A fully integrated dual-conversion transmitter chain with an on-chip dipole antenna and an integer-N synthesizer operating in the 24-GHz Instrument, Scientific and Medical (ISM) band was fabricated in 0.13-mum CMOS. The choice of 24-GHz operation enables the integration of a 4-mm long antenna on chip. The transmitter chain can support data rate of 100 Mb/s. It provides 6-dBm output power to a 100-Omega load at 22.4 GHz with 152-mW power dissipation including that of a frequency synthesizer. At this output power level, the dual conversion architecture can mitigate the VCO pulling even when an antenna and a power amplifier are integrated on the same substrate as the VCO. The out-of-band emissions due to the modulation side lobes and image have been sufficiently suppressed. The stray emissions of local oscillator can also be reduced using circuit techniques. The signal from the transmitter has been picked up 95 meters away with a horn antenna, which suggests that wireless communications between a single chip radio and a base station 100 meters away is possible.


This paper presents the optimal physical-layer security scheme of both primary user (PU) and secondary user (SU) in the underlay multiple-input multiple-output cognitive-radio network (MIMO-CRN) by use of a bi-directional zero-forcing beamformer. The proposed new method enables the PU to communicate along with the SUs through a relay node without sacrificing their individual secrecy capacity, i.e., without causing interference to each other even in the presence of eavesdropper(s). In the first phase, a transmitting beamformer at the PU/SU transmitters and a receiving beamformer at the relay have been adopted to separate PU and SU data. In the second phase, a bi-directional beamformer has been applied to eradicate the necessity of involving artificial noise for preventing the active eavesdropper(s). To maximize the total secrecy capacity, a generalized non-linear optimization problem has been formulated and converted to a simplified constrained optimization problem by utilizing the beamformer and the associated subspace restriction. Then, this problem is solved by the Lagrangian method. Both theoretical and numerical analyses of the total and individual ergodic secrecy rates are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed method. The secrecy outage probability is also derived to evaluate the performance variations of our proposed scheme when the channel-estimation error occurs.


We employed first-principle calculations techniques to explore the optoelectronic properties of pyrochlore oxide superconductor named KOs2O6. Due to the existence of localized f and d-states in the electronic configuration of Osmium element, the spin orbit coupling and GGA+U approach were considered in computation in order to describe correctly the d-d coupling. KOs2O6 is a metallic and exhibit a large electrical conductivity as found from Fermi surface. The calculated optoelectronic properties have explored the real and the imaginary parts of the dielectric constant along with the other related optical properties like the refractive index, energy loss function and the absorption along with the reflectivity.


Self-assembly can be loosely defined as the emergence of order in an initially disordered system by virtue of intrinsic interactions between the different components of the system, as opposed to being induced by external action. It is a phenomenon that is ubiquitous in the natural world and crucial in a myriad of practical applications. Some of the best known examples in nature are the formation of cell membranes, hierarchical DNA or protein assemblies, and the porous skeletons of invertebrate species like diatoms and sponges. Giant trees, that grow to 100 metres in height, demonstrate impressively that self-assembly is not confined to small scales. Industrial applications range from the traditional uses of amphiphilic surfactants in detergency to the synthesis of porous, functional and stimuli responsive nanomaterials. This diversity of existing applications and the prospect of many new ones have rendered self-assembly a rather wide-ranging research topic. The key challenge lies in the complexity of the systems, which makes discovery and understanding of the underlying assembly mechanisms very difficult for both experimentalists and theoreticians. The last few decades have seen a progressive shift in self-assembly research from a mainly experimental field to one in which theory and simulation play a key role. This arose from the realisation that only through detailed understanding of the molecular-level mechanisms of self-assembly hope to design and control such systems in practical applications. It is the contribution of molecular simulation to the goal of engineering self-assembling systems that is the focus of this special issue. the self-assembly applications Patti and Cuetos the phase behaviour of colloidal suspensions of cuboidal particles potential for liquid crystal whereas detailed study of magnetic colloids that can be used to develop new responsive soft materials. The interactions between nanoparticles principles of self-assembly and the symbiosis between experiment, theory and simulation, self-assembly.


We propose and study a new class of submodular functions called deep submodular functions (DSFs). We define DSFs and situate them within the broader context of classes of submodular functions in relationship both to various matroid ranks and sums of concave composed with modular functions (SCMs). Notably, we find that DSFs constitute a strictly broader class than SCMs, thus motivating their use, but that they do not comprise all submodular functions. Interestingly, some DSFs can be seen as special cases of certain deep neural networks (DNNs), hence the name. Finally, we provide a method to learn DSFs in a max-margin framework, and offer preliminary results applying this both to synthetic and real-world data instances.


Prior research has demonstrated a relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and recidivism among justice-involved youth. It has also been found that drug and alcohol use, mental health, and their co-occurrence increase recidivism. As there is evidence that ACEs increase the likelihood of both drug and alcohol use and mental health problems, it is surprising that prior research has yet to examine whether these factors mediate the ACE-recidivism relationship. Using data from a large sample of adjudicated juveniles in Florida, the current study examines the mediating effects of drug and alcohol use, mental health problems, and their co-occurrence on the ACEs-recidivism relationship. For the entire sample, the results found that current drug use, current mental health problems, and their co-occurrence served as partial mediators of the ACEs-recidivism relationship. Further, important gender and racial differences in these mediating effects were revealed. Implications for these findings within justice-involved youth are discussed.


Despite the magnitude of mental health problems worldwide, many cases of deinstitutionalization have failed to achieve their targets for a number of reasons including lack of appropriate community psychiatric services and lack of knowledge of new approaches. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify the attitudes, beliefs, and mental health literacy of mental health professionals and the general population toward mental illness. Method: The Attitudes toward the Severe Mental Illness (ASMI) scale was administered in both mental health professionals (n = 311) and to the general population (n = 933) to compare stereotypes and optimism with regard to mental health patients and their abilities to integrate into the society. Results: The results indicate that the general population holds less negative stereotypes (M = 2.55, SD = 0.61) than mental health professionals (M = 1.93, SD = 0.59), t(734) = 13.34, p < .001, d = 1.04. However, mental health professionals are less optimistic about the competences of a patient with a mental illness (M = 1.92, SD = 0.61) than the general population (M = 2.2, SD = .37), t(854) = 8.1, p < .001, d = .56. Discussion: The use of scales, such as the ASMI, not only make it possible to map out attitudes and views but also to measure mental health professionals' beliefs toward inclusion of these people. Results indicate that the core of the treatment needs to be shifted from the medical compliance to the satisfaction of psycho-social needs of service users. Finally, educational programs targeted at secondary education and young adults may lead to lower rates of social isolation and include more incidents of social integration.


'HOME WAS CONGO': REFUGEES AND DURABLE DISPLACEMENT IN THE BORDERLANDS OF 1,000 HILLS Erika Frydenlund Old Dominion University, 2015 Director: Dr. Jennifer N. Fish As forced migrants linger at the borders of the world's conflicts, refugees from the Democratic Republic of Congo in Rwanda remain in camps where they have waited for 'durable solutions' to their geographic and political existence for nearly two decades. Protracted displacement such as this results from processes at the local, state, regional, and international levels, with consequences reverberating each of these levels, including insecurity, expenditure of already limited resources, and strained interstate political relationships. As refugees' stays extend to increasingly long periods of time, situations once assumed to be temporary take on a semblance of permanence. Forced displacement increasingly transitions to relatively durable living instances of conflict spillover, articulating the wider human impacts of such patterns of vital, and often understudied, outcomes of conflict and power struggles. Using a qualitative approach within a specific site of displacement in the Great Lakes Region of Africa, this study engages in dialog with notions of sovereignty, post-colonialism, social constructivism, burden-sharing, and social stratification to uncover the possible motivations for making refugee situations permanent. Home to approximately 16,000 Congolese refugees, Kiziba Camp in western Rwanda serves as a microcosm through which one can observe these multi-layered humanitarian aid and refugee hosting processes. By analyzing semi-structured interview and ethnographic data collected from Kiziba Camp in 2011, 2013, and 2014, interviews with key Rwandan government representatives, and existing media sources and nongovernmental organization reports, this research links the pursuit and maintenance of state sovereignty, as well as aspects of social construction at the local-level, with processes that contribute to protracted displacement. Analyses of this original data reveal intentional and unintentional factors emanating from state foreign and domestic policies, NGO disaster and humanitarian assistance rhetoric, as well as refugees' own conceptualization of citizenship, identity, and belonging that contribute to the durability refugee displacement. Through the personal narratives of community leaders of Kiziba Camp, this study begins to reveal a theory about state dependency on refugee hosting and the agency of refugees to imagine and define themselves, and how these factors contribute to a form of displacement that becomes increasingly durable over time.


This paper examines the three major explanations for the disparity between willingness-to-pay (WTP) and willingness-to-accept (WTA) observed in contingent value surveys and laboratory experiments: a belief that the results must be biased in some fashion, Hanemann's (1991) substitutes hypothesis, and the loss aversion model proposed by Tversky and Kahneman (1991). Starting from the assumption that individuals make utility maximizing choices, we develop structural equations that yield parametric tests of the hypotheses within a single, non-experimental framework. The approach is flexible enough to incorporate a variety of functional form and distributional assumptions and can be applied to either data from either open-ended bids or dichotomous choice questions. The usefulness of the approach is demonstrated using data from a survey that asked both WTP and WTA questions. The results provide weak support for loss aversion.


Big bang decentralization in Indonesia has been started since 1999 as muffle of many problems after the fall of authoritarian regime in 1998. But no one can prove succeed rate, decentralization offered by World Bank is seen as an effective medicine to many countries different kind problems. Within the context, this paper evaluates the experiment of decentralization in Indonesia vigorous in revision by House of People's Representatives, attention in 2004 Indonesia also apply recentralization and consequently a changed in the relationship central government and local government. Using institutional design analysis coupled with empirical observation. The final conclusion of this paper is sovereignty of the people controlled relation central government and local government .


A summary is given of the lycophyte species as distributed in fifteen Euramerican coalfields during Asturian (Westphalian D) times. The datasets from the coalfields are analysed using unweighted pair group cluster analyses of Jaccard's Coefficients. Separate analyses were done on the full dataset (the full list of morphospecies) and on a more restricted dataset (only the morphospecies of vegetative organs). Three groupings of coalfields were resolved in the analyses. The two most clearly defined groupings represented the intramontane basin coalfields, and the coalfields of the lowland basins on the Variscan foreland where the lycophyte floras are well documented. The third grouping included those basins with less well-studied lycophyte floras, where the apparently low species diversity has undoubtedly affected the results. More work is needed on these poorly documented floras to produce a more rigorous phytogeographical analysis.


Background and aims : In a healthy organization, staff's physical and mental health is as important and considerable as production and productivity. Burnout is a result of long-term tension and stress in the job environment. Its symptoms occur when employees' power and potency is not enough for the job environment demands. Emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and lack of personal accomplishment are three dimensions of burnout. In this survey we studied the nursing job environment considering nurses' participation in hospital affairs, foundation for quality of nursing care, managerial support and leadership, staffing/resource adequacy and collegial nurse-physician relation and their effects on nurses' burnout level. Methods: This survey is a cross-sectional, descriptive-analytical study to review of nursing job environment on nurses' burnout dimensions in TUMS (Tehran …) general-teaching hospitals in 1386. For this study, 214 nurses (confidence interval %95, powers %80 and attrition %30) were selected randomly. Data were gathered using Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and Nursing Work Index (NWI) questionnaires filled in by studied nurses. The validity of these questionnaires determined using masters' instructions. To determine the reliability of NWI questionnaire, a pilot study was conducted and its reliability coefficient (Cronbach's alpha) was 0.88. The reliability and internal validity of MBI questionnaire had been proved in previous studies. Data were analyzed by SPSS 11.5 and Logistic regression and Chi-Square test. Results: Results show that hospital type and nurses' sex have effects on lack of personal accomplishment frequency and hospital type influences lack of personal accomplishment severity. Depersonalization frequency is effected negatively by decreasing foundation for quality of nursing care (OR=2.326) and lack of managerial support and leadership (OR=4.553) and limited collegial nurse-physician relation (OR=1.339). Depersonalization severity is influenced negatively by decreasing foundation for quality of nursing care (OR=3.310). Lack of managerial support and leadership (OR=2.152) effects negatively on emotional exhaustion frequency, and finally, exhaustion severity is effected negatively by lack of foundation for quality of nursing care (OR=3.838), staffing/resource adequacy (OR=2.440) and collegial nurse-physician relation (OR=2.552). Also, logistic regression results show that all mentioned relationships (given standard errors) are positive that means increasing a variable results in increasing the other variable and vice versa. Conclusion: The type and numbers of patients refer to the studied hospitals, using flexible working models; applying new working ideas, team working, participating in hospital affairs, preparing educational and preferment opportunities for employees, providing managerial support etc. have important effects on the frequency and severity of burnout dimensions.


This study investigates how students in an online Masters Programme in Adult Learning, although geographically dispersed used SNs to develop a supportive environment that enables collaborative learning to support and deepen their learning. Web 2.0 social software provided the tools for various forms of communication and information sharing amongst student within the social networks. This study shows how the use of Web 2.0 tools such as wikis, podcasts, blogs, chat rooms, social networking sites and email have the potential to expand the learning environment, increase participation and enrich the learning experience. Rapid technological developments transform our world into a global society which is ever changing and interconnected. The SNs as a learning environment in this technological driven global society is complex and not clearly defined; therefore it was not easy for me to understand the nature of the SNs as learning environment. The social nature of this study has therefore urged me to use social constructivism as a conceptual framework to gain insights into how students have used the social networks to develop a supportive environment that enables collaborative learning to support and deepen their learning. The utilisation of social constructivism as theoretical lens has helped to broaden my perceptions of the SNs as learning environment, to deepen my understanding of how learning occurs in the SNs and to comprehend learner behaviour within this pedagogical space. Social constructivists view learning as a social process in which people make sense of their world by interacting with other people (Doolittle & Camp, 1999). Social constructivists belief in the social nature of knowledge, and the belief that knowledge is the result of social interaction and language usage, and, thus, is a shared, rather than an individual, experience (Prawat & Floden, 1994). Furthermore, they believe that this social interaction always occurs within a socio-cultural context, resulting in knowledge that is bound to a specific time and place (Vygotsky, 1978).


Two species of nematophagous fungi has been isolated from Sumatera Utara soil, with an aim of harnessing their potential in the biological control of plant parasitic nematodes or animal parasitic nematodes in Indonesia, especially in Sumatera Utara. Soil samples were collected from tobacco plantations, vegetable fields and ornamental plantings in the Berastagi area, and also from livestock in local farms and a dairy farm in Berastagi Area, Karo Regency. Soil also collected from un-cultivated area in Sibolangit National Park, Karo Regency. The pour method described by Larsen et al., (1988) and the sprinkle method described by Jafee et al., (1996) were used to isolate the nematophagous fungi from soil. In this study the Chloramphenicol Water Agar Media has been used as culture media and Ceanorhabditis elegans has been used as bait. Two nematophagous fungi known as insect pathogens (entomophagous) have been isolated and determined as Lecanicillium lecanii and Paecilomyces fumosoroseus.Key words: entomophagous, biocontrol agent, nematode, Sumatera Utara


ABSTRACT Studies have consistently found that fathers continue to be excluded from mainstream clinical social work practice when clinicians do not actively encourage their participation either because of lack of knowledge of how to engage fathers or biases against considering father involvement important. This holds especially true of immigrant and refugee fathers. With the majority of research studies focused on women and their children, a tremendous gap exists for male refugees and immigrants. Immigrant males and fathers in particular tend to be either forgotten or excluded from mainstream research. A significant gender bias exists in refugee research with less attention paid to boys, men, and fathers. This article provides an overview of the essential role of fathers in child development, the barriers that immigrant fathers face, their resilience through the immigration process, and how clinicians can establish a father-inclusive practice. A review will be presented on (1) the essential role of fathers in child development, (2) demographics of immigrant fathers, (3) the shifting of paternal roles and family structures, (4) social stressors and barriers for immigrant fathers, (5) the resilience of immigrant fathers, (6) barriers for fathers in clinical practice, (7) guidelines for father-inclusive practice, using a culturally informed socioecological family systems model.


Dairy calves are the future stock of the dairy farms, their proper welfare management is most important aspect for profitable dairy farming. The present study was carried out in Jamtara district of Jharkhand, collected data revealed that all the respondents attended their animals during calving. Cleaning of calves immediately after calving was done by almost all (92.5%) the respondents, while only 23.33 per cent respondents were performing ligation of naval cord and application of antiseptic. Most of the respondents (57.5%) were feeding colostrum to the calves when the animals were able to stand on their feet and only 35 percent of them were feeding colostrums within one hour of birth. Most of the respondents (51.56%) allowed the calves to suckle all the quarter of udder before and after milking and only 3.33 percent of the respondents followed weaning practice. Further, castration of male calf was done after the age of 3 months either by machine (81.81%) or by desi (local) methods ( 18.19%). The major constraints experienced by the farmers to follow proper calf welfare practices were lack of money, lack of knowledge and veterinary doctors in vicinity.


?What was the contribution that Enrique Luque Carulla left as a legacy to marketing in Colombia? The authoress of the present article proposes an answer to this question based in her qualitative research supported by testimonies and file analysis registered in audio-visual media and articles published before Luque's death. This man is presented as an executive who impacted his managerial, trade-union, consultancy and academic activities on marketing. His ideological expression, practices, and conduct of interaction with various political, economic, social and cultural environments characterized by their own value and beliefs systems allowed him to develop and influence the macro-environment in Colombia. The paper also exposes what the authoress defines as the basis of his marketing philosophy, as well as the respective resultant achievements. The principal conclusion of the investigation appears that for Luque Carulla, marketing is not an activity, but a managerial philosophy and that on having inculcated it among his university students, subordinates, partners and businessmen, it formed the legacy that was left to Colombian society. Finally, it is expected to serve as a pedagogic resource for teaching courses in management, entrepreneurship and marketing.


The chemical properties of sea‐spray aerosol particles produced by artificially generated bubbles using oceanic waters were investigated during a phytoplankton bloom in the North Atlantic. Spray particles exhibited a progressive increase in the organic matter (OM) content from 3 ± 0.4% up to 77 ± 5% with decreasing particle diameter from 8 to 0.125 μm. Submicron OM was almost entirely water insoluble (WIOM) and consisted of colloids and aggregates exuded by phytoplankton. Our observations indicate that size dependent transfer of sea water organic material to primary marine particles is mainly controlled by the solubility and surface tension properties of marine OM. The pattern of WIOM and sea‐salt content in the different size intervals observed in bubble bursting experiments is similar to that measured in atmospheric marine aerosol samples collected during periods of high biological activity. The results point to a WIOM/sea‐salt fingerprint associated with submicron primary marine aerosol production in biologically rich waters.


A common problem in video surveys in very shallow waters is the presence of strong light fluctuations, due to sun light refraction. Refracted sunlight casts fast moving patterns, which can significantly degrade the quality of the acquired data. Motivated by the growing need to improve the quality of shallow water imagery, we propose a method to remove sunlight patterns in video sequences. The method exploits the fact that video sequences allow several observations of the same area of the sea floor, over time. It is based on computing the image difference between a given reference frame and the temporal median of a registered set of neighboring images. A key observation is that this difference will have two components with separable spectral content. One is related to the illumination field (lower spatial frequencies) and the other to the registration error (higher frequencies). The illumination field, recovered by lowpass filtering, is used to correct the reference image. In addition to removing the sunflickering patterns, an important advantage of the approach is the ability to preserve the sharpness in corrected image, even in the presence of registration inaccuracies. The effectiveness of the method is illustrated in image sets acquired under strong camera motion containing non-rigid benthic structures. The results testify the good performance and generality of the approach.


We make a generalization of the integral method in the electromagnetic theory of gratings to study diffraction by echelles covered with dielectric lossless or absorbing layers. Numerical examples are given that show that, as in the resonance domain, the diffraction efficiency is more complicated than being a simple product of lossless diffraction efficiency curves and plane surface reflectivity.


: Background : With the development of chronic diseases including chronic renal failure, quality of life for these patients is often lower than normal. This study was designed to use Orem self care framework and it impact on quality of life in patients treated with hemodialysis was designed and executed. Materials and Method: Quasi-experimental research present study, sampling method on 35 hemodialysis patients who referred to were Khatam hospital Hemodialysis unit in Zahedan themerin 1389. Data collection included demographic information, health status forms of Orem-based model and the standard measure of quality of life instrument SF-36 was QOL Scores recorded as pre-test and then revied wase the plemouted questionnaire after completetion without health status, training needs and educational needs during the four individual half an hour sessions month.After two months of the last session of the quality of life questionnaire completion and data analyzed SPSS-16 software using Martvsyfy paired T test, Pearson correlation and ANOVA were analyzed . Resulst : After applying all aspects of self care model for quality of life was significantly enhanced (p<0.005). Also, mean total quality of life prior to the 90.46% 65.56% after applying self care model promoting Vtfavt found significantly (p<0.001). Conclusion: Results indicated a positive impact Orem self care framework is. Therefore, a program based on training needs, can indicate chronic and progressive course of disease patterns, the importance of self care that stows permanent drift. [ZJRMS, 2012 14(1): 8-12 ]


Speaker identification is one of the main tasks in speech processing. In addition to identification accuracy, large-scale applications of speaker identification give rise to another challenge: fast search in the database of speakers. In this paper, we propose a system based on i-vectors, a current approach for speaker identification, and locality sensitive hashing, an algorithm for fast nearest neighbor search in high dimensions. The connection between the two techniques is the cosine distance: on the one hand, we use the cosine distance to compare i-vectors, on the other hand, locality sensitive hashing allows us to quickly approximate the cosine distance in our retrieval procedure. We evaluate our approach on a realistic data set from YouTube with about 1,000 speakers. The results show that our algorithm is approximately one to two orders of magnitude faster than a linear search while maintaining the identification accuracy of an i-vector-based system.


In 2004, John Allison, Mark Lemley, Kimberly Moore, and Derek Trunkey published an article, Valuable Patents, reporting the results of the most comprehensive study ever done comparing various characteristics of patents that ended up in infringement litigation with patents that had not been litigated. Allison et al. compared a very large population of unlitigated patents - approximately three million - with a set of more than 6,800 litigated patents for which the infringement litigation terminated in 1999 or 2000. Appropriate adjustments were made for the different ages of the patents. Because of the size of the data set, the large study was not finely graded. Thus, Allison et al. also performed a much more finely graded study comparing characteristics of a random sample of 300 of the litigated patents that were issued during 1996-1998 (25% of the litigated patents issued during that time period) with a random sample of 1,000 unlitigated patents issued during the same time period. Based on the consensus that litigated patents are on average more valuable than unlitigated ones and thus represent a subset of all valuable patents, Allison et al. found among other things that litigated patents have significantly more total claims, independent claims, prior-art references, and forward citations (citations to the patents by later patents) than unlitigated patents. Litigated patents are also relatively young; that is, litigation tends to occur during the first few years after patents are issued. The authors concluded not only that many valuable patents can be identified retrospectively but also that reasonable predictions can be made about patents that are likely to be valuable enough to be litigated. David Adelman and Kathryn DeAngelis challenge the use of patent characteristics to identify valuable patents either retrospectively or prospectively. Adelman and DeAngelis's primary empirical contentions regarding the unsuitability of patent characteristics for identifying valuable patents are that: (1) the distribution of the value of patents is highly skewed, with most having little or no value and only a relatively small portion having any value at all; (2) the distributions of the several patent characteristics (called patent metrics by Adelman and DeAngelis) often viewed as indicators of value are skewed, thus rendering them unreliable as relevant value metrics; (3) Valuable Patents' findings of differences in the characteristics of litigated and unlitigated patents that are statistically significant does not mean that the differences are of a practically significant magnitude; and (4) the base-rate problem, which may occur when attempting to predictively identify a small subset of a population, prevents Valuable Patents' results from having any predictive power. In this article, the authors rebut each of the Adelman-DeAngelis criticisms. With one exception, we demonstrate that all of these criticisms are misplaced, and the other criticism is unlikely to present a problem in virtually any of the circumstances in which patent characteristics are actually used to identify valuable patents.


MERS represents a major departure from and grave disruption of recording practices in counties such as Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, that have traditionally ensured the orderly transfer of real property across the country. Prior to MERS, records of real property interests were public, transparent, and provided a secure foundation upon which the American economy could grow. MERS is a privately run recording system created to reduce costs for large investment banks, the "sell-side" of the mortgage industry, which is largely inaccessible to the public. MERS is recorded as the mortgage holder in traditional county records, as a "nominee" for the holder of the mortgage note. Meanwhile, the promissory note secured by the mortgage is pooled, securitized, and transferred multiple times, but MERS does not require that its members enter these transfers into its database. MERS is a system that is "grafted" onto the traditional recording system and could not exist without it, but it usurps the function of county recorders and eviscerates the system recorders are charged with maintaining. The MERS system was modeled after the Depository Trust Company (DTC), an institution created to hold corporate and municipal securities, but, unlike the DTC, MERS has no statutory basis, nor is it regulated by the SEC. MERS's lack of statutory grounding and oversight means that it has neither legal authority nor public accountability. By allowing its members to transfer mortgages from MERS to themselves without any evidence of ownership, MERS dispensed with the traditional requirement that purported assignees prove their relationship to the mortgagee of record with a complete chain of mortgage assignments, in order to foreclose. MERS thereby eliminated the rules that protected the rights of mortgage holders and homeowners. Surveys, government audits, reporting by public media, and court cases from across the country have revealed that MERS's records are inaccurate, incomplete, and unreliable. Moreover, because MERS does not allow public access to its records, the full extent of its system's destruction of chains of title and the clarity of entitlements to real property is not yet known. Electronic and paper recording systems alike can contain errors and inconsistencies. Electronic systems have the potential to increase the accessibility and accuracy of public records, but MERS has not done this. Rather, by making recording of mortgage assignments voluntary, and cloaking its system in secrecy, it has introduced unprecedented and perhaps irreparable levels of opacity, inaccuracy, and incompleteness, wreaking havoc on the local title recording systems that have existed in America since colonial times.


Different stages of volcanic island evolution are evident in the Cenozoic Lesser Antilles arc developed near the eastern edge of the Caribbean Plate. The early stage of seamount evolution is represented by the Kick-em-Jenny submarine volcano near the southern end of the arc. The volcanically active islands known as the Volcanic Caribbées are composed of a series of composite volcanoes and are examples of an emergent volcanic island stage. Those islands that were formerly active, known as the Limestone Caribbées, provide evidence that an erosional to submergent stage occurred in the northern part of the island arc during the Oligocene and Miocene epochs. Growth of the islands and underlying crust is dependent upon the magma production rate along the arc, which has for the last 100 ka ranged from less than 1 km3 to 40 km3. These differences in magma production and volcanic rock composition along the arc are attributed to the obliquity of plate convergence and the plate convergence rates.


Background
Work-family conflict (WFC) and job insecurity are important determinants of workers' mental health.

Aims
To examine the relationship between WFC and psychological distress, and the co-occurring effects of WFC and job insecurity on distress in US working adults.

Methods
This study used cross-sectional data from the 2010 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) for adults aged 18-64 years. The 2010 NHIS included occupational data from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) sponsored Occupational Health Supplement. Logistic regression models were used to examine the independent and co-occurring effects of WFC and job insecurity on distress.

Results
The study group consisted of 12059 participants. In the model fully adjusted for relevant occupational, behavioural, sociodemographic and health covariates, WFC and job insecurity were independently significantly associated with increased odds of psychological distress. Relative to participants reporting WFC only, participants reporting no WFC and no job insecurity had lower odds of moderate and severe distress. Co-occurring WFC and job insecurity was associated with significantly higher odds of both moderate [odds ratio (OR) = 1.55; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.25-1.9] and severe (OR = 3.57; 95% CI 2.66-4.79) distress.

Conclusions
Rates of WFC and job insecurity were influenced by differing factors in working adults; however, both significantly increased risk of adverse mental health outcomes, particularly when experienced jointly. Future studies should explore the temporal association between co-occurring WFC and job insecurity and psychological distress.


Understanding how the human cerebral cortex evolved to its present complex state is a fascinating topic for neuroscience, genetics, bioinformatics and comparative biology. To gain further insights into the origins of the mammalian neocortex and to understand how the cortex evolved to be able to serve more complex cognitive functions, we study the development of various extant species. Our aim is to correlate cortical cell numbers and neuronal cell types with the elaboration of cortical progenitor populations and their modes of proliferation in different species. There are several progenitors, i.e. the ventricular radial glia, the subventricular intermediate progenitors and subventricular (outer) radial glia types, but the contribution of each to cortical layers and cell types through specific lineages is not fully understood. Recent comparisons of the proportions of these progenitors in various species during embryonic neurogenesis have revealed the elaboration and cytoarchitectonic compartmentalization of the germinal zone, with alterations in the proportions of various types that can be included among the intermediate progenitors. Across species, larger and more diverse intermediate progenitor populations correlate with brain size and cortical cell diversity. Understanding the molecular and cellular interactions regulating the divisions of these intermediate progenitors not only has implications for cortical evolution but also relates to stem cell biology and illuminates the pathomechanisms of several cortical developmental disorders.


Networking is a key skill in professional careers, supporting the individual's growth and learning. However, little is known about how professionals intentionally manage the connections in their personal networks and which factors influence their decisions in connecting with others for the purpose of learning. In this article, we present a model of personal professional networking for creating a personal learning network, based on an investigation through a literature study, semi–structured interviews and a survey.


Optical components manipulating both polarization and phase of wave fields find many applications in today's optical systems. With modern lithography methods it is possible to fabricate optical elements with nanostructured surfaces from different materials capable of generating spatially varying, locally linearly polarized-light distributions, tailored to the application in question. Since such elements in general also affect the phase of the light field, the characterization of the function of such elements consists in measuring the phase and the polarization of the generated light, preferably at the same time. Here, we will present first results of an interferometric approach for a simultaneous and spatially resolved measurement of both phase and polarization, as long as the local polarization at any point is linear (e.g., for radially or azimuthally polarized light).


This paper reports on the development and analysis of a newly constructed dataset on the early stages of business formation. The data are based on applications for Employer Identification Numbers (EINs) submitted in the United States, known as IRS Form SS-4 filings. The goal of the research is to develop high-frequency indicators of business formation at the national, state, and local levels. The analysis indicates that EIN applications provide forward-looking and very timely information on business formation. The signal of business formation provided by counts of applications is improved by using the characteristics of the applications to model the likelihood that applicants become employer businesses. The results also suggest that EIN applications are related to economic activity at the local level. For example, application activity is higher in counties that experienced higher employment growth since the end of the Great Recession, and application counts grew more rapidly in counties engaged in shale oil and gas extraction. Finally, the paper provides a description of new public-use dataset, the "Business Formation Statistics (BFS)," that contains new data series on business applications and formation. The initial release of the BFS shows that the number of business applications in the 3rd quarter of 2017 that have relatively high likelihood of becoming job creators is still far below pre-Great Recession levels.


Flow conditions and sediment transport capacity in steep mountain rivers are poorly known. One of the main problems is that the presence of macro-roughness elements, such as large relatively immobile boulders, have a strong influence. Experiments carried out in a steep laboratory flume, show that the bed surface occupied by boulders and their protrusion need to be taken into account for the estimation of sediment transport. The tests were performed with a wide mobile grain size distribution and a random position of the large boulders. A clear relationship between the dimensionless distance of boulders and sediment transport capacity is found. The bedload rate can be reduced by 60% when 15% of the bed surface is occupied by boulders, compared to transport rate without boulders. The boulder diameter also has an influence on sediment transport capacity. This is linked to both the surface occupied by the boulders and its average protrusion


A sample of 193 subjects drawn from the New South Wales Fire Brigade was studied to examine the prevalence of chronic respiratory disease and impairment of respiratory function. The prevalence of respiratory disease was less than that reported in other groups of firemen and reflects the lower level of occupational exposure, and possibly a survivor effect, within the New South Wales Fire Brigade. Among recent recruits, the effects of cigarette smoking far outweighed any contribution from occupational exposure. Among firemen with 20 years or more service, a twofold increase in the prevalence of chronic bronchitis is considered to result from the additive effects of cigarette smoking and the high occupational smoke exposures consequent to the availability of respiratory protection and earlier attitudes to its use. The increasingly toxic nature of combustion products at fires was not accompanied by a discernible increase in the prevalence of chronic respiratory disease or impairment of respiratory function. The major combustion products responsible for respiratory damage were self‐administered, arising from burning tobacco rather than from burning buildings.


In this paper, a new approach using small angle light scattering to study the structure of large micron sized flocs is described. The flocs were made up from uniformly sized, approximately spherical hematite particles, induced to aggregate using 250 mM KCl to ensure that growth was governed by diffusion limited aggregation alone. The fractal dimensions of the hematite aggregates changed from 1.73 to 2.23 ± 0.05 as the aggregation proceeded, indicating that restructuring occurred during aggregation. The fractal dimensions obtained from the small angle light scattering technique are compared with those obtained from the combination of volume fraction and floc size measurement. The steady state fractal dimensions (2.23 ± 0.05) obtained by small angle light scattering are comparable to the fractal dimensions obtained from determining the slope of the relationship between floc volume fraction and floc size (2.09 and 2.14 ± 0.05). The discrepancy between the fractal dimensions obtained by these techniques during the initial stages of aggregation is due to the fact that the latter method measures the average fractal dimensions, whilst the former method measures the fractal dimensions at any particular instant.


In this research paper, information is presented on the dasometric features of standing volume, diameter, top height, tree density, diameter distributions, tree and stand productivity, aboveground biomass, carbon in aboveground biomass and the tree biological diversity of temperate forests of the state of Nuevo Leon, Mexico. This information was derived from 63 inventoried sites within the framework of the forest inventory of 2004-2006. It is concluded that temperate forests are in juvenile state with diameter distributions skewed to the right, with low tree density, low densities of standing volume, biomass and carbon stocks. Tree productivity is also small since it does not surpass on the average 0,36 cm y -1 . Tree diversity at the site scale is also small since less than four species are found on the average on these sites. There was statistical evidence that productivity is related to tree diversity and structural diversity in a positive and linear manner. Therefore, there is a great potential to sustainably manage these forests for a wide range of goods and services. It is recommended a light management for goods for 15 years and to carry on the appropriate silvicultural practices to enhance tree diversity as well as structural diversity to increase productivity.


Silberberg [6] and Pauwels [2] have produced and clarified seminal results in the comparative statics of single-agent classical optimization problems. This paper extends Pauwels' method to derive analogous results for stable Nath equilibria in a subclass of the widely used class of concave orthogonal games defined by Rosen [3]. Application of these results to cost curve shifts in the asymmetric Cournot oligopoly immediately uncovers apparently new comparative statics results.


Contingent valuation (CV), choice experiment (CE) and experimental auction (EA) or the combinations of the three methods are often used by researchers to elicit consumer willingness to pay for food attributes (food labels). One concern about using these approaches is that quality attributes of food provided to respondents are assumed independent of other attributes which are not provided to respondents during the survey. The limited attributes provided in a survey may lead respondents to allocate their budgets to those limited attributes rather than allocate their budgets to a larger number of product attributes to truly reveal their preferences. Surveys containing a series of online CEs were collected to investigate the effects of additional beef steak attributes on consumer WTP in two different US markets. Random parameters logit models are estimated for each CE in the questionnaires with survey results from both samples. The models with the different survey samples reveal consistent results regarding changes in WTP with more attributes added to the CEs. Consumer WTP for the most important attributes in the CE decreases when the number of attributes increases from three to four, while the WTP for the most important attributes increases when the number of attribute increase from four to five. The changes in the WTP for attributes depend on their relationships with the newly added attributes to the CEs and the number of attributes in CEs.


Using a case-study methodology, this thesis enquires into the development of
value-added from policy to classroom practice in a comprehensive school in the
North of England. The study is unique in that it examines the work of teachers
in relation to policy with a special focus on the extent to which value-added
measures can be used to inform an understanding of what is going on at
classroom level. It not only links quantitative and qualitative research
paradigms, but does so at a level that has received relatively little attention and
at a dramatic juncture in the history of teachers' professional lives.
A literature survey shows that although originally conceived as a research tool,
value-added was subsequently 'adopted' by secondary schools principally in
response to government-imposed 'league tables'. A national value-added
scheme has yet to be developed but, in a shift of policy, the government now
promotes the use of value-added measures in the new Threshold Assessments
of teachers.
Value-added data for core subjects for seven years have been analysed at class
level. Pupils in 'top' sets on average obtain positive residuals whilst in 'bottom'
sets they are mostly negative. It is shown that this is partly a statistical artefact
and therefore not a true reflection of teacher effectiveness. However, when
teachers are interviewed they frequently reveal positive attitudes towards upper
sets and the opposite with the lower ones.
When value-added scores are considered alongside teacher interview data
there are cases where residuals might be indicative of teacher performance but
there are no universal patterns. Although there are some indications that
pedagogical practice and teachers' backgrounds are linked with the
performance of classes, it is concluded that the use of value-added data in the
Threshold Assessment of teachers is flawed. Suggestions are made for further
research including the use of value-added measures at classroom level.


There is increased concern regarding the effect of traffic related pollution on public
heath. As the number of vehicles on the roads continues to rise, it is becoming
increasingly more important to identify areas where the population may be at a greater
risk to raised levels of pollution and areas where the implementation of policy to
control and monitor levels of pollution would be beneficial.

Traditionally, levels of air pollution have been established through dispersion modelling
or monitoring. However, for modelling traffic related pollution for large populations,
these methods have proved inappropriate.

Three new approaches have been developed to model traffic related air pollution and
are reported in this thesis. The approaches have been developed in a Geographical
Information System (GIS) and involve generating detailed maps of the pollution
surface from monitored data and information about the pollution sources. The new
methods are compared against the geostatistical technique kriging.

The first approach combines spatial interpolation from monitoring sites and dispersion
modelling, linking the dispersion model to the GIS, the second combines GIS
techniques for filtering data and spatial interpolation, and the third uses a combination
of GIS techniques for filtering and statistical techniques.

The three approaches are tested and validated by predicting levels of pollution at
monitoring sites not used to develop the models. It was found that the new
approaches provided more reliable estimates of pollution at unsampled locations than
kriging, with the last of these proving to be the most effective. The adjusted r2 values
for kriging, interpolation and dispersion, interpolation and filtering, and filtering and
statistics were found to be 0.44, 0.63, 0.67 and 0.82 respectively.

The approaches therefore have clear potential in the areas of air pollution management
and epidemiology, where the maps can be used to help identify locations where levels
of pollution exceed air quality standards, assess the relationship between air pollution
and health outcome and examine the risk of exposure to raised levels of pollution.


The Swedish Welfare Act § 4 says that "Animals must be kept and cared for in a good environment for animals and in such a way that promotes their health and allow them to behave naturally." Pigs in the wild spend 80% of their waking hours walking around and rooting for food, eating and exploring their environment with its snout. Fattening pigs in commercial farms spend 80% lying doing nothing. A lactating sow is lying down most of her day, and only 10-20% of the body surface is in contact with the floor, so the pressure is high on these spots. Piglets lie down and paddle with their legs, with high liquid content in the tissues, several times an hour, to stimulate and massage the sow's udder. In the existing system, these individuals are held more often on floors that are anything but inviting to sleep on. Therefore much damage to both skin and legs of the pigs are seen. This is unnecessary suffering, when a straw bed, at least 5 cm thick, can eliminate the lameness and skin ulcers with arthritis as a result. Straw is substrate that can be manipulated and it gives the pig a possibility to root, chew, roll in, lie on, bury themselves in it or to the sow before farrowing, to serve as nesting material. Sows that have no nest material the days before farrowing show clear signs of stress such as bar-biting, sham-chewing, head-weaving, and apathetic behaviour. Weaning piglets without straw or other substrate start to manipulate each other instead. The harmful behaviours that are considered include, belly nosing and tail biting. Straw on the floor, natural ventilation in the stable and mixed sexes in group housing reduces the risk of tail biting. The Swedish Animal Welfare Regulation § 3 says "(...) the feed and water must be of good quality and suited to the species that are fed". Wild pigs' diet consists of a variety of foods including fungi, worms, roots, grass, eggs, small mammals and herbs. We give fattening pigs, pellets or wet food served so the eating takes no energy from the animal. Drinking is made by manipulating water automates. The way we keep pigs today is unsustainable. The current situation gives rise to high frequency injuries, diseases and high mortality and they are all errors embedded in the intensive farming system we do. More research is needed on the amounts of straw or equivalent environmental enrichment materials that are appropriate to the collateral protection and animal welfare. What are the preferences of fattening pigs themselves on modern rooting and bedding materials remains for the researchers to find out.


A total of 16 220 calving intervals (CI), calving rates (CR), and 12 532 weaning weight records of Kenya Boran cows and calves from five ranches, distributed in three different ecological zones were analysed to estimate effects of parity, previous parous status (PPS), and sex of calf on reproductive and productive traits. Reproductive traits were CI and CR, while productive traits comprised 270-day weaning weight (calf 270) and two different productivity indices: cow index I and cow index II. The data were analysed by the least squares method using a fixed model. Parity significantly affected CI and CR (P < 0.01) and 270-day adjusted weaning weight and the four indices (P < 0.01). Previous parous status affected only calf 270 (P < 0.05) and sex of calf only affected cow index I (P < 0.001). Differences in magnitudes of the effects between ranches were observed. Mean CI estimates ranged from 434 ± 6.1 days for first parity cows to 426.8 ± 8.0 days for cows in their 4th parity, while cows in the 7th parity and above averaged 421.5 ± 15.5 days. Cows that did not calve in the previous parity had mean CI of 422.2 ± 11.4 days while those that had weaned calves, aborted, or had stillbirths had mean CI estimates of 425.7 ± 2.9, 412.7 ± 14.9, and 423.6 ± 9.8 days, respectively. Calving rates ranged from 82.7 to 91.9% for 1st and 6th parity cows, respectively, with cows in their 7th parity and over, recording 89.4% for this trait. The results suggest the need to adjust for parity, previous parous status, and sex of calf when evaluating cows for reproductive and productive performance.


Many common methods for data analysis rely on linear algebra. We provide new results connecting data analysis error to numerical accuracy, which leads to the first meaningful stopping criterion for two way spectral partitioning. More generally, we provide pointwise convergence guarantees so that blends (linear combinations) of eigenvectors can be employed to solve data analysis problems with confidence in their accuracy. We demonstrate this theory on an accessible model problem, the Ring of Cliques, by deriving the relevant eigenpairs and comparing the predicted results to numerical solutions. These results bridge the gap between linear algebra based data analysis methods and the convergence theory of iterative approximation methods.


Ascochyta blight (AB) caused by Ascochyta rabiei (Pass.) Labr. and Botrytis grey mould (BGM) caused by Botrytis cinerea (Pers. ex Fr.) are important diseases of the aerial plant parts of chickpea in most chickpea growing areas of the world. Although conventional approaches have contributed to reducing disease, the use of new technologies is expected to further reduce losses through these biotic stresses. Reliable screening techniques were developed: 'field screening technique' for adult plant screening, 'cloth chamber technique' and 'growth chamber technique' for the study of races of the pathogen and for segregating generations. Furthermore, the 'cut twig technique' for interspecific population for AB and BGM resistance was developed. For introgression of high levels of AB and BGM resistance in cultivated chickpea from wild relatives, accessions of seven annual wild Cicer spp. were evaluated and identified: C. judaicum accessions 185, ILWC 95 and ILWC 61, C. pinnatifidum accessions 188, 199 and ILWC 212 as potential donors. C. pinnatifidum accession188 was crossed with ICCV 96030 and 62 F9 lines resistant to AB and BGM were derived. Of the derived lines, several are being evaluated for agronomic traits and yield parameters while four lines, GL 29029, GL29206, GL29212, GL29081 possessing high degree of resistance were crossed with susceptible high yielding cultivars BG 256 to improve resistance and to undertake molecular studies. Genotyping of F2 populations with SSR markers from the chickpea genome was done to identify markers potentially linked with AB and BGM resistance genes. In preliminary studies, of 120 SSR markers used, six (Ta 2, Ta 110, Ta 139, CaSTMS 7, CaSTMS 24 and Tr 29) were identified with polymorphic bands between resistant derivative lines and the susceptible parent. The study shows that wild species of Cicer are the valuable gene pools of resistance to AB and BGM. The resistant derivative lines generated here can serve as good pre-breeding material and markers identified can assist in marker assisted selection for resistance breeding.


Thermobarometrical and mineral-chemical investigations by electron microprobe and LA-ICP-MS on a sillimanite-bearing pegmatoid from the Reinbolt Hills provide important constraints on the P-T-X-age relations of part of East Antarctica during Pan-African tectonism. U-Th-total Pb ages of monazite imply that the pegmatoid of originally Grenvillan age (zircon U-Pb age of ca. 900 Ma) underwent a major, late Pan-African (Cambrian) regional, granulite-facies metamorphism between 500 and 550 Ma. Most of the monazite formed during this event, as result of apatite metasomatism owing to infiltration of high-grade metamorphic fluids. Apatite-biotite and other mineral thermobarometers define the peak metamorphic temperatures and pressures with 850–950 °C and 0.8–1.0 GPa. The F-C1-OH relations in apatite and biotite, the chemistry of fluid inclusions and the presence of K-feldspar microveins suggest that the metasomatising fluid was a CO2-bearing, diluted KCI brine. The pegmatoid is the first record of monazite-(Ce) formed from fluorapatite that is rich in U (up to 2.6 wt% UO2) and possesses Th/U ratios < 1 (0.09 on average). These chemical signatures are direct reflection of the U and Th concentration patterns in the parental fluorapatite.


A technique to identify energetic cosmic-ray electrons in the face of large nuclei backgrounds is to use a calorimeter followed by a shower tail-catcher boron-doped scintillator on a balloon or satellite instrument. Thermalized neutrons produced in interactions of the cosmic ray within the material of the instrument can be detected at late times (several microseconds) following the triggering event. To this end, for example, the DAMPE satellite instrument includes a Neutron Detector at the bottom of its instrument stack, and the ISS-CREAM space station experiment similarly includes a Boronated Scintillator Detector. One difficulty of interpreting the thermal neutron capture signal in the scintillator is that a late fluorescence signal is also present, with time scales similar to those of the 2.7 microsecond exponentially falling neutron capture time distribution. Thus the two effects must be carefully disentangled.

We have measured the response of a non-boronated thick scintillator to electron and pion showers in CERN beam tests, and find the presence of a significant late fluorescence component in the light yield that must be accounted for. The measured scintillator response is well represented by a three component yield model, with time constants from ~10 ns to ~2.4 microseconds and appropriate relative strengths. GEANT4 was modified to accommodate this three-component scintillation model, yielding excellent agreement with the CERN beam test data. We describe the measurements and the model in this work.


Through a case study of Vietnam, the article explores the view that there is a tendency to overstate the degree to which there is a coherent central body, namely the state, directing the country. Exploring this myth, it argues that there is a tendency to reify the state, even in writing which is attentive to localism and the diversity of societal actors at play in Vietnamese political life. The article argues that the myth of the central state endures because there are domestic and foreign political interests that depend on it. However, more fundamentally, the myth endures because of the power of the state to colonise our minds such that even when the empirical data does not fit with the idea of the state, we make it fit. The article's findings have implications for the study of politics far beyond the Vietnamese case.


The use of relative representations for latent embeddings has shown potential in enabling latent space communication and zero-shot model stitching across a wide range of applications. Nevertheless, relative representations rely on a certain amount of parallel anchors to be given as input, which can be impractical to obtain in certain scenarios. To overcome this limitation, we propose an optimization-based method to discover new parallel anchors from a limited known set (seed). Our approach can be used to find semantic correspondence between different domains, align their relative spaces, and achieve competitive results in several tasks.


Torres Strait Islander Year 9 students learning science negotiate many complex knowledge and language challenges. In the State of Queensland, the mandated Queensland Studies Authority, Science: Years 1 to 10 Syllabus (2004) is
formulated, taught and assessed using Standard Australian English at the expense of every other language dimensions of Indigenous students. Masters (2009) reports Indigenous students from the Torres Strait and Cape District perform among the lowest five per cent of students nationally. Masters suggests that by Year 9, the 'gap' in achievement level between non-Indigenous Queensland students and Indigenous students from the Torres Strait and Cape District is, on average, equivalent to six to seven years of school.

A classroom action research study (Kemmis and McTaggart, 2000) that employed a socio-cultural analytical lens was conducted between 2007 and 2008 in a wholly Indigenous school. The purpose of the doctoral study was to look beyond the rhetoric of the 'gap' in achievement, to explore dimensions of pedagogical content knowledge of how 44 Torres Strait Islander Year 9 students can best use their cultural resources to engage with science curriculum as a cultural field. Cochran and colleagues (1993, p. 266) define pedagogical content knowledge as "a teacher's
integrated understanding of components of pedagogy, subject matter content, student characteristics, and the environmental context of learning". Bourdieu's (1984) cultural sociology transforms the dialectical relationship between agency and structure in terms of habitus, cultural capital and cultural field. This standpoint was employed to
investigate, understand and improve classroom practice: how students employed everyday Creole and formal science language, participated in science activities, and applied and related to science concepts of energy and force. For second and third cycles of research, the following were explored: cultural resources that students drew on for developing their understandings, pedagogical content knowledge that enabled students to learn, know and (re)produce knowledge, and how the structure of the
mandated Queensland Studies Authority science curriculum, Level 5 learning outcomes, enhanced or limited the agency of students.

Three categories of how students employed formal science terminology (in Standard Australian English) to demonstrate their understandings were identified. Three categories on how students actively participated in science learning were
identified. Only 7 of a total 44 students were proficient in Standard Australian English. The majority of students struggled to understand concepts of energy and force as taught in English. But when Creole terminology was used in the classroom, the students were better able to talk about science in ways they could not do in the official language of instruction. No direct comparison could be made between metaconcepts of energy and force as constructed in the Queensland Studies Authority science curriculum in Standard Australian English and the concepts as constructed in
Torres Strait Creole.

Dimensions of pedagogical content knowledge are discussed around six themes that emerged from the study. The first theme takes into account students' competence in speaking, reading and writing Standard Australian English with
facility. The second theme explores how Torres Strait Creole can be used as a resource for learning school science concepts more productively in the classroom. The
third theme takes into account the interacting language and knowledge systems when students engage in learning physical science concepts of energy and force. The fourth theme recognises that most students from communities in North Queensland are multi-lingual/cultural. The fifth theme calls for a rethinking on science literacy and classroom discourse with Torres Strait Islander students. The sixth theme explores ontological concerns that arise at conceptual content level (Nakata, 2007), and acknowledges that the Queensland Studies Authority science curriculum as it is currently constituted, makes little concessions to Indigenous ways of knowing.

Employing Bourdieu's cultural sociology suggests that using Standard Australian English for learning experiences does not fully facilitate students' negotiations from their vernacular languages into science. My conclusion is that
developing pedagogical strategies that accommodate the multiple language and cultural dimensions of old and emerging Torres Strait Islander cultures is possible, but
the practice of standardised assessment conducted in Standard Australian English remains a substantial obstacle to these students' achievement.


Traditionally, polymers have been designed to possess irreversible covalent bonds between the repeating units in polymer molecules. However, significant interest has more recently been directed toward the synthesis polymers that are held together by reversible covalent or non-covalent bonds. Linear polymers that incorporate reversible bonds are particularly interesting materials as they are able to polymerise and depolymerise in response to an external stimulus by the reversible connection and disconnection of monomers. Reversible linear polymers could therefore be a platform for the development of novel recyclable polymer systems. Several reversible polymerisations have been reported in the literature, however many of these are based on thermally-reversible reactions, like the Diels-Alder reaction, which require high energies for depolymerisation. Photo-chemical reactions, on the other hand, are considered to be green synthetic pathways because they can be conducted at ambient temperature and often in the solid-state. Thymine, one of the nucleic acid bases of DNA, has the propensity to reversibly photo-dimerise in the solid-state by a [2π+2π]-cycloaddition reaction. The focus of this Thesis is to exploit the reversible photo-dimerisation of thymine in order to develop a novel, reversible linear polymer system using di-thymine monomers. In this research, several new bis-thyminyl monomers were designed and synthesised, and their solid-state photo-reactivity was examined using films or crystals of the monomers. Where possible, the crystal structures of the bis-thyminyl monomers were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction (SC XRD). The photo-reactions of the monomers were studied using a number of spectroscopic techniques such as UV-visible (UV-Vis), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and infrared (IR). Where possible, the molecular weights of the photo-products were determined using gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and/or matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). The thermal properties of some of the new materials were also evaluated using thermoanalytical techniques including thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Overall, these studies demonstrated the importance of monomer structure, alignment and conformation for the photo-polymerisation of bis-thyminyl compounds. Photo-reactivity investigations of thin monomer films revealed that the bis-thyminyl monomers only underwent partial multimerisation/oligomerisation. Nevertheless, the polymerisation yield was modestly improved in the films, when the alignment of the monomers was controlled using a polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) template. Quantum chemical studies confirmed that the reaction barriers and reaction energies of [2π+2π]-cycloaddition reactions were not significantly effected by the nature of the thymine substituents, but were instead governed by the alignment of the reactive thyminyl moieties. Moreover, based on crystallographic studies using simple N1-modified thymine derivatives, it was proposed that the ideal alignment of thyminyl moieties could be achieved if other disruptive intermolecular interactions were eliminated. Using this design principle, a number of bis-thyminyl derivatives were synthesised and successfully photo-polymerised by irradiating crystalline samples of the compounds with 302 nm UV light. The polymerisations were also found to be photo-reversible. In the solid state partial depolymerisation occurred to produce oligomers, but when the depolymerisation reactions were conducted using polymer samples suspended in MeCN, complete photo-depolymerisation was achieved in some cases. The polymers also demonstrated varied susceptibility to thermally-induced depolymerisation reactions. Ongoing work aimed at the synthesis of photo-reactive coordination compounds using bis-pyridyl thyminyl monomers is also presented.


In this paper, we present an efficient method for establishing interoperability between legacy (nonstandard) personal health devices (PHDs) and standard PHD managers. Because legacy PHDs usually do not conform to the 11073 PHD standards, we propose a ZigBee Adaptation Module (ZAM) that can provide ISO/IEEE 11073 interoperability for legacy PHDs on the basis of the ZigBee Health Care (HC) profile. The ZAM allows for the exchange of the nonstandard messages of the legacy PHD with the messages corresponding to the 11073 standard in an interoperable manner. The ZAM also supports an HC profile for standard ZigBee communication with the PHD manager. To demonstrate this, we developed a PHD manager and the ZAM using a legacy device that measures blood pressure and glucose levels.


Gradient-based algorithms are effective for many machine learning tasks, but despite ample recent effort and some progress, it often remains unclear why they work in practice in optimising high-dimensional non-convex functions and why they find good minima instead of being trapped in spurious ones.
Here we present a quantitative theory explaining this behaviour in a spiked matrix-tensor model.
Our framework is based on the Kac-Rice analysis of stationary points and a closed-form analysis of gradient-flow originating from statistical physics. We show that there is a well defined region of parameters where the gradient-flow algorithm finds a good global minimum despite the presence of exponentially many spurious local minima.
We show that this is achieved by surfing on saddles that have strong negative direction towards the global minima, a phenomenon that is connected to a BBP-type threshold in the Hessian describing the critical points of the landscapes.


This research presents how to improve the heat pump efficiency by using Discharge Superheat Control (D SH). Normal heat pump uses Suction Superheat Control (SSH) about 5 K. At this condition, it is an optimum c ondition for cooling COP but it is not the highest cooling c apacity. To improve Heat Pump efficiency, it needs to get maximum heat from Evaporator and internal heat of Compressor to discharge at Condensing. This conditio n needs to be controlled at SSH ~ 0 K. Unfortunately normal heat pump can not be controlled at this condition because of limitation of expansion valve controlling and opera ting limit of some compressor. New control method under this condition, is called Discharge Superheat Control (D SH). It uses discharge temperature for controlling refrigerant flow to get the maximum heat at Evaporator and Compressor. From the experiment with Brine to Water(BTW) and Air to Water Heat Pump (ATW), DSH control will lead to highest HCOP up to 25 % improved, comparing to the original control method.


Numerous visual programming platforms support the generation, execution and reuse of constructed scientic workows. However, there has been little effort devoted to building creative software blending systems, capable of composing novel workows by autonomously combining individual software components or even entire workows originally designed for solving tasks in different research elds. Based on the review of relevant computational creativity research and of contemporary web platforms for workow construction, this paper denes the desired functionality of a software blending system. Considering the required autonomy of the system and the workow complexity limitations, we investigate the necessary conditions for the implementation of a creative blending system within the existing visual programming platforms.


This paper presents the first unified wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) transmission model for systems incorporating cascaded optical amplifiers and a realistic demultiplexing (DEMUX) characteristic with periodic transfer function. The bit error ratio (BER) is evaluated accounting in rigorous form for the influence of non-Gaussian detected amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise, noise correlation between stochastic noise samples in the receiver, the bandwidth of the electrical receiver noise filter, the gain tilt and effective noise figure of optical amplifiers (with as well as without optical ASE noise filtering), channel crosstalk, signal extinction ratio and a one-or two-stage DEMUX implementation. The model is compared to the Gaussian receiver model in realistic design cases providing important information as to the validity of the Gaussian model. Practical design results indicate the link budget dependence on the DEMUX design and the ASE noise filtering.


Credit is an important macroeconomic variable that helps to drive economic activity and is also dependent on economic activity. This paper estimates a small structural vector autoregression (SVAR) model for Australia to examine the intertwined relationships of credit with other key macroeconomic variables. At short horizons, shocks to the interest rate, the exchange rate, and past shocks to credit are found to be important for credit growth. Over longer horizons, shocks to output, inflation and commodity prices play a greater role. The response of credit to changes in monetary policy is found to be relatively slow, similar to that of inflation and slower than that of output. The model suggests that an unexpected 25 basis point increase in the interest rate results in the level of credit being almost half of a percentage point lower than it otherwise would have been after a bit over one year, and almost 1 per cent lower after four years. Estimates from the model indicate that in responding to the macroeconomic consequences of a credit shock, monetary policy appears to stabilise the economy effectively. As a result of monetary policy's response, output and the exchange rate are barely affected by a credit shock. The credit shock results in higher inflation for about two years, but it would be higher still over this period in the absence of a monetary policy response. Changes in credit are also moderated as a result of monetary policy's response.


The compounding of "sterile" products has made headlines in the news in the United States over the last several years, due the lack of sterile conditions in a compounding pharmacy causing an outbreak of fungal meningitis. Although USP Chapter was released in 2008 and outlines in detail procedures needed to keep pharmacies sterile, these lapses in sterility still occurred. However, the state governments were primary responsible for enforcing these procedures until recently. In 2013, the Unites States Congress broadened laws by passing the Drug Quality and Security Act of 2013, which gave the federal government the power to enforce USP Chapter for compounding pharmacies. In addition, USP Chapter is undergoing updates, and all practitioners in the field should be aware of the changes that are coming in the future. The field of parenteral nutrition has changed over the last few years as well, giving options such as premixed bags with multiple chambers.


STUDY OBJECTIVES
To determine patterns in asbestos-induced lung diseases found in older, less exposed workers.

DESIGN
Review of a database evaluating lung function, smoking status, form of asbestos-induced lung disease, and radiograph abnormalities.

SETTING
Outpatient clinic.

PARTICIPANTS
A total of 3383 asbestos-exposed workers referred for independent medical evaluation, including control subjects who lacked asbestos-specific radiograph abnormalities (n = 243), subjects with low International Labor Organization (ILO) scores (n = 2,685), high ILO scores (n = 312), bronchogenic cancer (n = 63), and mesothelioma (n = 80). Of these, 3,327 workers have specific smoking status information and 3,312 workers have lung volume measures.

INTERVENTIONS
Chest radiographs were interpreted by a certified B-reader, and abnormalities were quantified according to the ILO scoring system. Spirometry and lung volume measurement were performed. Subjects completed a self-administered questionnaire that was reviewed at the time of examination. Control subjects were screened on two separate occasions at least 10 years apart to exclude subclinical or slowly progressive asbestos-induced lung disease.

MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS
The mean age of the population was 65.1 +/- 9.9 years, and the latency was 41.4 +/- 10.1 years (+/- SD). Most subjects (41.8%) had normal pulmonary function. Obstruction was the most common pulmonary function abnormality (25.4%), followed by restriction (19.3%) and a mixed pattern (6.0%). Most subjects (79.4%) had low ILO scores. Benign pleural abnormalities were the only findings in 54% of subjects with low ILO score. Subjects with high ILO scores were older, smoked more, and had a longer latency than subjects with low ILO scores and control subjects. Smokers were younger, had a shorter latency, and had paradoxically greater ILO scores than nonsmokers. Subjects with bronchogenic cancer and mesothelioma had longer latencies than control subjects and subjects with benign asbestos-induced lung disease.

CONCLUSIONS
Asbestos-induced lung disease today is characterized by low ILO scores, long latencies, greater disease magnitude in smokers, and a normal or obstructive pattern of pulmonary function abnormality. Spirometric evaluation in the absence of lung volume measurements caused misclassification that resulted in overestimation of the presence of a restrictive pattern of pulmonary function.


The migration of couples and families has thus far been approached mainly from human-capital and gender perspectives. In this paper, we investigate how the male and female partner's local ties influence the likelihood of family migration. Our hypotheses are that local ties to work and family strongly decrease the likelihood of migrating; that, given the dominating gender structures, ties to the man's work are more influential than ties to the woman's work; and that ties to the woman's family are more influential than ties to the man's family. We used data from the ASTRID microdatabase for Sweden, based on administrative information about the entire Swedish population. Logistic regression analysis was applied to moves that exceeded a distance of 50 km for two-gender couples who did not separate in the period December 2004–December 2005. With regard to the likelihood of migrating, we find marked negative associations in the following: working close to home, the presence of parents and siblings nearby, and whether someone lives near the place of birth. The man's ties to work seem to be more important to the likelihood of migrating than the woman's, but we find hardly any gender differences in the impact of ties to family.


This masterful history of the monumental architecture of Alexandria, as well as of the rest of Egypt, encompasses an entire millennium-from the city's founding by Alexander the Great in 331 B.C. to the years just after the Islamic conquest of A.D. 642. Long considered lost beyond recall, the architecture of ancient Alexandria has until now remained mysterious. But here Judith McKenzie shows that it is indeed possible to reconstruct the city and many of its buildings by means of meticulous exploration of archaeological remains, written sources, and an array of other fragmentary evidence. The book approaches its subject at the macro- and the micro-level: from city-planning, building types, and designs to architectural style. It addresses the interaction between the imported Greek and native Egyptian traditions; the relations between the architecture of Alexandria and the other cities and towns of Egypt as well as the wider Mediterranean world; and Alexandria's previously unrecognized role as a major source of architectural innovation and artistic influence. Lavishly illustrated with new plans of the city in the Ptolemaic, Roman, and Byzantine periods; reconstruction drawings; and photographs, the book brings to life the ancient city and uncovers the true extent of its architectural legacy in the Mediterranean world.


Children with Down syndrome (DS) have a markedly increased risk of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). To identify chromosomal changes cooperating with +21 that may provide information on the pathogenesis of these leukemias, we analyzed 215 DS-ALLs and 189 DS-AMLs. Unlike previous smaller series, a significant proportion of DS-ALLs had the typical B-cell precursor ALL abnormalities high hyperdiploidy (HeH; 11%) and t(12;21)(p13;q22) (10%). The HeH DS-ALLs were characterized by gains of the same chromosomes as non-DS-HeH, suggesting the same etiology/pathogenesis. In addition, specific genetic subtypes of DS-ALL were suggested by the significant overrepresentation of cases with +X, t(8;14)(q11;q32), and del(9p). Unlike DS-ALL, the common translocations associated with non-DS-AML were rare in DS-AML, which instead were characterized by the frequent presence of dup(1q), del(6q), del(7p), dup(7q), +8, +11, del(16q), and +21. This series of DS leukemias-the largest to date-reveals that DS-ALL is a heterogeneous disorder that comprises both t(12;21) and HeH as well as DS-related abnormalities. Furthermore, this analysis confirms that DS-AML is a distinct entity, originating through other genetic pathways than do non-DS-AMLs, and suggests that unbalanced changes such as dup(1q), +8, and +21 are involved in the leukemogenic process.


Call centres have become a central element in companies' operations, as it is the main place of communication between the companies and their customers. Given the importance of voice-to-voice encounters, the aim of this study is to explore the concept of customer satisfaction in the remote service. This paper examines the different aspects related to customer satisfaction in the specific context of the call centres that have been addressed by the existent research. The main effort was centred on extracting and connecting the different groups of determinants that are directly or indirectly linked to customer satisfaction. Findings suggest that for some reason, customer satisfaction is not among the main aims of research in the context of call centres, both in terms of number of studies and in terms of prominence of this construct within existing studies. The paper also highlights that, for call centre customer satisfaction to be understood, a multidisciplinary approach needs to be taken, including at least the functional areas of human resource management, marketing and operations management.


The paper investigates exchange rate determination in Kenya using vector error correction model approach to uncover the long run relationships. The empirical results show that current account balance has a role to play in the determination of the exchange rate. A rise, which denotes an improvement in the current account balance, is associated with an appreciation of the exchange rate. Additionally, higher domestic interest rates relative to foreign interest rates, as well as a rise in foreign price have an appreciating effect on the exchange rate while domestic price increase is associated with depreciation of the domestic currency. The results further show that although there are feedback effects between the exchange rate and the domestic price level, the feedback effect from exchange rate to the domestic price is not significant once the effect of current account balance is taken into consideration. In terms of policy, strategies aimed at addressing external imbalances as reflected in the current account balance are important in stabilizing the exchange rate in the long run. These should be complemented with pursuit of interest rate path that is consistent with the desired exchange rate outcomes.


In this talk, we investigate extrinsic CPT violation in neutrino oscillations in matter with three flavors. Note that extrinsic CPT violation is different from intrinsic CPT violation. Extrinsic CPT violation is one way of quantifying matter effects, whereas intrinsic CPT violation would mean that the CPT invariance theorem is not valid. We present analytical formulas for the extrinsic CPT probability differences and discuss their implications for long‐baseline experiments and neutrino factory setups.


Fagot and Paleressompoulle [Fagot and Paleressompoulle (2009) Behav Res Methods 41: 396–404] described a new automated learning device for monkeys (ALDM) to test the cognitive functions of nonhuman primates within their social groups. However, the impact of the ALDM procedure on animal well‐being needs to be investigated. The present study assessed the consequences of ALDM testing on the behavioral repertoire of Guinea baboons (Papio papio) and their stress levels as inferred from measurements of saliva cortisol. Accessibility to ALDM test computers reduced the number of resting periods as well as the number of stereotypies. Lower cortisol levels were also found during ALDM testing. These findings and others demonstrate that ALDM testing has a positive impact on animal well‐being and can be considered as a means for behavioral enrichment in captive primates. Am. J. Primatol. 76:56–64, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


In the estimation of parametric models for stationary spatial or spatio-temporal data on a d-dimensional lattice, for d >= 2, the achievement of asymptotic efficiency under Gaussianity, and asymptotic normality more generally, with standard convergence rate, faces two obstacles. One is the "edge effect", which worsens with increasing d. The other is the possible difficulty of computing a continuous-frequency form of Whittle estimate or a time domain Gaussian maximum likelihood estimate, due mainly to the Jacobian term. This is especially a problem in "multilateral" models, which are naturally expressed in terms of lagged values in both directions for one or more of the d dimensions. An extension of the discrete-frequency Whittle estimate from the time series literature deals conveniently with the computational problem, but when subjected to a standard device for avoiding the edge effect has disastrous asymptotic performance, along with finite sample numerical drawbacks, the objective function lacking a minimum-distance interpretation and losing any global convexity properties. We overcome these problems by first optimizing a standard, guaranteed non-negative, discrete-frequency, Whittle function, without edge-effect correction, providing an estimate with a slow convergence rate, then improving this by a sequence of computationally convenient approximate Newton iterations using a modified, almost-unbiased periodogram, the desired asymptotic properties being achieved after finitely many steps. The asymptotic regime allows increase in both directions of all d dimensions, with the central limit theorem established after re-ordering as a triangular array. However our work offers something new for "unilateral" models also. When the data are non-Gaussian, asymptotic variances of all parameter estimates may be affected, and we propose consistent, non-negative definite estimates of the asymptotic variance matrix.


This is a comprehensive pharmacy management textbook that combines evidence-based management theories with practical solutions for the issues pharmacists face every day. Covering everything from operations management and purchasing to Medicare Part D, this complete guide explains vital pharmacy management topics across all practice settings. Featuring material derived from the best and most contemporary primary literature, this comprehensive text focuses on teaching the skills essential to the everyday practice of pharmacy. "Pharmacy Management, 3/e" is enriched by input from faculty who teach pharmacy management, from pharmacy students, and from pharmacists who apply management principles in their daily practice. More than any other text, it reflects the challenges facing today's pharmacist. The book is filled with advice from the field's top experts who take you through the principles applicable to all aspects of pharmacy practice, from managing money to managing personal stress. Long after you've completed your last course, you'll turn to Pharmacy Management for answers to make your practice more professionally rewarding and personally enriching. Every chapter in the third edition has been updated to reflect the latest trends and developments. Several new chapters designed to promote a more global understanding of pharmacy management have been added, including: Establishing the Value Proposition of Pharmacy Management, Applications in Managed and Specialty Environments, Management of Comprehensive Pharmacy Services in Safety Net Clinics, Pharmacy Management Applications in Varied Health Care Systems. A scenario-based presentation combines practical solutions with evidence-based management theories and models, which are directly applied to cases and examples.


In a number of recent landmark decisions, the Supreme Court has used the canon of constitutional avoidance to essentially rewrite laws. Formally, the avoidance canon is understood as a method for resolving interpretive ambiguities: if there are two equally plausible readings of a statute, and one of them raises constitutional concerns, judges are instructed to choose the other one. Yet in challenges to the Affordable Care Act, the Voting Rights Act, the Chemical Weapons Convention, and other major statutes, the Supreme Court has used this canon to adopt interpretations that are not plausible. Jurists, scholars, and legal commentators have criticized these decisions, claiming that they amount to unaccountable judicial lawmaking. These criticisms highlight a basic contradiction in contemporary avoidance doctrine. On the one hand, the avoidance canon is described as an interpretive rule of thumb that guides courts in discerning congressional intent. Yet on the other, the Supreme Court commonly uses the avoidance canon to create statutory meanings that conflict with Congress's intent, and does so in the name of new constitutional rules that Congress was not previously aware of. This is not "interpretation" in the conventional sense; it is rewriting in the service of constitutional norm enforcement. This Article mounts a new defense of such rewriting-as-interpretation. It does so by reframing the avoidance canon as two different judicial tools: (1) a canon of interpretation, and (2) a constitutional remedy. The latter of these – avoidance as a constitutional remedy – makes sense of courts' power to effectively rewrite statutes. A court that finds a statute unconstitutional can creatively reinterpret that statute in a way that changes its meaning in order to fix the constitutional violation, just as it can strike down statutory language, strike down applications, and impose other kinds of remedies that change the statute's meaning. This idea is not as unusual as it may seem. Many other countries currently treat avoidance as a constitutional remedy. In England and New Zealand, for example, judges cannot invalidate laws, and so creative reinterpretation of statutes is the only judicial mechanism for remedying violations of constitutional rights. And in Canada, constitutional avoidance doctrine has been divided into an interpretive canon and a remedy, exactly as this Article advocates. Further, the United States Supreme Court has effectively treated avoidance as a remedy in two major recent decisions – United States v. Booker and National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius – though it did not recognize that it was doing so. Bifurcating avoidance into a canon and a remedy resolves the contradiction between avoidance as an interpretive tool and avoidance as a means of changing the law. It does so by separating out these two functions. The interpretive avoidance canon can be used to resolve true ambiguities through the presumption that Congress does not intend to pass statutes that conflict with preexisting constitutional rules. The reinterpretation remedy, in turn, can be used to change a statute's meaning after it has been held unconstitutional, and to do so even where the court is announcing a new constitutional rule.


During 2005, the Education Alumni Support Project (EdASP) (Maxwell, Smith, Baxter, Boyd, Harrington, Jenkins, Sargeant & Tamatea 2006) provided online support for University of New England (UNE) graduand, and later, graduate, teachers as they commenced their careers. The project was based on research which reported that many beginning teachers did not get the support they needed as permanent or contract workers, or, as casual, relief or support teachers, and that small scale trials had shown that online support could be effective. One third of beginning teachers who were alumni of UNE in 2004, reported they did not receive adequate or any mentoring. UNE web-based technologies provided the teachers and mentors with online environments for professional and social interaction, and resource sharing. We found that support was especially sought by the project participants in their first school term, and there were differences in the levels of online support sought by secondary and primary beginning teachers. The project raises implications for on-going systemic support for beginning teachers, the issue of transition from students to teachers, as well as questions about teacher education students' preparation. This paper provides the key findings of the project. Detailed description of the project structure, data collection and data analysis are available in Maxwell et al. (2006).


The distinction between the discrete and the continuous lies at the heart of mathematics. Discrete mathematics (arithmetic, algebra, combinatorics, graph theory, cryptography, logic) has a set of concepts, techniques, and application areas largely distinct from continuous mathematics (traditional geometry, calculus, most of functional analysis, differential equations, topology). The interaction between the two – for example in computer models of continuous systems such as fluid flow – is a central issue in the applicable mathematics of the last hundred years. This article explains the distinction and why it has proved to be one of the great organizing themes of mathematics.