It was surprising to first learn, at the 2008 ASCO annual meeting, that the phase III trial of tremelimumab for the treatment of advanced melanoma did not have a positive result with regard to its primary endpoint. After very promising data in phase II studies, the difference in overall survival (OS) between the tremelimumab and standard of care control (temozolomide or dacarbazine) arms was not statistically significant (11.8 versus 10.7 months). Despite this, at that point in time, an OS of 11.8 months for advanced melanoma patients seemed exceptional, given the historical median OS of 6-8 months for these patients (1).


This article reviews the development of the laws and treaties regulating the use of child soldiers and the political, social, and cultural context in which these developments are grounded. Humanitarian and human rights groups have undertaken a major initiative to end the use of young combatants. These efforts are part of a larger children's human rights project designed to create a universal definition of "childhood." Casting the proposed ban on child soldiers in the language of human rights deflects attention from the enormity of the social and cultural changes involved in the proposed transnational restructuring of age categories. Treaty-making efforts reflect an emerging "politics of age" that shapes the concept of "childhood" in international law, and in which different international, regional, and local actors make use of age categories to advance particular political and ideological positions.


A monolithic fiber of molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was prepared by in situ polymerization within the capillary with an inner diameter of 530 µm. It was carried out in 8 min by microwave irradiation using malachite green (MG) as a template molecule, α-methacrylic acid (MAA) as a functional monomer, acetonitrile (ACN) as a porogenic solvent, ethylene dimethacrylate (EDMA) as a crosslinker, azodiiso-butyronitrile (AIBN) as a thermal initiator. The resulted MIP fibers were pushed out from the capillary, eluted and inserted in the capillary again, which successfully used for the solid phase microextraction (SPME) procedure. The factors affecting the extraction of MG, such as the molar ratio of template/monomer (MG/MAA), concentration of NaCl, extraction and desorption time, and extraction and desorption solvents were investigated in detail. The selectivity of the MIP fibers was compared using MG analogues crystal violet (CV) and non-analogue Sudan II. It was also employed for the pretreatment of trace MG in the fish feed followed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) detection. Under the optimal conditions, the linear range of MG was 10-600 μg/L, the detection limit (LOD) was 1.23 μg/L and the recovery of spiked fish feed sample was 88.7∼113.9%.


With the rapid escalation of the online social networking (OSN) use, there have been some high profile cases reported in the media about information leakage by employees that are detrimental to organizations. However, academic literature rarely discusses the impacts of OSN on organizations. This conceptual paper explores employees' OSN use behaviour that leads to the disclosure of organizational information which may jeopardize the information systems (IS) security. In order to do that, the paper briefly reviews theories from criminology, psychology and sociology that are related to our study. We find that Decomposed Theory of Planned Behaviour is the most suitable theoretical model in explaining the underlying factors that drive information leakage through OSN. The understanding of these reasons facilitates our suggestion for organizations to safeguard information against this insider threat by employing information security education, training and awareness (SETA) programs for employees.


This paper accounts for the extent to which gender research is represented in leading archaeological journals throughout the 1980s to the present through the database Arts & Humanities Citation Index (ISI). The paper regards gender research as including gender, feminisms, masculinities, queer, intersectionality and embodiment. It is concluded that gender research, despite its alleged significance and progress in later years, is substantially marginalized within mainstream archaeology. Comparisons are also made between gender archaeology and mainstream archaeology and differences between the two are discussed. The paper further addresses current research trends within the humanities placing an increased emphasis on publications in leading peer-reviewed journals. Since the paper shows that gender research is poorly represented in such periodicals the author urges archaeologists interested in gender to publish in these journals.


Coevolution - reciprocal evolutionary change in interacting species driven by natural selection - is one of the most important ecological and genetic processes organizing the earth's biodiversity: most plants and animals require coevolved interactions with other species to survive and reproduce. The Geographic Mosaic of Coevolution analyzes how the biology of species provides the raw material for long-term coevolution, evaluates how local coadaptation forms the basic module of coevolutionary change, and explores how the coevolutionary process reshapes locally coevolving interactions across the earth's constantly changing landscapes. Picking up where his influential The Coevolutionary Process left off, John N. Thompson synthesizes the state of a rapidly developing science that integrates approaches from evolutionary ecology, population genetics, phylogeography, systematics, evolutionary biochemistry and physiology, and molecular biology. Using models, data, and hypotheses to develop a complete conceptual framework, Thompson also draws on examples from a wide range of taxa and environments, illustrating the expanding breadth and depth of research in coevolutionary biology.


Recently, very high-dimensional feature representations, e.g., Fisher Vector, have achieved excellent performance for visual recognition and retrieval. However, these lengthy representations always cause extremely heavy computational and storage costs and even become unfeasible in some large-scale applications. A few existing techniques can transfer very high-dimensional data into binary codes, but they still require the reduced code length to be relatively long to maintain acceptable accuracies. To target a better balance between computational efficiency and accuracies, in this paper, we propose a novel embedding method called Binary Projection Bank (BPB), which can effectively reduce the very high-dimensional representations to medium-dimensional binary codes without sacrificing accuracies. Instead of using conventional single linear or bilinear projections, the proposed method learns a bank of small projections via the max-margin constraint to optimally preserve the intrinsic data similarity. We have systematically evaluated the proposed method on three datasets: Flickr 1M, ILSVR2010 and UCF101, showing competitive retrieval and recognition accuracies compared with state-of-the-art approaches, but with a significantly smaller memory footprint and lower coding complexity.


The active fault-tolerant control approach relies heavily on the occurred faults. Higher performances and more rigorous security requirements have invoked an ever increasing demand to develop real time fault detection and isolation system. The problem of fault diagnosis using analytical redundancy (model-based) methods has received increasing attention during recent years due to the rapid growth in available computer power. The main objective is to design and maintenance a fault-tolerant control system which guarantees a high overall system reliability and dependability both in nominal operation and in the presence of faults. Such an objective is achieved by a control performance index, which is proposed based on system reliability analysis. The methods involve generation and evaluation of signals that are accentuated by faults that have actually occurred. The procedures for generating such signals, called residuals, are based on two main distinct approaches. Direct approach consists in the elimination of all the unknown variable , keeping input-output relations involving only observable variables. Indirect approach estimates states, outputs or parameters in order to generate discrepancy signals obtained by the difference between the actual variables and their estimates.


Many studies have shown that parallelization decreases efficiency [1], [2]. There are many reasons for these decrements. This paper investigates those which appear in the context of parallel data integration. Integration processes generally cannot be allocated to packages of identical size (i. e. tasks of identical complexity). The reason for this is unknown heterogeneous input data which result in variable task lengths. Process delay is defined by the slowest processing node. It leads to a detrimental effect on the total processing time. With a real world example, this study will show that while process delay does initially increase with the introduction of more nodes it ultimately decreases again after a certain point. The example will make use of the cloud computing platform Hadoop and be run inside Amazon's EC2 compute cloud. A stochastic model will be set up which can explain this effect. Keywords—Process delay, speedup, efficiency, parallel computing, data integration, E-Commerce, Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2), Hadoop, Nutch.


From 1980 to 1997, Chile experienced average real GDP growth of 3.8 percent per year while the Ivory Coast had negative real growth of 2.4 percent per year. Why? Attempts to explain differences in economic growth across countries have taken center stage in the macroeconomic literature again. [1] Although there is no agreement on what determines economic growth, most of the literature points out evidence of conditional convergence. Poorer countries grow faster than richer countries, once it is taken into account that poor countries tend to have lower long-run per capita GDP, for example, because of the poor quality of their capital stock (both physical and human). Jeffrey Sachs and Andrew Warner [2] have argued that policy choices, such as respect for property rights and open international trade, are important determinants of long-run growth. Campbell R. Harvey [*] There are some interesting differences between the two countries we mentioned. First, the Ivory Coast has a larger trade sector than Chile, but the role of trade openness remains hotly debated. [3] Second, Chile liberalized its capital markets, in particular its equity market, to foreign investment in 1992. After the liberalization, it grew by 6.4 percent a year. The 1980s and 1990s witnessed a number of financial liberalizations. Given the recent currency crises and their adverse economic consequences, what is the role of financial liberalizations and foreign capital flows in the economic welfare of developing countries? What effect did they have on growth? Our recent work with Christian Lundblad tries to answer this question. Why Would Financial Liberalization Affect Economic Growth? There are a number of channels through which financial liberalization may affect growth. First, foreign investors, enjoying improved benefits of diversification, will drive up local equity prices permanently, thereby reducing the cost of capital. We and Peter Henry [4] show that the cost of capital goes down after major regulatory reforms. Writing with Robin L. Lumsdaine, [5] we also show that a capital inflow leads to a permanent positive effect on equity prices. Moreover, our work and Henry's [6] indicates that investment increases. If this additional investment is efficient, then economic growth should increase. However, in the aftermath of the recent crises some economists feel that foreign capital has been wasted on frivolous consumption and inefficient investment, undermining the benefits of financial liberalization. Second, there is now a large literature on how improved financial markets and intermediation can enhance growth [7] and how financial liberalization may promote financial development. Furthermore, foreign investors may also demand better corporate governance to protect their investments, reducing the wedge between the costs of external and internal financial capital, and further increasing investment. [8] Measuring the Liberalization Effect on Economic Growth Most of the literature on growth implements purely cross-sectional techniques for measuring growth. The nature of our question forces us to introduce a temporal dimension into the econometric framework. In work with Lundblad, [9] we propose a time series panel methodology that fully exploits all the available data to measure how much a financial liberalization increases growth. We regress future growth (in logarithmic form), averaged over periods ranging from three years to five years, on a number of predetermined determinants of long-run steady state per capita GDP, including secondary school enrollment, the size of the government sector, inflation, and trade openness, and on initial GDP (measured in logarithms) in 1980. The right-hand side variables also include an indicator of liberalization based primarily on the analysis of regulatory reforms in our most recent work. [10] To maximize the time-series content in our regressions, we use overlapping data. …


Skeletal concentrations are common foci for palaeontological collecting, yet vary widely in their expected levels of taphonomic bias depending on whether they are comparatively simple event-concentrations, more complex accretionary accumulations of either normal or condensed thickness, or residual lags that mark horizons of significant erosional/corrosional truncation of the record (Table 1). These different types and their intermediates also have different potential for use in basin analysis, for example as marker beds, bathymetric indicators, and clues to hiatuses. The stratigraphy and taphonomy of marine siliciclastic sequences from a spectrum of basin types have been examined to determine the extent to which shell and bone beds are linked to physical stratigraphic features such as discontinuity surfaces and transgressive-regressive cycles at various scales, and thus the extent to which physical processes might influence palaeontological data. This series of basin-scale studies has also provided an opportunity to assess the practical utility of skeletal concentrations in reconstructing basin history and to investigate subsidence-related variation both in skeletal accumulation and in the anatomy of siliciclastic sequences. Field studies have been restricted to post-Palaeozoic, primarily Neogene sections in warm temperate to subtropical palaeolatitudes and have focused on marine facies tracts developed in shelf and shallower water depths during phases of 'coastal onlap'. (Sequence stratigraphic terms are used here to describe physical aspects of the record, and do not imply any particular chronostratigraphic value or genetic, i.e. eustatic, origin.) The results of this work indicate that: (a) skeletal concentrations are distributed fairly systematically within marine sequences, both in


A wide, short unstable cavity laser design is proposed for high-power, single-longitudinal, single-transverse-mode emission from a solid-state laser. Such a laser combines the single-mode master oscillator and the single-mode amplifier in a single piece. Design formulas are suggested; the efficiency and conditions of the single-longitudinal-mode operation are analyzed. Examples with Nd:YAG and Yb:YAG are considered. For a device of a few millimeters wide, the slope efficiency of approximately 50% and the threshold of a few watts are predicted.


Purpose: Working from lifespan development theory and the theory of Selective Optimization with Compensation (SOC), I provide theoretical analyses to inform and direct research on Taijiquan where research questions involve issues of adaptive development (optimization of gains, maintenance of function, and prevention of lost resources). I also used these frameworks to construct a biopsychosocial mind-body practices model that seeks to explain and predict the role of key aspects (curriculum, practice, context) in Taiji-related development. The above frameworks are further substantiated through a comparative analysis of health status between Taijiquan practitioners (N =120; age range = 24-83, M = 54.77) and a nationally representative sample (N = 414,629; age range = 18-99, M = 54.86) collected by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The model's predictive potential is explored through an analysis of health status within a subset of experienced Taiji practitioners (N = 94; age range = 24-83, M = 55.82). Design: Theoretical and cross-sectional; betweenand within-group comparisons. Methods: Responses from a convenience sample of Taiji practitioners were collected using an online survey. The instrument was designed to collect data on health-related quality of life (HRQoL), lifestyle variables, and Taiji practice regimens. Data from Taiji practitioners were merged with the CDC's 2008 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) dataset, forming three groups: no exercise, some exercise, and Taiji exercise. Health status was regressed on exercise group while controlling for age, income, and education, as well as the interaction between age and exercise group. Further analyses were also conducted on a subset of the Taiji data (N=94). These analyses examined the relationships among self-reported health, practice regimens, and diet while controlling for age and experience. Results: In the first set of analyses (see paper one), I controlled for the effects of age, income, education, and the differential effects of age on exercise group, while determining associations between health and group membership. A significant interaction effect (p < 0.001) occurred between age and exercise group membership. This interaction showed little difference between exercise groups in the young adult age range, but among older adults, Taijiquan practitioners displayed the best HRQoL. In the second set of analyses (see paper 2), I found significant interaction effects between (a) curricular complexity and out-of-class practice (p < 0.05) and (b) curricular complexity and diet (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The extraordinary health status trajectory among Taiji practitioners may be attributable to several conditions including: (a) the implied presence of SOC-related strategies, (b) the general benefits of psychophysical expertise, and (c) concomitant structures shared between Taiji-related goals and health behaviors which contribute to optimal aging. Specifically, these findings suggest that intervention designers, Taiji teachers, and practitioners should consider the potential benefits of well rounded Taiji curricula, regular practice, and a healthy diet for optimizing health-related gains and minimizing losses typically associated with aging.


Experimental absorptance data are given for atmospheres of pure ammonia and for mixtures of ammonia and nitrogen at wavelengths between 20 and 35 μ. The wavelength interval is subdivided into five regions and the total absorptance is tabulated as a function of ammonia pressure and nitrogen pressure for each region. The average absorptance for each region is plotted as a function of the parameter U = WP*, in which W is the ammonia concentration and P* is an effective pressure. This effective pressure is the sum of the total pressure and the ammonia partial pressure multiplied by a self-broadening factor. A single absorptance function fits each region, indicating that the absorption is in the strong line region for the gas pressures used. This absorptance function does not agree with the strong-line limit of either the Goody or Elsasser models of band absorptance.


ABSTRACT Despite an ever-increasing number of arrests of elite politicians by Indonesia's anticorruption commission, the country's levels of political corruption remain stubbornly high. This article argues that the main reason for this apparent paradox is Indonesia's dysfunctional party and campaign financing system. None of the three elements upon which this system was built (membership dues, donations, and state subsidies) has worked to finance politics in an effective manner. This systemic failure is far from accidental: it is caused and perpetuated by an elite that prefers illicit fund-raising to the limitations that a more orderly funding mechanism would impose. As a result, political corruption continues unabated, oligarchs have penetrated party politics, and state budgets are misappropriated for political purposes. Indonesia's new president, Joko Widodo, has promised to reform the political finance regime, but the power of deeply entrenched interests groups means that any change will be painfully slow.


The commercial energy relationship between the EU and Central Asia will be structured around gas above other hydrocarbons and minerals. More specifically, it would entail the provision of medium- to long-term volumes of around 15 bcm annually to supplement the core supply base from Azerbaijan's Shah Deniz II project. The crucial Central Asian state in this equation is Turkmenistan, which alone has the requisite volume availability for export. As such, the initial finding of this paper is that Turkmenistan should be the EU's strategic priority for engagement on energy issues. The secondary findings of this working paper are that there is both a role for the EU in Turkmenistan and a willingness on the part of the Turkmen, if only on a tactical level, to engage. The EU, with European energy companies, can up their game by: i) actively seeking to resolve the long-standing maritime boundary dispute between Turkmenistan and Azerbaijan; ii) seeking to secure a supply commitment on gas volumes from specified sources flowing through the proposed East-West pipeline; and iii) working to promote EU companies as the best technical and most environmentally responsible commercial partners to develop new onshore fields under a legal formula that protects all parties' interests. For their part, EU energy companies must stay engaged and consider whether they would be prepared to work under commercial arrangements short of a Production-Sharing Agreement (PSA) and closer to the Joint Activity Agreement (JAA) model.


Oversight of the Federal Reserve's (Fed's) monetary policy decisions rests with Congress. But oversight is encumbered by the absence of a straightforward relationship between interest rates and economic performance. Further, the Fed's policy decisions are discretionary, meaning there is no objective, transparent "yardstick" for evaluating their decisions. A simple rule of thumb guide to monetary policy decisions called a "Taylor rule" is an intuitive way to judge actual policy against some objective, albeit simplistic, ideal. Taylor rules
prescribe a federal funds target based on inflation and the output gap (i.e., the difference between actual gross domestic product [GDP] and potential GDP) and can be adjusted to reflect a variety of policy goals.


Rectangular finite elements are studied and their suitability to investigate behavior of floating ice sheets is discussed. A simple model of the plate on one parameter, Wrinkler type, elastic foundations is selected to develop finite elements discussed in the paper. The finite element method is applied and a 12 degree of freedom, non-conforming rectangular plate element is adopted. Based on its shape functions, an energy approach is used to derive a 12 by 12 consistent foundation matrix for a rectangular plate on an elastic subgrade. The foundation matrix is presented in closed form. Continuous subgrade response versus discrete springs located at nodes of the finite element are two basic models assumed in the paper and convergence of their results are discussed for different loads and boundary conditions. Comparisons are made between theoretical predictions and field test results of a floating ice sheet.


Protein tyrosine kinases (PTK) play essential roles in cell signal transduction pathways. PTKs are associated with numerous diseases and promote oncogenic cell signal transduction in unregulated forms. Thus PTKs represent a large group of potential targets for anticancer drug discovery. Src was the first identified oncogene and has been intensively studied for decades. The work described in this dissertation studied the structure-function relationships of Src, to build a knowledge base for the function of conserved residues in the kinase domain. To accomplish this, the first focus of this dissertation was to develop a high throughput screening method to identify kinase functionalities regarding catalytic activity and substrate specificity. The developed method utilizes a bacterial screen system and detects phosphotyrosine in cell lysate by a high throughput manner. Combining the developed functional screening with a rational mutation library, functional mutants can be identified for further analysis. This in vivo strategy was validated by model PTKs and could be universally applied to study kinase catalytic activity and substrate specificity. A successful application of the developed method on the study of the conserved HRD motif in Src led to a more comprehensive understanding of the role of HRD in the kinase function. The second focus of the dissertation was to study the regulatory function of the arginine (R385) in the HRD motif of Src, since R385 was found unnecessary for catalysis in the first part of this dissertation. The effect of R385 mutation on the key regulatory mechanisms of Src and binding affinity towards PTK inhibitors was examined. First, autophosphorylation of Tyr416 in Src activates this enzyme, and overrides the negative regulation by Csk that phosphorylates Src on Tyr527. However, mutation of R385 to other residues abolished this override. The presence of the arginine prevents the transition of the active Src to inactivated Src. Second, type II inhibitors bind to the inactive conformation of Abl but not to Src even through Src and Abl are structurally very similar. Mutation of R385 greatly increased the affinity of Src towards type II inhibitors, but had no effect on type I inhibitor binding, which targets the active conformation. All together, when induced by Csk phosphorylation or PTK inhibitors that target the inactive conformation of kinase domain, R385 behaves as an energy barrier in the conformational transition from active to inactive conformation. The replacement of the R385 by any other amino acid made the transition much easier. R385 is the first identified residue among protein tyrosine kinases, that controls conformational transitions. This study sheds light on the fundamental mechanism of regulatory conformational changes and provides more insight on design and development of PTK inhibitors.


The Gas to Liquids (GTL) process is an important alternative for monetizing natural gas through the production of long-chain liquid hydrocarbons, e.g. diesel fuel. The GTL process involves three main steps: synthesis gas production to obtain H2 and CO, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis to obtain a synthetic crude oil, and upgrading/refining to obtain final products. Since the synthesis gas production is the most expensive step, there is great interest in optimizing and exploring new routes for syngas production.This thesis focuses on the conversion of methane, the main component of natural gas, into synthesis gas by catalytic partial oxidation (CPO). Several aspects of the CPO reaction in the context of the GTL technology are discussed. The work contributes to an increased knowledge concerning utilizing a CPO reactor as pre-reformer in the synthesis gas production process as well as the influence of catalyst properties and composition on the catalytic behavior when using nickel and ruthenium-based catalysts in the CPO reaction.The thesis is a summary of five publications. The first two publications (Papers I and II) review the current status of both the GTL technology and the catalytic partial oxidation of methane. Paper III analyzes a process configuration comprising of a CPO pre-reformer followed by an autothermal reforming (ATR) reactor using a thermodynamic equilibrium approach. It was found that a proper manipulation of the process conditions is needed to obtain a suitable synthesis gas for GTL applications simultaneously of minimizing the risk of carbon formation in the CPO reactor; the operation of the CPO reactor demanded low O2/CH4 and H2O/CH4 feed molar ratios. Accordingly, in paper IV, the partial oxidation of methane at low O2/CH4 and H2O/CH4 ratios is investigated over nickel and ruthenium catalysts supported on MgO/MgAl2O4 and compared with a commercial nickel-based catalyst. The extent or impact of the combustion and reforming reactions along the catalytic bed are substantially influenced by catalyst properties and composition. Deactivation by carbon formation is also discussed; ruthenium-containing catalysts might positively overcome carbon formation. To gain greater insight concerning the influence of the catalyst composition and properties on carbon formation, a set of nickel and bimetallic nickel-ruthenium catalysts, supported on α-Al2O3, γ-Al2O3 and MgO/MgAl2O4, is tested in the CH4 decomposition reaction in Paper V. For these catalysts, the resistance towards carbon formation is mainly correlated with the nickel particle size.


Introduction: Antimony potassium tartrate is a component of certain expectorants in homeopathic medicine, particularly in those classified as antihomotoxic remedies. Given that antihomotoxic products are prepared with different epistemological and methodological statuses, they should be tested to prevent eventual toxic effects. Methods: In this study, we evaluate the possibility of using continuous flow hydride generation (HG) coupled with Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) for determining antimony concentration in antihomotoxic products containing antimony potassium tartrate. Results: The results showed good agreement with the theoretically estimated values for the liquid commercial samples, in the range from 0.5 μg/mL to 30 μg/mL, following the principle of decimal dilutions used in homeopathic medicine. Liquid samples were analyzed directly from the commercial container. Discussion: In the absence of regulatory standards for antihomotoxic products, the proposed HG-FTIR method in gaseous phase provides an acceptable analytical capability for homeopathical compendiums, not only for analyzing raw materials and mother tinctures but also for determining identity and uniformity content of finished products which should comply with pharmacopoeial specifications, and also in the determination of toxic content, 6 μg antimony per kg body weight, tolerable daily intake (TDI) proposed by the World Health Organization.


Pheromone signalling in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is mediated by the STE4-STE18 G-protein beta gamma subunits. A possible target for the subunits is Ste20p, whose structural homolog, the serine/threonine kinase PAK, is activated by GTP-binding p21s Cdc42 and Rac1. The putative Cdc42p-binding domain of Ste20p, expressed as a fusion protein, binds human and yeast GTP-binding Cdc42p. Cdc42p is required for alpha-factor-induced activation of FUS1.cdc24ts strains defective for Cdc42p GDP/GTP exchange show no pheromone induction at restrictive temperatures but are partially rescued by overexpression of Cdc42p, which is potentiated by Cdc42p12V mutants. Epistatic analysis indicates that CDC24 and CDC42 lie between STE4 and STE20 in the pathway. The two-hybrid system revealed that Ste4p interacts with Cdc24p. We propose that Cdc42p plays a pivotal role both in polarization of the cytoskeleton and in pheromone signalling.


The following is an annotated list of materials dealing with information literacy including instruction in the use of information resources, research, and computer skills related to retrieving, using, and evaluating information. This review, the seventeenth to be published in Reference Services Review, includes items, in English published in 1990. A few are not annotated because the compiler could not obtain copies of them for this review.


Freuder and Elfe (1996) introduced Neighborhood Inverse Consistency (NIC) as a strong local consistency property for binary CSPs. While enforcing NIC can significantly filter the variables domains, the proposed algorithm is too costly to be used on dense graphs or for lookahead during search. In this paper, we introduce and characterize Relational Neighborhood Inverse Consistency (RNIC) as a local consistency property that operates on the dual graph of a non-binary CSP. We describe and characterize a practical algorithm for enforcing it. We argue that defining RNIC on the dual graph unveils unsuspected opportunities to reduce the computational cost of our algorithm and increase its filtering effectiveness. We show how to achieve those effects by modifying the topology of the dual graph, yielding new variations the RNIC property. We also introduce an adaptive strategy to automatically select the appropriate property to enforce given the connectivity of the dual graph. We integrate the resulting techniques as full lookahead strategies in a backtrack search procedure for solving CSPs, and demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach for solving known difficult benchmark problems.


Converting drugs from the crystalline to the amorphous state has gained increasing interest in the past decades as a potential method to overcome solubility issues of poorly water soluble drugs. A variety of techniques exist to convert the crystalline state of a drug to its amorphous form, including solution based, heat based and solid - solid conversion based methods. Inherent to the amorphous state, regardless of its preparation technique, is its physical instability and tendency to recrystallize. In this study, quench-cooled and cryo-milled simvastatin were compared with regards to their configurational thermodynamic parameters (entropy, enthalpy and Gibbs free energy) and mobility (relaxation times calculated using the Adam-Gibbs and Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts method). Stability studies showed quench-cooled simvastatin to be more stable than cryo-milled simvastatin. This was reflected in the calculated parameters although their absolute values did not agree with the stability behaviour. Relaxation time parameters of tau = 6.9 x 10(4) s for quench-cooled and tau = 1.7 x 10(4) s for cryo-milled simvastatin were calculated. The results from this study suggested that differences in the physical stability of amorphous forms prepared by different techniques are reflected in their mobility and thermodynamic parameters. Even though the predictive capabilities of these parameters for a set of different drugs may be limited, they can serve as a predictive tool for physical stability assessment if differently prepared amorphous forms of the same drug are investigated.


The impact of payment for environmental services (PES) on poverty varies. Generally, PES is good for landowners and may negatively affect consumers if food demand is inelastic. Impacts also depend on the correlation between poverty and environmental amenities. If the richer farmers also provide the best environmental services (ES), then the poor farmers may lose. If there is negative correlation between ES and productivity, then the poorer landowners may gain from ES. The distribution of land matters. If smallholders depend on earnings from work on larger farms, then PES may affect them negatively. Program specifications also matter. Working land programs may have better distributional effects then PES for land diversion.


Despite considerable investment, sustainability of rural water resources remains a critical challenge in Ethiopia. Evidence suggests social capital – the networks, norms, and trust that facilitate cooperative behaviors – influences a community9s ability to manage communal water resources. In turn, strong community governance of water resources may lead to sustainable resource management. Existing evidence provides a framework for exploring the relationship between social capital and governance of common-pool resources. However, there is a dearth of quantifiable evidence demonstrating the relationship between social capital, collaborative governance, and, in turn, sustainability of communal water resources. In 32 communities in rural Ethiopia, we employed a validated survey tool, developed by the World Bank, to quantify social capital and explore these relationships. We found associations between governance and several social capital domains: groups and networks, trust and solidarity, and information and communication. All governance indicators were associated with functionality. Identifying domains of social capital that influence governance can inform institutional efforts to target community-based water resource programming, foster social capital to improve water point sustainability, and diagnose issues related to resource management. Additional research examining the influence and directionality of social capital and other social constructs on water resource governance and functionality is warranted.


Objective: A certain portion of patients with depression is under-diagnosed and has attracted the attention in the field of natural language processing (NLP). In this study, we intended to explore the feasibility of transferring unstructured textual records into a screening tool to early detect depression. Methods: We recruited 22,355 medical records in Mandarin traditional Chinese from the psychiatry emergency department of a military psychiatry center from 2004 to 2019. We preprocessed all the context of present illness histories as corpus and the presence of clinical diagnoses of depression as an outcome. A state-of-the-art NLP model was developed based on a pretrained bidirectional encoder representation from transformers (BERT) model along with several convolutional neural network (CNN) and trained by the training set (80% of original data) of total samples (BERTgeneral) and of civilian samples (BERTcivilian) and of military samples (BERTmilitary) independently. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and area under curve (AUC) of three trained models were compared for predicting depression for the test dataset (20% of original data) of general and specific samples. Results: The experimental results demonstrated excellent performance of BERTgeneral for general samples (AUC = 0.93, sensitivity = 0.817, specificity = 0.920 for optimal cut-off point) and civilian sample (AUC = 0.91, sensitivity = 0.851, specificity = 0.851 for optimal cut-off point). BERTgeneral showed a significant underperformance of for military samples (AUC = 0.79, sensitivity = 0.712, specificity = 0.732, p < 0.05 for optimal cut-off point). That of BERTmilitary was slight higher (AUC = 0.82, sensitivity = 0.708, specificity = 0.786 for optimal cut-off point) for military samples. Conclusion: This study showed the feasibility of applying deep learning technique as a depression-detection assistant tool in Mandarin Chinese medical records. However, the subjects' specific situation, e.g., military status, is warranted for further investigation.


Direct determination of formation shear wave travel time is impossible in "slow" formations where the shear wave velocity is lower than the borehole fluid (mud) velocity. However, the Stoneley waves in these formations are very sensitive to changes in formation shear wave properties and can be used to indirectly determine the formation shear velocity, In addition, the P wave packet is highly dependent on the Poisson's ratio and thus can be used to estimate the shear velocity once the P wave velocity is known. These phenomena are demonstrated with both numerical and field examples.


Following the success of hashing methods for multidimensional indexing, more and more works are interested in embedding visual feature space in compact hash codes. Such approaches are not an alternative to using index structures but a complementary way to reduce both the memory usage and the distance computation cost. Several data dependent hash functions have notably been proposed to closely fit data distribution and provide better selectivity than usual random projections such as LSH. However, improvements occur only for relatively small hash code sizes up to 64 or 128 bits. As discussed in the paper, this is mainly due to the lack of independence between the produced hash functions. We introduce a new hash function family that attempts to solve this issue in any kernel space. Rather than boosting the collision probability of close points, our method focus on data scattering. By training purely random splits of the data, regardless the closeness of the training samples, it is indeed possible to generate consistently more independent hash functions. On the other side, the use of large margin classifiers allows to maintain good generalization performances. Experiments show that our new Random Maximum Margin Hashing scheme (RMMH) outperforms four state-of-the-art hashing methods, notably in kernel spaces.


Surface waters are an attractive foraging ground for small fish in the open ocean. This study aims to determine the importance of vertically migrating species in the neuston of oceanic waters across the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans and to ascertain the influence of environmental variables on their distribution patterns. Neustonic fish assemblages were primarily controlled by light. They were dominated by late-larvae and juveniles of Exocoetidae, Hemiramphidae and Scomberesocidae during the day. At night, the vertical migration of mesopelagic species changed the dominance pattern in favour of Myctophidae and Scomberesocidae. The neustonic families' distribution was primarily related to sea surface temperatures, whereas environmental variables at deeper layers were related to mesopelagic migrating families. Canonical correspondence analysis showed a low but statistically significant contribution of several environmental variables to myctophid species composition (10%), with minimum oxygen concentrations ranking first in variance explanation followed by maximum fluorescence, sea surface temperature and 400-m temperature. Spatial autocorrelation also explained 17% of the variance, indicating the influence of other factors such as historical, demographic and dispersal constraints. The low number of myctophid species in the North Pacific Equatorial Countercurrent appears to be related to the low oxygen concentrations observed in this province.


Importance Postmarket safety events of novel pharmaceuticals and biologics occur when new safety risks are identified after initial regulatory approval of these therapeutics. These safety events can change how novel therapeutics are used in clinical practice and inform patient and clinician decision making. Objectives To characterize the frequency of postmarket safety events among novel therapeutics approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and to examine whether any novel therapeutic characteristics known at the time of FDA approval were associated with increased risk. Design and Setting Cohort study of all novel therapeutics approved by the FDA between January 1, 2001, and December 31, 2010, followed up through February 28, 2017. Exposures Novel therapeutic characteristics known at the time of FDA approval, including drug class, therapeutic area, priority review, accelerated approval, orphan status, near–regulatory deadline approval, and regulatory review time. Main Outcomes and Measures A composite of (1) withdrawals due to safety concerns, (2) FDA issuance of incremental boxed warnings added in the postmarket period, and (3) FDA issuance of safety communications. Results From 2001 through 2010, the FDA approved 222 novel therapeutics (183 pharmaceuticals and 39 biologics). There were 123 new postmarket safety events (3 withdrawals, 61 boxed warnings, and 59 safety communications) during a median follow-up period of 11.7 years (interquartile range [IQR], 8.7-13.8 years), affecting 71 (32.0%) of the novel therapeutics. The median time from approval to first postmarket safety event was 4.2 years (IQR, 2.5-6.0 years), and the proportion of novel therapeutics affected by a postmarket safety event at 10 years was 30.8% (95% CI, 25.1%-37.5%). In multivariable analysis, postmarket safety events were statistically significantly more frequent among biologics (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 1.93; 95% CI, 1.06-3.52; P = .03), therapeutics indicated for the treatment of psychiatric disease (IRR = 3.78; 95% CI, 1.77-8.06; P < .001), those receiving accelerated approval (IRR = 2.20; 95% CI, 1.15-4.21; P = .02), and those with near–regulatory deadline approval (IRR = 1.90; 95% CI, 1.19-3.05; P = .008); events were statistically significantly less frequent among those with regulatory review times less than 200 days (IRR = 0.46; 95% CI, 0.24-0.87; P = .02). Conclusions and Relevance Among 222 novel therapeutics approved by the FDA from 2001 through 2010, 32% were affected by a postmarket safety event. Biologics, psychiatric therapeutics, and accelerated and near–regulatory deadline approval were statistically significantly associated with higher rates of events, highlighting the need for continuous monitoring of the safety of novel therapeutics throughout their life cycle.


Epitaxial buffer layers enable the many functionalities found in perovskites to be integrated with silicon. However, epitaxial growth of SrTiO3 on silicon is tricky and has so far only been achieved by molecular beam epitaxy. Nonetheless, previous investigations of these films were limited by the amorphous layer occurring at the interface. Through a combination of improved interface quality and an improved model, we report the optical properties of SrTiO3 films on Si(100) investigated by spectroscopic ellipsometry. We find that the data are best described by a model with two different SrTiO3 layers, potentially resulting from variations in the oxygen content.


Significant focus has been placed on the development of functionality in simulation software to aid the development of models. As such simulation is becoming an increasingly pervasive technology across major business sectors. This has been of great benefit to the simulation community increasing the number of projects undertaken that allow organizations to make better business decisions. However, it is also the case that users are increasingly under time pressure to produce results. In this environment there is pressure on users not to perform the multiple replications and multiple experiments that standard simulation practice would demand. This paper discusses the innovative solution being developed by Saker Solutions and the ICT Innovation Group at Brunel University to address this issue using a dedicated Grid Computing System (SakerGrid) to support the deployment of simulation models across a desktop grid of PCs.


From the Publisher:
Using a computer doesn't have to hurt.

Prevent or reverse repetitive stress injuries
Cure carpal tunnel syndrome
End chronic wrist, shoulder, and neck pain
Ease eyestrain
Avoid surgery, drugs, and wrist braces

Using a computer should challenge your mind, not your body.

As computers become a larger part of our daily lives both at work and at home, complaints of painful wrists, sore shoulders, stiff necks, and blurry vision associated with computer use continue to soar.

But the good news is that this chronic pain can easily be prevented or cured without surgery or drugs—or expensive "ergonomic" equipment. There's no need to move your monitor, wear wrist braces, or sit in a specially designed chair.

Instead, Pete Egoscue, using the techniques and principles developed at his renowned clinic, shows you how to keep pointing and clicking for hours—pain free.

You'll learn how to:

Avoid or treat common but debilitating repetitive stress injuries, including carpal tunnel syndrome
Recognize and remedy problems in posture and movement before they cause pain
Do easy-to-perform exercises at your desk to eliminate chronic hand, wrist, shoulder, back, and neck pain
Quickly and easily correct damaging patterns of motion
And much more


An extensive grid of metal-rich isochrones utilizing the latest available input physics has been calculated for comparison with the old, metal-rich open cluster NGC 6791. The isochrones have been simultaneously fitted to BV and VI color-magnitude diagrams, with the same composition, reddening, and distance modulus required for both colors. Our best-fitting isochrone assumes [Fe/H] = +0.4, scaled solar abundance ratios, and ΔY/ΔZ = 2 (Y = 0.31), yielding an excellent fit to the data at all points along the major sequences. The resulting age is 8 Gyr, with E(B-V) = 0.10 and (m-M)V = 13.42. The derived cluster parameters are fairly robust to variations in the isochrone [Fe/H] and helium abundances. All the acceptable fits indicate that 0.08 ≤ E(B-V) ≤ 0.13 and 13.30 ≤ (m - M)V ≤ 13.45 and that NGC 6791 has an age of 8.0 ± 0.5 Gyr. The fits also suggest that ΔY/ΔZ lies between 1 and 3. A metallicity as low as solar is clearly ruled out, as is ΔY/ΔZ = 0. Comparison with previous isochrone studies indicates that the derived reddening is primarily due to our use of the most recent color transformations, whereas the age depends on both the colors and the input physics. Our isochrones provide an excellent fit to the Hyades zero-age main sequence as determined by Hipparcos, providing evidence that our derived reddening and distance modulus are reliable.


Context: Noise of machines in various agro-based industries was found to be the major occupational hazard for the workers of industries. The predominant noise sources need to be identified and the causes of high noise need to be studied to undertake the appropriate measures to reduce the noise level in one of the major agro-based industries, oil mills. Aims: To identify the predominant noise sources in the workrooms of oil mills. To study the causes of noise in oil mills. To measure the extent of noise exposure of oil mill workers. To examine the response of workers towards noise, so that appropriate measures can be undertaken to minimize the noise exposure. Settings and Design: A noise survey was conducted in the three renowned oil mills of north-eastern region of India. Materials and Methods: Information like output capacity, size of power source, maintenance condition of the machines and workroom configurations of the oil mills was collected by personal observations and enquiry with the owner of the mill. Using a Sound Level Meter (SLM) (Model-824, Larson and Davis, USA), equivalent SPL was measured at operator's ear level in the working zone of the workers near each machine of the mills. In order to study the variation of SPL in the workrooms of the oil mill throughout its operation, equivalent SPL was measured at two appropriate locations of working zone of the workers in each mill. For conducting the noise survey, the guidelines of Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS) were followed. Grid points were marked on the floor of the workroom of the oil mill at a spacing of 1 m × 1 m. SPL at grid points were measured at about 1.5 m above the floor. The direction of the SLM was towards the nearby noisy source. To increase accuracy, two replications were taken at each grid point. All the data were recorded for 30 sec. At the end of the experiment, data were downloaded to a personal computer. With the help of utility software of Larson and Davis, USA, equivalent SPL and noise spectrum at each reading was obtained. Noise survey map of equivalent SPL was drawn for each oil mill by drawing contour lines on the sketch of the oil mill between the points of equal SPL. The floor area in the oil mill where SPL exceeded 85 dBA was identified from the noise survey map of each oil mill to determine the causes of high level of noise. Subjective assessment was done during the rest period of workers and it was assessed with personal interview with each worker separately. Demographic information, nature of work, working hours, rest period, experience of working in the mill, degree of noise annoyance, activity interference, and psychological and physiological effects of machine noise on the worker were asked during the interview. These details were noted in a structured form. Statistical Analysis Used: Nil. Results: The noise survey conducted in three renowned oil mills of north-eastern region of India revealed that about 26% of the total workers were exposed to noise level of more than 85 dBA. Further, 10% to 30% floor areas of workrooms, where oil expellers are provided have the SPL of more than 85 dBA. The noise in the oil mills was dominated by low frequency noise. The predominant noise sources in the oil mills were seed cleaner and power transmission system to oil expellers. Poor maintenance of machines and use of bamboo stick to prevent the fall of belt from misaligned pulleys were the main reason of high noise. Noise emitted by the electric motor, table ghani and oil expellers in all the oil mills was well within 85 dBA. Subjective response indicated that about 63% of the total workers felt that noise interfered with their conversation. About 16% each were of the opinion that noise interfered in their work and harmed their hearing. About 5% of workers stated that the workroom noise gave them headaches. Conclusions: The workers engaged in the workrooms of the oil mills are exposed to high noise, which will have detrimental effect on their health. The poor maintenance of drive system was found to be the main reason for high noise level.


Fashion information is sought during the fashion decision-making process and can be obtained from various sources such as magazines, fashion consultants, websites and store displays. Various levels and methods such as internal and external search for information are used to assist the consumer in making informed fashion decisions. The broad research aim of this study was to determine which methods, sources and economics of fashion information are sought and used by female educators in Vanderbijlpark (South Africa) during the fashion decision-making process, and to which extent.

A self-administered, structured questionnaire was used to collect the data. Section A measured methods of information seeking, section B determined the economics of information search and section C investigated sources of fashion information. Demographic information was investigated in Section D. A random cluster sample of eight schools was chosen from the female educating staff of 22 schools.

The biggest group of the educators (40.18%) was between the ages of 41 and 50, which according to a South African categorization represents baby boomers. Almost all (95.5%) had a higher education qualification obtained at a university and most (82.14%) were married. Regarding the methods of information seeking, the respondents depended on internal information seeking more than on external methods and were moderately involved in the process. Shopping in stores was regarded the most important source of fashion information. Cluster analysis revealed that four clusters of respondents could be distinguished, each with a specific disposition towards the methods and economics of search as well as sources used during the fashion decision-making process.


Rapamycin (RAPA), an inhibitor of mTORC signaling, has been shown to extend life span in mice and other organisms. Recently, animal and human studies have suggested that inhibition of mTORC signaling can alleviate or prevent the development of cardiomyopathy. In view of this, we used a murine model of type 2 diabetes (T2D), BKS‐Leprdb, to determine whether RAPA treatment can mitigate the development of T2D‐induced cardiomyopathy in adult mice. Female BKS‐Leprdb mice fed diet supplemented with RAPA from 11 to 27 weeks of age showed reduced weight gain and significant reductions of fat and lean mass compared with untreated mice. No differences in plasma glucose or insulin levels were observed between groups; however, RAPA‐treated mice were more insulin sensitive (P < 0.01) than untreated mice. Urine albumin/creatinine ratio was lower in RAPA‐treated mice, suggesting reduced diabetic nephropathy and improved kidney function. Echocardiography showed significantly reduced left ventricular wall thickness in mice treated with RAPA compared with untreated mice (P = 0.02) that was consistent with reduced heart weight/tibia length ratios, reduced myocyte size and cardiac fibrosis measured by histomorphology, and reduced mRNA expression of Col1a1, a marker for cardiomyopathy. Our results suggest that inhibition of mTORC signaling is a plausible strategy for ameliorating complications of obesity and T2D, including cardiomyopathy.


This study provides a comprehensive examination of the legal theory of Ronald Dworkin, arguably the most original and provocative philosopher of law that America has produced this century. Dworkin's work represents an effort to synthesize the moral commitments of the natural law tradition with the hermeneutical character of post-modern philosophy. The result is an interpretive theory of law, focused on the essentially moral character of hard case adjudication. Judges strive to be principled and consistent in their resolution of legal disputes, thus manifesting an implicit commitment to the ideal of Integrity. This book clarifies and probes the moral, epistemological, and metaphysical commitments of Law as Integrity. A full discussion is presented on the pillars of Dworkin's program: his understanding of rights as "trump cards" which privilege the individual claim over the group policy; the critique of legal positivism; the history of a legal institution according to the analogy of a chain novel; and the insistence upon a theory of adjudication that is both constructive and yet faithful to the deepest intentions of legal documents. Most importantly, this volume indicates which of these claims are most fundamental in Dworkin's system, what tensions exist among the claims, and how the project of Integrity can be furthered. [DDS*] $89.95 232pp. 1996


Stochastic timed automata are an expressive formal model for hard and soft real-time systems. They support choices and delays that can be deterministic, nondeterministic or stochastic. Stochastic choices and delays can be based on arbitrary discrete and continuous distributions. In this paper, we present an analysis approach for stochastic timed automata based on abstraction and probabilistic model checking. It delivers upper/lower bounds on maximum/minimum reachability probabilities and expected cumulative reward values. Based on theory originally developed for stochastic hybrid systems, it is the first fully automated model checking technique for stochastic timed automata. Using an implementation as part of the Modest Toolset and four varied examples, we show that the approach works in practice and present a detailed evaluation of its applicability, its efficiency, and current limitations.


This essay attempts to explore insights into the foundations of science from a study of Indian metallurgical traditions, especially concerning the role of aesthetics versus functionality in scientific innovation. This essay does not restrict itself to questions related to the foundations of Indian metallurgical traditions per se, but tries to explore the broader picture of what Indian metallurgical traditions may tell us about the foundational aspects of science at large.These aspects range from diverse issues such as the 'Needham paradox' in the Indian context-whereby certain eastern transfers of technology from India to the west spurred eighteenth century innovations in Western science despite stagnation in Indian itself (for e.g. wootz steel and isolation of zinc)-to the possible relevance of Indian metallurgical heritage for modern science as exemplified by a world-famous neuroscientists's attempt to explain a new discipline of 'neuro-aesthetics': through studies on a tenth century Chola bronze goddess.


Green colored photovoltaic modules based on silicon heterojunction solar cells integrated with periodic arrays of light scattering Si nanoscatterers were made. Here, we expand this concept to multiple colors and color combinations. We show that random arrays of silicon nanoarrays can be combined to pixels to create the desired color. By adjusting the coverage of pixels composed of different nanoparticle arrays different colors can be designed and the calculated chromaticity values can be obtained from the fabricated sample. The pixelated nanoscattering concept was used to realize a solar mini-module with a scattering spectrum close to white. The calculated relative loss in short-circuit current is only 19%. The nanoparticle pixel arrays can be made using soft imprint lithography opening up an alternative route for designing low loss colored PV modules.


Segregation of product development and manufacturing process creates an engineering problem in concurrent engineering application. Commonality analysis has never been used for solving this problem, but rather solely as a product development tool. This paper focuses on coordinating the manufacturing and product development process to produce supply chain agility. The purpose of this paper is to present a novel approach to managing the product development process by considering strategic safety stock allocation to decide on the customer order decoupling point. The new approach to commonality analysis by multi criteria decision making and vector analysis is developed by optimising the safety stock allocation. The results show that the safety stock allocation increases product commonality. Furthermore, it increases the whole product family profitability by lowering total costs. Product reconfiguration should be carried out in the future in considering safety stock placement. In terms of managerial implication, coordination between the manufacturing process and product development department facilitates supply chain design.


Severe Scheuermann's kyphosis can be associated with pain and a lifetime of progression. Operative treatment in carefully selected patients has been shown to improve radiographic outcomes, pain, and satisfaction compared to non-operative treatment. Historically, combined anterior disc releases and fusion with posterior instrumentation and fusion was the preferred method of treatment. However, more recently with improvements in spinal instrumentation and use of posterior osteotomies anterior surgery is rarely indicated. This paper outlines the process of a posterior spinal fusion with posterior column osteotomies for Scheuermann's kyphosis.


Sometimes the Soviet legal system resembles an elephant that has taken care to blind its observers. Soviet lawyers and law teachers, inhibited by training, interest, or caution, tend to turn out celebratory declamation; emigres cherish the particular truth of their own grievances; Western correspondents hit and run; foreign jurists do justice to special injustices or produce descriptive summaries of Soviet texts that have emerged through filters of concealment, omission, exaggeration, and circumlocution. Yet the elephant is a whole animal and is on the move, and every now and then a naturalist comes along who strives to convey a notion of the shape and motion of the whole living animal. The latest, and one of the most interesting, of these is Olimpiad Solomonovich Ioffe. For a good many years, until the late 1970's, he occupied the chair of civil law at the University of Leningrad; he had few peers in the influence and respect he commanded throughout the academic legal community in the Soviet Union. When, however, he refused to refuse to execute a document facilitating his daughter's application to emigrate, he was de facto removed from his teaching position. Later, after more than a little delay and hindrance, he himself emigrated, and at length resumed his interrupted career. He has taught or studied at Harvard, Boston University, and now, regularly, at the University of Connecticut, and he has written, among other things, articles on legal regulation of the Soviet economy' and parallels between Roman and Soviet law,2 as well as a treatise on Soviet law with Professor Peter Maggs. 3


This joint OECD-ILO report provides a comparative analysis of case studies focusing on improving skills use in the workplace across eight countries. The examples provide insights into the practical ways in which employers interact with government services and policies at the local level. They highlight the need to build policy coherence across employment, skills, economic development and innovation policies, and underline the importance of ensuring that skills utilisation is built into policy development thinking and implementation.

Skills utilisation concerns the extent to which skills are effectively applied in the workplace to maximise workplace and individual performance. It involves a mix of policies including work organisation, job design, technology adaptation, innovation, employee-employer relations, human resource development practices and business-product market strategies. It is often at the local level that the interface of these factors can best be addressed.


How does Shakespeare represent war? Guest editor Patrick Gray reviews scholarship to date on the question, as well as contributions to a special issue of Critical Survey, "Shakespeare and War." Drawing upon St. Augustine's City of God, the basis for later just war theory, Gray argues that progressive optimism regarding the perfectibility of what St. Augustine calls the "City of Man" makes it difficult for modern commentators to discern Shakespeare's own more tragic, Augustinian sense of warfare as a necessary evil, given the fallenness of human nature. Modern misgivings about "honour" also lead to misinterpretation. As Francis Fukuyama points out, present-day liberal democracies tend to follow Hobbes and Locke in attempting to "banish the desire for recognition from politics." Shakespeare in contrast, like Hegel, as well as latter-day Hegelians such as Fukuyama, Charles Taylor, and Axel Honneth, sees the faculty that Plato calls thymos as an ineradicable and invaluable instrument of statecraft.


The restructuring of human service organisations into more lean organisations has brought increased work demands for many human service professions. Social work stands out as a particularly exposed occupational group, in which high work demands are paired with a large individual responsibility to carry out the job. The objectives of the study were to identify what kind of coping strategies social workers employ to handle the imbalance between demands and resources in work and to investigate how different strategies affect outcomes regarding health, service quality and professional development. Sixteen individual interviews and four group interviews with another 16 social workers were conducted. The analysis identified five different main types of strategies: Compensatory, Demand-reducing, Disengagement, Voice and Exit. An extensive use of compensatory strategies was connected with negative outcomes in health. Often, these compensatory strategies were replaced or combined with different means of reducing the work demands, which in turn influence performance and service quality in a negative way. The results highlight dilemmas the social workers are facing when the responsibility to deal with this imbalance is 'decentralised' to the individual social worker. When resources do not match the organisational goals or quality standards, the social workers are forced into strategies that either endanger their own health or threaten the quality of service.


A system for either direct use of diffraction phenomena or indirect use by computational methods for female breast tumor detection is described. The excitation device is a single external non-contacting, sectioned single turn loop, creating an axial magnetic field directed into the breast. A circulating current is created inside it and the diffracted field is directly sensed.


Performance at the B. Iden Payne Theatre, UT-Austin. Choreography: Jose Luis Bustamante (Dervishing), Llory Wilson (Davenport Memoirs); Yacov Sharir (Virtual Bodies: Travel Within). Dance Company: Sharir Dance Company. Concept: Diana Gromala and Yacov Sharir (Virtual Bodies: Travels Within). Dancers: Andrea Beckham, Stephen Brown, Jose Luis Bustamante, Carolyn Pavlik (Dervishing); Kate Basart with Keith Goyden, Natalie Agee with Theodora Fogarty (Davenport Memoirs); Stephen Brown, Jose Luis Bustamante, Marcia Dick, Roxanne Saenz Gage, Lynne Grossman, Stephanie Hook, Carolyn Pavlik (Virtual Bodies: Travels Within). Music: Arvo Part, David Byrne, traditional (Dervishing); Idjah Hadidjah, Ludwig van Beethoven, MIchael Kapoulas, Louis Moreau Gottschalk (Davenport Memoirs); Russell Pinkston (Virtual Bodies: Travels Within). Lighting: Amarante L. Lucero. Costumes: Michael King, Kari Perkins (Dervishing); Diana Gromala, with Flavia Gandolfo and Paulus Trisnadi (Virtual Bodies: Travels Within). Text: Llory Wilson (Davenport Memoirs). Media: Diana Gromala (Virtual Bodies: Travels Within). Video Editor: Jay Ashcraft (Virtual Bodies: Travels Within). Dervishing: Dervish, derived from Persian and meaning "seeking doors." Dervishing: "I am a bird of the heavenly garden / I belong not to the earthly sphere, / They have made for two or three days / A cage of my body." - Mevlana Jalalu-ddin Rumi. Dervishing: For over 700 years, men in black cloaks have performed a whirling dance in a continual remembrance of their Creator. The poet and mystic, Jalalu'ddin Rumi began the whirling dance and established the dervish order known as the Mevlevis. Dervishing is inspired by photographs and written descriptions of the Mevlevi order. Davenport Memoirs (1991-1994): Newlyweds, Seven Years, Offspring, End of the Circle. Virtual Bodies is an outgrowth of Dancing with the Virtual Dervish, a collaborative work in virtual environments, by Diana Gromala, Marcos Novak and Yacov Sharir. Funded by the Canadian government through a two-year residency at the Banff Centre for the Arts in Banff, Canada, this project received additional support from The University of Texas at Austin College of Fine Arts. Dancing with the Virtual Dervish concluded with a performance-exhibition at the Banff Centre for the Arts in March of 1994. Special thanks to Dean Jon Whitmore of the College of Fine Arts and Pebbles Wadsworth, Director of the Performing Arts Center.


The human skin is endowed with a big amount of tactile receptors, which perceive mechanical and thermal stimuli and allow the arising of different feelings (smoothness/roughness, softness/hardness, hotness/coldness, pain, etc.), also detecting stimulus position, size and duration. The biggest challenges that come from the development of tactile systems concern not only the need of fabricating multimodal tactile transducers, but also the fact that these sensing capabilities must be distributed on large, complex areas and possibly at low fabrication costs, dealing with still open issues such as the reduction of the numbers of connecting cables, the realization of a dedicated network architecture, the reduction of power dissipation and last but not the least the reduction of fabrication costs. From this point of view, Organic Electronics represents a step forward as conjugated polymers join the mechanical characteristics of plastics, therefore highly flexible and easily transferrable on whatever kind of surface, with the possibility of being solution processable. This property is particularly important, because it allows processing and deposition of these materials on large areas with very easy and cost-efficient technologies suitable for mass production, such as inkjet printing. The focus of this chapter is in particular on the employment of electronic devices based on conjugated materials for the realization of strain/pressure sensors that may be used for the fabrication of artificial skin.


This paper advocates the use of RESTful data services in mobile commerce information spaces. REST is a restriction of web services to a simple protocol centered on a limited set of access operations against data resources. This paper analyzes how REST may be used as a general design principle for mobile commerce spaces. This analysis is threefold. First, it provides an abstract component model that contains a minimal embodiment of the REST functionality needed to support mobile commerce. Second, it describes and analyzes the operation of a mobile commerce space, resulting in a reference REST-based data decomposition that may be reused across a variety of domains. Third, it provides and analyzes a set of usage cases in the mobile commerce domain, which can form the basis of future REST-oriented programming models and tools. This analysis is based on a substantial mobile commerce framework we have implemented, called Celadon. This framework is currently being used to demonstrate several ambitious mobile commerce applications.


At this splendid moment my august Master has commissioned me, together with my colleague Modo, to make an authoritative statement on the meaning and value of War and, if possible, to clear up the long misunderstanding which has existed between us and mankind. When I speak of an authoritative statement I cannot, of course, claim absolute authority. Shakespeare was quite wrong in identifying Modo and me with our sublime Prince. We may indeed be gentlemen. The word has several different senses. We are at any rate very subordinate gentlemen among his innumerable attendants. If we are commissioned to speak at this moment, it is because just now, through a chain of events in which our Master played a supreme part, the world seems to have been handed over to us to do what we like with. It is up to us to explain what we like, why we like it, and why we confidently expect the general sympathy of mankind.


Thyroid disease associated with abnormal lipid profile, which may lead to atherosclerosis. Although several observations indicate that serum Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) levels in the high normal range are related to Cardiovascular (CVD) risk factors in the general population. However, it remains to be elucidated that the association between thyroid hormones within the normal range and lipids in patients with type 2 diabetes. Thyroid hormones, TSH levels, antithyroid antibodies, anthropometric parameters, lipid profile, glucose and blood pressure were measured in 404 euthyroid new-onset type 2 diabetic subjects. Pearson's correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analysis were used to assess the influence of thyroid function parameters on the lipid profiles. The result showed that Total Cholesterol (TC), Low Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (LDL-C), Apolipoprotein B (ApoB) and Apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1) increased linearly with the elevation of TSH within the normal range. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated high normal TSH level was positively correlated with the TC, LDL-C, ApoA1 and ApoB, serum Free Thyroxine (FT4) level was negative correlated with TC, Triglyceride (TG) and ApoB. The change of thyroid function, even within reference range of thyroid function tests, high normal TSH and low FT4 might exert adverse effects on the lipid profile resulting in hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia, two well-known CVD risk factors.


Abstract. As an extreme scenario of dynamical sea level changes, regional sea surface height (SSH) changes that occur in the North Atlantic due to an abrupt weakening of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) are simulated. Two versions of the same ocean-only model are used to study the effect of ocean model resolution on these SSH changes: a high-resolution (HR) strongly eddying version and a low-resolution (LR) version in which the effect of eddies is parameterised. The weakening of the AMOC is induced in both model versions by applying strong freshwater perturbations around Greenland. A rapid decrease of the AMOC in the HR version induces much shorter return times of several specific regional and coastal extremes in North Atlantic SSH than in the LR version. This effect is caused by a change in main eddy pathways associated with a change in separation latitude of the Gulf Stream.


At the end of 2009, countries in the Eurozone (euro area) began to experience a sudden divergence of bond yields as the market perception of sovereign default risk increased. The theory of complete markets suggests that sovereign debt and credit default swap (CDS) credit spreads should track each other closely. In addition, liquidity risk should be priced into both instruments in such a way that buying exposure to the same default risk is identically priced. We use a time-varying vector autoregression framework to establish the credit and liquidity spread interactions over the 2009–2010 crisis period. We find substantial variation in the patterns of the transmission effect between maturities and across countries. Our major result is that, for several countries, including Greece, Ireland and Portugal the liquidity of the sovereign CDS market has a substantial time varying influence on sovereign bond credit spreads. This evidence is of particular importance in the current policy context.


Chapter One of this thesis describes the nature of the problem under investigation, viz an inability to control functionality number and type in phenylether-formaldehyde condensations, a review of the relevant literature, and the use of phenoxybenzyl monomers as a means to determine the reaction mechanism. Chapter two describes the first syntheses and the syntheses used in this thesis of the phenoxybenzyl monomers used. Chapter three contains an outline of the reaction techniques used and describes the analytical methods used in this thesis, namely gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR) . In Chapter four the rates of oligomerisation of the hydroxy monomers under acid catalysis are measured, as is the rate when acetic acid is added as a reactive diluent. The effect of catalyst to monomer ratio is described, and the differences between the systems discussed with the aid of basicity data. Chapter five commences with an assignment of the peaks observed in carbon-13 NMR spectra for the phenoxybenzyl monomers and of other species thought to be present during their oligomerisation reactions. It goes on to produce time-concentration profiles of the reactive intermediates (via 13C NMR measurements) present during the reaction discussed in chapter four. Important differences are seen when acetic acid diluent is present in terms of controlling functionality type. Chapter 6 discusses attempts at controlling multi-substitution in polybenzyls before describing a technique useful in the phenoxybenzyl system for preventing this occurring. The same technique holds good when dihydroxy functional monomers are added, allowing control of the number of functional groups per oligomer chain. Chapter 7 describes the use of GPC to assess the rate of monomer reactions in the systems researched in chapters four and five. Orders of reaction are determined and kinetic expressions derived. The experimental methods and techniques used are described in detail in chapter 8, which concludes with references.


Application of 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) or 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxilic acid (ACC) to maize roots growing in hydroponic solution inhibited root elongation, and increased radial growth, but the responses to those treatments differed in degree. Auxin was more effective than ACC as an elongation inhibitor and root swelling promoter. Whereas NAA fully inhibited elongation and maintained swelling over 48 h, ACC inhibited elongation partially (50%) and only promoted swelling for 24 h. It is well-known that auxin, like ACC, promotes ethylene production, but similar levels of ethylene production reached by means of NAA or ACC treatments did not elicit the same response, the response being always stronger to NAA than to ACC. These results suggest that the effect of auxin on root growth is not mediated by ethylene. Elongation and swelling of roots appear to be inversely related: usually a reduction in elongation was accompanied by corresponding swelling. However, these two processes showed different sensitivities to growth regulators. After 24 h treatment with 0.5 μM NAA or 5 μM ACC, root elongation was inhibited by 90% and 53% respectively, but the same treatments promoted swelling by 187% and 140% respectively. Furthermore, 1 μM ACC was shown to promote inhibition of root elongation without affecting swelling. The ethylene antagonist STS (silver thiosulfate) did not affect elongation in control or NAAtreated roots, but increased ethylene production and swelling. These results indicate that longitudinal and radial expansion could be independently controlled.


The retrieval of similar documents from the Web using documents as input instead of key-term queries is not currently supported by traditional Web search engines. One approach for solving the problem consists of fingerprint the document's content into a set of queries that are submitted to a list of Web search engines. Afterward, results are merged, their URLs are fetched and their content is compared with the given document using text comparison algorithms. However, the action of requesting results to multiple web servers could take a significant amount of time and effort. In this work, a similarity function between the given document and retrieved results is estimated. The function uses as variables features that come from information provided by search engine results records, like rankings, titles and snippets. Avoiding therefore, the bottleneck of requesting external Web Servers. We created a collection of around 10,000 search engine results by generating queries from 2,000 crawled Web documents. Then we fitted the similarity function using the cosine similarity between the input and results content as the target variable. The execution time between the exact and approximated solution was compared. Results obtained for our approximated solution showed a reduction of computational time of 86% at an acceptable level of precision with respect to the exact solution of the web document retrieval problem.


The primary purpose of this work is to evaluate and to improve the response of guardrail system during a lateral impact. The problem was analyzed in the first step at the component level, which consists of a single post embedded in a cohesionless soil and laterally loaded by an impactor. The lateral post response was evaluated during static and dynamic loading using a theoretical formulation able to predict the lateral load in static and dynamic modes. An improved subgrade method for soil-post interaction which includes the stiffness, damping and inertia effect involved during the crash, was proposed in this thesis. The improved model serves to study the effect of different design parameters on the post response and to evaluate the interaction between these different parameters during the dynamic loading using a Design of Experiments (DoE) approach. The results of parametric study and the Design of Experiment conducted on a single post were used to develop a new guardrail design that was implemented in a full-scale finite element model of a Chevrolet C1500 pick truck impacting a guardrail post. The new design consists of replacing the incompressible blockout by a crushable one. The results of the simulation show that the pickup truck was redirected safely with more reduced speed, less roll angle and plastic strain than those for the baseline configuration.


A 2-D upper crustal structural profile with seven steeply dipping faults was constructed from the Los Angeles Region Seismic Experiment phase II (LARSE II) seismic refraction data recorded over the north central Transverse ranges and adjacent Mojave desert in southern California. The profile extends to a depth of approximately 4 km. The faults were identified from distinctive features in the seismic first arrival data, while the velocity structure was determined from travel times and refined by forward modelling. The resulting seismic velocity structure is correlative to the geological structure along the profile and is used to help constrain a geological cross-section. Six of the seven faults detected from the seismic data correspond directly to geologically mapped faults in the central Transverse ranges and adjacent Mojave desert. From south to north, they are the Pelona fault, the San Francisquito fault, the Clearwater fault, the San Andreas fault and two faults that cut the Portal ridge. The seventh fault is buried beneath Quaternary deposits of the western Mojave desert and appears to correlate with an additional fault that cuts Portal ridge out of the section line. The southernmost fault (the Pelona fault) separates the younger Vasquez formation in the south from the Pelona schist in the north and is determined to be an intermediate (40°–60°) south-dipping normal fault. This coupled with field observations indicate that the Pelona fault was instrumental in the late Oligocene—early Miocene formation of the Soledad basin, and the structural ascent and exhumation of the Pelona schist along the proto-Sierra Pelona intrabasin ridge. Analogous Neogene extensional deformation is found to have affected the western Mojave desert region, where faults 6 and 7 appear to have had north side down normal displacement and to have been instrumental in forming the western Antelope basin. A 6.0 km s−1 basal layer to our shallow seismic structure is correlated with the Pelona schist south of the San Andreas fault and with the tectonically related Rand schist beneath the western Mojave desert. Granitic and gneissic crystalline rocks, which form regional upper plate complexes along the Vincent thrust above the Pelona schist and along the Rand thrust above the Rand schist, yield consistently low seismic velocities as compared with the expected velocities for the constituent rock types. These anomalous velocities are reconciled by the degraded structural and textural state of the upper plate crystalline rocks that resulted from extreme shearing, brittle fracturing and related retrogressive hydration reactions starting during or shortly after the latest Cretaceous—early Palaeocene underthrusting of the schists. Extension, translation along the San Andreas transform system and compressional faulting with the uplift of the Transverse ranges further accentuated the basement deformations. The integrated result is that the survival of the Precambrian through Mesozoic granitic crust of the region became a rootless and highly attenuated upper crustal layer.


This paper presents a new approach to optimal design of large multibody spatial mechanical systems which takes advantage of both numerical analysis and symbolic computing. Identification of system topology is carried out using graph theory. The equations of motion are formulated in terms of relative joint coordinates through the use of a velocity transformation matrix. Design sensitivity analysis is carried out using the direct differentiation method applied to the relative joint coordinate formulation for spatial systems. The symbolic manipulation program MACSYMA is used to automatically generate the necessary equations for both dynamic and design sensitivity analyses for any spatial system. The symbolic equations are written as FORTRAN statements that are linked to a general purpose computer program which performs dynamic analysis, design sensitivity analysis, and optimization, using numerical techniques. Examples are presented to demonstrate reliability and efficiency of this approach.


The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the voca¬ tional certification requirements in each of the ten states in the United States belonging to the Western Business Education Association. The sources of data for this study were obtained from telephone conversations and information received from state offices of education in each of the ten states surveyed. The survey population consisted of Alaska, Arizona, California, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, and Washington. When all the information had been received, responses were compiled and analyzed. The results were then set up in tables for clarity. A written description and an analysis of the data supplement the tables. The conclusions were: 1. Certification agencies and state offices of education recognized that certification of teaching personnel has an important role in the continuing growth of their educational system. 2. Certification agencies and state offices of education recognized that certification of vocational teachers is important in order to maintain high standards in the total educational environment. 3. Many states feel that occupational work experience is an important vehicle for relating firsthand knowledge of the world of work to students in the classroom. 4. States differ in the requirements of the number of credit hours that teachers should take. 5. All states feel completion of a Bachelor's degree at an accredited institution is an important requirement for initial certification. 6. Most states differ in types of certificates issued, validity of certificates issued, and the amount of application fees charged for certificates. 7. Some states do allow reciprocity with other states allowing a teacher who is certified to teach in one state to teach in another state. 8. A few states have begun using a competency exam as a requirement for initial certification. Some of the recommendations were: 1. It is recommended that the business and office education programs at the college/university level in Montana keep up-to-date certification bulletins in their departmental libraries in order to advise those students who plan to pursue a teaching career outside the state of Montana. 2. It is recommended that business and office education programs at the college/university level in Montana stress occupational work experience as part of the undergraduate programs 3. It is recommended that the state of Montana become a member state in the Interstate Certification Reciprocity Compact in order to help stand¬ ardize certification requirements among participating states.


Abstract Orientation disparity, the difference in orientation that results when a texture element on a slanted surface is projected to the two eyes, has been proposed as a binocular cue for 3D orientation. Since orientation disparity is confounded with position disparity, neither behavioral nor neurophysiological experiments have successfully isolated its contribution to slant estimates or established whether the visual system uses it. Using a modified disparity energy model, we simulated a population of binocular visual cortical neurons tuned to orientation disparity and measured the amount of Fisher information contained in the activity patterns. We evaluated the potential contribution of orientation disparity to 3D orientation estimation and delimited the stimulus conditions under which it is a reliable cue. Our results suggest that orientation disparity is an efficient source of information about 3D orientation and that it is plausible that the visual system could have mechanisms that are sensitive to it. Although orientation disparity is neither necessary nor sufficient for estimating slant, it appears that it could be useful when combined with estimates from position disparity gradients and monocular perspective cues.


The purpose of the work presented in this paper is helping students to improve and accelerate their learning through a form ofcooperative learning known as Team Game Tournament (TGT). The principle behind TGT is that the success of a team lies on thesuccess of the individuals composing the team. TGT enhances learning via the establishment of a tournament where the class isdivided into small academically balanced teams that play against each other. Facilitator's notes from visual monitoring, data fromstudent questionnaire and exam results are collected for two structures-related modules of civil engineering stages 3 and 4 with andwithout TGT. Students show to be focused and participative, to develop their critical thinking and social skills and no lessimportantly, to enjoy the new learning format. These perceptions are confirmed by student feedback and a significant improvementin their performance at the exam. Student's learning is considerably strengthened by being held individually accountable forformulating and answering questions that contribute to the team score in a TGT style. Team mates help each other and study morethan individually because they care for them and for the team.


High-temperature superconductors have created the opportunity for a step change in the technology of power applications. Racetrack superconducting coils made from YBCO coated conductors have been used in several engineering applications including SMES, rotor or stator windings of electric machines. AC loss is one of the most important factors that determine the design and performance of superconducting devices. In this paper, a numerical model is developed to calculate the AC losses in superconducting racetrack coils in different magnetic conditions. This paper first discusses the AC losses of the coils in self-field or external field only. It then goes to investigate the AC losses of the coils being exposed to AC ripple field and a DC background field. Finally, the AC losses of the coils carrying DC current and being exposed to AC field are calculated. These two scenarios correspond to using superconducting coils as the rotor field winding of an electric machine.


This report details the divergent paths that the world economy may take and their potential effects on Latin America and the Caribbean. Scenarios are constructed employing a modeling exercise that captures the trade, financial and other linkages between the region and the rest of the world. While vulnerabilities remain and external shocks have been and remain critical, the region enjoys many strengths and has developed a growing arsenal of policy tools. What is the balance of vulnerabilities versus strengths? How can countries address the existing vulnerabilities? How can they perfect their policy tools and minimize the effect of external crises?


In vivo imaging of the human retina with a resolution that allows visualization of cellular structures has proven to be essential to broaden our knowledge about the physiology of this precious and very complex neural tissue that enables the first steps in vision. Many pathologic changes originate from functional and structural alterations on a cellular scale, long before any degradation in vision can be noted. Therefore, it is important to investigate these tissues with a sufficient level of detail in order to better understand associated disease development or the effects of therapeutic intervention. Optical retinal imaging modalities rely on the optical elements of the eye itself (mainly the cornea and lens) to produce retinal images and are therefore affected by the specific arrangement of these elements and possible imperfections in curvature. Thus, aberrations are introduced to the imaging light and image quality is degraded. To compensate for these aberrations, adaptive optics (AO), a technology initially developed in astronomy, has been utilized. However, the axial sectioning provided by retinal AO-based fundus cameras and scanning laser ophthalmoscope instruments is limited to tens of micrometers because of the rather small available numerical aperture of the eye. To overcome this limitation and thus achieve much higher axial sectioning in the order of 2-5µm, AO has been combined with optical coherence tomography (OCT) into AO-OCT. This enabled for the first time in vivo volumetric retinal imaging with high isotropic resolution. This article summarizes the technical aspects of AO-OCT and provides an overview on its various implementations and some of its clinical applications. In addition, latest developments in the field, such as computational AO-OCT and wavefront sensor less AO-OCT, are covered.


Cardiac MRI / 1 The American College of Radiology, with more than 30,000 members, is the principal organization of radiologists, radiation oncologists, and clinical medical physicists in the United States. The College is a nonprofit professional society whose primary purposes are to advance the science of radiology, improve radiologic services to the patient, study the socioeconomic aspects of the practice of radiology, and encourage continuing education for radiologists, radiation oncologists, medical physicists, and persons practicing in allied professional fields.


The KTH Library has a long tradition of teaching information searching to technology students. Over the last years teaching information searching has become teaching information literacy, including more evaluation and source criticism. Traditionally, there have been three forms of teaching: independent credit-giving courses, integrated shorter modules in subject-specific courses and support via individual face-to-face supervision. Although evaluation and source criticism are now important parts of our teaching, much focus is still on search methodology. During this spring we, and our teaching colleagues at the KTH library, will revise and develop the content and pedagogical methodology for the courses and integrated modules in information literacy. In doing so, we need to address important questions on how to face the changing information landscape. Should the teaching be adapted to the search behaviour observed in our students or should we keep trying to change that behaviour? Do we put our effort into directing students to traditional scientific subject databases or should we put more emphasis on the importance of critically evaluating the search results, regardless of their source? How do we find the balance between these alternatives? Recently published studies have already covered these questions to some extent. The findings from a systematic literature search, together with insights collected from our development work during Spring 2016, will be used in an analysis of these questions in the context of teaching information literacy for engineering students.