In this paper we analyze fully-mixed finite element methods for the coupling of fluid flow with porous media flow. Flows are governed by the Stokes and Darcy equations, respectively, and the corresponding transmission conditions are given by mass conservation, balance of normal forces, and the Beavers-Joseph-Saffman law. The fully-mixed concept employed here refers to the fact that we consider dual-mixed formulations in both the Stokes domain and the Darcy region, which means that the main unknowns are given by the pseudostress and the velocity in the fluid, together with the velocity and the pressure in the porous medium. In addition, the transmission conditions become essential, which leads to the introduction of the traces of the porous media pressure and the fluid velocity as the associated Lagrange multipliers. We apply the Fredholm and Babuska-Brezzi theories to derive sufficient conditions for the unique solvability of the resulting continuous formulation. Since the equations and unknowns can be ordered in several different ways, we choose the one yielding a doubly mixed structure for which the inf-sup conditions of the off-diagonal bilinear forms follow straightforwardly. Next, adapting to the discrete case the arguments of the continuous analysis, we are able to establish suitable hypotheses on the finite element subspaces ensuring that the associated Galerkin scheme becomes well posed. In addition, we show that the existence of uniformly bounded discrete liftings of the normal traces simplifies the derivation of the corresponding stability estimates. A feasible choice of subspaces is given by Raviart-Thomas elements of lowest order and piecewise constants for the velocities and pressures, respectively, in both domains, together with continuous piecewise linear elements for the Lagrange multipliers. This example confirms that with the present approach the Stokes and Darcy flows can be approximated with the same family of finite element subspaces without adding any stabilization term. Finally, several numerical results illustrating the good performance of the method with these discrete spaces, and confirming the theoretical rate of convergence, are provided.


Why is effective communication important in health, and what does this involve? What issues arise when communicating with particular populations, or in difficult circumstances? How can the communication skills of health professionals be improved? Effective health communication is now recognised to be a critical aspect of healthcare at both the individual and wider public level. Good communication is associated with positive health outcomes, whereas poor communication is associated with a number of negative outcomes. This book assesses current research and practice in the area and provides some practical guidance for those involved in communicating health information. It draws on material from several disciplines, including health, medicine, psychology, sociology, linguistics, pharmacy, statistics, and business and management. The book examines: The importance of effective communication in health; Basic concepts and processes in communication; Communication theories and models; Communicating with particular groups and in difficult circumstances; Ethical issues; Communicating with the wider public and health promotion; and, Communication skills training. "Health Communication" is key reading for students and researchers who need to understand the factors that contribute to effective communication in health, as well as for health professionals who need to communicate effectively with patients and others. It provides a thorough and up to date, evidence-based overview of this important topic, examining the theoretical and practical aspects of health communication for those whose work involves communication with patients, relatives and other carers.


Objective Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic degenerative joint disease characterized by pain and progressive functional limitation. Although both corticosteroid and hyaluronic acid (HA) injections are widely used to palliate the symptoms of knee OA, few researches involving a comparison of two interventions have been conducted. The objective of the study was to compare the efficacy and safety of HA to corticosteroid injections for the treatment of knee OA. Patients and methods We enrolled 60 patients with knee OA who were randomized to receive intra-articular injection of either HA or the corticosteroid. The therapy was followed for 6 months. The patients treated with HA received one course of injections per week for 3 weeks and the other group received single injection of corticosteroid. The two groups were compared as regards pain and functional improvement using the Western Ontario and McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index and visual analog scale. Results The study included 60 patients, with age ranging from 36 to 65 years with a mean of 51.8 years. All of them were diagnosed with knee OA using ACR clinical classification criteria. Patients were recruited between May and December 2015. After 6 months of the treatment, both groups showed functional improvement. HA group showed significant improvement compared with the corticosteroid group as regards the Western Ontario and McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index and visual analog scale (P=0.01). Conclusion Both HA and corticosteroid groups showed improvement in pain and knee function, but the intra-articular HA was superior to corticosteroid on long-term follow-up. This supports the potential rate of intra-articular HA as an effective long-term therapeutic option for patients with OA of the knee.


Community foundations are tool for economic growth Several years ago, at one of our annual strategic planning retreats, we attempted to define our business. After much debate, we determined our primary business to be "community building." A statement to that effect is now part of the bank's Statement of Values, which hangs in every office in the organization. Having done this, we knew that the words had to come to life. Like most community banks, we were active participants in our community. For example, we served as the catalyst for "Red Wing 2000," a community-wide formalized planning process. In addition, I have served as the chair or co-chair of most major fund-raising projects in town. We emphasize community service as "part of the job," involving our entire staff in community projects and contributing hundreds of hours to these projects. Even so, we realized that more needed to be done. A community's economic vitality depends upon the quality of life in that community. Businesses that would consider Red Wing as a potential site for their headquarters or for an expansion would be very concerned about the environment in which people would live. Environmental issues, schools, health care, recreational facilities, and the arts would all bear on a company's ability to attract and retain good people. A community bank such as ours had a role to play, but what its expanded role should be was, for a time, unclear. The answer turned out to be involvement in a community foundation. Filling a gap. All too often, existing charitable and governmental agencies are not equipped to deal with the extensive needs of the community. Funding restraints or the rules that they must operate under preclude them from serving various sectors of the community's needs. This void can be filled by community foundations and the various organizations affiliated with them. Community foundations, which enjoy "public charity" status under U.S. tax laws, act as umbrella organizations for local donor-designated funds and family foundations. The community foundations both advise the local funds and raise money themselves. In our town, the Red Wing Area Fund was formed in 1981 by the chairman of the Red Wing Shoe Co., the town's largest employer. Subsequently, the fund became part of the Saint Paul Foundation, one of the country's largest community foundations, with assets of more than $140 million. The mission of the Red Wing Area Fund is to provide seed money for worthwhile projects that add to the community's quality of life and its ability to grow economically, but that are not fully supported by other local funding efforts. I have served on the board of the Red Wing fund for six years and have learned firsthand what such an entity can accomplish. While the bank itself has no formal link with the Red Wing Area Fund other than my serving on its board, the benefits of our association with it are great. Key attributes. The community foundation concept is simple. It is a means of accumulating substantial sums of money over time from small and large contributions, the income from which can be used to help meet a community's charitable needs. The almost 400 community foundations in the United States serve all large metropolitan areas; some also serve entire states. Community foundations have six characteristics: (1) A flexible, yet permanent collection of funds supported by a wide range of donors; (2) The relative independence to determine the best use of those funds to meet community needs; (3) A governing board of volunteers, knowledgeable of its community and recognized for its personal involvement in civic affairs; (4) An organizational commitment to provide leadership for community problems; (5) A commitment to assist donors to create funds and distribute proceeds in accordance with the donor's intent; and (6) Adherence to a sense of "community" that overrides individual interests and objectives. …


Direct drinking water reclamation from the Goreangab reclamation plant, has been a reality in Windhoek, Namibia since 1968. Potable reclamation is a fixed part of the water supply and waste water has become an indispensible resource for the survival and continued growth of the city. The multi barrier concepts that were applied 40 years ago have been refined over many years. Improvements in water treatment technology have made it possible to improve the reliability and the drinking water quality of the reclamation treatment process. With the latest upgrade, which was designed 14 years ago and commissioned in 2002, a specific design philosophy was followed. This paper will assess whether the objectives of the design philosophy have been met in terms of removal efficiencies and safety of drinking water, which contains at present 25% reclaimed water. The basis and aims of the multi barrier design that was applied is discussed and with the aid of natural organic matter (NOM) and microorganism removal, the reliability of the philosophy is tested and compared with the goals set. Comparisons are drawn between the new plant and the previous plant and how the new plant is able to accommodate changes in raw water quality. It can be concluded that the water quality has been improved and the barrier principle does reduce the risk and improve the water quality.


This paper synthesizes a set of national case studies conducted in the Sahelian countries during 2019-2020 as a collaboration between national universities and research institutes, and the Center for Development Research (ZEF), University of Bonn, with contributions from the Agrhymet Regional Centre, Permanent Interstate Committee for Drought Control in the Sahel (CILSS). These case studies provide up-to-date knowledge and critical insights on the nexus of land degradation, climate change and energy in the Sahel. The current synthesis paper highlights their major findings and provides crosscutting and cross-regional analytical conclusions. First, the synthesis paper explores current trends in the Sahel region on land use and land degradation, energy use and supply, climate change projections and impacts, as well as their interactions and links to agricultural growth, food security, poverty reduction, and peace in the region. Second, technological, socio-economic and policy solutions at the nexus of land, water, energy and climate challenges that enable environmentally sustainable and socially inclusive rural development in the Sahel are discussed, including their interactions and implications for peace and stability in the region. The findings show that such socio-economic solutions as improving access to markets, strengthening social safety nets, increasing investments to transport and energy infrastructures, promoting land tenure security, expanding off-farm employment opportunities can greatly contribute to rural development in the Sahel, particularly by aiding climate change resilience and sustainable land management. Key technological innovations highlighted across the case studies include expanding irrigation and adopting water use efficient irrigation techniques, crop diversification, expanding agricultural mechanization, investing into restoring and rehabilitating degraded lands through reforestation, afforestation and agroforestry practices. The key lessons learnt from ongoing national policy initiatives for sustainable development highlight the importance of active stakeholder consultation and participation in policy formulation, institution of effective policy monitoring and assessment mechanisms, and avoiding of excessive reliance on external sources of funding for the successful implementation of sustainable development policies and programs. Based on these findings, the synthesis paper proposes an agenda for applied research to provide guidance to and accompany promising development strategies in and for the region.


"Repertorium Bibliographicum - or Some Account of the Most Celebrated British Libraries", William Clarke, 1819, 2 vols, 360/416pp "The Care of Books - An Essay on the Development of Libraries and their Fittings, from the Earliest Times to the End of the 18th Century", John Willis Clark, 1902, 456pp "Old English Libraries, the Making, Collection, and Use of Books during the Middle Ages", Ernest Albert Savage, 1911, 392pp "Libraries and Founders of Libraries", Edward Edwards, 1865, 528pp "Lives of the Founders of the British Museum, with Notices of its Chief Augmentors and Other Benefactors, 1570-1870", 1870, 800pp "Annals of the Bodleian Library", William Dunn Macray, 1890, 568pp "Annals of Cambridge University Library 1278-1900", Charles Sayle, 1916 168pp.


This paper investigates the relationship between gender of the CEO and composition of the board of directors (female chairman and share of women in the boardroom) and firm's risk attitudes measured as variability in four firm outcome variables (investments, profits, return to equity, and sales). Using a merged employer-employee panel sample of Danish companies with more than 50 employees, we find extensive evidence of a negative association between female CEO and firm's risk attitudes. This finding might be consistent with the theoretical assumption according to which women typically present a substantially higher risk aversion profile and put more effort in monitoring firm activities than men in the financial matter domains. A number of robustness checks corroborate and better explain our main findings.


The Netherlands has a good reputation abroad as a country of architecture. Many people admire the architecture of famous Dutch architects such as Rem Koolhaas, MVRDV, Neutelings Riedijk and Meijer and Van Schooten. In some recent designs by members of this conceptual-oriented school of architects, several efforts have been made to become more in harmony with nature, e.g. by minimising the use of energy. Alongside this school another trend has developed over the last few years. Customer requirements have become more dominant, driven by the recent economic recession, and in many cases this has led to a more pragmatic type of architecture. This pragmatic approach, in combination with the objective for quality, has led to a new school within the Dutch architectural community. In some recent renowned designs of members of this more pragmatic school the aspect of environmental awareness is incorporated too. The architects from both schools who proved to be capable of designing so-called 'eco-architecture' could become true opinion leaders and role models and be a source of inspiration for architects who have not taken environmental awareness seriously yet. However, most architects do not want their work to be associated with green terminology such as 'eco-architecture' or 'sustainable architecture'. They would rather use language like 'smart architecture' or 'vital architecture'. Their key thrust is 'integral quality' rather than ecology. Respecting this source of motivation has shown to be critical for these frontrunners to actively contribute to increasing the ecological awareness of their architect colleagues and be opinion leaders. Dragging them into the 'green camp' would have a contrary effect.


It is standard practice to tell women starting on the pill to begin on Day 5 after menstraution and use alternative contraception during the 1st cycle. Many do not use additional contraception and become pregnant. This could be avoided by starting them on the pill on the 1st day of the menstrual cycle. The 1st period is thus a little shorter (22 or 23 days) but this does not bother women if they are warned and after the 2nd period the usual cycle is established. Not 1 woman on this regime has become pregnant. Also when switching from 1 dosage to another standard practice is to start the new pill on Day 5 and use alternative contraception in addition. Usually foam or condoms are supplied. This double expense could be avoided and the threat of pregnancy eliminated if the new pill were started immediately after the old with no break between the preparations. Again a normal cycle is established after the 2nd package. Also many women so dislike the additional contraception they refuse to change from a high estrogen to a low estrogen preparation. By taking 2 packages together they can avoid this problem and go on to the preferred lower dosage.


The incidental capture, or bycatch, of loggerhead sea turtles Caretta caretta in commercial fishing gear is considered a significant threat to their recovery. Bycatch analyses that use fishery-dependent data only reflect the spatial and temporal co-occurrence of turtles and fishing effort and therefore do not directly reveal conditions associated with turtle distributions. Fisheryindependent and -dependent data can be used together to identify environmental conditions associated with turtle presence and the subsequent risk of a bycatch encounter if fishing effort is present. We developed generalized additive models (GAMs) to describe fishery-independent encounter rates of loggerheads observed in aerial and resource surveys in the US mid-Atlantic region as a function of environmental variables. We then fit a fishery-independent GAM to fishery-dependent data collected from commercial gillnet, bottom trawl, and scallop dredge fisheries in the midAtlantic region, and tested the model on new fishery-dependent data to assess how well the model predicted bycatch events. The preferred model describes fishery-independent encounter rates as a function of latitude, sea-surface temperature, depth, and salinity. When this model was fit to fishery-dependent data and tested on new data, it predicted 85% of the observed bycatch events when grouped by latitude and season, although it underestimated bycatch events in southern latitudes in winter. We identify times and areas of elevated bycatch risk on which to focus future conservation efforts and observer coverage.


Cooperative Forestry and Pest Management conducted a pilot control
project in central Montana to determine the effectiveness of two commercial
formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner applied at 8
billion international units (BIU) per acre (19.8 BIU per hectare) when
used under operational conditions against the western spruce budworm,
Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman. Nine blocks 2,000-4,200 acres
(810-1,701 hectares) were selected in areas of budworm infestation on
State, private, BLM, and Forest Service lands near Butte, Montana.
Three blocks were randomly assigned Dipel 4L treatment, three blocks
were assigned Thuricide 16B treatment, and the remaining three served
as control blocks.
Time and sequence of treatment was determined by larval development
sampling in each block. Blocks were released for treatment when 50
percent of the larvae had developed to or beyond the fourth instar. A
prespray population sample was collected within 24 hours of spraying
from 25 three-tree cluster plots established in each block. Treating
began on June 29 and ended on July 5. Spray was applied with two Ayers
Turbo Thrush aircraft equipped with fulljet one-eighth 66A8W nozzles
calibrated at 1 gallon per acre (1.5 liters per hectare). Dipel was
applied to 8,600 acres (3,493 hectares), and Thuricide to 8,150 acres
(3,301 hectares). Eight thousand acres (3,240 hectares) were used as
control areas. Postspray population samples were collected at 7, 14,
and 21 days following treatment. Population densities are expressed
in number of larvae per 100 shoots. Following egg deposition, percent
defoliation and egg mass densities were collected from each cluster
tree.
Unadjusted budworm mortality at 21 days was 48 and 62 percent for Dipel
and Thuricide respectively. Budworm mortality in control blocks averaged
26 percent. Percent defoliation was 33, 36, and 47 for Dipel,
Thuricide, and control. Adjusted mortality for all larvae (combined)
prior to the egg stage was 73 and 91 percent for Dipel and Thuricide.
In 1981, percent parasitism for all defoliators in the Dipel, Thuricide,
and control blocks was 21.5, 19.8, and 26.0, respectively. Egg mass
densities per square meter (per square foot) in 1981 were 18.3 (5.6),
17.6 (5.4), and 38.5 (11.7) for Dipel, Thuricide, and control.
Mean budworm larvael densities in 1982 were 4.4, 3.5, and 12.7 larvae
per 100 shoots for the Dipel, Thuricide, and control areas. Rearing
samples showed a greater proportion of females emerging in sprayed
than in control blocks (61.4 and 62.0 percent for Dipel and Thuricide
compared to 52.4 percent in the controls); however, adult female weight
was higher in the control blocks (126.3 mg compared to 121.3 and 113.9
mg for the Dipel and Thuricide blocks, respectively). Average percent
parasitism of budworm larvae and pupae in 1982 was 5.1, 8.6, and 7.3
for the Dipel, Thuricide, and control blocks. We were unable to distinguish
any effects of B.t. on individual budworm parasite species
during the study. Egg mass densities in 1982 were 44.5 (13.6), 39.7
(12.1), and 78.6 (24.0) per square meter (per square foot) for Dipel,
Thuricide, and control.


Pigment Antosianin of red kana flower represent pigment group of flavonoid dissolved in water, and yellow kana flower contain pigment of antosantin which also flavonoid that has yellow color at corolla, like yellow dahlia, alamanda. The objective of this research was to know the sugar type where found in red and yellow kana flower pigment and also to know quality each pigment where contains in red and yellow kana flower. This research was conducted in 2 phases compile as follows: Phase I, Identify sugar type on red kana flower and yellow kana flower using method of paper chromatography by observe Rf value (Retrogradation Factor) phase move BEA (n n-BuoH-EtOH-H2O (4 n : 1 : 2,2)). Phase II, the Quality of each pigment from red kana flower and yellow kana flower. Parameter observed include observation to filtrate (pH, absorbance, color intensity (L,a,b)), to concentrate (pH, absorbance, color intensity (Rate pigment L,a,b), rendemen and sugar
identify (paper chromatography)). The result of research known that pigment of red kana flower contains sugar type for example ramnosa, glucose, glukoronat, and apiosa while in the yellow kana flower contains the sugar type, that is glucose, ramnosa, galaktosa, xilosa and arabinosa. Pigment of red kana flower has sugar component with top absorbance at λ 265,0 nm while on pigment of yellow kana flower to be detected by top absorbance at λ 230 nm as glikon
For the intensity of color of filtrate pigment of red kana flower has L value (29,63), a+ value (16,03) and b+ value (1,00) while on concentrate has L value (27,6), a+ value (4,97) and b+ value (1,10). For the filtrate pigment of yellow kana flower has L value (45,97), a+ value (3,8) and b+ value (12) while on concentrate has value L (33,8), value a+ (5,33) and value b+ (4,97). Pigment Filtrate of red kana flower has pH value 2,60 and concentrate 2,41 while filtrate of yellow kana flower has pH value 5,23 and on concentrate 5,39. Pigment of red kana flower has absorbance value of filtrate 2,50 A and concentrate 11,39 A
at 513,3 nm, while yellow kana flower has absorbance value of filtrate 0,522 A and concentrate 0,522 A at 364,9 nm. Pigment of red kana flower has rate of antosianin 0,90
mg / ml. Pigment Rendemen of red kana flower 12,04% while pigment rendemen of yellow kana flower 12,75%.


This paper presents a methodology for identifying the autonomous system (or systems) responsible when a routing change is observed and propagated by BGP. The origin of such a routing instability is deduced by examining and correlating BGP updates for many prefixes gathered at many observation points. Although interpreting BGP updates can be perplexing, we find that we can pinpoint the origin to either a single AS or a session between two ASes in most cases. We verify our methodology in two phases. First, we perform simulations on an AS topology derived from actual BGP updates using routing policies that are compatible with inferred peering/customer/provider relationships. In these simulations, in which network and router behavior are "ideal", we inject inter-AS link failures and demonstrate that our methodology can effectively identify most origins of instability. We then develop several heuristics to cope with the limitations of the actual BGP update propagation process and monitoring infrastructure, and apply our methodology and evaluation techniques to actual BGP updates gathered at hundreds of observation points. This approach of relying on data from BGP simulations as well as from measurements enables us to evaluate the inference quality achieved by our approach under ideal situations and how it is correlated with the actual quality and the number of observation points.


Quality service delivery to the consumer of health is a legal reality as it is emphasised in the White Paper on the Transformation of Public Service delivery (South Africa, 1997). The guiding philosophy adopted within this framework is that of Batho Pele, which means placing the consumer at the centre of healthcare service delivery. Increasing attention has been paid to hospital processes from a quality perspective. By analogy, outpatient departments can be viewed as industrial plants where technological know-how is transferred to patients through service delivery, which is a cornerstone of a hospital's business. Outpatients, as consumers of healthcare, draw conclusions about the quality of service delivery based on their experiences of such services. In this vein, an outpatient's experience of a particular service is an indicator of his/her level of satisfaction with the quality of that service. No South African study can be found in the literature on out-patients' experiences of quality service delivery. This study's purpose is to explore and describe outpatients' experiences of the quality of service delivery at a teaching hospital in Gauteng. A qualitative, explorative, descriptive study that was contextual in nature was conducted to achieve this aim. Focus group interviews were conducted with outpatients who met the selection criteria. Open coding was used to analyse the contents from the transcripts and field notes typed verbatim. Strategies for trustworthiness, namely co-coding, prolonged engagement, triangulation and adequate referencing, were employed to ensure the credibility of the study and research findings. The results reflect themes that were reduced into two main categories, namely positive and negative experiences. The positive experiences reflect outpatients' experience of their relationship with medical staff and their satisfaction with the quality of medical care. Negative experiences relate predominantly to a lack of service commitments, unethical context, and inter-personal relationship difficulties that render them powerless and dehumanised. Recommendations are made to improve the quality of service delivery at outpatient departments.


This paper is a theoretical contribution to the research area of Aesthetics of Interaction, but from a Visual Communication perspective. In order to convince those that still see Visual Communication as merely style and artifice, and an internalized and subjective design process, I will use the theses of Dourish 'Embodied Interactions' and McCullough's 'Digital Ground' to connect to current HCI research. A Pragmatist philosophical position will be adopted from which to explore this Phenomenological area. This will present the design discipline from a fresher perspective of intellectual, considered and rhetorical discourse, into a richer understanding of the discipline by dispelling two unhelpful myths. Then an argument can be made to reposition Visual Communication as a stronger influence upon Interaction Design.


Global Legal Pluralism: A Jurisprudence of Law Beyond Borders (GLP) by Paul Schiff Berman is a legal pluralist's contribution to the study of local and global regulation. In a tour de force, Berman articulates clear and concise arguments in support of adopting a pluralist lens (coined as a cosmopolitan pluralist perspective). He magnificently traverses the multiple and complex bodies of literature that seek to understand the various inchoate regulatory regimes, actors, norms, and processes, to simply state that we must harness the benefits of the overlapping legal authorities. The overlapping legal authorities for Berman produce legal hybridity, which is a product of globalization(s). A body of literature has been fast developing over the last 20 years that seeks to understand, unpack, and deconstruct some of international law's universalizing tendencies. These contributions directly challenge GLP's universalizing liberal, functional, and proceduralist agenda. Drawing from these insights, one of the main questions concerning Berman's project is how norms are constructed. Berman assumes that the norms, actors, and institutions come into existence without political contestations and political compromises with specific winners and losers. When he recognizes compromise, it is always between those that are wedded to the idea of nation state and those seeking world law. Yet, his analysis does not seem to inquire about the historical nature of the institutions, their practices, and the politics from which the institutions have emerged.


In this paper we develop two theses. First, we argue that uniform law proposals that ask courts and practitioners to abandon revered legal traditions and ways of thinking about estates and trusts, even when they are intent-furthering proposals, face resistance until in time the glories of the past and the risks of a new legal regime fade in importance in legal thought. Second, we argue that, especially within an environment in which states seek to gain competitive advantage over their counterparts in other states, the glories of the past and the risks of a new legal regime fade fastest when a uniform law proposal limits the effect of intent-defeating rules. Uniform laws tend to fall into three categories: (1) statutes that usurp older statutory-based laws; (2) statutes, typically remedial in nature, that reverse the common law; and (3) statutes that predominantly codify the common law. We look at examples of each to show how the interplay between revered legal traditions and donative freedom affects the reception of uniform law proposals. We also pay particular attention to intent-defeating common law doctrines and the risks that uniform law drafters face when they attempt to codify them in an environment where there is stiff jurisdictional competition for estate planning business.


Firms often face performance shortfalls, either relative to their past performance or relative to their competitors' performance. Sometimes, performance shortfalls are so severe that firms are forced into bankruptcy. This dissertation investigates how organizations respond to such performance shortfalls, and how those responses affect their subsequent performance. It focuses on three specific aspects of these responses---the intensity of organizational search, and the roles of intangible asset divestitures and human capital. The dissertation consists of three essays. The first essay proposes a persistence-based framework of organizational search. This framework connects the relative persistence of social and historical relative performance with the relative persistence of the carryover effects of two types of organizational search, innovative and market search. This essay posits that social relative performance is more persistent than historical relative performance; as a result, social relative performance has a stronger effect on innovative search, which has a more persistent carryover effect than market search. Consistent with the proposed framework, I find that, while a positive social relative performance is associated with a reduction in a firm's search intensity, a negative social relative performance increases firm search intensity. On the contrary, historical relative performance does not exhibit this differential pattern. Finally, using an industry-level measure of profit persistence, I find that social relative performance has a stronger effect on innovative search in high-persistence industries, compared to its effect in low-persistence industries. Together, these findings highlight persistence as an important mechanism that links historical and social relative performance to innovative and market search. The second essay investigates the effect of divestiture of technological assets on large bankrupt firms to see whether the divestiture strategy will help them to overcome competitive disadvantages, or if the firm will sink into the mud of competitive disadvantages. I construct a sample containing large patenting public firms that file for bankruptcy in the United States. I build a two-phase framework to examine the antecedents and consequences of divesting technological assets. The first phase focuses on the bankruptcy period and analyzes which kinds of technological assets are more likely to be divested. The second phase relates to the post-bankruptcy period and explores the performance changes and knowledge utilization associated with divestiture. I analyze two attributes of the technological assets: whether the assets are of high value, and whether the assets are in a firm's core technological areas. As the two attributes contain information about the price of assets when they get liquidated, and the embeddedness of knowledge in the correspondent technological areas respectively, they are naturally connected with a firm's post-bankruptcy profitability, technological function, and knowledge utilization. Specifically, I find that high-value or non-core technological assets are more likely to be divested than their counterparties are. I also find that, while divesting high-value technological assets can improve profitability, divesting noncore ones is associated with worsen technological function and less knowledge utilization in existing and new technological areas. By examining how the attributes of the assets affect the gains and losses in profitability, technological performance, and knowledge utilization associated with the divestiture, I extend the current understanding of resource reconfiguration among bankrupt firms. The last essay investigates the effect of bankruptcy on the mobility of a firm's skilled human capital. Using a novel data set, I compare the skilled human capital turnover patterns within the bankrupt and non-bankrupt firms over a prolonged period. Adopting propensity score matching and difference-in-difference approach, I find that bankrupt firms have fewer patent inventors enter during the post-bankruptcy period than that of the pre-bankruptcy period, compared to the inventors' entry of non-bankrupt firms during the same timespans. Additionally, I find that bankrupt firms have fewer inventors retained after bankruptcy, compared to that of non-bankrupt firms. I argue that this turnover pattern in bankrupt firms could be driven by lack of ability to attract new inventors and to retain the existing inventors. Furthermore, I find that bankrupt firms have fewer star inventors and more novice inventors remained in the firm after bankruptcy, which implies that the bankrupt firms may suffer from a reduction in innovation capabilities. The findings suggest that the bankrupt firms face unique human capital management problems, compared to non-bankrupt firms. In sum, this dissertation investigates how an organization copes with different performance shortfalls and how these strategies have an effect on an organization's subsequent economic and innovative performance. The findings shed light on the strategies of distressed or bankrupt firms and their unique challenges in technological assets management and human capital management. INNOVATION IN DECLINING AND DISTRESSED FIRMS


Most of the defensive structures of military architecture are based on polygonal shapes staked out by triangulation. There are few buildings designed with curved structures, as the pirobalistic platforms, Geschutzrondellenas mentioned by Albert Durer (1471–1528) in his Etliche underricht zu befestigung der Stett, Schlosz, und flecken (1527). The Spanish military engineer Pedro de Lucuze (1692–1779) defined a similar kind of fortifications, called horseshoe pattern in his Principios de Fortificacion (1772). Before the publication of this treatise, several bulwarks were built in the Spanish coast, where we can find the geometrical forms of the oval and the ellipse. The staking out of the ellipse appears in the treatises L'architettura (1567) by Pietro Cataneo, and Le Timon du Capitaine (1587) by Ambroise Bachot. There, the layout of the oval was made starting from one of its axis. Vicente Tosca (1651– 1723) establishes for the first time in Volume I of his Compendio mathematic (1707) infinite solutions of ovals from the main axis. Through this knowledge, Spanish military engineers can approach similar layouts for ellipses and ovals. The geometrical assessment of the Fuerte de San Jorge de Alfama (c.1744) enables the analysis of the layout of the project as well as its staking out, recovering the old discussion of the ellipsis et ovum.


There are numerous parameters that can influence bacterial decontamination during washing of machinery and equipment in a food processing establishment. Incomplete decontamination of bacteria will increase the risk of biofilm formation and consequently increase the risk of pathogen contamination or prevalence of other undesirable microorganisms such as spoilage bacteria in the processing line. The efficiency of a typical washing protocol has been determined by testing three critical parameters and their effects on bacterial decontamination. Two surface materials (plastic and stainless steel), water temperatures (7 and 25 °C) and detergent concentrations (2 and 4 %) were used for this purpose in combination with two types of detergents. Biofilm was prepared on the surfaces with undefined bacterial flora obtained from minced cod fillets. The bacterial flora of the biofilm was characterised by cultivation and molecular analysis of 16S rRNA genes. All different combinations of washing protocols tested were able to remove more than 99.9 % of the bacteria in the biofilm and reduce the cell number from 7 to 0 or 2 log units of bacteria/cm. The results show that it is possible to use less diluted detergents than recommended with comparable success, and it is easier to clean surface material made of stainless steel compared to polyethylene plastic.


Purbalingga is the first kabupaten in Indonesia to start implementing its health insurance scheme for the poor, as a replacement for the JPS-BK scheme (Social Safety Net Program Health Sector). Poor families (Gakin) receive a range of health insurance services that are subsidized by the government free-of-charge, while better-off families pay a premium of only 50% or 100%. They are categorized as participants in Gakin Levels I, II and III. The aim is to achieve universal coverage for all citizens in Kabupaten Purbalingga, those who are poor as well as those who are not. Kabupaten Purbalingga is considered unique in the scope of its health services, because it not only includes poor families in its scheme, but also non-poor families. The local government of Kabupaten Purbalingga considers the health insurance scheme to be one of the main pillars of the poverty reduction effort in the region. They want the management of this scheme to become more independent and less dependent on DinKes (the local government health agency) so the program can be managed more efficiently and with more accountability. What is rather interesting is that DinKes plans to arrange a health insurance scheme that will be autonomous and sustainable for all better-off members in the future. They intend to slowly increase the premium until it reaches the real cost of the assistance package. According to DinKes, the cost should be approximately Rp92,000 per family per month. From the perspective of Bapel, an autonomous scheme with that level of premium definitely has potential, however they will always depend on the premiums to be paid by the government. It needs to be noted that the Community Health Insurance Scheme (JPKM) initiative in Kabupaten Purbalingga is almost entirely the initiative of the government as its moving force. The main protagonists are government (Regent, DinKes and Bapel), public service providers (public hospitals and puskesmas), the local parliament (DPRD) and other government agencies.


. The atmosphere of Venus was discovered for the first time by the Russian scientist Mikhail V. Lomonosov at the St Petersburg Observatory in 1761. Lomonosov detected the refraction of solar rays while observing the transit of the planet across the disk of the Sun. From these observations he correctly inferred that only the presence of refraction in a sufficiently thick atmosphere could explain the appearance of a light ('fire') ring around the night disk of Venus during the initial phase of transit, on the side opposite from the direction of motion. Lomonosov described this phenomenon, which carries his name, as the appearance 'of a hair-thin luminescence', which encircled a portion of the planet's disk that had not yet contacted the solar disk. He also observed a bulge set up at the edge of the Sun during the egress phase of the Venus transit. 'This bears witness to nothing less than the refraction of solar rays in the Venusian atmosphere', he wrote. This paper is based on the original Lomonosov publications and describes historical approaches to the study involving procedure, drawings, and implications.


Background/Context The 1954 U.S. Supreme Court decision on Brown v. Board of Education concluded that segregated schools were inherently unequal and therefore unlawful. That decision was not based solely upon the notion that segregated black schools were inferior in terms of academic instruction, curricular rigor, resources, etc., but also on research that showed segregating black children had negative social-emotional and behavioral consequences. However, the vast majority of the research on school segregation over the past 50 years, has focused on its effects on academic achievement and opportunity to learn. As a result, little is known about the effects of school segregation on social-emotional and behavioral outcomes. This is a critical gap in the literature because other research indicates that school behaviors are as strong or stronger predictors of long-term educational, social, and employment outcomes as academic achievement. Objectives The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of three forms of school segregation—socioeconomic, ethnic/racial, and linguistic—on school behaviors (i.e., attendance, grade retention, and suspension) and academic performance (reading and math achievement test scores and GPA) in high school. The study also examines the degree to which each of three school mechanisms (school inputs, peer influences, and school practices) mediates the effects of segregation on student outcomes. Research Design The study uses survey data from the Educational Longitudinal Study of 2002 (ELS:02). A sequence of multilevel models are fit to the data to address the research objectives. Conclusions American high schools are highly segregated by race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and English language status. Racial/ethnic and socioeconomic segregation are strongly associated with school behaviors and academic performance. The negative effects of racial/ethnic and socioeconomic segregation on school behaviors and academic performance inordinately effect black, Hispanic, and low SES adolescents because they are far more likely to attend segregated schools. School practices that reduce disorder and disruption and emphasize academics strongly mediate of the effects of segregation as does having friends at school with an academic focus. Adopting positive behavioral practices to reduce behaviors that interfere with learning without increasing suspension and expulsion are likely most critical for ameliorating the effects of segregation. Reducing academic tracking is also recommended, given that it likely contributes to negative within-school peer influences among low SES and minority adolescents. However, greater integration is likely necessary to fully address the consequences of segregation.


We present a record of particulate dust concentration and size distribution in subannual resolution measured on the European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica (EPICA) Dronning Maud Land (EDML) ice core drilled in the Atlantic sector of the East Antarctic plateau. The record reaches from present day back to the penultimate glacial until 145,000 years B.P. with subannual resolution from 60,000 years B.P. to the present. Mean dust concentrations are a factor of 46 higher during the glacial (~850–4600 ng/mL) compared to the Holocene (~16–112 ng/mL) with slightly smaller dust particles during the glacial compared to the Holocene and with an absolute minimum in the dust size at 16,000 years B.P. The changes in dust concentration are mainly attributed to changes in source conditions in southern South America. An increase in the modal value of the dust size suggests that at 16,000 years B.P. a major change in atmospheric circulation apparently allowed more direct transport of dust particles to the EDML drill site. We find a clear in‐phase relation of the seasonal variation in dust mass concentration and dust size during the glacial (r(conc,size) = 0.8) but no clear phase relationship during the Holocene (0 < r(conc,size) < 0.4). With a simple conceptual 1‐D model describing the transport of the dust to the ice sheet using the size as an indicator for transport intensity, we find that the effect of the changes in the seasonality of the source emission strength and the transport intensity on the dust decrease over Transition 1 can significantly contribute to the large decrease of dust concentration from the glacial to the Holocene.


ABSTRACT This paper examines customer satisfaction related competence development especially from the perspective of personnel training. A theoretical framework for customer satisfaction related competence development consisting of three major areas is described. The areas covered in the framework are strategy & structure, customer focus, and service & quality. The framework is validated empirically. The paper describes alternative methods to evaluate personnel training. Also, it was studied what kind of evaluation methods firms are using to evaluate the implemented personnel training. The empirical results indicate that feedback from customers, productivity figures, supervisory observation, and customer satisfaction studies are the most often used evaluation methods for personnel training. INTRODUCTION It has become an economic necessity for companies to keep their current customers satisfied, while attracting new customers costs more than keeping the old ones. According to Miller (1994) customer satisfaction is the only acceptable measure of future corporate performance. Customer satisfaction is a function of customer expectations and perceptions of the services (Bateson, 1991). Customer expectations have a major impact on customer satisfaction. Stauss and Mang (1999) imply that customers who have clear expectations of the service performance react strongly in cases where the service performance deviates from their expectations. Therefore, customer expectations should be influenced through communication. High level of customer satisfaction is widely believed to be a good indicator describing company's profitable operations in the future (Kotler, 1991). Failing to meet customers' expectations is more likely to have a negative effect on customers repurchase intentions, which decreases the marketing profitability (Anderson & Sullivan, 1993). However, satisfying customers is not enough to retain them, and being able to retain its customers is crucial for a company (Deming, 1988). The advocacy of customer focus in different kind of organizations, to improve customer satisfaction and business performance, is widespread. However, practical guidance on building and maintaining customer focus is relatively rare (Piercy, 1995). However, if customer satisfaction is seen as an important corporate level objective then how could it be improved? Training is a viable method to build and maintain a customer focus and to keep the current customer base. According to Ferketish and Hayden (1992) the human resource development (HRD) challenge for the future is to assure a continuous improvement culture by keeping the system aligned with continuous improvement strategies. A learning culture provides managers with the information and analyses necessary to modify their organizations to satisfy both internal and external stakeholders (Harvey et al., 1998). It is evident that there are no easy tricks that make the company's customer base satisfied overnight. Like all continuous improvement programs, also customer satisfaction improvement programs are based on continuity. In customer relationship perspective this means that a satisfied customer is more likely to be loyal and make further purchases. Therefore the long-term profitability of satisfied customers becomes the key for profitable operations overall. Customer satisfaction improvement programs can be seen to consist of following phases: (1) understanding the importance of satisfied customer base and linking this understanding with company's strategy, (2) allocating development resources to achieve improved level of customer satisfaction, and (3) controlling the improvement process by measurements. According to Fojt (1995) the customer-based metrics are the key to high-performance organizations. Satisfied customers are a prerequisite for future corporate success. Even though the company would be oriented to satisfy the needs of its customers, it also has to meet the market's product and/or service needs. …


Professional football has unchained passions for many decades and the countries that are not affected by this phenomenon are rare. International competitions, as well as national championships, incite the passion within football fans, who also are consumers of the products that derive from the clubs' merchandising strategies. Professional football has progressively become a powerful entertainment industry, extensively examined by numerous economic and management studies, but that has not given rise to in-depth research on the mystical devotion that fans demonstrate towards their favourite club. The aim of this research note is to underline in what way the football passion resembles a religious experience. A reading grid showing the four pillars of the main monotheist religions –the Community, the Law, the Way and the Experience– is used in order to underline how football fans undergo a sacred experience.


In current guidelines for the management of adults with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), the triaging decision about hospitalization or intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and, as a consequence, selection of initial antimicrobial treatment is largely based on the assessment of pneumonia severity. The proposed severity criteria are mainly derived from studies determining predictors of adverse outcome. These include age, male sex, comorbidity, acute respiratory failure, severe sepsis and septic shock, extension of radiographic infiltrates, bacteraemia and CAP through several different pathogens such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Gram-negative enteric bacilli (GNEB), and signs of disease progression within the first 48-72 h. In addition, prediction rules and need for a complicated course in ambulatory and hospitalized patients, for the individual risk of death have been developed which may be helpful in determining the patient who might require hospitalization or intensive care, respectively. Risk classifications such as the scores developed by FINE et al. [40] are not only useful for identifying low risk patients who might safely be treated as outpatients, but apparently they will also play a major role in the evaluation of processes and outcomes of care for patients with CAP. Recent investigations have provided objective criteria for the definition of severe CAP requiring ICU admission. Whether the detection of infiltrates in the chest radiographs of patients with acute lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) suggestive of mild pneumonia has an independent prognostic impact which fundamentally affects the concept of mild LRTI remains to be seen. Based on objective criteria for severity assessment it will be possible to define interventions aimed at reducing hospital admission rates, define a risk-adapted antimicrobial treatment regimen, reduce costs for antimicrobial treatment and supportive measures, shorten hospital stay, and, thereby, improve the quality of care for patients with community-acquired pneumonia.


A new technique, Pd-oxide equilibration, has been developed for the experimental determination of the
activities of oxide components in melts and minerals using the equilibrium between Pd alloy, oxygen, and the oxide component in the sample of interest. Due to the
extraordinary stability of dilute alloys of Pd with Mg, AI, and Si, these metals dissolve into Pd in equilibrium with oxide-based materials in amounts easily measured with the electron microprobe at f_O_2's that can be achieved with conventional gas-mixing techniques. Activity-composition relations for Pd-Mg, -Al, and -Si alloys were determined by equilibrating Pd at fixed f_O_2 and T with periclase,
corundum, and cristobalite (a_(oxide)≡1). Because Mg, Al, and Si have constant activity coefficients in Pd at low concentrations, the activity of the oxide of each metal is a
simple function of the ratio of the concentration of the metal in Pd in equilibrium with the sample to that in Pd in equilibrium with the pure oxide. Therefore, if Pd plus a
melt or mineral and Pd plus pure oxide standards are equilibrated simultaneously at fixed T and f_O_2 the
precision of the analytical technique is the major limitation on the determination of oxide activities. With Pd-oxide equilibration, all measurements of thermodynamic properties reflect equilibration at the temperature of interest, so no phase, ordering, or structural changes upon quenching influence the results. In addition, the method can be precise, since the only measurements involved in the determination of activities are the concentrations of various metals in the Pd, and there is no need for accurate knowledge of T or f_O_2. The technique of Pd-oxide equilibration was used to determine activities of MgO and Al_2O_3 and ∆G_f°'s in stoichiometric MgAl_2O_4 spinel at 1150 to 1400°C. The results are in good agreement with those of JANAF (1985) but are distinct at the 1σ level from the ∆G_f°'s of Helgeson et al. (1978), Holland and Powell (1990), Berman (1988), and Hallstedt (1992), and at the 2σ level from Robie et al. (1978). This implies a larger residual entropy upon quenching than is accounted for by most compilations of
thermodynamic data. These differences were accounted for by applying Landau theory corrections to the calorimetric heat contents (Bonnickson, 1955) using neutron diffraction measurements of the equilibrium amount of disorder in spinel as a function of temperature (Peterson et al., 1991). The corrected heat contents and measured ∆G_f°'s have been used to produce a new, self-consistent C_p function that can account for all experimental data. The results imply that nonconfigurational entropy contributions
are important in spinel. Pd-oxide equilibration was also used to measure the activities of MgO, Al_2O_3, and SiO_2 In melts in the five-component system CaO-MgO-Al_2O_3-SiO_2-TiO_2
(CMAST). Five bulk compositions were studied, including synthetic analogs of Type B, Type C, and forsterite-bearing Ca-Al-rich inclusions (CAls) and one synthetic analog
of an average Group 2 plagioclase-olivine inclusion (POI) from carbonaceous chondrites. Correlated variations between activity coefficient and liquid composition are observed in the melts, which may give insight into the relationships between thermodynamics and structure. The measured activities agree to within 10-35% of those calculated using Berman's (1983) model and are therefore generally consistent with known phase equilibrium data in CMAS. Measured activities indicate that liquids of CAl and POI composition would be out of equilibrium with a solar gas and should volatilize Mg, SiO, and lesser Ca if they melt in such a gas. The technique of Pd-oxide equilibration was also used to measure the activities of MgO and Al_2O_3 in spinel solid solutions in the MgAl_2O_4-Al_(8/3)O_4 compositional system at 1400°C. Eight compositions were studied, ranging from stoichiometric MgAl_2O_4 to corundum-saturated spinel. Activities of MgAl_2O_4 and γ-Al_(8/3)O_4 were calculated from the experimental values of a_(Mg)O and a_(Al)_2O_3 using the free energy expressions of Chamberlin et al. (l993b) and Navrotsky et al. (1986). The MgAl_2O_4
activities are approximately Raoultian, whereas the γ-Al_(8/3)O_4 activities show a strong positive deviation from ideality. A plausible model for spinel solid solution at 1400°C based on Landau theory (Carpenter et al., 1993a,b) is set forth, with an assumed cation and vacancy distribution. The similarity between the free energies of mixing calculated from the activities and the enthalpies of mixing measured by Navrotsky et al. (1986) imply that entropies of mixing are virtually zero and that the solid solution is affected by significant short-range order. The ∆G_f° of spinel increases with increasing alumina content, indicating that excess alumina does not increase the condensation temperature of spinel in the solar nebula. However, the high P_(Al) in the solar nebula and the fact that ∆G_f° remains relatively constant at low alumina contents imply that the first spinel condensates would be somewhat aluminous. Finally, Pd-oxide equilibration was used to measure the activities of MgO and SiO_2 in forsterite and protoenstatite. Four compositions were studied: nominally pure forsterite, forsterite in equilibrium with
protoenstatite, and forsterites that crystallized from liquids of two different bulk compositions in the system CMAST (POI and FOB). Measured oxide activities and ∆G_f°'s vary systematically with Ca content. The ∆G_f°'s are consistent with the literature values of Robie et al. (1978), Berman (1988), JANAF (1985), and Gillet et al. (1991) in this temperature range except in FOB, where they are lower. The free energy of formation (∆G_f°) of protoenstatite from the oxides determined from the MgO and SiO_2 activities agrees with that of Berman (1988) to 1 kJ/mole. Low levels of Ca dissolved in forsterite may increase the number of point defects in the lattice and thereby decrease the mechanical strength of the mineral. The Pd-oxide equilibration technique, with its potential for directly and precisely determining oxide activities in melts and mineral solutions and free energies of formation of minerals, could be of considerable value in refining the existing thermodynamic data base.


Sepia pharaonis is an important commercial species endemic to the tropical Indo-Pacific region. Despite its commercial significance, only few information on natural populations is available. This study was aimed to describe the aspects of size-composition, length-weight relationship, catch rates, seasonal recruitment and inter-cohort growth patterns of S. pharaonis population (Clade C), distributed along the Eastern Arabian Sea (South-West coast of India). For this, the Dorsal Mantle Length (DML) and weight of cuttlefishes was obtained from commercial trawl catches, from April 2002 to October 2006. Data was analyzed by normal length-weight methods such as von Bertalanffy. A total of 12454 cuttlefishes, ranging in length from four to 41cm were analyzed. Size-composition patterns discriminated two pulses in recruitment to the fishery, discernible by a decrease in the monthly mean size of the population. The DMLs of the two seasonal cohorts were subjected to modal-progression analysis using the Bhattacharya's method for the estimation of growth. The estimated parameters Linfinity and K in von Bertalanffy Growth Function (VBGF) were used to model growth curves in length for the cohorts. The first cohort, (post-monsoon cohort) which supports the major fishery, was composed of medium-sized, fast growing individuals, whereas the second cohort (pre-monsoon cohort), comprised of slow growing and large-sized individuals. There were differential growth characteristics between the sexes and the life span was estimated at less than 2.3 years for males and 2.1 years for females. Negative allometric growth in weight (W) with length (L) was observed for males (W=0.33069.L2.5389) and females (W=0.32542.L26057). The females were heavier compared to males at any given mantle length, and the males were found to attain larger ultimate lengths. The major fishing season for cuttlefish was from May to November, when higher monthly catch rates of 1.67-13.02kg/h were observed in comparison with 0.03-0.85kg/h in December-April. Seasonal catch rates indicated a migratory life cycle ofS. pharaonis between offshore and inshore coastal zones.


The study aims to see whether there are differences in the nature and patterns of computer usage for communicating research between disciplines in the social sciences in Brazil and, if so, whether they can be related to factors which can affect the process of communication. The theory embedded in the research model states that pressures
that accompany the introduction of information technologies into a university environment are significant factors in the use of such technologies. These pressures
produce differences in the communication process itself. Furthermore, there may also be a relationship between individual factors and the use of IT for communication.
The research data were collected via a survey using two instruments. Firstly, mailed questionnaires were sent to 760 academic researchers in sociology and economics in
Brazil, working in post-graduate programmes. A response rate of 64.1 percent was achieved. Secondly, 36 interviews were carried out with a sample of the most productive researchers in the two subjects studied. The interview sample included both respondents and non-respondents to the questionnaire. A small sample of 11 British academic researchers was included in the interview survey, in order to allow comparisons and see whether Brazilian academics lag behind IT front-runners. Data collected revealed that there is an impact of computer usage on the scholarly
communication process, especially in terms of informal communication. Such an impact can be related to changes in the social interactions that underlie knowledge creation among researchers, and also relates to differences in patterns and processes of computer usage between the chosen disciplines. Formal communication has experienced a gradually growing impact by electronic media on the well-established print environment, with the likely co-existence of the two media for some time to come. The results obtained showed that Brazilian researchers do not lag behind the British ones. Not many differences, but most similarities were found between economists and sociologists in both Brazil and the UK.


The aim of this dissertation is to solve numerically the following problem, denoted by P : given a Riemannian manifold and two points a and b belonging to that manifold, find a tangent vector T at a, such that expa(T) = b, assuming that T exists. This problem is set under an optimal control formulation, which requires the definition of an objective function and a space of control, the choice of a method for the calculation of the descent direction of that function in the space of control and the use of an optimization algorithm to find its minimum, which corresponds to the solution of the original problem by construction. Several techniques are necessary to be put together, coming from the fields of geometry, numerical analysis and optimization. The first part will concern a recalling of the mathematical context in which this formulation takes place. The general principles of optimal control will also be given. In the second part, we will present an intrinsic formulation of the optimal control problem associated to P, based on Jacobi fields, which will play the role of the so called adjoint state. This derivation leads to necessary optimality conditions. We will illustrate explicitly that formulation by treating the specific case of Riemannian manifolds with constant sectional curvature. Then, we will derive the optimal control problem in coordinates, not only to check the intrinsic formulation but also to reveal how it is hidden behind the expressions in coordinates. Their use reveals some quantities whose interpretation may be given this way. Moreover, we will show that more possibilities exist to chose the cost function and the control space in coordinates. In a second step, an alternative approach will consider the Hamiltonian formulation of geodesics. This is an incursion into symplectic geometry. We will then reformulate the Riemannian optimal control problem in its Hamiltonian version. In the third part, the numerical methods used for solving P will be presented. The discretization imposes the definition of new discrete optimal control problems. The technique shows that the discrete adjoint state equation strongly depends on the numerical scheme used to solve the direct problem. We will give a collection of numerical computations in the specific case of parametric piece of surfaces, where the surface can be defined by one or several Bezier patches, each one corresponding to a chart, which is representative of a Riemannian manifold. We will compare the different numerical approaches. The last but one part will be devoted to the interesting application of wooden roof building, where the structure is made of wooden boards, with geodesic trajectories on the designed piece of surface. The Geos (Geodesic solver) software has been developed for that purpose. After having introduced some specific numerical methods used in the code, we present the Geos application interface (AI) developed as a tool for the conception of such a roof. We then show an existing wooden structure built according to that mean. Finally, we will summarize the results of our research and discuss future possible prospects.


In this paper, the existence of the bifurcation and chaos phenomena in scalar drives of induction machines are investigated. It is shown that there is an unstable region in the plane of voltage-frequency based on the speed controller gain. The unstable region is different for closed or open loop scalar drive systems. Constant and periodic loads are considered in system analysis. When load is constant, modelling of the scalar drive is autonomous in synchronous reference frame accordingly, eigenvalues analysis and bifurcation diagrams of the autonomous systems in any fixed point reveal chaotic behaviour. When load is periodic, such as a compressor, the system will be autonomous and have periodic response. As such, for stability analysis, Poincare map is applied to the systems equations. Existence of drives behaviour may highly be predicted by calculation of eigenvalues of Poincare map in the systems.


This paper focuses on a noise filtering in color image sequences, where a new class of center-weighted vector directional filters is provided. According to high dimensionality of color image sequences, where besides the spatial frequencies in the frames it is necessary to consider the temporal correlation of an image sequence and the correlation between color channels too, the processing of color image sequences represents very important and interesting problem. Clearly, the color image sequences represent threedimensional (3-D) vector-valued image signals and thus, the 3-D vector filters provide optimal approach, only. Novelty of this paper lies in the impulse noise suppression by a new class of center-weighted vector directional filters, where the influence of the filter parameter to filter performance is analyzed. The interesting behavior of a new filter class is illustrated by a number of experimental results and comparisons with the well-known filtering algorithms for color image sequences.


Abstract The age of the Lower Watrous red-beds, which host hydrocarbon reserves in the Williston Basin, along with equivalent formations in Manitoba (Lower Amaranth Formation) and the U.S.A. (Saude Member of the Spearfish Formation) is a controversial subject, with this succession being assigned ages from Mississippian to Middle Jurassic; a timespan of over 150 million years. Using existing published data and new geochemical analyses on the Watrous Formation, we present a Triassic age for the Lower Watrous red-beds. An established well-log correlation dates the Saude Member red-beds as post- Middle Permian. Some previously published geochemical and palynological data from equivalent formations are in agreement with this age, but several palaeomagnetic studies have provided conflicting results, with age assignments of Mississippian through to Late Triassic. Our study demonstrates the equivalency of the Saude Member and Lower Watrous red-beds by extending the well-log correlation north, from the U.S.A. into Saskatchewan. The combined new strontium, sulfur and oxygen isotopic analyses of isolated Lower Watrous anhydrite nodules are most consistent with an Early or Late Triassic age, which is in agreement with the well-log correlation and potassium-argon dating of a pre-red-beds impact structure. A Pennsylvanian age for the Lower Watrous red-beds is considered most unlikely.


Gisa Jahnichen's book Studies on Musical Diversity – Methodological Approaches consists of twelve studies
on musical diversity in the broadest sense in which a variety of methods depending on the particular research topic, the main research questions and the dimension of expected response are applied. It is segmented into six chapters, each with a pair of studies that can be compared in methodology, research aim and prospective function. Their vision under different headlines
emphasizes the main focus given although each study comprises a set of different methods and includes varying formats of presentation. All twelve studies are revised and extended parts of researches undertaken in a time frame of about fifteen years. They were conducted to be applied in further research and in music practice, to enrich the scientific horizon of young scholars and colleagues and to provoke further discussions. Their aim is to contribute to an academic tradition that places knowledge processing and distribution into the centre of research.


TThis paper examines in depth the use of free trade agreements (FTAs) in Thailand to shed light on the ongoing negotiation of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP). The key finding is that while certificate of origin records significantly increased over the period in consideration, their value remained less than one-third of total trade. The ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) and its successor, ASEAN Economic Community (AEC), accounted for the largest share with a noticeably declining relative importance. Products that are often traded under an FTA preferential trade scheme are highly concentrated, dominated by automotive (both vehicles and auto parts), electrical appliances, petrochemical products, and processed foods. Firms in these sectors are generally large in size and their products have a high level of local content. Evidence that the top 15 items are usually subject to high tariff margins suggests the presence of costs incurred to firms when applying for a certificate of origin. Our analysis suggests that we should be avoid maximizing a number of signed FTAs as a mercantilism style policy tool kit to open up market as well as maximize net export earnings as we tried in the early years of the new millennium. Instead, FTAs could be used as a gradual step in making a progress of unfinished business in trade and investment policy reform. To encourage firms to use the signed FTA, policy focus should be on the rules of origin and their related administrative procedures.


The angiosperm genus Cuscuta (Cuscutaceae) comprises a range of species that have all adapted to a parasitic lifestyle in various degrees. The chlorophyllous, photosynthetically active species C. reflexa, the intermediate species C. gronovii and the white, achlorophyllous species C. odorata were analysed in this study. The influence of parasitism on the plastid coding capacity, the plastid transcriptional apparatus and plastid promoter structures were investigated. The plastid DNA of C. reflexa was partially cloned, sequenced and compared to the non-parasitic plant N. tabacum. The coding capacity of all Cuscuta species were analyzed by Southern blot hybridization using the plastid chromosome of N. tabacum as a reference. Although the plastid genome of the intermediate species C. gronovii has suffered extensive deletions, in constrast to the plastid genome of C. odorata it has retained photosynthesis related genes. Previous analyses had shown the deletion of subunits of the plastid encoded RNA-polymerase in C. gronovii and C. odorata. Promoter studies of the rbcL gene in green and intermediate species revealed the change of promoter sequences from PEP promoter to NEP promoter as a possible mechanism to retain the ability to photosynthesize. Analyses of RNA levels in all Cuscuta species and of transcript levels in C. reflexa revealed that a "parasite"-specific subset of RNA molecules is stabilzed in all species. The discripancy between run-on and steady-state analysis in C. reflexa might hint to alterations in RNA processing or transcript stabilization in this species.


Introduction: The Genu Varum is physiological from birth till the age of two. It is a reel consultation reason for parents who are often worried seeing this deformation that could cause gait disturbances.
Materials and methods: We conducted a retrospective study over a period of 5 years on 50 patients who went through a rickety genu varum surgery. The patients were divided into two groups: Group 1 (correction of the varus by osteotomy and fixation by Blount staples and long leg cast), Group 2 (progressive correction of the varus by the Ilizarov external fixator). The purpose of this study was to compare the results of the two surgical methods.
Results: The average age was 6.66 years, with ages ranging from 2 to 15 years. Females accounted for 65% and males 35%, a gender ratio of 1.23.
For Group 1 (osteotomy and internal fixation by stapling associated with plaster), the average hospital stay was 22 days (range: 12-50 days). Five cases of hypo-correction and two cases of hypercorrection were recorded. However, we have observed no case of infection and no compression of the plaster under member segment. The plaster was removed within an average of seven (7) weeks.
For Group 2 (Ilizarov correction) the average hospital stay was 9 days (range: 10-18 days). The correction by the external IIizarov fixator started on postoperative D2. After the hospitalization, the parents continued the correction. There were no complication or hypo-correction recorded in the Group 2.
Discussion: The use of Ilizarov external fixator (progressive correction) did not disrupt the normal process of education of the child because of the reduction in the duration of hospitalization; the child may therefore continue to attend school with the fixative Ilizarov.
Conclusion: Surgical correction by osteotomy of genu varum of rickety origin can prevent discomfort and possibly progressive evolution towards knee osteoarthritis later in life.


This study focuses on the factors that influence an individual's attitude towards organisational change in a multinational organisation.

The study aims to identify the key factors that influence an employee's attitude towards a change and to explore if an employee's experience of the different factors of the change implementation process affects their overall attitude towards the change. The primary research was carried out in a multinational organisation where a change had recently occurred. The change in question is the introduction of a High Performance Behaviours framework which consists of 6 key behaviours. Following the implementation of this new framework, employees in the organisation are expected to conduct themselves in line with these behaviours and must evidence their behaviour twice a year as part of the Performance Management Process.

The research was conducted through the means of an online questionnaire. The questionnaire was distributed to 500 randomly selected employees within the organisation. Of the 500 employees selected, 129 employees completed the questionnaire which is a response rate of 25.8%. Overall Attitude was measured using one question; "Did the introduction of the High Performance Behaviours Framework improve Performance Management in this Organisation?" 63% of those surveyed responded "No" to this question.

The literature suggests that the change implementation process is more important in shaping an individual's attitude towards a change than the nature of the change itself (Choi, 2011). The following implementation factors were identified from the literature as being the key implementation factors that can influence an employee's attitude towards a change; Communication throughout the change, Participation in the change, Change related self-efficacy, Social support, Perception of personal impact, Trust in management and Perception of organisational readiness for change. The findings of the study revealed that increasing the amount of each of these change implementation factors can be correlated with an employee having a positive attitude towards the change.

High job satisfaction, high feedback about the change and low stress were also attributed to a positive attitude towards the change. Contrary to what is stated in the relevant literature, location, gender, age, education, hierarchy, length of service, union membership and autonomy were not found to have an effect on an employee's overall attitude towards the change.


The provision of quality pharmacy services to rural and remote communities is influenced by the
National Strategy for the Quality Use of Medicines. The implementation of National Medicines Policy
is challenged by the shortage of pharmacists in rural areas. Australia compares unfavourably with both
the United Kingdom and the USA in this regard. The study by the Department of Employment and
Workplace Relations in 2002 identified that there is a severe shortage of hospital pharmacists in New
South Wales and acute shortages of community pharmacists in Queensland regional areas.

Although the lack of a telecommunications infrastructure has been a major impediment to the
extension of telehealth into rural Australia, the challenge of delivering pharmaceutical services into
rural areas may be augmented by the provision of telepharmacy applications such as remote
dispensing of medications, counselling and implementing medication reviews by video conferencing.

The aims of this thesis were to ascertain the opinions of relevant healthcare professionals to the
concepts of telepharmacy; to identify the requirements of a telepharmacy system suitable for use in
rural Australia; to develop a pilot telepharmacy system and to demonstrate the system by dispensing a
limited range of products locally and then remotely via telecommunications. Thereafter, to identify an
area of telepharmacy where there is a clinical need and to demonstrate the applicability of
telepharmacy by means of a trial involving volunteer patients.

This study initially involved interviewing healthcare workers in northern Queensland, the Tiwi
Islands, and the western coast of Tasmania to assess the receptiveness, requirements and potential for
telepharmacy applications in rural and remote regions in Australia.

Thereafter a comprehensive literature search on telepharmacy applications was conducted with a view
to identifying suitable equipment for use in rural Australia. Whilst the search revealed a number of
examples of commercial telepharmacy applications in the USA and Europe, none met all of the
defined criteria for an ideal rural Australian telepharmacy system.

Accordingly, two pilot telepharmacy systems were developed and constructed, based upon the
identified criteria. For remote controlled operations under video supervision, the criteria for a
telepharmacy application were defined as:
• a system capable of storing a range of individual medications to suit the intended application;
• a standard commercial dispensary computer program;
• an automated method of removing individual packs from the storage unit;
• an image acquisition device to capture and store a picture of the dispensed pack, and
• a bar code reader to record the bar code of the dispensed product.

In addition, video conferencing capability was required to enable the remote pharmacist to provide
counselling and medication review services to the patient.

Four trials were conducted using the constructed pilot telepharmacy equipment to demonstrate the
validity, accuracy and reliability of the systems in dispensing a limited range of products locally and
then remotely via telecommunications. These studies adequately demonstrated the operation of the
telepharmacy dispensing systems and identified the requirement for a different design of bar code
reader in any further trials. These studies also identified that the inclusion of video conferencing in a
single remote telepharmacy application was not the optimum solution and that a separate video
conferencing unit was required. A simple system of quality assurance, incorporating a dispensed pack
image acquisition and bar code verification was also demonstrated, resulting in the addition of a
significant patient safety factor to mitigate dispensing errors.

In order to ascertain the level of support for the concept of telepharmacy and its potential applications,
four key healthcare professional groups in rural northern Australia were surveyed. Pharmacists and
medical practitioners were surveyed by post and the nurse group was surveyed at the 2006 Royal
College of Nursing annual conference in Cairns. The nurse/healthcare group was an online Internet
survey, advertised in the Nursing Careers and Allied Health booklet published in June 2006. The
major findings were that 87 per cent of all the healthcare respondents supported the use of
telepharmacy to provide professional pharmaceutical services to rural and remote areas of Australia.
The study did, however, identify that 70 per cent of the pharmacist group surveyed were not
supportive, or neutral to, the use of remotely operated automated dispensing equipment as a
telepharmacy application in rural areas, when the local pharmacy was closed. The pharmacist group
were also not supportive of the use of such equipment in remote areas where there was no community
pharmacy (58 per cent disagreed or were neutral). These results were further analysed and revealed
that the younger pharmacist age group (less than 10 years experience), were in favour of the use of the
automated dispensing equipment as a telepharmacy application, where there was no community
pharmacy, compared to the older pharmacist group (P< 0.05).

Medication reviews are a key objective of the Fourth Community Pharmacy Agreement and are
provided as a fee for service basis for face to face reviews conducted in the home. They were
identified in the surveys as a clinical need which may be solved by a telepharmacy application due to
the difficulty and expensive of providing medication reviews to patients in rural and remote areas.

A pilot study involving volunteer patients was conducted to demonstrate the use of a telepharmacy
application in conducting medication reviews. The study recruited nine patients and the medication
reviews were conducted by an accredited pharmacist via a local area wireless network, equivalent to a
Broadband Internet connection. The telepharmacy interviews were recorded and provided valuable
information for the pharmacist preparing the medication management reports. The patients were asked
to complete a customer satisfaction questionnaire on conclusion of the video conference. Six of the
patients rated the overall telepharmacy experience as excellent and three rated the experience as very
good.

Whilst not removing, or negating, the need for personal professional pharmacy services, there are
many potential benefits for telepharmacy applications directed at rural communities. However, it is
important that it includes and retains the active role of the pharmacist in the delivery of pharmacy
services to achieve the highest quality of care for rural communities and for the safety, and welfare of
the public related to the use of pharmaceuticals. Pharmacist involvement is essential for patient
counselling and medication reviews, with their exclusion increasing risks to the patient and leading to
a higher incidence of medication errors, adverse events, and excessive drug costs. The study has thus
provided evidence that telepharmacy applications may potentially lead to unique and innovative ways
to deliver quality pharmacy services to rural and remote areas.


Shakespeare's plays were the product of his culture and reflect the daily life of Elizabethans. This book examines the religious background of his works and helps students use his plays to understand religion in Elizabethan England. The initial chapters survey the role of religion in Shakespeare's world. The volume then looks at religion in his plays and how productions from different periods have addressed the religious issues of his drama. A chapter then overviews criticism on Shakespeare and religion, while a selection of primary documents illuminates his religious milieu. Students often find the Elizabethan world fascinating yet challenging. The same can be said of Shakespeare's plays, which reflect the daily life and concerns of Elizabethan England and grew out of his milieu. Written for students, this book illuminates the religious life of Elizabethan England, promotes a greater understanding of Shakespeare's plays, and uses Shakespeare's works to examine Early Modern religious culture. The volume begins with a quick overview of the origins of Elizabethan religious traditions, followed by a more detailed consideration of the chief religious beliefs and concerns of Shakespeare's world. It then discusses the role of religion in Shakespeare's plays. This is followed by a look at how various productions have interpreted his religious concerns. A review of criticism on Shakespeare and religion follows, along with a selection of primary documents related to religion in his world. A glossary defines key terms and concepts, and a bibliography cites print and electronic resources for further study. Literature students will welcome this book as a guide to Shakespeare's plays, while history students will value it for using his plays to examine religion in the Early Modern era.


Human-Computer Interaction looks to better understand the relationship between people and computers. Our work considers this relationship in the context of privacy and the privacy expectations users have when using online systems. While many surveys suggest the public care about this subject, users often act in a manner perceived contrary to their claims; a notion termed the 'Privacy Paradox'. However, research suggests privacy is inherently subjective and contextual, leading us to question: do users actually define 'private online behaviour' in the same manner as those who study the topic? Although our exploratory survey found a general intersection between participants' perceptions and those in existing literature, opinions differed in several key areas. For example, we found users often conceptualise protection in less-technical terms and are prone to conflating privacy and security. We believe that when we expand our analyses to the general public, we will see an even greater disparity between privacy perceptions. Through this research we look to inform the development of systems and privacy-protective tools that users can actually appreciate.


Introduction Interest in agricultural oils has grown dramatically in recent years for a variety of reasons, as the participants detail below: popular attention to the health benefits or perils of food oils, concerns about the environmental and social disruptions associated with various kinds of oil production, and the ways oil histories expose tensions between local biologies and global markets and suggest new ways to think about commodity chains. Agricultural oils, in short, suggest a kind of hidden history of agriculture. Although the lubricants and paints and varnishes and other industrial products discussed below are not often seen as farm products, it is clear from what follows that in their origins, refinement, distribution, and consumption and use, they are agricultural, and therefore worthy subjects for agricultural history. Which is a reminder, perhaps, that agricultural history can be found almost anywhere, and that one of the important functions of Agricultural History and the Agricultural History Society is to help convene such conversations across geographical, temporal, and methodological lines. The roundtable was conducted by email from February to November 2018, and is reproduced below with light editing, followed by a bibliography of works cited. Albert G. Way and William Thomas Okie


Electrum has been published since 1997 by the Department of Ancient History at the Jagiellonian University in Cracow as a collection of papers and monographs. In 2010 it starts as journal with one monographic issue per year.

Journal publishes scholarly papers embodying studies in history and culture of Greece, Rome and Near East from the beginning of the First Millennium BC to about AD 400. Contributions are written in English, German, French and Italian. The journal publishes books reviews.


This thesis provides a history of exchanges between architecture and the fields of cybernetics, systems research and computation, throughout the period of the last half century. In particular, it focuses on the encounters of the British professionals --Gordon Pask, Cedric Price and John Frazer---and provides a complete account of two outstanding architectural projects related to systems and computation---Generator and Japan Net. It also highlights the architectural relevance of these encounters and the importance of their contemporary legacy---the genesis of the systemic and computational paradigm in architectural design and the promotion of an evolving environment. The thesis is based mainly on research of Gordon Pask's personal archive (held by Ms. Amanda Heitler) and Cedric Price Archives (held at the Canadian Centre for Architecture). The thesis is divided into three parts. The first part relates to early developments involving cybernetics and architecture. It includes Pask's career and the rise of a second-order-cybernetics, as well as Price's breakthrough posture and tireless promotion of an impermanent architecture opened to user participation. The second part provides a complete account of Price's Generator. It focuses on the project's diverse phases and consultancies, and highlights John and Julia Frazer's contribution as systems consultants, which led this project to be acknowledged as the first intelligent building. The third part focuses on the rise of the information environment and the later reencounters between and achievements of Pask, Price and Frazer. It includes revisits to the Generator project, a complete account of the Japan Net competition entry, as well as pointing out outstanding ideas on evolving installations and essays of both Frazer and Frazer. It becomes clear that the current architectural agenda, focused on the new techno-cultural order of the information society and an aesthetics of emergence can benefit from these seminal exchanges, encounters and projects.


An experimental investigation was conducted to compare the active generation and management of streamwise vortices in an incompressible jet flow using different flow control methods. The lip of the jet was equipped with a small flap deflected away from the stream at an angle of 30°, that incorporated a flow control slot through which steady suction, oscillatory suction and zero mass-flux perturbations were introduced. Data acquired were compared on the basis of momentum addition to the jet, the generation of streamwise vorticity and the generation of turbulent stresses. All active control methods produced an increase in jet momentum, stronger streamwise vortices and higher turbulence levels than those produced by a simple tab. The increase in jet momentum, combined with the generation of strong streamwise vortices and elevated turbulence levels, indicates potential for improvements in propulsion efficiency, mixing and possibly jet noise reduction.© 2008 ASME


The dispersion of particulate matter emitted by road transport to the vicinity of roads is predominantly influenced by the character of the air velocity field. The air flow depends on factors such as the speed and direction of the blowing wind, the movement of cars, and the geometries of the buildings around a road. Numerical modeling based on the control volume method was used in this study to describe the relevant processes closely. Detailed air velocity fields were identified in the vicinity of a straight road surrounded by various patterns of built-up urban land. The evaluation of the results was generalized to exponential expressions, affecting the decrease of the mass concentration of fine particles with the increasing distance from the road. The obtained characteristics of the mass concentration fields express the impact of the building geometries and configurations on the dispersion of particulate matter into the environment. These characteristics are presented for two wind speeds, namely, 2 m·s−1 and 4 m·s−1. Furthermore, the characteristics are introduced in relation to three wind directions: perpendicularly, obliquely, and in parallel to the road. The results of the numerical simulations are compared with those obtained via the in-situ measurements, for verification of the validity of the linear emission source calculation.


Lymphocytes need rigidity while in circulation, but must abruptly become deformable to undergo transmigration into tissue. Previously, the control of leukocyte deformability has been attributed to microfilaments or microtubules, but the present studies demonstrate the greater importance of vimentin intermediate filaments (IFs). In circulating T lymphocytes, IFs form a distinctive spherical cage that undergoes a rapid condensation into a juxtanuclear aggregate during chemokine-induced polarization. Measurements of the resistance of peripheral blood T lymphocytes to global deformation demonstrate that their rigidity is primarily dependent on intact vimentin filaments. Microtubules, in contrast, are not sufficient to maintain rigidity. Thus, vimentin IFs are a primary source of structural support in circulating human lymphocytes, and their regulated collapse is likely to be an essential element in chemokine-induced transendothelial migration.


Chordomas are rare malignant tumors arising from embryonic remnants of notochord. The usual location is the axial skeleton, with the commonest sites being, clivus and sacrococcygeal region. Naso maxillary region is a very rare site for chordomas. We present a case of chordoma in Cranio Maxillofacial Surgery of the clivus treated with surgery and radiotherapy ten years previously, who reported with an extensive secondary lesion in the maxilla and nasal cavity. Surgical management of this case is demonstrated. The question of whether the maxillary lesion represents a metastasis or a surgical pathway recurrence is discussed. The factors such as the amount of normal tissue between the original tumor and the secondary lesion, presence or absence of recognizable lymphatic or perineural pathway of spread, presence or absence of other metastatic lesions are important in distinguishing marginal recurrences from surgical pathway recurrences. Modifications of surgical, chemotherapy(2) and radiotherapy regimens are considered in the light of the aforementioned factors.


Political institutions or practices are usually defined in contrast to legal or moral institutions or practices. All three terms have shifting meanings. I consider the ways in which the American jury trial can be considered a political institution in light of these possible contrasts. I describe the way in which Hannah Arendt, probably the most important political philosopher of the twentieth century (and a lover of such distinctions), changed her view of the contrast between the legal and the political, initially formed by consideration of law in the Third Reich, after her own experience as an American juror. I then review the ways in which the linguistic practices in which we actually engage at trial can be understood as political. Finally, I discuss two recent attempts to revitalize the American criminal jury as a political institution, those of the late William Stuntz and political scientist Albert Dzur.