Some new N-alkoxycarbonyl-N′′-benzoyl-benzamidrazones (p-toluamidrazones) 3a–3d, and 1,3,5-trisubstituted 1,2,4-triazole 4a–4h derivatives by starting from N-benzoylbenzimidates or N-benzoyl-p-toluimidates. The structures of compounds 3 and 4 were established on the basis of elemental analyses, IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and UV data. Antimicrobial experiments of the compounds performed by using agar-well diffusion and broth microdilution methods revealed that only compounds 3a–3d, 4a and 4b showed inhibitory effect only on Candida albicans ATCC 60193. However, compound 4b had also specific antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. The other compounds showed neither antifungal nor antibacterial activities. Compounds 3a, 4a and 4b have been screened on three human tumor cell lines, breast cancer (MCF7), non small cell lung cancer (NCI-H460), and CNS cancer (SF-268) at the National Cancer Institute (NCI), USA, which were found to exhibit low antiproliferative activity.


Newlands, Anne. Emily Carr, an Introduction to Her Life and Art . Toronto: Firefly Books, 1996. Print. Engaging, attractively formatted and printed with an eye for good reproduction quality, Emily Carr, an Introduction to Her Life and Art places the images of Carr's paintings within pages with a satisfying field of white space in equilibrium with a judicious amount of text. A well chosen selection of Carr's most accessible and emblematic works adeptly capture both the variation of the expression, different periods and subjects of focus during Carr's career as an artist. Newlands commits much of the text to an insightful level of historical and personal context for Carr's life and experiences, enhancing the accessibility of the images and providing the reader with a robust understanding of the changing focus and techniques in Carr's work and its significance to Canadian culture. Photographic images of Carr at her most iconic and living in her assortment of strange shacks in the forest (best secret hideouts ever) are sure to capture the imagination of younger readers. A very astute editorial choice was made to enhance the young reader's understanding of Carr's work and her commitment to learning and practice by including the more casual sketches and illustrative journal entries that Carr made throughout her life. The inclusion of these more unstructured and personal images contribute to a strong sense of the consistency of the creative impulses that motivated Carr and of her personal perspectives and level of commitment to her work. It is also a constructive way to introduce younger readers and artists to less formalized and accessible modes of expression and a deeper understanding of the effort and diverse mediums and approaches inherent in the individual creative process. Newlands, a skilled and dedicated art educator who has devoted her talent to promoting Canadian art and artists, doesn't hesitate to use awestruck, personalized and poetic language in discussing Carr's life and work. Her enthusiasm for her subject is evident, clearly communicated and compelling. Highly Recommended: 4 out of 4 stars Reviewer: Matilda Roche


understand for students taking them for first time. This is due to nature of the subjects which involve many areas and disciplines. The introduction of generalpurpose simulation package has helped the student a step further in understanding this subject. However, because of the generality of these tools and their drag-anddrop and ad-hoc features, the students still face problems in designing a converter circuit. In this paper, the problem above is addressed by introducing a learning aid tool that guides the student over prescribed steps to design a power electronics circuit. The tool is knowledge-based system where its knowledge base encompasses two types of knowledge; topologies and switching devices. The first step in the design procedure is the selection of the application of the desired circuit. Then few steps are to be followed to come out with the appropriate topology with the optimum switching devices and parameters. System structure, its different modules and the detailed design procedure are explained in this paper


Personae-Ezra Pound 2001 If the invention of literary modernism is usually attributed to Joyce, Eliot and Pound, it was Pound's personality and position in the artistic world that enabled the experiment to transform itself into an international movement. In 1926 Pound brought together the body of his shorter poems into a definitive collection which would illustrate the hallmarks of the new style. This collection, where Pound presented himself in a variety of characters or 'masks', was called Personae. In 1926, Personae's publication gave solidity to a movement; today the work stands as one of the classic texts of the twentieth century.


Objective: To compare the nutritional status of schoolchildren according to three different reference curves. Methods: The weight and height of 181 children aged 5-10 years were obtained from a database for the nutritional surveillance of schoolchildren from Paqueta Island, RJ, Brazil, which had been designed in compliance with recommendations of the Brazilian Food and Nutrition Surveillance System (Sistema de Vigilância Alimentar e Nutricional, Sisvan). Bland-Altman plot and deviation ratios were used to produce profiles of agreement between pairs of nutritional assessment references using body mass index values. Cutoff values of the following standards were used in order to determine the prevalence of overweight and weight and height deficit: Cole, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and Conde & Monteiro. Results: The prevalence rates for obesity in girls were similar using the Cole and Conde & Monteiro (3.1%) cutoffs, but the prevalence rate according to the CDC standard was significantly lower (2.0%). For boys, the prevalence of obesity using the Conde & Monteiro cutoff (4.8%) was lower than the rates obtained using the cutoffs suggested by Cole (7.2%) and by the CDC (7.2%). Conclusions: These results suggest that the choice of the Brazilian reference curve (Conde & Monteiro) does not impair the comparison with other international standards, particularly for obesity in male schoolchildren.


Just before Christmas, the U.S. government announced that a biosecurity advisory board had asked two research teams to strike key details from papers in press at Science and Nature . The studies describe how researchers made the deadly H5N1 avian influenza virus more transmissible between mammals—possibly providing a blueprint on how to set off a flu pandemic. The researchers and the journals agreed, but only if the U.S. government comes up with a system that allows "responsible" scientists to see the deleted information, which public health experts say could be crucial to monitoring H5N1 outbreaks and developing drugs and vaccines. The unprecedented decision by the National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity has sparked fierce criticism and strong support.


Pyrogenic carbon (PyC) is a polyaromatic residue of the incomplete combustion of biomass or fossil fuels. There is a growing recognition that PyC forms an important part of carbon budgets, due to production rates of 116–385 Tg C yr, and the size and ubiquity of PyC stocks in global carbon reservoirs. At least a proportion of PyC exists in a highly recalcitrant chemical form, raising the prospect of long-term carbon sequestration through soil amendment with "biochar," which is generally produced with the aim of making a particularly recalcitrant form of PyC. However, there is growing evidence that some PyC, including biochar, can be both physically and chemically altered and degraded upon exposure to the environment over annual timescales, yet there is a lack of information concerning the mechanisms and determining factors of degradation. Here, we investigate three main factors; production temperature, feedstock composition, and the characteristics of the environment to which the material is exposed (e.g., pH, organic matter composition, oxygen availability) by analysis of biochar samples in a litterbag experiment before and after a year-long field study in the tropical rainforests of northeast Australia. We find that non-lignocellulosic feedstock has lower aromaticity, plus lower O/C and H/C ratios for a given temperature, and consequently lower carbon sequestration potential. The rate at which samples are altered is production temperature-dependant; however even in the highest temperature samples loss of the semi-labile aromatic carbon component is observed over 1 year. The results of 13C-MAS-NMR measurements suggest that direct oxygenation of aromatic structures may be even more important than carboxylation in environmental alteration of biochar (as a subset of PyC). There is a clear effect of depositional environment on biochar alteration even after the relatively short timescale of this study, as changes are most extensive in the most oxygenated material that was exposed on the soil surface. This is most likely the result of mineral ingress and colonization by soil microbiota. Consequently, oxygen availability and physical or chemical protection from sunlight and/or rainwater is vital in determining the alteration trajectory of this material.


In the past, depth psychology has largely confined its reflections upon animals to human dreams and encounters. In "Minding the Animal Psyche", "Spring: A Journal of Archetype and Culture", seeks to greatly broaden this inquiry, turning the psychological eye from its inward gaze to honour and explore the psyches of our animal kin and the mutual interrelationships that exist among species. As our global society moves from anthropocentrism to ecocentricism, individuation of the ecopsyche mandates that we reflect on what animals bring into our lives and what we bring to the psyches of the animals with which we live. Psychology's acknowledgement of the animal psyche - in the same way that we do with the human psyche - represents a dramatic, expansive shift and an exciting opportunity to bring insights from animal-oriented disciplines to depth psychology.


This book enables professors to incorporate international and comparative law perspectives into the basic copyright course, by serving as a companion text to accompany any of the basic copyright law casebooks. The materials are drawn from a variety of common law and civil law systems. Among the topics covered are copyrightable subject matter, authorship and ownership determinations, moral rights, rental and lending rights, fair use/fair dealing, contributory liability, and first sale/exhaustion of rights. All readings are accompanied by supplementary notes and questions designed to facilitate comparisons and stimulate policy discussions. For more information visit the companion site .


In an all-optical wide area network, some network nodes may handle heavier volumes of traffic. It is desirable to allocate more full-range wavelength converters (FWCs) to these nodes, so that the FWCs can be fully utilized to resolve wavelength conflict. We propose a set of algorithms for allocating FWCs in all-optical networks. We adopt the simulation-based optimization approach, in which we collect utilization statistics of FWCs from computer simulations and then perform optimization to allocate the FWCs. Therefore, our algorithms are widely applicable and they are not restricted to any particular model or assumption. We have conducted extensive computer simulations on regular and irregular networks under both uniform and nonuniform traffic. Compared with the best existing allocation, the results show that our algorithms can significantly reduce: (1) the overall blocking probability (i.e., better mean quality of service) and (2) the maximum of the blocking probabilities experienced at all the source nodes (i.e., better fairness). Equivalently, for a given performance requirement on blocking probability, our algorithms can significantly reduce the number of FWCs required.


The proposed Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) procedure is an improved methodology for pavement design and evaluation of paving materials. Since this new procedure depends heavily on the characterization of the fundamental engineering properties of paving materials, a thorough material characterization of mixes used in Virginia is needed to use the MEPDG to design new and rehabilitated flexible pavements. The primary objective of this project was to perform a full hot-mix asphalt (HMA) characterization in accordance with the procedure established by the proposed MEPDG to support its implementation in Virginia. This objective was achieved by testing a sample of surface, intermediate, and base mixes. The project examined the dynamic modulus, the main HMA material property required by the MEPDG, as well as creep compliance and tensile strength, which are needed to predict thermal cracking. In addition, resilient modulus tests, which are not required by the MEPDG, were also performed on the different mixes to investigate possible correlations between this test and the dynamic modulus. Loose samples for 11 mixes (4 base, 4 intermediate, and 3 surface mixes) were collected from different plants across Virginia. Representative samples underwent testing for maximum theoretical specific gravity, asphalt content using the ignition oven method, and gradation of the reclaimed aggregate. Specimens for the various tests were then prepared using the Superpave gyratory compactor with a target voids in total mix (VTM) of 7% ± 1% (after coring and/or cutting). The investigation confirmed that the dynamic modulus test is an effective test for determining the mechanical behavior of HMA at different temperatures and loading frequencies. The test results showed that the dynamic modulus is sensitive to the mix constituents (aggregate type, asphalt content, percentage of recycled asphalt pavement, etc.) and that even mixes of the same type (SM-9.5A, IM-19.0A, and BM-25.0) had different measured dynamic modulus values because they had different constituents. The level 2 dynamic modulus prediction equation reasonably estimated the measured dynamic modulus; however, it did not capture some of the differences between the mixes captured by the measured data. Unfortunately, the indirect tension strength and creep tests needed for the low-temperature cracking model did not produce very repeatable results; this could be due to the type of extensometers used for the test. Based on the results of the investigation, it is recommended that the Virginia Department of Transportation use level 1 input data to characterize the dynamic modulus of the HMA for projects of significant impact. The dynamic modulus test is easy to perform and gives a full characterization of the asphalt mixture. Level 2 data (based on the default prediction equation) could be used for smaller projects pending further investigation of the revised prediction equation incorporated in the new MEPDG software/guide. In addition, a sensitivity analysis is recommended to quantify the effect of changing the dynamic modulus on the asphalt pavement design. Since low-temperature cracking is not a widespread problem in Virginia, use of level 2 or 3 indirect tensile creep and strength data is recommended at this stage.


Bringing systemic thinking into design education—and practice—takes many forms. Work described at previous RSD conferences (e.g. Sevaldson 2017), and in the wider community around systemic design, cybernetics, and related fields such as transition design, has emphasized the value and importance of particular systems concepts and approaches, from the leverage points and stocks, flows, and buffers of Donella Meadows (2008), to the conversation models of Dubberly and Pangaro (e.g. 2015), the materials mapping of Aguirre Ulloa and Paulsen (2017), and the visual approaches of Boehnert (2018). There is, taking a systemic perspective, probably no 'right' set of concepts to teach or learn, only a repertoire or vocabulary (Lockton & Candy, 2018)—a requisite variety—of methods, tools, or lenses for examining and exploring systems at different levels of resolution and with different purposes and goals in mind; "All models are wrong, but some are useful" (Box & Draper, 1987).

Among other useful concepts, one pair of ideas from the systems and psychiatry milieu of the 1960s and 70s has proved applicable in provoking design students to consider systemic effects in relation to aspects of interaction with digital technology in everyday life, and enabling new kinds of analyses: R.D. Laing's concept of knots (1970) and Gregory Bateson's notion of the double bind (1972). Although originally developed and presented in very different circumstances, the two concepts have certain synergies that make them valuable 'tools for thinking' about systems, and can be applied practically to people's role in contemporary technological examples including issues of data protection, social media, 'smart' homes, behavioural targeting, and design for behaviour change, as well as other topics within design practice such as contextual research with participants, and participatory design.

To summarise the concepts briefly in this abstract: Laing's Knots is a curious 1970 publication, a slim book formatted in the form of a volume of poetry, which contains a collection of patterns of human thinking, metacognition, and theory of mind that Laing had noticed in his work as a psychiatrist, and turned into abstracted (but still often poignant) examples. Many of them involve one person reasoning about how another person thinks, or trying to unravel the complexity of, or causalities within, a situation, and there is a good deal of 'second-order' thinking present.

These knots are essentially about people trying to understand what someone else understands about them, or in our terms, how someone understands their relationship with a system. But that understanding changes how they relate to the system, and the system in turn then changes the relationship, and a tangle or knot emerges.

For instance, the book starts with:

"They are playing a game. They are playing at not playing a game. If I show them I see they are, I shall break the rules and they will punish me. I must play their game, of not seeing I see the game." (Laing, 1970)

Some later patterns verge into forms of concrete poetry which are essentially systems diagrams (e.g. Figure 1), and it is this way into using the concept of 'knots' which proved especially useful in an exploratory Master's level class called Experimenting with Design, taught at Carnegie Mellon for the first time in 2017. Students were introduced to knots through extracts from the book, and challenged to find (and construct) examples of analogous situations in people's everyday interactions with technology.

For example, in Figure 2, a 'new knot' around data sharing and personalization in smart homes is presented (building on ideas from Fantini van Ditmar & Lockton, 2015). Figure 3 shows a knot approach to a common issue in design for behaviour change—a perceived collective action problem.

Students applied the 'knot' principle in conjunction with Bateson's concept of the double bind. In this context, it refers to dilemmas, situations where someone feels—or experiences— being pulled or pushed (metaphorically) in two contradictory directions at once (causing stress, unhappiness, or decision paralysis).

More precisely, it describes situations where the 'rules' of how to act within a system seem to be mutually self-contradictory and any action taken in one direction causes more problems in the other (paralleling aspects of wicked problems, particularly Conklin's (2006) interpretation). To use an example that students raised, they know they 'should' eat more healthily (taking time to prepare), but they also know they 'should' spend as much time as possible working. Often the contradiction occurs because each framing of 'the problem' is operating at different level of the system, and so uncovering double binds as experienced by people living 'within the system' can be a route into understanding how to intervene, or at the very least to map the system from the perspectives of the participants.

In the conference presentation and subsequent paper, I will develop both the theory behind these concepts and how they fit with systemic design, and also discuss practical examples of how students applied the ideas to explore systems perspectives on topics including Facebook targeting advertising, culture around food and fashion, and design for sustainable behaviour. I will also offer some tentative methods for how knots and double binds can be used within participatory design processes and user research with a systemic design focus.


We define a model for a system of automatic vehicles (cybercars) circulating on arbitrary planar closed road-networks. The demands for transportation arrive according to a Poisson flow. The diffusion of cybercars along the network is influenced by Coulomb forces, determined by the distribution of clients in the system. This model is implemented numerically on a had-hoc graphical interface, using Monte-Carlo methods. In this way the the Coulomb forces algorithm, used to optimize the service, seems to be quite efficient. Preliminary numerical results are presented for this model, together with a phase diagram.


This work provides an overview on applicability of 12 principles of green chemistry. Green chemistry is a term that indicates the creation of chemical products and procedures that reduces the use and production of harmful materials. The goals of green chemistry for protecting the environment can be achieved via several main directions. Some of them are bio-catalysis, use of alternative repeatable raw materials (biomass), alternative reaction solution (such as ionic liquids, supercritical fluids, water), alternative reaction circumstances (microwave activation) as well as to new photocatalytic reactions. Moreover, keep natural resources on earth without using harmful materials is the main objective of green chemistry. By changing patterns of consumption and production, steps are being taken to decrease the pollution and harmful waste, which considered being one of the important goals of green chemistry. Also, it was found that, it is so serious to develop alternative technologies that are safer for both human health and the environment to prevent any further damage to human health and the environment such as reducing release of dangerous chemicals to air leading to reduce damage to lungs. In addition, design safer chemical found to be a good opportunity to improve some chemical methods via producing cleaner and cheaper products in industrial processes when harmful chemicals are replacing with biological enzymes. For all the reasons outlined here, in this review, 12 principles of green chemistry are outlined with their applications, where shows how green chemistry reduces the impact of chemical processes on the environment and how their benefit can be achieved. And, also disadvantages of 12 principles are discussed, as well.


Electron beam irradiation by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a common and effective method for post-synthesis defect engineering in two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs). Combining density functional theory (DFT) with relativistic scattering theory, we simulate the generation of such defects in monolayer group-VI TMDs, MoS2, WS2, MoSe2, and WSe2, focusing on two fundamental TEM-induced atomic displacement processes: chalcogen sputtering and chalcogen vacancy migration. Our calculations show that the activation energies of chalcogen sputtering depend primarily on the chalcogen species, and are smaller in selenides than in sulfides. Meanwhile, chalcogen vacancy migration activation energies hinge on the transition metal species, being smaller in TMDs containing Mo. Incorporating these energies into a relativistic, temperature-dependent cross section, we predict that, with appropriate TEM energies and temperatures, one can induce migrations in all four group-VI TMDs without simultaneously producing vacancies at a significant rate. This can allow for the formation of complicated defects and extended patterns, and thus, for the controlled manipulation of TMD crystals for targeted functionality, without the risk of substantial collateral damage.

publisher-specific, author manuscript: http://rsc.li/journals-terms-of-use


Economic Morality and Jewish Law compares the way in which welfare economics and Jewish law determine the propriety of an economic action, whether by a private citizen or the government. Espousing what philosophers would call a consequentialist ethical system, welfare economics evaluates the worthiness of an economic action based on whether the action would increase the wealth of society in the long run. In sharp contrast, Jewish law espouses a deontological system of ethics. Within this ethical system, the determination of the propriety of an action is entirely a matter of discovering the applicable rule in Judaism's code of ethics. This volume explores a variety of issues implicating morality for both individual commercial activity and economic public policy. Issues examined include price controls, the living wage, the lemons problem, short selling, and Ronald Coase's seminal theories on negative externalities. To provide an analytic framework for the study of these issues, the work first delineates the normative theories behind the concept of economic morality for welfare economics and Jewish law, and presents a case study illustrating the deontological nature of Jewish law. The book introduces what for many readers will be a new perspective on familiar economic issues. Despite the very different approaches of welfare economics and Jewish law in evaluating the worthiness of an economic action, the author reveals a remarkable symmetry between the two systems in their ultimate prescriptions for certain economic issues. Available in OSO:


: Branching processes have been subject of intense and fascinating studies for a long time. In my talk I will present two problems in order to highlight their rich structure and various technical approaches in the intersection of probability and analysis. Firstly, I will present results concerning a branching random walk with the time-inhomogeneous branching law. We consider a system of particles, which at the end of each time unit produce offspring randomly and independently. The branching law, determining the number and locations of the offspring is the same for all particles in a given generation. Until recently, a common assumption was that the branching law does not change over time. In a pioneering work, Fang and Zeitouni (2010) considered a process with two macroscopic time intervals with different branching laws. In my talk I will present the results when the branching law varies at mesoscopic and microscopic scales. In arguably the most interesting case, when the branching law is sampled randomly for every step, I will present a quenched result with detailed asymptotics of the maximal particle. Interestingly, the disorder has a slowing-down effect manifesting itself on the log level. Secondly, I will turn to the classical branching Brownian motion. Let us assume that particles move according to a Brownian motion with drift ? and split with intensity 1. It is well-know that for ??2? the system escapes to infinity, thus the overall minimum is well-defined. In order to understand it better, we modify the process such that the particles are absorbed at position 0. I will present the results concerning the law of the number of absorbed particles N. In particular I will concentrate on P(N=0) and the maximal exponential moment of N. This reveals new deep connections with the FKPP equation. Finally, I will also consider ?2?<?<2? and Nxt the number of particles absorbed until the time t when the system starts from x. In this case I will show the convergence to the traveling wave solution of the FKPP equation for an appropriate choice of x,t?>?. The results were obtained jointly with B. Mallein and with J.


Abstract The widespread availability of digitized premodern textual sources – together with increasingly sophisticated means for their manipulation – has brought enormous practical benefits to scholars whose work relies upon reference to their contents. While great progress has been made with the construction of ever more comprehensive database systems and archives, far more remains not only possible but also realistically achievable in the near future. This paper discusses some of the key challenges faced, and progress made towards solving them, in the context of a widely used open digital platform attempting to expand the range of digitized sources available while simultaneously increasing the scope of meaningful tasks that can be performed with them computationally. This paper aims to suggest how seemingly simple human-mediated additions to the digitized historical record – when combined with the power of digital systems to repeatedly perform mechanical tasks at enormous scales – quickly lead to transformative changes in the feasible scope of computational analysis of premodern writing.


In this work, low-cost, portable microcontroller based electronic queue control (EQC) systems have been developed for the purpose of controlling queue in banking, hotel reservation counter, ticket counter, insurance company, customer service center etc. The aim of the designed systems is to maintain a queue with order and efficiency. Two different queue control systems have been implemented with slightly different features. In EQC system-1, a general display has been used for displaying token number and service counter number whereas in EQC system-2, each token number has been displayed individually in each service counter with separate displays. In the both systems, each customer has to collect a token and then will be served whenever the token number is displayed. The systems were designed around a 16F72 IC, a low-cost 8-bit PIC microcontroller and entirely software controlled. The control programs have been developed using the PIC assembly language. Finally, the systems have been tested under different conditions to evaluate their performance.


Since the turn of the twentieth century field recording, a practice based upon recording the sounds of a given environment, species or phenomena, has increasingly moved from hobbyist, science and ethnomusicology traditions, towards an artistic practice in its own right. Today it represents a key facet within contemporary sound art praxis and discourse, whilst continuing to cross-pollinate geographic, cultural, social science and anthropological studies. Built upon the persuasive foundations of an ecologically engaged practice, field recording - whether for science or art - is deemed an unobtrusive act of conservation or design, with little or no apparent consequences. Does this mean "the field" should be granted political, aesthetic or ethical immunity? If the extraction of sound from an environment or species may not be mining a finite resource, nor for that matter leaving a tangible footprint, perhaps we have to be more imaginative, more disruptive, even more absurd in how the practice is critically unpicked?

This paper will propose a new methodological schema for field recording in light of 2008's global economic crash and its protracted socio-cultural fallout. Through personal and practice-based reflection I will draw parallels between field recording and banking bubbles; preservation and consumerism; silence and hegemony; sound and oil. Inspired by the ethnographic crisis of the mid to late 1970's, I intend to inflict a similar state of emergency upon my own practice and its broader contexts.


This article presents a comparative analysis of possible postponement strategies in a two-stage decision model where firms make three decisions: capacity investment, production (inventory) quantity, and price. Typically, investments are made while the demand curve is uncertain. The strategies differ in the timing of the operational decisions relative to the realization of uncertainty. We show how competition, uncertainty, and the timing of operational decisions influence the strategic investment decision of the firm and its value. In contrast to production postponement, price postponement makes the investment and production (inventory) decisions relatively insensitive to uncertainty. This suggests that managers can make optimal capacity decisions by deterministic reasoning if they have some price flexibility. Under price postponement, additional postponement of production has relatively small incremental value. Therefore, it may be worthwhile to consider flexible ex-post pricing before production postponement reengineering. While more postponement increases firm value, it is counterintuitive that this also makes the optimal capacity decision more sensitive to uncertainty. We highlight the different impact of more timely information, which leads to higher investment and inventories, and of reduced demand uncertainty, which decreases investment and inventories. Our analysis suggests appropriateness conditions for simple make-to-stock and make-to-order strategies. We also present technical sufficiency and uniqueness conditions. Under price postponement, these results extend to oligopolistic and perfect competition for which pure equilibria are derived. Interestingly, the relative value of operational postponement techniques seems to increase as the industry becomes more competitive.


No one universally accepted model of pegmatite genesis has yet emerged that satisfactorily explains all the diverse features of granitic pegmatites. Genesis from residual melts derived from the crystallization of granitic plutons is favoured by most researchers. Incompatible components, fluxes, volatiles and rare elements, are enriched in the residual melts. The presence of fluxes and volatiles, which lower the crystallization temperature, decrease nucleation rates, melt polymerization and viscosity, and increase diffusion rates and solubility, are considered to be critical to the development of large crystals. A number of new concepts have shed light on problems related to pegmatite genesis. Cooling rates calculated from thermal cooling models demonstrate that shallow-level pegmatites cool radically more rapidly than previously believed. Rapid cooling rates for pegmatites represent a quantum shift from the widely held view that the large crystals found in pegmatites are the result of very slow rates of cooling and crystal growth. Experimental and field evidence both suggest that undercooling and disequilibrium crystallization dominate pegmatite crystallization. London's constitutional zone refining model of pegmatite evolution involves disequilibrium crystallization from an undercooled, flux-bearing granitic melt. The melt is not necessarily flux–rich and the model does not require the presence of an aqueous vapor phase. Experimental studies of volatileand flux-rich melts and fluid inclusion studies suggest that volatile-rich silicate melts may persist to temperatures well below 500 ◦C and even down to 350 ◦C. Studies of melt inclusions and fluid inclusions have led some researchers to suggest that the role of immiscible fluids must be considered in any model regarding pegmatite genesis. Fluid saturation is thought to occur early in the crystallization history of pegmatites. Two types of melt inclusions along with primary fluid inclusions have been found coexisting in pegmatite minerals. Advances by Petr Černý in pegmatite classification are in wide use and the fractionation trends of Nb, Ta and other HFSE and K, Rb, Cs, Li, Ga and Tl are now well understood. How pegmatitic melts are produced, the types of source rocks involved and how melt generation relates to plate tectonic models are challenging areas for future investigations. Also, the roles of regional zoning, anatexis, and chemical quenching in pegmatite genesis are areas for future pegmatite research. Key-words: pegmatite, pegmatite genesis, thermal modelling, chemical quench, classification, regional zoning.


Revisionism is the view that we would do well to distinguish between what we think about moral responsibility and what we ought to think about it, that the former is in some important sense implausible and conflicts with the latter, and so we should revise our concept of moral responsibility accordingly. There are three main challenges for a successful revisionist account of moral responsibility: (i) it must meet the diagnostic challenge of identifying our folk concept and provide good reason to think that significant features of this concept are implausible, (ii) it must meet the motivational challenge and explain why, in light of this implausibility, our folk concept ought to be revised rather than eliminated, and (iii) it must meet the prescriptive challenge and provide an account of how, all things considered, we ought to revise our thinking about moral responsibility. In order to meet (iii) revisionism must provide a prescriptive account of responsibility that is free of the problematic features of our folk concept identified in meeting the diagnostic challenge, is naturalistically plausible, normatively adequate, and justifies our continued participation in the practice of moral praising and blaming. So, while the first of these three challenges is primarily concerned with the nature of our concepts, the latter two move to questions about whether or not, to use Dennett's terms, we can defend and accept an account of moral responsibility "worth wanting." In my dissertation I raise a new problem for revisionism, the normativity-anchoring problem. The heart of this problem is that the methodological commitments used to motivate revisionism and distinguish the view from conventional theorizing about moral responsibility make it uniquely difficult for revisionists to justify our continued participation in the practice of moral praising and blaming. Following Manuel Vargas, who has thus far developed and defended the view most rigorously, revisionists endorse the following skeptical claim: it is possible that our intuitions fail to inform us about what responsibility is, and furthermore we lack good epistemic reasons for thinking that they ever do. For conventional theorists, the fact that a particular account of responsibility best aligns with our refined intuitions, beliefs, and theoretical commitments is reason enough, ceteris paribus, to endorse that view. But revisionists who endorse the skeptical claim must find some alternative method for arguing that their prescriptive account is one that we should in fact endorse. One alternative, suggested by Vargas himself, is to show that the prescriptive account in question justifies our continued participation in the practice of moral praising and blaming, and preserves the "work of the concept." However, I argue that Vargas' own claim that the prescriptive account he offers promotes an independently valuable form of agency fails to bridge the gap between axiological claims about value and normative claims about how we should treat responsible agents. Moreover, bridging this gap looks to be a serious problem for any form of revisionism which shares the methodological commitments used to motivate the view thus far, and so further development of revisionism requires having a solution to the normativity-anchoring problem in hand. I go on to develop a new revisionist strategy that avoids the normativity-anchoring problem. I propose and defend a new methodological assumption (hereafter referred to as MAP) that I argue revisionists can and should accept, capable of preserving the skeptical spirit of revisionism while identifying a particular class of intuitions about moral responsibility as having a privileged epistemic status. In particular, I argue that revisionists can and should accept that widespread judgments about responsibility generated by concrete cases which elicit a strong affective response in the person making the judgment have a privileged epistemic status in our responsibility theorizing. My arguments in support of this assumption depend on an analogy between the responsibility judgments in question and the kinds of paradigmatic judgments which constrain our ethical theorizing more generally. Having established this analogy I then offer a series of companions in guilt style arguments for the claim that the epistemic status of these two kinds of judgments should stand and fall together. I conclude that the responsibility judgments in question should ultimately share the privileged status of the paradigmatic ethical judgments in question, and thus play an evidentiary role in our theorizing about moral responsibility. If these arguments are successful then acceptance of the methodological assumption I defend allows revisionists to avoid the normativity-anchoring problem while preserving the unique methodological spirit which motivates revisionism and sets it apart from conventional theorizing about moral responsibility. TOWARDS A REVISIONIST ACCOUNT OF MORAL RESPONSIBILITY Kelly McCormick B.A. Colgate University 2006 DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Philosophy Syracuse University June 2013 Copyright © Kelly Anne McCormick 2013 All Rights Reserved


It is always challenging to simulate, debug or diagnose automated systems. The aim of this paper is to present the development of a convenient tool for reengineering the control system in a complicated industrial wastewater treatment plant. In this project, a PC‐based Human‐Machine Interface (HMI) in conjunction with Petri nets (PN) theory is adopted to develop and simulate the operational process for wastewater treatment. The resultant tool offers many advantages to the reality of the automated control world. It not only reduces the process reengineering time and the cost of error recovery, but also builds a panel of human interface for the process. The discrete event control sequence of wastewater treatment can be easily modeled and evaluated before its build‐up. Furthermore, this PN‐based system can be used as an online diagnostic tool when the wastewater treatment process is malfunctioning. That is, the presented PN tool provides an adequate means for offline process development, simulation, performance evaluation, and quick online process diagnosis. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society


Construct3D is a three dimensional geometry construction tool specifically designed for mathematics and geometry education. It is based on the mobile collaborative augmented reality system "Studierstube". We describe our efforts in developing a system for the improvement of spatial abilities and maximization of transfer of learning. Means of application and integration in mathematics and geometry education at high school as well as university level are being discussed. Anecdotal evidence supports our claim that Construct3D is easy to learn, encourages experimentation with geometric constructions and improves spatial skills.


The mutually-exciting Hawkes process (ME-HP) is a natural choice to model reciprocity , which is an important attribute of continuous-time edge (dyadic) data. However, existing ways of implementing the ME-HP for such data are either inflexible, as the exogenous (background) rate functions are typically constant and the endogenous (excitation) rate functions are specified parametrically, or inefficient, as inference usually relies on Markov chain Monte Carlo methods with high computational costs. To address these limitations, we discuss various approaches to model design, and develop three variants of non-parametric point processes for continuous-time edge modelling (CTEM). The resulting models are highly adaptable as they generate intensity functions through sigmoidal Gaussian processes, and so provide greater modelling flexibility than parametric forms. The models are implemented via a fast variational inference method enabled by a novel edge modelling construction. The superior performance of the proposed CTEM models is demonstrated through extensive experimental evaluations on four real-world continuous-time edge data sets.


The thesis analyses the visual space displayed in pictures, film, television and digital interactive media.

The argument is developed that depictions are informed by the objectives of the artefact as much as by any simple visual correspondence to the observed world. The simple concept of 'realism' is therefore anatomised and a more pragmatic theory proposed which resolves some of the traditional controversies concerning the relation between depiction and vision. This is then applied to the special problems of digital interactive media.

An introductory chapter outlines the topic area and the main argument and provides an initial definition of terms. To provide a foundation for the ensuing arguments, a brief account is given of two existing and contrasted approaches to the notion of space: that of perception science which gives priority to acultural aspects, and that of visual culture which emphasises aspects which are culturally contingent. An existing approach to spatial perception (that of JJ Gibson originating in the 1940s and 50s) is applied to spatial depiction in order to explore the differences between seeing and picturing, and also to emphasise the many different cues for spatial perception beyond those commonly considered (such as binocularity and linear perspective). At this stage a simple framework of depiction is introduced which identifies five components or phases: the objectives of the picture, the idea chosen to embody the objectives, the model (essentially, the visual 'subject matter'), the characteristics of the view and finally the substantive picture or depiction itself. This framework draws attention to the way in which each of the five phases presents an opportunity for decision-making about representation. The framework is used and refined throughout the thesis.

Since pictures are considered in some everyday sense to be 'realistic' (otherwise, in terms of this thesis, they would not count as depictions), the nature of realism is considered at some length. The apparently unitary concept is broken down into several different types of realism and it is argued that, like the different spatial cues, each lends itself to particular objectives intended for the artefact. From these several types, two approaches to realism are identified, one prioritising the creation of a true illusion (that the picture is in fact a scene) and the other (of which there are innumerably more examples both across cultures and over historical time) one which evokes aspects of vision without aiming to exactly imitate the optical stimulus of the scene. Various reasons for the latter approach, and the variety of spatial practices to which it leads, are discussed.

In addition to analysing traditional pictures, computer graphics images are discussed in conjunction with the claims for realism offered by their authors. In the process, informational and affective aspects of picture-making are distinguished, a distinction which it is argued is useful and too seldom made. Discussion of still pictures identifies the evocation of movement (and other aspects of time) as one of the principal motives for departing from attempts at straightforward optical matching. The discussion proceeds to the subject of film where, perhaps surprisingly now that the depiction of movement is possible, the lack of straightforward imitation of the optical is noteworthy again. This is especially true of the relationship between shots rather than within them; the reasons for this are analysed. This reinforces the argument that the spatial form of the fiction film, like that of other kinds of depiction, arises from its objectives, presenting realism once again as a contingent concept.

The separation of depiction into two broad classes – one which aims to negate its own mediation, to seem transparent to what it depicts, and one which presents the fact of depiction ostensively to the viewer – is carried through from still pictures, via film, into a discussion of factual television and finally of digital interactive media. The example of factual television is chosen to emphasise how, despite the similarities between the technologies of film and television, spatial practices within some television genres contrast strongly with those of the mainstream fiction film. By considering historic examples, it is shown that many of the spatial practices now familiar in factual television were gradually expunged from the classical film when the latter became centred on the concerns of narrative fiction. By situating the spaces of interactive media in the context of other kinds of pictorial space, questions are addressed concerning the transferability of spatial usages from traditional media to those which are interactive.

During the thesis the spatial practices of still-picture-making, film and television are characterised as 'mature' and 'expressive' (terms which are defined in the text). By contrast the spatial practices of digital interactive media are seen to be immature and inexpressive. It is argued that this is to some degree inevitable given the context in which interactive media artefacts are made and experienced – the lack of a shared 'language' or languages in any new media. Some of the difficult spatial problems which digital interactive media need to overcome are identified, especially where, as is currently normal, interaction is based on the relation between a pointer and visible objects within a depiction.

The range of existing practice in digital interactive media is classified in a seven-part taxonomy, which again makes use of the objective-idea-model-view-picture framework, and again draws out the difference between self-concealing approaches to depiction and those which offer awareness of depiction as a significant component of the experience. The analysis indicates promising lines of enquiry for the future and emphasises the need for further innovation.

Finally the main arguments are summarised and the thesis concludes with a short discussion of the implications for design arising from the key concepts identified – expressivity and maturity, pragmatism and realism.


Most research exploring possible differences in the prevalence of mental and behavioral health¹ (MBH) problems between urban and rural areas has indicated that there are no differences. Unfortunately, most of this research has measured urbanness-ruralness as a 2-level or dichotomous construct only (i.e., an area is either urban or rural), and researchers have used inconsistent (and sometimes conflicting) definitions for what constitutes an "urban" or "rural" area. In this study, urbanness-ruralness is conceptualized as an expanded categorical construct with the addition of a 3rd point: The frontier area. Surveys were completed by 259 MBH professionals across the urban, rural, and frontier counties of a U.S. state in the intermountain west. Survey items asked about a number of issues related to MBH, including what the professionals perceived to be the most-prevalent MBH problems in their areas. Anxiety was perceived to be a significantly more prevalent problem in urban areas, and substance abuse and domestic violence were perceived to be significantly more prevalent problems in frontier areas. These results suggest that when urbanness-ruralness is conceptualized as an expanded categorical construct (rather than simply a dichotomous one), differences in the perceived prevalence of MBH problems may be found. Language: en


The effect of alum and ferric chloride on the settleability of suspended solids in raw palm oil mill effluent (POME)
was compared with that of natural zeolite and calcium carbonate. This work forms part of our overall research
on minimal discharge technology in the overall management of POME. The results showed that all the flocculants
could effectively reduce more than 80% of the suspended solids but only 40-50% of the COD. The settled volume
after 3-7 hours was generally within 35-50% of the original mixture. The best settleability in increasing order
were at 3 giL ferric chloride, 11 giL alum, 10 giL zeolite and 20 giL calcium carbonate. The fastest settling
rate was obtained with 20 giL calcium carbonate, where settling was almost completed within 2 hours as
compared to more than 20 hours for raw POME. The dosage of zeolite was comparable to the traditional
coagulants. As for calcium carbonate, although the dosage was higher, subsequent disposal or utilisation of the
metalfree sludge solids fits well with our minimal discharge system for POME.


Standard new trade models depict producers as heterogeneous in total factor productivity. In this paper, I adapt the Eaton and Kortum (2002) model of international trade to incorporate tradable intermediate goods and producer heterogeneity in value-added productivity. In equilibrium, this yields a positive relationship between the international trade elasticity and the share of intermediate goods in production. This relationship is absent from the standard model and is driven by the extensive margin of trade. I then use cross-country sectoral data from 1995 to 2010 and estimate the trade elasticity, finding empirical support for this relationship and for the importance of the extensive margin. This model yields results that are similar to those of the standard model with respect to the overall magnitude of gains from trade. Importantly, however, whereas the standard model suggests that gains from trade are higher in sectors that use intermediate goods, I find that this is no longer true under the value-added heterogeneity model.


The number and abundance of diatom species in environmental samples are counted traditionally by means of light microscopy (LM). However, recognizing –let alone, counting- species is often challenging because of the existence of cryptic species and intraspecific phenotypic plasticity. Proper characterization requires isolation of cells, growing them into monoclonal cultures, and characterizing the cultures genetically and morphologically. However, not all species grow in culture, featureless ones are less likely to be isolated, and the procedure is laborious. High-throughput sequencing (HTS) metabarcoding bypasses morphology; DNA is collected from environmental samples, a particular marker sequenced, and the resulting sequences sorted into clusters or terminal clades assumed to represent species. Yet, reference barcodes of taxonomically validated species are needed to identify these clades. This exercise is the main aim of my thesis.

Since it is impossible to do this for all the diversity within a PhD thesis project, we selected Chaetocerotaceae, an abundant and diverse family of marine planktonic diatoms, containing two genera: Chaetoceros and Bacteriastrum . Its members uniquely share setae; thin siliceous tubes emerging from the valve corners, facilitating detection in samples. Strains were obtained from the Gulf of Naples (GoN), from Central Chile and Roscoff – at sites for which LTER time series data are available.
A total of 270 strains were obtained from these sites, and their 18S- and partial 28S rDNA sequences and morphological information gathered. The strains grouped into 60 genetically distinct species, thus providing a dataset of validated Chaetocerotacean 18S reference barcodes. Inferred molecular phylogenies showed monophyletic Chaetocerotaceae as well as monophyletic Bacteriastrum inside paraphyletic Chaetoceros , and the presence of cryptic diversity. To start with taxonomic updates, the species C. sporotruncatus and C. dichatoensis were described within the C. socialis species-complex based on spore morphology and sequence differences. Several rDNA sequences contained spliceosomal introns (ca. 100bp) and/or group-I introns (ca. 400bp). Phylogenies inferred from the introns did not corroborate rDNA phylogenies, suggesting horizontal gene transfer. Presence/absence of introns in conspecific strains sampled in different seasons suggests population differentiation between these seasons.
A HTS dataset consisting of V4-sequences (part of 18S) from 48 seawater samples taken over the seasons in the GoN revealed 76 terminal clades of which 46 grouped with a reference barcode. Some of these species occur year-round whereas most others are seasonal. Surprisingly, of the 30 clades belonging to unknown Chaetocerotacean species, two appear to be among the most abundant in the GoN.


We point out that single electron charging effects such as coulomb blockade (CB) and high-bias staircases play a crucial role in transport through single ultrashort molecules. A treatment of CB through a prototypical molecule, benzene, is developed using a master-equation in its complete many-electron Fock space, evaluated through exact diagonalization or full configuration interaction (CI). This approach can explain a whole class of nontrivial experimental features including vanishing zero bias conductances, sharp current onsets followed by ohmic current rises, and gateable current levels and conductance structures, most of which cannot be captured even qualitatively within the traditional self-consistent field (SCF) approach coupled with perturbative transport theories. By comparing the two approaches, namely SCF and CB, in the limit of weak coupling to the electrode, we establish that the inclusion of strong correlations within the molecule becomes critical in addressing the above experiments. Our approach includes on-bridge correlations fully, and is therefore well-suited for describing transport through short molecules in the limit of weak coupling to electrodes.


The main focus of most programmes in developing countries carried out by NGOs is to develop small-scale farmers' capacities. One approach hereby is to use multi-stakeholder innovation systems, such as the 'Nicaraguan Learning Alliance' (NLA). However, tools for the evaluation of multi-stakeholder innovation systems are rare. This paper reports on the implementation of a conceptual framework to carry out an impact evaluation of multi-stakeholder innovation systems using the NLA as the object of study. The assessment focused on the business relationship constructs of trust and capacity development. Survey interviews, in-depth interviews and focus group discussions collected data from agribusiness stakeholders linked with the NLA and from a control group of stakeholders involved with other networks. The quantitative data were analysed through factor and regression analyses. Results from the quantitative analyses were triangulated with qualitative data. The analysis shows that the NLA has been successful in developing smallholder farmers' capacities as a result of trust developed through its dedicated project managers. Nonetheless, the NLA has not been more successful at developing agribusiness capacities among Nicaraguan farmers than other networks with the same goals. Results from this study point to the need for facilitating more interactions between the different networks of farmers' cooperatives and organisations with other stakeholders already active within the Nicaraguan agrifood innovation system.


Abstract Preservation in the fossil record is never perfect in the sense that we cannot sample all individuals of a given population in time and space. Incomplete detection (i.e., preservation and modern-day sampling of fossils) often affects estimates of other paleobiological parameters of interest, such as occupancy and turnover. Here, I simultaneously model the occupancy and detection probability of taxa, teasing apart the zeros in data that reflect true absences and those that imply non-detection of taxa that were actually present in the space and time of interest. Occupancy modeling, an approach first developed in population ecology, can easily incorporate covariates of interest, such as sampling effort and habitat variables. I use a data set of brachiopod taxa from the Paleozoic to illustrate the utility of this approach for paleontological questions. I demonstrate a range of models, including those that allow colonization between time intervals and those that incorporate facies as site covariates. I also suggest how future data collection can be improved so that process- and sampling-oriented approaches such as occupancy modeling can be applied with ease to paleobiological settings to answer important paleoecological and evolutionary questions.


?Extensive research on alloying aluminium (Al) with zinc (Zn), indium (In) and titanium (Ti) to improve corrosion and wear resistance has been conducted since 1950's to meet the increased demand of Al in construction, automotive, aerospace and food industries in the form of coatings deposited using thermal spraying, hot dipping and cladding. This research has investigated the performance of arc sprayed Al-5wt%Zn-(0.02-0.05wt%)ln and Al-3wt%Ti-0.15wt%C coatings to protect steel structures from corrosion and wear.The accelerated and electrochemical tests conducted on Al-5wt% Zn-(0.02-0.05wt%) In showed that its superior corrosion performance was attributed to the synergetic interaction of Zn and In. Cyclic formation and rupturing of passive Al oxide layer was found to be the underlying mechanism of activation produced by combination of both Zn and In. The presence of In in the corrosion product or on the surface of the coating In was not detected, hence validation of surface enrichment theory was improbable.The micro-scale abrasive wear test showed that the wear coefficient of an arc sprayed Al-3wt%Ti-0.15wt% C coating was found to be very close to that of an arc sprayed 13wt%Cr steel coating with a much higher hardness. This was attributed to the formation of Al[3]Ti and (Ti,Al)C particles due to rapid cooling that takes place in arc spraying . This resulted in precipitation strengthening, explAlning the increase in the hardness of the sprayed Al-3wt%Ti-0.15wt%C coating compared to its feedstock alloy. To establish a mechanism by which the identified phases in the microstructure of arc sprayed Al-3wt%Ti-0.15wt%C alloy coating showed improved hardness and wear resistance than the bulk alloy, growth of identified phases in the coating was promoted by two different heat treatment cycles. The coated samples were held at three chosen temperatures of 150°C, 350°C and 550°C separately for 1 hour and 3 hours, followed by two different cooling regimens; the first involved rapid quenching of samples and the other was room temperature exposure for 5 hours. After both heat treatment cycles; Precipitations of Ti rich high contrast and near spherical brittle phases were observed in the microstructure of Al-3wt%Ti coatings. A reduction in the spread of micro-hardness value with increase in exposure temperature from 150°C to 550°C was also observed.An overall increase in the wear coefficient value of rapidly quenched coatings in comparison to as-sprayed Al-3wt%Ti-0.15wt%C coating was seen. A similar increase in the wear coefficient value was also observed after room temperature cooled coatings. However, an exceptional 15 % reduction in wear coefficient value was seen in the room temperature cooled coating after 3 hours of exposure at 550°C. The role of precipitated phases and possible mechanism of their effect on micro-hardness and wear resistance of Al-3wt%Ti-0.15wt%C alloy coating has also been discussed.


Abstract The effect of extractives removal on liquid sorption, swelling and surface energy properties of unmodified wood (UW) and thermally modified Scots pine heartwood (hW) (TMW) was studied. The extraction was performed by a Soxtec procedure with a series of solvents and the results were observed by the multicycle Wilhelmy plate method, inverse gas chromatography (IGC) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. A significantly lower rate of water uptake was found for the extracted UW, compared with the unextracted one. This is due to a contamination effect in the latter case from water-soluble extractives increasing the capillary flow into the wood voids, proven by the decreased water surface tension. The swelling in water increased after extraction 1.7 and 3 times in the cases of UW and TMW, respectively. The dispersive part of the surface energy was lower for the extracted TMW compared to the other sample groups, indicating an almost complete removal of the extractives. The FTIR spectra of the extracts showed the presence of phenolic compounds but also resin acids and aliphatic compounds.


What is clinical research? Volume 7 examines the growth of clinical research in the UK since the Second World War, including the 1953 Cohen Report and the subsequent creation of the Medical Research Council's Clinical Research Board. Lord Walton of Detchant, as Chairman, guided the discussion on the inter-relationships between the MRC, the NHS, the Royal Colleges, other professional bodies and other funding organizations. Among other issues were the changes imposed by Government policy over the period, the influence of the early clinical research fellowships, growth of clinical career structures, planning of the Clinical Research Centre at Northwick Park, the tropical research units, and the effects of the Rothschild and Dainton reports on funding for clinical research and the role of the Chief Scientist. Participants included: Sir Douglas Black, Sir John Gray, Sir Raymond Hoffenberg, Dr Sheila Howarth, Professor Peter Lachmann, Sir Patrick Nairne, Professor Sir Stanley Peart and Dr Peter Williams. Reynolds L A, Tansey E M. (eds) (2000) Clinical research in Britain, 1950–1980. Wellcome Witnesses to Twentieth Century Medicine, vol. 7. London: The Wellcome Trust, x+74pp, 2 tables, subject and name index. Introduction by Dr David Gordon. [published September 2000]


of the original article: Noam Chomsky and other linguists and psychologists have suggested that human linguistic behavior is somehow governed by a mental representation of a transformational grammar. Challenges to this controversial claim have often been met by invoking an explicitly computational perspective: It makes perfect sense to suppose that a grammar could be represented in the memory of a computational device and that this grammar could govern the device's use of a language. This paper urges, however, that the claim that humans are such a device is unsupported and that it seems unlikely that linguists and psychologists really want to claim any such thing. Evidence for the linguists' original claim is drawn from three main sources: the explanation of language comprehension and other linguistic abilities; evidence for formal properties of the rules of the grammar; and the explanation of language acquisition. It is argued in this paper that none of these sources provides support for the view that the grammar governs language processing in something like the way a program governs the operation of a programmed machine. The computational approach, on the contrary, suggests ways in which linguistic abilities can be explained without the attribution of any explicit representation of rules governing linguistic behavior. Language processing and computer programs


This Article explores the different intellectual and socio-political contexts that attended the emergence of the French, German, and English legal systems with a view to understanding French, German, and English private law from the perspective of the participants in these systems. The French legal system is a child of the Cartesian dualism that marked the Age of Reason, according to which the material world can and ought to be fully dominated by the human intellect. This conception of the relation of facts to ideas arguably is reflected in the structure and design of the French civil code, in such institutional features as the French conception of the role of the judge, as well as in the tendency of French jurists to view contractual consent subjectively. In contrast, the German legal system congealed at a time when Cartesian dualism was losing ground to German idealism. The dialectic conception of facts and ideas favoured by the German idealists arguably made its way into several institutional features of the German legal system, including the content of the BGB, the codification process, the conception of the role of the judge, the style of judicial decisions, and the greater inter-penetration of public and private law. It may also partly explain why German jurists have tended to view contractual consent as simultaneously objective and subjective. Finally, whereas both the French and the German legal systems emerged from highly intellectual contexts, the English legal system grew from a maize of pragmatic political and administrative considerations that left little room for explicit ideas. The emphasis on hard facts still is palpable in many aspects of contemporary English law, in particular, the doctrine of stare decisis, the conception of the judicial function, and the mode of reasoning by analogy. It arguably also is reflected in the tendency of English judges to privilege the objective conception of contractual consent.


The work of the International Defence and Aid Fund (IDAF) conducted between 1956 and 1991 gave rise to a collection of records that traverse 35 years of support work. As a solidarity organisation IDAF provided support to liberation movements in South Africa through their legal and welfare assistance programmes. Equally significant, IDAF also sought to highlight the oppressive machinery of the apartheid government through the deployment of their research, information and publications programmes as a way of creating awareness and 'keeping the conscience of the world alive.' When the administrative records of IDAF were relocated to South Africa, with the Mayibuye Centre for History and Culture as chosen location, they were turned into an archival collection which also became a memorial to IDAF's resistance work located in the foremost anti-apartheid university and politically in a new project that intended to create a museum about apartheid. Later the collection was incorporated into the Robben Island Museum (RIM) through an agreement between the University of the Western Cape (UWC) and the Museum. The dissertation examines the cultural history and the political life of the IDAF archival collection and the processes through which it was made and continues to be remade.


We performed whole-exome sequencing in two autopsy-confirmed cases and an elderly unaffected control from a multigenerational family with autosomal dominant neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (ANCL). A novel single-nucleotide variation (c.344T>G) in the DNAJC5 gene was identified. Mutational screening in an independent family with autosomal dominant ANCL found an in-frame single codon deletion (c.346_348 delCTC) resulting in a deletion of p.Leu116del. These variants fulfill all genetic criteria for disease-causing mutations: they are found in unrelated families with the same disease, exhibit complete segregation between the mutation and the disease, and are absent in healthy controls. In addition, the associated amino acid substitutions are located in evolutionarily highly conserved residues and are predicted to functionally affect the encoded protein (CSPα). The mutations are located in a cysteine-string domain, which is required for membrane targeting/binding, palmitoylation, and oligomerization of CSPα. We performed a comprehensive in silico analysis of the functional and structural impact of both mutations on CSPα. We found that these mutations dramatically decrease the affinity of CSPα for the membrane. We did not identify any significant effect on palmitoylation status of CSPα. However, a reduction of CSPα membrane affinity may change its palmitoylation and affect proper intracellular sorting. We confirm that CSPα has a strong intrinsic aggregation propensity; however, it is not modified by the mutations. A complementary disease-network analysis suggests a potential interaction with other NCLs genes/pathways. This is the first replication study of the identification of DNAJC5 as the disease-causing gene for autosomal dominant ANCL. The identification of the novel gene in ANCL will allow us to gain a better understanding of the pathological mechanism of ANCLs and constitutes a great advance toward the development of new molecular diagnostic tests and may lead to the development of potential therapies.


Abstract There has been a growing interest toward the effective writing instruction in a way to support learners to become confident and independent, making explicit to the students how to go about the learning process can serve to increase learners' strategies, thus improve their motivation. It heightens students' awareness of writing strategies in enhancing their writing quality and quantity. Furthermore, teaching multiple prewriting strategies can be considered as a fruitful platform to embark on the complex process of writing. In this way, the current study aimed to explore the effect of explicit instruction of three prewriting strategies on the learners' writing achievement. To this end, 42 intermediate students participated in this study, 28 students in two experimental groups received a treatment and the results compared to their 14 counterparts in the control group. The results revealed that the explicit instruction of prewriting strategies greatly optimized the writing achievements of students in two experimental groups and proven to be effective in this regard. The findings have some implications for language instruction and suggest that the implementation of explicit strategy instruction by the teacher can make a world of difference for students in the process of learning.


Reflecting changes in the nature of governance, some have questioned whether Public Administration is now an historical anachronism. While a legitimate debate exists between sceptics and optimists, this special issue demonstrates grounds for optimism by indicating the continuing diversity and adaptability of the field of Public Administration. In this introduction, we first sketch the variety of intellectual traditions which comprise the field of modern Public Administration. We then consider institutional challenges facing the subject given considerable pressures towards disciplinary fragmentation, and ideological challenges arising from a new distrust of public provision in the UK. Despite these challenges, Public Administration continues to provide a framework to analyse the practice of government and governance, governing institutions and traditions, and their wider sociological context. It can also directly inform policy reform – even if this endeavour can have its own pitfalls and pratfalls for the 'engaged' academic. We further suggest that, rather than lacking theoretical rigour, new approaches are developing that recognise the structural and political nature of the determinants of public administration. Finally, we highlight the richness of modern comparative work in Public Administration. Researchers can usefully look beyond the Atlantic relationship for theoretical enhancement and also consider more seriously the recursive and complex nature of international pressures on public administration.


This article proposes the principal themes of the psychoanalysis of the adolescent dealt with in the book L'adolescente. Una prospettiva psicoanalitica. This book, was published by a group of collaborators who for many years accompanied Amaldo Novelletto in his clinical and theoretical study of the adolescent psyche. The editors' wish is that this book might bring something new at a time when adolescence is an area of research, stimulation, revisitation and innovation in psychoanalytical study.


In this contribution a layered radio environment map (REM) architecture is designed and applied in the framework of radio-access network optimization for heterogeneous LTE systems that comprise both macrocells and femtocells. We define layer as the hierarchical representation of a geographical area. In each layer, different instances of the same architectural block will have different spatial/temporal granularities, associated with network functionalities. The effectiveness of the proposed architecture to support LTE functions like automatic neighbor relation (ANR) and minimization of drive tests (MDT) is discussed. In addition, we present the benefits of using such architecture in the implementation of these functions along with its potential to bring performance gains.


Introduction As researchers, opportunities to collect qualitative and quantitative data at major events that have vast reach and global following (i.e., 'mega-events') are rare, challenging and resource intensive in nature. This, coupled with the facts that (1) the existing number of true sport mega-events (e.g., Olympic Games, FIFA World Cup, Wimbledon, the Masters, Grey Cup, Commonwealth Games, Super Bowl) is low in relation to the cities seeking to host such events and (2) the resources for research tend to be more readily available around the hosting of a mega-events, renders the occurrence of a mega-event in your home country or region highly important for researchers. Depending on the nature of one's research and the specific mega-event in question, the famous phrase of 'a once in a lifetime opportunity' may fit this situation. Although the first modern Olympic Games were held in 1896, Canada did not host until the Montreal Olympic Summer Games in 1976. Since Montreal, Canada has hosted the Olympic Winter Games twice, in Calgary in 1988 and Vancouver in 2010. Prospects of a second hosting of the Summer Games remain far off as best, following two failed bids by the city of Toronto for the 1996 and 2008 Summer Games. And although speculation currently exists about a Quebec City bid for an upcoming Winter Games for 2022 or perhaps 2026, a competitive bid process would have to be overcome. Some simple math on Canada demonstrates the challenges facing an Olympic researcher. If one considers that a typical researcher career post-doctorate is 30 years in length, then any Canadian researcher who completed his or her doctorate before 1946 or after 1977 would not have had the opportunity to do research on an Olympic Summer Games hosted in Canada. If the researcher's interests were 'niched' towards winter sport, then a researcher who completed his or her doctorate prior to 1958 would not have had the opportunity, although those whose doctorates were completed between 1990 and 2018 would have had access to the Winter Olympic Games twice. Thus, as with any rare opportunity, planning and understanding the nature of such an event is required if one is to maximize the benefits of such opportunity. In the context of hosting an Olympic Games, interest from the public, governments and corporations are high. When considering the amount of public dollars invested in such an event, sport (event) management research becomes essential for a number of reasons including evaluation, policy, legacy and learning. The uniqueness and the scope of an event like Olympic Games also provide access to funding sources that may not otherwise be available for researchers. In this case, timing becomes essential as the Games only last 16 days. This limited timeline requires researchers to properly time pre-, post- and during Games data collections. With this reality as the context, this paper reports on the sport marketing research projects undertaken by the authors during the 2010 Winter Olympic and Paralympic Games. Mega-Events Although there is little written in peer-reviewed sources on mega-events, (1) it is established that they play an important role in an emerging, media-based global culture. (2) Similarly, it is established that mega-events provide vast and influential reach to corporate sponsors and media partners which in turn generates considerable amount of resources. (3) Further, the Product-Country-Image (PCI) literature has demonstrated that major events can positively affect a country's image. (4) Thus, from a research perspective, it is clear that mega-events offer a context that could be described as 'unique' for research learning, methods and analysis. Research at Vancouver 2010 As three researchers, the authors were involved with a variety of research projects related to the Vancouver 2010 Winter Olympic Games organized under four themes (or streams) of research. First, is a line of research related to a large government-funded project (Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada) related to country images and the Olympic Games' ability to improve both global tourist intentions and sponsor images. …


The fluorescence detection technique of incoherent accumulated photon echo is applied to the investigation of animal and human tissues. The correlation between the kind of animal tissue and the dephasing time is determined. The dephasing times of normal and cancerous human tissues are measured by this technique. The cancer tissues exhibit shorter dephasing times than the normal tissues, and this is interpreted as being caused by the large number of conformational substates of cancer tissues. The dephasing time of a benign-tumor tissue is also measured and shows a value similar to that of the normal tissue. The dephasing time of a metastasizing cancer region is also measured. The applicability of photon-echo spectroscopy to diagnosis is noted.


In order to investigate nasal inflammation and subsequent adaptation after ambient ozone exposure, nasal lavage (NL) fluid was collected from 170 schoolchildren on 11 occasions (time points) between March and October. Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), albumin and leukocytes were quantified as markers of nasal inflammation. The highest half-hour outdoor O3 concentration for each individual on the day prior to the NL was used as a measure of exposure (O3indiv). To avoid confounding with exposure to common environmental allergens, the study population was restricted to children without sensitization to inhalant allergens. In the initial period of increased O3 levels in May (time point 4), with a median O3indiv of 135 microg x m(-3) (5th-95th percentile 100-184 microg x m(-3)), the highest medians of all 11 leukocyte and ECP measurements were observed. The highest O3indiv were observed in June at time point 7 (O3indiv 173 microg x m(-3), 5th-95th percentile 120-203 microg x m(-3)). Cross-sectional analysis of all 11 time points revealed no significant association of O3indiv on the one hand and ECP, albumin and leukocyte levels on the other. A multivariable model estimated using generalized estimating equations showed a statistically significant association of O3indiv and leukocytes and ECP as the dependent variable, when time points 1-4 were analysed (p<0.05). In the same model, this association diminished continuously when time points 5-11 were added stepwise, in spite of high O3 exposure. Not even a tendency towards an O3 effect could be recognized when time points 1-8 were considered. The results indicate: 1) acute inflammation of the nasal mucosa after the first increase in ambient ozone levels, with 2) a significant dose-dependent increase in leukocyte and eosinophil cationic protein levels, and 3) possible adaptation of the nasal mucosa in spite of constant high levels of ozone exposure in children during the summer season.


In the industrial countries, the mortality from arteriosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases has been decreased, but they remain the most common circulatory disease. Recently, new tissue engineering technologies such as tissue-engineered blood vessels (TEBV), produced from a patient's own cells, are becoming available to treat these diseases. In order to monitor the quality of TEBV and assess biomechanical properties, a nondestructive and minimally invasive method is necessary. Optical Tomography (OT) is a proper imaging method because it satisfies the above requirements. Besides, the benefits of OT include: low cost, simple design and ultra fast acquisition. The purpose of this project was to develop an ultra-fast 3D OT scanner by using a beam expander and larger-size CCD cameras instead of pencil beam and smaller-size detectors. The new device is capable of imaging an axial section of about 4mm height in one single revolution. The new OT scanner will primarily be used to obtain the biomechanical properties, the geometry and defects of TEBV. The new device was evaluated by using phantom studies and then tested its performance for the thin tissue layer of TEBV, obtained from Cytograft Tissue Engineering. The results show that the new system has the potential to be a low cost, high tissue contrast, rapid and simple scanner.


Mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) early gene expression interferes with the major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC class I) pathway of antigen presentation. Here we identify a 48 kDa type I transmembrane glycoprotein encoded by the MCMV early gene m06, which tightly binds to properly folded β2‐microglobulin (β2m)‐associated MHC class I molecules in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). This association is mediated by the lumenal/transmembrane part of the protein. gp48–MHC class I complexes are transported out of the ER, pass the Golgi, but instead of being expressed on the cell surface, they are redirected to the endocytic route and rapidly degraded in a Lamp‐1+ compartment. As a result, m06‐expressing cells are impaired in presenting antigenic peptides to CD8+ T cells. The cytoplasmic tail of gp48 contains two di‐leucine motifs. Mutation of the membrane‐proximal di‐leucine motif of gp48 restored surface expression of MHC class I, while mutation of the distal one had no effect. The results establish a novel viral mechanism for downregulation of MHC class I molecules by directly binding surface‐destined MHC complexes and exploiting the cellular di‐leucine sorting machinery for lysosomal degradation.


We review international practice in concession-based public private partnerships (PPPs) for highways, in the light of the economic theory of incentives, procurement and regulation. In particular, we analyse alternative funding mechanisms to cover highway costs, and their impact on demand risk allocation, incentives, cost of capital, and likelihood of renegotiation. We note how real tolls must pursue a number of contrasting objectives, which may be best served by introducing tariff discrimination. We discuss alternative tariff regulations used in practice and warn against tariff mechanisms that transfer demand risk to users and depart from the principles of price cap regulation. We highlight that it is desirable to transfer some traffic risk to the concessionaire but the level of risk transfer should be lower at the beginning of the contract, especially for greenfield projects where little demand information is initially available. We discuss the procurement of highway PPPs, focusing on the choice of the bidding variables, and on the distortions that renegotiations introduce at bidding stage. We stress the importance of strong institutions and absence of political interference in regulatory matters, and we highlight the benefit of respecting and standardizing contract terms.


Irrigation is crucial to agriculture in arid and semi-arid areas and significantly contributes to crop development, food diversity and the sustainability of agro-ecosystems. For a specific crop, the separation of its irrigated and rainfed areas is difficult, because their phenology is similar and therefore less distinguishable, especially when there are phenology shifts due to various factors, such as elevation and latitude. In this study, we present a simple, but robust method to map irrigated and rainfed wheat areas in a semi-arid region of China. We used the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) at a 30 × 30 m spatial resolution derived from the Chinese HJ-1A/B (HuanJing(HJ) means environment in Chinese) satellite to create a time series spanning the whole growth period of wheat from September 2010 to July 2011. The maximum NDVI and time-integrated NDVI (TIN) that usually exhibit significant differences between irrigated and rainfed wheat were selected to establish a classification model using a support vector machine (SVM) algorithm. The overall accuracy of the Google-Earth testing samples was 96.0%, indicating that the classification results are accurate. The estimated irrigated-to-rainfed ratio was 4.4:5.6, close to the estimates provided by the agricultural sector in Shanxi Province. Our results illustrate that the SVM classification model can effectively avoid empirical thresholds in supervised classification and realistically capture the magnitude and spatial patterns of rainfed and irrigated wheat areas. The approach in this study can be applied to map irrigated/rainfed areas in other regions when field observational data are available.


The article carries out a review of school management in Spain and its future lines of development, situating the analysis within the current European educational policies. A peculiar history makes the model of election by colleagues, with little autonomy, outdated and incapable of pedagogically leading the educational effort of the school. Throughout the article, there is a presentation of the tensions and dilemmas of the current school management in Spain: instructional leadership versus a leadership more focused on administrative tasks, on the one hand, and a greater capacity to make autonomous decisions versus normative regulation by the educational administration mark the main future tendencies in school management in Spain. The author argues that, duly situated and based on the lessons learned at the national and international levels, educational leadership is a tool that can be used to energize the public educational institutions.


In the 40 years since the original "Sussex Manifesto", the global landscape of science, technology and innovation has altered radically. The emergence of new centres of innovation in many of what were in 1970 grouped as "developing countries" has important implications not only for those interested in maintaining the competitiveness of the more established economic powers, but more importantly for addressing global challenges of poverty alleviation and environmental sustainability. Taking as examples the world's two most populous nations, China and India, this background paper highlights the vital need to consider divergent social, political and economic contexts in understanding the global redistribution of innovation and its consequences both locally and more broadly. Drawing upon ideas, experiences and lessons from each country, the paper points to a number of remaining challenges for redirecting innovation policy towards the goals of equitable development and environmental sustainability. Underlying all of these, it argues, is the need to ensure that mechanisms for open and accountable governance are firmly embedded within - and indeed drive - systems of innovation, enabling more diverse, but currently under-recognised forms of innovation to flourish and ensuring that the dramatic changes in these nations contribute to broader social and environmental goals at multiple levels.


Cemented carbides have a wide application in cutting and forming tools due to their excellent combination of hardness, toughness and wear resistance. In industrial field, hard coatings are always applied on these tool materials in order to improve tribological properties and extend their lifetime. Complicated service conditions involved wear and cyclic contact are normally implied on these materials. Accordingly, surface integrity and mechanical behavior under contact loads for coated hardmetals emerge as critical requirements, from both design and material selection perspectives, if they want to be used effectively in forming tools or structural components.
In this study, the contact mechanical behavior of tool materials (a tool steel and a cemented carbide) coated with distinct ceramic films: AlCrN and WC/C, either as monolayer or bilayer, is studied by means of indentation techniques. Experimental procedure is based on hertzian indentation to analyze the contact response. Both monotonic and cyclic spherical indentation loading conditions are performed in order to observe emergence and evolution of distinct damage modes at the coating surface: circumferential cracking or cohesive failures. These tests are accompanied by an extensive microstructural and mechanical characterization of the coating such as hardness, adhesion resistance or wear resistance.
The results indicate that all the coating/substrate systems evaluated are susceptible to fatigue degradation associated with repetitive contact loading. This is clearly indicated by the presence of more consequent damage under cyclic loading.
Compared with AlCrN coated on tool steel system, AlCrN-WC/Co system revealed a higher critical monotonic load and showed less damage under fatigue test. Moreover a higher adhesive strength is observed for the system in which WC/Co as the substrate. It was ascribed to the harder and stiffer hardmetal as a more supportive substrate for the upward coating.
Concerning the coating effects, the bilayers containing both of DLC and AlCrN have a better damage resistance than the monolayer AlCrN under monotonic indentation. However this advantage was not conserved during the fatigue test. Nevertheless, the bilayer system has a satifactory resistant to adhesive failure, which was considered to be an advantage in sliding or rolling contact pressure application.


This paper presents a concept of sensorless electroacoustic absorber for damping the low-frequency modes in a cavity such as a duct or a room. Taking advantage of the reciprocity of the voice coil transducer, it is shown that a synthetic electrical admittance can be designed so that the loudspeaker diaphragm is matched to a target specific acoustic impedance. This electroacoustic device provides a relatively broadband sound absorption that can be used to dampen room modes regardless of the sound field in which the loudspeaker is located. A digital filter is used to replicate the frequency response of the synthetic load, and a voltage-controlled current source is needed so that the filter is seen as an electrical admittance. Unlike previous attempts to implement the synthetic load using an electrical network, greater flexibility and accuracy can be obtained. Experimental results confirmed the validity of this sensorless electroacoustic absorber (SEA) in a 1D sound field, showing that the dynamic range of the sound pressure level in a duct can be reduced by 15 dB from 50 Hz to 300 Hz compared to a hard surface panel. A discussion on the strengths and limitations of this concept is provided, in particular with a view to employing SEAs for modal equalization in actual listening rooms.


ABSTRACT Earlier interactive improvisation systems have mostly worked with note-level musical events such as pitch, loudness and duration. Timbre is an integral component of the musical language of many improvisers; some recent systems use timbral information in a variety of ways to enhance interactivity. This article describes the timbre-aware ARHS improvisation system, designed in collaboration with saxophonist John Butcher, in the context of recent improvisation systems that incorporate timbral information. Common practices in audio feature extraction, performance state characterization and management, response synthesis and control of improvising agents are summarized and compared.


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China is faced with urgent needs to develop an economically and environmentally sustainable economy based on innovation and knowledge. Brain circulation and research and business investments from the outside are central for this development. Sino-American brain circulation and research and investment by overseas researchers and entrepreneurs are well described. In that case, the US is the centre of global R&D and S&T. However, the brain circulation and research and investments between a small open Scandinavian economy, such as Denmark, and the huge developing economy of China are not well understood. In this case, Denmark is very highly developed, but a satellite in the global R&D and S&T system. With time and the growth of China as a R&D and S&T power house, both Denmark and China will benefit from brain circulation between them. Such brain circulation is likely to play a key role in flows of knowledge, technology and investments between Denmark and China. This paper describes these activities and analys...


In the recent technology advances, an increasing number of users are accessing various information systems via wireless communication. The majority users in a mobile environment are moving and accessing wireless services for the activities they are currently unavailable inside. We propose the idea of complex activity for characterizing the continuously changing complex behavior patterns of mobile users. For the purpose of data management, a complex activity is copy as a sequence of location movement, service requests, the coincidence of location and service, or the interleaving of all above. An activity may be composed of sub activities. Different activities may exhibit dependencies that affect user behaviors. We argue that the complex activity concept provides a more specific, rich, and detail description of user behavioral patterns which are very useful for data management in mobile environments. Correct exploration of user activities has the possible of providing much higher quality and personalized services to individual user at the right place on the right time. We, therefore, propose new methods for complex activity mining, incremental maintenance, online detection and proactive data management based on user activities. In particular, we develop pre-fetching and pushing techniques with cost sensitive control to make easy analytical data allocation. First round implementation and simulation results shows that the proposed framework and techniques can significantly increase local availability, conserve execution cost, reduce response time, and improve cache utilization. Keywords-Activity mining, Prefectching,,pushing, proactive data management, Genetic Algorithm;