The aims of this article (the second in a three-part series) are threefold, namely to (1) develop a scale for the measurement of the perceived importance of store image dimensions , (2) purify the developed scale to illustrate acceptable reliability and (3) develop and refine this scale for practical implementation in the apparel retail environment. A four-phase approach was documented for scale development. The provisional scale was purified and tested by means of two pilot studies and the data was subjected to Cronbach alpha and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). A revised model of apparel store image was proposed. Model fit results indicated that fit can still be improved. Results culminated in a 55-item Apparel Store Image Scale that showed good reliability.


Software reuse is defined as the use of any artifact, or part thereof, created before, on a new Project. This practice has significant benefits in reducing costs and increasing quality and productivity in software development. Numerous approaches have been proposed aimed mostly at the source code reuse, but this type of reuse has its limitations because development platforms and technologies are constantly changing. Then, it is necessary to apply reuse over software artifacts created at higher levels of software life cycle such as requirements specification. This paper presents a tool for the reuse of use case diagrams by storing their information in OWL ontology and the use of Semantic Web technologies.


An integral part of a mechanical engineering and other engineering programs are laboratory experiences. While the benefits of hands-on laboratories are in providing environments for students to apply theoretical knowledge, the changing landscape of engineering education today is spurring consideration of alternate means of offering laboratory-based education. One approach is that of developing remote or online laboratory experiences, which is particularly attractive for our mechanical engineering program at Iowa State University in the following ways: 1) They can help address capacity issues caused by increasing enrollments; 2) They can facilitate online learning opportunities for off-campus students, including the increasing number of students pursuing internship and co-op opportunities, thus enabling offering to new students and potentially minimizing time to degree for in-program students. We have piloted selected laboratory experiences in our undergraduate engineering into remote experiences: two laboratory exercises in the Fluids course covering pumps and linear momentum concepts and one exercise in the Heat Transfer course covering steady state conduction and extended surfaces. In each case, a computer-based remote access was established to view and control the experimental apparatuses, thus providing students with a mechanism to conduct the experiments in a remote (online) environment. For each laboratory, part of the class conducted the lab in the traditional in-class format while the remainder conducted the exercises in the 'remote' mode. Assessment of student learning included student self-assessment of understanding of concepts (through surveys), feedback on the actual experience itself and direct assessment of their understanding through lab report scores as measured by teaching assistants. The results for the fluids and heat transfer laboratories showed that there was no significant difference in the learning of the students. Student perception of the remote lab experiences depended on the smooth running of the experiments. The pilot study suggests that some laboratory experiences can be successfully ported to a remote or online mode without sacrificing the student learning experience.


We introduce an Embarrassingly Parallel Search (EPS) method for solving constraint problems in parallel, and we show that this method matches or even outperforms state-of-the-art algorithms on a number of problems using various computing infrastructures. EPS is a simple method in which a master decomposes the problem into many disjoint subprob-lems which are then solved independently by workers. Our approach has three advantages: it is an efficient method; it involves almost no communication or synchronization between workers; and its implementation is made easy because the master and the workers rely on an underlying constraint solver, but does not require to modify it. This paper describes the method, and its applications to various constraint problems (satisfaction, enumeration, optimization). We show that our method can be adapted to different underlying solvers (Gecode, Choco2, OR-tools) on different computing infrastructures (multi-core, data centers , cloud computing). The experiments cover unsatisfiable, enumeration and optimization problems, but do not cover first solution search because it makes the results hard to analyze. The same variability can be observed for optimization problems, but at a lesser extent because the optimality proof is required. EPS offers good average performance, and matches or outperforms other available parallel implementations of Gecode as well as some solvers portfolios. Moreover, we perform an in-depth analysis of the various factors that make this approach efficient as well as the anomalies that can occur. Last, we show that the decomposition is a key component for efficiency and load balancing.


With the variability of commodity prices and the constant increase of mining costs, it has become increasingly important to optimize pit slopes of mines, taking into consideration the complexity and the uncertainties presented by ground conditions. The variables in slope stability, geology, rock mass strength, structural defects, inherent and induced stresses, rock weathering, alterations, and groundwater, are well known, as are their impacts on slope performance. Most variables cannot be changed to optimize slopes. However, groundwater is one variable that can be managed during pit excavation, to reduce the effect of pore pressure on slope stability. Hydrogeologists and rock mechanics engineers combine their efforts in order to quantify, simulate, and control the effect of groundwater pressures on pit slope performance. Based on comprehensive field hydrogeological data collection and interactive numerical groundwater and geotechnical modeling, it is possible to evaluate the water pore pressure effect on the pit slope, to provide an efficient depressurization strategy to meet the geotechnical engineering targets, and thus to develop cost-effective mine plans. This paper discusses how proper management of groundwater conditions can contribute to mine planning and operations, through pit slope optimization. We show a complete approach from collection of hydrogeological data in the early stages of a project to design of an appropriate depressurization plan, taking into account the rock mass conditions, the mining plan, and the time to achieve an optimal pit slope. Pit Slope Optimization Based on Hydrogeologic Inputs G. Evin, F. Henriquez, V. Ugorets SRK Consulting (U.S.), Inc., Lakewood, Colorado, USA


This analysis examines the implications of WTO accession for China's domestic policies and institutions by identifying some of Chinese agricultural policies and institutional arrangements that may generate conflicts with WTO requirements and analyzing the nature and extent of the conflict that may be introduced by WTO accession. We differentiate three alternative ways that China's current domestic policy or institutions may conflict with or be incompatible with WTO accession: (1) the domestic policy or institution is expressly prohibited by WTO rules and principles; (2) the changes required by WTO accession impose additional costs on the government such that the existing policy or institutions are difficult to sustain; and (3) the changes required for WTO accession reduce the effectiveness of the policies or institutions.


ABSTRACT Herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) may cause frequent recurrences, highlighting its ability to evade host defense. This study tested the hypothesis that HSV-2 interferes with dendritic cell (DC) function as an escape mechanism, which may contribute to enhanced HIV replication in coinfected populations. Immature monocyte-derived human DCs were exposed to live or UV-inactivated HSV-2 or lipopolysaccharide. Little or no increase in the maturation marker CD83 was observed in response to HSV-2 and HSV-2 exposed DCs were impaired in their ability to present antigen (influenza) to T cells. Exposure to UV-inactivated virus stimulated a modest, but significant increase in CD83, suggesting that viral gene expression contributes to the block in DC maturation. The functional impairment of HSV-2-exposed DCs could be partially attributed to the induction of apoptosis. Live and inactivated HSV-2 triggered an increase in the number of early and late apoptotic cells in both the infected and bystander cell populations; apoptosis was associated with a decrease in cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein (c-FLIP). Paradoxically, HSV-2 induced Akt phosphorylation, which typically promotes DC maturation and survival. Despite these aberrant responses, live and inactivated HSV-2 induced the release of cytokines into culture supernatants, which were sufficient to activate HIV-1 replication in latently infected U1 cells. Together, these findings suggest that in the presence of overt or subclinical HSV-2, the function of mucosal DCs would be impaired. These responses may allow HSV to escape immune surveillance but may also promote HIV infection and contribute to the epidemiological link between HIV and HSV.


We present an approach to indoor scene reconstruction from RGB-D video. The key idea is to combine geometric registration of scene fragments with robust global optimization based on line processes. Geometric registration is error-prone due to sensor noise, which leads to aliasing of geometric detail and inability to disambiguate different surfaces in the scene. The presented optimization approach disables erroneous geometric alignments even when they significantly outnumber correct ones. Experimental results demonstrate that the presented approach substantially increases the accuracy of reconstructed scene models.


Jesper Jakobsen: Censorship of "Der Klagen uber das verdorbene Christenthum". In the summer of 1739, the manuscript of a Danish translation of Philip Jacob Spener's (1635–1705) anti-separatist polemical text, Der Klagen uber das verdorbene Christenthum, was submitted to the General Church Inspection Committee (Committee of the Church) that, according to laws then in effect, was to decide whether it could be published. During the 1730s, Spener's "Halle" evangelical exegesis of pietism was elevated almost to the level of a State religion in Denmark and the Committee of the Church endeavoured to disseminate it. The translation had, as required, previously been scrutinised and approved by the bishop in Viborg, the town in which the translator, Johannes Treschow (1691–1751), lived. The Committee of the Church would not, however, allow the translation to be published without reservations, and the article examines the factors and agendas underlying the reserved opinion. The article is based on the case documents stored in the archives in the Committee of the Church, the Faculty of Theology and the Diocese of Viborg. The case confirms the general perception among Danish historians that the bishops' role in the censorship process was to relieve the censorship authorities in Copenhagen. Bishop Andreas Woldike's (1687–1770) correspondence with the Committee of the Church provides evidence that he had read the document thoroughly before he sent the manuscript to Copenhagen. However, Woldike also had personal interests at stake in the case. His ill-concealed enthusiasm for the translation of Spener's text was connected partly to the fact that he knew the translator personally and partly to the fact that he, by promoting a text by Spener, could improve his relationship with the Church's highest authorities, since he previously had been ambiguous in his attitude towards pietism. The Committee of the Church's reservations relative to the translation were not based on theological disagreements but on the practical consideration that the Viborg diocese had quite recently been witness to separatist unrest. The Committee of the Church, out of fear of new unrest, would probably have preferred to do without the text altogether, but it could not ban a text by a theologian around whom, at the same time, attempts were being made to unite the church. It could, however, prohibit the translation from including the interpretations and commentaries to Spener's intention with the text that Treschow had added. It could thereby reduce the risk of new religious conflicts and best serve the interests of the State church.


Detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology and Hf isotope geochemistry provide new insights into the provenance, sedimentary transport, and tectonic evolution of the Roberts Mountains allochthon strata of north-central Nevada. Using laser-ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, a total of 1151 zircon grains from six Ordovician to Devonian arenite samples were analyzed for U-Pb ages; of these, 228 grains were further analyzed for Hf isotope ratios. Five of the units sampled have similar U-Pb age peaks and Hf isotope ratios, while the ages and ratios of the Ordovician lower Vinini Formation are significantly different. Comparison of our data with that of igneous basement rocks and other sedimentary units supports our interpretation that the lower Vinini Formation originated in the north-central Laurentian craton. The other five units sampled, as well as Ordovician passive margin sandstones of the western Laurentian margin, had a common source in the Peace River Arch region of western Canada. We propose that the Roberts Mountains allochthon strata were deposited near the Peace River Arch region, and subsequently tectonically transported south along the Laurentian margin, from where they were emplaced onto the craton during the Antler orogeny.


The conduct of monetary policy in an oil economy with a managed floating exchange rate regime can be challenging in an environment of fiscal dominance and incomplete transition to a market economy. The Five-Year Development Plans provide a natural benchmark against which to assess monetary policy performance in Iran. Price stability has proved elusive, with liquidity growth targets constantly exceeded by a large margin. The paper examines the reasons behind these results and, based on the lessons that can be drawn from the literature and the international experience, makes some proposals on how to improve on this record. Although fiscal dominance remains the main obstacle to disinflation, reforms to strengthen the anti-inflationary mandate and the operational independence of the central bank, and more effective monetary instruments are also needed.


A challenging problem in image content extraction and classification is building a system that automatically learns high-level semantic interpretations of images. We describe a Bayesian framework for a visual grammar that aims to reduce the gap between low-level features and high-level user semantics. Our approach includes modeling image pixels using automatic fusion of their spectral, textural, and other ancillary attributes; segmentation of image regions using an iterative split-and-merge algorithm; and representing scenes by decomposing them into prototype regions and modeling the interactions between these regions in terms of their spatial relationships. Naive Bayes classifiers are used in the learning of models for region segmentation and classification using positive and negative examples for user-defined semantic land cover labels. The system also automatically learns representative region groups that can distinguish different scenes and builds visual grammar models. Experiments using Landsat scenes show that the visual grammar enables creation of high-level classes that cannot be modeled by individual pixels or regions. Furthermore, learning of the classifiers requires only a few training examples.


In the last decade, many results have been reported supporting the hypothesis that language has an embodied nature. According to this theory, the sensorimotor system is involved in linguistic processes such as semantic comprehension. One of the cognitive processes emerging from the interplay between action and language is motor simulation. The aim of the present study is to deepen the knowledge about the simulation of action verbs during comprehension in a virtual reality setting. We compared two experimental conditions with different motor tasks: one in which the participants ran in a virtual world by moving the joypad knob with their left hand (virtual action performed with their feet plus real action performed with the hand) and one in which they only watched a video of runners and executed an attentional task by moving the joypad knob with their left hand (no virtual action plus real action performed with the hand). In both conditions, participants had to perform a concomitant go/no-go semantic task, in which they were asked to press a button (with their right hand) when presented with a sentence containing a concrete verb, and to refrain from providing a response when the verb was abstract. Action verbs described actions performed with hand, foot, or mouth. We recorded electromyography (EMG) latencies to measure reaction times of the linguistic task. We wanted to test if the simulation occurs, whether it is triggered by the virtual or the real action, and which effect it produces (facilitation or interference). Results underlined that those who virtually ran in the environment were faster in understanding foot-action verbs; no simulation effect was found for the real action. The present findings are discussed in the light of the embodied language framework, and a hypothesis is provided that integrates our results with those in literature.


The humanitarian program Congress created in 1990 to allow war refugees and those affected by significant natural disasters to live and work legally in the United States has only partially achieved its goals. More than 400,000 individuals have received temporary protected status (TPS). In many cases, the crisis ended, along with temporary protection. However, in about half of the designated nationalities—including the largest groups—conflict and instability continued, making this humanitarian protection program anything but temporary. Unfortunately, Congress did not provide the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) with the tools it needed to address such long-term crises. That was purposeful—Congress worried that this temporary program would lead to permanent immigration. To constrain the program, Congress required a supermajority of the Senate for any nationality to be granted lawful permanent resident status as a group, which would place such individuals on a path to citizenship. Congress has never granted group status in this way to any TPS nationality.

Congress also worried that even temporary legal status for conflict refugees and other eligible humanitarian groups would act as a magnet and attract large movements to the U.S. For that reason, Congress required that eligible individuals had to already be in the U.S. when the DHS Secretary designated their nationality for TPS. Accordingly, Congress designed TPS in a way that did not protect ongoing arrivals fleeing a humanitarian emergency.

Congress should address both of these shortcomings. This article explains why and how it should do so. As DHS data shows, TPS has not acted as a magnet—even after DHS has repeatedly opened up temporary protection for some new arrivals through twenty re-designations of eleven nationalities. The data shows that it is not the policy that attracts people to the U.S., but rather a fear of death or very serious harm that principally motivates flight from conflict and significant violence. Accordingly, Congress can provide the same type of temporary protection to new arrivals fleeing an ongoing crisis that many nations do, including the United Kingdom and Canada, without worrying that TPS itself will act as a magnet.

Moreover, Congress did not know in 1990 that limiting access to lawful permanent resident status when a crisis does not end would effectively lead to long-term TPS programs. Over time, people put down strong roots in their communities through work, family, education, and religious institutions. Given this limitation in the current law, Congress should adopt ways to keep TPS temporary both by facilitating return when conflict ends in a reasonable period of time and by enabling those who have become part of their American communities to be recognized as such when violence and instability is prolonged.

TPS policies have not resulted in a significant magnet effect after twenty-six designations and one hundred twenty-two separate extensions covering twenty-two nationalities. Accordingly, Congress can act more generously by providing a temporary measure of protection to all those who flee serious harm or devastation and by transitioning temporary protection to a permanent status for individuals who cannot return home safely after a reasonable period of time. By enacting these reforms, lawmakers will enable TPS to achieve its full potential as a robust humanitarian policy.


This paper discusses the concept of potential natural vegetation (PNV) in the light of the pollen records available to date for the Macaronesian biogeographical region, with emphasis on the Azores Islands. The classical debate on the convenience or not of the PNV concept has been recently revived in the Canary Islands, where pollen records of pre‐anthropic vegetation seemed to strongly disagree with the existing PNV reconstructions. Contrastingly, more recent PNV model outputs from the Azores Islands show outstanding parallelisms with pre‐anthropic pollen records, at least in qualitative terms. We suggest the development of more detailed quantitative studies to compare these methodologies as an opportunity for improving the performance of both. PNV modelling may benefit by incorporating empirical data on past vegetation useful for calibration and validation purposes, whereas palynology may improve past reconstructions by minimizing interpretative biases linked to differential pollen production, dispersal and preservation.


The purpose of this study is to suggest a conceptual model that illustrates what causes a variation in audience activity and how they relate to audience activity. Unlike uses and gratifications theory, this study looks at what actually causes the variation in audience activity. The model developed in this study – the Activariation Model – illustrates an overarching pattern of relationships between audience activity and activators (audience factors): individual, social and media factors. It suggests that media users are differentiated by activators, which will determine the levels of activity, when attending to media for specific reasons and to satisfy specific needs and this will lead them to end up with varying degrees of gratifications. This model can become a useful tool to examine media users and their factors in today's fragmented and individualized communication environment because it may explain the direct influence of audience activity on the use of new media.


Electrical and electronic waste is a growing problem as volumes are increasing fast. Rapid product innovation and replacement, especially in information and communication technologies (ICT), combined with the migration from analog to digital technologies and to flat-screen televisions and monitors has resulted in some electronic products quickly reaching the end of their life. The EU directive on waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) aims to minimise WEEE by putting organizational and financial responsibility on producers and distributors for collection, treatment, recycling and recovery of WEEE. Therefore all stakeholders need to be well-informed about their WEEE responsibilities and options. While focussing on the EU, this book draws lessons for policy and practice from all over the world. Part one introduces the reader to legislation and initiatives to manage WEEE. Part two discusses technologies for the refurbishment, treatment and recycling of waste electronics. Part three focuses on electronic products that present particular challenges for recyclers. Part four explores sustainable design of electronics and supply chains. Part five discusses national and regional WEEE management schemes and part six looks at corporate WEEE management strategies. With an authoritative collection of chapters from an international team of authors, Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) handbook is designed to be used as a reference by policy-makers, producers and treatment operators in both the developed and developing world.


The focus of this study was to assess the feasibility and clinical implementation of a standardized assessment for chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) by registered nurses in patients undergoing neurotoxic chemotherapy. A total of 24 registered nurses from 4 different institutions were enrolled into the study. A pre- and posttest design was used to assess changes in nurses' attitudes, knowledge, and perceived skill in CIPN assessment. Using selected data collection instruments, nurses performed standardized assessments during the course of chemotherapy treatments. Patient-reported symptoms, vibratory sensation, deep-tendon reflexes, and touch were collected at three time points during chemotherapy treatment. Results indicated there was no statistically significant change in knowledge of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy from baseline to the end of the study. However, this finding may be due to poor internal consistency noted among the items of the Nurse Knowledge and Attitudes CIPN Assessment. Implementation of a standardized subjective and objective nursing assessment of CIPN was feasible with a total mean feasibility score of 3.76 (range 0–5) with each individual item scoring between 3.35 and 3.91. The intervention did improve pretest and posttest confidence in performing assessment for CIPN (p = .003).


European orbital IASI/MetOP-A interferometer TIR radiation data were processed by NOAA for methane profiles and uploaded in a publicly accessible archive. Satellite measurements for the middle and high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere reveal a concentration growth rate of 4-9 ppbv/year in 2010-2013 and up to 12-17 ppbv/year in the 20152016. Global estimates based on surface measurements of NOAA at coastal stations for the same periods show an increase from 5-6 ppbv/year after 2007 to 9-12 ppbv/year last two years. Satellite data allow analyzing the methane concentration both over land and over the Arctic seas in the absence of near-surface temperature inversions. The results of remote measurements are compared with direct aircraft measurements in summer-autumn Alaska during the CARVE experiment. The maximum anomalies of methane (in comparison with a relatively clean area between Scandinavia and Iceland) were observed in November-December over the sea surface along the coasts of Norway, Novaya Zemlya, Svalbard and other regions of the Arctic. Anomalies were insignificant in summer. Over the years, the winter anomalies (contrasts) grew: the maximum rate was recorded for the area to the west of Novaya Zemlya (9.4 ± 3.7) ppbv/year. Above Alaska, the anomaly of methane concentration in summer, when the microbilogical sources are active, increased at a rate (2.6 ± 1.0) ppbv/year. The locations of the maxima of the anomaly around Svalbard correspond to the observed methane seeps from the seabed and the predicted regions of dissociation of methane hydrates. The observed methane acceleration during the last two years does not necessarily indicate a long-term tendency: 2015-2016 was a strong ElNiño period.


Microfluidics-based biochips are soon expected to revolutionize clinical diagnosis, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequencing, and other laboratory procedures involving molecular biology. In contrast to continuous-flow systems that rely on permanently etched microchannels, micropumps, and microvalves, digital microfluidics offers a scalable system architecture and dynamic reconfigurability; groups of unit cells in a microfluidics array can be reconfigured to change their functionality during the concurrent execution of a set of bioassays. As more bioassays are executed concurrently on a biochip, system integration and design complexity are expected to increase dramatically. This paper presents an overview of an integrated system-level design methodology that attempts to address key issues in the synthesis, testing and reconfiguration of digital microfluidics-based biochips. Different actuation mechanisms for microfluidics-based biochips, and associated design-automation trends and challenges are also discussed. The proposed top-down design-automation approach is expected to relieve biochip users from the burden of manual optimization of bioassays, time-consuming hardware design, and costly testing and maintenance procedures, and it will facilitate the integration of fluidic components with a microelectronic component in next-generation systems-on-chips (SOCs).


Toxin synthesis by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) appears to be coregulated through induction of the integrated bacteriophage that encodes the toxin gene. Phage production is linked to induction of the bacterial SOS response, a ubiquitous response to DNA damage. SOS-inducing antimicrobial agents, particularly the quinolones, trimethoprim, and furazolidone, were shown to induce toxin gene expression in studies of their effects on a reporter STEC strain carrying a chromosome-based stx2::lacZ transcriptional fusion. At antimicrobial levels above those required to inhibit bacterial replication, these agents are potent inducers (up to 140-fold) of the transcription of type 2 Shiga toxin genes (stx2); therefore, they should be avoided in treating patients with potential or confirmed STEC infections. Other agents (20 studied) and incubation conditions produced significant but less striking effects on stx2 transcription; positive and negative influences were observed. SOS-mediated induction of toxin synthesis also provides a mechanism that could exacerbate STEC infections and increase dissemination of stx genes. These features and the use of SOS-inducing antibiotics in clinical practice and animal husbandry may account for the recent emergence of STEC disease.


In electrical installations with a low power factor, significant cost savings can be made through the application of power factor correction. These savings are achieved largely due to the way electrical utilities bill their customers. Improvement of power factor can reduce power costs, release electrical capacity of the distribution system, raise the voltage level, and reduce the system losses. Using shunt capacitor banks for power factor correction (PFC) is a very well established approach. However, there are cautions and difficulties associated with using capacitors. When sizing and locating capacitors for PFC, many designers tend to base their calculations on maximizing the revenue from such installation by minimizing insulation cost and maximizing the energy savings. Fewer emphases are usually given to the potential adverse affects caused by interaction phenomena between PFC and some power system elements. Among the most common and potentially harmful phenomenon is the harmonic amplification that can result the presence of a resonance in the power system close to the frequency of a nearby harmonic source. This paper focuses on those phenomena "other side of PFC" that can cause significant damage and disruption to a given power system. The scope of the paper includes an outline on some available mathematical tools to analyze these phenomena and apply them on a study of an industrial power system.


Objectives The objectives of the present study were twofold, to describe international scientific production in occupational health and to examine international collaboration in this discipline. Methods A bibliometric study was carried out, using Science Citation Index, in order to evaluate the articles published during the period 1992–2001 in eight representative occupational health journals. Scientific production, collaborative profiles for each country, and the significant relationships established between countries are reported. Results One or more institutions in the United States had contributed to over 40% of the articles examined. The United States was followed by the United Kingdom (9.15%) and then Sweden (8.65%). When population size effects were eliminated, the Scandinavian countries proved to be the leading producers. After correction for gross domestic product, there was an increase in the ranking of apparently scientifically modest countries. The Scandinavian countries remained high. In terms of international collaboration in general, there was an inverse relationship between the production of a country and the proportion of articles co-authored with institutions in other countries. Finally, the significant relationships between countries permitted the identification of up to six large collaboration nuclei. Conclusions The high absolute and relative Scandinavian production is suggestive of the great importance of occupational health in these countries. Access to publication by more modest countries, scientifically speaking, is observed to occur through collaboration with the high-production countries. In this sense, it would seem necessary to study the basis underlying these relationships. Finally, the characterization of the collaborative nuclei does not differ greatly from what was expected.


Most industrial software-intensive systems have a very long life span, and undergo many changes after their initial conception. To ensure that they maintain the desired system-level properties, it is essential that their architecture is also updated to reflect the added functionality. To this end, we have investigated how Evolutionary Architecting should be carried out in order to provide a strong basis for a system, not only at conception but throughout its life. The results are concrete and based on empirical findings, and include both a new state-of-the-art process description and a light-weight maturity evaluation method.


1
Since the last thorough review of the effects of anthropogenic noise on cetaceans in 1995, a substantial number of research reports has been published and our ability to document response(s), or the lack thereof, has improved. While rigorous measurement of responses remains important, there is an increased need to interpret observed actions in the context of population-level consequences and acceptable exposure levels. There has been little change in the sources of noise, with the notable addition of noise from wind farms and novel acoustic deterrent and harassment devices (ADDs/AHDs). Overall, the noise sources of primary concern are ships, seismic exploration, sonars of all types and some AHDs.

2
Responses to noise fall into three main categories: behavioural, acoustic and physiological. We reviewed reports of the first two exhaustively, reviewing all peer-reviewed literature since 1995 with exceptions only for emerging subjects. Furthermore, we fully review only those studies for which received sound characteristics (amplitude and frequency) are reported, because interpreting what elicits responses or lack of responses is impossible without this exposure information. Behavioural responses include changes in surfacing, diving and heading patterns. Acoustic responses include changes in type or timing of vocalizations relative to the noise source. For physiological responses we address the issues of auditory threshold shifts and 'stress', albeit in a more limited capacity; a thorough review of physiological consequences is beyond the scope of this paper.

3
Overall, we found significant progress in the documentation of responses of cetaceans to various noise sources. However, we are concerned about the lack of investigation into the potential effects of prevalent noise sources such as commercial sonars, depth finders and fisheries acoustics gear. Furthermore, we were surprised at the number of experiments that failed to report any information about the sound exposure experienced by their experimental subjects. Conducting experiments with cetaceans is challenging and opportunities are limited, so use of the latter should be maximized and include rigorous measurements and or modelling of exposure.


Selection hyper-heuristics are automated algorithm selection methodologies that choose between different heuristics during the optimisation process. Recently selection hyperheuristics choosing between a collection of elitist randomised local search heuristics with different neighbourhood sizes have been shown to optimise a standard unimodal benchmark function from evolutionary computation in the optimal expected runtime achievable with the available low-level heuristics. In this paper we extend our understanding to the domain of multimodal optimisation by considering a hyper-heuristic from the literature that can switch between elitist and nonelitist heuristics during the run. We first identify the range of parameters that allow the hyper-heuristic to hillclimb efficiently and prove that it can optimise a standard hillclimbing benchmark function in the best expected asymptotic time achievable by unbiased mutation-based randomised search heuristics. Afterwards, we use standard multimodal benchmark functions to highlight function characteristics where the hyper-heuristic is efficient by swiftly escaping local optima and ones where it is not. For a function class called CLIFFd where a new gradient of increasing fitness can be identified after escaping local optima, the hyper-heuristic is extremely efficient while a wide range of established elitist and non-elitist algorithms are not, including the well-studied Metropolis algorithm. We complete the picture with an analysis of another standard benchmark function called JUMPd as an example to highlight problem characteristics where the hyper-heuristic is inefficient. Yet, it still outperforms the wellestablished non-elitist Metropolis algorithm.


Music is a part of daily life for most people, leading the messages within music to permeate people's consciousness. This is concerning when the messages in music follow discriminatory themes such as sexism or racism. Sexism in music is becoming well documented, but some genres are scrutinized more heavily than others. Rap and hip-hop get much more attention in popular media for being sexist than do genres such as country and rock. My goal was to show whether or not genres such as country and rock are as sexist as rap and hip-hop. In this project, I analyze the top ten songs of 2013 from six genres looking for five themes of sexism. The six genres used are rap, hip-hop, country, rock, alternative, and dance. The five themes used are portrayal of women in traditional gender roles, portrayal of women as inferior to men, portrayal of women as objects, portrayal of women as stereotypes, and portrayal of violence against women. Each instance of sexism is also classified as benevolent, ambivalent, or hostile sexism. I then use the results to determine whether or not other genres are as sexist as hip-hop and rap. Possible reasons for differing levels of sexism as well as potential social implications of sexism in music are discussed. SEXISM ACROSS MUSICAL GENRES 3


Data security is core concerns of hardware and software implementations. It is impacted not only by network architecture but also by access control mechanisms. In literature, there are several access control models such as the Mandatory Access Control (MAC), the Discretionary Access Control (DAC), the Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) and the latest one Usage Control Authorization, oBligation and Condition (UCONabc). We have already introduced the Profile centric modeling in previous work. In this paper we focus on the profile centric modeling using graph formalism and its implementation using matrixes. We already defined the profile as the combination of all possible authorization, obligation, condition, role, etc. and other access parameters like attributes that we can found in Cloud system. In this paper, we discuss its application, its complexity and its implementation based on Hadoop Distributed File System and using three matrixes (profile definition, profile inheritance and user assignment). The Profile centric modeling is an optimum paradigm to define access control policy in complex distributed and elastic system like cloud computing: Safe Box as a service.


Through the Smoke of Budapest 50 Years OnThe February 2006 Conference of the London Socialist Historians Group was held at the Institute of Historical Research in central London, one of a series of such conferences over the previous ten years.Assembled were a modest group of academics and activists come to mark the 50th anniversary of the events of 1956, and to do so in a particular way. Firstly by presenting new historical research on the questions under review rather than trotting out tired orthodoxies. Secondly by linking historical inquiry to political activism.It was queried why such a conference was held in February 2006 rather than in the autumn, and the answer was a simple one. To intervene historically in the debates of the year by setting a socialist historical agenda for doing so.The opening plenary heard from Sami Ramidani, an Iraqi exile now lecturing at a British University, from Stan Newens, who had been present at the protests in 1956 and from Nigel Wilmott, the letters editor of the Guardian but here speaking about Hungary. The flavour was one both of historical recall of the events of 1956 and of contemporary political parallels. Indeed during this session news came through via text message that the left-wing MP George Galloway had been detained in a Cairo jail overnight and an emergency protest called at the Egyptian Embassy for later in the day.The next two sessions focused on the key moments of autumn 1956, Hungary and Suez but again with new research examining their wider significance. Mike Haynes looks at the origins of the Hungarian revolt, in terms of workplace politics while Anne Alexander reviews the impact that Suez had on Nasser's reputation within the Arab world and Arab nationalist politics.In the afternoon there was a widening of the focus. One session examined the impact of the events of 1956 on left-wing organisation and in particular the orthodox Communist or Stalinist tradition. Terry Brotherton took a fresh look at the impact of 1956 on the Communist Party of GB, while Toby Abse focused on how the events of that year worked their way through in the largest of the Western European CPs, the Italian. Alan Woodward examined how the crisis of Stalinist politics opened new possibilities for libertarian left-wing ideas.The other focused on the rise of a new left as a result of the crisis of 1956. Paul Blackledge examined the development of the theory of socialist humanism by E.P Thompson and others as an alternative to Stalinism. Neil Davidson examined the ideas of a forgotten left-wing thinker from this period Alisdair Macintyre, while Christian Hogsberg reviewed the influence of an existing Trotskyist theorist, CLR James around the events of 1956 Of course the conference could not hope to cover the huge range of possible historical issues arising from the 50th anniversary of 1956. The beginnings of the consumer society and the age of affluence; the birth of youth culture and rock'n'roll; British nuclear tests and the origins of CND and campaigns against the bomb; the new theatre marked by 'look back in anger'. In an introduction, the editor Keith Flett reviews some of these wider trends However the research agenda proposed by the conference was and remains an important one.


This chapter offers a detailed insight into a dielectric characterization of the materials based on the phase-shift measurements of the transmission signal. The chapter will provide in-depth theoretical background of the phase-shift transmission line measurement in the microstrip architecture and determination of dielectric permittivity of design under test for several measurement configurations. Potential of the phase-shift method will be demonstrated through applications in the characterization of an unknown dielectric constant in multilayered structure, realization of the soil moisture sensor, and sensor for determination of the dielectric constant of a fluid in microfluidic channel. Moreover, specific techniques for increasing the phase shift based on the electromagnetic bandgap structure, the aperture in the ground plane and the left-handed effect will be presented. In the end, the realization of simple in-field detection device for determination of permittivity based on the phase-shift measurement will be demonstrated.


The No Child Left Behind (NLCB) Act required states to adopt accountability systems measuring student proficiency on state administered exams. Based on student test score performance in 2002, states developed initial proficiency rate targets and future annual benchmarks designed to lead students to 100% proficiency on state exams by 2014. Any year a school fails to meet these targets, either across all students or by various subgroups of students, the school does not make Adequate Yearly Progress. While the federal government's legislation provided a framework for NCLB implementation, it also gave states flexibility in their interpretation of many NCLB components, and school failure rates ranged from less than 1% to more than 80% across states. In this paper, we explore how states' NCLB implementation decisions affected their schools' failure rates. Wide cross-state variation in failure rates resulted from how states' decisions (e.g., confidence intervals applied to proficiency rates, numerical thresholds for a student subgroup to be held accountable) interacted with each other and with school characteristics like enrollment size, grade span, and ethnic diversity. Subtle differences in policy implementation led to dramatic differences in measured outcomes.


Distributed Hash Tables (DHTs) were originated from the design of structured peer-to-peer (P2P) systems. A DHT provides a key-based lookup service similar to a hash table. In this paper, we present the detailed design of a new DHT protocol, Tambour. The novelty of the protocol is that it uses parallel lookup to reduce retrive latency and bounds communication overhead to a dynamically adjusted routing table. Tambour estimates the probabilities of routing entries' liveness based on statistics of node lifetime history and evicts dead entries after lookup failures. When the network is unstable, more routing entries will be evicted in a given period of time, and the routing tables will be getting smaller which minimize the number of timeouts for later lookup requests. An experimental prototype of Tambour has been simulated and compared against two popular DHT protocols. Results show that Tambour outperforms the compared systems in terms of bandwith cost, lookup latency and the overall efficiency.


Chemoresistive gas sensors based on two-dimensional (2D) materials including graphene-based materials have attracted significant research interest owing to their potential use in next-generation technologies including the Internet of Things (IoT). The functionalization of 2D materials is considered as a key strategy to achieve superior gas sensing properties such as high selectivity, high sensitivity, and reversible response and recovery, because it can modulate the chemical and electrical properties of 2D materials for more efficient gas sensing. Herein, we present a facile solution process and the room temperature gas sensing properties of chemically fluorinated graphene oxide (CFGO). The CFGO sensors exhibit improved sensitivity, selectivity, and reversibility upon exposure to NH3 with a significantly low theoretical detection limit of ∼6 ppb at room temperature in comparison to NO2 sensing properties. The effect of fluorine doping on the sensing mechanism is examined by first-principles calculations based on density functional theory. The calculations reveal that the fluorine dopant changes the charge distribution on the oxygen containing functional groups in graphene oxide, resulting in the preferred selective adsorption and desorption of NH3 molecules. We believe that the remarkable NH3 sensing properties of CFGO and investigation by first-principles calculations would enlarge the possibility of functionalized 2D materials for practical gas sensing applications such as the IoT.


The effect of reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) glutathione on the bioactivity of insulin was studied. A polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) of insulin with low molecular weight chitosan (13 kDa) was prepared and characterized. The PEC was then solubilized, in the presence and absence of GSH and GSSG, in a reverse micelle consisting of oleic acid and two surfactants (PEG-8 caprylic/capric glycerides and polyglycerol-6-dioleate). The in vitro and in vivo performances of the reverse micelle formulations (RMFs) were evaluated in rats. At pH 6.5 the association efficiency of the PEC was 76.2%. In vitro insulin release from the RMs was negligible at pH 1.2 and was markedly increased at pH 6.8. The hypoglycemic activity of insulin in the PEC was reduced when administered via the subcutaneous route, regardless of the GSH content. On the other hand, the presence of GSSG significantly enhanced hypoglycemia. When the RMF was administered via the oral route, the presence of GSH had no effect on the hypoglycemic activity of insulin compared with the GSH free system. However, the presence of GSSG in the oral preparation increased the hypoglycemic activity of insulin; probably by inhibiting insulin degradation, thereby prolonging its effect. Thus, incorporation of GSSG in the RMF reduces blood glucose levels in rats and protects insulin from degradation.


This work examines the basic feasibility of the net-zero-balance TRU multi-recycling concept in which trivalent lanthanide fission products (Ln(III) ) are not separated from trivalent actinides (An(III)). The TRU together with Eu and Gd isotopes are recycled in a standard PWR using Combined Non-Fertile and UO2 (CONFU) assembly design. The assembly assumes a heterogeneous structure where about 20% of U02 fuel pins on the assembly periphery are replaced with Inert Matrix Fuel (IMF) pins hosting TRU, Gd, and Eu generated in the previous cycles. The 2-D neutronic analysis show potential feasibility of Ln / An recycling in PWR using CONFU assembly. Recycling of Ln reduces the fuel cycle length by about 30 effective full power days (EFPD) and TRU destruction efficiency by about 5%. Power peaking factors and reactivity feedback coefficients are close to those of CONFU assembly without Ln recycling.


The main objective of the research presented in this thesis is to enhance driver comfort and handling of a heavy truck that in turn leads to better vehicle safety and stability. The focus has been put on studying two suspension systems of the truck, engine and front axle suspensions, due to their significant impact on the dynamic performance of the vehicle.

At first, a computational model that evaluates the nonlinear behavior of dynamic stiffness and damping of the elastomeric engine mounts is developed and successfully verified and validated against measurement data. This model is then utilized to examine adaptronic mounting systems in which actuators, sensors and controller are incorporated in the passive engine suspension. Widely used conventional engine mounts in commercial vehicles cannot fulfill the conflicting requirements for the best isolation concerning
both road and engine induced excitations. Hence, to improve the noise and vibration suppression it is necessary to go beyond passive isolators and use semi-active/active suspension. The results of simulations of engine vibration dynamics and transmitted forces to the vehicle structure have shown good potential for adaptronic engine mount setup.

Subsequently, the effects of front axle suspension design, i.e. Individual Front Suspension (IFS) as well as semi-active damper, on the comfort and handling characteristics of the vehicle are discussed. Employing the model of the tractor semitrailer combination, the study presents the results of comparison between the trucks with IFS and rigid front axle by assessing the responses of the vehicles to various road excitations and steering input. The obtained results show enhanced comfort and steering feeling for the truck with IFS. Moreover, the capabilities of a semi-active front axle suspension are investigated through control strategies such as skyhook, Linear Quadratic (LQ) and Model Predictive Control (MPC). The developed controllers are verified by simulation with respect to the identified road inputs and maneuvers. The outcome of the semi-active damper compared to that of the passive suspension that are presented quantitatively and qualitatively clearly show the great influence of the semi-active dampers on the vehicle dynamic performance. With
continuous semi-active dampers accelerations in the cab are decreased particularly up to wheel hop frequency. Also, tire forces are either unchanged or improved. Hence, unlike
passive suspension that is a compromise between ride comfort and handling, semi-active suspension facilitates enhancing both target criteria.


The outside reviewers of the Journal of Coastal Research (JCR) have generously donated their time to conduct the review process, which includes the thorough evaluation of manuscripts by providing comments and recommendations to the Editor-in-Chief concerning the ultimate disposition of submitted material. Because we frequently receive reviews from specialists outside of our own Editorial Board, we acknowledge with thanks the following reviewers who have vetted papers submitted to the JCR. Their interest and cooperation are much appreciated.


Polarization-mode dispersion (PMD) is a serious impairment for high-bit-rate optical telecommunication systems. It is known that spinning the fiber during the drawing process drastically reduces the PMD. However, the analysis of pulse propagation through a randomly birefringent spun fiber is still at an early stage. In this paper, we derive an analytical formula for the mean differential group delay of a periodically spun fiber with random birefringence. We model the birefringence with fixed modulus and a random orientation under the condition that the spin period is shorter than the beat length. Finally, we numerically compare the analytical results with those given by the random-modulus model of birefringence, and we obtain good agreement as long as the short-period assumption is satisfied.


Concerns have been raised that demographic ageing may weaken the competitiveness of knowledge-based economies and increase regional disparities. The age-creativity link is however far from clear at the aggregate level. Contributing to this debate, we estimate the causal effect of the workforce age structure on patenting activities for local labour markets in Germany using a flexible knowledge production function and accounting for potential endogeneity of the regional workforce structure. Overall, our results suggest that younger workers boost regional innovations, but this effect partly hinges on the presence of older workers as younger and older workers turn out to be complements in the production of knowledge. With demographic aging mainly increasing the older workforce and shrinking the younger one, our results imply that innovation levels in ageing societies may drop in the future. Moreover, differences in the regional age structure currently explain around a sixth of the innovation gap across German regions.


A new family of generalized Stirling and Bell numbers is introduced by considering powers $(VU)^n$ of the noncommuting variables $U,V$ satisfying $UV=VU+hV^s$. The case $s=0$ (and $h=1$) corresponds to the conventional Stirling numbers of second kind and Bell numbers. For these generalized Stirling numbers, the recursion relation is given and explicit expressions are derived. Furthermore, they are shown to be connection coefficients and a combinatorial interpretation in terms of statistics is given. It is also shown that these Stirling numbers can be interpreted as $s$-rook numbers introduced by Goldman and Haglund. For the associated generalized Bell numbers, the recursion relation as well as a closed form for the exponential generating function is derived. Furthermore, an analogue of Dobinski's formula is given for these Bell numbers.


Harry M Markowitz received the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1990 for his pioneering work in portfolio theory. He also received the von Neumann Prize from the Institute of Management Science and the Operations Research Institute of America in 1989 for his work in portfolio theory, sparse matrices and the SIMSCRIPT computer language. While Dr Markowitz is well-known for his work on portfolio theory, his work on sparse matrices remains an essential part of linear optimization calculations. In addition, he designed and developed SIMSCRIPT — a computer programming language. SIMSCRIPT has been widely used for simulations of systems such as air transportation and communication networks.


We investigate the Josephson tunneling between a conventional and an unconventional superconductor via a Ginzburg-Landau theory. This approach allows us to write down the general form of the Josephson coupling between the two superconductors, and to see which terms are forbidden or allowed by spatial symmetries. The time-reversal symmetry is also considered. We discuss the current-phase relationships, magnetic, and ac effects if we just include this direct coupling to the unconventional superconductor. In addition we consider the Josephson coupling between two short-coherence-length superconductors, extending the work of Deutscher and Mueller (DM) to a finite-current calculation. We find that the critical current is suppressed below the DM value due to the fact that the coupling between the two superconductors across the junction depends on the phase difference and hence the current itself. Finally we investigate the possibility of the proximity effect, in particular the possibility that the conventional-type pairing is induced and hence coexists with the unconventional pairing near the junction. This would give the dominant contribution to the tunneling current if the direct tunneling to the unconventional pairs are suppressed for some reason. We point out that there is no possibility of dissipationless tunneling above the transition temperature of themore » unconventional superconductor. Even in the case in which the unconventional superconductor is below its transition temperature, we find that, for the possibility of a dissipationless current, it is crucial to have a coupling between the induced {ital s} wave and the unconventional superconductor that depends on their phase difference, which allows the conversion of the supercurrent from one type to the other. The behavior of this current, in particular as a function of temperature, is discussed.« less


Geriatric Nursing is the best source for clinical information and management advice relating to the care of older adults. As the official publication of the National Gerontological Nursing Association, the journal's peer-reviewed articles report the latest developments in the management of acute and chronic disorders. Geriatric Nursing is written for nurses and nurse managers who work in hospitals, long-term care facilities, senior centers, or in home care.


In 1998, Thames Valley Police launched a restorative cautioning initiative, whereby police officers administering cautions were meant to invite all those affected by the offence, including victims, to a meeting. The police officer used a script to facilitate a structured discussion about the harm caused by the offence and how this could be repaired. Richard Young and Carolyn Hoyle of Oxford University helped the police to implement this new way of cautioning, and carried out a formal evaluation of the process and the outcomes achieved. The researchers found that: • Thames Valley Police was largely successful in transforming its cautioning practice. The restorative justice script was used in over two-thirds of cautions • Over the first three years of the initiative, 1,915 restorative conferences took place at which victims were present. In a further 12,065 restorative cautions, the views of any absent victims were relayed by the cautioning officer. This is the largest-scale restorative justice programme in the United Kingdom to date. • Implementation of the restorative cautioning model in individual cautions was often deficient. Police facilitators sometimes sidelined the other participants and occasionally asked illegitimate questions. • By the end of the research project implementation was much better, although still not always good. • Offenders, victims and their respective supporters were generally satisfied with the fairness of the process and the outcomes achieved. • Cautioning sessions that adhered most closely to restorative justice principles tended to produce the most positive outcomes. • Restorative cautioning appears to be significantly more effective than traditional cautioning in reducing the risk of re-offending.


OBJECTIVE Intervention trials on renal function in IDDM patients with microalbuminuria (MA) should adopt the rate of decline of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) as an outcome measure. However, normotensive IDDM patients with MA show no change in GFR over a follow-up period of 10 years. Thus, in the present study, we used the cumulative incidence of progression to albuminuria (albumin excretion rate [AER] > 200 μ/min) from MA as the primary endpoint and the yearly increase in AER at a rate of 50% above baseline as the secondary end-point of renal function. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Ninety-two normotensive IDDM patients underwent double-blind, double-dummy treatment with either lisinopril or slow-release nifedipine in comparison with placebo. Ten patients discontinued the study during the 3-year follow-up period. RESULTS During the 3-year follow-up period, 7 of 34 placebo-treated (20.6%), 2 of 32 lisinopril-treated (6.3%), and 2 of 26 nifedipine-treated (7.7%) patients progressed to clinical albuminuria (Fisher's exact test, P < 0.03). Time-to-event analysis indicated a reduction in the risk of progression to macroalbuminuria of 58.1% (95% CI 27.8−68.4%) in the 32 patients on lisinopril (P < 0.02) and of 62.5% (95% CI 32.5−73.4%) in the 26 patients on nifedipine (P < 0.02) after adjustment for mean blood pressure, glycated hemoglobin, and baseline AER in comparison with the 34 patients on placebo. Baseline AER was 71 μ/min (range: 20.7−187.3) in progressors and 73 μ/min (range: 20.2−174.1) in nonprogressors (NS). The percentage of patients who showed a > 50% yearly increase of AER above baseline values was significantly lower in the lisinopril group (13 of 32, 40.6%, P < 0.02), but not in the nifedipine group (15 of 26, 57.7%), than in the placebo group (23 of 34, 67.6%). The lisinopril group had significantly lower blood pressure values during follow-up than either the nifedipine (P < 0.05) or the placebo (P < 0.01) group. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that both lisinopril and nifedipine are effective in delaying the occurrence of macroalbuminuria in normotensive IDDM patients with MA. As overt proteinuria strongly predicts end-stage renal failure, both treatments appear capable of preventing such a complication in normotensive IDDM patients with MA. However, lisinopril appears more powerful in slowing the course of nephropathy.


Quantum mechanics is often taken to entail holism. I examine the arguments for this claim, and find that although there is no general argument from the structure of quantum mechanics to holism, there are specific arguments for holism available within the three main realist interpretations (Bohm, Ghirardi-Rimini-Weber and many-worlds). However, Evans, Price and Wharton's sideways Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen-Bell example challenges the holistic conclusion. I show how the symmetry between the sideways and standard Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen-Bell set-ups can be used to argue against holism. I evaluate the prospects for extending this insight to more general quantum systems, with a view to producing a genuinely time-symmetric hidden variable theory. I conclude that, although this extension undermines the analogy between the sideways and standard cases, quantum mechanics without holism remains a live possibility. Quanta 2016; 5: 85–92.


Say's Law--the idea that "supply creates its own demand"--has been a basic concept in economics for almost two centuries. Thomas Sowell traces its evolution as it emerged from successive controversies, particularly two of the most bitter and long lasting in the history of the discipline, the "general glut controversy" that reached a peak in the 1820s, and the Keynesian Revolution of the 1930s. These controversies not only involved almost every noted economist of the time but had repercussions on basic economic theory, methodology, and sociopolitical theory. This book, the first comprehensive coverage of the subject, will be an indispensable addition to the history of economic thought. It is also relevant to all social sciences concerned with economic prosperity, with the nature of intellectual orthodoxy and insurgency, or with the complex relationships among ideology, concepts, and policies.Originally published in 1972.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.


Abstract. This study employs NASA's recent satellite measurements of sea-surface temperatures (SSTs) and sea-level winds (SLWs) with missing data filled-in by Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA), to construct empirical models that capture both intrinsic and SST-dependent aspects of SLW variability. The model construction methodology uses a number of algorithmic innovations that are essential in providing stable estimates of the model's propagator. The best model tested herein is able to faithfully represent the time scales and spatial patterns of anomalies associated with a number of distinct processes. These processes range from the daily synoptic variability to interannual signals presumably associated with oceanic or coupled dynamics. Comparing the simulations of an SLW model forced by the observed SST anomalies with the simulations of an SLW-only model provides preliminary evidence for the ocean driving the atmosphere in the Southern Ocean region.


Food addiction is a new nosological entity which is not yet well defined by researchers, as it has a high degree of similarity with other eating disorders, both on clinical and pathophysiological level. Some authors dispute the existence of this addiction, while others consider that "eating addiction" is a more appropriate term, as the focus of the dependence is eating, which is a behavior, and not the food itself. A single scale was validated for the quantification of the food disorder's severity, the Yale Food Addiction Severity Scale (YFAS), constructed for DSM IV, and it has also a newer version, 2.0, for DSM-5. A high prevalence was determined using this scale, up to 19.9% in the general population, according to a meta-analysis. Identified risk factors for food addiction were being over 35 years, female, overweight/obese, and subjects from clinical samples. Bulimia nervosa and depression were frequently associated with food addiction diagnosis. A particular case of food addiction is "sugar addiction", also a disputed nosological entity. Reward dysfunction, impulsivity and emotion dysregulation have been considered basic pathophysiologic mechanisms of food addiction. Genetic studies associated greater carbohydrate and fast food craving with DRD2 A1 allele, but this finding is not well replicated. Due to the lack of operationalized criteria for diagnosis, no clinical trial focused on food addiction treatment have been identified. Lorcaserin, antiepileptic drugs, opioid antagonists, acamprosate, memantine, and sodium oxybate are recommended drugs for eating disorders and could be used in food disorder, also. A better understanding of food addiction's clinical profile could be helpful in treating and preventing obesity and other eating disorders. Key-Words: food addiction, obesity, binge eating disorder, bulimia nervosa, eating disorders, reward dysfunction, dopamine, serotonin, emotion dysregulation


Background: Previous reviews of geographical disparities in the prostate cancer continuum from diagnosis to mortality have identified a consistent pattern of poorer outcomes with increasing residential disadvantage and for rural residents. However, there are no contemporary, systematic reviews summarizing the latest available evidence. Our objective was to systematically review the published international evidence for geographical variations in prostate cancer indicators by residential rurality and disadvantage. Methods: Systematic searches of peer-reviewed articles in English published from 1/1/1998 to 30/06/2018 using PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Informit databases. Inclusion criteria were: population was adult prostate cancer patients; outcome measure was PSA testing, prostate cancer incidence, stage at diagnosis, access to and use of services, survival, and prostate cancer mortality with quantitative results by residential rurality and/or disadvantage. Studies were critically appraised using a modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Results: Overall 169 studies met the inclusion criteria. Around 50% were assessed as high quality and 50% moderate. Men from disadvantaged areas had consistently lower prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing and prostate cancer incidence, poorer survival, more advanced disease and a trend toward higher mortality. Although less consistent, predominant patterns by rurality were lower PSA testing, prostate cancer incidence and survival, but higher stage disease and mortality among rural men. Both geographical measures were associated with variations in access and use of prostate cancer-related services for low to high risk disease. Conclusions: This review found substantial evidence that prostate cancer indicators varied by residential location across diverse populations and geographies. While wide variations in study design limited comparisons across studies, our review indicated that internationally, men living in disadvantaged areas, and to a lesser extent more rural areas, face a greater prostate cancer burden. This review highlights the need for a better understanding of the complex social, environmental, and behavioral reasons for these variations, recognizing that, while important, geographical access is not the only issue. Implementing research strategies to help identify these processes and to better understand the central role of disadvantage to variations in health outcome are crucial to inform the development of evidence-based targeted interventions.


This thesis examines heterosexual Christian attitudes toward LGB individuals, specifically to determine if there is a relationship between intergroup contact, uncertainty reduction, and supportive attitudes toward LGB individuals among Christian individuals. Participants completed an online survey, which assessed religious beliefs, levels of uncertainty about interactions with LGB individuals, levels of contact with LGB individuals, and attitudes toward LGB individuals. The goal of the research was to identify the current attitudes of heterosexual Christians and the factors that may influence those attitudes. Findings indicate that participants were unsure, but leaned toward valuing the contributions of LGB individuals in society and believing that sexual orientation is a fixed, biologically based trait. The participants were somewhat aware of LGB discrimination and agreed that discrimination exists. Participants reported relatively low levels of communication apprehension toward LGB individuals. Participants who had more contact with LGB individuals had lower levels of uncertainty and more positive attitudes toward LGB individuals. Conservative participants who hold fundamental Christian beliefs had less contact with LGB individuals, were more uncertain about interactions with LGB individuals, and were the least likely to have positive attitudes toward LGB individuals. Liberal participants who hold relativistic religious beliefs had more contact with LGB individuals, were less uncertain about interactions with LGB individuals, and were likely to have the most positive attitudes toward LGB individuals. The findings of the research indicate that the Christian participants have a wide variety of perspectives on homosexuality and LGB individuals. Findings were consistent with past research on intergroup contact, religiosity, and attitudes toward LGB individuals. The research offers new insight into the relationship between contact, religiosity and attitudes by adding the element of uncertainty. Theoretical implications indicate the need to further explore the relationship between the Contact Hypothesis and Uncertainty Reduction Theory within the context of attitudes toward members of groups different than one's own groups. Practical implications of the research include the need for education among Christians about the nature of sexual orientation and the need for increased awareness of discrimination that LGB individuals face. CHRISTIANS, LESBIANS, GAYS, AND BISEXUALS: EXAMINING THE ROLES OF UNCERTAINTY AND RELIGIOSITY IN CHRISTIAN ATTITUDES TOWARD LGB INDIVIDUALS A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in Communication Studies Megan Deanne Wharff Kavanaugh University of Northern Iowa August 2013


From the second half of the XIX century, public gardens and boulevards have become an integral part of provincial Russian towns. They played an aesthetic and sanitary-hygienic role in urban space, being, in fact, green oases in a dusty and noisy town. However, in the XX century, the functional purpose of town gardens has changed: the recreational component is being replaced by the cultural and entertainment one, which became dominant in the Soviet period. This article considers the process of urban space greening in the provincial town of Cherepovets as an example of this process and transforming the functions of the town garden. It also presents the analysis of everyday practices of using urban flora by the population of Cherepovets. The methodological basis of the work is urban environmental history. The research is based on archival and office materials, official statistics, and periodicals. Soviet power kept the tradition of new blocks greening, that formed in the pre-revolutionary period. At the same time, the entertainment and leisure functions of the recreation park supplanted the recreational function, and everyday practices of the town residents showed a dismissive and utilitarian attitude towards the town green spaces. It was due to the peculiarities of urbanization in the city. In the conditions of the constantly expanding town space and the influx of rural population, green spaces could not prevent the degradation of the natural environment, which led to the destabilization of the ecological situation in Cherepovets and prevented the sustainable development of the city.
 Keywords: urban environmental history, urban greening, a city garden, everyday practice


Polythetic classifications, based on shared patterns of features that need neither be universal nor constant among members of a class, are common in the natural world and greatly outnumber monothetic classifications over a set of features. We show that threshold meta-learners, such as Prototypical Networks, require an embedding dimension that is exponential in the number of task-relevant features to emulate these functions. In contrast, attentional classifiers, such as Matching Networks, are polythetic by default and able to solve these problems with a linear embedding dimension. However, we find that in the presence of task-irrelevant features, inherent to meta-learning problems, attentional models are susceptible to misclassification. To address this challenge, we propose a self-attention feature-selection mechanism that adaptively dilutes non-discriminative features. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach in meta-learning Boolean functions, and synthetic and real-world few-shot learning tasks.


This article tests the assumption that cohabitation makes a difference in the allocation of child care responsibilities within couples. It has often been presumed that cohabiting individuals are less likely to adhere to traditional gender ideology than married persons, because they tend to have a lower tolerance for poorly functioning relationships, assign more value to individual freedom and base their relationship on egalitarian individualism rather than on the joint utility maximization of married couples. So far, however, most studies have focused on the determinants and consequences of being in cohabitation and have overlooked its gender implications. Here we explore whether fathers in consensual unions are more prone than fathers in marital unions to share childcare responsibilities with their female partners. We use multilevel regression models for panel data to analyse ECHP in the period between 1996 and 2001. Our sample included around 13,000 couples living in heterosexual partnerships with small children (at least one child below age 13), and yielded around 45,000 observations over this period of time in ten Western European nations. We found weak evidence of the influence of cohabitation on gender equality as compared to married couples, while discovering that the diffusion of cohabitation at the societal level is associated with more equal allotment of child care among partners.


In some European countries, students receive vocationally oriented education as early as at the age of 12. The students transfer to lower secondary school at the age of 10-13, with the youngest entrants found in Germany and Austria and the oldest ones, being at the age of 16, in the Nordic countries. The most thoroughly school-based vocational upper secondary education is provided in Finland, Sweden, Spain, Greece and Portugal. The highest proportion of vocational training delivered at the workplace is to be found in Austria (a little less than half) and the Netherlands (a third), that of training combining the workplace and school in Denmark, Germany, France and the Netherlands. Curriculum denotes the formal specification of what is taught and learnt in educational or training establishments. Curricula are formally specified in such learning and teaching entities as units, courses, clusters, sequences and other specifications. Levels of curricula vary from national to student ones, and types of curricula differ from intended to learned syllabi. The traditions of curriculum vary according to national contexts and to historical periods. Curriculum development in TVET is approached from a broad technological knowledge, activity-oriented theories of learning and from the concept of vocation (Beruf). Ethics of sustainable development gives a global and future perspective to education and training. The first two chapters illustrate the global, regional and national policy context of curriculum in TVET followed by a historical discussion about a curriculum theory and didactics. Then the learning theories focus on work-based learning issues and an activity approach. Next the ethics and implementation of education for sustainable development is analysed. Finally a window to the future is opened by a national practice of workforce anticipation.


It is often recommended that health information should be simplified for people with low health literacy. However, little is known about whether messages adapted to low health literacy audiences are also effective for people with high health literacy, or whether simple messages are counterproductive in this group. Using a two (illustrated vs. text-only) by two (nondifficult vs. difficult text) between-subjects design, we test whether older adults with low (n = 279) versus high health literacy (n = 280) respond differently to colorectal cancer screening messages. Results showed that both health literacy groups recalled information best when the text was nondifficult. Reduced text difficulty did not lead to negative attitudes or less intention to have screening among people with high health literacy. Benefits of illustrations, in terms of improved recall and attitudes, were only found in people with low health literacy who were exposed to difficult texts. This was not found for people with high health literacy. In terms of informed decisions, nondifficult and illustrated messages resulted in the best informed decisions in the low health literacy group, whereas the high health literacy group benefited from nondifficult text in general, regardless of illustrations. Our findings imply that materials adapted to lower health literacy groups can also be used for a more general audience, as they do not deter people with high health literacy.


. Productivity throughout the North American Great Plains grasslands is generally considered to be water limited, with the strength of this limitation increasing as precipitation decreases. We hypothesize that cumulative actual evapotranspiration water loss (AET) from April to July is the precipitation-related variable most correlated to aboveground net primary production (ANPP) in the U.S. Great Plains (GP). We tested this by evaluating the relationship of ANPP to AET, precipitation, and plant transpiration (Tr). We used multi-year ANPP data from fi ve sites ranging from semiarid grasslands in Colorado and Wyoming to mesic grasslands in Nebraska and Kansas, mean annual NRCS ANPP, and satellite-derived normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data. Results from the fi ve sites showed that cumulative April-to-July AET, precipitation, and Tr were well correlated ( R 2 : 0.54 – 0.70) to annual changes in ANPP for all but the wettest site. AET and Tr were better correlated to annual changes in ANPP compared to precipitation for the drier sites, and precipitation in August and September had little impact on productivity in drier sites. April-to-July cumulative precipitation was best correlated ( R 2 = 0.63) with interannual variability in ANPP in the most mesic site, while AET and Tr were poorly correlated with ANPP at this site. Cumulative growing season (May-to-September) NDVI (iNDVI) was strongly correlated with annual ANPP at the fi ve sites ( R 2 = 0.90). Using iNDVI as a surrogate for ANPP, we found that county-level cumulative April – July AET was more strongly correlated to ANPP than precipitation for more than 80% of the GP counties, with precipitation tending to perform better in the eastern more mesic portion of the GP. Including the ratio of AET to potential evapotranspiration (PET) improved the correlation of AET to both iNDVI and mean county-level NRCS ANPP. Accounting for how different precipitation-related variables control ANPP (AET in drier portion, precipitation in wetter portion) provides opportunity to develop spatially explicit forecasting of ANPP across the GP for enhancing decision-making by land managers and use of grassland ANPP for biofuels.


We examine intra-day market reactions to news in stock-specific sentiment disclosures. Using pre-processed data from an automated news analytics tool based on linguistic pattern recognition we extract information on the relevance as well as the direction of company-specific news. Information-implied reactions in returns, volatility as well as liquidity demand and supply are quantified by a high-frequency VAR model using 20 second intervals. Analyzing a cross-section of stocks traded at the London Stock Exchange (LSE), we find market-wide robust news-dependent responses in volatility and trading volume. However, this is only true if news items are classified as highly relevant. Liquidity supply reacts less distinctly due to a stronger influence of idiosyncratic noise. Furthermore, evidence for abnormal highfrequency returns after news in sentiments is shown.


In 1999, Gerry Segal, then Director of Research at the International Institute of Strategic Studies, wrote an article in Foreign Affairs entitled 'Does China matter?'. His article ranged across economic, political and strategic issues but his overall conclusion was that China's importance had been greatly exaggerated. As far as economic questions were concerned, Segal saw China as a small market 'that matters little to the world, especially outside Asia'. This paper argues that while Segal was correct in the view that there had been considerable exaggeration of China's economic weight, mostly outside of China, his generalisation now needs qualification. The paper considers the standard economic comparisons across countries such as GDP, trade and investment volumes and other areas of China's growing global economic involvement. It also deals with issues such as the accuracy of China's growth statistics. It concludes with the idea that China does now matter to the world both for its substance and for its evident potential.


Transformative mediation for commercial disputes provides courts, attorneys and parties a process that most closely follows self-determination, a core principle of mediation. It also provides unique benefits for stakeholders that include a process that is efficient and effective since it allows attorneys and parties to address the most salient issues of the conflict in the order that they choose to, while supporting their conversation. For courts, transformative mediation offers the chance for sustainable solutions and when no solution is found, the issues before the court are narrower because the parties are clearer and more focused, which increases efficiency in the court process. Lastly, transformative mediation does not get in the way of access to justice because parties may choose to go directly to court because they decide that they need the court to make a decision. Because transformative mediation's goals are to help people become clearer, more decisive and consider the other party's perspective, it does not divorce the interaction from the specific issues before the court. Rather it fosters a conversation that leads to benefits for all involved.


Participation from a variety of students is important to the long-term growth of the engineering field. Much of the research on engineering recruitment or career choice has focused on engineering as a whole, even though engineering disciplines are varied in student participation and focus. This work examines how students' out-of-school interests and experiences in high school predict the likelihood of choosing a career in a particular engineering discipline. Out-of-school experiences offer more unstructured ways for students to meaningfully engage with science and engineering outside of the confines of the classroom. These experiences offer opportunities to spark particular science interests not included in traditional high school science curriculum. Additionally, participation in engineering for women has been historically low. For this reason, we also examined reported differences in out-of-school experiences by gender. Our findings indicate that reported out-of-school experiences increased the odds of students choosing particular engineering disciplines. Experiences traditionally stereotyped as masculine and more often reported by men, such as tinkering, increased the odds of choosing engineering disciplines with higher representation of men. However, some experiences equally reported by men and women, such as mixing chemicals or engaging with chemistry in the kitchen or talking with friends or family about science, predicted higher odds of choosing engineering disciplines with higher representation of women (chemical, biomedical, environmental). These quantitative results are a first step in understanding how out-of-school experiences are connected to the nuanced decisions of disciplinary engineering career decisions and have implications for the way engineering faculty draw on prior experience in the classrooms and for researchers on how out-of-school activities may predict students' long-term career decisions.


Explores the relationship between the mystical and the political dimensions of religious existence, beginning with the thirteenth-century Franciscon movement and ending with a feminist opproach to the norralives of African Americons who serve in the ministry. From the thirteenth-century Franciscan movement of African American mystics, this wide-ranging volume of essays considers exemplars of Christian mysticism (including Teresa of Avila, lgnatius of Loyola, the Quakers, and the Society of Friends) whose practices and influence brought about social change. Linking major conceptual issues and social theory, the essays examine the historical impact of mysticism in contemporary life and argue for a hermeneutical approach to mysticism in its historical context. The contributors look at how mystical empowerment can serve as a catalyst for expressing compassion in acts of justice and long-term social change. We learn how Sojourner Truth and Rebecca Cox Jackson, driven by mystical experiences to take up lives of preaching, faced the same misogynistic religious environments as did women mystics throughout history, which has submerged this key area of women's experience. The final two essays describe the development of socially engaged Buddhism in Asia and America and the mystical roots of deep ecology.


An analytical model for tidal dynamics has been applied to the Yangtze Estuary for the first time, to describe the tidal propagation in this large and typically branched estuary with three-order branches and four outlets to the sea. This study shows that the analytical model developed for a single-channel estuary can also accurately describe the tidal dynamics in a branched estuary, particularly in the downstream part. Within the same estuary system, the North Branch and the South Branches have a distinct tidal behaviour: the former being amplified demonstrating a marine character and the latter being damped with a riverine character. The satisfactory results for the South Channel and the South Branch using both separate and combined topographies confirm that the branched estuary system functions as an entity. To further test these results, it is suggested to collect more accurate and dense bathymetric and tidal information.


Modulation of cortico‐cortical connectivity in specific neural circuits might underlie some of the behavioural effects observed following repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the human frontal cortex. This possibility was tested by applying rTMS to the left mid‐dorsolateral frontal cortex (MDL‐FC) and subsequently measuring functional connectivity of this region with positron emission tomography (PET) and TMS. The results showed a strong rTMS‐related modulation of brain activity in the fronto‐cingulate circuit. These results were confirmed in a parallel experiment in the rat using electrical stimulation and field‐potential recordings. Future studies are needed to provide a direct link between the rTMS‐induced modulation of cortical connectivity and its effects on specific behaviours.


The large GTPase dynamin is a mechanoenzyme that participates in the scission of nascent vesicles from the plasma membrane. Recently, dynamin has been demonstrated to associate with the Golgi apparatus in mammalian cells by morphological and biochemical methods. Additional studies using a well characterized, cell-free assay have supported these findings by demonstrating a requirement for dynamin function in the formation of clathrin-coated, and non-clathrin-coated vesicles from the trans-Golgi network (TGN). In this study, we tested if dynamin participates in Golgi function in living cells through the expression of a dominant negative dynamin construct (K44A). Cells co-transfected to express this mutant dynamin and a GFP-tagged Golgi resident protein (TGN38) exhibit Golgi structures that are either compacted, vesiculated, or tubulated. Electron microscopy of these mutant cells revealed large numbers of Golgi stacks comprised of highly tubulated cisternae and an extraordinary number of coated vesicle buds. Cells expressing mutant dynamin and GFP-tagged VSVG demonstrated a marked retention (8- to 11-fold) of the nascent viral G-protein in the Golgi compared to control cells. These observations in living cells are consistent with previous morphological and in vitro studies demonstrating a role for dynamin in the formation of secretory vesicles from the TGN.


We're the children of the mountains, We have been here for years. The wind frightens the heart of any stranger here. Nobody understands us, The mountains will protect us, The wind frightens the heart of any stranger here. (Chechen Folk Song) The purpose of this essay is to redirect the current views on the origins and the nature of Russia's 1999 war against Chechnya. Our argument is that one of the major reasons for the war lies in the "Chechen Revolution of 1991-1994". More immediate reasons for it are imbedded in the Russian political situation of the summer and fall, 1999.(1) But we will stress the most important events that influenced the subsequent transformation of Chechen and Russian society and assisted in determining the intensity of the current tragedy. Much of the information is based on Isaenko's personal experience with Chechnya in the early 1990s. Another part is derived from the official papers of the Chechen Republic that were published by its legal institutions. Finally, another part stems from the research and observations of both authors. Tracking the so-called "Chechen Problem" or "Chechen Revolution" and its role in Russian history has been a concern for scholars for some time. For us, this effort is connected with our primary interest, namely the exploration of forms of ethnic cleansing in the areas of inter-ethnic and ethnic tensions and conflicts.(2) Before then and since then, dozens of analysis have appeared; Valerii Tishkov and A.S. Orlov (Russia) and Anatol Lieven (Great Britain) have authored the most carefully argued accounts.(3) Lieven's approach contained a particularly comprehensive analysis of the long-standing and immediate reasons and causes for the conflict; it also accurately predicted the latest developments on the local and Russian levels. In order to better understand the positions connected with the war that started in October, 1999, we will begin with an outline of some of them. Many of these positions were stated clearly in the International Conference, "Chechnya: Unlearned Lessons," which was organized by the editorial board of the Russian weekly, The Moscow News.(4) Colonel-General Valerii Manilov, the First Deputy to the Chief of General Staff of the Russian Army, presented the official version of the character and goals of this latest military campaign. In his words, Russia's attack is "a counter-terrorist operation"(5) (by contrast, the Russo-Chechen War of 1994-1996 was officially called a "retrieval of Constitutional order"). Manilov's point is popular in Russian society as a whole,(6) but particularly among Russian nationalists, the semi-democratic and military elite, many officials, and some parts of the media. Russia's media, ever mindful of the politics involved and the support it needs from political figures like acting President Vladimir Putin, offers this official version to an already frightened public. Accordingly, Russia supposedly confronts a division of international and local Islamic terrorism in Chechnya. This version of the confrontation in the south found an attentive ear with Russians because of a series of horrible terrorist acts in Russian cities that were immediately attributed (without convincing evidence) to "Chechen terrorists." Since then, this coverage has carefully exploited genuine and deep-seated fears. We may place them with the long-standing real and perceived danger that Russians see in being encircled. From our point of view, these fears of encirclement may be traced at least as far back as the Polish invasion of 1612, the invasions of Charles XII of Sweden and Napoleon of France. They gained profound reality recently through the German attack of the 1940s and the latest extension of NATO to the East. Today, someone like Yossef Bodansky sees it as originating with Muslim Iranian and Turkic nations and groups, the possible loss of strategic outlets in the Black Sea and Caspian, and Moscow's fear of pan-Islamic and pan-Turkist movements. …


Both a practical guide for managers and a valuable supplement for management-related courses and training in academic and organizational settings, Aligning Organizational Subcultures for Competitive Advantage takes a strategic change approach to aligning the multiple subcultures that exist in todays organizations. There are countless books on the business shelf that focus on corporate culture, but their views are often too broad to address an organizations real needs. The subcultures within a company cannot be overlooked, and their differences must be reconciled for them to work together on a daily basis within an organization. For an organization to operate optimally, these subcultures must be aligned properly. Aligning Organizational Subcultures for Competitive Advantage also brings together current research with direct applications to the task of aligning organizational subcultures and provides a wealth of practical advice for the manager who seeks a clear, workable understanding of this important topic.