In an agglutinative language, it is difficult to make a clear separation between lexemes and grammatical morphemes, but the ordering of these elements provides a shining example of the distinction between aspect and time in language. In Inuit, the time belongs to a limited inventory of necessary verbal morphemes, which are carriers of the person and number markers. The kind of action and the aspect are expressed by a flexible combination of numerous affixes. In the East-Greenlandic dialect, that which is grammaticalized is not a perfective vs. imperfective, or a complete vs. incomplete, opposition, but an effective vs. ineffective one (action with or without the desired result) whose effect partially overlaps with that of the other two.


Like most of America, Colorado faces a homeless epidemic. Amidst a stark rise in housing costs and equally sharp drop in available affordable housing, Colorado's cities struggle to address the overwhelming needs of its homeless residents. While professing a dedication to eliminating homelessness through homeless and poverty services, state actors continue to write, pass, and enforce local ordinances that criminalize life-sustaining behaviors. Laws that criminalize panhandling, begging, camping, sitting or lying in public, and vagrancy target and disproportionately impact residents that are homeless for activities they must perform in the course of daily living.
This Report examines how laws criminalizing homeless people for being homeless have become widespread in Colorado. Through a comprehensive analysis of the enforcement of anti-homeless laws, this Report also examines the cost—economic and social—anti-homeless laws impose upon all Colorado citizens.
In the process of examining trends across branches of government and across the state, we found similarities between the constitutional challenges to anti-homeless laws and other discriminatory legal frameworks that criminalized people for their identities or statuses. Ordinances punishing people without homes for behaviors necessary to their daily lived existence will soon become another chapter in a shameful history of invalidated laws, such as Anti-Okie Laws, Jim Crow Laws, "Ugly Laws," and Sundown Laws. Federal courts have begun to recognize the dubious constitutionality of anti-homeless laws, and, in turn, municipalities like Denver and Boulder have begun re-examining how they enforce anti-homeless ordinances. But the data still reveal a trend: a startling high number of ordinances enforced at an alarming rate which comes with a high price tag for Colorado.
To analyze statewide trends, we identified 76 cities in Colorado based on population and geographic diversity, which represent roughly 70% of the state's population. We surveyed these 76 municipal codes and identified numerous anti-homeless ordinances that target those without homes, such as: sitting, sleeping, lying, or storing belongings in public prohibitions; restrictions on begging or panhandling; camping bans; loitering and vagrancy prohibitions; and trespass, park closure, and sanitation laws. Based on this research, we have come to following conclusions:
• Colorado's 76 largest cities have 351 anti-homeless ordinances; • Cities criminalize homelessness in a variety of ways; • Adopted ordinances inspire similar ordinances in other municipalities; and • Ordinances lack clarity and obstruct government transparency and accountability
From the 76 surveyed cities, we selected 23 cities for more in-depth research using Open Records Requests to examine how anti-homeless ordinances are enforced. We found: • Cities issue citations to homeless residents at a staggering rate. For example, 30% of all citations that Grand Junction issued are pursuant to an anti-homeless ordinance. Fort Collins issues citations to homeless individuals at the rate of two citations per homeless resident per year. Colorado Springs has doubled the rate at which they enforce anti-homeless ordinances between 2010 and 2014.
• Many cities aggressively target homeless residents for panhandling and for trespassing. Fewer than half of the cities surveyed have restrictions on begging or panhandling, yet Denver arrested nearly 300 homeless individuals in 2014 for panhandling. Between 2013 and 2014, Denver issued over 2,000 trespass citations to homeless individuals. This represents more than half of all trespass citations in the city even though homeless residents are only 0.05% of the population.
• Some cities use camping bans to target homeless residents. Boulder stands out in issuing camping ban citations by issuing 1,767 between 2010 and 2014—as compared with Denver, which issued fifteen in the same time frame, or Durango, which issued zero. Boulder issued camping ban citations at a rate of two citations per homeless resident. Eighty-seven percent of Boulder's camping citations were issued to homeless residents.
• Several cities fail to track how anti-homeless citations are enforced against individuals who are homeless—this includes Durango, Pueblo, Colorado Springs, and Aurora. Because most cities also do not track "move on" orders, the data provided by the cities do not address how these widely used policing tactics impact homeless residents' lives.
• Cities do not provide sufficient services for their homeless populations. For example, Fort Collins provides 118 shelter beds for over 400 homeless residents. On its best night, Boulder provides 280 beds for 440 homeless residents. Some cities, like Grand Junction, have limited services and publicize their attempts to deter people who are homeless from coming to their city.
A major contribution of Too High A Price is that it comprehensively analyzes the cost of anti-homeless ordinances by calculating the cost of policing, adjudication, and incarceration. By studying the enforcement of five anti-homeless ordinances in Denver, we found that in 2014 alone, Denver spent nearly three-quarters of a million dollars ($750,000.00) enforcing these ordinances. We estimate that just six Colorado cities spent a minimum of five million dollars ($5,000,000.00) enforcing fourteen anti-homeless ordinances over a five-year period. For reasons discussed in the report, this number is significantly under-inclusive. Reducing or eliminating anti-homeless ordinances would achieve governmental goals of reducing ineffective spending; expanding efficient homelessness services and prevention; and reducing collateral consequences and implicit social costs associated with criminalizing homelessness.
Too High A Price also includes seven separate City Spotlight Reports that takes a deeper dive into the criminalization of homelessness in the cities of Denver, Boulder, Colorado Springs, Durango, Fort Collins, Grand Junction, and Pueblo. With these case studies, this Report also shows that judicial action alone is not enough to stop the unconstitutional criminalization of homeless people. Despite recent court decisions invalidating panhandling ordinances as unconstitutional, Colorado cities enforce other more facially-neutral ordinances in a way that disparately impacts homeless people. Because so many cities have such ordinances, the Colorado state legislature must step in and enact legislation that establishes affirmative rights for homeless individuals at the state level. The Right to Rest Act, Colorado House Bill HB-16-1191, introduced by Representatives Salazar and Melton in February 2016, will help combat the disparate impact of these ordinances in Colorado's communities.


In recent years, the size of seismic data volumes and the number of seismic attributes available have increased. As a result, the task of recognizing seismic anomalies for the prediction of stratigraphic features or reservoir properties can be overwhelming. One way to evaluate a large amount of data and understand potential geologic trends is to automate seismic facies classification. However, the interpretation of seismic facies remains an elusive issue. Interpreters are confronted with the selection of the clustering technique and the optimal number of seismic facies that best uncover the spatial distribution of seismic facies. An interpretation framework combining data visualization with the results from various clustering techniques was evaluated. The framework allows interpreters to be directly involved in the seismic facies classification process. Because of the active participation, interpreters (1) gain insight into the detected seismic facies, (2) verify hypotheses with respect to the spatial distribution of seismic facies, (3) compare different seismic facies classification, and (4) gain more confidence with the seismic facies interpretation.


In the current Named Data Networking implementation, forwarding a data request requires finding an exact match between the prefix of the name carried in the request and a forwarding table entry. However, consumers may not always know the exact naming, or an exact prefix, of their desired data. The current approach to this problem—establishing naming conventions and performing name lookup—can be infeasible in highly ad hoc, heterogeneous, and dynamic environments: the same data can be named using different terms or even languages, naming conventions may be minimal if they exist at all, and name lookups can be costly. In this paper, we present a fuzzy Interest forwarding approach that exploits semantic similarities between the names carried in Interest packets and the names of potentially matching data in CS and entries in FIB. We describe the fuzzy Interest forwarding approach, outline the semantic understanding function that determines the name matching, and present our simulation study along with extended evaluation results.


From the Publisher:
Sams Teach Yourself Visual Studio .NET in 21 Days will help developers that are new to application development and experienced developers understand how to use the .NET Framework and Visual Studio .NET to rapidly develop any type of computer application. The Visual Studio .NET development environment is the most comprehensive developer tool ever created, putting that together with the .NET Frameworks' Class Libraries, the developer has everything he or she needs to get up-to-speed on Microsoft's latest revolution in application development. This book will guide the developer through using the VS .NET IDE, the Visual Basic .NET and C# language, and the supporting tools available from Microsoft to create Windows and Web-based applications. The market is full of books that pretty much say the same thing, which is already available in the help files, the author of this book has written and deployed over a dozen successful applications using Visual Studio .NET and the .NET Framework. All of his expertise and experience is used to give you the most comprehensive title on using Visual Studio .NET.


The accuracy and efficacy of merger control are important questions that have long posed challenges for policy evaluation. The growing number of merger retrospectives provide an opportunity to conduct such an analysis since they measure the outcomes of actual mergers. This paper compiles all available merger retrospectives that meet scholarly criteria, resulting in 48 mergers with measured price outcomes. It supplements this data base with information about the actions taken by U.S. antitrust agencies with respect to those particular mergers - whether they were cleared, or approved with remedies, or opposed. If remedies were imposed, conduct remedies are distinguished from structural remedies, since many observers view the latter as more likely effective. We find that the antitrust agencies cleared the studied mergers about as often as they imposed remedies, although the percent cleared has risen over time. We further find that most transactions resulted in increases in prices post-merger, suggesting a permissive antitrust posture. The price increases were considerably greater for mergers subject to conduct remedies than divestitures, corroborating doubt about the efficacy of conduct approaches. Finally, we find that the agencies cleared mergers without substantial price effects systematically and significantly more often than mergers resulting in large price increases. This suggests that agencies have been able to distinguish, on average, case deserving of approval from those raising the most serious competitive concerns.


Aim/Purpose: This study investigated the integration of Google Docs in facilitating undergraduate students' interactional collaboration in an online translation course. The study also explored the engagement patterns that emerge when students use Google Docs and evaluated their experience of using this platform in collaborative translation.

Background: Integration of technology in specialized English translation classes has become crucial to empower students with the required skills in the labor market. However, students might perceive specialized translation as a tedious and difficult process and become reluctant to engage in translation classes. Few studies have investigated students' performance and engagement aspects in online collaborative translation contexts.

Methodology: This study employed a mixed-method approach. Multiple sources of data were collected from translation tests, an engagement questionnaire, semi-structured interviews, and students' interactions on the online platforms. Ninety-three students majoring in business administration were purposefully assigned into a control group and two experimental groups. Throughout six weeks, students in the first experimental group collaborated on translation assignments via discussion forum boards on a Learning Management System (LMS), whereas students in the second experimental group used Google Docs to complete three translation assignments. Control group students completed the same assignments individually.

Contribution: This study contributes to the previous body of knowledge in the field of collaborative learning, translation, and educational technology by exploring the effectiveness of using Google Docs in improving students' collaboration and engagement in a specialized translation course.

Findings: One-way ANOVA for the translation post-tests showed a statistically significant improvement in the overall translation performance and translation subskills of the experimental group who used Google Docs compared to the control group and the experimental group who interacted through discussion forums. Descriptive statistics of the engagement questionnaire revealed a significant statistical increase in the Google Docs group's behavioral, cognitive, and affective engagement. Content analysis of the qualitative data showed that students engaged behaviorally by giving and receiving feedback both at the global and local levels and cognitively through questioning, giving constructive comments, and justifying arguments. Students also engaged effectively and expressed positive feelings when collaborating online. Moreover, students reported the usefulness of using Google Docs in the collaborative translation process and expressed their satisfaction and confidence.

Recommendations for Practitioners: Practitioners should use collaborative technological tools to upgrade translators' skills and increase students' engagement.

Recommendation for Researchers: It is recommended that researchers compare students' engagement in different learning modalities and explore the relationship between students' translation competence and their engagement level.

Impact on Society: The society of specialized translation will be improved by implementing innovative pedagogical techniques in teaching and training translators. This research can raise awareness of the importance of online tools in exchanging learning experiences inside and outside the academic contexts.

Future Research: Future studies should explore the impact of implementing web/computer-based tools in the collaborative translation of different genres and various languages.


The brainchildren of Steven Chu, the Nobel Prize–winning physicist who stepped down last month as secretary of energy, the energy innovation hubs are a bold experiment in how the U.S. Department of Energy does research. The hubs aim to make the sprawling and notoriously bureaucratic agency more nimble and responsive. Each would focus on a single problem, assemble "under one roof" all the scientists and engineers needed to tackle everything from basic research through technological development, and take a free-wheeling approach to hammer out a solution as fast as possible. The problem-oriented approach draws plaudits from researchers and some policymakers in Washington, D.C. However, the hubs will have to prove their worth at a time when budgets are likely to be tight, and evaluating them will not be easy.


Background: In recent years, myocardial strain imaging has gained an important place for the evaluation of cardiac patients. Global longitudinal strain assessed by speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) is now commonly used but circumferential strain remains less extensively studied. MR-tagging is recognized as the reference method for circum- ferential strain analysis, however no validation study between regional MR-tagging and regional STE has been performed up to now. Objective: To compare segmental circumferential strain values (Ecc) obtained by speckle tracking and by MR-tagging in patient with normal systolic function in order to define if both methods are interchangeable or not. Patients and methods: patients without significant regional nor global systolic dysfunction (LVEF > 55%) were studied by MR-tagging ( n =82) and by STE ( n =35). Left ventricular mid-level short axis slice was obtained by both methods and paired data were available in 16 patients. Segmental Ecc values were computed in six equidistant sectors using GE EchoPac software for STE and InTag post processing software for MR-tagging. Results: 1) Comparison between regions: Overall results showed that regional peak Ecc magnitude |Eccpeak| was not uniform with both methods but in an opposite way. MR-tagging demonstrated significantly lower septal |Eccpeak| as compared with postero-lateral |Eccpeak| (-16.5±3.6 vs -23.4±4.4, p <10 -4 ). Conversely, STE showed significantly higher septal |Eccpeak| as compared with postero-lateral |Eccpeak| (-22.3±6.4 vs -13.9±6.2, p <10 -4 ). 2) Comparison between both methods: In the subgroup of patients studied by both methods, septal |Eccpeak| was 29% lower by MR-tagging as compared with STE (-14.9±2.4 vs -20.9±6.5, p <.006) and postero-lateral |Eccpeak| was 39% lower by STE as compared with MR-tagging (-12.9±5.9 vs -21.0±2.9, p <.0003). 3) Intra and interobserver coefficients of variation were homogeneous (in the range 10%-14%) for all sectors with MR-tagging but were dramatically variable with STE (15% to 20% in the anterior-septal region but three times higher, in the range 35%-40%, in the postero-lateral territory). Conclusion: Regional distributions of Ecc is not uniform but opposite results are provided by MR-tagging and by STE. This finding demonstrates that both methods cannot be considered as interchangeable. These conflicting results raise the question of the validity of either MR tagging or speckle tracking for the quantification of regional circumferential strain. Some arguments, developed in the discussion would rather let believe that MR-tagging results should be more reliable.


In this paper, I investigate more closely the contribution of modal operators to the semantics of comparatives and I show that there is no need for a maximality or minimality operator. Following Kratzer's (1981, 1991) analysis of modal elements, I assume that the meaning of a modal sentence is dependent on a conversational background and an ordering source. For comparative environments, I demonstrate that the ordering source reduces a set of possible degrees to a single degree that is most (or least) wanted or expected, i.e., maximality and minimality readings of comparative constructions are an effect of the pragmatic meaning of the modal.


This essay is an experiment, seeking to facilitate honest and less defensive discussion about race and gender. Generally, discussions of race, gender and the law are difficult, but perhaps, the discourse can be facilitated through the lens of literature. My theory is that women are unable to claim a position of power because of divisive racial conflicts. I approach these conflicts by examining the conflict between two literary characters (a black woman and a white woman) in Bebe Moore Campbell's novel, Your Blues Ain't Like Mine. Directly examining the characters illuminates the racial divide between black and white women existing in our real lives and systems. This experiment is essential because as long as women, potential sister/friends, remain alienated from one another-which is also an alienation from self-they will never fully actualize their power and reorder oppressive societal and legal orders.


This Casebook addresses the global dimension of civil procedure. The authors provide a unique comparative perspective on international litigation. This very teachable set of materials is designed to be accessible to Civil Procedure teachers who wish to teach the course, and it is also suitable for current teachers of transnational litigation. Topics include personal jurisdiction; cross-border service of process; subject matter jurisdiction; taking of evidence abroad; problems of choice of forum, choice of law and parallel proceedings; recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments; international arbitration; and foreign sovereign immunities.


Cities around the world have recently started to become 'proactive' initiators of climate strategies containing both mitigation and adaptation elements. The experience of these first movers has been studied and documented both empirically and, to a lesser extent, theoretically, primarily for cities in the global North. This symposium addresses related knowledge gaps by exploring case studies of urban regions in the global South confronting their projected climate change challenges, showcasing the experiences of Delhi, Santiago de Chile and Bogota. Its specific aim is to explore the urban social response to nature change, the adaptation challenges faced by cities across the world and current practices of urban adaptation. Further, the symposium seeks to understand to what extent and in what respect current conceptual frameworks - which highlight urban ecological security and vulnerability - provide a useful context/framing to assist cities in confronting their challenges and to explain their actions. This introductory article examines current knowledge of the theory and practice of urban climate response. It introduces the concepts of ecological security and vulnerability and discusses the adaptive capacity of cities and how they are starting to respond to the emerging challenges of climate change. It concludes with a synthesis of the case articles and highlights some of the findings.


A major focus of geographical ecology and macroecology is to understand the causes of spatially structured ecological patterns. However, achieving this understanding can be complicated when using multiple regression, because the relative importance of explanatory variables, as measured by regression coefficients, can shift depending on whether spatially explicit or non-spatial modeling is used. However, the extent to which coefficients may shift and why shifts occur are unclear. Here, we analyze the relationship between environmental predictors and the geographical distribution of species richness, body size, range size and abundance in 97 multi-factorial data sets. Our goal was to compare standardized partial regression coefficients of non-spatial ordinary least squares regressions (i.e. models fitted using ordinary least squares without taking autocorrelation into account; ''OLS models'' hereafter) and eight spatial methods to evaluate the frequency of coefficient shifts and identify characteristics of data that might predict when shifts are likely. We generated three metrics of coefficient shifts and eight characteristics of the data sets as predictors of shifts. Typical of ecological data, spatial autocorrelation in the residuals of OLS models was found in most data sets. The spatial models varied in the extent to which they minimized residual spatial autocorrelation. Patterns of coefficient shifts also varied among methods and datasets, although the magnitudes of shifts tended to be small in all cases. We were unable to identify strong predictors of shifts, including the levels of autocorrelation in either explanatory variables or model residuals. Thus, changes in coefficients between spatial and non-spatial methods depend on the method used and are largely idiosyncratic, making it difficult to predict when or why shifts occur. We conclude that the ecological importance of regression coefficients cannot be evaluated with confidence irrespective of whether spatially explicit modelling is used or not. Researchers may have little choice but to be more explicit about the uncertainty of models and more cautious in their interpretation.


Abstract. Analogue models or scale experiments of estuaries and short tidal basins are notoriously difficult to create in the laboratory because of the difficulty to obtain currents strong enough to transport sand. Our recently discovered method to drive tidal currents by periodically tilting the entire flume leads to intense sediment transport in both the ebb and flood phase, causing dynamic channel and shoal patterns. However, it remains unclear whether tilting produces periodic flows with characteristic tidal properties that are sufficiently similar to those in nature for the purpose of landscape experiments. Moreover, it is not well understood why the flows driven by periodic sea level fluctuation, as in nature, are not sufficient for morphodynamic experiments. Here we compare for the first time the tidal currents driven by sea level fluctuations and by tilting. Experiments were run in a 20  ×  3 m straight flume, the Metronome, for a range of tilting periods and with one or two boundaries open at constant head with free inflow and outflow. Also, experiments were run with flow driven by periodic sea level fluctuations. We recorded surface flow velocity along the flume with particle imaging velocimetry and measured water levels along the flume. We compared the results to a one-dimensional model with shallow flow equations for a rough bed, which was tested on the experiments and applied to a range of length scales bridging small experiments and large estuaries. We found that the Reynolds method results in negligible flows along the flume except for the first few metres, whereas flume tilting results in nearly uniform reversing flow velocities along the entire flume that are strong enough to move sand. Furthermore, tidal excursion length relative to basin length and the dominance of friction over inertia is similar in tidal experiments and reality. The sediment mobility converges between the Reynolds method and tilting for flumes hundreds of metres long, which is impractical. Smaller flumes of a few metres in length, on the other hand, are much more dominated by friction than natural systems, meaning that sediment suspension would be impossible in the resulting laminar flow on tidal flats. Where the Reynolds method is limited by small sediment mobility and high tidal range relative to water depth, the tilting method allows for independent control over the variables flow depth, velocity, sediment mobility, tidal period and excursion length, and tidal asymmetry. A periodically tilting flume thus opens up the possibility of systematic biogeomorphological experimentation with self-formed estuaries.


Analysis of the ospD gene has revealed that this gene is not universal among Lyme disease spirochete isolates. The gene was found to be carried by 90, 50, and 24% of the Borrelia garinii, B. afzelii, and B. burgdorferi isolates tested. Size variability in the ospD-encoding plasmid was also observed. Sequence analysis has demonstrated the presence of various numbers of a 17-bp repeated sequence in the upstream control (promoter) region of the gene. In addition, a region within the coding sequence where various insertions, deletions, and direct repeats occur was identified. ospD gene sequences from 31 different isolates were determined and utilized in pairwise sequence comparisons and construction of a gene tree. These analyses suggest that the ospD gene was the target of several recombinational events and that the gene was recently acquired by Lyme disease spirochetes and laterally transferred between species.


The Mont-Chemin region at the NE extreme of the Mont-Blanc massif, Canton Valais, Switzerland is predominantly comprised of the granitic rocks of the Mont-Blanc intrusive rock suite and the Mont-Blanc basement gneisses. Fluid inclusions, fluid-mineral equilibria, stable-isotope and radiogenic-isotope studies have been used to derive pressure, temperature, age (PTt) and fluid-composition constraints for a number of Alpine events. The earliest of these events is recorded in a paragonite-katophorite schist hosted within the basement gneisses. The paragonites yield a 40 Ar/ 39 Ar age of 47 Ma. Mineral thermobarometry is consistent with formation temperatures in excess of 300 degrees C, with minimum pressures of 1500 bars. A well-defined pressure-temperature uplift path is recorded in minerals hosted by veins of different generations. The overall PTt path defines a geothermal gradient of 25 degrees C/km, but the younger portions of this PTt path are consistent with geothermal gradients slightly in excess of 50 degrees C/km, similar to those observed to the East along the Rhone-Simplon line.


Compared to the striking diversification and levels of endemism observed in many terrestrial groups within the Hawaiian Archipelago, marine invertebrates exhibit remarkably lower rates of endemism and diversification. Supralittoral invertebrates restricted to specific coastal patchy habitats, however, have the potential for high levels of allopatric diversification. This is the case of Ligia isopods endemic to the Hawaiian Archipelago, which most likely arose from a rocky supralittoral ancestor that colonized the archipelago via rafting, and diversified into rocky supralittoral and inland lineages. A previous study on populations of this isopod from Oʻahu and Kauaʻi revealed high levels of allopatric differentiation, and suggested inter-island historical dispersal events have been rare. To gain a better understanding on the diversity and evolution of this group, we expanded prior phylogeographic work by incorporating populations from unsampled main Hawaiian Islands (Maui, Molokaʻi, Lanaʻi, and Hawaiʻi), increasing the number of gene markers (four mitochondrial and two nuclear genes), and conducting Maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses. Our study revealed new lineages and expanded the distribution range of several lineages. The phylogeographic patterns of Ligia in the study area are complex, with Hawaiʻi, Oʻahu, and the Maui-Nui islands sharing major lineages, implying multiple inter-island historical dispersal events. In contrast, the oldest and most geographically distant of the major islands (Kauaʻi) shares no lineages with the other islands. Our results did not support the monophyly of all the supralittoral lineages (currently grouped into L. hawaiensis), or the monophyly of the terrestrial lineages (currently grouped into L. perkinsi), implying more than one evolutionary transition between coastal and inland forms. Geometric-morphometric analyses of three supralittoral clades revealed significant body shape differences among them. A taxonomic revision of Hawaiian Ligia is warranted. Our results are relevant for the protection of biodiversity found in an environment subject to high pressure from disturbances.


The doping of the honeycomb lattice compound Na2IrO3 with cations having smaller ionic radius such as lithium was supposed to drive the system into a Kitaev spin liquid phase. Even at the smallest doping level the long range magnetic order, present in the parent compound, got suppressed as evidenced by susceptibility and heat capacity measurements. At low doping levels, the long range ordered magnetic phase is accompanied by the formation of a glassy state with a transition temperature of T-F similar to 5 K as determined by dc and ac magnetic susceptibility. The magnetic excitation spectrum, measured by inelastic neutron scattering, shows a significant change with doping. Our inelastic neutron scattering data can be well described by linear spin wave theory, revealing the formation of a spiral magnetic phase.


This paper examines the gains for South Asian economies from integrating with East Asia and India's role in this process. Evidence of increased pan-Asian integration exists but the process is uneven. Bilateral trade has grown. As have bilateral foreign direct investment flows and free trade agreements (FTAs), albeit at a slower pace than trade. The integration process has been led by India and Pakistan with limited participation of smaller South Asian economies. Tackling key impediments in cross-border infrastructure, FTAs, trade barriers and business regulations, and barriers to services will foster further integration. Computable general equilibrium (CGE) simulations suggest that a South Asia–East Asia FTA offers the most gains for South Asia and that India has an incentive to include its neighbors in such an arrangement rather than going it alone with East Asia. The rest of South Asia will gain by deepening South Asian integration and fostering ties with East Asia.


The Napo Basin in Ecuador is an important drainage of the Amazon Basin, the most biodiverse ecosystem for freshwater species. At the same time, this basin has conspicuous information gaps on its biodiversity patterns and human threats. Here, we estimated the diversity distribution patterns of freshwater vertebrates and invertebrates in the Napo Basin, as a tool for present and future management and conservation efforts. Also, we assessed the spatial congruence of the diversity patterns observed between aquatic vertebrates and invertebrates. For this, we compiled occurrence records for 481 freshwater vertebrate species (amphibians, birds, mammals, reptiles, and fish), and 54 invertebrate families obtained across an altitudinal gradient of the basin (200–4500 m). Using these occurrence records and environmental variables, we modeled the distribution of each vertebrate species and invertebrate family. Then, we stacked these distributions to build species richness maps for vertebrates, and a family richness map for invertebrates. We found that the most diverse areas for vertebrate species are the lowlands (<600 m), whereas richness of invertebrate families peaks at higher elevations (lower montane forests). Congruence among species richness patterns of the five vertebrate groups was high (r = 0.66), with fish being the best predictor for vertebrates (r = 0.78). However, congruence decreased at higher elevations (r = 0.14), suggesting that specific species or habitat-based approaches should be used in the highlands. Also, we found a high correlation between species and family richness of freshwater invertebrates (r = 0.66), suggesting that family richness of invertebrates could be used as a surrogate of species richness in this basin. We highlight this correlation because, at the watershed scale, it allows working with family groups where species-level taxonomy is challenging. Our results provide the first comprehensive representation of freshwater biodiversity patterns at high resolution in an Andean-Amazon basin, and calls attention to the need for incorporating different taxonomic groups when assessing diversity patterns. Given these different diversity patterns, conservation programs for this basin should incorporate both vertebrate and invertebrate groups as biodiversity indicators. Finally, our study provides a practical methodological guidance in the estimation of freshwater diversity in regions of scarce information with high conservation priority, such as the Andean-Amazon basins.


Evolution has endowed animals with outstanding adaptive behaviours which are grounded in the organization of their sensorimotor system. This paper uses inspiration from these principles of organization in the design of an artificial agent for autonomous driving. After distilling the relevant principles from biology, their functional role in the implementation of an artificial system are explained. The resulting Agent, developed in an EU H2020 Research and Innovation Action, is used to concretely demonstrate the emergence of adaptive behaviour with a significant level of autonomy. Guidelines to adapt the same principled organization of the sensorimotor system to other agents for driving are also obtained. The demonstration of the system abilities is given with example scenarios and open access simulation tools. Prospective developments concerning learning via mental imagery are finally discussed.


Neandertal Shadows in Us Non-African modern humans carry a remnant of Neandertal DNA from interbreeding events that have been postulated to have occurred as humans migrated out of Africa. While the total amount of Neandertal sequence is estimated to be less than 3% of the modern genome, the specific retained sequences vary among individuals. Analyzing the genomes of more than 600 Europeans and East Asians, Vernot and Akey (p. 1017, published online 29 January) identified Neandertal sequences within modern humans that taken together span approximately 20% of the Neandertal genome. Some Neandertal-derived sequences appear to be under positive selection in humans, including several genes associated with skin phenotypes. Ancestral Neandertal sequences within extant humans reveal that positive and purifying selection has occurred. Anatomically modern humans overlapped and mated with Neandertals such that non-African humans inherit ~1 to 3% of their genomes from Neandertal ancestors. We identified Neandertal lineages that persist in the DNA of modern humans, in whole-genome sequences from 379 European and 286 East Asian individuals, recovering more than 15 gigabases of introgressed sequence that spans ~20% of the Neandertal genome (false discovery rate = 5%). Analyses of surviving archaic lineages suggest that there were fitness costs to hybridization, admixture occurred both before and after divergence of non-African modern humans, and Neandertals were a source of adaptive variation for loci involved in skin phenotypes. Our results provide a new avenue for paleogenomics studies, allowing substantial amounts of population-level DNA sequence information to be obtained from extinct groups, even in the absence of fossilized remains.


Abstract Vanadium is a multivalent element that can speciate as V2+, V3+, V4+, and V5+ over a range of geologically relevant oxygen fugacities (fo2). $\left( f{{o}_{2}} \right).$The abundance of V in planetary materials can be exploited as a proxy for fo2 $f{{o}_{2}}$when its partitioning behavior is known. The mineral rutile (TiO2) is an important carrier of the high field strength elements Nb and Ta in the solid Earth, but it can also incorporate substantial quantities of vanadium (up to ~2000 ppm; e.g., Zack et al. 2002). However, little work has been done to systematically investigate how the partitioning of V in rutile-bearing systems changes as a function of both fo2 $f{{o}_{2}}$and composition. We measured the partitioning of V and 19 other trace elements (Sc, Cr, Y, Zr, Nb, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy, Ho, Er, Yb, Lu, Hf, and Ta) between rutile and three silicate melt compositions equilibrated at 1 atm pressure, 1300 °C and fo2 $f{{o}_{2}}$values from two log units below the quartz-fayalite-magnetite oxygen buffer (QFM-2) to air (QFM+6.5). Rutile/melt partition coefficients (DVrt/melt) $\left( D_{\text{V}}^{{\text{rt}}/{\text{melt}}\;} \right)$change dynamically over an eight-log unit range of fo2 $f{{o}_{2}}$and are greatest at fo2=QFM-2 $f{{o}_{2}}=\text{QFM-2}$in all compositions. Vanadium solubility in rutile declines continuously as fo2 $f{{o}_{2}}$increases from QFM-2 and approaches unity in air. Trace-element partitioning between rutile and melt is also correlated with melt composition, with the greatest values of Drt/melt measured in the most polymerized melt systems containing the least TiO2. We do not find any circumstances where V becomes incompatible in rutile. Our results indicate that rutile is a considerable sink for V at terrestrial fo2 $f{{o}_{2}}$values and will contribute to the retention of V in refractory slab residues in subduction zones. In agreement with previous work, we find that DTart/melt >DNbrt/melt  $D_{\text{Ta}}^{\text{rt}/\text{melt}\ }>D_{\text{Nb}}^{\text{rt}/\text{melt}\ }$under all conditions investigated, suggesting that rutile fractionation does not lead to low Nb/Ta ratios in Earth's continental crust.


Although there is growing evidence for a role of excess intracellular cations, particularly calcium ions, in neuronal and glial cell injury in multiple sclerosis, as well as in non-inflammatory neurological conditions, the molecular mechanisms involved are not fully determined. We previously showed that the acid-sensing ion channel 1 which, when activated under the acidotic tissue conditions found in inflammatory lesions opens to allow influx of sodium and calcium ions, contributes to axonal injury in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an animal model of multiple sclerosis. However, the extent and cellular distribution of acid-sensing ion channel 1 expression in neurons and glia in inflammatory lesions is unknown and, crucially, acid-sensing ion channel 1 expression has not been determined in multiple sclerosis lesions. Here we studied acute and chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis spinal cord and optic nerve tissues to describe in detail the distribution of acid-sensing ion channel 1 and its relationship with neuronal and glial damage. We also tested the effects of amiloride treatment on tissue damage in the mouse models. We found that acid-sensing ion channel 1 was upregulated in axons and oligodendrocytes within lesions from mice with acute experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and from patients with active multiple sclerosis. The expression of acid-sensing ion channel 1 was associated with axonal damage as indicated by co-localization with the axonal injury marker beta amyloid precursor protein. Moreover, blocking acid-sensing ion channel 1 with amiloride protected both myelin and neurons from damage in the acute model, and when given either at disease onset or, more clinically relevant, at first relapse, ameliorated disability in mice with chronic-relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Together these findings suggest that blockade of acid-sensing ion channel 1 has the potential to provide both neuro- and myelo-protective benefits in multiple sclerosis.


Previous application of a mathematical theory of chains of coupled oscillators to the results of experiments on the lamprey spinal cord led to conclusions about the mechanisms of intersegmental coordination in the lamprey. The theory provides no direct link, however, to electrophysiological data obtained at the cellular level, nor are the details of the neuronal circuitry in the lamprey known. In this paper, a variant of the theory is developed for which the relevant variables can potentially be measured. This theory will be applied to measurements on simulated oscillators, based on a network that has been postulated to constitute the basic circuitry of the segmental oscillator in the lamprey. A linear approximation to the equations is derived, and it will be shown that the behavior of simulated chains of these oscillators obeys the predictions of this approximation.


The 9/11 terrorist attacks shifted the emphasis of failed states as just a regional humanitarian problem to one that could present a global security threat. In this regard US policymakers, especially, identified failed states as possible terrorist threats. However, this renewed attention to the study of state failure has exposed a number of theoretical weaknesses in this body of literature. The latter could mainly be ascribed to the way in which US policy makers have often used generalised definitions of failed states and then applied it to states that are perceived as threats. Another problem is the fact that government sponsored research institutes and think tanks are operating independently from university academics. This situation has caused theoretical confusion as conditions in failed states are often interpreted differently resulting in the development of a number of opposing theories, definitions and confusing classification models. The body of literature is further accused of endorsing a "Weberian" definition (ideal type) of the state against which degrees of "failure" in non-complying states are measured. This article will investigate the extent of these theoretical weaknesses and expose the dangers of following an approach that seem to misinterpret the political realities of developing states (often regarded as failed) – this despite having an extensive popular following. It will further focus on possible alternative approaches – or the formulation of ideas that are better suited and relevant to the often unique internal political, social and economic dynamics of unstable states.


The technological and scientific advances in life sciences increase the demand on computing power and storage capacity. Such new requirements can be met by Grid-computing, the collaboration of distributed resourc es across institutional borders. This article focuses on the i ntegration of DICOM as world-wide standard for medical imaging systems into a Globus grid environment. Globus is one of the most popular grid toolkits available today. A grid version of the DICOM implementation (Grid-DICOM) is developed by adaption to the Globus grid security interface (GSI). Furthermore, the development of a Grid-DICOM router enables a seamless integration of legacy DICOM devices like image archives (PACS) and other medical imaging systems. A web-based portal allows user-friendly access to these systems and other DICOM operations in the grid. A prototype of this DICOM image transfer service is installed and tested in MediGRID, the German grid network for life sciences. First runtime tests demonstrate the seamless integration, but reveal slightly higher trans fer times compared to conventional DICOM transfer due to the additional security layer.


In 2015, the age-adjusted Alzheimer's disease death rate among persons aged ≥65 years in the United States was 231.0 per 100,000 population. The five states with the highest age-adjusted death rates for Alzheimer's disease were South Carolina (362.8), Washington (349.6), Mississippi (346.5), Tennessee (340.8), and Louisiana (333.6). New York had the lowest rate (99.0), followed by Maryland (128.2), Alaska (131.7), Connecticut (149.3), and the District of Columbia (152.2).


Several approaches can be taken to predict case membership in the classes of a dependent variable. Classification and regression trees (CART) analysis has been cited repeatedly as a powerful nonparametric approach in fields where classification or prediction are of concern. To test CART's utility in a social work setting, the authors conducted a secondary analysis of data collected in a national study of child protective services screening practices to identify factors involved with worker decisions to investigate child maltreatment reports. The CART analysis revealed complex interaction effects previously unobserved in the logistic regression. Comparisons of CART with traditional statistical approaches and other tree-based programs are presented. Key words: classification and regression trees; decision trees; decision making; screening; child protective services ********** Depending on the research question, the basic purpose of a classification study is either to produce an accurate classifier or to uncover the predictive structure of the phenomenon under consideration (Breiman, Friedman, Olshen, & Stone, 1984). For most social work professionals, both objectives are of interest; for example, to target resources, a program planner must be able to identify groups of clients that are likely to benefit from a specific approach and to understand the factors that predict the likelihood of success given the client's presenting conditions. Similarly, when a social worker recommends care alternatives, prediction of outcome given the client's condition, available resources, and the factors expected to influence rehabilitation are necessary to appropriately assist the client and family in their decision making. Yet, many social work professionals are faced with complex decision problems without the benefit of a set of rules to organize data. In these situations, most decision makers tend to polarize around only a few variables, potentially missing important aspects of a problem. Although a variety of traditional statistical approaches can be used to predict the classification of cases from complex data sets, classification and regression trees (CART) analysis (Breiman et al., 1984) has been cited repeatedly as a powerful nonparametric approach in applied fields where classification or prediction are of concern, such as medicine (for example, Goldman et al., 1998; Mair, Smidt, Lechleitner, Dienstl, & Puschendorf, 1998; Thomssen et al., 1998) and mental health (Barnes, Welte, & Dintcheff, 1991; Boerstler & de Figueiredo, 1991; Craig, Siegel, Hopper, Lin, & Sartorius, 1997). For example, in a study of low-income psychiatric patients, Boerstler and de Figueiredo found the client's discharge from inpatient treatment at the most recent admission to psychiatric treatment to be "the most consistent, most powerful, and the only necessary predictor of high use of outpatient psychiatric services" (p. 32); an important implication for program administrators. Mair et al. (1995) used CART to develop an algorithm for use in emergency room settings for the early diagnosis of heart attack based on clinical symptoms, ECG, and other myocardial measures from 114 patients. The method's ability to predict a diagnosis was as high as that of other statistical methods; however, CART's graphical features, essential for use in clinical training and practice, were cited as a primary advantage over other methods. To demonstrate CART's potential for use in social work settings, this article presents the CART technique, its utility in identifying factors involved with decisions to investigate reports of child maitreatment, and comparisons of CART with traditional statistical approaches and other tree-based software programs. BACKGROUND In response to the growing discrepancy between the number of reports made to child protective services (CPS) and the number of reports investigated, the Children's Bureau funded an on-site study of CPS screening practices in 12 communities from five states to illustrate worker decision-making practices at intake (Wells, Fluke, Downing, & Brown, 1989). …


"All India is full of holy men stammering gospels in strange tongues; shaken and consumed in the fires of their own zeal; dreamers, babblers, and visionaries: as it has been from the beginning and will continue to the end," predicts the narrator of Kim, Rudyard Kipling's classic orientalist adventure (45). The incendiary energy of Kipling's 1901 portrait of the religious zeal of prophecy persists in the imagination of the West. But a century later, it seems, holy zeal has lost its innocence: the frenzy of the visionary--now called the fanatic or the fundamentalist--is charged with violence. The change from the exotic to the terrifying in the Western view of Eastern prophets calls for analysis. Salman Rushdie's The Satanic Verses, with its infamous inversions of the prophecies that shaped Islamic culture and Indian society, boldly confronts the aura of violence that now surrounds prophecy. Rushdie invites the reader to listen attentively to a multitude of babbling voices as they clamor against one another. Rushdie challenges the reader to adjudicate this novel's founding competition between prophecy and its falsifications, between inspired verses and satanic verses. Indeed, the narrator asks "who has the best tunes?" (10). Because some of the prophets' "tunes" are deadly, the task of adjudicating among mantic voices is all the more urgent. Which babblers and visionaries are dangerous? Does their violence stem from prophecy itself, from falsifications of prophecy, or from both? In listening to the voices, it is not enough to distinguish the degree of their religious fervor (moderate, zealous or extreme) or even the content of their predictions. Rather, to determine why many prophets are violent in The Satanic Verses, one must ask what kind of prophesying they engage in. Instead of simply condemning or acquitting one kind of prophecy or another, Rushdie presents prophets that defy categorization. (1) The theological and literary tropology of prophecy suggests that terrorism in this novel is a hybridized prophetic activity that exaggerates some elements of prophecy and falsifies others. Many characters in the novel distort the prophetic tradition in three ways that generate violence. First, the violent prophet figures exaggerate mantic sympathy for divine wrath against injustice. Second, they collapse prediction and fulfillment into a single action. Third, they manipulate the fusion of truth and justice that characterizes the prophetic imagination. A fourth distortion of the prophetic tradition emerges in the novel. The novel's critique of inscription and sacred text would seem to account for the violence of certain prophets by pitting textuality, the letter of the law, and tyranny against orality, spirit, and freedom. Ultimately, however, these oppositions break down in the face of the violence of the clerical tyrant. The tyrant's fantasy of timelessness requires one to look beyond the three distortions of the prophetic tradition to the fourth: the reversal of prophecy's mandate of newness. A brief look at the dystopian genre demonstrates the convention of using prophecy as a trope to address power and violence. The literary tropology of prophecy often hearkens back to a longstanding purpose of prophecy: to rebel against tyranny. In writing about prophecy, Rushdie does more than address religion: like the dystopian novelists, he uses prophetic speech as a trope to address problems of oppressive power, violence and terror. (2) This trope is common in the classic dystopian novels, which project a future tyranny that is the logical outgrowth of present policy. In the novels, the juxtaposition of present and future invites readers to examine their own societies. For instance Ayn Rand's Anthem projects a dystopian future in order to warn against certain social trends that she considers incipiently tyrannical. (3) Dystopian novels like Rand's do not so much attempt accurate predictions of a real future as examine the present. …


One of the main characteristics of cities is the large amount of people moving around. These flows are reflected in all the subways dashing through the city. With the authors' work, they strive to give an impression of this pulse of the city. They present Shanghai Metro Flow, consisting of an animated visualization composed of three scenes, each giving another perspective into the metro network, and an accompanying poster showing subway line details. Each visualization combines established techniques with a highly aesthetic form in order to attract people to observe and dwell on different aspects of urban mobility.


The Malaysia-born, Taiwan-based filmmaker Tsai Ming-liang's Visage (2009) is a film that was commissioned by the Louvre as part of its collection. His move to the museum space raises a number of questions: What are some of the implications of his shift in practice? What does it mean to have a film, situated in art galleries or museum space, invites us to think about the notion of cinema, spatial configuration, transnational co-production and consumption? To give these questions more specificity, this article will look at the triangular relationship between the filmmaker's prior theatre experience, French cinephilia's influence, and cinema in the gallery, using It's a Dream (2007) and Visage as two case studies. I argue Tsai's film and video installation need to be situated in the intersection between the moving images and the alternative viewing experiences, and between the global and regional film cultures taking place at the theatre-within-a-gallery site. While Tsai's slow film aesthetics can be traced in relation to his prior theatre practice, his installation and film in the gallery are grounded in the belief that cinema needs to be resurrected in the museum. The interrelations between Tsai's video installation and feature films show that they originate from, and are still part of, love for cinema. Tsai's move to the museum space exemplifies the possibility for the future of cinema: it may lose its exclusivity of the collective experience in the movie theatre, yet still privileges the architectural situation of cinema.


Over the last two decades soccer has become a major institution within the popular culture of the Arab-Palestinian citizens of Israel. They have attained disproportionate success in this field. Given their marginalisation from many areas of Israeli society as well as the ongoing Israeli-Palestinian conflict, such a prominent Arab presence highlights the tension between their Israeli citizenship and their belonging to the Palestinian people. Bringing together sociological, anthropological and historical approaches, Sorek examines how soccer can potentially be utilised by ethnic and national minorities as a field of social protest, a stage for demonstrating distinctive identity, or as a channel for social and political integration. Relying on a rich combination of quantitative and qualitative methods, he argues that equality in the soccer sphere legitimises contemporary inequality between Jews and Arabs in Israel and pursues wider arguments about the role of sport in ethno-national conflicts. Ideal for researchers and graduate students.


Among numerous studies of the health benefits of chocolate, special attention has focused on the island Kuna, an indigenous population of Panama, who are said to drink home-grown chocolate exclusively and thus to enjoy excellent cardiovascular health. Anthropological research among the Kuna calls these claims into question. The Kuna consume a wide variety of homemade and commercial drinks, including store-bought cocoa. They do make heavy use of cacao beans, especially in curing and other ritual, but little comes from their own farms. Low blood-pressure levels and a low incidence of cardiovascular disease, also characteristic of other traditional populations, are likely due more to a low-fat diet and heavy physical labor than to consumption of chocolate. The erroneous results from the Kuna illustrate the dangers inherent in the search for miracle dietary cures.


We implement gravity wave (GW) phases into our convective plume and anelastic ray trace models. This al- lows us to successfully reconstruct the GW velocity, temper- ature, and density perturbation amplitudes and phases in the Mesosphere-Lower-Thermosphere (MLT) via ray tracing (in real space) those GWs that are excited from a deep convec- tive plume. We find that the ray trace solutions agree very well with the exact, isothermal, zero-wind, Fourier-Laplace solutions in the Boussinesq limit. This comparison also al- lows us to determine the normalization factor which con- verts the GW spectral amplitudes to real-space amplitudes in the ray trace model. This normalization factor can then be used for ray tracing GWs through varying temperature and wind profiles. We show that by adding GW reflection off the Earth's surface, the resulting GW spectrum has more power at larger vertical and horizontal wavelengths. We determine the form of the momentum flux and velocity spectra which allows for easy calculation of GW amplitudes in the MLT and thermosphere. Finally, we find that the reconstructed (ray traced) solution for a deep, convective plume with a du- ration much shorter than the buoyancy period does not equal the Fourier-Laplace Boussinesq solution; this is likely due to errors in the Boussinesq dispersion relation for very high frequency GWs.


The peer-to-peer (P2P) architecture and the mobile network architecture have conflicting designs. P2P can take advantage of peers being in close proximity to decrease latency. However, the mobile network is hierarchical as routing is directed through centralized gateways. Because of network state needed to establish connections in the mobile network, user equipment's traffic needs to travel up the hierarchy before being redirected back down to a nearby peering device. The inherent delay and the additional network state strip P2P applications of their primary advantages over client-server applications. We have developed an SDN architecture to offload and redirect peering traffic before reaching the core of the mobile network. Our implementation allows for any P2P communication independent of the mobile provider and the peering application. We have evaluated our design and demonstrate that there is a decrease in latency by approximately a factor of two with our method compared to a standard P2P procedure between smartphones in the same mobile network.


[1] We present a new algorithm for retrieving optical depth and liquid water content and effective radius profiles of nonprecipitating liquid water clouds using millimeter wavelength radar reflectivity and dual-channel microwave brightness temperatures. The algorithm is based on Bayes' theorem of conditional probability and combines prior information on cloud microphysics with the remote sensing observations. Prior probability distribution functions for liquid water clouds were derived from the second, third, and sixth moments of droplet size distributions measured by in situ aircraft probes in shallow tropical cumuli. The algorithm also calculates error bars for each retrieved parameter. To assess the algorithm, we perform retrieval simulations using radar reflectivity and brightness temperatures simulated from tropical cumulus fields calculated by a large eddy simulation model with explicit microphysics. These retrieval simulations show that the Bayesian algorithm has similar magnitude errors to current retrieval methods for liquid water content and liquid water path retrievals but has much smaller errors for effective radius and optical depth. We also perform retrievals on three months of data from the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program's site on Nauru in the tropical west Pacific. For nonprecipitating liquid water clouds over Nauru during June–August 1999 we retrieve a mean optical depth of 9.2, mean liquid water content of 0.112 g/m 3 , and mean effective radius of 7.8 mm. The Bayesian method is a flexible approach to cloud profile remote sensing and could be expanded to other sites or cloud types. INDEXTERMS: 3360 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Remote sensing; 0320 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Cloud physics and chemistry; 3394 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Instruments and techniques; 3399 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: General or miscellaneous; KEYWORDS: remote sensing, clouds, radar, microwave radiometer, Bayes


The collection of apparent electrical conductivity (σa) data from electromagnetic (EM) instruments has been used widely to map the spatial variation of average soil properties. Soil consists of horizons, however, and often the vertical change in properties can be an impediment to agricultural productivity or land use. A commonly used approach to discern changes with depth is the use of EM inversion techniques, but large amounts of data are still required. Conventionally this has meant that multiple passes are made at different heights with various instruments. Technological advances have seen the development of the DUALEM‐421 (Dualem Inc., Milton, ON, Canada), however, which is designed to collect σa at multiple coil spacing and orientations simultaneously. What is now required is an inversion technique. We have developed the DUALEM‐2D algorithm, which consists of a one‐dimensional inversion with two‐dimensional smoothness constraints between adjacent one‐dimensional models. Calculations are based on cumulative response functions. The algorithm was evaluated using data generated from three synthetic models. Two practical examples, using σa data acquired with a DUALEM‐421 for environmental studies, were used to evaluate the practical usefulness of the algorithm. The general patterns of the inverted models were shown to compare favorably with the available information and existing knowledge at each site.


Civil procedure is an increasingly important element of the European Union's legal system. The interest in it, both on the regulatory and on the academic side, has grown considerably. Time has come to re-evaluate the position. While the policy of "judicial cooperation in civil matters" coordinated by the DG Freedom, Security and Justice contains most EU activities in the area, civil procedure is also the subject of attention from various other actors within the EU. Directorates General Internal Market, Competition, or SANCO are involved in regulating civil procedures on sectoral levels. There is little doubt that coordination of domestic civil procedure rules of European Union Member States is necessary to some extent. This paper tackles two important questions: how far should the harmonization of these rules reach, and can its aims be achieved by the approach taken by the EU at present? It emphasizes the recent phenomenon of decentralized harmonization as a particular challenge to the coherence of the EU policy in the area. It sketches a blueprint for a more coherent approach to Europeanization of civil procedures.


Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Ss) and Sclerotinia minor (Sm) drastically affect more than 400 plant species, and may cause crop yield reductions up to 50%. With the purpose to obtain potential microorganisms to control both pathogens, the isolation of Trichoderma strains from soil samples with different agricultural and forestry use was performed. Seventyone fungal Trichoderma isolates (IBA) were obtained through sclerotia-trap techniques. Subsequently their mycoparasitic activities on mycelium as well as on sclerotia of both phytopathogens were assessed by in vitro dual cultures. The highest percentages of colonization (>90%) of the Trichoderma strains on Ss and Sm were found for the isolates IBA- 3, IBA-4, IBA-38, IBA-54. The ability of Trichoderma strains to parasitize and to degrade sclerotia in general was aggressive for the strains IBA-3, IBA-4, IBA-23, IBA-38, IBA-46, IBA- 54, and IBA-56. Based on morphological criteria, four of the most prominent strains were identified as T. viride (IBA-4), T. pseudokoningii (IBA-23), T. harzianum (IBA-38), and T. virens (IBA-46). These Trichoderma strains have important potential as antagonists to Ss and Sm.


BACKGROUND & AIMS
There is mounting evidence that matrix metalloproteinases are the predominant proteinases expressed in the gut mucosa during active inflammatory bowel disease. We investigated the role of metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), a secreted gelatinase that is consistently up-regulated in both animal models and human inflammatory bowel disease and is associated with disease severity, in the pathogenesis of colitis by using mice containing a targeted deletion of the MMP-9 gene.

METHODS
Dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis and Salmonella typhimurium-induced enterocolitis were used as animal models to study colitis.

RESULTS
MMP-9 activity and protein expression were absent from normal colonic mucosa but were up-regulated during experimental colitis. MMP-9-/- mice exposed to dextran sodium sulfate or salmonella had a significantly reduced extent and severity of colitis. Immunohistochemical studies showed that MMP-9 was localized to epithelial cells and granulocytes during active colitis. The immune response to systemic administration of Salmonella typhimurium was not affected in MMP-9-/- mice. Neutrophil transmigration studies and bone marrow chimeras showed that neutrophil MMP-9 is neither required for its migration nor sufficient to induce tissue damage during colitis and that epithelial MMP-9 is important for tissue damage. MMP-9 inhibited cell attachment and wound healing in the model intestinal epithelial cell line, Caco2-BBE.

CONCLUSIONS
Taken together, our data suggest that MMP-9 expressed by epithelial cells may play an important role in the development of colitis by modulating cell-matrix interaction and wound healing. Thus, strategies to inhibit MMP-9 may be of potential therapeutic benefit.


Abstract Germany has played a central role in elevating transboundary cooperation to the relatively high political status it now enjoys within the European Union (EU) for geopolitical, economic, and historical reasons. In promoting transboundary cooperation, Germany has pursued an agenda of institutionalization based on the vertical and horizontal integration of different spatial levels of transboundary interaction through both state and nonstate actors that represent European border regions. This essay characterizes and discusses the development of transboundary cooperative organizations along Germany's border and the attempts to establish a system of multilevel governance to address border‐related issues. Germany's track record in the latter respect is mixed. Intergovernmental rivalries, as well as basic design flaws in European policy are singled out as primary obstacles to more effective cooperation. The overall political context of transboundary regionalism is framed here in terms of Germany's pivotal economic and political role within the overall project of European integration. Given the ambiguities of cooperative experiences, the essay concludes with more general research questions regarding the significance of transboundary forms of regional governance within an evolving European Union.


Scholars in the field of student judicial affairs have recommended that institutions remove all legal terminology and references in student conduct codes and create codes based on student development theory and practice (Dannells, 1997; Gehring, 2001; Stoner & Cerminara 1990; Stoner, 2000). The purpose of this study was to analyze student conduct codes to determine the extent to which college and university administrators have adopted Stoner and Cerminara, Gehring, and Pavela's suggestions. This study is a content analysis of student conduct codes. The data were collected by using a stratified randomly selected group of Carnegie classified institutions and examining the student conduct code for each institution from the respective institution's website. Descriptive statements were used to code and analyze the data. The study results show that only 20% of the institutions in the study had taken the advice of the judicial scholars and removed all legalistic language. Therefore, the majority of the institutions in this study, regardless of institutional type or size, need to reexamine and modify their student conduct codes.


The Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust (WWT) pioneered goose counting and research in the UK and has contributed to the conservation of goose species by establishing reserves for the birds in winter. This paper describes the development of the goose monitoring schemes, largely carried out by volunteer counters, that underpin our understanding of the distribution, abundance and dynamics of our goose populations. The diverse range of investigations WWT has undertaken on geese in the last 50 years is described, and the value of long-term population studies discussed. The importance of international collaboration for the effective conservation of migratory wildfowl is emphasized.


Abstract The present study offers a critical reflection of contemporary Slovak authorial production. Focusing on three films, the author analyses the authors′ approaches to representing reality from a formal point of view. The author claims that all of them relativize the status of documentary film, using as a tool of critical analysis Carl Plantiga's definition of documentary film, included in his concept of "asserted veridical representation". The films under analysis use three formally different approaches of relating to social reality. One relies on an acted form, the second takes the form of a historicizing essay, and the third promotes the author's subjective views through a cut collage of motifs stemming from reality.


Loran has provided navigation service since 1958. Though not originally designed with data broadcast capabilities, Loran's versatility has enabled data to be broadcast with great benefits. Research in the last two decades has resulted in a tremendous increase in the data capacity of Loran thereby increasing its utility. Currently, a modernized Loran is being evaluated for its capability to backup GPS and data modulation is an integral part of this Loran design. This paper details some recent Loran modulation designs and ideas.


Abstract. The development of appropriate risk and vulnerability reduction strategies to cope with tsunami risks is a major challenge for countries, regions, and cities exposed to potential tsunamis. European coastal cities such as Cadiz are exposed to tsunami risks. However, most official risk reduction strategies as well as the local population are not aware of the probability of such a phenomenon and the potential threat that tsunami waves could pose to their littoral. This paper outlines how tsunami risks, and particularly tsunami vulnerability, could be assessed and measured. To achieve this, a vulnerability assessment framework was applied focusing on the city of Cadiz as a case study in order to highlight the practical use and the challenges and gaps such an assessment has to deal with. The findings yield important information that could assist with the systematic improvement of societal response capacities of cities and their inhabitants to potential tsunami risks. Hazard and vulnerability maps were developed, and qualitative data was obtained through, for example, focused group discussions. These maps and surveys are essential for the development of a people-centred early warning and response system. Therefore, in this regard, the Tsunami Early Warning and Mitigation System in the North Eastern Atlantic, the Mediterranean, and connected seas promoted by the UNESCO-Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) should encompass these assessments to ensure that action is particularly intensified and fostered by those potentially exposed. That means that besides the necessary technical infrastructure for tsunami detection, additional response and adaptation measures need to be promoted – particularly those that reduce the vulnerability of people and regions exposed – in terms of national systems. In addition, it is important to develop emergency preparedness and awareness plans in order to create an integrated regional Tsunami Early Warning System (TEWS) by 2011. The findings of the paper are based on research conducted within the framework of the EC funded project TRANSFER: "Tsunami Risk ANd Strategies For the European Region", a project that aims to improve the understanding of tsunami processes in the Euro-Mediterranean region, to develop methods and tools to assess vulnerability and risk, and to identify strategies for the reduction of tsunami risks.


The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that an increased consumption of fruits and vegetables up to 600 g per day in type 2 diabetes patients can reduce oxidative damages to lipids. After a clinical examination, 29 type 2 diabetes patients were divided into two groups: the first one did not receive any special instructions about the diet while the second one received fruits and vegetables consumption advices thanks to a picture catalogue describing types of fruits and vegetables as well as quantities to be eaten every day. After two months of intervention, plasma concentrations in vitamin C, b-carotene and polyphenols remained unchanged in both groups when compared to baseline values. No significant decrease in lipid peroxidation as evidenced by nine biomarkers (malonaldehyde as TBAR's, lipid peroxides, oxidized LDL, antibodies against oxidized LDL, isoprostanes, 7-keto-cholesterol, 7b-hydroxycholesterol, 4-hydroxynonenal metabolite, LDL size) was also noted. In conclusion, our findings confirmed the fact that the effect of high intake of fruits and vegetables on reducing oxidative damage to lipids remains largely controversial even in patients having an oxidative stress profile. Moreover, the present leaves open the question of the most appropriate markers of lipid peroxidation since only small correlations were evidenced between the large battery of tests investigated.


In A History of Canadian Economic Thought, Robin Neill relates the evolution of economic theory in Canada to the particular geographical and political features of the country. Whilst there were distinctively Canadian economic discourses in nineteenth-century Ontario and early twentieth-century Quebec, Neill argues that these have now been absorbed into the broader North American mainstream. He also examines the nature and importance of the staple theory controversy and its appositeness for the Canadian case. With full accounts of the work of major Canadian economists including John Rae, H.A. Innis and Harry Johnson, A History of Canadian Economic Thought is the first definitive treatment of the subject for 30 years.


Background: Osteoarthritis is a major cause of musculoskeletal disability. Nonpharmacological and nonsurgical treatment is preferred for the management of knee osteoarthritis (OA). However, evidences are lacking regarding the effectiveness of multimodal physiotherapy program including, combination of various physical modalities (TENS, IR, US etc.) with therapeutic exercises, for the management of knee OA. Objectives: To determine recent research evidences for the effectiveness of combination of physical therapy interventions for treatment of knee OA patients. Methods: This systematic review mainly includes randomized controlled trails. Searching done by Google scholar, Pub med and PEDro from 2010 to 2019. We used terms like-knee pain, OA, TENS, exercise, and physiotherapy management. Results: Present outcomes shows that physiotherapy treatment is effective technique in reducing pain in patients with Knee OA without adverse effects. After implementing the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 100 articles were retrieved using the key words, but only 10 articles were selected for the study. Conclusion: Electrotherapy modalities in conjunction with exercise therapy program designed for treating knee OA patients proved to be more superior to exercise alone at improving quadriceps muscle activation by reducing pain and increasing function during exercise.


From recruiters to estate agents to bankers,brokerage is big business. Within the private sector, innovation brokerage — bringing people together to innovate — is well developed. But what is the power of brokerage to drive social innovation and support much needed social
change? These questions are at the heart of Innovation Exchange.
Innovation Exchange is a pilot programme primarily funded by the Office of the Third Sector in the Cabinet Office. In its work to 31 March 2010, the Exchange is aspiring to demonstrate the effectiveness of brokerage in supporting
third sector innovation through its three core
programmes:
Festivals of Ideas are events where third
sector organisations, commissioners of public
services and social investors come together to focus on solutions to pressing social problems.
The Exchange has developed, refined and successfully tested the Festival format and facilitated three events so far, with four core scheduled to December 2009.Key features of the format include partnership with public sector bodies
ensuring that specific priorities are addressed and the right decision-makers are gathered in the room. A national Call for Ideas surfaces high-potential innovators from the third sector. Strong event design,high-quality facilitation and follow-up support cross-sector conversation and the
development of next steps.
1. Participants from the third and public
sectors are enthused by Festivals and
their potential to support collaboration
around new ideas. Innovation Exchange is monitoring the development of relationships formed at Festivals to assess
their impact.Next Practice Programme brings together
15 innovative third sector projects and offers them intensive brokerage support to help them grow. Projects are working in two priority areas: supporting independent living and excluded young people.Projects were selected from a pool of over 200 applicants for their potential to
develop and grow innovation with possible system-wide significance. While funding has been granted to some
projects, the programme emphasises support and sees the main benefits of participation as non-financial. The programme is trialling brokerage practices, including: connecting project leaders to expert consultants, coaches and mentors for short periods of development work; creating opportunities for peer networking within the programme; linking projects to other individuals, agencies and sources of support; designing and facilitating meetings, seminars and workshops to address common needs across the programme; and engaging participants, supporters and collaborators
in the programme's innovations.


In optical quantum information technology, a photon number resolving detector (PNRD) is the basic device for developing photonic quantum computers. The demands for the PNRD are high quantum efficiency and wide dynamic range. We have developed a charge integration photon detector (CIPD) with a quantum efficiency of 80% at telecom wavelengths. The repetition rate of the CIPD is as low as 40 Hz at present, but it can be applied for measurement of short pulses. We report the capability of the CIPD for multiphoton counting over 10 photons, its responsivity to the short pulses, and its high linearity using a binary intensity modulated short pulse (2 ns) train and simultaneous irradiation of two kinds of pulses.


Introduction The rapid economic rise of China, followed by that of India, has led to a new balance of power in the world economy. Their rise has driven attention to other developing and transition economies which also have a high actual or potential growth, based on cheap labour, opening up to foreign technology and capital, economic liberalisation and market regulation. The emergence of these new players is challenging the supremacy of the old economic powers (US, Europe and Japan) which used to dominate the international trade of goods and services and control financial resources. Since the end of 2008, all emerging economies have been hit by the global meltdown. The hypothesis of "decoupling", which considered that a centre of autonomous growth had emerged in Asia, has been short-lived. However, India and China, thanks to their large domestic market, have retained growth rates which are still high compared to those of advanced economies. Thus, paradoxically, during the crisis, catch-up is still happening. The paper aims at understanding how China and India have succeeded in enhancing their role in international trade and how they react to the global crisis. It highlights the similarities and the differences in their strategies. The first section presents a classification of emerging economies and sketches out China's and India's rise against this backdrop. The second section is devoted to a detailed analysis of their international trade in goods and services, providing a qualified assessment of the technological and quality levels of their exports and imports. Finally, the third section considers the impact of the global economic crisis on their performance and tries to assess whether it challenges the sustainability of their growth strategies. 1. The come-back of giants 1.1 Who are the "emerging economies"? Developing countries used to be considered as the "periphery" of the world economy, but in the last 15 years many of them have been leading world economic growth and international trade (Lemoine and Unal-Kesenci, 2007). "Emerging economies" have become a hot topic in economic literature, media, and business circles. Reports, essays and articles emphasise the importance of this turning point in the world economy, but they do not provide a clear-cut and common definition of this category of new players. The term "emerging economies" was first coined at the beginning of the 1980s by Antoine Van Agtmael (working at the International Finance Corporation of the World Bank) to characterise fast growing economies with rising financial markets and which offered new opportunities to international investors. Since then, the term has referred to various and often blurred groupings (see Box 1, and for a discussion of this question, Gabas and Losch, 2008). Sometimes it is used to point out the four "BRICs" (Brazil, Russia, India and China) or a group of "fast growing economies", and sometimes it refers to all developing countries. To make things more confusing, the category of "developing economies" itself corresponds to various groupings. The World Bank (World bank 2007b) sets a threshold of income per capita (11 100 current US dollars in 2006) to distinguish rich countries from others, but according to the UNCTAD classification, for instance, the group of "developing countries" includes economies which are above this threshold: Asian new industrialised economies (Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore and South-Korea) which have already emerged and the oil exporting countries which also have now an income per capita above the threshold. Box 1 - From Developing countries to Emerging economies Institution/ publication Wording Coverage World Bank, Developing Countries with GDP pc below 2007b (WDI) countries $11 000 in 2006 World Bank 2007a Emerging "China, India and Other" (Global Economic economies Prospects) UNCTAD Developing & All countries excluding EU27 (World Investment transition and other Western Europe, Report, 2007) economies North America and other developed IMF Other emerging Countries outside the group (World Economic markets and of advanced economies (G7 and Outlook, 2007) developing Euro area, Asian NIEs, ANZ) countries Ernst & Young, Emerging Argentina, Brazil, China, 2008 countries India, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Korea BCG (Boston Fast growing Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Consulting economies China, Egypt, Hungary, India, Group), 2007 Indonesia, Malaysia, Mexico, Poland, Russia, Thailand, Turkey Goldman Sachs, BRICs + the Bangladesh, Brazil, China, 2005 next eleven Egypt, India, Indonesia, "large Iran, Mexico, Nigeria, developing Pakistan, Philippines, economies" Russia, Turkey, Vietnam Price Waterhouse BRICs+16 other Argentina, Bangladesh, Brazil, Coopers, 2008 emerging China, Egypt, India, markets Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Poland, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Thailand, Turkey, Vietnam The dividing line between emerging and non-emerging economies is quite imprecise and emerging countries present characteristics which widely differ from one country to another. …


The increasing frequency of enterococci as a major cause of nosocomial infections and the transmission of these organisms amongst hospital patients demands a greater awareness of the Enterococcus. Therapy of enterococcal infections is complicated by the pathogens continually changing resistance patterns to many broad-spectrum antibiotics. In addition, the ability of enterococci to cause serious invasive infections including endocarditis and septicaemia with associated high mortality rates; prompted this study which was aimed at identifying the biological properties of enterococci isolated from blood cultures of patients admitted at King Edward VIII hospital, Durban. Enterococci were identified to species level by the API 20 Strep system which identified 68% and a conventional biochemical system ofFacklam and Collins which identified 100% of the isolates. The emergence ofbeta-Iactamase producing enterococci in other countries encouraged the testing of all isolates for this enzyme. All were beta-Iactamase negative. The reported false susceptibility for aminoglycosides and cephalosporins with blood enriched media encouraged the testing of these antibiotics with and without the supplementation of 5% lysed blood. The results showed that an average false susceptibility of 55 % occurred for gentamicin and 35% for tobramycin and netilmicin. The cephalosporins affected, cefotaxime and cefuroxime showed a false susceptibility of28% and 17% respectively. 11 The choice of treatment for serious enterococcal infections is a sYllergistic combination of a beta-Iactam antibiotic plus an aminoglycoside for enterococci with intrinsic low-level resistance. The development of high-level aminoglycoside resistance, MIC 22000,ug/ml results in loss of synergism. This study showed that 26.4 % of enterococcal isolates displayed highlevel aminoglycoside resistance ie. to gentamicin and streptomycin. Time-kill study showed reduced killing rate for these organisms for the beta-Iactams and glycopeptides with low-level gentamicin resistance. The results confirmed that a cell-wall active agent combined with gentamicin can be successfully used for enterococcal therapy if the organism has intrinsic low-level resistance to this amino glycoside. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) carried out on a selected number of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium with high-level aminoglycoside resistance showed a variability in the restriction endonucelase digestion patterns. This suggests independent development of high-level gentamicin resistance and not clonal expression. The ease and reliability with which enterococcal isolates may be typed using this technique to compare different strains represent a significant advance.


The strength and conductivity of proppant packs are key parameters for assessing their performance. Mechanical damage in the propping agents, leading to compaction and crushing, significantly reduces the conductivity of the proppant pack. Mechanical damage of proppants is usually analyzed using crush tests. However, measurements from these tests remain questionable because of discrepancies in procedures and test results. Therefore a need emerges to develop techniques for characterizing the properties and mechanical damage in proppant packs.
 In this paper, we introduce a new technique based on interpretation of acoustic measurements to quantify mechanical damage in propping agents. We performed uniaxial compression tests in the laboratory and measured the compressional- and shear-wave velocities in proppant packs loaded at axial stress ranging from 10 MPa to 110 MPa. After unloading the tests in which maximum axial stress of 28, 55, 69, 97 and 110 MPa were applied, we conducted sieve analysis on the proppant packs. We applied an effective medium theory based on the Hertz-Mindlin model to approximate the effective elastic properties. We then calibrated the model using the elastic properties estimated from the experimental measurements to characterize the mechanical damage of the proppant packs.

 Proppants are used to create conductive pathways for reservoir fluids by keeping the created fractures propped open in hydraulic fracture stimulation treatments. The application of proppants in stimulation treatments is largely influenced by properties such as permeability, conductivity, and resistance to crush. The reduction in fracture conductivity is usually associated with proppant failure and fines migration. The failure of proppants can occur as a result of geochemical reactions and/or mechanical damage.


BEHAVIOR IN ORGANIZATIONS, 9/e, by Shani and Lau, is a paperback text that takes a hands-on, experiential approach (learning-by-doing or learning-in-action) to organizational behavior. The majority of the exercises, role-playing simulations, and cases were developed in and for management training workshops. The cases themselves represent different industries and organizations around the globe with diverse size, product, service, and cultures. Instructors appreciate the multiple interactive teaching methods for each teaching module. Experiential methods provide a powerful stimulus for learning, growth, and change by helping participants focus on their own behaviors and reactions as data. The text begins with structured, less personal exercises that are readily recognized as relevant to human effectiveness in organizational settings. Personal growth and self-understanding activities are introduced later in the text, after students have had enough experience to become more comfortable and ready for them. The ninth edition of this book, like the previous editions, is designed to meet needs that other texts do not satisfy.


To date, research in reasoning about timing properties of real-time programs has considered specification and implementation as separate issues. Specification uses formal methods; it abstracts out program execution, defining a specification that is independent of any machine-specific details (see [I, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14] for examples). In this manner, it describes only the high-level timing requirements of processes in the system, and dependencies between them. One then typically attempts to prove the mutual consistency of these timing constraints, or to determine whether the constraints maintain a safety property critical to system correctness. However, since the model has abstracted out machine-specific details, these correctness proofs either assume very optimistic operating environment (such as a one to one assignment of processes to processors), or make very pessimistic assumptions (such as that all interleavings of process executions are possible). Since neither of these assumptions will hold in practice, these "predictions" about the behavior of the system may not be accurate. The implementation level captures this operating environment: a realtime system is characterized by such things as process schedulers, devices and local clocks. However, advances here have been primarily in scheduling theory (examples of which are [15, 16]) and language design (examples of which are [15, 16, 17, 18,19,20]). Unfortunately, since formal models have not been used at this level, proofs of time-related properties cannot be made. To construct these proofs, we must show that an implementation is correct with respect to a specification; timing properties that can be shown to hold about the specification will therefore be known to hold for the implementation. We therefore need to represent the implementation formally so as to prove that the implementation satisfies the specification. The proof of satisfaction requires a well-defined formal mapping between the implementation and specification models. We therefore propose to develop an integrated bi-level approach to the problem of reasoning about timing properties of real-time programs. At the specification level, we will use the Timed Acceptances model, a logically sound and complete axiom system which we have recently developed [21]. Using this model, the effect of interaction among time dependent processes can be precisely specified and then analyzed. We will then develop a formal implementation model (similar to the specification model) which captures operational behaviors: for example, the assignment of processes to processors, assumptions about scheduling and clock synchronization, and the different treatment of execution and wait times. A mapping will then be formulated between these two layers. The bulk of our proposed work will be to formulate the implementation layer and define a mapping between it and the specification layer. We also need to continue work on the Timed Acceptances model to facilitate its use as a specification model, and to provide "hooks" for mappings between the two layers. The rest of this proposal is organized as follows. The next section overviews related work in formal specification models. Section 3 describes our current specification model and proposed enhancements. We also detail the proposed implementation model, and required properties of the mappings between the two models. Section 4 provides a summary of the proposed research, and a yearly plan. Comments University of Pennsylvania Department of Computer and Information Science Technical Report No. MSCIS-88-84. This technical report is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/cis_reports/766 FORMALLY INTEGRATING REAL-TIME SPECIFICATION AND IMPLEMENTATION: A RESEARCH PROPOSAL lnsup Lee, Susan B. Davidson and Richard Gerber MS-CIS-88-84 GRASP LAB 160 Department of Computer and Information Science School of Engineering and Applied Science University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 191 04


THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO TEST THE cross-cultural musical understanding of trained and untrained listeners from two distinct musical cultures by exploring the influence of enculturation on musical memory performance. Trained and untrained participants (N = 150) from the United States and Turkey listened to a series of novel musical excerpts from both familiar and unfamiliar cultures and then completed a recognition memory task for each set of examples. All participants were significantly better at remembering novel music from their native culture and there were no performance differences based on musical expertise. In addition, Turkish participants were better at remembering Western music, a familiar but nonnative musical culture, than Chinese music. The results suggest that our cognitive schemata for musical information are culturally derived and that enculturation influences musical memory at a structural level.