Abstract Magmas in the Azores (Portugal) were erupted from both fissure zones and central volcanoes during overlapping periods. Fissure zones follow extensional trends oriented accordingly with the regional tectonics, erupting basalts and hawaiites. Central volcanoes are characterized by transtensive tectonics and erupted basaltic to trachytic magmas. Highly porphyritic magmas, consisting of cumulitic olivines and clinopyroxenes, can be also erupted during flank eruptions. Volcanism occurs because of the different direction of the plate movement at the triple junction where islands are located. Magma production and its ascent occur in response to the stresses of the lithosphere over a geochemically heterogeneous mantle, enriched in incompatible trace elements and water. The variability in the radiogenic isotopes results from the interaction of the differently enriched mantle sources with a ubiquitous and slightly depleted Azores mantle. Finally, a contribution of recycled oceanic crust is evidenced by a progressive east–west variation in Pb isotope ratios across the island of São Miguel. Primitive melts were generated by 1–7% partial melting of a garnet-bearing peridotite. Overall, basalts show relatively high large-ion lithophile element (LILE) abundances and LILE/high-field-strength element ratios that point to chemical heterogeneities in the mantle sources.


Human and veterinary health systems must be better integrated if rabies is to be controlled It has been 129 years since Louis Pasteur's experimental protocol saved the life of a child mauled by a rabid dog, despite incomplete understanding of the etiology or mechanisms by which the miracle cure worked (1). The disease has since been well understood, and highly effective vaccines are available, yet Pasteur's vision for ridding the world of rabies has not been realized. Rabies remains a threat to half the world's population and kills more than 69,000 people each year, most of them children (2). We discuss the basis for this neglect and present evidence supporting the feasibility of eliminating canine-mediated rabies and the required policy actions.


How science "gets done" in today's world has profound political repercussions, since scientific knowledge, through its technical applications, has become an important source of both economic and military power. The increasing dependence of scientific research on funding from business and the military has made questions about the access to and control of scientific knowledge a central issue in today's politics of science. In "The New Politics of Science," David Dickson points out that "the scientific community has its own internal power structures, its elites, its hierarchies, its ideologies, its sanctioned norms of social behavior, and its dissenting groups. And the more that science, as a social practice, forms an integral part of the economic structures of the society in which it is imbedded, the more the boundaries and differences between the two dissolve. Groups inside the scientific community, for example, will use groups outside the community-and vice versa-to achieve their own political ends." In this edition, Dickson has included a new preface commenting on the continuing and increasing influence of industrial and defense interests on American scientific research in the 1980s.


This book brings together results from different branches of computer science (in particular, artificial intelligence), medical informatics and medicine to examine cutting edge approaches to computer-based guideline modeling, verification and interpretation. Different methods have been developed to support the development, deployment, maintenance and use of evidence-based guidelines, using techniques from artificial intelligence, software engineering, medical informatics and formal methods. Such methods employ different representation formalisms and computational techniques.As the guideline-related research spans a wide range of research communities, a comprehensive integration of the results of these communities was lacking. It is the intention of this book to fill this gap. It is the first book of its kind that partially has the nature of a textbook. The book consists of two parts. The first part consists of nine chapters which together offer a comprehensive overview of the most important medical and computer-science aspects of clinical guidelines and protocols. The second part of the book consists of chapters that are extended versions of selected papers that were originally submitted to the ECAI-2006 workshop "AI Techniques in Health Care: Evidence-based Guidelines and Protocols". These chapters will provide the reader detailed information about actual research in the area by leading researchers.


In this article, we present a general method for achieving global static analyzers that are precise and sound, yet also scalable. Our method, on top of the abstract interpretation framework, is a general sparse analysis technique that supports relational as well as nonrelational semantics properties for various programming languages. Analysis designers first use the abstract interpretation framework to have a global and correct static analyzer whose scalability is unattended. Upon this underlying sound static analyzer, analysis designers add our generalized sparse analysis techniques to improve its scalability while preserving the precision of the underlying analysis. Our method prescribes what to prove to guarantee that the resulting sparse version should preserve the precision of the underlying analyzer.
 We formally present our framework and show that existing sparse analyses are all restricted instances of our framework. In addition, we show more semantically elaborate design examples of sparse nonrelational and relational static analyses. We then present their implementation results that scale to globally analyze up to one million lines of C programs. We also show a set of implementation techniques that turn out to be critical to economically support the sparse analysis process.


Graffiti has long been a target of municipal legislation that aims to preserve property values, public safety, and aesthetic integrity in the community. Not only are graffitists at risk of criminal prosecution but property owners are subject to civil and criminal penalties for harboring graffiti on their land. Since the 1990s, most U.S. cities have promulgated graffiti abatement ordinances that require private property owners to remove graffiti from their land, often at their own expense. These ordinances define graffiti broadly to include essentially any surface marking applied without advance authorization from the property owner.Meanwhile, graffiti has risen in prominence as a legitimate art form, beginning in the 1960s and most recently with the contributions of street artists such as Banksy and Shepard Fairey. Some property owners may find themselves fortuitous recipients of "graffiti" they deem art and want to preserve in spite of graffiti abatement ordinances and sign regulations requiring the work's removal. This Note argues that private property owners who wish to preserve uncommissioned art on their land can challenge these laws under the First Amendment, claiming that, as applied, regulations requiring removal are unconstitutional because they leave the property owner insufficient alternative channels for expression.


Internet security risks, the leading security threats confronting today's organizations, often result from employees' non-compliance with the Internet use policy (IUP). Extant studies on the compliance with security policies have largely ignored the impact of intrinsic motivations on employees' compliance intention. This paper proposes a theoretical model that integrates an extrinsic sanction-based command-and-control approach with an intrinsic self-regulatory approach to examine employees' IUP compliance intention. The self-regulatory approach centers on the effect of organizational justice and personal moral beliefs against Internet abuses. The results of this study suggest that the self-regulatory approach is more effective than the sanctionbased command-and-control approach. Organizational justice not only influences IUP compliance intention directly, but also indirectly through fostering favorable personal moral beliefs against Internet abuses.


Curriculum, as one of the three educational message systems (with pedagogy and assessment), can be understood as potentially complicit with disconnections and missed opportunities for creating connections in teaching and learning. This is particularly the case if the curriculum is removed from the lived experiences and situated aspirations of groups of learners. At the same time, curriculum can function as the vehicle for creating and sustaining meaningful connections in teaching and learning if it engages respectfully with those experiences and helps to fulfill those aspirations.

This chapter explores curriculum's capacity to create educational connections by interrogating a previously marginalized field of educational provision and research: post-compulsory vocational education and training, incorporating senior secondary schooling, Technical and Further Education Colleges and their non-Australian equivalents, and private providers. Framed by selected concepts from contemporary curriculum theorizing, the chapter draws on evidence presented in recent issues of VOCAL: The Australian Journal of Vocational Education and Training in Schools. Specifically, the authors argue that post-compulsory vocational education and training provide several examples of curriculum creating powerful connections for young adult learners that must be understood against the backdrop of broader socioeconomic trends enacted locally, nationally, and globally. More broadly, this field makes a distinctive and important contribution to wider research endeavours related to teaching and learning.

Separately, curriculum and post-compulsory vocational education and training are both contested and politicized fields of scholarship, policy, and practice. This chapter examines these two fields in combination, in order to identify the opportunities for creating productive and sustainable connections in teaching and learning that they exhibit, as well as some of the obstacles to such a creation. In doing so, we also consider what those opportunities and obstacles might prognosticate for enabling and empowering curriculum connections more widely.


This Article seeks to contribute to the theoretical literature dealing with industrial relations and labour law, in particular by addressing the management-control collective bargaining relationship. The author identifies three distinct models (Unitary, Pluralist, and Radical) which may be used to describe and analyze the various facets of this relationship, drawing attention to the values and assumptions of each position. In the instances of the Unitary and Pluralist models, an attempt is made to illustrate the ways in which the models assume legal form, structuring, facilitating and constraining collective bargaining in the workplace, while the Radical model is presented as a necessary and powerful critique of the other two models, pointing to the theoretical and practical limitations of these positions as ways of understanding the significance of collective bargaining as a countervailing force to management authority and control. Each model is discussed in the context of both the public and private sectors. This article is available in Osgoode Hall Law Journal: http://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/ohlj/vol24/iss4/3 THE MANAGEMENT-CONTROL COLLECTIVE BARGAINING RELATIONSHIP: THREE MODELS By ANDREW GOLDSMITH* This Article seeks to contribute to the theoretical literature dealing with industrial relations and labour law, in particular by addressing the management-control collective bargaining relationship. The author identifies three distinct models (Unitary, Pluralist, and Radical) which may be used to describe and analyze the various facets of this relationship, drawing attention to the values and assumptions of each position. In the instances of the Unitary and Pluralist models, an attempt is made to illustrate the ways in which the models assume legal form, structuring, facilitating and constraining collective bargaining in the workplace, while the Radical model is presented as a necessary and powerful critique of the other two models, pointing to the theoretical and practical limitations of these positions as ways of understanding the significance of collective bargaining as a countervailing force to management authority and control. Each model is discussed in the context of both the public and private sectors.


Lawful interception, as a measure of criminal detection, has a very long history in every country. Along with the rapid development of information technologies and the global prevalence of the internet, networks have already become a new type of crime tool, crime locale and crime target. Lawful internet interception is an effective measure to prevent and fight against internet crimes. However, the 'clash' between technology and the law often represents that the existing theory of law and its practice cannot solve new problems brought by new technologies. Therefore, how to apply lawful interception through networks and broadband, and how to balance between public interest and individual privacy is a big question in Chinese legal academia. Based on this situation, the research on the legislative status, basic content and technology standards of lawful interception in other countries can provide valuable experience for China and its legalisation of internet interception.


Occupational safety and health is a neglected area in small scale cottage factories in Nepal. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 10 small scale carpet factories in Bhaktapur district of Nepal among 100 workers to find out their occupational health and safety status. The study revealed that majority of the workers were females (57%) and more than half (52%) of the workers were aged 20 - 30 years. The duration of work in a day ranged from 8 to 12 hours and majority were weavers (58%). About three in four (77%) worked outside the factory as well. None of them received health education at work and none of the factories had medical treatment facilities and had only basic first aid treatment. Similarly, 80% were not found to be using any personal protective equipment (PPE) during work. A total of 90% workers regarded the dust control measures in their factory as poor; 90% regarded ventilation as poor, 60% reported fire management preparedness as poor; and 30% perceived the first aid treatment services as poor. Majority of them (84%) said they had experienced some health problems at work. The most commonly reported health problems were backache/joint ache (63.1%), eye irritations (40.48%), prolonged headache (40.48%), chest pain (38.1%), and skin irritation (23.81%). Only 27.38% of them informed the authority after experiencing problems; 65.22% of those who reported their problems received treatment. Interestingly, 10% said it was not big deal to have health problems while working in the carpet factory. Further comparative and analytical studies are recommended to explore the occupational health status in small scale factories in Nepal.


In comparison to other sectors of the marine system, the palaeoceanography of the subarctic North Pacific Ocean is poorly constrained. New diatom isotope records of δC, δO, δSi (δCdiatom, δ Odiatom, and δ Sidiatom) are presented alongside existing geochemical and isotope records to document changes in photic zone conditions, including nutrient supply and the efficiency of the soft-tissue biological pump, between Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 4 and MIS 5e. Peaks in opal productivity in MIS 5b/c and MIS 5e are both associated with the breakdown of the regional halocline stratification and increased nutrient supply to the photic zone. Whereas the MIS 5e peak is associated with low rates of nutrient utilisation, the MIS 5b/c peak is associated with significantly higher rates of nutrient utilisation. Both peaks, together with other smaller increases in productivity in MIS 4 and 5a, culminate with a significant increase in freshwater input which strengthens/re-establishes the halocline and limits further upwelling of sub-surface waters to the photic zone. Whilst δSidiatom and previously published records of diatom δN (δNdiatom) (Brunelle et al., 2007, 2010) show similar trends until the latter half of MIS 5a, the records become anti-correlated after this juncture and into MIS 4, suggesting a possible change in photic zone state such as may occur with a shift to iron or silicon limitation.


Various levels of government try to manage the spread of urbanization and the increasing threat to open space and agricultural lands by implementing various comprehensive or conservation plans. Extensive research has also studied the changing landscape using remote sensing and GIS, yet little has been done to connect the environmental policies with these technologies. Using Tompkins County, New York as a case study, this project attempts to combine these two aspects by examining how land-cover and land-use is changing over time with respect to environmental policies put in place at various governmental levels. Each town in the county has developed its own comprehensive plan within the last fifteen years. Furthermore, at the county level, agricultural and open space conservation plans have been drawn up in addition to a county-wide comprehensive plan. Protection of open space and aid in development extends up through the state level with the New York State Open Space Conservation Plans, first published in 1992. Using GIS and remote sensing, land-use and land-cover classification maps were created for five years between 1991 and 2012. The change in open space was calculated at the county and town level. Using the textual analysis software Leximancer, seventeen documents from the town, county, and state level were examined for major themes and concepts. The results of the textual analysis were compared to the GIS results to determine whether changes in the landscape can be attributed to policies enacted at various governmental levels. This project found that environmental plans have shifted over time with changes in society but that different levels of government often focus on different factors. Further, changes in the landscape can be more strongly associated with local government plans rather than those at the state level. ASSESSING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LANDSCAPE CHANGE AND CONSERVATION PLANS SINCE 1991 IN TOMPKINS COUNTY, NY


'I am so fond of the Emperor! If only he were not an emperor!' These are the words Elisabeth is said to have uttered when she learned of Franz Joseph's intention to marry her. Clearly she sensed that life as empress at the Viennese Court would not suit her personality. Elisabeth was sixteen years old when she came to Vienna, obliged henceforth to comply with the strict regulations of life at the Viennese Court. The strong personality of her mother-in-law Sophie, who attempted to groom Elisabeth as an empress according to her own notions, as well as the manner in which she suffered rejection and defamation by courtly society, further contributed to making Elisabeth's life at Court a difficult one. Her spouse, Franz Joseph, had been prepared from childhood for his future role as emperor, and often showed no understanding for the needs and fears of his consort. Elisabeth increasingly refused to play her allotted role at the Viennese Court. Her introverted character and shyness in public made her dislike of official appearances and social conventions understandable. After all, in the imperial capital, she was constantly the focus of attention. Elisabeth experienced the strict daily routines, hierarchies at the court, continual intrigues and her official duties, as disagreeable restrictions on her lifestyle. Following the birth of her third child, her personal physician diagnosed lung disease and ultimately recommended recuperation at a spa resort. She chose to go to Madeira, the furthest from Vienna of all possible destinations, so that there would be no expectation of a visit from her 'dear family'. With this, her first flight from the Viennese court, Elisabeth discovered the joys of travel for its own sake, and trains, ships and coaches henceforth became her home. Her trips, which were certainly also motivated by health concerns, became ever longer, and her stays at the Vienna Hofburg became ever shorter. The manner in which Elisabeth's apartment in the Hofburg was furnished reveals the empress's attempt to live out her personal needs against all the rules. Amid the uniform neo-Rococo style, which was the obligatory decor for Habsburg apartments under Franz Joseph, the exercise equipment which Elisabeth had set up in her dressing room stood out all the more starkly. Here, she could work out daily in order to satisfy her compulsion for exercise; this met with incomprehension in Elisabeth's circles, since at the time it was extremely unusual for a woman to engage in any sporting activity, let alone a woman of her status.


The Leon River Watershed (LRW) in central Texas is a Benchmark and Special Emphasis watershed within the Conservation Effects Assessment Project located in central Texas. Model simulations from 1977 through 2006 were used to evaluate six manure nutrient management scenarios that reflect realistic strategies that could be employed to reduce nutrient and sediment loadings in the LRW. Due to the presence of several dairies and a relatively large number of cows, special attention within this watershed is necessary to determine beneficial adjustments that can be made to protect water quality. The nutrient management scenarios analyzed reduced total nitrogen (N) and total phosphorus (P) loading in nearly all of the subbasins. Total N and total P loading was also reduced at the watershed scale; sediment load reduction was minor due to effective management measures already existing within the LRW. The percentage change in total N and total P loadings varied from an increase of 3% to a decrease of 11% and an increase of 5% to a decrease of 12%, respectively. The percentage change in sediment loadings varied from an increase of 22% to a decrease of 12% per subbasin. Model simulations conducted over a 30-year period for six manure management scenarios indicated that both total N and total P can be significantly reduced by employing additional nutrient strategies. This is the case whether the nutrients are removed from the immediate vicinity of the dairy or are transported outside of the watershed.


This paper focuses on embodied geographies of alcohol to rethink the weekend. We explore the weekend as it is produced via the mutually constitutive relationships between time, space and bodies. Drawing on qualitative research undertaken in Bega, New South Wales, Australia with 23 young women, we offer a critical analysis of how alcohol shapes the bodily, social, spatial and temporal boundaries that interpose knowing the weekend. We illustrate how alcohol mediates the felt and performative dimension of the embodied geographies that configure the weekend. We argue that young women's bodies and spaces may be understood as sites where the pleasures and pain of alcohol may rupture or make resilient bodily, spatial, social or temporal boundaries through which the weekend makes sense.


The primary waste form resulting from nuclear energy production is spent nuclear fuel (SNF). There are a number of different types of fuel, but they are predominantly uranium based, mainly UO 2 or, in some cases, metallic U. The UO 2 in SNF is a redox-sensitive semiconductor consisting of a fine-grained (5-10 μm), polycrystalline aggregate containing fission-product and transuranium elements in concentrations of 4 to 6 atomic percent. The challenge is to predict the long-term behavior of UO 2 under a range of redox conditions. Experimental results and observations from natural systems, such as the Oklo natural reactors, have been used to assess the long-term performance of SNF.


Homing endonucleases and zinc-finger nucleases are double-stranded meganucleases that target large deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) recognition sites, a feature that means only a few such sites are likely to be present in a mammalian-sized genome. Several homing endonucleases have been used as templates to engineer tools that cleave DNA sequences other than their original wild-type targets. Indeed, zinc-finger nucleases have been designed to recognise specific genes. These custom meganucleases can be used to stimulate double-strand break homologous recombination in cells, thereby inducing the repair of defective genes with very low toxicity levels. The use of tailored meganucleases opens up new possibilities for gene therapy in patients with monogenic diseases that can be treated ex vivo. This review provides an overview of recent advances in this field.

Key Concepts:

Meganucleases are double-stranded DNAses that target large recognition sites.

Meganucleases promote efficient gene targeting through double-strand-break-induced homologous recombination.

Homologous recombination and nonhomologous end joining are the two pathways that can be used to repair DNA double-strand breaks.

Meganucleases encompass homing endonucleases and zinc-finger nucleases.

Meganucleases are ideal scaffolds to engineer enzymes that accurately cleave DNA and induce recombination.

Meganucleases can recognise unique sites of cleavage within a genome, permitting their use for therapeutic purposes in human diseases.

X-ray diffraction of crystallised proteins allows us to understand the relationship between the structure and function of biomolecules.

Keywords:

homing endonucleases;
zinc-finger nucleases;
protein engineering;
monogenic diseases;
double-strand break;
single-strand break;
DNA repair;
gene therapy;
protein structure


ABSTRACT One of the most persistent themes in the debate on Canadian foreign policy over the past few decades concerns the influence Quebec is thought to possess over the design and implementation of Canadian foreign and defense policy. Our purpose in this article is to situate this general debate within a more specific context, of Canada's grand strategic choices as they principally involve the country's security and defense relations with the US. To do this, we adopt somewhat of a "counterfactual" tack; to wit, we inquire whether, in the absence of Quebec from the Canadian confederation, we should expect to have seen a fundamentally different grand strategy fashioned by Ottawa, one with different significance for relations with the US. We focus on two specific cases, both of which have figured prominently in recent Canadian–American strategic relations: the war in Afghanistan and the invasion of Iraq. We conclude that while there is something to the claim that Quebec can and does boast of a certain "specificity" in the matter of Canada's grand-strategic preferences, it is hardly the same thing as arguing that the country without Quebec would have adopted policies on both Afghanistan and Iraq that were fundamentally different from the ones it chose to follow.


Despite achieving a significant cost reduction over the past two decades, the absolute cost of food subsidies in Egypt is still high relative to the benefits received by the poor. There is scope for better targeting food subsidies, in particular those for rationed cooking oil and sugar, both because reforms in this area are perceived to be far less politically sensitive than adjusting subsidy policies for bread and wheat flour and because higher income groups presently receive a significant percentage of the benefits. Targeting the high-subsidy green ration cards to the poor and the low-subsidy red ration cards to the nonpoor will require identification of both poor and nonpoor households. An International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) research team in Egypt, in collaboration with the Egyptian Ministry of Trade and Supply, developed a proxy means test for targeting ration cards. This paper describes the process of moving from the optimal income-predicting model to the final model that was both administratively and politically feasible. An ex-ante evaluation of the levels of accuracy of the proxy means testing model indicates that the model performs quite well in predicting the needy and nonneedy households. An effective and full implementation of this targeting method would increase the equity in the ration card food subsidy system and, at the same time, lower the total budgetary costs of rationed food subsidies. Moreover, the experience gained under this reform would facilitate targeting future social interventions to reduce and prevent poverty in Egypt.


Conservation of biological diversity is one of seven criteria used to evaluate forest sustainability in the United States. The status of biological diversity is characterized by nine indicators that report area, protected status, and fragmentation of forest habitats; number and conservation status of forest-associated species; range and abundance of forest species to describe genetic diversity; and institutional commitments to conserve biodiversity. A long-term, nationwide forest inventory system documents the stability of total forest area with notable shifts in age distributions, species composition, ownership, and management emphasis.


One of the best keep secrets in New York law is that most labor unions are immune from legal liability simply because they are organized as an unincorporated association. In jurisdictions such as New York, which follow common law, unions have this immunity because plaintiffs cannot met the stringent common law pleading requirements applicable to unincorporated associations, to wit, it must be alleged, and ultimately established, that the conduct complained of was approved of and ratified by each and every member of the association. Thus, the form in which a labor union is organized has a significant impact on its potential for legal liability. This is reminiscent of the forms of actions utilized in the Middle Ages where the form of the action determined whether a party had any remedy. This Article surveys union liability in this important and little understood area of law. It concludes that the common law pleading requirements of Martin v. Curran make little sense today, particularly when applied to labor unions. Public policy is certainly not furthered by blind obedience to an ancient common law doctrine. Surprisingly, there is no academic commentary which address this important issue under New York law or the seminal case in this area, Martin v. Curran. However, Martin v. Curran continues to be relied upon in order to dismiss cases against unions even though this case has been severely criticized by a number of courts. Just recently, the First Department upheld the dismissal of a tort action against a union because the common law pleading requirements of Martin v. Curran could not be met. That 2006 decision generated a significant dissent by Justice Saxe, who stated that this dated rule should be abandoned. Salemeh v. Toussaint, 25 A.D. 3d 411 (1st Dept. 2006)(Saxe, J., dissenting).


With the growing complexity in consumer embedded products and the improvements in process technology, multi-processor system-on-chip (MPSoC) architectures have become widespread. These new systems are complex to design as they must execute multiple complex applications (e.g. video processing, 3D games), while meeting additional design constraints (e.g. energy consumption or time-to-market). Moreover, the rise of temperature in the die for MPSoC components can seriously affect their final performance and reliability. Therefore, mechanisms to efficiently evaluate complete HW/SW MPSoC designs in terms of energy consumption, temperature, performance and other key metrics are needed. In this paper, we present a new HW/SW FPGA-based emulation framework that allows designers to rapidly extract a number of critical statistics from processing cores, memories and interconnection systems being emulated on a FPGA. This information is then used to interact in real-time with a SW thermal model running on a host computer via an Ethernet port. The results show speed-ups of three orders of magnitude compared to cycle-accurate MPSoC simulators, which enable a very fast exploration of a large range of MPSoC design alternatives at the cycle-accurate level. Finally, our HW/SW framework allows designers to test run-time thermal management strategies with real-life inputs without any loss in the performance of the emulated system


Frederic C. Howe lived in interesting times. By education (at Johns Hopkins in the early 1890s) and instinct he was a progressive, in the best sense of that term. From the Cleveland of Tom Johnson to the Washington of FDR he "unlearned" his early predjudices and given values, yet "under the ruins" of it all he kept his idealism.Howe's autobiographical record was originally published in 1925. Out of print for some time, this book is now available in a paperback reprint, offering a new introduction by James F. Richardson, professor of history and urban studies at the University of Akron. Richardson's helpful analysis covers Howe's distinguished career in public life and evaluates his contributions to early twentieth-century America.


BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
Beginning in July 2002, all residencies were required to show that their residents were obtaining competency in six core areas defined by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME).

METHODS
In 2003, we surveyed all 444 family medicine program directors regarding the ACGME Core Competencies and how programs evaluated them.

RESULTS
A total of 287/444 (64.6%) responded. Almost all (279/287) had heard of the ACGME Core Competencies, and most (257/287) had begun to implement evaluation programs. Of program directors responding, 67.6% identified patient care as the most important competency. Evaluation methods most frequently used were active precepting (76.0%), record review (72.8%), and procedure logs (63.8%). The least commonly used tools were OSCE (9.1%), audit of computer utilization and knowledge (10.5%), and simulations (11.1%). Respondents identified time (74.3 %) and faculty development (13.0%) as primary implementation barriers.

CONCLUSIONS
Program directors believe that patient care is the most important competency. Some programs are not yet attempting to address the competencies, and some were unaware of the accreditation implications of noncompliance with the Outcome Project. Time was identified as the major barrier to implementing core competency evaluation methods.


The fabrication of microwave integrated circuits requires several tests to be carried out on wafer in order to check the effectiveness of the process. That is accomplished by measuring some parameters of a small group of test devices named PCM (Process Control Monitor), located on the same wafer and fabricated with the same process. In this paper a system is presented which integrates in a single workstation the experimental procedures, and the data processing which allow to carry out on line the more significant parameters of microwave GaAs FET. In order to achieve significant results in MMIC device modeling, a proper design of the PCM layout is required. This is accomplished by using special metallized patterns on GaAs, for the network analyzer calibration, which allow to define the reference planes very close to the active area of the device. A software package drives the user through all the operations up to the development of a small signal MESFET model, so that the procedure overcomes the peculiarity of laboratory experiment and gains the characteristic of a more general and operative tool, useful for recurrent applications.


We investigate the interaction between electromagnetic pulses and two-dimensional current sheets whose conductivity is controlled as a function of time by the generation of photocarriers, and we discuss its applicability to tunable frequency comb generation. To this aim, we develop an analytical model that permits the calculation of the scattered waves off a thin sheet with time-dependent, dispersive sheet conductivity. We evaluate the transmitted spectrum as a function of the dispersive behavior and the modulation frequency of the number of photocarriers. We conclude that such active materials, e.g., time-dependent graphene sheets, open up the possibility to manipulate the frequency of incident pulses and, hence, could lead to highly tunable, miniaturized frequency comb generation.


Enormous genomic resources have been developed for plants in the monocot order Poales; however, it is not known how useful these resources will be for other economically important monocots. Asparagales are a monophyletic order sister to class Commelinanae that carries Poales, and is the second most economically important monocot order. Development of genomic resources for and their application to Asparagales are challenging because of huge nuclear genomes and the relatively long generation times required to develop segregating families. We synthesized a normalized cDNA library of onion (Allium cepa) and produced 11,008 unique expressed sequence tags (ESTs) for comparative genomic analyses of Asparagales and Poales. Alignments of onion ESTs, Poales ESTs, and genomic sequences from rice were used to design oligonucleotide primers amplifying genomic regions from asparagus, garlic, and onion. Sequence analyses of these genomic regions revealed microsatellites, insertions/deletions, and single nucleotide polymorphisms for comparative mapping of rice and Asparagales vegetables. Initial mapping revealed no obvious synteny at the recombinational level between onion and rice, indicating that genomic resources developed for Poales may not be applicable to the monocots as a whole., Genomic analyses of Asparagales would greatly benefit from EST sequencing and deep-coverage, large-insert genomic libraries of representative small-genome model species within the "higher" and "lower" Asparagales, such as asparagus and orchid, respectively.


ABSTRACT Like numerous other local government systems in developed countries, Australian local government confronts daunting financial problems, perhaps most acutely evident in the emer-gence of a severe backlog in local infrastructure maintenance and renewal. Australian local government policy makers have relied to an unusual and extreme degree on compulsory coun-cil consolidation as the main policy instrument to tackle the financial crisis. This paper sets out the dimensions of the financial crisis and the attendant heavy reliance on forced amal-gamation and then goes to consider the efficacy of compulsory council consolidation as a means of improving financial viability in Australian local government through the prism pro-vided by eight national and state-based public inquiries into financial sustainability in local government over the past decade. With one exception, these inquiries are skeptical of the abil-ity of forced amalgamation to improve local authority financial viability.


 Abstract — 'Digital Divide' is a concept that has existed in this paradigm ever since the discovery of the first-generation technologies. Before the turn of the century, it was basically used to describe the gap between those with telephone communication access and those without it. At present, it is plainly descriptive in itself to illustrate the cavity among those with Internet access and those without. Though the concept of digital divide has been merely lying in sight for as long as time itself, the friction it caused has not yet been fully realized to solve major crisis situations. Unlike well-developed countries, Sri Lanka is still in the verge of moving farther away from a developing country in the race towards reaching a developed state. Access to technological resources varies from region to region, even within the island itself, with one region having a considerable percentage of its community exposed to the Internet and its related technologies, and the other unaware of such. Thus, this paper intends to analyze the roots for the still-extant gap instigated based on the concept of 'Digital Divide' and explores the plausible potentials that could be brought about by narrowing this prevailing percentage among the population, specifically entrenching the advantages reaped towards an economic augmentation and culture or lifestyle revolution on the path towards development.


Problem statement: The chitosan derivatives promote diverse defensive responses in plants, which are affected by chitosan chemical fea tures and concentration. Glucanase (EC 220.127.116.11), Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase (PAL, EC 184.108.40.206) and peroxidase (POD, EC 126.96.36.199) are key enzymes in tobacco defense responses. Thus, the aim of this study was to know the behavior of their enzymatic activity in leaves and roots of whole tob acco plants, previously elicited with chitosan derivatives of different molecular weight and acety lating degree. Approach: 25 day-old tobacco plants were treated with three chitosan derivatives (CH- 6 3, CH-88 and OLG) of different chemical features. True leaves and roots were sampled after three, six , nine and 12 days post-treatment for further evaluation of the enzymatic activities. Results: Chitosan treatments increased the activity of all three studied enzymes depending on the concentration and chemical feature of the derivative. The highest enzymatic activities with polymers occurred at 1 g L -1 while the oligochitosan mixture achieved good enzymatic levels as compared to controls from 0.1 g L -1 onwards. The Degree of Acetylation (DA) affected PAL activity; a more acetylated polymer in duced a higher activity than a less acetylated one. However, the low levels of acetylation favored POD activity. The systemic induction of enzymatic activities was detected in leaves of treated plants after root application. The effect of the acetylat ion degree was systemically transmitted to the leaves b y POD, but not by PAL activity; so the transmission of the acetylating degree influence beyond the tiss ue directly elicited by chitosan polymer depended o n each enzymatic response tested. Conclusion: This study proved that various chitosan derivative s induced and raised lasting β-1,3-glucanase, PAL and POD activities in tobacco l eaves and roots as local or systemic responses, which could lead to th e accumulation of secondary metabolites and formation of barriers that all together enhance pla nt resistance against pathogens.


Recent research has shown that ideas about the past are central to the way
people think about current food and construct alternatives. Yet there has
been a lack of detailed attention paid to these uses of the past, often
dismissed as nostalgic and inaccurate. This thesis examines the uses of
'heritage' as a very particular means of engagement with the past and takes
as its subject the increasingly high profile idea of 'heritage' vegetables. One
problem facing consumers and scholars alike hoping to understand the
phenomenon and its effects is that heritage discourse is being used in very
different and apparently contradictory ways by a wide range of interest
groups.
In order to understand the ways these different social actors use heritage to
negotiate a place for themselves relative to both the heritage at stake and
other groups, this study analysed a corpus of around 500 heritage vegetable
texts. The thesis argues that the discourse is driven by a central narrative of
loss, ongoing risk and guardianship, which serves to add value to materials,
by producing them as heritage. It goes on to identify a series of patterned
variations in the way social actors construct heritage value, variations
afforded by the mutable materiality of vegetables, seeds and plants. While
some groups emphasise the practice of heritage production and
consumption or the sensory experience to be enjoyed through it, other
groups deploy strategies to make the heritage more materially unambiguous.
The thesis then moves on to examine the importance of the concept of
guardianship, and its use as a mechanism for the staking of claims to
manage and thereby control heritage resources. It demonstrates that there is
a distinction to be drawn between those narratives which emphasise
practice, and those which emphasise material heritage 'treasure'. The former
work to construct an accessible and participatory 'networked' concept of
guardianship. The latter reinforce the role of professional heritage experts,
and the storage of heritage in secure, closed collections.
The thesis makes a contribution at the intersection of food and heritage
studies, at a time when heritage is being used in more and more contexts
relating to consumption and lifestyle. It suggests ways in which differences in
the construction of heritage value have great implications for who is
empowered to access the heritage thus created, and opens the way to
further research into the ways heritage is being used in healthy eating,
environmentalist and urban regeneration contexts.


ABSTRACT Conidae is a diverse family of carnivorous marine gastropods. They rapidly diversified during the Miocene and now they inhabit tropical and subtropical seas. Here we attempt to provide the first inventory of fossil conids from the late Miocene of Crete (Greece). This paper deals with the genera Conilithes and Conus (Kalloconus) da Motta, 1991 and will be followed by papers presenting other genera of the family. Using UV light, we described the residual colour patterns of eleven species, of which three are new: Conilithes herodus n. sp., Conus (Kalloconus) helladicus n. sp and Conus (Kalloconus) asterousiaensis n. sp. One species is in open nomenclature: Conilithes sp.. Six species are first recorded in the late Miocene of Crete: Conilithes brezinae (Hoernes & Auinger, 1879), Conilithes striatulus (Brocchi, 1814), Conus (Kalloconus) neumayri Hoernes & Auinger, 1879, Conus (Kalloconus) hendricksi (Harzhauser & Landau, 2016), Conus (Kalloconus) gulemani Erünal-Erentöz, 1958 and Conus (Kalloconus) letkesensis (Harzhauser & Landau 2016). Conilithes antidiluvianus (Bruguière, 1792) is the only species already recorded by past Greek authors. Firstly, our study reveals that only two species are restricted to the late Miocene of Crete (Conilithes herodus n. sp. and Conus (Kalloconus) helladicus n. sp.). Secondly, we found deep relationships with the conid assemblage from the Langhian of Paratethys (six shared species). This result could be interpreted as a conid fauna, present and widely distributed since the Langhian-Serravallian in both the Paratethys and the eastern Proto-Mediterranean. This fauna disappeared from Paratethys during the Serravallian, but probably persisted in the eastern Proto-Mediterranean, as suggested by the relationships with the Serravallian of Turkey and the Tortonian of Crete (this work). On the other hand, the weak relationships with the late Neogene of Italy might be biased because, for the comparison with Italian faunas, we used works that illustrated Conidae without UV light.


The work of adult educators such as Lindeman (1961), Kolb (1974), Knowles (1980), and Caffarella (2002) indicated the needs of the adult learner that should be considered when planning educational activities. Similarly, principles of what should occur in the higher education classroom were identified in the work of Bloom (1956), Fink (2003), and Bain (2004). This research sought to synthesize these two areas of study with the intent of establishing a model by which principles of adult education can be effectively integrated into the higher education classroom. Bloom's Taxonomy and Kolb's model were purposefully selected as pinnacle models in the areas of classroom teaching and adult education respectively. These models were synthesized into a new model that is designed to effectively implement principles of adult education in the higher education classroom while taking the needs of non-adult learners into consideration. The model was tested to verify its effectiveness in community college and regional university settings, which included both graduate and undergraduate courses. Results indicated the model was effective in teaching adult students while also accommodating non-adult students.


Transmission electron microscopy was used to examine replication of the New Jersey serotype of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSNJ) (Rhabdoviridae: Vesiculovirus) in Lutzomyia shannoni (Diptera: Psychodidae), a recently implicated sand fly vector. Following ingestion of an infectious blood meal, female sand flies were fixed and examined at approximately 12-hr intervals for six days. The New Jersey serotype of vesicular stomatitis virus was first detected in the abdominal midgut after 34 hr of incubation. Virus next appeared in fat body and the thoracic midgut at 48 hr, while salivary glands first contained visible virus in apical cavities 5-6 days after infection. Flight muscles and nervous tissue occasionally contained small numbers of VSNJ virions, while virus was never detected in the ovaries or malphigian tubules. The midgut and fat body appeared to be major sites of VSNJ virus replication. In all tissues examined, virus matured primarily by budding from the plasma membrane. Virions were occasionally observed within vacuoles, along with nucleocapsids. In the midgut, budding occurred exclusively from the basolateral plasma membrane, while maturation in salivary gland cells involved apical budding. Accumulation of virions adjacent to basal laminae surrounding several tissues suggested that this structure physically impedes virus dissemination within the sandfly. The paucity of virus budding 120-144 hr after infection suggested that the VSNJ virus infection was modulated in Lu. shannoni.


ABSTRACT Aim: The present study aimed to discover novel epigenetic biomarkers that could permit identification of CRC patients who are at high-risk of developing tumor recurrence following curative surgery and who are at high-risk of imminent tumor progression following treatments for unresectable cancer. Methods: Given that previous studies have clearly shown that microsatellite stable (MSS) CRC with BRAF mutations have worse outcomes compared to other subgroups, in the initial discovery phase we analyzed a 17-gene methylation biomarker panel consisting of differentially methylated loci in BRAF mutant (V600E) CRCs with microsatellite instability (MSI) and MSS. In the validation phase, we analyzed an independent cohort of 255 stage II/III CRCs that underwent curative resection and 103 stage IV CRCs. Results: We identified that among the 17-genes methylation panel; only MGMT methylation levels were predictive of disease recurrence in CRC. Extensive methylation of the MGMT promoter region was observed in 22% of stage II/III and 16% of stage IV CRCs, and this was significantly associated with relapse -free survival (RFS) (p = 0.03 by Wilcoxon test), but not with overall survival (p = 0.96 by Wilcoxon test) in stage II/III CRC following curative resection. By using Cox proportional hazards regression, for all stage II and III cases, the relative risk ratio for RFS was 2.2 (95%CI; 1.1 to 5.6, p = 0.0359) in MGMT unmethylated vs. methylated CRCs and was 0.62 (0.034 to 3.2, p = 0.627) in MSI vs. MSS CRCs. Of 103 stage IV CRCs, 69(68%) patients were diagnosed as unresectable (unresectable group) cases and 32 (32%) were resectable (resectable group). MGMT methylation was significantly improved overall survival in unresectable group (HR = 0.43 (0.17 to 0.94), p = 0.03, Cox proportional hazards regression). Conclusions: Our data firstly highlight the importance of MGMT methylation status as one of the promising predictive biomarkers that can robustly identify patients who are at risk for disease recurrence in patients following curative surgery in stage III CRC patients and predict the outcomes of stage IV CRC patients with unresectable disease lesions at the time of diagnosis. Disclosure: All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.


Abstarct Background: Base deficit is a non-respiratory indicator of acid base status that evaluates the severity of shock at the cellular level. Base deficit results from cellular metabolism of pyruvate under anaerobic conditions. In this situation, base deficit is a sensitive marker of the magnitude of anaerobic metabolism and tissue oxygen deficit [1]. Several studies have shown a strong positive correlation between base deficit and the risk of morbidity and mortality in clinical situations such as circulatory shock, extracorporeal support and in children after operation for complex congenital heart disease. Methods: 136 consecutive cases with coronary artery disease and valvular heart disease were scheduled in the study. 20 variables were determined during the preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative periods. Statistical univariate analysis was performed differentiating patients whose initial base deficit after weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass was -8 meq and these whose base deficit was equal or more than -8 meq. Results: 39 patients had base deficit levels less than -8 (Group A) and 91 had a level of >_ -8 meq/L (Group B). Patients with a base deficit level of -8 meq/L or more were older and most of them were women. The prevalence of left ventricular ejection fraction less than 30% and coronary artery disease was not significantly higher in patients with base deficit of >_ -8 meq/L . No difference was found according to the presence of hypertension or diabetes in patients with base deficit levels of –8 or higher than in those with base deficit levels less than –8 (P >0.05). In the univariate analysis of preoperative variables, there were no differences with respect to factors such as age, sex, diabetes, preoperative hemoglobin level, hypertension, emergency operation and redo operation. Congestive heart failure was different between the two groups (P < 0.05). Three variables had a statistically significant difference in the univariate analysis and two of them were highlighted by the linear logistic model. Conclusion: The value of base deficit which was measured during the immediate postoperative open-heart surgery period is correlated with the volume of fresh frozen plasma and blood transfusion after open heart surgery and using of intra-aortic balloon pump after surgery.


This paper presents the aerosol budget over Europe in 2006 calculated with the global transport model TM5 coupled to the size-resolved aerosol module M7. Comparison with ground observations indicates that the model reproduces the observed concentrations quite well with an expected slight underestimation of PM10 due to missing emissions (e.g. resuspension). We model that a little less than half of the anthropogenic aerosols emitted in Europe are exported and the rest is removed by deposition. The anthropogenic aerosols are removed mostly by rain (95%) and only 5% is removed by dry deposition. For the larger natural aerosols, especially sea salt, a larger fraction is removed by dry processes (sea salt: 70%, mineral dust: 35%). We model transport of aerosols in the jet stream in the higher atmosphere and an import of Sahara dust from the south at high altitudes. Comparison with optical measurements shows that the model reproduces the Angstrom parameter very well, which indicates a correct simulation of the aerosol size distribution. However, we underestimate the aerosol optical depth. Because the surface concentrations are close to the observations, the shortage of aerosol in the model is probably at higher altitudes. We show that the discrepancies are mainly caused by an overestimation of wet-removal rates. To match the observations, the wet-removal rates have to be scaled down by a factor of about 5. In that case the modelled ground-level concentrations of sulphate and sea salt increase by 50% (which deteriorates the match), while other components stay roughly the same. Finally, it is shown that in particular events, improved fire emission estimates may significantly improve the ability of the model to simulate the aerosol optical depth. We stress that discrepancies in aerosol models can be adequately analysed if all models would provide (regional) aerosol budgets, as presented in the current study. © 2011 Author(s).


Purpose: "The Influence of Practice Infrastructure on Practice Progress" was an evaluation review project designed to determine if investment in the infrastructure of an allied health profession would result in improved practice progress within that profession. Practice infrastructure included robust, profession-specific practice councils; local and regional practice leadership; and support for education infrastructure. Method: This review consisted of selecting three professions (psychology, therapeutic recreation, and respiratory therapy) that were at different stages in their practice evolution. Health care providers in these three professions participated in an online survey. Their practice progress was measured against 32 established professional practice benchmarks. Separate focus groups were then conducted in each profession for frontline staff, practice leaders, and operational leaders. Results: The results indicated that the professions with a greater degree of practice infrastructure development scored higher on the practice benchmarks. The project also indicated that a profession's practice priorities followed a hierarchy of needs that were related to the degree of practice infrastructure in that profession. Conclusions: It was concluded that all three practice infrastructure components are required for optimal practice performance and that the three components are interdependent. There is a need to invest in practice infrastructure, and this is particularly important in a program management model. The risks of not investing in this infrastructure include the loss of professional identify, weak profession advocacy, lack of a common voice, reduced shared decision making, and limited professional growth and development. Ultimately, enhancing practice infrastructure leads to improved practice standardization, clinical integration, and ongoing professional development, which in turn results in improved clinical competencies and outcomes. Future research could focus on the hierarchical placement and status of the regional practice leader positions. It would be interesting to follow one profession longitudinally as components of a professional practice infrastructure are added. The education infrastructure components could be interwoven into the practice goals for the practice leaders and the profession-specific practice councils.


One of the most causes to lose millions of lives around the world is Road Traffic Accidents (RTAs). According to the world health organization (WHO) report, 1.25 million people are killed each year as a result of RTAs, 20 to 50 million people were injured, and the number of killed people by RTAs is expected to increase further by 2020. The recent studies conclude that patient survival during a health emergency situation depends on the effective pre-hospital healthcare services, while the effective communication between the paramedics and prehospital staff is one of the important healthcare success factors. With the rapid growing of information and communication technology (ICT), wireless technologies and mobile services can provide viable solution to overcome the pre-hospital healthcare problems. The aim of this research is to improve the quality of prehospital emergency healthcare services at KSA by developing and implementing a mobile based emergency system. The proposed application is moving the diagnosis time to be started during traveling time witch accelerate the treatment. The proposed system shows satisfactory results in term of effectiveness and satisfaction


Behind some of the tall fences that compartmentalize domestic space in Inhambane hide luxurious gardens that are usually under the care of an individual who answers requests for cuttings and who seeks out, in everyday meanderings, new species to add to his or her collection. In this Mozambican city, gardeners articulate their engagement with plants as guided by an overriding principle: the love of plants. One gardener even described his plants as his lovers. What makes human-plant relations in Inhambane even more ethnographically intriguing is that the most romantic gardeners tend to be either young men or older women. In this essay, I engage with the growing posthumanist literature on multispecies ethnography and explore what it would entail to take the love of plants seriously. I ask whether the statement "my plants are my lovers" should be taken metaphorically or literally. I situate human-plant relations in Inhambane against the backdrop of the region's particular social and historical geographies—from a Portuguese settlement to a postsocialist, postwar society wrestling with growing inequality and the commodification of intimacy—and show how human-plant relations deserve to be understood both as ontological relations in their own right and as a response to the commodification of intimacy. I do not argue that the commodification of intimacy has led young men, in their search for new forms of affection, to fall in love with plants; falling in love with plants is contingent, not reactive. Rather, I suggest that human-plant relations are not only experienced and constructed in contrast to commodified forms of intimacies, but also offer a template for new interpersonal intimacies. My analysis of human-plant relations is informed by my wider interest in affective encounters, in the transformative potential of everyday engagement with the material world. I explore the transformative potential of affective encounters between plants and gardeners to start thinking about how new intimacies, new ways of being and relating, emerge and take shape.


Knowledge workers are central to an organization's success, yet their information management tools often hamper their productivity. This has major implications for businesses across the globe because their commercial advantage relies on the optimal exploitation of their own enterprise information, the huge volumes of online information, and the productivity of the required knowledge work. The Active project addresses this challenge through an integrated knowledge management workspace that reduces information overload by significantly improving the mechanisms for creating, managing, and using information. The project's approach follows three themes: sharing information through tagging, wikis, and ontologies; prioritizing information delivery by understanding users' current-task context; and leveraging informal processes that are learned from user behavior.


ABSTRACT Background: Investigators have reported inter-patient variability with regard to propofol dosage for induction of anesthesia, since early dose finding studies. With the arrival of generic formulations of propofol, questions have arisen regarding further variability in dose requirements. Various studies have confirmed that generic propofol preparations are pharmacokinetically and pharmacodynamically equivalent to Diprivan®. Nevertheless a number of practitioners are under the impression that certain generic propofol preparations require greater doses for induction of anaesthesia than does Diprivan®. Methods: 20 female patients of ASA status I-II, between the ages of 18–55 years, scheduled for routine surgery were randomly allocated to two groups to undergo induction of anaesthesia using two different propofol formulations; Diprivan® and Propofol 1% Fresenius®. Either preparation was administered using a target-controlled infusion of propofol (STEL-TCI) targeting the plasma (central) compartment at a concentration of 6 μg.ml−1, employing the pharmacokinetic parameters of Marsh et al. A processed EEG (bispectral index) was continuously recorded. Loss of consciousness (LOC) was regarded as the moment at which the patient could not keep her eyes open and was confirmed by the absence of an eyelash reflex. At this point propofol administration was discontinued and data were recorded for a further two minutes, before administering an appropriate opioid and/or nitrous oxide/volatile agent and/or muscle relaxant to maintain anaesthesia. Time to LOC after start of propofol administration, and the dose of propofol administered during induction were annotated. Results: There were no demographic differences between the groups. There were no differences between the groups with regard to the mean dose for LOC, time to LOC and to the mean BIS values obtained at the following stages: awake, at LOC, at 1 and 2 minutes after LOC as well as the lowest recorded value. Conclusions: Our results confirm that the two propofol formulations that we studied, are pharmacologically equivalent with regard to induction of anaesthesia. Other mechanisms can explain the variability in clinical response to bolus administration of propofol. The most important is the recirculatory or "front-end" kinetics of propofol in which cardiac output plays a major role, as well as the rate of drug administration. Emulsion degradation can also influence dose-response and in this regard it should be noted that the addition of foreign substances such as lignocaine, can result in rapid deterioration of the soya-bean emulsion.


Species may evolve on a reticulate network due to hybridization or other gene flow rather than on a strictly bifurcating tree, but comparative methods to deal with trait evolution on a network are lacking. We create such a method, which uses a Brownian motion model. Our method seeks to separately or jointly detect a bias in trait value coming from hybridization (β) and a burst of variation at the time of hybridization (vH) associated with the hybridization event, as well as traditional Brownian motion parameters of ancestral state (μ) and rate of evolution (σ2) of Brownian motion, as well as measurement error of the tips (SE). We test the method with extensive simulations. We also apply the model to two empirical examples, cichlid body size and Nicotiana drought tolerance, and find substantial measurement error and a hint that hybrids have greater drought tolerance in the latter case. The new methods are available in CRAN R package BMhyd.


While compensation consultants are known to play an important role in the design of executive compensation contracts, evidence on the effect of consultant incentives on CEO pay is mixed. Using compensation consultant observations with mandatory fee disclosures, which a prior study identifies as an optimal pay setter, we examine whether CEO pay is associated with consultants' incentives to retain clients, measured by fees for executive compensation services. In contrast to previous studies that find no support for repeat business incentives, we find evidence that CEO pay is higher when consultants receive abnormally high fees, demonstrating a strong incentive to retain the client, and that this positive association occurs only in weakly governed firms. This finding highlights the importance of consultant incentives and corporate governance in executive compensation settings.
 JEL Classifications: M12; G34; G38.
 Data Availability: Data used in this study are publicly available.


Atomistic simulations are carried out on a serials of symmetric and asymmetric Σ3 [1 1 0] and Σ5 [0 0 1] grain boundaries (GBs) of Cu to investigate their structures and mechanical response under tension. The equilibrium OK GB structures are generated by molecular statics simulation. It is found that Σ3 and Σ5 asymmetric GBs with different inclination angles are composed of only two structural units which are corresponding to their symmetric GBs. Molecular dynamics simulations are performed by applying a constant tensile strain on the bicrystal model with different Σ3 and Σ5 GBs. Simulation results show that the maximum tensile strength of the symmetric Σ3 and Σ5 GBs are higher than their asymmetric GBs, suggesting the symmetric GBs may have a more stable boundary structures.


This book aims to present the essential elements of international environmental law. The attached document includes a page memorializing the life of Alexandre Kiss (who passed away on March 22, 2007); a forward; a table of contents, author information, abbreviations, and Chapter 1, "An Introduction to International Law." The book provides a general overview of why and how the international system elaborates environmental obligations and monitors compliance with them. Second, it discusses the relationship between international obligations and national and local law, with particular reference to federal systems. It indicates another interrelationship, pointing out the influence national law has on the emergence of international law as well as the growing role of international norms in the development and enforcement of national and local environmental policies. Finally, it examines the extent to which environmental protection should be and is taken into account in other regulatory frameworks, from trade law and human rights to disarmament and refugee policy. The basic knowledge provided in this book should allow the reader to undertake further research on topics of environmental regulation at the international level and to understand the implications of international environmental law for national law and policy.


Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) involving the vulva are rare. We report the clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical findings of six cases of vulvar NHL. The age of the patients ranged from 43 to 71 years (mean 60 years), and 5 presented with a vulvar mass. Two patients had neoplasms localized to the vulva, and two patients had a history of NHL that secondarily involved the vulva; in another patient the stage was unknown, and the sixth patient had stage IVA mycosis fungoides/Sezary syndrome involving the vulva. Each tumor was classified according to the revised European-American classification of lymphoid neoplasms: four were diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, one was peripheral T-cell lymphoma, and one was mycosis fungoides/Sezary syndrome. Two patients were treated with chemotherapy and radiotherapy, one patient received chemotherapy and phototherapy, one patient was treated with chemotherapy, and in two patients the treatment is unknown. Clinical follow-up, available for 4 cases, ranged from 7 months to 5 years. One patient with low-stage NHL responded to therapy, but relapsed and died of disease 2 years later. Two patients with generalized NHL that secondarily involved the vulva died of disease 7 months and 5 years, respectively, after the diagnosis of vulvar involvement was established. The patient with mycosis fungoides/Sezary syndrome is alive with disease at 4 years. The three patients in this study who died and our review of the literature indicate that NHL involving the vulva is usually an aggressive disease.


PREFACE CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION LEARNING OUTCOMES Overview of Book Contents Abiding Controversies Recent Areas of Research Growth Additional Readings CHAPTER 2: ORIGINS OF MUSIC LEARNING OUTCOMES Prehistoric Music Adaptationist Accounts Theories Based on Reproductive Benefits Theories Based on Survival Benefits Nonadaptationist Accounts Precursors to Music Additional Readings CHAPTER 3: MUSICAL BUILDING BLOCKS LEARNING OUTCOMES The Elements of Sound Periodic Motion The Discovery of Music Within Sound Sensory Consonance and Dissonance Tuning Systems Sensitivity to Pitch Models of Pitch Perception Absolute Pitch Timbre Reconstructing Music Additional Readings CHAPTER 4: MUSIC ACQUISITION LEARNING OUTCOMES Musical Infants Music in the Womb Investigating Music Perception Among Infants Melodic Contour Consonance and Dissonance Pitch Relations Scale Structure Phrase Structure Harmony Key Rhythm Memory for Music Learning and Enculturation Additional Readings CHAPTER 5 : PERCEIVING MUSIC STRUCTURE LEARNING OUTCOMES Arrangements of Sound Relative Pitch Melodic Contour Scale Structure Large-Scale Structure Melodic Expectancies Implicit Memory for Music Implied Harmony Musical Key Implied Key Rhythm Additional Readings CHAPTER 6: MUSIC AND EMOTION LEARNING OUTCOMES Emotion Work Emotion and Cognition Theories of Music and Emotion Empirical Studies Do Listeners Agree on the Emotional Meaning of Music? How Do Listeners Respond Emotionally to Music? Compositional and Expressive Signals of Emotion What Properties of Music Lead to an Emotional Response? Is There a Universal Link Between Music and Emotion? Sources of Emotion in Music Additional Readings CHAPTER 7: MUSIC AND THE BRAIN LEARNING OUTCOMES What's in a Brain? The Search for Music Inside the Brain Neurological Disorders Techniques of Neuroimaging Neuroimaging and Music A Rapidly Evolving Field Additional Readings CHAPTER 8: PERFORMING MUSIC LEARNING OUTCOMES Playing Music Acquiring Performance Skill Communicating Musical Structure Communicating Emotional Meaning Singing Improvising Gestures and Facial Expressions Evaluating Performance The Craft of the Performer Additional Readings CHAPTER 9: COMPOSING MUSIC LEARNING OUTCOMES The Radius of Creativity Composers and Listeners Cognitive Constraints on Composition Composing with Multiple Voices Where Do New Ideas Come From? The Craft of Music Composition CHAPTER 10: MUSIC AND OTHER ABILITIES LEARNING OUTCOMES Is Music Unique? Short-Term Effects of Music Long-Term Benefits of Music Educational Implications Additional Readings GLOSSARY REFERENCES AUTHOR INDEX SUBJECT INDEX


The article deals with the concept of falsification of documents, which was de jure and de facto established in the new edition Criminal Code of the Republic of Lithuania (2000). The Criminal Code which came in to effect in 1 May 2003 in fact changed the old concept of document falsification, because it discarded corpus delicti of official duty documents and established a new corpus delicti which encompasses all forms of corpus delicti as far as falsification of document goes. While analyzing the subject of document falsification the author emphasizes the fact that management order, which was understood as action of subjects of normal particular management order, in the Criminal Code of 1961 edition had been defined as the subject of document falsification. In the new Criminal Code edition, in the author's opinion, the subject of the crimes becomes the functionality and dependability of legal turnover and this value and its substance are universal as well as protection of the interests of all participants of legal turnover. The second important point accentuated in the article is the definition of object–document of the crime. The author states that it is evident that a classic definition of official document that has been confirmed with law and dominated in the doctrine for a long time is incomplete today, since it does not correspond the current situation. The author proposes the following to consider as falsification of a document: each written act or other object of material world, containing the information with legal meaning that according its nature and meaning is the prove of right or duty or origin, modification or termination of legal actions. The author also proposes the following to consider as the subject of document falsification and to consider as document falsification the unlawful modification of the following: computer data, that is held as a document according to its nature and legal meaning and provisions of the Law on Electronic Signature of the Republic of Lithuania and the purpose of which is to prove the conditions and facts having legal meaning and to record origin, modification and termination of various rights and duties. The author states that all other computer data that cannot be referred as document according to its nature, is the subject of data modification and modification of such data cannot be referred as document falsification. While analyzing the document as the subject of document falsification separately from the stock as the subject of stock falsification, the author proposed to follow the stock emission approach. According to the author, serial stock emission which is performed en masse can not be referred to as the subject of document falsification, while so called casual stock that have one time emission must be referred to as the subject of document falsification. Actus reus of document falsification that is fraud, intellectual and material ways of document falsification are further analyzed in the article. While interpreting on fault content as a part of document falsification the author presents an opinion that beside the moments that are characteristic to the direct intention, the "objective" or "desire" of culprit to put the fake of false document into the legal turnover must emerge into intention content.


Recirculation zone plays an important role in flame stabilization in combustors and gas turbines. The location, size, and strength of recirculation zones are important features of a combustor. However, the quantitative role of recirculation zones in affecting soot formation from an aero combustor is not fully understood. In a turbulent flow field with swirling flows and high frequency oscillations of the inflow jets, inner recirculation zones and outer recirculation zones have different functions in determining soot evolution. In this study, large-eddy simulation (LES) of soot formation with detailed physical and chemical models is used in order to study the dynamic aspects of soot formation. The soot population is modeled using the hybrid method of moments (HMOM), while the gas phase precursor evolution is modeled using detailed chemical kinetics. A model aero combustor, studied experimentally at DLR, is used as the baseline flow configuration. The simulations are used to understand the transport of soot particles within such complex flows. In particular, the ability of recirculation regions to increase soot formation by increasing residence times is explored. A Lagrangian particle tracking (LPT) analysis is carried out and statistical roles of recirculation zones are determined from these streamlines. Furthermore, source term analysis of these particles are performed to determine the key physical processes that contribute to soot mass in the recirculation zones. From a numerical stand-point, such soot evolution introduces limitations for statistical convergence, which will also be discussed. In particular, a time-scale analysis will be conducted to determine total computational time needed to obtain converged soot statistics.


This report provides the first progress assessment of climate actions launched at the 2014 UN Climate Summit in New York. It considers the distribution and performance of climate actions along multiple dimensions that are relevant to both mitigation and adaptation. While it is too early for a conclusive assessment of the effectiveness of climate actions, this study makes a first and indispensable step toward such an assessment. Initial findings are encouraging. One year after their launch, most climate actions have performed well in terms of producing outputs, putting them on track to implementing their commitments in the coming years. The research for this project is underpinned by the Global Aggregator for Climate Actions (GAFCA), a database developed between January and September 2015 by a research team at the German Development Institute/Deutsches Institut fur Entwicklungspolitik (DIE) and the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE). GAFCA includes data on organizational characteristics, geography of implementation and output performance of climate actions. It creates the foundation for a long-term systematic examination of climate actions that can inform more effective efforts to strengthen such actions. Our analysis is focused on three broad questions: Have organizers of the 2014 UN Climate Summit engaged a wide range of non-state and sub-national actions that set targets relevant to both mitigation and adaptation? Do climate actions align with the interests of both developing and developed countries, and do they achieve an appropriate balance in implementation in the global North and South? Have climate actions started to deliver on their commitments one year since they were launched at the 2014 UN Climate Summit? (Output performance)


We construct the most general chirally-invariant Lagrangian for mesons in the presence of external sources coupled to the tensor current \bar psi sigma_mu nu psi. In order to have only even terms in the chiral expansion, we consider the new source of O(p2). With this choice, we build the even-parity effective Lagrangian up to the p6-order (NLO). While there are only 4 new terms at the p4-order, at p6-order we find 78 terms for n_f=2 and 113 terms for n_f=3. We provide a detailed discussion on the different mechanisms that ensure that our final set of operators is complete and non-redundant. We also examine the odd-parity sector, to conclude that the first operators appear at the p8-order (NNLO).


Although accusative object marking has been widely studied in Spanish, there do not appear to be sociolinguistic studies addressing its variation and possible change, despite evidence of loss of the marker from Dominican Spanish. This paper describes the findings of a study on the marking of human accusative objects in Cuban Spanish that compared two time periods and two generational cohorts with spoken data from the 1960s and 1990s. A significantly lower rate of object marking was found for the later time period, as well as similar rates for one generational cohort studied at both times. The findings of a logistic regression analysis suggested that loss of the object marker is a change in progress constrained by definiteness of the object. It is shown that the pattern found here for Cuban Spanish is more similar to Old Spanish than to Modern Spanish.


Aim To compare the axial eye length growth of the two fellow eyes within one patient after unilateral paediatric cataract surgery and to assess changes in refraction and keratometry. Patients/methods A retrospective study in 90 eyes of 45 patients was performed. The 45 patients were divided into group 1 (patients younger than 18 months at the time of surgery, n=25) and group 2 (patients 18 months or older at the time of surgery, n=20). The axial eye length, spherical equivalent refraction and keratometry were measured during surgery and at follow-up. All outcome data in the operated eyes were compared with the outcome data of the fellow non-operated eyes. The Student t test was used for statistical analysis. Values of p<0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results In group 1 the absolute growth (mm) of the operated eyes was borderline statistically significantly less than in the fellow non-operated eyes (p=0.049). No statistically significant difference in the rate of axial growth between the two eyes was found (p=0.25). A larger myopic shift (p=3.85×10−5) and a larger change in keratometry (p=0.02) were found in the operated eyes. In group 2 no statistically significant differences were found between the two eyes. Conclusion We did not find a statistically significant difference in axial length growth between the operated eyes and fellow non-operated eyes in our unilateral paediatric cataract patients.


The aim of this research was to investigate the permeability of sodium silicate grouted sand specimens having various gradations and relative densities. Initially, rheological properties of sodium silicate grouts were studied. The gel time decreased as the sodium silicate content increased. Viscosities of sodium silicate grouts increased as the silicate content increased. Syneresis of sodium silicate grout gels increased with the increase of silicate content up to a point and then started decreasing sharply. The penetrability of chemical grouts with different sodium silicate contents into various graded sand specimens prepared at different relative densities was highly successful. Grouted sand samples were kept in humid conditions at a temperature of 20°C until testing time and were subjected to permeability tests at different time intervals. In general, sodium silicate grouting reduced the permeability of various graded sand specimens. The permeability of grouted sand specimens slightly increased with time as a result of syneresis.


Despite the progress made in digital signal processing during the last decades, the constraints imposed by high data rate wireless communications are becoming ever more stringent. The development of the wireless internet of things with a massive machine-to-machine communications raised the importance of power consumption for sophisticated algorithms, such as channel equalization or decoding. The strong link existing between computational speed and power consumption suggests an investigation of signal processing with energy efficiency as a prominent design choice. Therefore we revisit the topic of signal processing with analog circuits and its potential to increase the energy efficiency. Channel equalization is chosen as one application of nonlinear signal processing, and a vector equalizer based on a recur-rent neural network (RNN) structure is taken as an example to demonstrate the potential of state of the art in very large scale integration (VLSI) design. We show for this example that it is possible to achieve an energy requirement of few pJ/bit, an improvement of three to four orders of magnitude compared with the most energy efficient digital circuits. As a second example, we consider iterative decoding algorithm based on message passing. They can be represented by a generalized RNN structure. Again, this allows to derive an equivalent analog circuit. Compared to digital circuits, analog circuits allow to perform iterative decoding or equalization with increased computational speed, reduced chip area and power consumption.


This article provides a critical assessment of the Gradual Learning Algorithm (GLA) for probabilistic optimality-theoretic (OT) grammars proposed by Boersma and Hayes (2001). We discuss the limitations of a standard algorithm for OT learning and outline how the GLA attempts to overcome these limitations. We point out a number of serious shortcomings with the GLA: (a) A methodological problem is that the GLA has not been tested on unseen data, which is standard practice in computational language learning. (b) We provide counterexamples, that is, attested data sets that the GLA is not able to learn. (c) Essential algorithmic properties of the GLA (correctness and convergence) have not been proven formally. (d) By modeling frequency distributions in the grammar, the GLA conflates the notions of competence and performance. This leads to serious conceptual problems, as OT crucially relies on the competence/performance distinction.


The development of gender diversity in leadership positions is a critical need for many companies as they develop strategies for how they will compete in the future. In this article, we test hypotheses about diverse leadership succession, using survey and archival data. Survey data were collected from executives and managers who responded to questions about their succession planning, successors, and the context of diversity in their work environments. Results indicate that the nomination of women as successors was positively associated with more favorable diversity climates for women. Furthermore, we found that the nomination of female successors was positively associated with the performance of incumbent managers who nominated them as their successors. We also found that the performance of incumbent managers moderated the relationship between diversity climate and the nomination of female successors. Lower-performing incumbents were less likely than higher-performing incumbents to nominate women as successors when the diversity climate was unfavorable. When the diversity climate was favorable, lower performers were more likely and higher performers were equally likely to nominate women as successors. We found no differences in the degree of objectivity in incumbents' descriptions of the strengths of female successors versus their male counterparts or in the degree of subjectivity in their developmental needs. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


Color discrimination requires the input of different photoreceptor cells that are sensitive to different wavelengths of light. TheDrosophila visual system contains multiple classes of photoreceptor cells that differ in anatomical location, synaptic connections, and spectral sensitivity. The Rh5 and Rh6 opsins are expressed in nonoverlapping sets of R8 cells and are the onlyDrosophila visual pigments that remain uncharacterized. In this study, we ectopically expressed Rh5 and Rh6 in the major class of photoreceptor cells (R1–R6) and show them to be biologically active in their new environment. The expression of either Rh5 or Rh6 in "blind" ninaE17 mutant flies, which lack the gene encoding the visual pigment of the R1–R6 cells, fully rescues the light response. Electrophysiological analysis showed that the maximal spectral sensitivity of the R1–R6 cells is shifted to 437 or 508 nm when Rh5 or Rh6, respectively, is expressed in these cells. These spectral sensitivities are in excellent agreement with intracellular recordings of the R8p and R8y cells measured inCalliphora and Musca. Spectrophotometric analyses of Rh5 and Rh6 in vivo by microspectrophotometry, and of detergent-extracted pigments in vitro, showed that Rh5 is reversibly photoconverted to a stable metarhodopsin (λmax = 494 nm), whereas Rh6 appears to be photoconverted to a metarhodopsin (λmax = 468 nm) that is less thermally stable. Phylogenetically, Rh5 belongs to a group of short-wavelength-absorbing invertebrate visual pigments, whereas Rh6 is related to a group of long-wavelength-absorbing pigments and is the first member of this class to be functionally characterized.


Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are small molecule inhibitors that selectively interfere with the intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity of proteins in cellular signal transduction pathways and thereby block receptor autophosphorylation and activation of downstream signal transducers. TKIs are increasingly used in anticancer pharmacotherapy, often resulting in substantial improvements in overall survival and quality of life of patients. However, their usually limited accumulation in brain tissue may limit their efficacy towards malignancies in the brain. An important factor for this limited brain accumulation could be due to the presence of active drug efflux transporters such as P-glycoprotein (P-gp; ABCB1) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP; ABCG2) at the blood-brain barrier (BBB). By utilizing mouse models deficient of ABCB1 and/or ABCG2, we aimed to increase the brain accumulation of TKIs in mice using several approaches, including coadministration of elacridar, a dual inhibitor of Abcb1 and Abcg2, or saturation of ABCB1 and ABCG2 with high initial plasma concentrations of drug.

In this thesis, we have demonstrated the usefulness of single and combination transporter knockout mouse models to study the impact of ABCB1 and ABCG2 on oral availability and brain accumulation of drugs, including sunitinib, crizotinib and everolimus in vivo. We have also shown that concomitant use of elacridar can effectively increase brain penetration of sunitinib, N-desethyl sunitinib and crizotinib in wild-type mice, albeit slightly less effectively for N-desethyl sunitinib. In addition, we also demonstrated that a high initial plasma concentration of sunitinib can lead to partial and complete saturation of Abcb1 and Abcg2 transport activities, respectively, in the BBB of wild-type mice. Consequently, this approach resulted in highly increased brain concentrations of sunitinib in wild-type mice.

By using mice heterozygous for Abcb1 and Abcg2 gene disruptions, we found that halving the amount of Abcb1 and Abcg2 at the BBB only resulted in very small (<2-fold) or no significant increases in brain accumulation of dasatinib, sorafenib and sunitinib, whereas homozygous knockout mice displayed highly increased brain accumulation of these TKIs. These results have provided additional experimental support for the theoretical pharmacokinetic model of Kodaira et al. (J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2010, 333:788-96), which describes that the seemingly disproportionate effect of simultaneous removal of both Abcb1 and Abcg2 on the accumulation of their shared substrates in the brain can be explained by their separate contributions to the net efflux at the BBB, without postulating any direct or indirect interaction between Abcb1 and Abcg2.

It is important to note that upregulation of carboxylesterase (CES) enzymes in some of the knockout strains that we have developed may cause complications with a drug that can bind to, or be hydrolyzed by, these enzymes. Therefore, great caution is needed when interpreting results obtained for such drugs in these mouse strains. In addition, we have identified everolimus as an inhibitor of human CES1 and CES2, albeit slightly less potent for CES1. This would mean that inhibition of hepatic CES1 and especially intestinal CES2 by everolimus might play a role in drug-drug interactions with coadministered drugs.


It is in the Middle East that the U. S. has been made to confront its attitudes on the use of force, the role of allies, and international law. The history of the U. S. in the Middle East, then, becomes an especially revealing mirror on Americas view of its role in the wider world. In this wise, objective, and illuminating history, Lawrence Freedman shows how three key events in 1978-79 helped establish the foundations for U. S. involvement in the Middle East that would last for thirty years, without offering any straightforward or bloodless exit options: the Camp David summit leading to the Israel-Egypt Treaty; the Iranian Islamic revolution leading to the Shahs departure followed by the hostage crisis; and the socialist revolution in Afghanistan, resulting in the doomed Soviet intervention. Freedman makes clear how Americas strategic choices in those and subsequent crises led us to where we are today. A Choice of Enemies is essential reading for anyone concerned with the complex politics of the region or with the future of American foreign policy.


The role and contributions of women in war, and anti-colonial and nationalistic struggles have become the subject of intense research and analysis over the past two decades. In South Africa, the nationalistic struggle against the apartheid regime was a collective effort by men and women. Yet, to a very large extent, anti-apartheid discourses are male centred, focusing on well-known heroes of the struggle, their life in exile and their contributions. Women's activism is still at the periphery of nationalistic discourses; the impact of the struggle on the wives of political activists is even less visible. This article examines the daily survival and experiences of the wives of political activists in the anti-apartheid struggle who resided in Natal between the 1950s and 1980s, at the height of the anti-apartheid movement. Wives bore the heaviest burdens of the struggle, in the context of social ostracism, depression, stigmatisation, financial hardships, and violations of their human rights and coping with an "absentee husband". In this article I argue that the perennial absence of their spouses from the home and women's lives had multiple effects on families, and that family dynamics and gender relations were negotiated and re-structured. Regional socio-economic and political conditions shaped women's personal and political identities. New theoretical frameworks emerging from this article will add to the regional histories of the nationalistic movement in South Africa in the context of gender roles and family dynamics.


Citrus pulp, wet and dehydrated, has importance as natural anthelmintic, by having in its composition essential oils with large amounts of terpenes, which are secondary metabolites that can cause interference in biochemical and physiological parasites functions. Packed cell volume (PCV) is a tool for indirect diagnosis of infections caused by Haemonchus contortus, since this parasite is a haematophagous nematode that causes severe anemia in animals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the results of PCV and fecal egg count per gram of feces (EPG) in sheep naturally infected fed with dried citrus pulp or wet citrus pulp silage. The experiment was carried out at Instituto de Zootecnia, from June to august/2012, with 45 Santa Ines ewe lambs divided into three groups (15 animals / treatment), according to weight and initial EPG. The ewes lambs from each treatment were kept at different paddocks of Panicum maximum cv. Aruana grass and supplemented with corn silage and with 1% (DM basis) of corn grain (T1 - control) or dried citrus pulp (T2) or wet citrus pulp silage (T3). Blood and feces samples were collected for packed cell volume determination by centrifugation and feces by examination in McMaster chambers. Analysis of variance was performed after data transformations (log (X+10)) and means compared by the SNK test at 5% probability (SAS). The means of group 1, 2 and 3 did not show statistic difference (P> 0.05) on PCV : 25.92 ± 3.94%, 26.95 ± 04.01% and 27.47 ± 5.32%, respectively, however, the value 25.92% PCV on the T1 is lower than the reference value for sheep. Regarding the EPG, the ewe lambs of T1 had the highest mean (P <0.05) for trichostrongylides (2051 ± 3747) compared with the two others treatments (T2: 1485 ± 2031) and T3 (2151 ± 4509) that were similar between them. In contrast, the mean for Strongyloides spp. counts were higher in T 3 (295 ± 664 - P <0.05), whereas T 1 (45.7 ± 104.8) were similar to T 2 (72.2 ± 132.6). The means for Eimeria spp. and Moniezia spp. were not different between treatments, with overall mean of 941.9 ± 29.9 and 1492.5 ± 184, respectively. Dried citrus pulp and wet citrus pulp silage reduce trichostrongylides egg counts, but are not effective on control of Eimeria spp. and Moniezia spp.