Summary 1. Understanding which environmental factors drive foraging preferences is critical for the development of effective management measures, but resource use patterns may emerge from processes that occur at different spatial and temporal scales. Direct observations of foraging are also especially challenging in marine predators, but passive acoustic techniques provide opportunities to study the behaviour of echolocating species over a range of scales. 2. We used an extensive passive acoustic data set to investigate the distribution and temporal dynamics of foraging in bottlenose dolphins using the Moray Firth (Scotland, UK). Echolocation buzzes were identified with a mixture model of detected echolocation inter-click intervals and used as a proxy of foraging activity. A robust modelling approach accounting for autocorrelation in the data was then used to evaluate which environmental factors were associated with the observed dynamics at two different spatial and temporal scales. 3. At a broad scale, foraging varied seasonally and was also affected by seabed slope and shelf-sea fronts. At a finer scale, we identified variation in seasonal use and local interactions with tidal processes. Foraging was best predicted at a daily scale, accounting for site specificity in the shape of the estimated relationships. 4. This study demonstrates how passive acoustic data can be used to understand foraging ecology in echolocating species and provides a robust analytical procedure for describing spatiotemporal patterns. Associations between foraging and environmental characteristics varied according to spatial and temporal scale, highlighting the need for a multi-scale approach. Our results indicate that dolphins respond to coarser scale temporal dynamics, but have a detailed understanding of finer-scale spatial distribution of resources.


250 words) Background: In biomarker discovery studies, markers are ranked for validation using P-values. Standard P-value calculations use normal approximations that may not be valid for small Pvalues and small sample sizes common in discovery research. Methods: We compared exact P-values, valid by definition, with normal and logit-normal approximations in a simulated study of 40 cases and 160 controls. The key measure of biomarker performance was sensitivity at 90% specificity. Data for 3000 uninformative markers and 30 true markers were generated randomly, with 10 replications of the simulation. We also analyzed real data on 2371 antibody array markers measured in plasma from 121 cases with ER/PR positive breast cancer and 121 controls. Results: Using the same discovery criterion, the valid exact P-values lead to discovery of 24 true and 82 false biomarkers while approximate P-values yielded 15 true and 15 false biomarkers (normal approximation) and 20 true and 86 false biomarkers (logit-normal approximation). Moreover, the estimated numbers of true markers among those discovered were substantially incorrect for approximate P-values: normal estimated 0 true markers discovered but found 15; logit-normal estimated 42 but found 20. The exact method estimated 22, close to the actual number of 24 true discoveries. With real data, exact and approximate Pvalues ranked candidate breast cancer biomarkers very differently. Conclusions: Exact P-values should be used because they are universally valid. Approximate P-values can lead to inappropriate biomarker selection rules and incorrect conclusions. Impact: Rigorous data analysis methodology in discovery research may improve the yield of biomarkers that validate clinically. http://biostats.bepress.com/uwbiostat/paper413


Rudyard Kipling is one of the most magical storytellers in the English language. This new selection brings together the best of his short writings, following the development of his work over fifty years. They take us from the harsh, cruel, vividly realized world of the 'Indian' stories that made his name, through the experimental modernism of his middle period to the highly-wrought subtleties of his later pieces. Including the tale of insanity and empire, "The Man Who Would Be King", the high-spirited "The Village that Voted the Earth Was Flat", the fable of childhood cruelty and revenge "Baa Baa, Black Sheep", the menacing psychological study "Mary Postgate" and the ambiguous portrayal of grief and mourning in "The Gardener", here are stories of criminals, ghosts, femmes fatales, madness and murder.


This study highlights the findings from a preliminary feasibility investigation in proposing rainwater harvesting systems in Universiti Malaysia Sabah, in support of the Eco-Campus initiative. Since its inception on 7 th February 2013, the initiative strives to promote the blend of campus development and ecological sustainability. Hence, in line with this aspiration, rooftop rainwater harvesting (a form of green infrastructure) is introduced to selected residential colleges in the campus and assessed for its potential in supplying untreated water for non-consumptive activity as well as in reducing the water bill. For the purpose of rainwater tank design, the roof catchment area is needed to estimate the tank size, which then be multiplied with the average annual rainwater yield from the nearest rainfall gauging station. The percentage of water yield over rainwater demand is then calculated to estimate how much does the harvested rainwater could cater the water demand of the consumers. The water bill saving is calculated by multiplying the latest water tariff and the volume of the harvested rainwater, while the water demand is approximated by multiplying the number of users in the colleges with the average water use per person. The supply-demand assessment is performed to determine the potential impact of rainwater harvesting system installation in replacing paid, treated water for non-potable use in these premises. It is hoped by promoting green infrastructures in the campus to conserve natural resources as presented in this study aids the university in achieving its sustainable campus status by the year 2018.


Physical transceivers have hardware impairments that create distortions which degrade the performance of communication systems. The vast majority of technical contributions in the area of relaying neglect hardware impairments and, thus, assume ideal hardware. Such approximations make sense in low-rate systems, but can lead to very misleading results when analyzing future high-rate systems. This paper quantifies the impact of hardware impairments on dual-hop relaying, for both amplify-and-forward and decode-and-forward protocols. The outage probability (OP) in these practical scenarios is a function of the effective end-to-end signal-to-noise-and-distortion ratio (SNDR). This paper derives new closed-form expressions for the exact and asymptotic OPs, accounting for hardware impairments at the source, relay, and destination. A similar analysis for the ergodic capacity is also pursued, resulting in new upper bounds. We assume that both hops are subject to independent but non-identically distributed Nakagami-m fading. This paper validates that the performance loss is small at low rates, but otherwise can be very substantial. In particular, it is proved that for high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), the endto-end SNDR converges to a deterministic constant, coined the SNDR ceiling, which is inversely proportional to the level of impairments. This stands in contrast to the ideal hardware case in which the end-to-end SNDR grows without bound in the high-SNR regime. Finally, we provide fundamental design guidelines for selecting hardware that satisfies the requirements of a practical relaying system.


The wheat curl mite (WCM), Aceria tosichella, is an important pest of wheat and other cereal crops that transmits wheat streak mosaic virus and several other plant viruses. Wheat curl mite has long been considered a single polyphagous species, but recent studies in Poland revealed a complex of genetically distinct lineages with divergent host-acceptance traits, ranging from highly polyphagous to host-specific. This diversity of WCM genotypes and host-acceptance phenotypes in Europe, the presumed native range of WCM, raises questions about the lineage identities of invasive WCM populations on other continents and their relationships to European lineages. The goals of this study were to examine the global presence of WCM and determine the relatedness of lineages established in different continents, on the basis of phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence data. Host-range bioassays of a highly polyphagous WCM lineage were performed to supplement existing data on this lineage's ability to colonise graminaceous and non-graminaceous hosts. Invasive WCM populations in North and South America and Australia assorted with the only three known polyphagous and pestiferous WCM lineages ('MT-1', 'MT-7' and 'MT-8') from a total of eight currently described lineages. These results show that the most polyphagous lineages were more successful colonisers and reflect a need for extensive surveys for WCM on both crops and wild grass species in invaded continents. The most invasive lineage ('MT-1') was shown to successfully colonise all 10 plant species tested in three families and has spread to North and South America and Australia from its presumed origins in Eurasia.


Whereas early studies of microsaccades have predominantly relied on custom-built eye trackers and manual tagging of microsaccades, more recent work tends to use video-based eye tracking and automated algorithms for microsaccade detection. While data from these newer studies suggest that microsaccades can be reliably detected with video-based systems, this has not been systematically evaluated. I here present a method and data examining microsaccade detection in an often used video-based system (the Eyelink II system) and a commonly used detection algorithm (Engbert & Kliegl, 2003; Engbert & Mergenthaler, 2006). Recordings from human participants and those obtained using a pair of dummy eyes, mounted on a pair of glasses either worn by a human participant (i.e., with head motion) or a dummy head (no head motion) were compared. Three experiments were conducted. The first experiment suggests that when microsaccade measurements make use of the pupil detection mode, microsaccade detections in the absence of eye movements are sparse in the absence of head movements, but frequent with head movements (despite the use of a chin rest). A second experiment demonstrates that by using measurements that rely on a combination of corneal reflection and pupil detection, false microsaccade detections can be largely avoided as long as a binocular criterion is used. A third experiment examines whether past results may have been affected by possible incorrect detections due to small head movements. It shows that despite the many detections due to head movements, the typical modulation of microsaccade rate after stimulus onset is found only when recording from the participants' eyes.


1 The development of reproductive and flight capacity of pine weevils Hylobius abietis during the spring and their dispersal to, and subsequent development at, new clearfell oviposition sites comprise key phases in their life cycle in managed forests. At an old clearfell site where autumn‐emerging weevils had overwintered, weevils were trapped as they re‐emerged in the spring and tested for their ability to fly and then dissected to determine the degree of wing muscle and egg development. 2 Re‐emerging weevils were most abundant in pine growing at the edge of the clearfell and, over most of the trapping period (April to June), their capacity for flight (proportion flying and wing muscle width) was more advanced than in weevils from the clearfell itself, with a similar trend in the degree of reproductive development (proportion with mature eggs and egg volume). 3 In weevils from the clearfell, flight capacity and reproductive development increased concurrently to a peak around mid‐May. In weevils from pine, wing muscles were already well developed at the start of trapping, although few of them flew. Their more advanced development was attributed to the increased opportunities for maturation feeding after emergence in the previous autumn. 4 In the spring, weevils reached the canopy of trees for maturation feeding by walking and, to a lesser extent, by flight. Weevils dispersed by flight to oviposition sites in mid‐May when most of them were reproductively mature. After arrival, flight ability and wing muscle size declined rapidly but egg production was maintained until most weevils had stopped flying. When wing muscles reached their minimum size, there was a marked decline in egg size, suggesting that wing muscle breakdown is important in maintaining egg production at oviposition sites. Prospects for further wing muscle and reproductive development are discussed.


This paper proposes improving the directivity of microstrip patch antennas (MPAs) by using metamaterials. Four different metamaterial types are used as a flat lens in front of the MPA, respectively, which are tuned to 12 GHz (Ku-band) resonance frequency. Thus, it can be decided which metamaterial is more proper for antenna directivity enhancement at this band. One additional new metamaterial structure is proposed in this paper, which is called a Euro-shaped resonator, and other metamaterials used are the triangular split ring resonator, symmetrical ring structure, and split ring resonator. The permeability and permittivity of metamaterials are extracted from the S parameters by using a robust method. Microwave Studio by Computer Simulation Technology is used for modeling and simulation. The MPA and metamaterials are fabricated, and measurements are performed in the Yıldız Technical University RF and Microwave Laboratory. It is observed that measured results are in close agreement with the computer simulations.


This paper is an attempt to determine the relative importance of the efficiency and stability effects of monetary policy. The method is to find the policy that maximizes welfare in a general equilibrium model that generates both effects. It is found that the steady-state inflation rate under the optimal policy is significantly above the rate required for maximal efficiency and significantly below that required for maximal stability. Thus, both effects play important roles in determining the optimal rate of inflation. In addition, it is found that if a typical macroeconomic objective function is maximized as a substitute for welfare-maximization, the resultant policy rule puts too much weight on stability. It generates too much inflation and causes the policy instrument to respond too much to new information.


We tackle holey fibers in full vectorial terms. From Maxwell's equations, we derive the dispersion relations of the modes guided by an infinitely self-similar air hole lattice. We focus in particular on the fundamental mode (the so-called space filling mode), and show that previous numerical results based on vector methods are accurate, but scalar ones are not. We also find the field flow lines, intensity distribution in the cross section, and linear polarization ratio vs. wavelength.


A gradual shift from GHz to THz range in the past few years has celebrated the invention of many new technologies in the field of communications, computers, electronics and medicine. Nano-networks are the new era technologies defined as electronic components and their interconnection within a single chip on a nano-scale [1]. The concept of Network on Chip (NoC) is exploited on a scale ranging from micrometers to nanometers. This term is also referred to as the network-like interconnection of nano-materials such as carbon nanotubes arrays [2,3]. The research done in the past has broadly explained the same concept of nano-networking with different terminologies and slightly varying definitions depending on the mechanisms of networking and communication. In this study, the main focus is on propagation investigation at THz frequencies in human tissues, such as blood, fat, and skin, which is conducted with the aim to fix the early paradigms for a pioneering investigation in this field. The path loss values obtained from numerical simulation have been compared to an analytical model in order to verify the feasibility of the numerical analysis which can be subsequently extended in order to take into account more realistic parameters such as the antenna, or inhomogeneity of the materials. The study also explores the methods and techniques to characterize biological medium necessary for Nano-network communication. Time Domain Spectroscopy has immensely contributed in the field of medical imaging, analysis of protein and other biomolecules, finger print analysis of chemicals and food quality control [4]. The aim is to utilise this technique to study the dielectric properties of various biological samples. Subsequent sections of the chapter will discuss various biological entities such as skin & its layers, blood, hydration shell and sweat ducts. As one begins to understand the human body anatomy from wireless communication perspective, one can realizes its overall complexity and random nature. The main objective of this work is the potentiality of nano-scale EM communication exploiting the THz regime of the electromagnetic spectrum. The nano-scale EM communication becomes an obvious choice due to the fact that molecular information for a human body is indeed sensitive in the THz regime. Additionally, this part of the spectrum is much safer to interact at a cellular scale that its counterparts in the microwave or gigahertz range. The proposed in-vivo body nano-networks ensures their stability without disturbing the harmony of in-built molecular structure of the body. Moreover, in most of the cases medicine fails to understand the root cause of the problem but once a monitoring network is established, one can extract various unknowns and treat them effectively.


This study investigated the ergogenic and metabolic effects of creatine supplementation
during two series of 10 x 6 s of "all out" cycling sprints, interrupted by either 30 s rest intervals (RI). Both sprint series were performed before and after five days of oral
supplementation with either creatine (CrS, n = 7) or placebo (CON, n = 7), using a
randomised double-blind design. To evaluate the effects of CrS on exercise performance,
peak power (PPO) and mean power (MPO) were determined during the 30 s and 6 min RI
sprint series. To monitor the metabolic effects of CrS, arterialised venous blood was
sampled at rest, immediately after the fifth and tenth sprints and during 20 min of recovery;
these were analysed for plasma ammonia, lactate and hydrogen ion concentrations.
PPO was maintained at near constant levels for 6 min RI for both supplementation groups,
but decreased progressively for 30 s RI, regardless of supplementation. Following CrS,
PPO. and MPO increased (P < 0.05) during both RI trials, but not with CON. Plasma
ammonia concentrations ([NH3
+]) were significantly lower after CrS for 6 min RI, and
tended to be lower for 30 s RI. For CON, [NH3
+] was not significantly different after
supplementation. Plasma lactate and hydrogen ion concentrations were similar before and
after CrS for both RI, despite the higher power after CrS. The corresponding responses CON were similar to CrS, with the exception that [La"] was significantly lower after
supplementation for 30 s RI.
Oral creatine supplementation enhanced performance during repeated "all out" sprints of
short duration, for a wide range of rest intervals between sprints. The ergogenic effects CrS were probably associated with decreased degradation of adenine nucleotides, reflected
by lower plasma [NH3
+], and greater ATP turnover, caused by an increase pre-exercise PCr
availability.


This paper examines intraday price discovery in three closely-related U.S. markets: stocks, Over-The-Counter (OTC) corporate bonds, and New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) electronically-traded corporate bonds. We calculate the Hasbrouck (1995) information shares of these three markets over five years. We find that OTC corporate bond trades have a 5.7% information share, despite zero pre-trade transparency in the OTC market. Further, NYSE corporate bonds have a 45.8% information share, despite having a tiny market share, because of publicly-displayed, frequently-updated bid-ask quotes that can be traded at any time. OTC corporate bond information shares are inversely related to credit quality and are relatively constant over time. This is consistent with multi-security informed trading theory and the Merton (1974) corporate bond model. NYSE corporate bond information shares are positively related to their update frequency. Thus, the subset of NYSE bonds that are updated more frequently are more informative.


The development of a Faculty of Medical Sciences (FMS) and an academic health sciences library for the University of the West Indies (UWI) has proven to be a polemical and political issue due to the depressed economy of the country. Although FMS is still shrouded in politics and controversy after its inaugural year, the Medical Sciences Library (MSL) has expanded its dimensions and is actively developing a biomedical information network within the country. This will result in better dissemination and control of biomedical information. The library now participates in joint projects with other health sciences libraries in the country with the goal of joint automated listings of holdings and shared cataloging projects. This paper examines the development of the library and explains the difficulties experienced in its developmental stages due to politics, the delay in appointment of a medical sciences librarian, and the financial decline in the local economy.


ROGER BOWERS. English Church Polyphony: Singers and Sources from the 14th to the 17th Century. Variorum Collected Studies Series. Aldershot. UK: Ashgate, 1999. Pp. xii + 354, indices. $105.95. A feature of the Ashgate Variorum Collected Studies series is the collecting together of essays and articles originally published in journals and elsewhere. This volume represents the major contribution of a Cambridge archival scholar who has notably enriched our knowledge of English church music (and other fields). Few may realize that the first three essays are a polemical (and passionate) response to a modern orthodoxy in British performing tradition. Recall the brilliant choral style of the Tallis Scholars and other English groups. Among their characteristics are the thrillingly high range explored in some of their performances and their cultivation of a vocal type-what might be called the female boy treble-to accomplish this in a manner quite different from that of the traditional "Anglican cathedral" style. Their inspiration is the work of David Wulstan, who solved the intricacies of pitch problems in Anglican church music of the Jacobean period by means of a theory of transposition linked to a "clef code," a theory he then proceeded to extend backwards through the entire Tudor era. Roger Bowers was instantly skeptical of Wulstan's solution-oriented projections. In order to correct the picture he worked (a) from within the music and (b) from the records of the institutions where it was sung. Noting that fixed pitch was chimerical, and that the relation of different sets (or "lattices") of clefs could be considered relative (singers looked to clefs to find where the semitones lay, not to determine pitch), Bowers was able to show that from about 1450 two "new" voices were added at each end of the medieval duo of men's voices (consisting of cantus or superius on the one hand, and tenor or contratenor on the other). These new timbres were the bassus and triplex (treble), which gave the ensemble (making its transition at this time from solo voices to a choral complex) four fundamental vocal timbres, each pitched a fifth away from its neighbor. Still to be further explored is how, at the beginning of the sixteenth century, the contratenor voice expanded upward from its previous confinement as a "tenor," becoming the "countertenor" voice of later music, perhaps involving falsetto, perhaps a kind of haute-contre in the French manner (we shall never know how it sounded). The total range of three octaves (as opposed to the basic two-octave range of earlier polyphony) provided a special stimulus to the imagination of Tudor composers. But Bowers's research indicated that it needed no further exaggeration of pitch. …


BACKGROUND: Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is associated with high rates of prolonged opioid use after surgery (10%–34%). By decreasing opioid use in the immediate postoperative period, perioperative nerve blockade has been hypothesized to decrease the risk of persistent opioid use. METHODS: Using health care utilization data, we constructed a sample of 120,080 patients undergoing TKA between 2002 and 2012 and used billing data to identify the utilization of peripheral or neuraxial blockade. We then used a multivariable logistic regression to estimate the association between nerve blockade and the risk of chronic opioid use, defined as having filled ≥10 prescriptions or ≥120 days' supply for an opioid in the first postsurgical year. Our analyses were adjusted for an extensive set of potential confounding variables, including medical comorbidities, previous opioid use, and previous use of other medications. RESULTS: We did not find an association between nerve blockade and the risk of postsurgical chronic opioid use across any of these 3 groups: adjusted relative risk (ARR) 0.984 for patients opioid-naïve in the year before surgery (98.3% confidence interval [CI], 0.870–1.12, P = .794), ARR 1.02 for intermittent opioid users (98.3% CI, 0.948–1.09, P = .617), and ARR 0.986 (98.3% CI, 0.963–1.01, P = .257) for chronic opioid users. Similar results held for alternative measures of postsurgical opioid use. CONCLUSIONS: Although the use of perioperative nerve blockade for TKA may improve short-term outcomes, the analyzed types of blocks do not appear to decrease the risk of persistent opioid use in the longer term.


Under the auspices of the Free File Alliance (FFA), Intuit, manufacturer of TurboTax, has been attacking state-run, free e-filing services for several years. The latest victim, Virginia's successful iFile program, succumbed late last year. Through it all, the unquestioned crown jewels of state e-filing programs – California's CalFile and ReadyReturn – have managed to survive. But this year, Intuit has ratcheted up its annual campaign to end the two programs. In the process, it is peddling some familiar falsehoods as well as some newly crafted misrepresentations.This article describes Intuit's nine lies, the false arguments about ReadyReturn and CalFile that Intuit and its lobbyists have been telling elected officials, staffers, and nonprofit organizations serving California's low-income communities. It also evaluates Intuit's proposed Free File alternative to the state's existing programs. For all of Intuit's assertions – whether regarding the purported shortcomings of the state programs or the purported benefits of the Free File initiative – the article offers a point-by-point refutation.


In this paper, a Bayesian nonparametric (BNP) model for Baxter permutations (BPs), termed BP process (BPP) is proposed and applied to relational data analysis. The BPs are a well-studied class of permutations, and it has been demonstrated that there is one-to-one correspondence between BPs and several interesting objects including floorplan partitioning (FP), which constitutes a subset of rectangular partitioning (RP). Accordingly, the BPP can be used as an FP model. We combine the BPP with a multi-dimensional extension of the stick-breaking process called the block-breaking process to fill the gap between FP and RP, and obtain a stochastic process on arbitrary RPs. Compared with conventional BNP models for arbitrary RPs, the proposed model is simpler and has a high affinity with Bayesian inference.


We describe a Coq formalization of a subset of the x86 architecture. One emphasis of the model is brevity: using dependent types, type classes and notation we give the x86 semantics a makeover that counters its reputation for baroqueness. We model bits, bytes, and memory concretely using functions that can be computed inside Coq itself; concrete representations are mapped across to mathematical objects in the SSReflect library (naturals, and integers modulo 2n) to prove theorems. Finally, we use notation to support conventional assembly code syntax inside Coq, including lexically-scoped labels. Ordinary Coq definitions serve as a powerful "macro" feature for everything from simple conditionals and loops to stack-allocated local variables and procedures with parameters. Assembly code can be assembled within Coq, producing a sequence of hex bytes. The assembler enjoys a correctness theorem relating machine code in memory to a separation-logic formula suitable for program verification.


Application of Smart Grid Technologies: Case Studies in Saving Electricity in Different Parts of the World provides a wide international view of smart grid technologies and their implementation in all regions of the globe. A brief overview of smart grid concepts and state-of-the art technologies is followed by sections that highlight smart grid experiences in Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Europe and Australasia. Chapters address select countries or sub-regions, presenting their local technological needs and specificities, status of smart grid implementation, technologies of choice, impacts on their electricity markets, and future trends. Similar chapter makes it easier to compare these experiences. In a time when the smart grid is becoming a worldwide reality, this book is ideal for professionals in power transmission and distribution companies, as well as students and researchers in the same field. It is also useful for those involved in energy management and policymaking.Presents the status and challenges of smart grid technologies and their implementation around the globeIncludes global case studies written by local experts and organized for easy comparisonProvides a brief overview of smart grid concepts and currently available technologies


Aims. To study the structure of nearby (<500 pc) dense starless and star-forming cores with the particular goal to identify and understand evolutionary trends in core properties, and to explore the nature of Very Low Luminosity Objects (<0.1 L ⊙ ; VeLLOs). Methods. Using the MAMBO bolometer array, we create maps unusually sensitive to faint (few mJy per beam) extended (≈5') thermal dust continuum emission at 1.2 mm wavelength. Complementary information on embedded stars is obtained from Spitzer, IRAS, and 2MASS. Results. Our maps are very rich in structure, and we characterize extended emission features ("subcores") and compact intensity peaks in our data separately to pay attention to this complexity. We derive, e.g., sizes, masses, and aspect ratios for the subcores, as well as column densities and related properties for the peaks. Combination with archival infrared data then enables the derivation of bolometric luminosities and temperatures, as well as envelope masses, for the young embedded stars. Conclusions. Starless and star-forming cores occupy the same parameter space in many core properties; a picture of dense core evolution in which any dense core begins to actively form stars once it exceeds some fixed limit in, e.g., mass, density, or both, is inconsistent with our data. A concept of necessary conditions for star formation appears to provide a better description: dense cores fulfilling certain conditions can form stars, but they do not need to, respectively have not done so yet. Comparison of various evolutionary indicators for young stellar objects in our sample (e.g., bolometric temperatures) reveals inconsistencies between some of them, possibly suggesting a revision of some of these indicators. Finally, we challenge the notion that VeLLOs form in cores not expected to actively form stars, and we present a first systematic study revealing evidence for structural differences between starless and candidate VeLLO cores.


We report three new taxa of bats from the late early Eocene to earliest middle Eocene (Bridgerian biochrons Br1b–Br2; ca. 50–48 Ma) Elderberry Canyon Quarry, Sheep Pass Formation, in the Egan Mountain Range of eastern Nevada, USA. Volactrix simmonsae gen. et sp. nov., represented by two dentaries, is tentatively referred to the family ?Onychonycteridae and exhibits a p3 that is much smaller than the p2, a semimolariform p4, and lower molars with a postcristid configuration intermediate between necromantodonty and nyctalodonty. The genus Palaeochiropteryx, a palaeochiropterygid otherwise known from the early and middle Eocene of Europe, is the first representative of its genus and of the family Palaeochiropterygidae outside Eurasia and the Indo-Pakistan subcontinent. Palaeochiropteryx is represented at the site by a partial skeleton with a crushed skull and two left dentaries (one unexposed within the same limestone block but revealed by micro-computed tomography scanning) and is formally named Palaeochiropteryx sambuceus sp. nov. A third taxon, Sonor handae gen. et sp. nov., is a probable vespertilionid, evidenced by a dentary fragment with double-rooted p3 and myotodont lower molar morphology, and provides the earliest occurrence of the family Vespertilionidae in the Western Hemisphere. Despite the small number of specimens, these three new taxa comprise the most diverse Eocene assemblage of bats yet found in a single quarry in the Western Hemisphere.


Whitney's theorem states that every 3-connected planar graph is uniquely embeddable on the sphere. On the other hand, it has many inequivalent embeddings on another surface. We shall characterize structures of a $3$-connected $3$-regular planar graph $G$ embedded on the projective-plane, the torus and the Klein bottle, and give a one-to-one correspondence between inequivalent embeddings of $G$ on each surface and some subgraphs of the dual of $G$ embedded on the sphere. These results enable us to give explicit bounds for the number of inequivalent embeddings of $G$ on each surface, and propose effective algorithms for enumerating and counting these embeddings.


1] Edward Yang (in Chinese 楊德昌, 1947-2007) is one of the most renowned Taiwanese directors, whose works raise criticisms of modernity. Since the New Culture Movement in the 1910s and 1920s, Chinese literati have queried the place of traditional Chinese culture, especially Confucianism, on the road to modernization. This paper gives an account of Yang's understanding of modernization and the Confucian tradition as illustrated in his work, A Confucian Confusion (1994). We argue that, though he despised politically endorsed Confucianism as ideology, without sufficient justification Yang nonetheless reserves the possibility of taking Confucianism as a supplement to modernity.


Marina Cvetaeva's biography and her relationship with visual arts, drama, folklore, music, translation, and the work of other poets, as well as her continuing influence on subsequent Russian poetry.


Recent years have seen the video game industry come under increasing scrutiny for the content of games rated by its Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB). This paper offers an analysis of the specific reform proposals made in U.S. legislation between 1999 and 2006, examining how lawmakers have conceptualized games and assessed the need for regulatory intervention. This analysis suggests that lawmakers have characterized game content as analogous to movie content, but incapable of thematic relevance, less fully reviewed by raters, and more powerful in negative effects on viewers. Accordingly, legislation has been crafted to regulate games more strictly than other visual media, including proposals to restrict sale to minors or to circumvent or replace the industry's self-regulatory processes. As with other media-oriented moral panics, however, this approach represents a disproportionate degree of scrutiny on games relative to other media, considering how game play actually works and how the current regulatory system functions. In the interest of promoting a more technically informed approach to assessing game content, this article offers four formal properties of video game content for consideration: variability, repetitiveness, expandability, and directionality. The article concludes by suggesting alternative regulatory options for concerned parents, policy makers, and the ESRB itself.


Clothing vapour resistance (CVR) is an important parameter when evaluating the impact of the ambient workplace
climate on the worker. It determines the worker's ability to lose heat (sweat evaporation) to the environment and
thereby to control his or her body temperature. This impact can be in terms of stress (heat or cold) or comfort. These
evaluations are used for the classification of existing workplaces, as well as for the design of new workplaces (for
example building climate control systems) and thus affect the issue of health and efficiency in the workplace. As
determination of CVR is currently quite complex, very time consuming and costly, alternative methods need to be
developed. Deduction of CVR from clothing microclimate ventilation measurements is such an alternative (1). Two
methods for the measurement of clothing ventilation have been developed: one by Lotens and Havenith (2) in the
Netherlands and one by Crockford et al (3,4), which was further developed in Loughborough for the UK Ministry of
Defence by Bouskill (5). Both methods for measuring clothing ventilation are currently in use in different laboratories,
however without ever being directly compared. For this paper, it was chosen to start with a practical comparison of
these methods to each other and a validation of both.


Consider the set of all sequences of n outcomes, each taking one of m values, whose frequency vectors satisfy a set of linear constraints. If m is fixed while n increases, most sequences that satisfy the constraints result in frequency vectors whose entropy approaches that of the maximum entropy vector satisfying the constraints. This well-known entropy concentration phenomenon underlies the maximum entropy method. Existing proofs of the concentration phenomenon are based on limits or asymptotics and unrealistically assume that constraints hold precisely, supporting maximum entropy inference more in principle than in practice. We present, for the first time, non-asymptotic, explicit lower bounds on n for a number of variants of the concentration result to hold to any prescribed accuracies, with the constraints holding up to any specified tolerance, considering the fact that allocations of discrete units can satisfy constraints only approximately. Again unlike earlier results, we measure concentration not by deviation from the maximum entropy value, but by the 11 and 12 distances from the maximum entropy-achieving frequency vector. One of our results holds independently of the alphabet size m and is based on a novel proof technique using the multi-dimensional Berry-Esseen theorem. We illustrate and compare our results using various detailed examples.


This article provides an overview of problem-based learning (PBL) in Canadian undergraduate medical education and continuing medical education (CME) programs. The CME field in Canada is described, and the major professional associations that require physicians to take annual courses and programs are noted. A brief history of PBL in undergraduate medical education is presented, along with definitions of PBL and a discussion of the strengths and weaknesses of the approach. Problem-based learning in CME has been adapted, in some cases, to suit its special circumstances; this is demonstrated by examples of how the CME departments of three universities have implemented PBL. Finally, the future of research in this field is reviewed.


Print ISSN: 0022-1767 Online ISSN: 1550-6606. Immunologists, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2014 by The American Association of 9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20814-3994. The American Association of Immunologists, Inc., is published twice each month by The Journal of Immunology at U N IV E R IT A E T -U N D L A N D E SB IB L IO T H E K D U E SE L D O R F on Jauary 1, 2014 hp://w w w jim m unl.org/ D ow nladed from


Chemical group 9 consists of primary aliphatic saturated or unsaturated alcohols/aldehydes/acids/acetals/esters with a second primary, secondary or tertiary oxygenated functional group including aliphatic lactones, of which 30 are currently authorised for use as flavours in food. The FEEDAP Panel was unable to perform an assessment of 2-oxopropanal because of issues related to the purity of the compound. The FEEDAP Panel concludes that lactic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, 4-oxovaleric acid, ethyl lactate, butyl lactate, butyl-O-butyryllactate, hex-3-enyl lactate, hexyl lactate, ethyl acetoacetate, ethyl 4-oxovalerate, diethylsuccinate and diethyl malonate are considered to be safe for all animal species at the use levels proposed when used as feed flavourings; octano-1,4-lactone, nonano-1,4-lactone, decano-1,4-lactone and undecano-1,4-lactone are safe at 20 mg/kg complete feed; butyro-1,4-lactone, pentano-1,4-lactone, hexano-1,4-lactone, heptano-1,4-lactone, octano-1,5-lactone, nonano-1,5-lactone, decano-1,5-lactone and undecano-1,5-lactone at 5 mg/kg complete feed; dodecano-1,4-lactone, dodecano-1,5-lactone, tetradecano-1,5-lactone, and pentadecano-1,15-lactone at a maximum of 1.5 mg/kg complete feed for cattle, salmonids and non food producing animals and of 1 mg/kg complete feed for pigs and poultry. No safety concern was identified for the consumer from the use of compounds belonging to CG 9 up to the highest safe level in feedingstuffs for all animal species. All compounds should be considered as irritants to skin, eyes and respiratory tract, and as skin sensitizers. The compounds do not pose a risk to the environment when used at concentrations considered safe for the target species. Since all compounds are used in food as flavourings, no further demonstration of efficacy is necessary.


Computational models of goal recognition hold considerable promise for enhancing the capabilities of drama managers and director agents for interactive narratives. The problem of goal recognition, and its more general form plan recognition, has been the subject of extensive investigation in the AI community. However, there have been relatively few empirical investigations of goal recognition models in the intelligent narrative technologies community to date, and little is known about how computational models of interactive narrative can inform goal recognition. In this paper, we investigate a novel goal recognition model based on Markov Logic Networks (MLNs) that leverages narrative discovery events to enrich its representation of narrative state. An empirical evaluation shows that the enriched model outperforms a prior state-of-the-art MLN model in terms of accuracy, convergence rate, and the point of convergence.


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We present new results on the problem of finding an enclosing rectangle of minimum area that will contain a given a set of rectangles. Many simple scheduling tasks can be modelled by this NP-complete problem. We present a new lower bound on the amount of wasted space in a partial solution, a new dominance condition that prunes many partial solutions, and extend our algorithms to packing unoriented rectangles. For our experiments, we consider the set of squares of size 1x1, 2x2,...,NxN, and find the smallest rectangle that can contain them for a given value of N. While previously we solved this problem up to N=22, we extend this to N=25. Overall, our new program is over an order of magnitude faster than our previous program running on the same machine. We also show that for the larger problems, our optimal algorithm is faster than one that finds the best slicing solution, a popular approximation algorithm. In addition, we solve an open problem dating to 1966, concerning packing the set of consecutive squares up to 24x24 in a square of size 70x70.


Recently, there has been much concern about the activities of patent trolls, patent holders who, at least roughly speaking, seek profit through licensing, rather than providing products or services themselves. Courts and commentators have begun exploring one potential avenue for addressing this concern - namely, reducing access to end-of-suit injunctions against infringement when patents are held by entities who do not compete against potential infringers. Responding both to recent developments and to an article by Mark Lemley and Carl Shapiro, this Commentary cautions against such a rule that categorically discriminates between patent holders based on their business model. Historically, U.S. patent law appears to have been wary of such a rule. Further, high litigation costs, rather than the threat of an end-of-suit injunction, may be more responsible for many of the most troublesome instances of troll-like behavior. Moreover, various concerns - for example, litigation costs, information asymmetries, and the typical length of patent litigation - may limit a patent holder's ability to hold out for an exorbitant reward. Finally, positive harm might result from the categorical restriction of access to injunctions based on a patent holder's business model. Such a categorical approach may act as an unnecessary drag on progress by favoring invention and patent-rights ownership by industry incumbents, while discouraging invention and rights ownership by entities that may be both more efficient inventors or exploiters of patent rights, and less likely to use patents anti-competitively. To the extent holdout based on the threat of an injunction is a major concern, courts' capacity to deny injunctions because of undue hardship or the public interest may provide a substantial answer.


Problem Statement: The quality of teaching at schools mostly depends on the teachers' competencies. One of these competencies is measurement and evaluation (MaE). Evaluation of the students' cognitive, affective, and psychomotor development requires skills and knowledge about various measuring tools and techniques. It is essential for a teacher to have a good command of the concepts in MaE, certain skills, and positive attitudes. In this way, teachers can evaluate and develop their own teaching methods and reach fewer value judgments, and consequently, they can have better professional perceptions of themselves. Therefore, this study anticipates the existence of a relationship between teachers' attitude on MaE and perception of professional well-being (PWB). Purpose of the Study: The aim of the study is to examine the relationship between teachers' attitudes toward measurement and evaluation and their perceptions of professional well-being (PWB) in the branch teachers working at public elementary and secondary schools. Method: The present study is a relational study with a descriptive pattern aimed to describe the relationship between teachers' attitudes toward MaE and their perceptions of PWB. The Scale of Teacher Perception of PWB and the Scale of Teacher Attitude toward Measurement-Evaluation were used as data collection tools. Data was collected from 301 branch teachers teaching at public elementary and secondary schools in Aksaray Province  between March and May of 2014. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression analysis. Findings and Results: The results of the study revealed that teachers had positive attitudes toward MaE and perceptions of PWB. A significant positive relationship was found between the teachers' attitudes toward MaE and their perceptions of PWB. Attitude toward MaE was identified as a significant predictor of perception of PWB. Conclusions and Recommendations: In the present study, a significant positive relationship that may be considered strong was found between the teachers' attitudes toward measurement-evaluation and their perceptions of PWB. The fact that the attitude developed by teachers toward MaE has a relatively strong effect on their perception of PWB indicates the place of MaE in their professional lives. It may be concluded that as the teachers' attitudes toward MaE improves they may feel better professionally. Keywords: "Professional Well-Being" "Measurement" "Evaluation" "Attitude" "Secondary research"


As the challenges faced in today's world are increasingly complex, a large number of specialised individuals now need to collaborate together to combine their expertise. Since the professional world is interdisciplinary, the learning and teaching provided in higher education must adapt and consider the interdisciplinary approach, very clearly encouraged in the United-Kingdom by both the Higher Education Academy and the Department of Business, Innovation and Skills. Building on the known benefits of interdisciplinary education, an academic exchange between boatbuilding and yacht design students has been conducted to develop and validate an interdisciplinary learning pedagogical model. Primarily focussed on the maritime field, the proposed model has three bases, learning, reflexion and capabilities, respectively supporting studies, bridging the skills gap and enhancing employability, thereby answering the contemporary demands from both students and the maritime industry.


Recently, the 'new economic geography' literature has developed as a theory of the emergence of large agglomerations which relies on increasing returns to scale and transportation costs. This literature builds on diverse intellectual traditions. It combines the insights of traditional regional science with those of modern trade theory and thus attempts to provide an integrative approach to interregional and international trade. The paper surveys this literature and discusses its relation to earlier approaches to similar topics.


Candace Wheeler emerged as the leading American textile designer of the late nineteenth century by educating herself to match and then surpass the accomplishments of advanced European designers. Moving from embroidery to the design of fabrics and interiors, she wrote influential books on decorating and was a driving force behind the professionalisation of women in the design field. This book contains a biographical essay and a catalogue of over 100 designs for textiles, wallpaper, and other interior furnishings by Wheeler and her associates. This book is the catalogue for an exhibition held at The Metropolitan Museum of Art from 9th October 2001 to 6th January 2002.


Thalassemia syndromes are the most common genetic disorders in the world. They happen due to genetic defects in process of haemoglobin synthesis, and would be classified to many groups mainly α and β, based on the kind of defect. Anemia is the main clinical manifestation of this phenotype of disorder. In order to correct the chronic anemia in thalassaemic individuals, they may need to get 4-6 blood units per month. They are also prone to blood borne infections. Patients and Methods: We retrospectively evaluated medical records of 360 major β- thlassemic patients in northeastern Iran to find the viral blood borne status among them. Results: The findings showed that 209 (58.8%) were male and 151 (41.94%) were female. About blood borne viruses, 30 (8.33%) had positive result for anti-HCV. Eight persons (2.22%) had positive HBsAg. Twenty-two persons (6.11%) had positive HTLV-I serums. No one had positive HIV (1/2). Seven (1.94%) were positive for both HTLV-I and anti- HCV. Two ones (0.55%) had positive serums for both HTLV-I and HBsAg. Conclusion: Similar to other geographic regions, the HCV was the most common type of viral infections in northeastern Iran. Surveying the HTLV-I, the northeastern part of country is one of endemic sources for the HTLV-I and in fact 22 individuals showed it. Also HBV had infected part of major β- thalassemic patients. Fortunately there was no case with the HIV that intensified the blood safety of blood transfusion organization.


Joshua C. Chilton first described UNT as "independent, original and progressive" in his inaugural speech opening the university in 1890. In the 125 years since then the university has more than lived up to his expectations. The University Archive holds countless photographs, artifacts and publications which tell the remarkable story of UNT from its beginnings in a downtown hardware store to its place today as the one of the nation's largest public universities. This book features stories about the people and events that helped to define the character and spirit of UNT. Each story is illustrated with photographs and artifacts specially chosen from the Special Collections department and the Music Library, both part of the UNT Libraries, whose staff are proud to share these wonderful memories with you.


The fully updated Adobe Creative Suite 2 Premium software (which includes Photoshop, Illustrator, InDesign, GoLive, and Acrobat) is a unified design environment. The Creative Suite 2 enables you to realize your ideas anywherei¾–in print, on the Web, or on mobile devices, and this info-packed guide lets users get right down to doing just that by focusing on the Creative Suite 2 features they're most likely to use and showcasing each in a stand-alone tip--complete with a relevant hint or two and a graphic example. In this fashion, readers learn just what they need to know, exploring the programs in a way that makes sense to them.


This story of the first fully documented contact between West and East offers a fascinating insight into the history of ideas during one of the most fertile eras in European and Chinese history. Vincent Cronin has built up a reputation with his scholarly, elegantly written works of history and biography, as one of the finest popular historians of his generation. This early book proves his gift as an acutely observant and sensitive historian.


In this paper, we present a method of finding conceptual clusters of music objects based on Formal Concept Analysis. A formal concept (FC) is defined as a pair of extent and intent which are sets of objects and terminological attributes commonly associated with the objects, respectively. Thus, an FC can be regarded as a conceptual cluster of similar objects for which its similarity can clearly be stated in terms of the intent. We especially discuss FCs in case of music objects, called music FCs. Since a music FC is based solely on terminological information, we often find extracted FCs would not always be satisfiable from acoustic point of view. In order to improve their quality, we additionally require our FCs to be consistent with acoustic similarity. We design an efficient algorithm for extracting desirable music FCs. Our experimental results for The MagnaTagATune Dataset shows usefulness of the proposed method.


In the genus Rhipidura, the typical fan-tailed flycatchers such as the Grey Fantail R. fuliginosa are arboreal and the erected and fanned tail appears to be used for scaring insects into flight so that they can be captured. The Willie Wagtail R. leucophrys shows terrestrial adaptations. Vertical tail-fanning is replaced by wing-flashing and some characters of plumage-pattern, voice and nesting may be related to the more open habitat used by the species. Osteologically its legbones are longer and its pelvis slightly longer and narrower, which may be correlated with its terrestrial habits. The Northern Fantail R. rufiventris is a more sluggish arboreal species, capturing insects in short flights from a perch and lacking the tail-erecting behaviour. Its leg-bones are short relative to those of the Grey Fantail, but similar in proportion to those of some monarchine flycatchers, and this may be correlated with more sedentary behaviour. These behavioural differences linked with morphological divergence may justify the re-use, as subgeneric or generic divisions, of the names Leucocirca for the Willie Wagtail and Setosura for the Northern Fantail and related species. The Willie Wagtail probably evolved in Australia in a refuge area with a more oven habitat but the Northern Fantail probably evolved in forests of the New Guinean region.


This study aims at developing a performance measurement system (PMS) for research and development (R&D) activities carried out by public research centres. Public research institutions are characterized by multiple stakeholders with different needs, and the management of R&D activities requires balancing the multiple goals of different stakeholders. This characteristic is a key issue in the process of construction of the PMS. Empirical evidence is provided by an Italian public research centre, where the researchers carried out a project aimed to develop a PMS following action research principles. This project gave the possibility to researchers to interact with different stakeholders and integrate their different information needs in a comprehensive set of key performance indicators (KPIs). As a result, multidimensional framework for measuring R&D performance in a public research centre is proposed and a set of Key Performance Indicators is developed, suggesting implications for academics and practitioners.


One of many advantages of the cloud is the elasticity, the ability to dynamically acquire or release computing resources in response to demand. However, this elasticity is only meaningful to the cloud users when the acquired Virtual Machines (VMs) can be provisioned in time and be ready to use within the user expectation. The long unexpected VM startup time could result in resource under-provisioning, which will inevitably hurt the application performance. A better understanding of the VM startup time is therefore needed to help cloud users to plan ahead and make in-time resource provisioning decisions. In this paper, we study the startup time of cloud VMs across three real-world cloud providers -- Amazon EC2, Windows Azure and Rackspace. We analyze the relationship between the VM startup time and different factors, such as time of the day, OS image size, instance type, data center location and the number of instances acquired at the same time. We also study the VM startup time of spot instances in EC2, which show a longer waiting time and greater variance compared to on-demand instances.


With breathtaking illustrations and informative text, GOLDEN DOMES AND SILVER LANTERNS magnificently captures the world of Islam, celebrating its beauty and traditions for even the youngest readers. From a red prayer rug to a blue hijab, readers will learn about a different color of the Muslim world on each spread with a young Muslim girl and her family as a guide. Sure to inspire questions and observations about world religions and cultures, it is equally at home in a classroom reading circle as it is being read to a child on a parent's lap.


The research deals with analyzing peculiarities of using active rectifiers in frequency controlled electric drives of underground mine hoists. There are developed MATLAB models aimed at comparing two types of control systems – hysteresis-based and the one with pulse-width modulation. The research aims to analyze power modes and parameters of active rectifiers, quality of voltage control, current and power of active rectifiers and to determine ways of improving power indices of electric equipment of hoists as well as provide power compatibility of electric equipment and underground mines' grids. Main attention is paid to analyzing circuitry of control systems of active rectifiers, parameters of power transformers and reactor equipment at underground mines' substations, frequency converters and synchronous slow-speed motors. There are also analyzed statistic data on power consumption at underground mines equipped with automated systems of commercial and technical power meters and specific consumption of power. The research results reveal advantages of the pulse-width modulation control system as compared with the hysteresis one by using such indices as speed-performance, quality of control, potential of controlling reactive power and the power factor. Application of the research results will enable determining structures and methods of adjusting control over the active rectifier in the frequency-controlled drive of underground mine hoists.


We propose a rational theory of momentum and reversal based on delegated portfolio management. A competitive investor can invest through an index fund or an active fund run by a manager with unknown ability. Following a negative cashflow shock to assets held by the active fund, the investor updates negatively about the manager's ability and migrates to the index fund. While prices of assets held by the active fund drop in anticipation of the investor's outflows, the drop is expected to continue, leading to momentum. Because outflows push prices below fundamental values, expected returns eventually rise, leading to reversal. Fund flows generate comovement and lead-lag effects, with predictability being stronger for assets with high idiosyncratic risk. We derive explicit solutions for asset prices, within a continuous-time normal-linear equilibrium.


Two tubular AISI 1025 steel posts (improved design) in a carrier vehicle failed by cracking at the radius of the flange after five weeks of service. The posts were two of four that supported the chassis of the vehicle high above the wheels. The original design involved a flat flange of low-carbon low-alloy steel that was welded to an AISI 1025 steel tube, and the improved design included placing the welded joint of the flange farther away from the flange fillet. Investigation (visual inspection and chemical analysis) supported the conclusion that the failures in the flanges of improved design were attributed to fatigue cracks initiating at the aluminum oxide inclusions in the flange fillet. Recommendations included retaining the improved design of the flange with the weld approximately 50 mm (2 in.) from the fillet, but changing the metal to a forging of AISI 4140 steel, oil quenched and tempered to a hardness of 241 to 285 HRB. Preheating to 370 deg C (700 deg F) before and during welding with AISI 4130 steel wire was specified. It was also recommended that the weld be subjected to magnetic-particle inspection and then stress relieved at 595 deg C (1100 deg F), followed by final machining.


Simple Mail Transport Protocol is the most widely adopted protocol for e-mail delivery. However, it lacks security features for privacy, authentication of sending party, integrity of e-mail message, nonrepudiation and consistency of e-mail envelope. To make e-mail communication secure and private, e-mail servers incorporate one or more security features using add-on security protocols. The add-on security protocols provide a reasonable security but have several limitations. This paper discusses limitations of e-mail security protocols, analyzes and evaluates their effectiveness in e-mail servers. It also proposes methods to improve efficiency of e-mail servers in detecting spoofed e-mails from domains that do not follow any standard anti-spoofing protocol. Further, it presents results of studies carried out to appraise e-mail user practice; knowledge of security protocols and their confidence in e-mail system.


Background: This study focuses on young adult behaviors with regard to spam e-mails that sell weight loss products. Methods: Participants (N = 200) with and without weight problems were asked if they received, opened, and bought products from spam e-mail about weight loss topics in the past year. Psychological factors of self-esteem and perceived stress were measured. Results: Those with weight problems had significantly greater percentages than those without weight problems for receiving (87.7% vs. 73.3%, P = 0.02), opening (41.5% vs. 17.8%, P <0.001), and buying products (18.5% vs. 5.2%, P = 0.003). In the multivariate logistic regression analyses, weight problems were significantly associated with receiving (OR: 3.39, 95% CI: 1.31, 8.82), opening (OR: 3.10, 95% CI: 1.53, 6.29), and buying products (OR: 3.38, 95% CI: 1.16, 9.82). Conclusion: Physicians should consider discussing with patients the potential risks of opening and/or purchasing weight loss products from spam e-mails.


Problem. Some members of the Bethel Seventh-day Adventist Church have demonstrated tendencies towards extremes in their belief system accompanied by conflicts, attraction to fringe groups, and a lack of progress in evangelism and mission. There is a tendency to place strong emphasis on fragments of the Adventist message rather than the whole. Anecdotal evidence and biblical principles suggest that this fragmented theology leads to an imbalance in understanding of gospel principles, and the noted problems are a corollary of this (Knight, 2008). Thinking affects being (Prov 23:7). Methodology. A holistic framework for ministry was developed based on the template of the Wesleyan Quadrilateral where Scripture is the source of theology while tradition, reason and experience are resources that confirm scripture. The framework was informed by Ellen White and Adventist theologians under the blaze of Reformation theology. Chapter 1 is a general introduction of the project. The root problem is identified as theological fragmentation while the problems of conflicts, attraction to fringe groups, and lack of growth are the symptoms. The topics addressed are introduction, statement of the problem, purpose of the study, justification of the study, definitions, delimitation, limitations, and methodology. In chapter 2 a general theological reflection is developed accompanied by Ellen White's reflection on the components of the holistic framework: scripture, tradition, reason, and experience. In chapter 3 there is a literature review in which current evangelical theology is presented as it impacts the holistic framework. The Wesleyan Quadrilateral and its development through the Anglican tradition is analyzed through Wesley's writings and the views of Wesleyan scholars. Adventist theologians is also be analyzed pertaining to the components of the Quadrilateral. In chapter 4 the Bethel context is presented with its challenges. The pastor's biography presents the faith, experience and skills brought to Bethel especially in relation to the Holistic Framework. Paul Hiebert's anthropological model of mission and its relation to the holistic framework for leadership is presented as it will guide the pastor in his participant-observer approach to Bethel. In chapter 5 the implementation of the holistic framework for leadership is described as it impacts preaching, teaching, administration, mission and leadership. In chapter 6 the summary and evaluation of the project is made. A seminar based on the holistic framework and evaluation surveys are described. Conclusions both positive and negative are drawn. Recommendations for future development and application of the framework are made. Result. Bethel became a healthy place relationally. While people still have differences, they have learned to bear with each other. The church has assumed a new role as the center of mission in a large territory involving two church plants and other benevolent work. It gives support to the rest of the district generously. The possibility of planting other churches is quite feasible given its large territory. Parkdale is now the only church in the downtown area of the western half of Toronto. The Perth Avenue Church, which has been the flagship of Seventh-day Adventism in that area since the 1970s, has now moved out of that vicinity. It is no doubt providential that the Parkdale Church now exists. Bethel has grown theologically. A multitude of issues and problems disappeared. Improvements in all sectors of ministry have taken place. Theological fragmentation has decreased. Those who were consistently involved in prayer meeting, Bible class, health ministry and church planting have shown maturity in greater ways than the larger population There is a clearer sense of the Adventist identity and the Adventist place within Christianity. Some cultural impediments to theology have eased, as members are thinking scripturally rather than culturally where principles are concerned. The business side of the church has been placed on a sound foundation. My experience at Bethel has been involved and special. Creating the changes demanded presence physically, mentally and otherwise. The church has recognized that our time together has been very special and that God had truly blessed. A foundation is set on which to build a better future. Leadership development has been significant at all levels. Two couples have developed in pastoral leadership. They gained experience in preaching, teaching, and administration. Young people studying to be pastors received opportunity to practice and develop at Bethel, and have moved on successfully to pastoral ministry. Youth have been involved in church planting and development in the areas of preaching, teaching, and church administration. They are engaged in mission at a creative level, studying and analyzing how to advance church ministry. The mother church—Bethel—strengthened in all ministries. New ministries like the seniors ministry were developed. Yearly evangelistic series and revivals produced baptisms continuously. Baptisms varied from a low of five per year to a high of 22. Meanwhile the Parkdale Church grew by about 40 new members in the duration of my ministry. The AIM group grew to about 20 people in attendance and its programs attract many non-Adventists. Conclusion. Adventists need to disciple converts to the church. Pastors can use the Holistic Framework for personal and leadership development, and congregational development. The accomplishments at Bethel can be largely credited to the facilitation of the Holistic Framework in leadership. The weak point of the process at this seminal stage was the extent to which the members adopted the process of the framework individually. Work at Bethel was more pastor-dependent than was desirable. This is not the best-case scenario for the long term. Some congregations may be more ready to adopt the framework than others may. However there was advancement in getting members to think and work theologically. An outstanding part of the project at Bethel was the education that came through prayer meetings, Bible classes and diverse ministries. The power of Ellen White's conflict series and The Ministry of Healing were evidenced in these classes. The impact was both expressed and seen. Believers became familiar with resources they can use independently to understand scripture and to motivate theological pursuits. This strategy was fitting for a congregation that respects Ellen White's role as messenger in the Adventist Church. Many witnessed to the blessings received through the books and passed on copies to others. Creative simplification, a hallmark of Wesley, is necessary for each context. The utilization of the gifts and resources resident in the local church as well as the Adventist church in general is a godly responsibility. Often Adventists gravitate towards new and popular resources, which lack the spiritual power of our established resources. Getting people to study independently and reflect theologically will do far more to enhance their development than remaining dependent on pastors, teachers and experts. Taking responsibility for personal development is crucial to fulfill the priesthood of all believers. Since the components of the Holistic Framework are present in Ellen White's writings, the pastor can use them to impart this theological process to his students.


The structure of Vergil's Eclogues has been much discussed and various models have been proposed to describe the different ways in which the poems are linked to each other. Two general types of models have been proposed. That of the concentric or recessive panel is well known, but somewhat deficient in that it ignores the inner dynamism of the collection. Models that take these dynamic aspects into account do so at the cost of some of the advantages of considering the concentric panel. This article proposes a new model to describe the structure of Vergil's Eclogues, based on a synthesis of existing models and relevant criticism, one that not only describes the simple thematic correspondences between individual poems, or plots the development of themes through the collection, but also attempts to express the different levels of closeness of correspondence between individual poems and groups of poems in the collection.


Initially published in 1990, when the "New York Times Book Review" named it one of fourteen "Best Books of the Year," Judith Hemschemeyer's translation of "The Complete Poems of Anna Akhmatova" is the definitive edition, and has sold over 13,000 copies, making it one of the most successful poetry titles of recent years.This reissued and revised printing features a new biographical essay as well as expanded notes to the poems, both by Roberta Reeder, project editor and author of "Anna Akhmatova: Poet and Prophet" (St. Martin's Press, 1994). Encyclopedic in scope, with more than 800 poems, 100 photographs, a historical chronology, index of first lines, and bibliography. "The Complete Poems" will be the definitive English language collection of Akhmatova for many years to come.


Economic Geography" is the most complete, up-to-date textbook available on the important new field of spatial economics. This book fills a gap by providing advanced undergraduate and graduate students with the latest research and methodologies in an accessible and comprehensive way. It is an indispensable reference for researchers in economic geography, regional and urban economics, international trade, and applied econometrics, and can serve as a resource for economists in government."Economic Geography" presents advances in economic theory that explain why, despite the increasing mobility of commodities, ideas, and people, the diffusion of economic activity is very unequal and remains agglomerated in a limited number of spatial entities. The book complements theoretical analysis with detailed discussions of the empirics of the economics of agglomeration, offering a mix of theoretical and empirical research that gives a unique perspective on spatial disparities. It reveals how location continues to matter for trade and economic development, yet how economic integration is transforming the global economy into an economic space in which activities are performed within large metropolitan areas exchanging goods, skills, and information."Economic Geography" examines the future implications of this evolution in the spatial economy and relates them to other major social and economic trends. It provides a complete introduction to economic geography and explains the latest theory and methodologies. It covers the empirics of agglomeration, from spatial concentration measurement to structural estimations of economic geography models. It includes history and background of the field and serves as a textbook for students and a resource for professionals.


The antimicrobial activity of plant oils and extracts has been recognized for many years. However, few investigations have compared large numbers of oils and extracts using methods that are directly comparable. In the present study, 52 plant oils and extracts were investigated for activity against Acinetobacter baumanii, Aeromonas veronii biogroup sobria, Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype typhimurium, Serratia marcescens and Staphylococcus aureus, using an agar dilution method. Lemongrass, oregano and bay inhibited all organisms at concentrations of ≤2·0% (v/v). Six oils did not inhibit any organisms at the highest concentration, which was 2·0% (v/v) oil for apricot kernel, evening primrose, macadamia, pumpkin, sage and sweet almond. Variable activity was recorded for the remaining oils. Twenty of the plant oils and extracts were investigated, using a broth microdilution method, for activity against C. albicans, Staph. aureus and E. coli. The lowest minimum inhibitory concentrations were 0·03% (v/v) thyme oil against C. albicans and E. coli and 0·008% (v/v) vetiver oil against Staph. aureus. These results support the notion that plant essential oils and extracts may have a role as pharmaceuticals and preservatives.


Purpose: The goal of the research is to identify the critical variables for improvement of the risk management in an hierarchized organization in the context of the implementation of the sustainability concept. Design/Methodology/Approach: The research was conducted in 100 organizations organized and represented by the Prison Service in the area of expertise of the District Inspectorate of the Prison Service in Warsaw. The study was attended by officers of different levels of command and decision-making, who were serving or still are serving in prisons and pre-trial detention centers. The methods used are: document research method, diagnostic survey method, observation method, and CAWI (Computer Assisted Web Interviews). Findings: As a result of the study it was specified that the main condition for improving risk management is to concentrate the organization on realizing economic, social and environmental goals and striving to increase efficiency in these three areas. Results of the study showed that the maturity level of the researched organizations in the area of risk management is insufficient, however has a growing tendency. It has been noted that the awareness level in the area of risk management and analysis is low even though the researched institutions are endangered by inside and outside threats. Practical Implications: Identified critical variables for improving risk management in the Penitentiary Service in the context of implementing the concept of sustainable development will contribute to improving internal security in penitentiary units. Identification of internal and external threats and the right approach to risk management is a key determinant of improving organization security. Originality/Value: Risk management is still an actual and important trend in research, because it contributes to improvement of effectiveness and realizing goals of the organization, increasing awareness in need of action, identification and proceeding with risk, identification of chances and threats in the organization, fulfilling legal requirements and improvement of voluntary reports. It is especially important to analyze this matter in the Penitentiary Service as an institution endangered by a whole variety of inside and outside threats


Hutaff Island is a 6.0-km (3.7-mile) long undeveloped barrier located in southwestern
Onslow Bay, North Carolina. The barrier is bordered by New Topsail Inlet to the northeast and
Rich Inlet to the southwest, and has historically been influenced by several adjacent tidal inlets
with contrasting behaviors. Severe storm events have frequently impacted the barrier throughout
the 1938 – 2002 study period, resulting in dramatic erosion and overtopping of the barrier. The
development of major washover terraces coupled with storm-induced dune erosion has
dramatically lowered the barrier's topography. Consequently, the island is poised to migrate
landward at accelerated rates during future high-energy storm events.
The shoreface that fronts the barrier consists of a thin veneer of modern sand and gravelly
sand. The mobile surface veneer is generally less than 1.0 m thick and overlies an easily eroded
Oligocene siltstone unit that frequently crops out on the inner shoreface forming low-relief
hardbottoms. Vibracore sequences recovered from the estuary contain inter-bedded clean and
muddy sand units. The sand-rich intertidal and shallow subtidal sequences recovered near the
barrier reflect the role of the numerous inlets that have cycled trough the area.
Long-term shoreline change rates showed that Hutaff Island had experienced an average
net loss of ~ 2.1 m/year (7.0 ft/year) between 1938 and 2002. A dramatic lowering of the barrier
profile accompanied this landward translation. The relatively high erosion rates and increased
washover susceptibility appear to be attributable to a combination of variables, including the
region's low sediment supply and the persistent presence of unstable inlets. An understanding of
the processes influencing Hutaff Island's evolution can be used as a model in formulating
management decisions on nearby barriers where it is often difficult to assess the active processes and changes taking place as a result of dense coastal development and its associated
anthropogenic effects.


In this paper, we establish a relation between an argumentation based system: Defeasible Logic Programming (DELP), and a nonmonotonic system: Reiter's Default Logic. This relation is achieved by introducing a variant of DELP and a transformation that maps default theories to defeasible logic programs. The transformation allows to associate the answers of a D ELP Interpreter with the consequences, credulous and skeptical, of the default theory. Thus, this work establishes a link between a well understood nonmonotonic system and a argumentation based system. This link could be studied separately and could be exploited for the development of the latter system.


In order to evaluate the setting of the Humboldt–Rye Patch geothermal field, we carried out a program of hyperspectral and light detection and ranging (LiDAR) imaging of the Humboldt River basin to test (1) whether fault patterns, surface mineral alteration, and mud volcanoes in the Humboldt–Rye Patch district offer the potential for additional geothermal exploration sites; (2) whether mud diapirism in this region could be caused by seismic shaking; and (3) whether significant improvements in exploration can be made using these remote-sensing tools in addition to the more traditional techniques. In the southern (Rye Patch) region, a set of faults cuts the surface of the alluvial fans, and several faults cut shorelines of Lake Lahontan. These shorelines lie at an elevation of 1290 m, which corresponds with the elevation of the Lake 12,500 ± 500 yr ago. We find no signs of surface mineral alteration in the Rye Patch area in spite of the existence of these faults and known alteration at depth. Farther north, in the Humboldt House region, we find abundant evidence of alteration products, including siliceous sinter, carbonate, montmorillonite, hematite, and jarosite. This alteration is widespread, and corresponds to young faulting in only one location. The LiDAR data show at least two mud volcanoes and a large field of low-carbonate mounds. Some of these (apparently) diapiric features may have been associated with seismicity, and both active and paleoseismic events would have been sufficiently close and energetic to have initiated liquefaction in this region. Such liquefaction events would have been more likely, however, during the high stands of Lake Lahontan, when the ground would have been saturated, consistent with reported ages on rocks correlated with the carbonate mounds. We propose further geothermal exploration based on these results.


Recent decades have seen significant shifts in biblical scholarship opening up a range of ways of engaging the biblical narrative - both methodologically (the tools and techniques for engaging the text) and hermeneutically (the perspectives that inform an interpreter's approach to the text and to the interpretative task). It is these shifts that give shape to this introduction and study guide, so that students encounter not only the text of Matthew itself but also its rich lode of recent interpretation.

Among aspects of 1st-century life brought to the fore by current social-scientific methodology are kinship, the honor and shame culture, and masculinity. Gender is another interpretative lens that has characterized the study of the Gospel of Matthew in recent decades and the Guide provides pathways through this rich literature.

The guide to Matthew concludes with the most recent turn of the hermeneutical lens, namely an ecological perspective on what is perhaps the best-known text in Matthew, the Beatitudes. This final chapter is an example of how we can enter an old and familiar text like the Gospel of Matthew from yet another new critical direction.


We propose and analyze a new vantage point for the learning of mixtures of Gaussians: namely, the PAC-style model of learning probability distributions introduced by Kearns et al. [13]. Here the task is to construct a hypothesis mixture of Gaussians that is statistically indistinguishable from the actual mixture generating the data; specifically, the KL divergence should be at most ǫ. In this scenario, we give a poly(n/ǫ) time algorithm that learns the class of mixtures of any constant number of axis-aligned Gaussians in R n . Our algorithm makes no assumptions about the separation between the means of the Gaussians, nor does it have any dependence on the minimum mixing weight. This is in contrast to learning results known in the "clustering" model, where such assumptions are unavoidable. Our algorithm relies on the method of moments, and a subalgorithm developed in [8] for a discrete mixture-learning problem.


Structured Eurobonds are a prominent topic in the discussions how to complete the monetary and fiscal union. This work sheds light on several issues going hand in hand with the introduction of common bonds. At first a crucial question is on the optimal construction, e.g. what is the optimal common liability. Other questions that arise belong to the time after the introduction. The impact on several exchnage rates is examined in this work. Finally an approximation bias in forward-looking DSGE models is quantified which would lead to an adjustment of central bank interest rates and therefore has an impact on the other two topics.


Direct-to-consumer genetic testing makes it possible for everyone to learn their genome sequences. In order to contribute to medical research, a growing number of people publish their genomic data on the Web, sometimes under their real identities. However, this is at odds not only with their own privacy but also with the privacy of their relatives. The genomes of relatives being highly correlated, some family members might be opposed to revealing any of the family's genomic data. In this paper, we study the trade-off between utility and privacy in genomics. We focus on the most relevant kind of variants, namely single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). We take into account the fact that the SNPs of an individual contain information about the SNPs of his family members and that SNPs are correlated with each other. Furthermore, we assume that SNPs can have different utilities in medical research and different levels of sensitivity for individuals. We propose an obfuscation mechanism that enables the genomic data to be publicly available for research, while protecting the genomic privacy of the individuals in a family. Our genomic-privacy preserving mechanism relies upon combinatorial optimization and graphical models to optimize utility and meet privacy requirements. We also present an extension of the optimization algorithm to cope with the non-linear constraints induced by the correlations between SNPs. Our results on real data show that our proposed technique maximizes the utility for genomic research and satisfies family members' privacy constraints.


This letter presents a proof-of-concept process for tunable, self-limiting growth of ultrathin epitaxial NiSi2 films on Si (100). The process starts with metal sputter-deposition, followed by wet etching and then silicidation. By ionizing a fraction of the sputtered Ni atoms and biasing the Si substrate, the amount of Ni atoms incorporated in the substrate after wet etching can be controlled. As a result, the thickness of the NiSi2 films is increased from 4.7 to 7.2 nm by changing the nominal substrate bias from 0 to 600 V. The NiSi2 films are characterized by a specific resistivity around 50 mu Omega cm.


SIR,-If Mr. J. White's Abortion (Amendmen(t) Bill is, as indeed he has represented it to be, an urgent demand to Parliament to control the present exploitation of pregnant women in distress with unwanted pregnancies, then no doctor concerned for the welfare of such women will wish to do other than fully support it. But if it contains measures designed to deprive women in need of access to medical aid in abortion, which it does, this is another matter. Seeking to limit the legal right to abortion to 20 weeks and thus interfering with the accepted and established figure of 28 weeks for fetal viability is an unwarranted intrusion on medical assesssment. Surely such matters are best left to doctors to decide? Again wvhile certainly abortion for foreign women coming here for that purpose should be free only in exceptional circumstances, most medical men will feel that to forbid these women access to help is not only inhuman but introduce an unwelcome and uncongenial note of xenophobia. But perhaps most importantly of all, Mr. White's Bill seeks also to discount social and emotional factors in medical grounds for termination. This would be a most retrograde step, not only in this field but in medicine generally, as deeply damaging to our present ethos and concept of wholeperson care. When this measure comes before the Select Committee which is to be set up it is to be hoped that all those interested in the preservation of insight into the role of emotion and social factors in the aetiology of disease will be heard.-I am, etc., NORMAN CHISHOLM London N.W.3


We analyze the physical layer security of a communication scheme with a multiple antenna legitimate transmitter, employing transmit antenna selection (TAS), and a single antenna legitimate receiver in the presence of a single antenna eavesdropper. We developed closed-form expressions for the analysis of the secrecy outage probability supposing independent and quasi-static Rayleigh fading channels. Our results show that the secrecy outage probability is considerably increased when multiple antennas are available at the legitimate transmitter. Moreover, due to the use of the TAS technique, the eavesdropper is not able to exploit the additional spatial diversity offered by the legitimate transmitter.


The utility of artificial neural network models lies in the fact that they can be used to infer functions from observationsmaking them especially useful in applications where the complexity of data or tasks makes the design of such functions by hand impractical.Exploring Neural Networks with C# presents the important properties of neural networkswhile keeping the complex mathematics to a minimum. Explaining how to build and use neural networks, it presents complicated information about neural networks structure, functioning, and learning in a manner that is easy to understand.Taking a "learn by doing" approach, the book is filled with illustrations to guide you through the mystery of neural networks. Examples of experiments are provided in the text to encourage individual research. Online access to C# programs is also provided to help you discover the properties of neural networks.Following the procedures and using the programs included with the book will allow you to learn how to work with neural networks and evaluate your progress. You can download the programs as both executable applications and C# source code from http://home.agh.edu.pl/~tad//index.php?page=programy&lang=en


Callous-unemotional behavior (CU) is currently under consideration as a subtyping index for conduct disorder diagnosis. Twin studies routinely estimate the heritability of CU as greater than 50%. It is now possible to estimate genetic influence using DNA alone from samples of unrelated individuals, not relying on the assumptions of the twin method. Here we use this new DNA method (implemented in a software package called Genome-wide Complex Trait Analysis, GCTA) for the first time to estimate genetic influence on CU. We also report the first genome-wide association (GWA) study of CU as a quantitative trait. We compare these DNA results to those from twin analyses using the same measure and the same community sample of 2,930 children rated by their teachers at ages 7, 9 and 12. GCTA estimates of heritability were near zero, even though twin analysis of CU in this sample confirmed the high heritability of CU reported in the literature, and even though GCTA estimates of heritability were substantial for cognitive and anthropological traits in this sample. No significant associations were found in GWA analysis, which, like GCTA, only detects additive effects of common DNA variants. The phrase 'missing heritability' was coined to refer to the gap between variance associated with DNA variants identified in GWA studies versus twin study heritability. However, GCTA heritability, not twin study heritability, is the ceiling for GWA studies because both GCTA and GWA are limited to the overall additive effects of common DNA variants, whereas twin studies are not. This GCTA ceiling is very low for CU in our study, despite its high twin study heritability estimate. The gap between GCTA and twin study heritabilities will make it challenging to identify genes responsible for the heritability of CU.


The main goal of this study centers on developing an aggregate air itinerary share model estimated at the city-pair level within the US air transportation system. This route demand assignment model is part of a new modeling approach that has as its ultimate output the prediction of detailed traffic information for the US air transportation system. In this approach, city-pair demand generation, route demand assignment and air traffic levels estimations are completed in 3 different stages within a single framework. Aiming to fully develop the overall model, in this paper we focus on estimating the 2nd stage, the air itinerary choice model. In order to achieve this, the first approach taken applies a multinomial logit model and uses a combination of stated preferences (SP) and revealed preferences (RP) data to estimate the model. By using a mixed dataset, we attempt to improve the RP model results, which often perform poorly due to high demand inelasticity. Preliminary results show the potential of this approach, although further analysis is required to understand the results obtained. For the final paper, different approaches and further interactions among the model attributes will be applied to improve the model's performance.


PURPOSE
Xerostomia (dry mouth), secondary to radiation-induced parotid-gland injury, is a distressing side effect affecting up to 90% of patients following head-and-neck cancer radiotherapy (RT). Recent MRI studies have demonstrated that the volume reduction of parotid glands is an important indicator for radiation damage and xerostomia. This study's purpose is to develop an automated MR parotid-gland segmentation method to monitor parotid-gland volume change induced by radiation.

METHODS
We conducted a longitudinal study of 15 patients (54 MRIs). All patients received 1 MR scan prior to RT, and additional 1-4 MR scans post RT (follow-up: 6-24 months). The proposed method combines atlas registration which captures global variation of anatomy with pattern recognition which captures local statistical features to segment parotid glands from head-and-neck MRI. Specifically, the segmentation method includes 3 steps. First, we built an atlas (pre-RT MRI and corresponding parotid-gland mask contoured by physician). We utilized a hybrid deformable image registration to map the pre-RT MRI to the post-RT MRI, and applied the transformation to the parotid glands segmented from the pre-RT MRI. Second, the kernel support vector machine (SVM) was trained with pre-RT MRI, multi-features (Gradient, Sobel, and Gabor features), as well as the transformed parotid mask. Lastly, the trained KSVM was used to segment the post-RT parotid glands. The resulting segmentations were compared with physicians' manual contours.

RESULTS
The average left and right parotid-gland volume overlapped 91.1±1.6% and 90.5±2.4% between the automatic segmentations and the physicians' contours. Overall, the parotid-gland volume reduction was observed in 12 patients, and the volume reduction was 12.6-17.8% for 5 patients at 1-year follow-up.

CONCLUSION
We have demonstrated the feasibility and accuracy of our automatic segmentation algorithm for monitoring radiation-induced parotid-gland volume changes. This segmentation method may be useful as we try to address xerostomia in patients following radiotherapy for head-and-neck malignancies.


Heavy-duty diesel engines are used in a wide range of applications. For varying operating environments, the engine and aftertreatment system must comply with the real-world emission legislation limits. Simultaneously, minimal fuel consumption and good drivability are crucial for economic competitiveness and usability. Meeting these requirements takes substantial development and calibration effort, and complying with regulations results in a trade-off between emissions and fuel consumption. TNO's Integrated Emission Management (IEM) strategy finds online, the cost-optimal point in this trade-off and is able to deal with variations in operating conditions, while complying with legislation limits. Based on the actual state of the engine and aftertreatment system, an optimal engine operating point is computed using a model-based optimal-control algorithm. A novel feature introduced in this work is the addition of a feedback scheme to control the tailpipe NOx emissions through modification of the Lagrange multiplier in the optimal control algorithm. The Lagrange multiplier represents the penalty on tailpipe NOx emissions in the optimal control problem. This feature provides In-Service Conformity (ISC) in real-life operation and adds robustness, in terms of emissions, to system disturbances, such as production tolerances, system ageing and sensor or actuator errors. The IEM strategy is a generic toolkit and can incorporate additional optimization variables, provided their effects are accurately represented by the online models of the engine and aftertreatment system. This can be used to include additional degrees of freedom such as fuel injection timing, pressure, pre- and post-injections and power-splits for hybrid drivelines. IEM is capable of real-time implementation and has previously been operated on an engine testbed, showing up to 2% reduction in fuel consumption that can be translated into a corresponding CO2 emission reduction.