Fishers have often complained that standard fisheries survey data do not adequately reflect the grounds targeted by commercial fishers and hence scientists tend to make over-cautious estimates of fish abundance. Such criticisms are of particular importance if we are to make a creditable attempt to classify 'Essential Fish Habitat' using existing large-scale standard trawl surveys. Nevertheless, these data sets provide a powerful tool to examine consistent patterns in the temporal abundance of fish on a spatial scale. Here, we report a questionnaire survey of fishers that invited them to indicate the location of grounds of key importance for gadoid fishes. In addition, fishers were asked to indicate whether they had noticed key habitat features that might indicate the characteristics of EFH. A comparison of such areas as highlighted by fishers with data from standard groundfish surveys were broadly compatible for all three species of gadoids examined. Many sampling stations of these surveys fell outside areas highlighted by fishers as key fishing grounds/habitats. Fishers were able to provide usable biological observations that were consistently cross-referenced by several independent sources, for example the occurrence of haddock over brittlestar beds. We conclude that fishers' knowledge is an invaluable supplement to existing data sets that can help to better focus more detailed studies of EFH. © 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.


This paper presents a semi-automatic method for the visualization and analysis of motion in signed language from a digital video. The method detects the different parts of the signer's bare skin on the video, tracks the motion of the different parts of the body and represents the frame-wise motion of the parts of the body with statistical descriptors. Results of an experiment are demonstrated and discussed. The main linguistic issue deals with the relationship between signs and transitional sequences. Evidence is provided for the claim that lexical-phonological and transitional sequences are qualitatively different in terms of their motion characteristics.


Traditional Author Cocitation Analysis was applied in order to map the personality psychology as a research field. A group of 25 authors were selected from the Haggbloom (1999, 2002) lists of the most cited and prominent psychologists, judged to be the main contributors to the field. All of their cocitations identified in the three year volumes of SSCI were downloaded to be analyzed by cluster analysis and MDS. The analysis resulted in four clusters comprising (1) theorists of individual differences amalgamated with authors of biological orientation with R. Cattell positioned centrally, (2) behaviorists joined by socio-cognitive theorists led by M.E.P. Seligman and A. Bandura, and (3) the group of psychoanalytic (dynamic) theorists with A. Adler in the middle. In fourth cluster G. Allport, H. Murray, K. Lewin, W. Mischel, and D. Buss were found mixed together to make a rather heterogeneous group. In two-axes representation one of the dimensions was understood as reflecting methodological and the other one content-specific differences among the authors, although this interpretation is not univocal. The same procedure was repeated on citations given to the same authors in SocioFakt - the Serbian Citation Index for Social Sciences, revealing a reduced picture of the domain. At this portrait, some important authors are missing as a result of their low citation rate, suggesting that in the Serbian personality psychology entire research fields don't exist. .


Until recently, fire ecology was poorly understood in the eastern coastal region of the Cape Floral Kingdom (CFK), South Africa. Rainfall in the area is aseasonal and temperatures are milder than in the winter-rainfall and drier inland parts of the CFK, with implications for the management of fire regimes. We synthesised the findings of a research programme focused on informing ecologically sound management of fire in eastern coastal fynbos shrublands and explored potential east–west trends at the scales of study area and CFK in terms of fire return interval (FRI) and fire season. FRIs (8–26 years; 1980–2010) were comparable to those elsewhere in the CFK and appeared to be shorter in the eastern Tsitsikamma than in the western Outeniqua halves of the study area. Proteaceae juvenile periods (4–9 years) and post-fire recruitment success suggested that for biodiversity conservation purposes, FRIs should be ≥ 9 years in eastern coastal fynbos. Collectively, findings on the seasonality of actual fires and the seasonality of fire danger weather, lightning and post-fire proteoid recruitment suggested that fires in eastern coastal fynbos are not limited to any particular season. We articulated these findings into ecological thresholds pertaining to the different elements of the fire regime in eastern coastal fynbos, to guide adaptive management of fire in the Garden Route National Park and elsewhere in the region. Conservation implications: Wildfires are likely to remain dominant in eastern coastal fynbos, whilst large-scale implementation of prescribed burning is unattainable. Fires occurring in any season are not a reason for concern, although other constraints remain: the need for sufficient fire intensity, safety requirements, and integration of fire and invasive alien plant management.


ABSTRACT This case study of the implications of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) loan on the Indian state of Kerala explores how neoliberal reforms have impacted on the state's much-acclaimed social model of development. Notwithstanding resistance, the state moves towards market-driven reforms wherein external funds are privileged over internal resources, the reasons for which are probed within the context of social structures of accumulation and emergent power relations. It is argued that with the diversion of resources towards debt servicing and compliance with policy conditionalities, the collaboration with the ADB is likely to undermine social democracy. What ensues is a double collapse: a collapse of the Kerala Model of social development and the demise of an iconized Left. This paper thus contributes, first, to the growing literature on the political-economic repercussions of Structural Adjustment Programs in developing regions and second, to the limited scholarship on the adoption of right-wing neoliberal policies by social democratic governments.


Objective
To compare mothers' and fathers' total workloads within couples with different work-time arrangements in a social democratic welfare state (Norway) and explore possible changes in the 1990s and 2000s.

Background
Women's double workload in families with two full-time jobs has been well documented. However, some argue that fathers, too, may experience the double burden of market and domestic work as they become more involved in parenting.

Method
The data are from the Norwegian Time Use Surveys conducted in 1990, 2000, and 2010 among representative samples of the adult population. A subsample of coupled other-sex-parents with at least one child younger than age 20 years were used in the present study. Total workload is the sum of paid and unpaid work activities reported in a time diary. Standard multivariate ordinary least square regressions were used to explore gender differences.

Results
Full-time work for both parents entailed approximately equal total workloads for fathers and mothers. However, fathers' total workload exceeded mothers' in full-time and part-time couples with school-aged children.

Conclusion
Despite equal total workloads and reduced specialization, mothers still do less paid work and more family work than fathers in couples where both work full-time in Norway. This is partly related to the gender-segregated labor market. In full-time and part-time couples with school-aged children, fathers' longer working hours are not fully offset by more family work for mothers.

Implications
Work–family reconciliation policies promoting mothers' employment and fathers' family work may have the potential to reduce gender imbalances in parent's total workloads and moderate gendered specialization patterns.


In spite of the importance of registered pension plans (RPPs) in discussions of Canada's retirement income system, very few Canadian studies have examined the financial outcomes experienced by RPP members and RPP non-members. Using data from the Longitudinal Administrative Database (LAD), this paper compares the distributions of earnings replacement rates achieved by retired men who were or were not members of a registered pension plan (RPP) in 1991 and/or 1992. The distributions of earnings replacement rates of men who were not RPP members are far more dispersed than those of men who were RPP members. And while the average earnings replacement rates of the two groups are generally comparable, the median earnings replacement rates of RPP non-members are lower than those of RPP members as a result of asymmetry in the distributions.


Existing studies on the role that strategic orientation plays in companies' innovation efforts primarily focus on identifying the relationship between strategic orientation and innovation performance for launched new products. In contrast, this article investigates how the different types of strategic orientation (i.e., customer, competitor, and technology orientations) influence the front end of innovation. Specifically, this research examines how strategic orientation relates to new product ideation outcomes such as ideation volume (i.e., how many new product ideas are generated) and ideation novelty (i.e., how innovative ideas are). The model developed in this study includes both direct effects of strategic orientation on new product ideation and indirect effects on ideation, mediated by an organization's market search behavior targeted at uncovering new product ideas. A survey of 182 marketing and technical managers, whose responses are analyzed with Partial Least Squares (PLS), reveals that firms characterized by a competitor orientation search their markets significantly more for new product ideas than firms marked by a technology or customer orientation. An emphasis on market search behavior, in turn, leads to significantly greater quantities of new product ideas generated by the firm. Neither a competitor nor a customer orientation significantly enhances the novelty of new product ideas, which is augmented only by technology orientation. The data also reveal that product ideation novelty is significantly enhanced by a technology orientation regardless of the level of market turbulence faced by the innovating firm. Together, these findings suggest that market orientation may have a greater influence on the implementation and commercialization stages of new product development than on new product ideation.


Acquisitions forms a vital link in the cycle of publishing, selection, request and provision of materials for use in libraries. The imperatives for acquisitions staff are to acquire material as quickly and as economically as possible, while offering an efficient and responsive service. Keeping abreast of current developments within their own workplace is vital for staff, but they must also keep up-to-date with the outside world of publishers and suppliers - and a good deal is always happening. This second edition of the former "Buying Books for Libraries" provides guidance on procedures and practice in acquisitions. The text approaches the acquisitions process logically, from requests through to the checking, ordering and receipt of library materials. It aims to explain the role of acquisitions in its context, and to improve service in terms of speed, cost, efficiency and financial competence. This updated second edition includes major revisions to take account of developments in the automation of acquisitions, the use of the Internet and online purchasing. It also includes guidance on acquiring non-book materials, such as those in electronic format, government information, music and audio-visual materials. Containing checklists and real-life examples from actual library order systems, publishers and suppliers, it places the subject firmly in its practical context, while also considering important future developments in acquisitions. Library and information professionals new to the acquisitions function, LIS students, and assistants in acquisitions and technical services throughout all sectors should find this a useful guide to all aspects of the acquisitions process. It should also be of interest to those wishing to improve or revise their acquisitions practice.


A study has been conducted for utilizing Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) method in order to calculate the speed in revolutions per minute (rpm) of rotary encoder for the Tribotronic System. The value of pulses signal from rotary encoder are captured directly into the data logger and read by MATLAB inside PC. FFT method is used to convert this pulses signal into the frequency domain. The value of the speed will be taken into account when the speed frequency domain correspond to the highest amplitude. The results of these experimental values are compared to the industrial standard Pulse Meter in order to evaluate its performance in term of fluctuation and error in each speed region from 100 rpm to 800 rpm. It is revealed that the highest fluctuation difference of 0.21% and highest error difference of 0.0018% at 200 rpm and 100 rpm respectively. As a conclusion the FFT method proved competent for rpm measurement of the rotary encoder for the Tribotronic System


Abstract. The purpose of this study is to investigate the interaction between small-scale turbulence and aerosol and cloud microphysical properties using direct numerical simulations (DNS). We consider the domain located at the height of about 2000 m from the sea level, experiencing transient high supersaturation due to atmospheric fluctuations of temperature and humidity. To study the effect of total number of particles (Ntot) on air temperature, activation and supersaturation, we vary Ntot. To investigate the effect of aerosol dynamics on small-scale turbulence and vertical air motion, we vary the intensity of turbulent fluctuations and the buoyant force. We find that even a small number of aerosol particles (55.5 cm−3), and therefore a small droplet number concentration, strongly affects the air temperature due to release of latent heat. The system comes to an equilibrium faster and the relative number of activated particles appears to be smaller for larger Ntot. We conclude that aerosol particles strongly affect the air motion. In a case of updraught coursed by buoyant force, the presence of aerosol particles results in acceleration of air motion in vertical direction and increase of turbulent fluctuations.


The principle that a person should be presumed innocent until proven guilty is a fundamental principle of procedural fairness in criminal law. Its justifications lie in the socio-legal consequences of convicting an individual for the commission of a crime. This principle acts as a protection against erroneous convictions and ensures that an accused is not oppressed by the immense power and resources of the State. The opposite rule – a presumption of guilt – imposes an unfair burden on the accused that requires him to prove his innocence, failing which he is convicted. Such a burden is envisaged by reverse onus clauses or reverse burdens, which supplant the hallowed presumption of innocence with the grossly unjust presumption of guilt. This paper argues that reverse onus clauses are both unconstitutional and a glaring contravention of a sacred principle of criminal law.


Hosting nonclassical states of light in three-dimensional microwave cavities has emerged as a promising paradigm for continuous-variable quantum information processing. Here we experimentally demonstrate high-fidelity generation of a range of Wigner-negative states useful for quantum computation, such as Schrödinger-cat states, binomial states, Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill states, as well as cubic phase states. The latter states have been long sought after in quantum optics and have never been achieved experimentally before. We use a sequence of interleaved selective number-dependent arbitrary phase (SNAP) gates and displacements. We optimize the state preparation in two steps. First we use a gradient-descent algorithm to optimize the parameters of the SNAP and displacement gates. Then we optimize the envelope of the pulses implementing the SNAP gates. Our results show that this way of creating highly nonclassical states in a harmonic oscillator is robust to fluctuations of the system parameters such as the qubit frequency and the dispersive shift.


The U.S. tax system has many distortions, but two triumph them all. The first is debt-over-equity. Under the current corporate double taxation mechanism, C corporations are incentivized to borrow rather than issue equity, because interest is deductible, and dividends are not. The second is foreign-over-domestic investment. Under the current U.S. international tax regime, U.S. multinationals are subject to a reduced tax rate, and in certain occasions are also exempt from U.S. tax on their foreign earnings, while their domestic earnings are subject to full corporate tax rate.

In this Article, I call for the adoption of a Dividends-Paid Deduction form of tax integration and for current-base taxation of foreign earnings. The already reduced corporate tax rate (21%), combined with tax integration, will provide a significant relief from the relatively high burden of corporate double taxation, allowing U.S. multinationals to better compete in the global economy. It will eliminate (or substantially reduce) the debt-over-equity bias and the inefficient penalty on business activities carried through C corporations. Current-base taxation will eliminate the current incentive to invest and shift income abroad, while providing a very important source of revenue. It will also obliterate the need to distinguish between domestic and foreign earnings and as such will facilitate the adoption of tax integration, because all distributions of earnings that were previously taxed will give rise to the benefits of tax integration. Finally, in order to avoid a potential revenue loss as a result of this new dividends-paid deduction, a non-refundable full-rate withholding tax, or a new compensatory tax, equal to the rate of the corporate tax, should be introduced and implemented.


The prevention and control of weed infestation is a matter of importance in the agricultural domain. American farmers alone annually spend $4 billion to protect $16 billion in crops. This work moves in this direction and aims to classify weeds from crops and then spray the weeds in real-time. Another aim is to find the correlation coefficient between the nitrogen treatment levels of the crops and the statistical values computed. In this work, multispectral reflectance images are used in conjunction with classification techniques to detect, classify and spray weeds on a real-time basis in the field. Multispectral images were grabbed real-time in the field. This multispectral reflectance information was then used to develop an algorithm that would classify the plant matter from the background. The four images at the four different wavelengths ; 546nm, 690nm, 750nm and 803nm; were superimposed and the largest pixel was selected at every point of the resultant image. This image was then divided by the image grabbed at the wavelength (690nm) corresponding to the red portion of the spectrum. The resultant image was then thresholded, eroded and dilated to finally get an image consisting of only plant matter. A competitive neural network is then used to classify weeds from crops. To increase the speed of the process, we also use a priori information and adopt an algorithm that does not use neural networks but rather statistical methods. In the field, corn plants are planted in rows at a distance of 30 inches apart from each other. The algorithm does the weed-crop classification only along the rows. In between the rows, anything green is considered to be weed and is sprayed. Pipelining techniques like loop unrolling and loop parallelism have been incorporated in the algorithm. This enables the tractor, on which the classification system is mounted, to run at a maximum speed of 40 mph. Also, images in Field 81 of the Purdue Agricultural Research Park were imaged in conjunction with latitude and longitude values provided by a GPS system. Statistical parameters like mean, standard deviation, reflection index, normalized reflection index, normalized difference vegetation index and greenness ratio are calculated. These values are then correlated with the nitrogen treatment levels of the corn plants. The data of the corn plants are also taken by a SPAD meter by Litton Task Inc. The statistical values that they calculate are then correlated with the ones calculated by our system. The best correlation is found to be in the near infra-red region of wavelength 803nm.


Controversy exists regarding characteristics of follicular waves in llamas and alpacas. Lactational status has been shown to influence follicular dynamics, but the effects of species and nutrition have not been critically examined. A 2 × 2 experimental design was used to determine the effects of species (llama v. alpaca) and nutritional status (high-plane v. low-plane) on ovarian follicular wave dynamics. Adult female llamas (n = 16) and alpacas (n = 19), ≥ 3 years old, were assigned randomly to either a high or low plane of nutrition. Nutritional planes were defined by the grazing condition of the native pasture. The respective nutritional conditions were imposed 2 weeks before the start of the observational period. Body condition was estimated at the start of the observational period using a subjective scoring system (1 = very thin, 10 = very fat) and ovarian dynamics were monitored daily by transrectal ultrasonography for 38 days. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and are expressed as mean ± SEM. Body condition scores were not different among groups (6.9 ± 0.35 and 6.6 ± 0.19 for llamas on high and low planes of nutrition, respectively, and 7.2 ± 0.25 and 6.8 ± 0.18 for alpacas on high and low planes of nutrition, respectively). The growing phase of the dominant follicle tended (P = 0.1) to be longer in llamas than in alpacas (9.8 ± 0.47 v. 8.8 ± 0.45 days) and in animals on a high plane of nutrition than in animals on a low plane (9.6 ± 0.50 v. 8.6 ± 0.42 days). Accordingly, the maximum diameter of the dominant follicle tended to be larger in llamas than in alpacas (10.1 ± 0.37 v. 9.1 ± 0.30 mm; P = 0.06) and in animals on a high plane of nutrition than in animals on a low plane (9.9 ± 0.39 v. 9.1 ± 0.27 mm; P = 0.14). The interwave interval was similar between llamas and alpacas (16.5 ± 0.66 v. 15.6 ± 0.42 days; P = 0.29), but was longer (P < 0.01) in animals on a high plane of nutrition than in animals on a low plane (16.9 ± 0.54 v. 15.0 ± 0.44 days); there was no interaction between main effects (P = 0.31). The total lifespan (duration of detection) of the dominant follicle was similar in both llamas and alpacas (22.9 ± 0.75 v. 21.9 ± 0.73 days; P = 0.38) and in animals on a high plane of nutrition than in animals on a low plane (22.7 ± 0.78 v. 22.0 ± 0.70 days; P = 0.53). There was no interaction between main effects (P = 0.21). All females (n = 35/35, 100%) had a follicle ≥ 7 mm (ovulatory size) from Days 7 to 12 after wave emergence. In conclusion, a low plane of nutrition had a suppressive effect on dominant follicle growth, resulting in a shortened interwave interval in llamas and alpacas. The interwave interval was not significantly longer in llamas than in alpacas despite a tendency for a longer growing phase and a larger dominant follicle. Research supported by Mitchell Group's Mallkini Alpaca Breeding and Genetic Centre and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.


Arsenic contamination of shallow hand pump tube well drinking water in Bangladesh has created opportunities for radical innovations to emerge. One such innovation is the household Sono filter, designed to remove arsenic from water supplies. Applying a strategic niche management approach, and based on interviews, focus groups and a workshop, this article explains the Sono filter's failure to establish itself as a successful niche technology. Three explanatory factors are identified: lack of a strong social network (of technology producers, donors, users, and government actors) around it; diverging expectations regarding its potential to be a long-term solution; and lack of second-order learning amongst key actors. Beyond these three factors that help to explain the lack of successful niche formation, this paper clearly shows that the overwhelming dependency on fund-driven projects also deters successful niche formation in the context of the developing world.


Data labelling is a pre-processing step to prepare data for machine learning. There are many ways to collect and prepare this data, but these are usually associated with a greater effort. This paper presents an approach to semiautomated image data labelling using AprilTags. The AprilTags attached to the object, which contain a unique ID, make it possible to link the object surfaces to a particular class. This approach will be implemented and used to label data of a stackable box. The data is evaluated by training a You Only Look Once (YOLO) net, with a subsequent evaluation of the detection results. These results show that the semi-automatically collected and labelled data can certainly be used for machine learning. However, if concise features of an object surface are covered by the AprilTag, there is a risk that the concerned class will not be recognized. It can be assumed that the labelled data can not only be used for YOLO, but also for other machine learning approaches.


There is an increasing need for improved environmental compliance, while reducing the time and cost of compliance checking (CC). This research offers a new approach for automated environmental CC. The approach utilizes semantic modeling and natural language processing (NLP) techniques. Semantic modeling aims at offering the level of knowledge representation and reasoning that is needed to process applicable environmental regulations and check compliance of construction plans to the rules that are prescribed by those regulations. NLP techniques will facilitate text analysis and processing for achieving human-like extraction and formalization of rules and information. The approach is intended to automatically detect non-compliance instances and provide a rich analysis of the non-compliance such as which regulation was violated, reason for violation, possible consequences of violation. To achieve such deep levels of text processing and automated reasoning, three algorithms are developed and combined into one computational platform: (1) a machine-learning-based text classification algorithm to classify relevant text (in documents such as environmental regulations), (2) a hybrid syntactic-semantic, utilizing grammatical and meaning-descriptive features of the text, information extraction algorithm to facilitate text processing for extraction and formalization of rules and information, and (3) a logic-based algorithm for compliance reasoning. Automated analysis will be facilitated by a semantic model for environmental knowledge representation and reasoning. The algorithms will be implemented in a proof-of-concept prototype software for automated environmental CC, and will be tested and validated using real-life-based test case scenarios. This research will transform the way we conceptualize and formally reason about complex regulatory schemes and associated CC processes, and will advance the research in the areas of deep NLP and deep semantic reasoning. The results of this research will also transform the way construction professionals and government regulators (e.g. environmental protection agencies) check the compliance of construction projects with environmental regulations and green practices. The ultimate goals of this research, in terms of benefits to the society, are: (1) increasing environmental compliance in construction, thereby protecting human health and the environment, (2) promoting compliance with non-regulatory green construction practices, thereby supporting green and sustainable construction, and (3) reducing the time and cost of environmental CC.2 2 This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 1201170. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.


Objectives: To investigate psychological functioning, relationship factors, stigma perception, disclosure outcomes and regret about the disclosure decision in people being treated for anogenital warts, comparing disclosers and non-disclosers and evaluating the possible predictors of disclosure. Method: A self-completion questionnaire was completed by 54 participants recruited from a London genitourinary medicine clinic. There were 36 disclosers and 18 non-disclosers. Results: Disclosers were significantly less anxious than non-disclosers (p<0.01). Compared with non-disclosers, disclosers also rated their relationships as longer lasting (p<0.001) and closer (p<0.01). Disclosers were less likely to express regret about their disclosure decision than were non-disclosers (p<0.001). There were no significant differences between groups with regard to depression, self-esteem, expected partner response to disclosure, or sexually transmitted infection (STI)-related stigma perception, although there was a trend towards higher stigma perception in disclosers (p = 0.15). The actual partner response to disclosure was significantly more supportive than had been expected (p<0.001). A binary logistic regression model used three variables to predict disclosure status with an accuracy of 83%. Disclosers were predicted by lower anxiety levels, longer relationship duration and higher stigma perception. Conclusions: Relationship factors, in particular duration, were key predictors of partner disclosure of anogenital warts. In terms of individual characteristics, only anxiety was significantly different in disclosers and non-disclosers. Perceptions of stigma and expected outcome of disclosure were not significantly different in the two groups. Of particular relevance to those considering whether or not to disclose, partner response was significantly more supportive than disclosers expected and disclosers expressed significantly less regret about their disclosure decision than did non-disclosers.


Much has been said about how ideological tendencies can influence the content of a translation and the Spanish version of Prescott's work History of the Conquest of Mexico, with a Preliminary View of the Ancient Mexican Civilization, and the Life of the Conqueror, Hernando Cortes is a clear example of this influence. Manipulation was the strategy that the Mexican editorial promoted and it is what the translator yielded to, but not in a way that was expected. Focusing on the account of the episode of the conquest of Mexico in which Montezuma and his tragic death are prominent, this article will show how Navarro, the translator, meticulously respects the North American's portrayal of the Aztec ruler, whom he considers to be hypocritical, superstitious, lavish, weak and fainthearted. When Navarro does manipulate the description, it is principally in order to accentuate some negative trait of the Aztec leader which has already been presented in the original text or to prevent the Mexican reader from having to see in print the name of the emperor who was associated with incidents which many Mexicans might consider lamentable. At the same time, it will be clear that cognitive linguistics provides adequate theoretical support in order to be able to comprehend that both the original and translated texts highlight the idea of Montezuma as a metaphor and symbol of failure.


In this study, one-dimensional analysis under the assumption of an inviscid flow was conducted for the experiment initiated by the French-German Research Institute of Saint-Louis (ISL) in order to investigate the energy effect of aluminum combustion. Previous theoretical analysis based on the assumptions of isentropic compression and a constant specific heat derived by ISL claimed that the experiment was not affected by the heat of aluminum combustion. However, rigorous analysis in present investigation that considered the average properties behind the shock wave compression and temperature-dependent specific heat showed that the S225 experiment was partially affected by the aluminum combustion. The increase in heat due to aluminum combustion was estimated from the rigorous analysis.


Mammalian ALDH7A1 is homologous to plant ALDH7B1, an enzyme that protects against various forms of stress, such as salinity, dehydration, and osmotic stress. It is known that mutations in the human ALDH7A1 gene cause pyridoxine-dependent and folic acid-responsive seizures. Herein, we show for the first time that human ALDH7A1 protects against hyperosmotic stress by generating osmolytes and metabolizing toxic aldehydes. Human ALDH7A1 expression in Chinese hamster ovary cells attenuated osmotic stress-induced apoptosis caused by increased extracellular concentrations of sucrose or sodium chloride. Purified recombinant ALDH7A1 efficiently metabolized a number of aldehyde substrates, including the osmolyte precursor, betaine aldehyde, lipid peroxidation-derived aldehydes, and the intermediate lysine degradation product, α-aminoadipic semialdehyde. The crystal structure for ALDH7A1 supports the enzyme's substrate specificities. Tissue distribution studies in mice showed the highest expression of ALDH7A1 protein in liver, kidney, and brain, followed by pancreas and testes. ALDH7A1 protein was found in the cytosol, nucleus, and mitochondria, making it unique among the aldehyde dehydrogenase enzymes. Analysis of human and mouse cDNA sequences revealed mitochondrial and cytosolic transcripts that are differentially expressed in a tissue-specific manner in mice. In conclusion, ALDH7A1 is a novel aldehyde dehydrogenase expressed in multiple subcellular compartments that protects against hyperosmotic stress by generating osmolytes and metabolizing toxic aldehydes.


In times of crisis, where there is great uncertainty in many markets and the confidence in economy decreases, the need for information and control becomes evident. Management Control Systems can be used as instruments to satisfy this need. Controlling as an operational function is already common in nearly all big real estate companies, but the understanding of controlling and its range of functions as well as the integration into the organizational structure of the company is highly varying. In practice, people with the title of controller have functions that are at one extreme, little more than bookkeeping and, at the other extreme, de facto general management. Robert N. Anthony already noticed this fact in the year 1965 and since then it has not changed significantly. Especially in the field of real estate controlling there is no consistent and accepted theory. Therefore it might happen in practice that controlling fulfills the position of a stopgap, which means that functions that are not covered by any other organizational unit are assigned to it. As a consequence a lot of isolated applications are developed so that the bureaucracy is increasing and meanwhile the flexibility of the company is decreasing.This paper analyses the concept of real estate controlling, especially in the German-speaking context. It investigates if controlling is a suitable instrument for an international real estate management company. The article first reviews the general real estate literature and summarizes the special requirements and problems of the real estate sector. After discussing and delineating the concept of controlling in general, it shows the limits and potentials of controlling in the context of real estate. Finally the existing concepts of real estate controlling are compared and it is analyzed where the theory should be adjusted to the special needs of the real estate industry.


This simulation tool allows the user to explore different computer architectures with hardware support at any or all of five levels of parallelism, from intrainstruction (pipeline) through distributed n-tier client/server systems. The tool supports the simulation of various user-configurable architectures and interconnection networks, running a user-configurable and variable workload. This allows the student and the instructor to observe how performance changes through the five levels of parallelism with changes in either the architecture or workload. The successful use of the simulation tool in a variety of undergraduate courses at the author's institution is presented, along with examples, and a set of experiments. The simulator is a Java applet, which can be used from a Web browser, allowing anyone with an Internet connection access to the tool, without concern about student licensing requirements. The simulator is hosted at the author's institution with funding provided by a recent grant. Its design as an applet also allows improvements and enhancements to the software to be implemented and instantly made available to all users of the product.


Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) play a significant role in the nation's economic development process. SMEs provide job opportunities, create wealth, promote modernization and contribute to technological changes. The Asia-Pacific Region is foreseen to be the next economic boom. A comparison of SMEs in Bangladesh, Thailand and the Philippines on their SMEs Landscape, Banking sector, Non-Banking sector and Capital Markets would give a picture of which strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats these countries face. The time period of the study is from August 2016 to January 2017. Based on the secondary sources of data, the research was conducted to examine real scenarios. The study aimed at getting information whether each country would have any benchmark to attain the best practices. The study found that SMEs credit and repayment schemes in these countries need to be gradually improved. Through proper utilization of SMEs, these countries can alleviate poverty and attain economic progress. Unfortunately, the informal sector of these countries is playing a large role. It should be transformed to formal sector by financial inclusion. This can be achieved by setting up SMEs in the formal sector .The creation of employment along with poverty reduction in the formal sector will enhance economic growth as well as fulfill the basic needs and create empowerment of people. Community banking is suggested to be introduced for accumulating micro-savings and allocating, distributing setting up SMEs in the formal sector through micro investment under the umbrella of community banking. Further, under the regional cooperation flagship of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) Bangladesh and Thailand may work in collaborative manner in the SMEs sector. The Philippines may join the regional body of BIMSTEC and collaborate with SMEs at the regional level. This may lead to achieve some goals of sustainable development goals (SDGs). SMEs can work more rigorously for lower income group people to improve their living standard. The further research on these three countries can consider primary sources of data to find out the way to implement community bank for transforming micro savings to micro investment for removing income inequality, disparity and attaining social justice.


The Winograd Schema Challenge (WSC) — the task of resolving pronouns in certain sentences where shallow parsing techniques seem not to be directly applicable — has been proposed as an alternative to the Turing Test. According to Levesque, having access to a large corpus of text would likely not help much in the WSC. Among a number of attempts to tackle this challenge, one particular approach has demonstrated the plausibility of using commonsense knowledge automatically acquired from raw text in English Wikipedia. Here, we present the results of a large-scale experiment that shows how the performance of that particular automated approach varies with the availability of training material. We compare the results of this experiment with two studies: one from the literature that investigates how adult native speakers tackle the WSC, and one that we design and undertake to investigate how teenager non-native speakers tackle the WSC. We find that the performance of the automated approach correlates positively with the performance of humans, suggesting that the performance of the particular automated approach could be used as a metric of hardness for WSC instances.


In this paper, we present a new method for quantifying color information so as to detect edges in color images. Our method uses the volume of a pixel in the HSI color space, allied with noise reduction, thresholding and edge thinning. We implement our algorithm using NVIDIA Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) for direct execution on Graphics Processing Units (GPUs). Our experimental results show that: compared to traditional edge detection methods, our method can improve the accuracy of edge detection and withstand greater levels of noise in images; and our GPU implementation achieves speedups over related CUDA implementations.


Purpose of review The association between thrombosis and malignancy in adults is well known. Children are now surviving malignancies that previously resulted in mortality. Complications, however, occur including thrombosis that result in mortality and morbidity. This review will explore the association in children and discuss the epidemiology and evidence-based diagnosis and treatment of thrombosis in this cohort. Recent findings Thrombin is an important link between malignancy, metastases, and inflammation. The accurate diagnosis of thrombosis in the upper venous system is directly related to the diagnostic technique used. Antithrombotic treatment is challenging owing to higher risks of bleeding, for example, decreased platelet counts, tiffelitis, large vascular tumor, etc. Summary Thrombosis and malignancy are associated in children. Properly designed studies are urgently required to further define the epidemiology of thrombosis in different malignancies and to find the best way to diagnose and treat thrombosis in children.


Abstract The PID controller is a popular choice for the control of industrial processes. The PDN controller introduced in this paper is a better alternative to PIDN. The paper presents the design and computer simulation of the PDN controller. The PDN controller is a simpler and more effective choice when dealing with higher-order dynamic systems. The gain components of the controller are introduced to improve transient characteristics of the higher-order industrial systems or processes by directly modifying the components of their characteristic equations. As a result the system under control becomes stable and able to respond faster to the inputs as compared to PID-based systems. The tunable command feed-forward steady-state gain (K S ) of the PDN controller helps to track the constant or time-varying input commands much faster and more precisely than the integral component of the PID controller. The paper discusses the steady-state performance, stability problems and the gain tuning strategies to improve the transient responses of the feedback system. The quality of the PDN performance is demonstrated by solving the set point input (step) and tracking a time-varying input (ramp) problems. The paper also presents the detailed higher-order derivative compensators tuning procedures for the general case of unknown order, stable/unstable plant and particular case of unknown order but stable plant.


The aim of this study was to compare the isometric force production capacity of the leg extensor muscles in 9–12-year-old children with spastic diplegia (SD; 11 girls and 10 boys) and age- and gendermatched nondisabled children (11 girls and 10 boys). Isometric maximal voluntary contraction force of the leg extensor muscles was measured during unilateral and bilateral contractions (leg press exercise) using custom-made dynamometric chair. Children with SD had significantly (p<0.05) lower isometric maximal force during bilateral and unilateral contractions compared with healthy children. Bilateral strength deficit did not differ significantly in children with and without SD. No significant correlations between isometric force characteristics of the leg extensor muscles and anthropometric parameters were observed in children with SD. These results indicated that in children with SD, isometric voluntary force-generating capacity of the leg extensor muscles during bilateral and unilateral contractions is markedly reduced, whereas bilateral strength deficit is not differ compared with age- and gender-matched healthy children.


Abstract As a water-cooled nuclear system with a direct thermal cycle, the supercritical-water–cooled reactor (SCWR) shares with the boiling water reactor (BWR) the issue of coolant activation and transport of the coolant activation products to the turbine and balance of plant (BOP). Consistent with the BWR experience, the dominant nuclide contributing to the SCWR coolant radioactivity at full power is 16N, which is produced by an (n, p) reaction on 16O. In this paper the production and decay of 16N in the SCWR coolant circuit along with the shielding requirements imposed on the BOP are analyzed and compared with those in a BWR with a similar thermal power rating. A simple control-mass approach is adopted in which the 16N inventory in a unit mass of coolant is tracked as the coolant flows in the SCWR and BWR primary systems, which are divided into several compartments (e.g., core, lower plenum, downcomer, etc.) of known volume, mass flow rate, and neutron flux. The values of the neutron flux and (n, p) cross section in the SCWR and BWR cores are calculated by means of full-length radially reflected Monte Carlo eigenvalue models of the SCWR and BWR fuel assemblies. The results are as follows: The 16N activities in the steam lines of the BWR with normal water chemistry, in the BWR with hydrogen water chemistry, and in the SCWR are about 40, 180, and 380 μCi/g, respectively. The calculated BWR values compare well with the trends and ranges found in the literature. The SCWR 16N concentration is significantly higher than that in the BWR for the following four reasons: 1. The coolant transit time in the SCWR core is about twice that in the BWR core. 2. The neutron flux is higher in the SCWR because of the higher power density. 3. The slow coolant pass in the water rods produces a significant 16N activity at the SCWR core inlet. 4. In the SCWR all the 16N generated in the core is sent to the steam lines because there is no recirculation within the vessel. A simple gamma attenuation model shows that the higher 16N activity in the SCWR results in shielding requirements only up to 10% higher than for the BWR with hydrogen water chemistry. However, because of the higher SCWR electric power, the specific shielding costs per unit of electric power associated with 16N are expected to be similar to or better than that for BWRs.


Variability in the optical particle backscattering coefficient (bbp) is investigated in oceanic waters from two sites, namely the BOUée pour l'acquiSition d'une Série Optique à Long termE site in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea and the Plumes and Blooms stations in the Santa Barbara Channel off Southern California. Data from these two sites span two orders of magnitude in bbp and likely cover typical open ocean values. A significant relationship is found between bbp at wavelengths of 442 and 555 nm and chlorophyll concentration. However the large spread in this relationship makes chlorophyll a poor predictor of bbp. The relationship between bbp and the particulate beam attenuation coefficient at 660 nm is tighter for both sites, indicating covariability of the particle size ranges that determine both coefficients. A detailed study of the seasonal changes of the bbp vs. chlorophyll relationship reveals that this bio‐optical relationship might be best described as a succession of distinct regimes with rapid transitions from one to another. The backscattering ratio (b~bp; the ratio of bbp to total particulate scattering, bp) ranges from about 0.2% to 1.5%, which is similar to previously reported values. The relationship between b~bp and chlorophyll was not significant, while values of the backscattering ratio varied spectrally.


Psychologists often note that most people think they are above average in intelligence. We sought robust, contemporary evidence for this "smarter than average" effect by asking Americans in two independent samples (total N = 2,821) whether they agreed with the statement, "I am more intelligent than the average person." After weighting each sample to match the demographics of U.S. census data, we found that 65% of Americans believe they are smarter than average, with men more likely to agree than women. However, overconfident beliefs about one's intelligence are not always unrealistic: more educated people were more likely to think their intelligence is above average. We suggest that a tendency to overrate one's cognitive abilities may be a stable feature of human psychology.


This investigation quantified the effects of compression ratio and expansion ratio on performance, efficiency, and second law parameters for an automotive, spark-ignition engine. The well known increase in engine performance for increasing compression ratio and expansion ratio is demonstrated. These increases for brake engine performance are modest for compression ratios greater than about 10 for the conditions studied. The results demonstrated that the increasing friction and heat losses for the higher compression ratios are of the same order as the thermodynamic gains. Also, the results included the destruction of availability during combustion. For a part load condition, the availability destroyed decreased from about 23% for a compression ratio of 4 to about 21% for a compression ratio of 10. In addition, this study examined cases with greater expansion ratios than compression ratios. The overall cycle for these cases is often called an "Atkinson" cycle. For most cases, the thermal efficiency first increased as expansion ratio increased, attained a maximum efficiency, and then decreased. The decrease in efficiency after the maximum value was due to increased heat losses, increased friction, and ineffective exhaust processes (due to the reduced cylinder pressure at the time of exhaust valve opening). For part load cases, the higher expansion ratio provided only modest gains due to increased pumping losses associated with the constant load requirement. For the wide open throttle cases, however, the higher expansion ratios provided significant gains. For example, for a compression ratio of 10, expansion ratios of 10 and 30 provided brake thermal efficiencies of about 34% and 43%, respectively. Although the net thermodynamic gains are significant, large expansion ratios such as 30 may not be practical in most applications.Copyright © 2007 by ASME


Abstract. The Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES) is a process-based model that simulates the fluxes of carbon, water, energy and momentum between the land surface and the atmosphere. Many studies have demonstrated the important role of the land surface in the functioning of the Earth System. Different versions of JULES have been employed to quantify the effects on the land carbon sink of climate change, increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, changing atmospheric aerosols and tropospheric ozone, and the response of methane emissions from wetlands to climate change. This paper describes the consolidation of these advances in the modelling of carbon fluxes and stores, in both the vegetation and soil, in version 2.2 of JULES. Features include a multi-layer canopy scheme for light interception, including a sunfleck penetration scheme, a coupled scheme of leaf photosynthesis and stomatal conductance, representation of the effects of ozone on leaf physiology, and a description of methane emissions from wetlands. JULES represents the carbon allocation, growth and population dynamics of five plant functional types. The turnover of carbon from living plant tissues is fed into a 4-pool soil carbon model. The process-based descriptions of key ecological processes and trace gas fluxes in JULES mean that this community model is well-suited for use in carbon cycle, climate change and impacts studies, either in standalone mode or as the land component of a coupled Earth system model.


Eyebrow is presented as a new biometric for personal identification. Based on feature strings which are extracted from eyebrow images, an eyebrow recognition method is described in detail and analyzed in experiments on a small eyebrow database taken from 32 persons. The results have shown that the presented method can reach the highest accuracies of 93.75% and 90.63% as well as the lowest accuracies of 87.50% and 81.25%, respectively, in two small-scale experiments. Since the recognition accuracies may be higher by improving the current method or introducing other ones, eyebrow is likely to work as a good biometric in the future.


The effects of adenosine deaminase and of pertussis toxin on hormonal regulation of lipolysis were investigated in isolated human fat cells. Adenosine deaminase (1.6 micrograms/ml) caused a two-to threefold increase in cyclic AMP, which was associated with an increase in glycerol release averaging 150-200% above basal levels. Clonidine, N6-phenylisopropyladenosine, prostaglandin E2, and insulin caused a dose-dependent inhibition of glycerol release in the presence of adenosine deaminase. Pretreatment of adipocytes with pertussis toxin (5 micrograms/ml) for 180 min resulted in a five- to sevenfold increase in cyclic AMP. Glycerol release was almost maximal and isoproterenol caused either no further increase or only a marginal additional increase of lipolysis after pretreatment with pertussis toxin, whereas cyclic AMP levels were 500 times higher than in controls. The effects of antilipolytic agents known to affect lipolysis by inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity, i.e., clonidine, N6-phenylisopropyladenosine, and prostaglandin E2, were impaired. In contrast, the antilipolytic action of insulin was preserved in adipocytes pretreated with pertussis toxin. As in controls, the peptide hormone had no detectable effect on cyclic AMP after pertussis toxin treatment. The findings support the view that the antilipolytic effect of insulin does not require adenylate cyclase or phosphodiesterase action. In addition, the results demonstrate that, upon relief of endogenous inhibition, human fat cell lipolysis proceeds at considerable (adenosine deaminase) or almost maximal (pertussis toxin) rates. A certain degree of inhibition, therefore, appears to be necessary for human fat cell lipolysis to be susceptible for hormonal activation.


The characterization of x-shaped antenna arrays operating in the mid-infrared is proposed. An equivalent circuit model for the resonant characteristic of the x-shaped nanoaperture antenna arrays is also included. In order to understand the resonance behavior of the structure, a detailed study of the field-enhancement capabilities and light transmission characteristics of the structure is proposed. In the experimental studies, the transmission characteristics of the periodic x-apertures are analyzed by varying the geometrical dimensions. Consequently, it is observed that the periodic subwavelength x-apertures show extremely high near-field optical resolution and enhanced transmission compared with the other nm-sized apertures.


Climate policy will predominantly affect industries that primarily rely on fossil fuels, such as steelmaking. Within these industries, exposure may be different by country according to the energy-intensity of national plants. We estimate the effect of coal prices on steel plant location worldwide and production preferences for BOF, a polluting technology, and EAF, a greener one. A 1% increase in national coal prices reduces BOF installed capacity by around 0.37%, while it has no statistically significant impact on EAF capacity. We simulate the implementation of a stringent European carbon market with no border adjustment and find a non-negligible shift in steel production outside Europe, with a concomitant impact on the technologies employed to produce steel. If applied worldwide, the same policy would primarily affect production in Asia, which relies on BOF and currently benefits from lower coal prices than those expected to emerge in the future.


An in situ benthic flume (Sea Carousel) was deployed at eight stations along a transect (Upper South Cove, Nova Scotia) to examine the influence of biofilms on sediment erodibility. Subsamples of the material eroded within the Sea Carousel were collected by pumping and were analyzed for suspended particulate matter (SPM). Undisturbed syringe cores of the seabed were also collected and analyzed for major physical properties (bulk density, mineralogy, grain size) and organic character (chlorophyll, pheopigment, colloidal carbohydrate, organic content). Strong relationships between erosion thresholds and rates and sediment chlorophyll (r2 = 0.948, r2 = 0.875) and colloidal carbohydrate (r2 = 0.854, r2 = 0.774) content were observed, suggesting that both pigment and mucilage biotilm variables serve as good indicators of sediment stability. Erosion rates varied by a factor of 7 along the station transect, while erosion thresholds varied only by a factor of 2. Thus, erosion rate was a more sensitive indicator of trends in sediment stability than was erosion threshold. X‐ray computed tomography revealed the presence of a buoyant chlorophyll‐containing gel mud in the uppermost millimeters of the sediment column. The sectioning of undisturbed syringe cores revealed that the buoyant layer was associated with the surface chlorophyll layer. The reduction of sediment weight (geostatic load) in the surface biogenic layer may have a significant effect on sediment erodibility and explain the low erosion thresholds observed in this estuary.


Hydrometric gauging stations are often sited in reservoirs such as lakes and river pools since they possess favourable features for streamflow determination. By applying the equations which govern critical flow from a reservoir along with a spline representation of the known geometric characteristics of the reservoir outlet, a new method is developed for estimating the stage-discharge relationship in reservoir-like situations. The proposed rating curve model is amenable to least squares estimation using the available stage-discharge measurements. The proposed model is shown by theory to be general, and includes both normal uniform flow from a reservoir and the classical power-law rating curve model as special cases. Using geometric data and stage-discharge measurements from two Norwegian gauging stations, it is demonstrated that (a) the proposed model is more appropriate than the classical power-law rating curve model when performance is measured by the AIC statistic and the sizes of the jackknife standard deviations of the predicted discharges, and (b) the proposed model displays a superior performance over the power-law model in both upwards and downwards extrapolation.


A chemometric mixture resolution procedure suitable for determining the number and composition of physico-chemical components in data derived from soil leachates is described. The procedure is used to determine the number of components in sequential leachate data obtained for a NIST certified soil (SRM 2710) using a widely employed leaching scheme. The resulting data show that the sequential leaching media are not specific for their designated target fractions and that erroneous identification of fractions occurs. A scoping study in which a new non-specific extraction method is tested is described. The experimental design varies the concentration of nitric acid, the reaction time and the ratio of sample to extractant. The resulting solutions were analysed by ICP-AES for major and trace metals and the data obtained from 34 experiments subjected to the chemometric resolution procedure. Four components are identified and the effects of the three variables on each component are modelled using multiple linear regression, allowing the conditions which favour dissolution of each component to be identified. Calculated element compositions of the components identified in the non-specific extraction trial are compared with those identified in the sequential extraction data. Significant correlations between the two sets of components are noted and tentative identification of the source of the components is made. In particular, there is evidence that the Tessier method extracts both Fe and Mn oxides simultaneously, whereas the non-specific method has resolved the Fe and Mn oxides as separate entities.


Positive grain yield increases with deep phosphorus (P) have been inconsistent across the northern region, with crop type (cereal or legume) and seasonal growing conditions affecting the outcome. Cereal crops (wheat, barley and sorghum) are responding (mainly) due to growing both a larger plant biomass and producing more yield. Chickpeas have not been as consistent, with some very good biomass results not always converting to higher yields, or in some cases no effects on either biomass or yield. Negative yield responses are rare in any species, provided soil is allowed to settle after deep tillage. Potassium (K) responses have generally been additive to phosphorus, meaning we have to overcome the P limit before K can have an effect, but we have also seen evidence of P by K interactions where the application of P helps overcome a low K situation. Potassium responses are most widespread in Central Queensland, while in Southern Queensland and Northern New South Wales they have tended to be restricted to the upland slopes (predominantly) and some grey box soils where lower soil K supply levels have been measured. Soil testing is a good indicator of response (suggested 10-30 cm profile critical values of <0.2 cmol/kg), while chemical analyses of plant biomass have suggested chickpeas are a good indicator of low K soil supply.


This book provides an accessible study of the neglected but highly important series of wars fought for control of the Baltic and Northeastern Europe during the period 1558-1721. It is the first comprehensive history which considers the revolution in military strategy which took place in the battlefields of Eastern Europe. Robert Frost examines the impact of war on the very different social and political systems of Sweden, Denmark, Poland-Lithuania and Russia and he explains why it was Russia that emerged victorious from these wars. Based on extensive primary and secondary research (including much material that is unfamiliar in English) this book makes an important contribution to the debate on military change and political development in early modern Europe.


Ethical leaders in organizations are important for putting formal ethics programs into practice as they are role models of appropriate behaviors. The four empirical studies included in this dissertation examined the antecedents and outcomes of ethical leader behavior. In the studies ethical leadership is measured through the eyes of employees. One of the main findings is that ethical leadership may be seen and measured as seven separate distinguishable behaviors or combined into an overall construct. Another important finding is that ethical leadership is positively related to several employees' attitudes and behaviors. The results showed that the context can inhibit or enhance the strength of the impact of the ethical leader on employees.


The global climate observing system Reference Upper Air Network (GRUAN) provides reference measurements of the essential climate variables and their measurement uncertainty. An important aspect of the measurement uncertainty is the interpolation uncertainty. This problem arises, for example, when GRUAN processes atmospheric profiles collected by Vaisala RS41 radiosondes. For various reasons, the radiosonde sensor may fail to collect some values along the vertical profile in the atmosphere. As a consequence, estimation techniques to fill the data gaps and to provide an evaluation of the related interpolation uncertainty are welcome. This paper aims to understand and quantify the interpolation uncertainty of the relative humidity (RH). In particular, we consider linear and Gaussian process interpolation either unidimensional or multidimensional. We provide results in terms of interpolation distance in seconds, which measures the distance of an interpolated data from the interpolating data. We also consider measurement altitude and launch site. Although the Gaussian interpolation results to be generally better than linear interpolation, the difference in uncertainty is relatively small. The average column uncertainty difference is in the order of 0.2% and for large data gaps around 0.4%. The interpolation uncertainty is larger in the lower atmosphere. For example at 2–4 km altitude, the uncertainty is around 2% at 10 s distance, around 5% at 40 s and 10% at 90 s. In the upper atmosphere, RH and its uncertainty decrease. For example, at 14–16 km altitude, the latter is smaller than 2% RH at all interpolation distances.


Background Gene transfer agents (GTAs) are phage-like mediators of gene transfer in bacterial species. Typically, strains of a bacteria species which have GTA shows more recombination than strains without GTAs. GTA-mediated gene transfer activity has been shown for few bacteria, with Rhodobacter capsulatus being the prototypical GTA. GTA have not been previously studied in plant pathogenic bacteria. A recent study inferring recombination in strains of the bacterial spot xanthomonads identified a Nigerian lineage which showed unusual recombination background. We initially set out to understand genomic drivers of recombination in this genome by focusing on mobile genetic elements. Results We identified a unique cluster which was present in the Nigerian strain but absent in other sequenced strains of bacterial spot xanthomonads. The protein sequence of a gene within this cluster contained the GTA_TIM domain that is present in bacteria with GTA. We identified GTA clusters in other Xanthomonas species as well as species of Agrobacterium and Pantoea. Recombination analyses showed that generally, strains of Xanthomonas with GTA have more inferred recombination events than strains without GTA, which could lead to genome divergence. Conclusion This study identified GTA clusters in species of the plant pathogen genera Xanthomonas, Agrobacterium and Pantoea which we have named XpGTA, AgGTA and PaGTA respectively. Our recombination analyses suggest that Xanthomonas strains with GTA generally have more inferred recombination events than strains without GTA. The study is important in understanding the drivers of evolution of bacterial plant pathogens.


We address the problem of unsupervised disentanglement of latent representations learnt via deep generative models. In contrast to current approaches that operate on the evidence lower bound (ELBO), we argue that statistical independence in the latent space of VAEs can be enforced in a principled hierarchical Bayesian manner. To this effect, we augment the standard VAE with an inverse-Wishart (IW) prior on the covariance matrix of the latent code. By tuning the IW parameters, we are able to encourage (or discourage) independence in the learnt latent dimensions. Extensive experimental results on a range of datasets (2DShapes, 3DChairs, 3DFaces and CelebA) show our approach to outperform the β-VAE and is competitive with the state-of-the-art FactorVAE. Our approach achieves significantly better disentanglement and reconstruction on a new dataset (CorrelatedEllipses) which introduces correlations between the factors of variation.


ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to investigate how the heads of preschool govern teaching in practice through systematic quality work. In the new Swedish Education Act, which came into force on 1 July 2011, the mission of preschools changed because teaching was introduced as a new concept, and preschool teachers were now responsible for teaching. Swedish National Agency for Inspection report that there is a lack of how the concept of teaching is used in preschools. Heads of preschool are crucial for implementing teaching, and a valuable tool for their governing is the systematic quality work which they also are responsible for. This study collected data comprising 120 systematic quality reports from preschools in Sweden, and by text analysis, we explored how the heads of preschool used the concept of teaching. The results showed an absence of governance and management among the heads of preschool concerning teaching and when teaching is used, it was mainly according to the development of all staff competencies and to the concept of variation in teaching. This indicates that the heads of preschool govern the practice in a way that made preschool teachers responsible for teaching invisible.


There is no standard definition of empathy, but the concept is assumed to be innately pro-social and teachable regardless of factors such as power dynamics or other manifestations of social injustice within a society. Such assumptions in discursive practices, whether academic, popular, or pedagogical, obscure the emergence of two important questions: What does it mean when we cannot empathize with another? And could it be that we may gain greater insight from the examination of empathy's limits and failures than the hopes we have for its success? Through an exploration of some of Edith Stein's and Judith Butler's work on the subject, I propose that discussions of empathy, particularly in education, must be grounded in social context. Once this is done, assumptions about empathy must be continually troubled if one is to have a cogent conversation—whether as a philosopher, social theorist, educator, or policy maker—about what empathy is (or is not) and what it does (or does not) make possible.


The traditional product design process begins with the identification of user needs (Ulrich and Eppinger 2008). Traditional methods for needs identification include focus groups, surveys, interviews, and anthropological studies. In this paper, we propose to augment traditional methods for identifying user needs by automatically analyzing user-generated online product reviews. Specifically, we present a supervised, machine learning approach for sentential-level adaptive text extraction and mining. Based upon a set of 9700+ digital camera product reviews gathered in January 2008, we evaluate the approach in three ways. First, we report precision and recall using n-fold cross-validation on labeled data. Second, we compare the recall of automated learning with respect to traditional measures for identifying users and their respective needs. Third, we use multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) to visualize the competitive landscape by mapping existing products in terms of the user needs that they address.


The aroma of Muscat of Sorso-Sennori and Malvasia di Bosa wines obtained from grapes grown in Sardinia was evaluated by instrumental analysis. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was used to identify and quantify the content of free and bound volatile compounds. The odour activity value (OAV) was also calculated. Higher alcohols and esters were quantitatively the largest group of free volatile compounds in both wines, while terpenes were the main class of bound volatiles. A total of 52 free and 26 bound volatiles were detected. Malvasia di Bosa sweet wine had a higher content of alcohols, esters and acids in comparison to Muscat of Sorso-Sennori, which was richer in some terpenes, like nerol, geraniol and geranic acid, and also in bound volatile compounds. A total of 12 compounds were above the OAV. The main aroma-active compounds of Muscat were 3-methylbutyl acetate (banana), ethyl octanoate and hexanoate (fruity), and linalool (flowery), Malvasia wine was characterised particularly by ethyl octanoate and by 3-methylbutyl acetate.


One object of documenting languages is to make their data available not only to oneself, but to speakers and nonspeakers who have no direct access because they are in different places or in later epochs of time. The enabling event in collecting data is the capture in written form, by native speakers or linguists, of a suitable quantity of utterances in the language whose meaning is approximated by translation into a world language. Getting this material together is an inherently messy process, however much we idealize crisp audio recordings and well transcribed and annotated text files, with or without an analysis. No matter how astute the language consultant or how gifted the linguist, initial transcriptions are inevitably sprinkled with skips, mishearings, on-the-spot editing, slips of the pen or the keyboard, initial stabs at translation that miss the point, interference of discourse patterns between spoken and written media – even when the recording is fresh and the language consultant is doing the work. This is the reason many linguists find it makes their final archivable reporting more accurate to go through a phase of making notes on paper, going back and reconsidering everything, reannotating it until they and their consultants are collectively satisfied that they've got it. And those records can be a source of insight to later scholars if they are in a form that can be preserved. Recently I had occasion to revisit data collected in field work decades ago, before practical archiving standards for language were worked out and more stable media came on the scene. The paper phase, especially the mundane realities that go along with paper, ink, and storage, stood out as a necessary prerequisite to being able to do anything at all with the data. In an isolated field situation, it was necessary to develop a disciplined approach to the handling of manuscript materials. Even in the so-called electronic age, we do well not to play down the handwritten parts of the process.


The boom of big data and predictive analytics has revolutionized business. eHarmony matches customers based on shared likes and expectations for romance, and Target uses similar methods to strategically push its products on shoppers. Courts and Departments of Corrections have also sought to employ similar tools. However, the use of data analytics in sentencing raises a host of constitutional concerns. In State v. Loomis, the Wisconsin Supreme Court was faced with whether the use of an actuarial risk assessment tool based on a proprietary formula violates a defendant's right to due process where the defendant could not review how the various inputs were weighed. The opinion attempts to save a constitutionally dubious technique and reads as a warning to lower courts in the proper use of predictive analytics. This article explores certain equal protection and due process arguments implicated by Loomis.


The "Weberianism" of the modern age derives from the influence of three theoretical concepts in Weber's work. First, Weber described the development of "logically formal rationality" in governance as central to the rise of Western capitalist democracy. Second, Weber posited that Protestant religious ethics had helped to promote certain economic behaviors associated with contemporary capitalism. Third, Weber identified the rise of bureaucratic governance, as the primary means of realizing logically formal rationality, as distinctly modern. This essay examines the influence of these basic insights on discourse on legal reform in developing countries. The prioritization of legal and institutional reforms to achieve "good governance" seems to be part of a larger intellectual shift to the problems and challenges of "governance" in a globalizing world. Transmitters of Weberian analysis in this milieu, however, have at times elided important nuances in Weber's own thought -- nuances that, if incorporated, might have significant implications within development discourse. The paper's objectives are: first, to conduct an intellectual history that shows how one of the greatest sociologists influenced an increasingly important area of law reform in the age of globalization; second, to surface critiques arising within that field of law reform; and third, to suggest that there may be some connection between the two. In that sense, the paper seeks to make a contribution to two discourses: to enrich the study of the history of legal thought the reception of an important thinker has shaped contemporary law and policy in a relatively understudied field in the academy; and at the same time to underscore and contextualize policy critiques that have arisen in an increasingly important field of practice.


Abstract. It has been shown that lag-covariance based statistical measures, suggested by the Fluctuation Dissipation Theorem (FDT), may allow estimation of climate sensitivity in a climate model. Recently Schwartz (2007) has used measures of the decay of autocorrelation in a global surface temperature time series to estimate the real world climate sensitivity. Here we use a simple climate model, and analysis of archived coupled climate model output from the IPCC AR4 runs, for which the climate sensitivity is known, to test the utility of this approach. Our analysis of these archived model output data show that estimates of climate sensitivity derived from century-long time scales typically grossly underestimate the models' true climate sensitivity. We analyze the behavior of the simple model with adjustable heat capacity in two surface layers, subject to various stochastic forcings and for various climate sensitivities, modulated by albedo and water vapor feedbacks. We use our simple climate model to demonstrate: 1. that a much longer time series would be required to accurately diagnose the earth's climate sensitivity than is presently available 2. that for shorter time series there is a systematic bias towards underpredicting climate sensitivity, 3. that the addition of a second heat reservoir weakly coupled to the first greatly reduces the decorrelation timescale of short temperature time series produced by the model, aggravating the tendency to underestimate climate sensitivity, and 4. that because of this it is possible to have a selection of models in which the climate sensitivity is inversely related to the decorrelation time scale, as is true for the IPCC models.


This thesis provides chemical characterization data for ultrafiltered dissolved organic matter (UDOM) isolated from multiple depths in the western equatorial Atlantic and subtropical Pacific Oceans, the Southern California Bight, and the Benguela upwelling regime (n = 80). Multiple chemical characterization measurements were performed on this large set of UDOM samples including elemental analysis, stable C and N isotopic composition ([delta]\¹\³C and [delta]\¹\⁵N), radiocarbon analysis, \¹H-NMR spectroscopy, monosaccharide composition, and novel application of several protein quantification methods. Most samples were collected as part of an extensive field program aimed at describing the biocomplexity of ocean ecosystems. Therefore, complimentary data collected as part of this field program enabled a uniquely comprehensive assessment of relationships between physical -biological variables and DOM composition. Nitrogen (N) isotope dynamics are a common theme in all chapters and these data were used to study the flow of N within the microbial loop of the upper ocean and through the DOM reservoir.[[delta]\¹\⁵N-UDOM showed remarkable homogeneity over this vast spatial array when compared to the [delta]\¹\⁵N dynamics of the short-lived particulate N reservoir suggesting that dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) contributed by contemporary processes does not accumulate in the upper ocean. Further isotopic analyses of planktonic nucleic acids (NA) and the protein component of DON provided evidence for the rapid recycling of DON contributed by diazotrophs in these regions characterized by extremely low concentrations of inorganic N. N isotope fractionation effects associated with the biosynthesis of NA by marine phytoplankton were also examined in one chapter to establish the validity of using [delta]\¹\⁵N-NA of size-fractionated field assemblages to identify biological sinks for dissolved organic nitrogen (DON). Basin-wide comparisons of chemical composition data revealed significant differences in [delta]\¹\⁵N0UDON between the subtropical N. Atlantic (avg.\±s.d. = 4.1\±0.6%\₀) and Pacific Oceans (5.3\±0.8%\₀ and 15.0\±1.4, p < 0.001). The Atlantic Ocean UDOM samples also exhibited higher C/N ratios (16.1\±1.5) than those in the Pacific (15.0\±1.4, p < 0.05), and significant differences in the monosaccharide composition of UDOM were observed both between and within these basins. Principal component analyses allowed preliminary identification of specific biological imprints on DOM composition particularly in regions dominated by diazotrophs. Furthermore, molecular level characterization combined with radiocarbon signatures of UDOM allowed for a novel assessment of UDOM reactivity, and together, these basin-wide observations provided new insights into the flow of C and N through the UDOM reservoir. This thesis has begun to interpret the information recorded in the chemical composition of DOM as it relates to the environmental processing of C and N in the ocean. New observations made in each chapter are the product of analytical approaches that combine a variety of environmental and DOM composition data over large spatial expanses in the ocean. This focus on producing a more complete chemical portrait of DOM through the simultaneous measurement of multiple parameters enabled this study to identify several processes that impart compositional variability to UDOM


We present a two-wave mixing configuration associated with a coherent optical processor (4-f system) to characterize the third-order susceptibility coefficient. An accurate measurement of the spatial structure of the intensity becomes possible with a CCD camera, which simplifies and improves the accuracy of third-order susceptibility measurements. To verify the validity of the method, measurements of reference materials illuminated by linearly polarized light are carried out. Good agreement with other measurements by various authors is obtained.


This paper investigates determinants of changes of the labor share in developed countries with a focus on Western Europe. Using a country-industry panel that covers the private sector, the paper focuses on long and short-run changes within industries. The results show a large and time-persistent impact of increasing globalization on the labor share, especially if the within-industry changes are con- sidered. Openness seems to be the driving force for downward movements in the industry level labor shares while technological and institutional forces impact these shares positively. Furthermore, while investments into information and communi- cation technology (ICT) increase productivity of workers, it has a negative impact on the labor share as it enables higher economic integration which lowers the labor share. Economic integration has stronger impact on the polarization in Western European labor markets than ICT.


This work proposes a novel method to robustly and accurately model time series with heavy-tailed noise, in non-stationary scenarios. In many practical application time series have heavy-tailed noise that significantly impacts the performance of classical forecasting models; in particular, accurately modeling a distribution over extreme events is crucial to performing accurate time series anomaly detection. We propose a Spliced Binned-Pareto distribution which is both robust to extreme observations and allows accurate modeling of the full distribution. Our method allows the capture of time dependencies in the higher order moments of the distribution such as the tail heaviness. We compare the robustness and the accuracy of the tail estimation of our method to other state of the art methods on Twitter mentions count time series.


Georges Perec's Species of Spaces (1974) offers the author's most explicit and extensive meditation on space understood as both everyday reality and source for speculation. The book is organised according to a 'visualist' logic and does not address sound as a way of understanding our environment. This article takes Species of Spaces as an invitation to consider 'species of sonic space', a variety of related chunks of the sonic environment we share. It asks how we might explore the sonic environment by way of Perec's text and through consideration of other spaces which Perec does not discuss. It reflects on existing attempts to think of sonic spaces and on the differences between describing sonic, visual and other felt spaces. Aspects of Perec's text lend themselves to comparison with other writers' attempts to bring sound and space together: his analysis of domestic spaces can be usefully placed alongside Gaston Bachelard's work on 'the poetics of space'; his descriptions of urban rhythms can be compared to those of Henri Lefebvre; his attention to interiority can be considered in light of Peter Sloterdijk's 'microspherology'; and his division of space into species find a potentially productive aural analogue in Brandon LaBelle's account of 'acoustic territories'. These and other thinkers are considered here as ways of setting up an 'auralisation' of Species of Spaces . The role of sound in Perec's A Man Asleep (1967), An Attempt at Exhausting a Place in Paris (2010) and Life a User's Manual (1978) is also discussed. These works, it is argued, extend, develop, anticipate or reverberate with Species of Spaces in ways that are useful for auralising that text.


Abstract. Upwelling is a significant part of the ocean circulation controlling largely the transport of cold waters to the surface and therefore influences ocean productivity and global climate. The Benguela Upwelling System (BUS) is one of the major upwelling areas in the world. Previous reconstructions of the BUS mainly focused on the onset and intensification in southern and central parts, but changes of the northern part have been rarely investigated in detail. Using the organic-walled dinoflagellate cyst record of ODP Site 1081 from the Late Miocene to the Pliocene we reconstruct and discuss the upwelling history on the Walvis Ridge with a special focus on the movement of the Angola–Benguela Front (ABF). We show that during the Late Miocene the Angola Current flowed southwards over the Walvis Ridge more frequently than today because the ABF was probably located further south as a result of a weaker meridional temperature gradient. A possible strengthening of the meridional gradient during the latest Miocene to early Pliocene in combination with uplift of south-western Africa intensified the upwelling along the coast and increased the upwelling's filaments over the Walvis Ridge. An intermediate period from 6.2 to 5.5 Ma is shown by the dominance of Habibacysta tectata, cysts of a cool-tolerant dinoflagellate known from the northern Atlantic, indicating changing oceanic conditions contemporaneous with the Messinian Salinity Crisis. From 4.4 Ma on, the upwelling signal got stronger again and waters were well-mixed and nutrient-rich. Also effects of Cunene River discharge into the South Atlantic are recorded since 4.4 Ma. Our results show a northward migration of the ABF and the initial stepwise intensification of the BUS.


. The lima bean ( Phaseolus lunatus ) has been cultivated in Brazil since pre-colonization times and remains an important source of food and income for small farmers. Nevertheless, the species has not been extensively studied in this country. We assessed the genetic diversity of 183 lima bean landraces collected from different regions of Brazil, maintained by Embrapa, the Brazilian Government Agricultural Research Corporation. Twelve microsatellite markers were used, and seven morphological descriptors were applied. The genetic parameters suggested high diversity of the Brazilian collection of lima beans, with a mean gene diversity of 0.68 and number of alleles varying from 5 to 15 among sites. Based on a Bayesian model using molecular data, three sub-populations were identified in the sample: one predominantly from the Andean gene pool of the species (large seeds, mean 100-seed weight of 80g), and two predominantly from the Mesoamerican pool (both groups with a mean 100-seed weight of 34g). Another large group was composed of the three sub-populations identified included accessions collected from far-apart sites in different geographic regions of Brazil. There was considerable introgression between the Andean and the Mesoamerican gene pools of cultivated P. lunatus . in the markers for the


ABSTRACT Aim: PCS is the standard of care for aOC but NACT and interval debulking surgery (IDS) are acceptable treatment options for patients (pts) with stages IIIC and IV OC. Our aims are to characterize OC pts treated with PCS or NACT in our centre and to analyse decision criteria and efficacy outcomes of both strategies. Methods: All pts with ovarian tumours registered at the Southern Portuguese Cancer Registry (ROR-Sul) between 2006-2011 were reviewed for age at diagnosis, histology, FIGO stage, treatment (none, surgery and/or CT), progression free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), criteria for NACT, number of platinum based CT cycles and residual macroscopic disease. Results: From 345 pts registered with ovarian tumours, 258 were epithelial ovarian cancers (EOC) (75%). EOC pts had a median age of 62 yrs (10-90); 64 (25%) were treated with surgery alone, 53 (21%) with NACT (stages IIIB-3, IIIC-15, IV-29) and 94 (37%) with PCS (25% stages IA-IC; 23% IIA-IIIA; 51% IIIB-IV).Other pts (17%) were not treated at our centre (only pathology review, multidisciplinary decision or death before treatment). For similar stages (IIIB-IV), median age was higher for NACT pts (64 yrs, 36-90) vs 59 yrs (33-82); median number of CT cycles was 8 (NACT) and 6 (PCS). Nine pts in the NACT group progressed and died before IDS. Complete resection of macroscopic disease was achieved in 24 (55%) of NACT pts and in 17 (36%) of PCS pts. Median OS and PFS were 29,2 and 8,1 months (NACT) and 38,1 months and 10,6 months (PCS). Bad prognosis pathology (mucinous/clear cell) was observed in 10 pts (3 NACT, 7 PCS). NACT decision was based on radiological criteria (74% of cases) such as implants >2cm outside the pelvis, lymphadenopathies above renal hilum, pre-sacred retroperitoneal disease or liver metastasis. In 14 pts (26%), comorbidities contraindicated upfront surgery. Conclusions: NACT was mostly decided for older pts with contraindications for upfront surgery and/or with radiologically determined unresectable disease. Observed OS was similar to that observed in trials with more fit pts. OS for the PDS group is in line with previous reports of single centre studies with experience in OC treatment. Disclosure: All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.


Is electricity a vehicle of children and women empowerment in poor rural areas of the developing world? In this paper we approach the question through the human capital and labor market transmission channels using a rich and detailed micro-level household survey data from Rwanda. Our analysis considers e ↵ ects occurring directly at the household level and indirectly at the village economy level. We address endogeneity raised by the non-random distribution of grid access across villages and household selection into treatment within villages using a combination of inverse probability weighting methods and instrumental variable strategy. Reweighting allows us to carefully choose the control group in a multilevel treatment context in order to uncover the direct and indirect e ↵ ect of electrification, while the instrument deal with the unobserved selection bias at the village or household level. As a whole, we find little impact of electricity on children employment. A distinction by gender shows however that spillover e ↵ ects bring boys into wage employment, while the direct household electrification exerts an e ↵ ect in the opposite direction. Additional time devoted to work does not result in any negative impact on schooling. Women participation to paid employment is not a ↵ ected by household connection or village access to the grid. Instead, women that are already likely to participate to paid employment, work longer hours as wage worker and in independent businesses. Looking at inequalities between spouses, women position relative to their male spouse is improved in terms of employment participation due to their greater involvement into family businesses.


A concept for a sensorized medical tray in conjunction with real-time visual cues to aid medical residents in learning the steps of complicated tray-based medical procedures, such as central venous catheterization, was designed and tested as a first iteration. This paper outlines the selection of an LED screen to illuminate various medical devices and the testing of simple magnetic reed switches to use as sensors to track the movement of various medical tools from a tray. While this concept was designed around central venous catheterization, this work is translatable to any medical procedure using a pre-packaged plastic tray.


To protect the environment from contaminants, environmental risk assessment (ERA) evaluates the risk of adverse effects to populations, communities and ecosystems. Environmental management decisions rely on ERAs, which commonly are based on a few endpoints at the individual organism level. To bridge the gap between what is measured and what is intended for protection, individual-level effects can be integrated in population models, and translated to the population level. The general aim of this doctoral thesis was to extrapolate individual-level effects of harpacticoid copepods to the population level by developing and using population models. Matrix models and individual based models were developed and applied to life-history data of Nitocra spinipes and Amphiascus tenuiremis, and demographic equations were used to calculate population-level effects in low- and high-density populations. As a basis for the population models, individual-level processes were studied. Development was found to be more sensitive compared to reproduction in standard ecotoxicity tests measuring life-history data. Additional experimental animals would improve statistical power for reproductive endpoints, but at high labor and cost. Therefore, a new test-design was developed in this thesis. Exposing animals in groups included a higher number of animals without increased workload. The number of reproducing females was increased, and the statistical power of reproduction was improved. Individual-level effects were more or equally sensitive compared to population-level effects, and individual-level effects were translated to the population level to various degrees by population models of different complexities. More complex models showed stronger effects at the population level compared to the simpler models. Density dependence affected N. spinipes populations negatively so that toxicant effects were stronger at higher population densities. The tools presented here can be used to assess the toxicity of environmental contaminants at the individual and population level, improve ERA, and thereby the basis for environmental management.


This study investigated the different effectiveness of subtle and blatant advertising on implicit and explicit attitudes. We hypothesized that the same commercial message could change both explicit and implicit attitudes toward the advertised brand, and that explicit changes would last longer than implicit ones. Sixty-two undergraduate psychology students were involved in the study for no reward. Participants were chosen according to their preference for one of two major competing brands of cola. We used a mixed factorial design, manipulating between subjects the type of advertisement that participants watched (subtle, blatant, control) and within subjects the time when measures of implicit and explicit attitudes were taken. The study followed a prepost-test design with a follow-up (third session) after 48 hours. Results partially supported our hypotheses. At the explicit level, subtle advertising was assimilated, while blatant advertising had no effect. Explicit assimilation even increased after 48 hours. At the implicit level, blatant advertising produced a short-term contrast effect, while subtle advertising had no effect.


Eledone cirrhosa readily feeds on crabs (e.g. Carcinus maenas) and gastropods (e.g. Nucella lapillus and Littorina littorea) in the laboratory. Penetration of the shells of these prey can be readily followed, with little or no disturbance, by suspending a microphone in the water and recording the sounds. The characteristic sound consists of a series of short bursts, resembling the noise of rasping, separated by quieter periods. A bore hole is formed through the shell of the prey with a morphology typical of the type of shell. In the gastropod this is located in a small area near the top of the shell, while in the crab nearly 60% were located in the carapace with 80% of these occuring in the lower left quadrant. Bore holes not in the carapace were located in the eyestalk or in the cuticle of the eye socket, in these cases the duration of the feeding sound was significantly shorter. The duration of the quiet periods are shortest at the initiation and at the completion of the bore hole. The central radula tooth can fit into the hole made in the shell of the crab and the characteristic pattern of wear indicates that it is subject to considerable abrasion when used. Chemical etching of the shell is involved in the formation of the bore hole. It is concluded that there is an alternation of periods of rasping by the radula and chemical etching during the making of the borehole.