) model for understanding job characteristics and job satisfaction in the context of a changing global environment. Prior research has indicated that the nature of work has changed dramatically in recent years in response to economic shifts and an increasingly global economy. However, there is little agreement on whether the overall quality of work has improved or declined over that period. Furthermore, less is known about changes in job satisfaction and its various indicators over time, based on how the workers feel. Finally, even less is known about the overall comparative quality of work and job satisfaction across the global economy. In this study I use non-panel longitudinal data from the International Social Survey Program (Work Orientations I, II, and III: 1989, 1997, 2005) to first conduct a descriptive comparative analysis of job quality and job satisfaction. I then use Handel's (2005) intrinsic/extrinsic job satisfaction model to perform OLS regression of job satisfaction and its determinants for each separate country within each of the three ways of data to see cross-national differences in overall model predictability and in the various intrinsic and extrinsic job characteristics that impact job satisfaction in relation to a changing global economy.


Student teachers are expected to learn from experience in order to become reflective practitioners and to achieve Qualified Teacher Status. This is a study of student teachers' ability to reflect on their experience of teaching. This thesis is a qualitative study which forms one part of a longitudinal action research project studying whether and how different reflective learning activities introduced into a PGCE programme promote reflection and increase the capacity to learn. It takes an interpretative approach, generating qualitative data on the processes of reflection of students relating to their teacher training. The study took place over a one-year period in one teacher training institution. There were 13 participants aged 22 or 23 years, who were all taking a post-graduate route into teaching Physical Education. The data arose from student responses to different reflective learning activities and subsequent interviews followed by an evaluation of the effectiveness of the overall learning strategy.


Over the coming few decades bioplastic materials are expected to complement and gradually replace some of the fossil oil based materials. Multidisciplinary research e ff orts have generated a signi fi cant level of technical and commercial success towards these bio-based materials. However, extensive application of these bio-based plastics is still challenged by one or more of their possible inherent limitations, such as poor processability, brittleness, hydrophilicity, poor moisture and gas barrier, inferior compatibility, poor electrical, thermal and physical properties. The incorporation of additives such as plasticizers into the biopolymers is a common practice to improve these inherent limitations. Generally, plasticizers are added to both synthetic and bio-based polymeric materials to impart fl exibility, improve toughness, and lower the glass transition temperature. This review introduces the most common bio-based plastics and provides an overview of recent advances in the selection and use of plasticizers, and their e ff ect on the performance of these materials. In addition to plasticizers, we also present a perspective of other emerging techniques of improving the overall performance of bio-based plastics. Although a wide variety of bio-based plastics are under development, this review focuses on plasticizers utilized for the most extensively studied bioplastics including poly(lactic acid), polyhydroxyalkanoates, thermoplastic starch, proteinaceous plastics and cellulose acetates. The ongoing challenge and future potentials of plasticizers for bio-based plastics are also discussed.


The purpose of this study was to examine the combined effects of knee extension strength (KES), visual acuity (VA), and knee joint pain (KP) on gait in 212 older women. Including, walking speed, cadence, were selected as gait parameters. Knee extension strength was measured by isometric knee extension strength, while knee joint pain and decreased visual acuity were evaluated by subjective judgment. The combine effect of KP and KES factors was examined. Stance time was significantly longer in persons with both-KP than in persons with no KP. In addition, people with superior KES had significantly greater values in walking speed, cadence, and step length, and lower values in stance time and walking angle than those with inferior KES. Furthermore, double support time showed that persons with both-KP have significantly greater values than persons with no or one-KP in the inferior KES group. Also, persons with the inferior KES had significantly greater values in persons with both-KP. The combine effect of KES and VA factors was examined. There are significant differences between the superior and the inferior KES groups. In conclusion, the elderly with both the factors of decreasing KES and both-KP, as compared to the elderly with just one of those factors, have markedly different gait properties.


Satellite radiances were originally used only in clear-sky conditions, but now they can be assimilated in cloudy and precipitating areas with the 'all-sky' approach. This has significantly increased the influence of microwave humidity-related observations, which now contribute around 20% of observation impact (measured using adjoint techniques) and improve medium-range scores by around 3%. Much of the benefit comes through 4D-Var tracing, which infers dynamical initial conditions from observed humidity, cloud and precipitation. Initial conditions can be further improved by extending all-sky assimilation to temperature-sounding microwave and infrared radiances, though there are still many challenges, and observation operators need more development. Research will be undertaken to assimilate new types of data, such as satellite-based cloud and precipitation radar, and satellite radiances at frequencies not previously used (e.g. sub-mm or solar). The use of ground-based precipitation radar, rain gauges and lightning imagers is also being developed. All these observations bring new information, not just on the location and mixing ratio of hydrometeors, but also on subgrid variability (such as the cloud overlap), particle shape and size distribution, and even on particle orientation. To support these new observations will require an increasingly accurate representation of moist physical processes. The forecast model will start to represent more details of the microphysics and sub-grid distribution of cloud and precipitation, and crucially, these new variables and the assumptions behind them will start to be constrained directly by observational data, using it in the most optimal way, e.g. in its original form as a radiance or a backscatter. By helping to improve the modelling of cloud and precipitation, cloud and precipitation-sensitive observations will give benefit at all forecast ranges. A further important step will be to archive more of the variables required by cloud and precipitation observation operators (for example, hourly precipitation accumulations, or the mixing ratios of convective precipitation) to support forecast validation and verification against observations. The data assimilation system must also continue to provide the right tools, including a move towards cloud control variables. Also the tangent-linear and adjoint representations of the moist physical processes must evolve in tandem with the forecast model itself. Technical Memorandum No. 815 1 Assimilating observations sensitive to cloud and precipitation


During its annual September conference in 2008, the North American Academy of Ecumenists chose for its study a thematic title that touches the heart of the ecumenical movement: ecclesiology, Christology, and missiology, titled "One Church of Christ for the Sake of the World." The Academy's officers invited ecumenists and other interested people to come to St. Louis, MO, to engage in a multilateral exchange of two fundamental points that would disclose today's ecumenical urgency about Jesus the Christ and about the church understood as the continuing presence of Jesus in the world today manifested by its identity and mission. The points are: (1) That Christ has made humanity one by the blood of the cross is a New Testament given. Living out that oneness is another matter altogether. (2) Throughout the church's history, its nature and shape, purpose and mission have generated a variety of accounts, depending on its status in society and the theologies of specific communities of faith. Is something like an ecumenical ecclesiology emerging, an expression that might inform all traditions? Or, is ecumenical ecclesiology more a matter of a method for reconciling diverse ecclesial structures? Can ecumenical ecclesiology suggest something more satisfying than a catalog of the many ways church is organized and structured? The invitation was accompanied by a certain enticement: distinguished, seasoned ecumenists and theologians as presenters and responders, as well as interactive discussion among all attendees in both plenary and group sessions. Acceptance of the invitation revealed a multiracial representation of the Christian oikoumene in the U.S.A. and Canada. Presenters, responders, and participants were Orthodox, Catholic, Anglican, Classical Reformation, Radical Reformation, and Pentecostal. What follows is a precis of four of the papers presented at the conference. Opening the conference was an address given by the Rev. Dr. Michael Kinnamon, General Secretary of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the U.S.A. As Kinnamon introduced the two parts of his presentation, Elements of an Ecumenical Consensus on Ecclesiology, and Councils of Churches as Not Only Settings for Ecclesiological Dialogue but also Experiments in Ecclesiology, he admitted having searched for a symbolic number of points to offer for the theological exchange. Given the density of the presentation's two parts, it was not only Lutherans who were musing ninety-five theses. More modest and certainly biblical, however, Kinnamon was thinking of seven or twelve points-but came up with fourteen. Throughout them weaves a sacred ecumenical thread: The ecumenical findings of dialogues, bilateral and multilateral, evince an extraordinary consensus on ecclesiology: (1) a God-given gift, the church is inherently one; (2) this unity is inherently a unity in diversity; and (3) the church does not exist for its own sake but "for the glory and praise of God, to serve the reconciliation of humankind, in obedience to the command of Christ." (1) The three points remind us that unity is both a divine gift and a human call; that unity is multivalent, not monolithic; and that unity is missional, interrelated with the renewal of all creation. For Kinnamon and many ecumenical theologians, one concept best captures the understanding of the church and its unity and mission: koinonia. This multivalent Greek term is often rendered in transliteration rather than translation (communion, fellowship) in order to accentuate its organic and reconciling quality. In his essay Kinnamon recognizes the concept of koinonia as an operating principle of dialogue that has helped the ecumenical movement "conceive of unity as a deepening and expanding quality of life together" and to "overcome the divisiveness of such traditional dichotomies as worship/mission and local/universal." (2) Furthermore, an emerging ecumenical ecclesiology of communion then gives way to diverse ecclesial paradigms from which the churches together may confront the paradox of unity and division. …