This thesis explores the concept and expression of musicality in the absolute visual music film, in which visual presentations are given musical attributes such as rhythmical form, structure and harmony. The role of music has, in general, been neglected when analysing visual music textually and if discussed it has been examined predominantly from the academic vantage points of art and avant-garde film theory. To adequately scrutinise these texts I consider it essential to look at them not only in terms of their existence as moving pictures but also to give equal weight to their aural aspect and to consider them in terms of specifically musical parameters. This thesis therefore seeks to redress previous imbalances by undertaking a close analysis of the expressly musical qualities of these texts. Drawing on the seemingly disparate areas of film theory, art history, music theory and philosophy, it takes an interdisciplinary approach to investigating the measurable influence that wider contextual, philosophical and historical developments and debates in these areas bore on the aesthetics of specific visual music films.
By drawing on the analogy of the absolute in music to demonstrate how musical concepts can function across the disciplinary boundaries of music and film, the first half of this thesis illustrates how musical ideas can be applied both formally and conceptually to the moving image in order to elucidate the musical characteristics of the text. Using the notion of the absolute as a conceptual framework allows for a thorough overview of changing trends and aesthetics in music, film and art and the visual music film. The centrality of notions of the absolute to visual music is demonstrated through close analysis of films by Viking Eggeling, Hans Richter, Walter Ruttmann, Norman McLaren, James Whitney and Jordan Belson.
The second part of this thesis concentrates less on the philosophical vestiges carried over from musical thought to the visual music film, instead focusing on the variety of techniques and technological developments that evolved in tandem with the visual music film, each simultaneously exerting an influence on one another. It explores the effect that colour processing had on not only the visual but the overall audiovisual structure of the visual music film through a textual analysis of Kreise (1933) by Oskar Fischinger. It also investigates how particular styles of musical composition dictated the development of specific technical processes such as painting directly onto the celluloid strip, in order to capture the syncopated and frenetic musicality of jazz music. The case studies here are Begone Dull Care (1949) by Norman McLaren and A Colour Box (1935) by Len Lye. Further to this, it examines how the technical processes of animated sound emerged in the search for a greater correlation between the visual and sound tracks of the visual music film through close analysis of Synchromy (1971) by Norman McLaren and the optical sound films of Guy Sherwin.
Finally, this thesis marries the inquiry into technological innovation of its second half with the historical, aesthetic and philosophical concerns of earlier chapters by considering the work of visual music pioneer John Whitney. Focusing on his digitally produced visual music films, the thesis explores Whitney's enduring concern with the unification of sound and image through the shared foundation of mathematical harmony.


This text's systematic organization, prototype approach, and effective pedagogy will help your students make sense of the complex world of pharmacology. Written by nursing pharmacology faculty, this text takes a totally fresh approach to the teaching of pharmacology. It is the first ever to fully integrate pharmacology with the nursing process and present it in a framework that encourages students to 'think' nursing pharmacology. Its goal is to maximize therapeutic effect and minimize adverse reactions; it accomplishes this through the use of a nursing management map to help students understand how to customize patient drug therapy, according to drug and patient variables. Units are organized by body system and chapters by drug classification and therapeutic uses; text uses the prototype approach to teach drug information. Adult, pediatric, geriatric and pregnant and lactating patient considerations. Concept Maps, Critical Thinking Clinical Scenarios, End-of-Chapter Questions for Study & Review, Illustrated Physiology Displays and Selected Drug Tables skillfully support the text discussions. A student workbook as well as a Book link Web Site are also available.


Las Vegas Valley has had a long history of groundwater development and subsequent surface deformation. Much research has been done to estimate parameters within the Las Vegas Basin, but this research represents the first effort to use parameter estimation techniques to inversely calibrate hydrogeologic aquifer parameters for the principal aquifer of the entire basin. Three different inversion strategies are invoked to determine the most accurate and computationally efficient method for estimating transmissivities T and elastic and inelastic skeletal storage coefficients ( S ke and S kv ) at the basin scale: the zonation method (ZM), the adaptive multi-scale method, and the differential evolution adaptive metropolis Markov chain Monte Carlo scheme (DREAM MCMC). The three inversion methods are compared and contrasted based on quantitative measurements of model fit, computational efficiency, and user flexibility. The results indicate that overall, the adaptive multi-scale method, which is able to efficiently reconstruct the T , S ke , and S kv zones while providing more flexibility and accuracy than the other two methods, is the best strategy for calibrating optimal model parameters and providing a framework for developing an accurate hydrogeologic model for Las Vegas Valley.


ABSTRACT Numerous studies have provided suggestive evidence that the loss of plasmids correlates with the loss of infectivity of the Lyme disease spirochetes. In this study we have further investigated this correlation. Clonal populations were obtained from the skin of a mouse infected for 3 months with a clonal population of Borrelia burgdorferi B31MI. The complete plasmid compositions of these populations were determined using a combination of PCR and Southern hybridization. The infectivities of clones differing in plasmid composition were tested using the C3H-HeJ murine model for Lyme disease. While several clones were found to be noninfectious, a correlation between the loss of a specific plasmid and loss of infectivity in the clones analyzed in this report was not observed. While it is clear from recent studies that the loss of some specific plasmids results in attenuated virulence, this study demonstrates that additional mechanisms also contribute to the loss of infectivity.


In the current paper, we analyzed the variation of cosmic radiation flux with elevation, time of the year and ambient temperature with the help of a portable cosmic muon detector, the construction of which was completed by a team from Southern Arkansas University (SAU) at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL). Cosmic muons and gamma rays traverse two synchronized scintillators connected to two photomultiplier tubes (PMT) via light guides, and generate electronic pulses which we counted using a Data Acquisition Board (DAQ). Because muons are the product of collisions between high-energy cosmic rays and atmospheric nuclei, and therefore shower onto earth, the scintillators were arranged horizontally for detection. The elevation measurements were recorded at different locations, starting from 60 feet below sea-level at the Underground Radiation Counting Laboratory at Johnson Space Center, TX, to 4200 feet at Mt. Hamilton, CA. Intermediate locations included sea-level Galveston Bay, TX, and Mt. Magazine, AR (2800 feet). The data points showed a noticeable increase in flux as elevation increases, independent of latitude. Measurements investigating the dependence of cosmic rays on temperature and time of the year took place locally in Magnolia, AR. We found that cosmic muon flux is uniform, appears to be independent of conditions on earth, and is anti-correlative with temperature. We are convinced that the sun has minimal to zero effect on cosmic-ray flux; it cannot be a major contributing source of this background radiation. The source of cosmic radiation remains one of the biggest unanswered questions in physics today.


1. A clinical condition is described in which there are symptoms of compression of the caudal nerve roots on standing or walking, but not at rest. Seven cases are reported. 2. Myelography showed a block in the lumbar region in every case. 3. At operation narrowing of the spinal canal in part of its lumbar course was found. 4. The nature of the abnormality is discussed. It is suggested that the narrowing is due to encroachment on the spinal canal by the articular processes.


As computer performance and graphics hardware continue to improve, the gamer is increasingly being presented with richer and more realistic visual environments. Viewing these virtual environments is generally still based upon display technology that does not exploit two very important characteristics of our visual system, namely stereoscopic vision that is responsible for the enhanced depth perception we see in the real world and a wide field of view that allows us to sense activity in our far peripheral vision. In what follows it will be argued that for immersive gaming a wide field of view is both functionally more useful and places less stress on the visual system than stereoscopic viewing. In order to support gaming with a wide vertical and horizontal field of view a low cost projection system will be introduced and the implications for game developers discussed.


This guide serves as a resource for policy makers and staff of conservation and population organizations who wish to integrate population dynamics into environmental planning for sustainable development. It presents the basic rationale for linking population and environmental issues, including the demonstrable impact that population dymanics and rising consumption are having on the environment. At the same time, it acknowledges the difficulty of achieving integration due to long-entrenched disciplinary and institutional specialization. A number of mechanisms for achieving integration are presented, including placement of demographers within national planning organizations, or creation of country-based networks of population and conservation professionals. For those less familiar with previous research, the book includes a primer on demographic change and models and frameworks for understanding the links between population dymanics (births, deaths, growth, migration) and environmental change.


Flash LADAR cameras based on continuous-wave, time-of-flight range measurement deliver fast 3D imaging for robot applications including mapping, localization, obstacle detection and object recognition. The accuracy of the range values produced depends on characteristics of the scene as well as dynamically adjustable operating parameters of the cameras. In order to optimally set these parameters during camera operation we have devised and implemented an optimization algorithm in a modular, extensible architecture for real-time applications including robot control. The approach uses two components: offline nonlinear optimization to minimize the range error for a training set of simple scenes followed by an online, real-time algorithm to reference the training data and set camera parameters. We quantify the effectiveness of our approach and highlight topics of interest for future research.


Just like bugs in single-threaded programs can lead to vulnerabilities, bugs in multithreaded programs can also lead to concurrency attacks. Unfortunately, there is little quantitative data on how well existing tools can detect these attacks. This paper presents the first quantitative study on concurrency attacks and their implications on tools. Our study on 10 widely used programs reveals 26 concurrency attacks with broad threats (e.g., OS privilege escalation), and we built scripts to successfully exploit 10 attacks. Our study further reveals that, only extremely small portions of inputs and thread interleavings (or schedules) can trigger these attacks, and existing concurrency bug detectors work poorly because they lack help to identify the vulnerable inputs and schedules. Our key insight is that the reports in existing detectors have implied moderate hints on what inputs and schedules will likely lead to attacks and what will not (e.g., benign bug reports). With this insight, this paper presents a new directed concurrency attack detection approach and its implementation, OWL. It extracts hints from the reports with static analysis, augments existing detectors by pruning out the benign inputs and schedules, and then directs detectors and its own runtime vulnerability verifiers to work on the remaining, likely vulnerable inputs and schedules. Evaluation shows that OWL reduced 94.3% reports caused by benign inputs or schedules and detected 7 known concurrency attacks. OWL also detected 3 previously unknown concurrency attacks, including a use-after-free attack in SSDB confirmed as CVE-2016-1000324, an integer overflow , HTML integrity violation in Apache and three new MySQL data races confirmed with bug ID 84064, 84122, 84241. All OWL source code, exploit scripts, and results are available at https://github.com/ruigulala/ConAnalysis.


There are two versions of the Dirichlet problem for the heat equation on an arbitrary open set in Euclidean space. For one of them, there is already a characterization of resolutivity in terms of caloric measure. We prove that there is a similar characterization for the other, that the measure involved is essentially the same caloric measure, and that a boundary function is resolutive with respect to one version of the problem if and only if it is resolutive with respect to the other. We also prove that, for any boundary function, the upper solutions for the two versions coincide.


In an attempt to understand the potential impact of Human Rights Education (HRE) at community colleges, this article calls for an open discussion of human rights and service-learning. I argue that framing my Social Problems course with a servicelearning requirement from a human rights perspective offers students a formative educational experience that fosters respect for humanity and introduces the struggle for human rights at home and abroad. Working with vulnerable populations in the community, students can experience the ways in which local organizations and agencies promote human rights. In providing access to my teaching plan, I hope that other teachers will see how HRE and service-learning offer the space for students to connect theory and practice. It is through praxis that educated, global citizens and teachers can further the universal struggle in human rights.


The aim of the research was to develop a method for determining the values of aviation oils during their oxidation based on the theories of chemical kinetics. Studies of the thermal-oxidative stability (TOS) of aviation lubricating oils based on polyesters for gas turbine engine aircraft were carried out using the method based on GOST 23797-79. The values of the kinematic viscosity at temperatures of 100 °C and minus 40 °C, as well as the acid number of samples of oils LZ-240, ASMO-200M, ASMO-220 and VASMO-225M, oxidized for 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 hours at temperatures of 200, 225 and 240 °C were determined. Based on the results obtained, kinetic graph changes in oil parameters are constructed, the reaction order is determined, and models of changes in oil parameters during oxidation based on the Arrhenius equation and the Van't-Hoff rule are proposed. The calculation error does not exceed 10%. Dependencies of oxidation temperature and oxidation time are built, where maximum permissible values of oil parameters are achieved. These function allow you to evaluate the operability of oils and the quality margin according to its TOS.


Automatic detection of emergent leaders in small groups from nonverbal behaviour is a growing research topic in social signal processing but existing methods were evaluated on single datasets – an unrealistic assumption for real-world applications in which systems are required to also work in settings unseen at training time. It therefore remains unclear whether current methods for emergent leadership detection generalise to similar but new settings and to which extent. To overcome this limitation, we are the first to study a cross-dataset evaluation setting for the emergent leadership detection task. We provide evaluations for within- and cross-dataset prediction using two current datasets (PAVIS and MPIIGroupInteraction), as well as an investigation on the robustness of commonly used feature channels and online prediction in the cross-dataset setting. Our evaluations show that using pose and eye contact based features, cross-dataset prediction is possible with an accuracy of 0.68, as such providing another important piece of the puzzle towards real-world emergent leadership detection.


Knowledge bases have become ubiquitous assets in today's Web. They provide access to billions of statements about real-world entities derived from governmental, institutional, product-oriented, bibliographic, bio-chemical, and many other domain-oriented and general-purpose datasets. The sheer amount of statements that can be retrieved for a given entity calls for ranking techniques that return the most salient, i.e., globally relevant, statements as top results. In this paper we analyze and compare various strategies for assigning global relevance scores to DBpedia facts with the goal to derive the best one among these strategies. Some of these strategies build on complementary aspects such as frequency and inverse document frequency, yet others combine structural information about the underlying knowledge graph with Web-based co-occurrence statistics for entity pairs. A user evaluation of the discussed approaches has been conducted on the popular DBpedia knowledge base with statistics derived from an indexed version of the ClueWeb09 corpus. The created dataset can be seen as a strong baseline for comparing entity ranking strategies (especially, in terms of global relevance) and can be used as a building block for developing new ranking and mining techniques on linked data.


The Anglican Communion appears to be seeking to rule some in and some out on the grounds of "orthodoxy." In that context, a discussion of the creed in worship may help to illustrate the relationships between doctrine, performance, and practice. This article suggests that F. D. Maurice's understanding of the use of the creed offers a way forward for Anglicans: the "performance" of the creed as a focus for the name of God becomes far more important than assent to propositions. This understanding might help Anglicans in living with diversity while acknowledging an underlying baptismal unity. Reading the creed as a corporate hymn of praise to triune Love might encourage God-fearing people to live in humble adoration of the One who loves them-without growing anxious about precisely what, or even whether, the other people who are singing God's praise "believe." It is hard to know what people make of creeds today. My hunch is that most people, and even most Christians, however pious, do not spend much time reading creeds of any sort, let alone the Nicene Creed. Popular apologetic programs like the Alpha Course are, perhaps rather surprisingly, distant from the creeds, and instead focus on a few selected articles and a few things (like particular models of the atonement and charismatic experience) which are not in the creeds at all. In fact, the most likely place to encounter creeds is not in any teaching situation at all, but instead at a service in a church which uses a formal liturgy. And here, especially since the demise of Matins and Evensong as regular congregational sendees in most English churches, with their use of the Apostles' Creed,1 it will be the so-called Nicene Creed2 that will be most frequently encountered in the Church of England and in many other parts of the Anglican Communion. This is something still said, and occasionally even sung, at celebrations of the eucharist, at least on Sundays and holy days. I will begin this essay by taking this liturgical context seriously and start by thinking in some detail about reading the creed in the setting of worship. Trying to work out why it is there and what it is for is important and might say something about the nature of the Nicene Creed more generally, about what form it has and precisely what sort of thing "I believe" or "we believe" might mean for Christians. Consequently I will be asking through the course of this paper: what are we doing when we read the Nicene Creed in worship? In the context of an Anglican Communion that appears to be seeking to define its boundaries more clearly and to rule some in and some out on the grounds of "orthodoxy,"3 it seems pertinent to look again at the role of the creed in worship. While I am not primarily attempting an essay in ritual or liturgical studies, a discussion of the creed as used at the eucharist can serve as an illustration of the relationship between doctrine, performance, and practice-and it can also be of some use for the contemporary church. What I will suggest is that the sort of understanding of the use of the Nicene Creed outlined by F. D. Maurice in the mid-nineteenth century offers a way forward for Anglicans, whereby the performance and affirmation of the creed primarily as a focus for the name of God becomes far more important than assent to propositions.4 Such a performative understanding of the creed might be a model for Anglicans as they seek to live with diversity while acknowledging an underlying baptismal unity. The Creed in the Liturgy As with most things to do with liturgy, the origins of the use of the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed at the eucharist are shrouded in mystery: however, there is good evidence to suggest that it was regularized by the Patriarch of Constantinople, Timotheus (511-517), during the reign of Anastasius (491-518) in 511.5 It may have been first adopted in Antioch in 471 by the bishop, Peter the Fuller (476-488), although this may be a later interpolation into the historian s text. …


This Essay offers some reasons why conservatives should favor giving great weight to precedent in constitutional adjudication. Let me start with some preliminary observations about the debate between originalism and precedent more generally. First, the debate has been dominated to far too great an extent by specific cases, Roe v. Wade (1) in particular. It is distressing that the only issue that has seemed to matter in recent confirmation hearings is what a nominee thinks about Roe v. Wade. Similarly, in the precedent versus originalism debate, much of the discussion--even in the law reviews--is animated by what commentators think about Roe v. Wade. So, if you think Roe v. Wade was an illegitimate usurpation of power by the judiciary, and you want to overrule it, it somehow follows that you think all constitutional law should be based on something other than precedent. On the other hand, if you like Roe v. Wade, and you want to reaffirm it, somehow all precedent must be a good thing. This is an extraordinarily myopic way of thinking about the problem. Those who regard themselves as conservatives and embrace some of the values that David Strauss mentions--the rule of law, stability and predictability in the law, judicial restraint, the belief that social policy decisions should be made by elected representatives of the people rather than by the judges (2)--should not have their views on precedent versus originalism driven by one case. Second, we cannot resolve the debate by adopting the conceptual apparatus of one school or the other, and by pointing out that the rival approach has no place within the conceptual apparatus we adopt. To a large extent, originalism and precedent reside in parallel universes that do not intersect. The case for originalism starts with legal positivism, the idea that only enacted law is the law of the land. (3) Starting from this assumption, it follows that when there is an ambiguity in the law, we should try to resolve it by determining the meaning of the lawgiver. Such an approach naturally leads to looking at original sources for interpreting the law. As Steven Calabresi implicitly frames the question, "Does originalism say that precedent can trump the enacted law?" (4) The answer, of course, is "No, it does not." If we start from originalist premises, we do not leave much room for precedent or stare decisis. Conversely, if one starts from the universe of precedent, that universe is founded in the Holmesian observation that the law is, ultimately, the judgments of the courts. (5) If you adopt this perspective, you say, "Well, what predicts the judgments of courts is the precedents of courts, and therefore precedent is law." So, if we want to know whether or not following precedent is permissible, we find the answer by looking to precedent. And guess what we find? Judges say we ought to follow precedent. So precedent it is. This universe does not leave much space for the Constitution and enacted law. Thus, we have two parallel universes that operate on different planes: the universe of enacted law, and the universe of judge-made law. One cannot reason from the premises of one to oust the other. The reality is that every Justice, at least since the days of the Marshall Court, has relied to some extent on both originalist reasoning and precedent. Professor Calabresi is absolutely correct that when moments of high drama and crisis arise, the Justices tend to revert to the constitutional text and to the statements of the Framers. (6) On the other hand, studies of the Justices have indicated that approximately eighty percent or more of the authorities they cite in their constitutional opinions are precedents of the Supreme Court. (7) The most careful study examined the opinions of Justices Rehnquist and Brennan, who were the prototypical ideological outliers at the time the study was conducted. (8) Presumably, centrist judges rely on precedent to an even greater extent. …


Two methods are presented for dealing with impurities in unknown samples subjected to spectroscopic analysis. In one method, a residual is calculated, and its relative length is used to "flag" that particular sample as a suspect. In the second method, a representation is found for the impurity from the analysis of standard samples without knowing its concentration. This representation is used to deal with the impurity in unknowns. All spectra are Fourier transformed, and terms of the transforms are selected as coordinates of vectors. The vectors for standard mixtures are factor analyzed to determine eigenvectors which are used to represent both the analytes and impurities.


With the increase in multi-media data over the Internet, query by example spoken term detection (QbE-STD) has become important in providing a search mechanism to find spoken queries in spoken audio. Audio search algorithms should be efficient in terms of speed and memory to handle large audio files. In general, approaches derived from the well known dynamic time warping (DTW) algorithm suffer from scalability problems. To overcome such problems, an Information Retrieval-based DTW (IR-DTW) algorithm has been proposed recently. IR-DTW borrows techniques from Information Retrieval community to detect regions which are more likely to contain the spoken query and then uses a standard DTW to obtain exact start and end times. One drawback of the IR-DTW is the time taken for the retrieval of similar reference points for a given query point. In this paper we propose a method to improve the search performance of IR-DTW algorithm using a clustering based technique. The proposed method has shown an estimated speedup of 2400X.


Increasingly, there is agreement that the hospitality industry, particularly the restaurant sector, can significantly impact people's eating behaviour. This impact includes the nutritional intake of meals many restaurants sell that may lead to problems such as the growing obesity epidemic. This preliminary study investigates consumers' attitudes towards their eating out experience as it relates to their reasons for eating out and the importance that nutrition may place in their experience when eating out. Findings suggest differences in consumer attitudes towards these issues based on their gender, educational achievement level and type of restaurant they frequent. Nutritional awareness and education strategies do not appear to be reaching groups that are more exposed and/or more prone to unhealthier food consumption. Overall, consumers do not seem interested in education or involvement in healthier consumption.


Although, a variety of methods have been employed to determine sediment transport along Goa coast, the results differ in some sections. Fifteen studies have been reviewed, compared, re-assessed and a corrected shore drift map of the Goa coast is prepared and presented. Advantages and limitations of these methods are discussed. The present review and re-assessment confirms that, though sediment transport is bi-directional, the long-term net shore drift direction along Calangute and Colva beaches is southward. The overall net shore drift direction along Goa coast is also towards south. It is qualitatively determined that except for 3 short drift cells, shore zone has long-term stability. Finally, it is concluded that landform indicator study using remote sensing can be an effective method for determining long-term net shore drift along the coast.


The threat posed by modern network attacks requires novel means for detection of intrusions, as regular signature-based systems fail to cope with the amount and diversity of attacks. Recently, several methods for detection of anomalies in network payloads have been proposed to counteract this threat and identify novel attacks during their initial propagation. However, intrusion detection systems must not only flag malicious events but also provide information needed for assessment of security incidents. Previous work on payload-based anomaly detection has largely ignored this need for explainable decisions. In this paper, we present instruments for visualization and explanation of anomaly detection which can guide the decisions of a security operator. In particular, we propose two techniques: feature differences, for identifying relevant string features of detected anomalies, and feature shading, for highlighting of anomalous contents in network payloads. Both techniques are empirically evaluated using real attacks and network traces, whereby their ability to emphasize typical patterns of attacks is demonstrated.


ABSTRACT To conduct a policy analysis, students must master foundational concepts and apply them using critical and evaluative thinking. A film-based assignment allows students to practice the steps of policy analysis in a low-stakes setting that requires a limited investment of time. Ideally, the assignment is used as an initial practice exercise before engaging in applied projects later in the semester. The applied projects are enhanced because students already have used the steps of policy analysis and been given feedback in a sheltered setting. We suggest using animated films for this assignment because they force students to define problems, solutions, and criteria without reference to existing practices or dominant perspectives. Therefore, student time and instructor feedback is devoted to developing what Bardach termed "first-rate thinking." Concentrating attention on logical thought processes builds a strong foundation for further training in policy analysis.


Multiple petaflops-lass machines will appear during the coming year, and many multipetaflops machines are on the anvil. It will be a substantial challenge to make existing parallel CSE applications run efficiently on them, and even more challenging to design new applications that can effectively leverage the large computational power of these machines. Multicore chips and SMP nodes are becoming popular and pose challenges of their own. Further, a new set of challenges in productivity arise, especially if we wish to have a broader set of applications and people to use these machines. Reviewed here is a set of techniques that have proved useful in multiple parallel applications that have scaled to tens of thousands of processors, on machines such as the Blue Gene/L, Blue Gene/P, Cray XT3, and XT4. New challenges and potential solutions for the performance issues are identified. Issues presented by multicore chips and SMP nodes also rre addressed. Also reviewed are some new and old ideas for increasing productivity in parallel programming substantially.


As sea water apart from liquid ammonia has the highest heat capacity of any solid or liquid the deposits collecting on the deep-sea floor, in favourable localities, give a far better record than the land of past temperature changes, provided the dominant component is planktonic Foraminifera, and that the rate of sedimentation of at least one of the other components has remained constant with time. There are three possible methods whereby past temperature changes in the upper layer of the Equatorial Atlantic Ocean can be revealed. The first is the productivity method. As the minimal factor which influences the productivity of planktonic Foraminifera is apparently temperature, it is possible in the ideal case where the rate of sedimentation of the non-calcareous components has remained constant with time; and where there has been no contribution to the carbonate content other than by the shells of planktonic Foraminifera, and provided there has been no appreciable solution of carbonate, to follow the changing temperature in the upper layer of the sea by determining the CO2 content in a series of samples throughout the length of the core. This method is clearly applicable to the more general case where the rate of sedimentation of only one of the non-calcareous components has remained constant with time. A new technique has been developed for determining accurately the CO2 content in globigerina ooze cores. The second method, due to Mr Ovey, depends on the species distribution of planktonic Foraminifera in 1000 specimens > 127 μ. The third method has been developed by Professor Urey and depends on the 18O content of individual planktonic species. Consideration is given to the possibility of the CO2 changes being spurious and unrelated to temperature changes. Perhaps the most convincing argument against this hypothesis is the similarity between the carbonate curve in the Atlantic core and the carbonate accumulation curves for the Pacific cores, as well as in the number of maxima and minima and in their respective ages. In the top portion of an undisturbed pilot core, there are apparently CO2 oscillations of a shorter period. A continuous series of sections, approximately ½ cm thick, were taken down this core. It has been possible to determine the total weight of non-calcareous components, dried at 105° C, in a column of unit area down to any depth in the core, and by correlating two distinct CO2 oscillations with two climatic changes of known ages, the mass contribution per year can be computed. The inverse relation between TiO2, Fe2O3 and CaCO3 suggests that there has been no marked deviations in the rate of sedimentation of the non-calcareous components with time. On this assumption, it is possible to compute the age at any depth. There is an apparent agreement between the ages of these oscillations and the ages of known second-order climatic changes. The fact that the age according to these computations of the top of the core is A. D. 1838 gives support to these correlations. There are two effects to be clearly distinguished: first, a long period change and secondly, minor oscillations superimposed on these major changes. The necessity for the development of a simple coring device to take short but wide undisturbed cores, which are truely representative of the natural sedimentary column of the deep-sea-floor, is pointed out.


Strategies to reduce blood loss and the need for transfusions in surgery include enhancement of coagulation, inhibition of fibrinolysis, and an improved decision algorithm for transfusion based on bedside monitoring of global hemostasis. The synthetic antifibrinolytic drug tranexamic acid has emerged as an effective alternative in this respect for orthopedic and cardiac surgery. Although it seems less effective than aprotinin, it has not been associated with the increased risk of mortality of the latter. Thromboelastography to monitor the global hemostatic capacity and to guide the appropriate use of blood components in cardiac surgery is also effective in reducing the need for transfusion. Patients on antithrombotic drug therapy may need reversal before surgery to avoid excessive blood loss, or intraoperatively in cases of unexpected bleeding. Available options are protamine for unfractionated or low-molecular-weight heparin, recombinant activated factor VII for fondaparinux, prothrombin complex concentrate for vitamin K antagonists and possibly for oral factor Xa inhibitors, dialysis and possibly activated prothrombin complex concentrate for oral thrombin inhibitors, desmopressin for aspirin and possibly for thienopyridines, and platelet transfusions for the latter.


BACKGROUND
Caries prevention traditionally has emphasized the restriction of cariogenic foods and beverages, but it has placed less emphasis on how the choice, combination and sequence of consumed foods and beverages may help reduce plaque acidogenicity. The authors conducted a study to examine whether whole milk, 100 percent apple juice or tap water affect dental plaque acidity in people after a sugary challenge.

METHODS
Twenty adults participated in a randomized controlled crossover study. Participants consumed four combinations of foods: 20 grams of dry sugary Froot Loops (FL) (Kellogg's, Battle Creek, Mich.) cereal, 20 g of FL followed by 50 milliliters of milk (FL/milk), 20 g of FL followed by 50 mL of juice (FL/juice) and 20 g of FL followed by 50 mL of water (FL/water). The authors used a touch microelectrode to take plaque pH readings at the interproximal space just below the contact area between the maxillary premolars on both left and right sides at two and five minutes after FL consumption and at two to 30 minutes after milk, juice or water consumption.

RESULTS
Consumption of FL plaque pH (standard deviation [SD]) was 5.83 (0.68) at 30 minutes, whereas plaque pH (SD) in the FL/milk group was 6.48 (0.30), which was significantly higher than that for FL/juice (5.83 [0.49]) or FL/water (6.02 [0.41]) (P < .005) at 35 minutes.

CONCLUSION
Drinking milk after a sugary cereal challenge significantly reduced plaque pH drop due to the sugary challenge.

PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS
When discussing the cariogenicity of foods and beverages with patients, dentists and other health care professionals should emphasize that the order of ingesting sugary and nonsugary foods is important and may affect their oral health.


This program is designed to compute a given mineral chemical analysis in terms of a specific collection of molecular members or molecular end members. The method employed is quite general and may be extended to a mineral chemical analysis composed of any number of oxides. The program as written, however, is limited to those analyses composed of at most seven oxides. The program is written in Fortran IV language for the Philco 2000 computer.


Thoroughly updated throughout, the fourth edition of The Gendered Society explores current thinking about gender, both inside academia and in our everyday lives. Michael Kimmel challenges the claim that gender is limited to women's experiences--his compelling and balanced study of genderincludes both masculine and feminine perspectives. Part 1 examines the latest work in biology, anthropology, psychology, and sociology; Part 2 provides an original analysis of the gendered worlds of family, education, and work; and Part 3 explores gender interactions, including friendship and love, sexuality, and violence. Kimmel makes three bold and persuasive statements about gender. First, he demonstrates that gender differences are often extremely exaggerated; in fact, he argues that men and women have much more in common than we think they do. Kimmel also challenges the pop psychologists who suggest that gender difference is the cause of inequality between the sexes; instead, he reveals that the reverse is true--gender inequality itself is the cause of the differences between men and women. Finally, he illustrates that gender is not merely an element of individual identity, but a socially constructed institutional phenomenon. The fourth edition features a new chapter on gender and religion; increased coverage of bisexuality and transgender issues; a series of text boxes ("Oh, Really?") that dispel gender myths; more photos and art; and an expanded Instructor's Manual that provides additional teaching and testingsuggestions. An expanded Instructor's Manual and Test Bank (9780199738588) includes chapter summaries, short-answer questions, essay questions, class discussions/assignments, learning objectives, and multiple-choice questions. Essential reading for both students and scholars, The Gendered Society, Fourth Edition, is an authoritative, incisive, and lively statement about contemporary gender relations from one of the country's foremost thinkers on the subject. Kimmel's companion anthology, The Gendered Society Reader, Fourth Edition (OUP, 2010), coedited with Amy Aronson, provides a perfect complement for classroom use. PACKAGE the textbook and the reader together and save your students 20%! Please call Customer Service at 800.280.0280 for details.


Semi-active base isolation system has been proposed mainly to mitigate the base drift of isolated structures while in most cases, its application causes the maximum acceleration of superstructure to be increased. In this paper, designing optimal semi-active base isolation system composed of linear base isolation system with low damping and magneto-rheological (MR) damper has been studied for controlling superstructure acceleration and base drift separately and simultaneously. A multi-objective optimization problem has been defined for optimal design of semi-active base isolation system which considers a linear combination of maximum acceleration and base drift as objective function where Genetic algorithm (GA) has been used to solve the optimization problem. H2/Linear Quadratic Gaussian (LQG) and clipped-optimal control algorithms have been used to determine the desired control force and the voltage of MR damper in each time step. For numerical simulation, a four-story base isolated shear frame has been considered and for different values of weighting parameter in objective function, optimal semi-active base isolation system has been designed under various design earthquakes. The results show that by using base isolation system and supplemental MR damper, the superstructure acceleration and base drift can be suppressed significantly. Also, it has been concluded that by selecting proper values for maximum acceleration and base drift related weighting parameters in objective function, it is possible to mitigate the maximum acceleration and base drift simultaneously. Furthermore, semiactive control system has worked successfully under testing earthquakes regarding design criteria.


In this paper, we address the problem of distributed sparse recovery of signals acquired via compressed measurements in a sensor network. We propose a new class of distributed algorithms to solve Lasso regression problems, when the communication to a fusion center is not possible, e.g., due to communication cost or privacy reasons. More precisely, we introduce a distributed iterative soft thresholding algorithm (DISTA) that consists of three steps: an averaging step, a gradient step, and a soft thresholding operation. We prove the convergence of DISTA in networks represented by regular graphs, and we compare it with existing methods in terms of performance, memory, and complexity.


Since most of the coast lines of Japanese Islands are faced on the open sea and are always attacked by severe waves, beach erosion is one of serious problems in the coastal engineering field. Although Japan has all types of coastal land-forms except the glacial shoreline, remarkable recessions of coast line have been observed at sea cliffs and sandy beaches. The recession of sea cliffs has been found at several districts in Japan since old times. But, beach erosion has become increasingly severe since the early 1950's. The main causes of beach erosion are the reduction in sediment supply from rivers and the interception of the longshore paths of sediment. The former is caused by the river improvement works and by the construction of dams and debris barriers or Sabo works. The later is caused by the coastal structures, such as jetties, groins, breakwaters, and flood-control outlets. In addition a new type of beach erosion has been observed at the coast where coast protection works such as seawalls and bulkheads exist. The beach erosion defence works are being executed at more than 300 sites in Japan. Considerable number of the works were commenced in the 1960's.


Abstract. The present analysis compares the estimated breeding values (EBVs), relative breeding values (RBVs), and daughter yield deviations (YDs) of cows with exceptional longevity with their contemporary herdmates. In addition, the relative breeding values of their sires were compared among these two daughter groups; the RBVs of the sires were also compared with the proportion of their daughters with exceptional longevity. Data included 5037 sires born between 1963 and 1996 with a total of 61 988 daughter; of these sires, 486 had sired daughters that completed more than nine lactations (exceptional cows) and 4957 sires had sired the contemporary herdmates. Exceptional cows had on average significantly lower EBVs for milk yield, fat and protein yield, and significantly lower YDs for milk and protein yield in the first three lactations, significantly lower RBVs for milk production and type but significantly higher RBVs for somatic cell score and functional longevity. The sires of exceptional cows had significantly higher RBVs for somatic cell count (RZS), functional longevity (RZN), and fitness (RZFit) in comparison to the sires of contemporary herdmates. Correlations among the proportion of exceptional cows per sire and RZN, RZS as well as RZFit were positive, whereas milk production (RZM) showed a negative correlation. An increase in the number of cows with exceptional longevity may be possible through a relative total breeding value with high positive weights for RZN, RZS, and RZFit but negative weights for RZM and type (RZE).


Data Mining and Hidden Knowledge Innovation (DMHKI) is one of the fast growing computer science fields. Its reputation is caused by an increased demand for tools that help with the analysis and understanding of huge amounts of data in Clinical Database. Such data are generated on a daily basis by Hospitals. This explosion came into being through the ever increasing use of computers, scanners, digital cameras, bar codes, etc. We are in a situation when rich sources of data, stored in databases, warehouses, and other data repositories, are readily available. This in turn causes big interest of medicalsocieties in the field of DMHKI. What is needed is a clear and simple methodology for extracting the knowledge that is hidden in the database. In this chapter, an integrated DMHKI process model based on the emerging technologies like XML, PMML, SOAP, UDDI, and OLE BD-DM is introduced. These technologies help designing flexible, semi-automated, and easy to use DMHKI model. They enable the building of knowledge repositories. They allow for communication between several data mining tools, databases and knowledge repositories. They also enable integration and automation of DMHKI tasks. The Journal describes a Seven-step DMHKI process model, the above mentioned technologies, and their implementation details.


Two kinds of 3D label free Bio-Transfer-Standards (BTS) have been further developed at the University of Helsinki (UH). The first one, NanoRuler, is a staircase BTS featuring eight fatty acid bilayers which allows vertical calibration in the range of 5 to 40 nm. The second one, NanoStar, is a V-shaped BTS featuring two 5 nm tall bilayers that overlap at 10° angle. This standard enables the determination of the Instrument Transfer Function (ITF). A stability test was conducted on the BTSs, during which the standards were stored in laboratory conditions, and were profiled each week. Profiling was done using a custom-built Scanning White Light Interferometer (SWLI). The stability of NanoStar was ± 0.3 nm, and of NanoRuler ± 0.5 nm to ± 2.5 nm. The BTSs maintained their specified properties for at least six months and therefore allow vertical calibration and ITF determination. In addition, changes in surface morphology of one NanoRuler subjected to water immersion are presented. This paper reports intermediate findings during an ongoing stability test that will run for 24 months.


The use of models to try to better understand reality is ubiquitous. Models have proven useful in testing our current understanding of reality; for instance, climate models of the 1980s were built for science discovery, to achieve a better understanding of the general dynamics of climate systems. Scientific insights often take the form of general qualitative predictions (i.e.,"under these conditions, the Earth's poles will warm more than the rest of the planet"); such use of models differs from making quantitative forecasts of specific events (i.e. "high winds at noon tomorrow at London's Heathrow Airport"). It is sometimes hoped that, after sufficient model development, any model can be used to make quantitative forecasts for any target system. Even if that were the case, there would always be some uncertainty in the prediction. Uncertainty quantification aims to provide a framework within which that uncertainty can be discussed and, ideally, quantified, in a manner relevant to practitioners using the forecast system. A statistical formalism has developed that claims to be able to accurately assess the uncertainty in prediction. This article is a discussion of if and when this formalism can do so. The article arose from an ongoing discussion between the authors concerning this issue, the second author generally being considerably more skeptical concerning the utility of the formalism in providing quantitative decision-relevant information.


In wireless communications, the relative strength of the direct and scattered components of the received signal, as expressed by the Ricean K factor, provides an indication of link quality. Accordingly, efficient and accurate methods for estimating K are of considerable interest. In this paper, we propose a general class of moment-based estimators which use the signal envelope. This class of estimators unifies many of the previous estimators, and introduces new ones. We derive, for the first time, the asymptotic variance (AsV) of these estimators and compare them with the Cramer-Rao bound (CRB). We then tackle the problem of estimating K from the in-phase and quadrature-phase (I/Q) components of the received signal and illustrate the improvement in performance as compared with the envelope-based estimators. We derive the CRBs for the I/Q data model, which, unlike the envelope CRB, is tractable for correlated samples. Furthermore, we introduce a novel estimator that relies on the I/Q components, and derive its AsV even when the channel samples are correlated. We corroborate our analytical findings by simulations.


Since 2014, the European Union has established three funds (for Africa, Syria, and refugees in Turkey) to implement its external migration policy. In this Article, we analyse whether these funds and their implementation are compatible with EU public procurement law. This leads to a mixed picture. The wholesale exemption of expenditure under the EU Trust Fund for Africa from public procurement is incompatible with EU law; the exemption is not motivated, and it is implausible that there is a crisis in all 26 African countries where the Trust Fund operates thorough the duration of the Trust Fund. However, some more limited exceptions may apply, allowing for exempting particular projects from public procurement. Whether or not public procurement has taken place is often not transparent. It is remarkable that the notion of emergency is used in a cursory manner. It is equally remarkable that European public procurement law is not well integrated in external migration policy.


The exponential model for the spectrum of a time series and its fractional extensions are based on the Fourier series expansion of the logarithm of the spectral density. The coefficients of the expansion form the cepstrum of the time series. After deriving the cepstrum of important classes of time series processes, also featuring long memory, we discuss likelihood inferences based on the periodogram, for which the estimation of the cepstrum yields a generalized linear model for exponential data with logarithmic link, focusing on the issue of separating the contribution of the long memory component to the log-spectrum. We then propose two extensions. The first deals with replacing the logarithmic link with a more general Box-Cox link, which encompasses also the identity and the inverse links: this enables nesting alternative spectral estimation methods (autoregressive, exponential, etc.) under the same likelihood-based framework. Secondly, we propose a gradient boosting algorithm for the estimation of the log-spectrum and illustrate its potential for distilling the long memory component of the log-spectrum.


Roboticists often formulate estimation problems in discrete time for the practical reason of keeping the state size tractable. However, the discrete-time approach does not scale well for use with high-rate sensors, such as inertial measurement units or sweeping laser imaging sensors. The difficulty lies in the fact that a pose variable is typically included for every time at which a measurement is acquired, rendering the dimension of the state impractically large for large numbers of measurements. This issue is exacerbated for the simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) problem, which further augments the state to include landmark variables. To address this tractability issue, we propose to move the full maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) problem into continuous time and use temporal basis functions to keep the state size manageable. We present a full probabilistic derivation of the continuous-time estimation problem, derive an estimator based on the assumption that the densities and processes involved are Gaussian, and show how coefficients of a relatively small number of basis functions can form the state to be estimated, making the solution efficient. Our derivation is presented in steps of increasingly specific assumptions, opening the door to the development of other novel continuous-time estimation algorithms through the application of different assumptions at any point. We use the SLAM problem as our motivation throughout the paper, although the approach is not specific to this application. Results from a self-calibration experiment involving a camera and a high-rate inertial measurement unit are provided to validate the approach.


Home Plate is a plateau in the Columbia Hills of Gusev Crater. It is dominated by igneous minerals (olivine, pyroxene, and magnetite) with small amounts of alteration minerals (hematite and nanophase oxides). Surrounding Home Plate are deposits containing diverse secondary mineral assemblages: Fe3+-sulfates deposits at Paso Robles, Dead Sea, Shredded, Arad, Tyrone, and Troy; Hematite-rich outcrops between Home Plate and Tyrone; SiO2-rich deposits possibly containing pyrite and/or marcasite at Fuzzy Smith; SiO2-rich, possibly opaline silica, deposits at Northern Valley, Eastern Valley, and Tyrone; and Mg-Fe-carbonate outcrops at Comanche in the Columbia Hills. Here, we focus on using thermochemical modeling to understand the secondary alteration mineralogy at the Home Plate outcrop and surrounding Columbia Hills region in Gusev Crater.

We use CHILLER to evaluate mineral assemblages that are likely to form from the Martian Home Plate, Barn-Hill class rock Fastball in contact with a dilute fluid at various pressures, temperatures, and water-rock ratios.

In our models, hematite dominates the alteration assemblage at high W/R at 150°C, but is generally produced at W/R above 10. Goethite only forms at low temperature and W/R above 40 with a maximum around 100 and again around 100,000. Pyrite is produced at all temperatures but only at relatively high W/R. These results imply intermediate to high W/R and low to intermediate temperatures during alteration of the Home Plate region. Additional acidic brine, while not strictly excluded, is not required to form many of the observed phases. In contrast, the phyllosilicates recently invoked from orbital observations indicate neutral to alkaline conditions – either accompanying the silica precipitation or as a separate event. For future exploration, our results emphasize that the observation of assemblages is critically important to understand mineral formation conditions and that minor phases such as fluorite can give valuable insights into host rock chemistry and alteration conditions.


Nanoalloys are of interest in many fields of research such as catalysis, sensing and
energy storage. They are, however, challenging to model due to the large number
of available atomic configurations. In this thesis, the first-principle based method
of cluster expansion is used to study atomic ordering and surface segregation of the
PdAuCu system. It is shown that under vacuum conditions, Au shows a pronounced
tendency to segregate towards the surface in relation to both Cu and Pd, while the
CuPd system shows a slight excess of Pd at the surface. In addition, it is found that
the AuCu system as well as the full AuCuPd system exhibit phase segregation in
bulk due to several ordered phases, while AuPd and CuPd show complete miscibility.


Rose Edouin (nee Bryer) and her husband, entrepreneur and circus performer George Benjamin William Lewis, have received little attention in the history of Australian theatre, and certainly few now would be aware of the achievements of this couple. Fame is ephemeral. For more than half a century, from 1853, Edouin and Lewis forged high-profile careers that encompassed the circus, the popular stage, and theatre management in Europe, Australia, China, India, and New Zealand. Actress Rose started as a child star in London, toured the gold towns of Victoria, and acted in/directed popular theatre in India and China before opening the Bijou Theatre in Bourke Street, Melbourne. George brought a horse circus to Melbourne, opened the building that became the Princess Theatre, built theatres in Calcutta, was an early employer of J.C. Williamson, and, for a decade in the late 1800s, managed the Academy of Music and Bijou Theatre. This book looks at the theatrical lives of both Rose Edouin and G.B.W. Lewis.


With the increased opportunity of women's education and employment, the numbers of dual-career couples are increasing in Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh. As a result, these couples are confronting various types of problems every day, as they need to maintain both the work and family role demands simultaneously. After an extensive literature review, the study was initiated to explore the challenges of dual-career couples in terms of Dhaka, Bangladesh. A structured questionnaire was used as a means of data collection and the survey was conducted on 155 dual-career couples (N = 310) in Dhaka. Principle component analysis revealed nine challenges that are encountered by dual-career couples. These challenges include childcare, family-work conflicts, work-family conflicts, marital relations, dependency on others for housekeeping and childcare, personal well-being, family activity maintenance, housekeeping, and social relationship maintenance.


We consider the problem of minimizing upper bounds and maximizing lower bounds on information rates of stationary and ergodic discrete-time channels with memory. The channels we consider can have a finite number of states, such as partial response channels, or they can have an infinite state space, such as time-varying fading channels. We optimize recently proposed information rate bounds for such channels, which make use of auxiliary finite-state machine channels (FSMCs). Our main contribution in this paper is to provide iterative expectation-maximization (EM) type algorithms to optimize the parameters of the auxiliary FSMC to tighten these bounds. We provide an explicit, iterative algorithm that improves the upper bound at each iteration. We also provide an effective method for iteratively optimizing the lower bound. To demonstrate the effectiveness of our algorithms, we provide several examples of partial response and fading channels where the proposed optimization techniques significantly tighten the initial upper and lower bounds. Finally, we compare our results with results obtained by the conjugate gradient optimization algorithm and an improved variation of the simplex algorithm, called Soblex. While the computational complexities of our algorithms are similar to the conjugate gradient method and less than the Soblex algorithm, our algorithms robustly find the tightest bounds. Interestingly, from a channel coding/decoding perspective, optimizing the lower bound is related to increasing the achievable mismatched information rate, i.e., the information rate of a communication system where the decoder at the receiver is matched to the auxiliary channel, and not to the original channel.


Filters used in electromagnetic interference suppression are often described in literature on drive systems and have become a standard solution in industry. The effect of the commercial off-the-shelf filter depends significantly on how it is installed. A model that includes the installation parameters is made first and then the parameters of the model are extracted by transfer ratio measurements. One possibility is to include the filter on the dc-bus inside the converter. The differential mode DC-bus filter is well known, but the common-mode DC-bus filter has received little attention. Our model is used to show that the common-mode DC-bus filter can achieve the same or even better suppression of common-mode noise by careful design. The transfer ratio is used to evaluate the performance of filter design.


Abstract
Sexual crime in the Irish Free State was more than an issue of law, it carried ideological importance in a nation that legitimised itself as a beacon of Celtic Catholicism whilst struggling to maintain credibility in a contested post-colonial landscape. The nation's police force, An Garda Siochana, had a central role in preserving the nation's reputation for piety. This chapter explores the views of two of An Garda Siochana's most senior officers regarding female sexuality and sexual crime; features that were to influence the level of protection and justice Ireland's women and children were afforded under law.


PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN AMERICA tackles the current and emerging trends, ethics, and challenges in public administration with the most comprehensive scholarship available. The Eleventh Edition gives you a behind the scenes look at day-to-day operations while examining the policies implemented and the procedures undertaken across the various levels of American government. The most current applications of public administration are discussed and analyzed, with up to date coverage of recent education initiatives such as Race to the Top, the ongoing health care debates, Homeland Security challenges and threats, and much more. To encourage student engagement, the Eleventh Edition introduces two new features, "Point/Counterpoint" and "What Would You Decide?," where students are invited to play an active role in debating and discussing some of the most up-to-date topics. Presented in a comprehensive and easy-to-understand format, PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN AMERICA builds student knowledge of core concepts while showing them the path to an exciting and fulfilling career in politics and public administration--where they can make a difference!


This research is based on reflexive practice as a subject librarian for visual art, concerned with representation (of artists) and context (of art practice and its representation) in the academic library, as a heterotopia.

My thesis is that the aim to create an 'alternative' art space remained operative in London between 1995 and 2005, although the term was decried. The research addresses the problem of documentation of transient contemporary art practices, by collecting and analysing ephemera and developing a resource based upon them. Art ephemera are by-products of institutions, galleries, exhibitions, and curatorialactivities that may be significant in terms of criticality but which are often not recorded adequately and remain un-archived. The strategies of representation that ephemera mobilise take place at an interface of art aims and social structures, an area that has been a vital site of contemporary practice. I review major issues in contemporary criticism of the 'avant-garde' and 'alternative',showing the discourse of the alternative to be an ethical discourse about practice. Identifying citation as means of interpretation, I draw my account from a reading ofephemera in the chapters: "Citation, marginalia, mockery, fakes and tailpieces" where I identify visual and textual qualities of ephemera, "Artists, spaces and institutions,"where I present the themes of mapping London and self-institutionalisation, and "Counter to ?" where I report a distancing from counter-cultural aims and development of complex alternatives.

I evaluate existing collections of art ephemera in libraries, projects to facilitate access to them, and cataloguing and collecting policies. I advocate use of catalogues to recontextualise ephemera. In conclusion, I present a complex notion of 'alternative space' in art practice as a space for dialogue with, rather than opposition to established institutions and circuits of contemporary art and I endorse collection of ephemera as a source for diverse histories.


Despite the popularity of the Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) for general purpose computing, one should not forget about the practicality of the GPU for fast scientific visualisation. As astronomers have increasing access to three dimensional (3D) data from instruments and facilities like integral field units and radio interferometers, visualisation techniques such as volume rendering offer means to quickly explore spectral cubes as a whole. As most 3D visualisation techniques have been developed in fields of research like medical imaging and fluid dynamics, many transfer functions are not optimal for astronomical data. We demonstrate how transfer functions and graphics shaders can be exploited to provide new astronomy-specific explorative colouring methods. We present 12 shaders, including four novel transfer functions specifically designed to produce intuitive and informative 3D visualisations of spectral cube data. We compare their utility to classic colour mapping. The remaining shaders highlight how common computation like filtering, smoothing and line ratio algorithms can be integrated as part of the graphics pipeline. We discuss how this can be achieved by utilising the parallelism of modern GPUs along with a shading language, letting astronomers apply these new techniques at interactive frame rates. All shaders investigated in this work are included in the open source software shwirl (Vohl, 2017).


Background Despite omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) supplementation in depressed patients have been suggested to improve depressive symptomatology, previous findings are not univocal. Objectives To conduct an updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of omega-3 PUFA treatment of depressive disorders, taking into account the clinical differences among patients included in the studies. Methods A search on MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycInfo, and the Cochrane Database of RCTs using omega-3 PUFA on patients with depressive symptoms published up to August 2013 was performed. Standardized mean difference in clinical measure of depression severity was primary outcome. Type of omega-3 used (particularly eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA] and docosahexaenoic acid [DHA]) and omega-3 as mono- or adjuvant therapy was also examined. Meta-regression analyses assessed the effects of study size, baseline depression severity, trial duration, dose of omega-3, and age of patients. Results Meta-analysis of 11 and 8 trials conducted respectively on patients with a DSM-defined diagnosis of major depressive disorder (MDD) and patients with depressive symptomatology but no diagnosis of MDD demonstrated significant clinical benefit of omega-3 PUFA treatment compared to placebo (standardized difference in random-effects model 0.56 SD [95% CI: 0.20, 0.92] and 0.22 SD [95% CI: 0.01, 0.43], respectively; pooled analysis was 0.38 SD [95% CI: 0.18, 0.59]). Use of mainly EPA within the preparation, rather than DHA, influenced final clinical efficacy. Significant clinical efficacy had the use of omega-3 PUFA as adjuvant rather than mono-therapy. No relation between efficacy and study size, baseline depression severity, trial duration, age of patients, and study quality was found. Omega-3 PUFA resulted effective in RCTs on patients with bipolar disorder, whereas no evidence was found for those exploring their efficacy on depressive symptoms in young populations, perinatal depression, primary disease other than depression and healthy subjects. Conclusions The use of omega-3 PUFA is effective in patients with diagnosis of MDD and on depressive patients without diagnosis of MDD.


This paper investigates the empirical relation between inflation and stock returns in ten industrialized countries, with a focus on the implications for links between inflation and the macroeconomy. The stock return decomposition of Campbell and Shiller (1988) is used to determine the extent to which the negative contemporaneous stock return associated with a positive inflation surprise is due to (a) lower future real dividends and (b) higher future required real equity returns. The empirical results suggest that generally higher inflation is associated with both lower real dividends and lower required real equity returns in the future. The evidences favors corporate tax-related theories (e.g. Feldstein (1980))--in which distortions in the tax system cause an increase in inflation to raise the firm's effective cost of capital relative to the return earned by investors in the firm--relative to the "risk premium story" that has been credited to Tobin (1958). However, for the United States and the United Kingdom, estimates of the arbitrage pricing theory (APT) model with a conditionally heteroscedastic inflation risk factor suggest that inflation may have increased the average real cost of equity capital by as much as fifty basis points.


This memo specifies the details of the Host Identity Protocol (HIP).
HIP allows consenting hosts to securely establish and maintain shared
IP-layer state, allowing separation of the identifier and locator
roles of IP addresses, thereby enabling continuity of communications
across IP address changes. HIP is based on a Sigma-compliant Diffie-
Hellman key exchange, using public key identifiers from a new Host
Identity namespace for mutual peer authentication. The protocol is
designed to be resistant to denial-of-service (DoS) and man-in-the-
middle (MitM) attacks. When used together with another suitable
security protocol, such as the Encapsulated Security Payload (ESP), it
provides integrity protection and optional encryption for upper- layer
protocols, such as TCP and UDP. This memo defines an Experimental
Protocol for the Internet community.


In 2010 Dr. Heather Ross, Dr. Susan Abbey, Enza De Luca, Oliver E. Mauthner, Dr. Patricia McKeever, Dr. Magrit Shildrick, and Dr. Jennifer Poole published a groundbreaking and controversial paper entitled What they say versus what we see: 'hidden' distress and impaired quality of life in heart transplant recipients in the Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation.This transdisciplinary research team, PITH (the Process of Incorporating a Transplanted Heart), spearheaded an effort to investigate the under-examined emotional and psychological effects of heart transplantation.

With the goal of bringing this concern to the general public, they invited four artists—Ingrid Bachmann, Andrew Carnie, Catherine Richards, and Alexa Wright—to draw from PITH's research data for the purpose of creating new works that explore diverse aspects of this complex phenomenon, such as inter-corporeality, community, mythology, and symbolism around the heart.

The resulting Hybrid Bodies project examines organ recipients' experiences and cultural views about transplantation, linking them to ideas of embodiment, identity, and kinship. The aim of this project is to explore the complexity of organ transplantation in a novel way that raises awareness and makes it accessible to the public, providing a context to discuss and explore these ideas.

Works executed in a range of media were presented in this first public iteration of Hybrid Bodies, which provided a tangible focus for interdisciplinary discussion.


Louis I. Kahn (1901-1974) was among the most highly regarded 20th-century architects, yet the relationship of his haunting travel sketches to his work has not been systematically explored until now. "Drawn from the Source" shows how Kahn's encounters with the great buildings of the past influenced his own architecture, and how monuments such as the Salk Institute and the Kimbell Art Museum employ natural materials and natural light to create a sense of permanence and communal space inspired by buildings far removed in time and place. "Drawn from the Source" describes Kahn's journeys to Europe and Asia in 1928-1929, 1951 and 1959, culminating in the great pastel sketches that circulated privately among architects and played a large part in the revival of architectural sketching in recent years. Each sketching episode is considered in terms of its contribution to Kahn's later architectural formulations, showing how he worked from his sketches to make that great synthesis of modernism and historical form that distinguishes his work. Kahn's itineraries are reconstructed through surviving watercolours, pastel and pencil drawings that reveal rapid shifts in style, sometimes week by week, while he developed a way of drawing that reflected his understanding of architectural form. Specially commissioned photographs taken by Ralph Lieberman from the precise viewpoints of the drawings document the variance of the sites from Kahn's selective interpretation of them.


The Sea Lion Field in the North Falkland Basin was discovered in 2010 by Well 14/10-2, which tested oil from Lower Cretaceous sands of the Sea Lion fan complex. Appraisal of the field involved the drilling of a further eight wells from which an extensive wireline-log data set and 455 m of core were acquired. This unique data set has allowed detailed study of the reservoir sedimentology and has significantly benefited reservoir characterization. The reservoirs are interpreted to be deposited in a deep-water lacustrine basin as base-of-slope to basin-floor fans fed by canyons or channel-feeder systems from the east. Deposition is considered to have been affected both by turbidity currents and by liquefied sediment gravity flows, such that reservoir facies are dominated by those associated with high- and low-density turbidites, mass-flow deposits, and, to a lesser extent, hybrid-event beds. In the absence of significant chronostratigraphic control, the description of the first-order reservoir architecture is primarily driven by seismic interpretation, whilst the core affords significant control of the internal architecture of individual fans. Several lines of evidence point towards the Sea Lion sands being derived from a coexisting, shallow-water system on the eastern margin of the basin. Palaeogeographical reconstruction links this shoreface system to a large, contemporaneous, southerly-prograding delta via wave reworking and longshore drift of delta-front sands. Evolution of this delta has played a significant role in the timing, positioning and emplacement of fans along the eastern margin of the North Falkland Basin. The overall impact of the core data set has been to improve confidence in the reservoir characterization and spatial distribution of facies within the reservoir model, and to narrow significantly the range of uncertainty, which has direct implications for field development planning.


This research study explored the experiences of HIV positive women with particular reference to their challenges, coping and survival strategies after an HIV positive diagnosis. A review of literature revealed that research on the lived experiences of South African women with HIV/AIDS is limited. The aim of this study was to explore the narratives of women with HIV/AIDS in a designated health-care setting in KZN. Social constructionism and ecosystems approaches were adopted as guiding frameworks for the study. Fifteen HIV positive women were sampled using, purposive and availability sampling. Qualitative data was collected using semi-structured interviews. The pertinent themes were identified and analyzed accordingly. Some HIV positive women experienced challenges in dealing with their HIV diagnosis which ranged from being stigmatized, rejected, or socially isolated, while some received support and acceptance from their environment. The lifeprolonging effect of ART has allowed HIV infected women to implement coping and survival strategies in order to reduce HIV/AIDS fatigue. Immersion in spirituality and 'reaching out' were some of the survival strategies adopted by HIV infected women in this study. Micro, Mezzo, and Macro recommendations were made with regard to provision of appropriate services for HIV positive women. The study may be of value to service providers as it may enlighten them on the various experiences (whether challenging, positive, or adaptive) of women with HIV/AIDS. Furthermore, HIV positive women may benefit from knowing that they are not alone in this fight against the dreaded disease.


Thin film nanostructured photovoltaic cells are increasing in efficiency and decreasing the cost of solar energy. FDTD modeling of branched nanowire 'forests' are shown to have improved optical absorption in the visible and near-IR spectra over nanowire arrays alone, with a factor of 5 enhancement available at 1000 nm. Alternate BNW tree configurations are presented, achieving a maximum absorption of over 95% at 500 nm.


Two basic objectives are involved in our research problem. The first one consist in locating the place of accounting, data in information system of small and medium business manager, or, that is to say, it consists in describing the accounting practices of the managers of small and meduim businesses in order to question or to confirm te thesis of the relative relevance of accounting data in small and medium businesses. The second one consists in identifying contingental factors, strucural and/or behavioural, liable to influence the practices described above. The survey work, carried out through direct interviews with 113 managers of independant small businesses from 10 to 100 wage-earned, shows:- that information system of most of the managers interviewed is partly accounting;- that if the characteristics and the context in which teh organization runs, on one hand, and the professionnal accountants' type who assists him, on the other hand, makeup, to some extent, a source of influences and therefore a source of constraints which limit his possibilities, the manager clearly holds a dominant role in the system of influences on th accounting practices in small and medium businesses.


Encephalization, the increase in endocranial volume through the Pleistocene, is examined from a creationist perspective. By correcting for body size using a linear regression model based on extant primates, the residual can be used to estimate the significance of the encephalization of fossil taxa. Using this method, significant encephalization is seen only in Homo and two australopiths, A. africanus and A. sediba . Since Wood (2010, 2016b) classifies all of Homo and A. sediba as human, these results indicate that all humans except H. naledi and only one nonhuman ( A. africanus ) are significantly encephalized. Based on these results, creationist neuroscientists ought to consider the possible causes of the encephalization trend in humans.


Vibrational modes and instabilities of a dust-particle pair in a terrestrial laboratory complex plasma are investigated by employing an analytical method whereby the plasma wakefield induced by an external electric field is modeled using an image-charge method. It is found that for both horizontally and vertically aligned dust-particle pairs in equilibrium, four normal modes exist. Variations of the confinement parameters cause a single type of instability in the horizontal pair and two types of instabilities in the vertical pair.


In underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs), one efficient way to alleviate the burdens of high propagation delay and high error probability during transmission is to deploy surface-level gateways, which utilize radio waves to forward information to a control station. Usually, deployment of the gateways is considered as an optimization problem with the objective to best satisfy certain parameters. In this work, we propose a prediction assisted dynamic surface gateway placement algorithm for mobile underwater sensor networks, called "PADP", which intends to maximize the coverage within a specific period of time. PADP applies a tracking scheme "IMM" to predict sensor nodes' positions, adopts branch-and-cut to solve the optimization problem, and employs a disjoint-set data structure to handle connectivity. Simulation results show that PADP outperforms the existing static gateway deployment scheme.


Background and Objectives: Screening for hepatitis C virus (HCV) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) will be mandatory for screening blood and plasma donors in Europe and elsewhere. This study describes an internally controlled, highly sensitive PCR method designed for screening blood donations in pools. Material and Methods: RNA extracted from bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) was used as an internal control to monitor the efficiency of extraction, reverse transcription and amplification steps in HCV PCR. Results: Sensitivity of PCR for single molecules of HCV in the presence of 33 genome equivalents of BVDV RNA was achieved by reducing the efficiency of BVDV amplification. BVDV could be recovered at high efficiency from large volume pools (2–5 ml) by ultracentrifugation and by the NucliSens extraction method. Conclusion: Detection of BVDV validates the extraction, reverse transcription and amplification methods used for HCV detection in plasma pools and provides valuable quality assurance for negative results.


Objective: This study aimed to examine the association between job dissatisfaction (JD) and health outcomes among middle-aged workers. Methods: This study used longitudinal data comprising 156 823 observations of 24 056 workers (13 177 men and 10 879 women) collected from a 14-wave nationwide population-based survey in Japan that began in 2005, involving individuals aged 50–59 years. Mixed models were estimated to examine the association between JD and the risk of psychological distress (PD), poor self-rated health (SRH), and health-related resignation (HRR). Results: Across all waves, 20.9–32.5% of participants were dissatisfied with their jobs for at least one year before each wave. Mixed model results showed that this JD experience was associated with higher risks of PD, poor SRH, and HRR, with odds ratios (OR) of 1.96 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.75–2.20], 1.33 (95% CI 1.26 –1.40), and 1.57 (95% CI 1.40 –1.75), respectively. A longer JD duration was associated with a higher risk of poor health. No substantial differences between genders were found regarding the association between JD and health outcomes. A separate analysis showed reverse causation from poor health to JD; poor health was significant in predicting later JD even when it was controlled for. Conclusions: The results confirm that JD was predictive of poor health among middle-aged workers. Therefore, policymakers and managers should monitor the JD of their employees and improve their work environments to enhance their occupational health.


I am interested in algorithms that generate well structured interactive narratives that allow human participants to effect change in a story world. Narrative can be structured as a sequence of actions to be carried out by a set of characters in a particular environment. This narrative structure can be generated by AI planning. A process called accommodative mediation may be used on a single narrative plan to create a participatory experience that branches based on a human's interactions as a character within the story. However, accommodation is limited by search time and the number of plans the algorithm can possibly reach. In this paper, I discuss an initial modification of accommodative mediation that expands the space of plans the algorithm may search. I also identify several avenues by which the process may continue to be improved.


As the first peer reviewed research journal in the field of arts entrepreneurship, Artivate: A Journal of Arts Entrepreneurship takes its role as a framer of the discourse in and around arts entrepreneurship seriously. To advance that discourse, in addition to the articles and book reviews that have been regular features of Artivate, we have invited members of our editorial board and staff to contribute short think pieces. For these pieces we asked contributors to consider open-ended questions to which they could respond in whole or in part: what is their position in relation to arts entrepreneurship; how is arts entrepreneurship situated in relation to other disciplines or fields; what are the problems we are grappling with as scholars, practitioners, teachers, and artists; and what are the research questions we are attempting to answer individually or as a field? Following, you will find responses from: Andrew Taylor, Associate Professor of arts management at American University; Paul Bonin-Rodriguez, Assistant Professor of performance as public practice at UT-Austin and author of Performing Policy (reviewed in this issue); and Artivate's publisher and co-editor, Linda Essig, Evelyn Smith Professor and director of the Pave Program in Arts Entrepreneurship at Arizona State University.


Long-term trends of median and 90th percentile summer afternoon 0 3 concentrations were examined at 549 sites across the United States for the 1980-1995 period. Daily temperature data were used to account for the variability in 0 3 concentrations associated with temperature. Both before and after segregating the 0 3 data by temperature, trends were insignificant over most of the continental United States. No region of the United States experienced a significant increase in 03 concentrations during the 1980-1995 period. Decreasing trends were predominantly clustered in the three largest metropolitan areas: New York City, Los Angeles, and Chicago. In these areas, additional sites with trends were identified in the temperature-segregated analysis. Correlation of trends with local anthropogenic emissions of nitrogen oxides (NO x = NO + NO) and volatile organic compounds (VOC) indicates a greater frequency of decreasing trends for urban sites with high emission. National emission inventories for the United States indicate that anthropogenic VOC emissions decreased by 12% over the 1980-1995 period while NO x emissions remained con- stant. The observed 03 trends are consistent with the view that summertime 03 production over the United States is NOx-limited except in the largest metropolitan areas where it is partly VOC-lim- ired.


Abstract Hyper-QC is a multiscale method based on the quasicontinuum (QC) method in which time is accelerated using hyperdynamics through the addition of a suitable bias potential. This paper describes the practical details of implementing and carrying out hyper-QC simulations and introduces a novel mechanism-based bias potential for deformation processes in face-centred cubic (fcc) systems. The factors limiting the maximum achievable acceleration are discussed. The method is demonstrated for nanoindentation into a thin film of single crystal fcc nickel at near experimental loading rates. Speed up factors as high as 10,000 are achieved. The simulations reveal a thermally activated dislocation nucleation mechanism with a logarithmic dependence on temperature and indenter velocity in agreement with a theoretical model.


Poverty and forestry has inter-connected one another. Most of the poor people live in the urban area are closely interacted with forest. This fact has been showed in some studies which are clearly stated that poor people are mostly found nearby forest area. Bukit Dua Belas national park as one of national park in Jambi province had experienced drastical forest degradation for the last 20 years. Based on the data alalysis from Citra Satelite, the total of degraded forest area is approximately 69,825 ha or in average is 3,492 ha per year. It happens because of massive encroachment which is done by the local people in a purpose to open communities' farming. The primary objective of this research is to analyze which factors has contributed to communities' impovorishment around TNBD. The result of this study shows that the distance of farming, size of land,  the management and the status of land are the potential factor affecting the communities' income significantly.   Keywords: national park, forestry, forest degradation, poor people


An improved scattering optical model was developed under cylindrical coordinate to simulate the thermal effect of diffusing applicator in laser interstitial thermotherapy (LITT). The thermal damage was calculated by finite element method (FEM) using Pennes bio-heat transfer equation and Arrhenius injury integral formula. The numerical results showed that the scattering can considerably influence the evaluation of the lesion area, and the relationship between application powers or time and resulting tissue thermal damage was nonlinear. Although usually applying relatively low power can avoid tissue charring, rather higher power is recommended because it is indispensable to achieve necessary damage threshold and the therapy time can be shortened.


The crystal-chemical formula and the major-element composition of amphiboles have been discussed in Hawthorne and Oberti (2007a), and the amphibole compositional space has been defined in terms of root-names and allowed charge arrangements in Hawthorne and Oberti (2007b). Although the number of possible homovalent substitutions occurring at the various structural sites is very high, geochemically exotic cations generally do not reach the limits required to assign a distinct prefix to the root-name. Thus prefixes are so far confined to the presence of Na, K, Mg, Al, Ti, Mn, Fe, F and Cl.

In this chapter, we examine the new amphibole compositions which have been found and characterized since 1981, i.e. since the publication of volume 9A of the MSA Reviews in Mineralogy. We divide the chapter in two sections. The first section describes new charge arrangements found in Nature, and the second section describes the extensive studies of synthetic amphiboles of novel composition done to clarify the crystal chemistry of exotic cations which are normally found as minor components. This chapter deals exclusively with monoclinic amphiboles, as the compositional space of orthorhombic amphiboles has not expanded since the former review. Although natural occurrences of protoamphibole (with space group Pnmn ) have been described only in the last twenty years (Sueno et al. 1998; Konishi et al. 2003), their composition is within the compositional range previously defined for Pnma amphiboles.

The main extensions of the traditional amphibole compositional space recognized in between the 1978 and the 1997 classification schemes (Leake 1978; Leake et al. 1997) are due to the discovery of: (1) sadanagaite, calcic amphiboles of ideal compositions AR+ BCa2 C(R2+3R3+2) T(Si5Al3) O22 W(OH)2 (Shimazaki et al. 1984; Sokolova et …


Avulsion fractures of the tibial tubercle are very uncommon injuries, with only 170 cases reported since 1853 ,[ii],[iii]. They account for less than 3% of all physeal injuries in children [iv]. These injuries are extremely rare in adults, with only case reports in the literature. The mechanism of injury in adults is likely to be related to direct injury to the tubercle, rather than by indirect contraction of the quadriceps muscle as seen in children [v]. We described a case report of an 88-year-old female who suffered an avulsion fracture of the tibial tubercle after a simple fall. We performed an open reduction and internal fixation of the tibial tubercle using a cannulated screw and tension-band wire. She had a good functional recovery after 3 months of follow up. Bolesta MJ, Fitch RD. Tibial tubercle avulsions. J Pediatr Orthop 1986; 6: 186-192[ii] Ergun M, Taskiran E, Ozgurbuz C. Simultaneous bilateral tibial tubercle avulsion fracture in a basketball player. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2003; 11:163-166[iii] Watson-Jones R. Fractures and joint injuries Vol. 2. 5 ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1976. pp. 1048-1050.[iv] Hamilton SW, Gibson PH. Simultaneous bilateral avulsion fractures of the tibial tuberosity in adolescence: a case report and review of over 50 years of literature. Knee 2006; 13:404-407[v] Vella D, Peretti G, Fra F. One case of fracture of the tibial tuberosity in the adult. Divisione di Ortopedia, Ospedale San Lazzaro, Alba (Cuneo)


This Comment was submitted to the US Sentencing Commission on behalf of the American Antitrust Institute. It makes three important points, all of which concern the US Sentencing Commission's Antitrust Guidelines' cartel overcharge presumption. First, the evidence demonstrates there currently is significant underdeterrence of price fixing and other anticompetitive forms of collusion. Second, the general approach to calculating cartel fines embodied in the US Sentencing Commission Guidelines, under which the enforcers and ultimately the courts calculate antitrust fines based upon a very specific presumed overcharge, is sound and in the public interest. Third, the 10% cartel overcharge presumption in the Guidelines is much too low. The best evidence demonstrates that the Commission should double it, to 20%. This would conform it more closely to the median or average overcharge likely to result from collusion, yet still be a conservative resolution of the issues. Raising the 10% presumption should increase the overall level of cartel deterrence which will benefit consumers greatly.


This research was designed to investigate Neisser's (1997) hypothesis that the Flynn effect (rising intelligence scores during the 20th century) is related to increased exposure to the complex visual environment. In Study 1, 35 participants completed a test of mental rotation along with a survey of their exposure to various media activities. Test performance was positively related to 3-D video game exposure but not to the other predictors. In Study 2, 172 participants completed the Culture Fair Intelligence Test (CFIT) and the Wide Range Vocabulary Test (WRVT) along with another media survey. Test performance, particularly on the CFIT, was not related to any of the visual media variables. These nonsignificant results are inconsistent with Neisser's explanation of the Flynn effect.


Academic identities in modem languages in the British higher education system may be
understood as an interaction between three domains: the institutional, the epistemological
and the ontological.
This model, initially developed at the beginning stages of the research, was refined
through subsequent field work. It comprised both the ways in which respondents
construct the institutions and disciplinary field in which they operate (which I call, in
tum, institutional and field identities) and the sense of the self that academics create by
positioning themselves within institutional and field structures and discourses in relation
to their personal histories, values and beliefs.
Staff of the languages departments of three English universities were interviewed in the
process of data collection. The outcome is a pattern which reflects the complex interplay
between institutional identities, field identities and selves. It is through the interaction
between identities and selves that the academic identity is built in each of the universities
perused.
Using concepts taken from constructivist-realism, the personal dimension emerges as
paramount in two senses. Firstly, it represents the lens through which the institutional and
field domains are both understood and constructed by the respondents. Secondly, it offers
a heuristic research device that assists in capturing the kind of personal and professional
self individual academics develop as they position themselves within institutional and
field discourses, and identify (or not) with some of these.
It emerges that the more institutional structures are stable, yet supple enough to
accommodate academics' values, the more academics' selves acquire a creative force that
benefits, ultimately, both the institution and the disciplinary field at large.