This article examines the reform of the police in Norway between 2012 to 2015 drawing upon central public reports and official documents leading up to the reform. These include the report from the official Inquiry Commission into the police response to the terrorist attacks in Oslo and at Utøya in July 2011, a report issued by a public commission in 2013 – established to analyze challenges within the police – and the resulting government proposal and parliamentary discussion that culminated in a decision to create a new police structure in 2015. While governance capacity and the need for a stronger emergency police were a main concern throughout the process, the importance of governance legitimacy and of maintaining a community police force became more important towards the end. The organizational thinking behind the reform is explained in terms of a structural and an institutional perspective. The analysis shows that both cultural and structural change was seen as prominent instruments for improving the police force, but they were emphasized differently at different points during the process. The analysis demonstrates that political context, agenda settings, attention shifting and situational factors as well as path dependency were important drivers of the reform.


Objectives: We aimed to identify eldercare wards with different types of resident handling characteristics ('phenotypes') and determine the prospective association between these characteristics and musculoskeletal pain and sickness absence among workers during a one-year follow-up. Methods: Our study was based on the DOSES cohort, including 467 workers at 103 eldercare wards. At baseline, resident handlings were assessed using onsite observations. Workers' self-reported musculoskeletal pain and sickness absence were assessed during the following year using text messages. Observations of the frequency of handlings per shift, use of assistive devices, assistance from others, and barriers (interruptions and impediments) were estimated for each worker, aggregated at ward level, and entered into a latent profile analysis, identifying ward phenotypes. We then used generalized estimating equations to determine associations between ward phenotypes, musculoskeletal pain and sickness absence. Results: We identified four ward phenotypes: 'turbulent' (many handlings with devices and assistance, many barriers), 'strained' (many handlings without devices or assistance, some barriers), 'unpressured' (few handlings, yet without devices or assistance, few barriers) and 'balanced' (some handlings with devices and assistance, some barriers). Compared to workers in balanced wards, workers in turbulent wards had more days with neck-shoulder and low-back pain (LBP); and those working in strained wards had more days with LBP and higher pain intensities. Conclusion: We found that ward phenotypes based on resident handling characteristics were predictive of musculoskeletal pain and sickness absence over one year. This shows that organizational factors related to resident handling are important determinants of musculoskeletal health among eldercare workers.


We propose a Quantum-Inspired Subspace(QIS) Ensemble Method for generating feature ensembles based on feature selections. We assign each principal component a Fraction Transition Probability as its probability weight based on Principal Component Analysis and quantum interpretations. In order to generate the feature subset for each base regressor, we select a feature subset from principal components based on Fraction Transition Probabilities. The idea originating from quantum mechanics can encourage ensemble diversity and the accuracy simultaneously. We incorporate Quantum-Inspired Subspace Method into Random Forest and propose Quantum-Inspired Forest. We theoretically prove that the quantum interpretation corresponds to the first order approximation of ensemble regression. We also evaluate the empirical performance of Quantum-Inspired Forest and Random Forest in multiple hyperparameter settings. Quantum-Inspired Forest proves the significant robustness of the default hyperparameters on most data sets. The contribution of this work is two-fold, a novel ensemble regression algorithm inspired by quantum mechanics and the theoretical connection between quantum interpretations and machine learning algorithms.


"...a well-written and thoroughly researched biography of a 'forgotten Frenchman' ...Schaeper wades masterfully through the conflicting evidence and interpretations and produces an admirable synthesis of recent scholarship on the French-American alliance ...also presents excellent background on the many aspects of the prewar French economy ..." * William and Mary Quarterly This is the first detailed study account of the life and career of Chaumont whose chief claim to fame was the fact that from 1777 to 1785 Benjamin Franklin livedin his home in the Parisian suburb of Passy. Basing his work on documents from two dozen archives in the United States and France, Schaeper demonstrates that Chaumont was far more than merely a landlord. Prior to the American Revolution he had become one of the most powerful and respected businessmen of the Old Regime. For personal as well as patriotic reasons he aided the American insurgents and worked with a wide array of persons. In addition to Franklin, these included John Adams, Silas Deane, Caron de Beaumarchais, the marquis de Lafayette and the comte de Vergennes. Chaumont performed an astounding range of services - acting as intermediary, an adviser, and a supplier of arms and clothing. His most dramatic contribution to the American cause involved John Paul Jones. It was Chaumont who obtained the famous Bonhomme Richard for the commodore. Through looking at the activities of this intriguing individual the author is able to offer many new insights into both American and French history. Lively and well written this biography will appeal to both the historian and the general reader. Thomas J. Schaeper, Professor of History at St. Bonaventure University and a member of the board of French Historical Studies. His previous books include The Economy of France in the Second Half of the Reign of Louis XIV (1980) and John Paul Jones and the Battle of Flamborough Head: A Reconsideration (1989).


This exhibition catalogue focuses on Manet's maritime paintings. Edouard Manet (1832 -1883) was passionate about the sea. Before becoming a painter, he spent six months at sea and, like many Europeans of his era, he took numerous seaside holidays. Manet made his public debut as a marine painter at the Paris Salon of 1864 with "The Battle of the USS 'Kearsarge' and the CSS 'Alabama'", his dramatic depiction of a US Civil War naval battle off the coast of France, and he continued to paint seascapes throughout his career. These extraordinary works clearly reflect his intimate knowledge of and love for maritime vessels and the sea. "Manet and the Sea" highlights the French master's beautiful and varied seascapes. Essays by leading scholars discuss how Manet completely overturned the established academic conventions of marine painting in France. His provocative approach was equal to that of his contemporary Gustave Courbet, and his bold and innovative techniques inspired many younger artists, including Claude Monet, Berthe Morisot, James McNeill Whistler and Pierre-Auguste Renoir. Essays on these and other artists place their seascapes in relation to Manet's pictures.


The precautionary principle is a legal principle that has found considerable support in international environmental law. Its emergence, however, has not been without problems and controversies: how do we define its normative content and trigger elements, and how do we ensure concrete implementation. The 2011 Seabed Mining Advisory Opinion used states' due diligence obligations to prevent harm to realize the precautionary principle. Focusing on this case, this article examines how the precautionary principle can be applied using the concept of due diligence. First, this article explores the precautionary concept using examples from a selection of regional and multilateral environmental instruments, analyzing its origin and different expressions and identifying the problems in its application. Second, the article analyzes the Pulp Mills case and the Seabed Mining Advisory Opinion to substantiate the role of the obligation to take precautionary measures in the legal framework of due diligence. Third, by reference to the International Law Commission's Draft Articles on Prevention of Transboundary Harm from Hazardous Activities and the International Law Association's study report on the Legal Principles relating to Climate Change, along with a number of international cases, the article further illustrates the distinction between due diligence, prevention and precaution and argues that they are actually interrelated.


The association between socioecological factors and poor health outcomes for low-income women and their children has been the focus of disparities research for several decades. This research compares the socioecological conditions among low-income women from pregnancy to post-partum and highlights the factors that make weight management increasingly difficult after delivery. As part of the formative research for an online health intervention, group and individual interviews were conducted with low-income pregnant and post-partum women. Five pregnancy group interviews (n = 15 women), five post-partum group interviews (n = 23 women) and seven individual interviews with a total of 45 participants were conducted in Rochester, New York. All interviews were audio-recorded. The constant comparative method was used to code interview notes and identify emergent themes. Subjects faced many challenges that affected their attitudes, beliefs and their ability to maintain or improve healthy weight behaviours. These included unemployment, relationship issues, minimal social support, lack of education, limited health care access, pre-existing medical conditions and neighbourhood disadvantage. Compared with pregnant women, post-partum women faced additional difficulties, such as child illnesses and custody issues. The most striking differences between pregnancy and post-partum related to the family's medical problems and greater environmental constraints. Many factors detracted from women's capacity to engage in healthy weight behaviours post-partum, including challenges present prior to delivery, challenges present prior to delivery that worsen after delivery, and new challenges that begin after delivery. These additional post-partum challenges need to be considered in designing programmes, policies and interventions that promote healthy weight.


Paleo-ice stream beds that are exposed today on the West Antarctic continental shelf provide unique archives of conditions at the base of the past ice sheet, that are difficult to assess beneath its modern, extant counterpart. During the last decade, several of these paleo-ice stream beds have been studied in detail to reconstruct the extent of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) at the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), the patterns of ice drainage, and the timing of grounding-line retreat during the last deglaciation. However, despite significant advances, such information still remains poorly constrained in numerous drainage sectors of the WAIS. In particular, the maximum extent of ice at the LGM remains ambiguous for key drainage basins of the ice sheet. Whether the WAIS extended to the shelf break around the continent, or advanced only partially across its sea bed, is a crucial piece of information required for reconstructing and modeling patterns of ice-sheet change from past to present. Here we present marine geological and geophysical data that we collected on R/V "Polarstern" expedition ANT-XXVI/3 in early 2010 to investigate the extent, flow, and retreat of the WAIS, from an especially poorly studied part of the West Antarctic shelf, offshore from the Hobbs Coast in the western Amundsen Sea. Here, a landward deepening paleo-ice stream trough is incised into the shelf. The seafloor within the western-central part of the trough is characterized by a large trough-wide grounding zone wedge, ~70 m thick and ~17 km long, which overlies a high of seaward dipping sedimentary strata. The back-slope of the GZW is characterized by highly elongate streamlined bedforms suggesting fast paleo-ice flow towards NW. The crest of the wedge has been cross-cutted by iceberg keels. In contrast, the outer shelf seafloor offshore the GZW is predominantly smooth and featureless, although there is some evidence locally for iceberg scouring. A radiocarbon age from calcareous microfossils in a core from the inner shelf shows that ice had retreated landward from the GZW before 12.967 cal 14C yrs. There are two possible interpretations for the GZW: either (1) that it formed during a significant stillstand as the WAIS retreated from the shelf edge following the LGM, or (2) it marks the maximum extent of grounded ice at the LGM. Preliminary data appears to support the latter hypothesis. Specifically we point to i) the size and geometry of the GZW which is comparable to other grounding-line features marking LGM-positions around Antarctica (e.g. in the Ross Sea and in Prydz Bay), and less similar to GZWs deposited during episodic ice-stream retreat (e.g. in Pine Island Trough and Marguerite Trough); and ii) the lack of subglacial bedforms on the outer shelf, which may be explained by a thick hemipelagic sediment cover deposited over tens of thousands of years. In order to test these two hypotheses and constrain the timing and duration of GZW formation, additional ages will be obtained from seasonal open-marine sediments overlying subglacial till in cores seaward of the GZW as well as from the outer shelf. We will present preliminary interpretations of these data, which will aim to resolve the extent of the WAIS in this sector and, at the same time, provide new information on the dynamics of paleo-ice streams, which drained the former ice sheet.


SelGenes is a tool for selecting marker genes for the dominating cell type in heterogeneous samples. Based on a framework from an existing algorithm, SelGenes selects cell-type specific marker genes for the dominating cell-type and uses these marker genes to estimate cell-type proportions in the sample and cell-type specific expression profiles. We test the performance of SelGenes on a benchmark set and validate the marker genes against an external database and further apply SelGenes to a real data set containing gene expression data from cancer samples. Compared to an existing method the results from the test were consistently better for SelGenes.


We consider a participatory sensing scenario where a group of private sensors observes the same phenomenon, such as air pollution. Since sensors need to be installed and maintained, owners of sensors are inclined to provide inaccurate or random data. We design a novel payment mechanism that incentivizes honest behavior by scoring sensors based on the quality of their reports. The basic principle follows the standard Bayesian Truth Serum (BTS) paradigm, where highest rewards are obtained for reports that are surprisingly common. The mechanism, however, eliminates the main drawback of the BTS in a sensing scenario since it does not require sensors to report predictions regarding the overall distribution of sensors' measurements. As it is the case with other peer prediction methods, the mechanism admits uninformed equilibria. However, in the novel mechanism these equilibria result in worse payoff than truthful reporting.


The world now confronts a number of huge challenges, and these are now on a scale and scope never before seen in history. In earlier times, such challenges have lead to local and regional problems and collapses.  Previously no more than a part of the world was affected, and there was always somewhere else to go. In the Anthropocene the challenges are of planetary scope, there are no escapes and therefore we are forced to think through major changes (Tainter 1988, Rockstrom et al. 2009, Turner 2012, Sverdrup et al. 2013a). Current economic theory and the operative economic systems, as well as politics and political science, have failed in their handling of long-term economic, environmental and resource challenges, particularly owing to their focus on a limited temporal perspective. This chapter explains the rationale for a new European Commission funded PhD training programme AdaptEconII which aims to develop a new economic framework. This project uses system dynamics to work with the time frames set by natural and human systems and to develop tools and assessments. This paper begins by setting six key global challenges and linking these to questions of appropriate economic frameworks.  The next section addresses the ways in which system dynamics can be used to handle both future predictions and nonlinear causal relationships.  The final section introduces the AdaptEconII project and summarises aims and objectives in relation to these challenges.


In this work, we present an extensive investigation of the radiation-induced +NH3−•CH−CO2- glycine radical, using ab initio density functional modeling. The geometry and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) characteristics of the radical have been calculated using several model space approaches, including a single molecule approach, cluster models, and periodic calculations. Consecutively, both the calculated structural and spectroscopic properties are compared with experimental values taken from the literature. This comparative study involves the reproduction of the hyperfine coupling constants and the principal directions of the hyperfine tensor. It is found that the accurate calculation of these two features represents a sensitive probe for the accuracy of the proposed methodology to describe the glycine radical. The best overall agreement with experimental EPR parameters is found for a cluster calculation, in which the molecular environment surrounding the radical was explicitly taken into account, n...


This study examines a joint NHS-Local Authority initiative providing a dedicated nursing and physiotherapy team to three residential care homes in Bath and North East Somerset. The initiative aims to meet the nursing needs of residents where they live and to train care home staff in basic nursing.

 * Hospital admissions and nursing home transfers were prevented. Care home staff and managers preferred residents to be able to stay in their home when they were ill, as did residents themselves.
 * Enhancing health-orientated education and training of care home staff was challenging at first but relationships improved, and the confidence and professionalism of care staff grew.
 * Residents' nursing needs cannot simply be equated with their level of dependency. For example, a resident with dementia can be functionally independent yet have major, often un-communicated health needs.
 * The early detection of illness and resulting opportunity for early intervention was a major part of the team's work. Residents were likely to benefit from improved quality of life.
 * Overall, estimates of costs and savings ranged from a 'worst case' scenario of £2.70 extra to a more likely scenario of £36.90 saved per resident per week. Savings were mainly in reduced use of NHS services, while the Primary Care Trust and Adult Social Services both funded the intervention, highlighting the need for partnership working to sustain funding.
 * The researchers conclude that any increase in cost should be measured against the benefits of promoting long-term quality of life, quality of care and providing a firm foundation for future workforce development.


Among the optical techniques used for exploring the properties of cells and tissues, those based on hyperspectral label-free analysis are particularly interesting due to their non-invasive character and their ability to fast collect a huge number of information on the different sample constituents and their spatial distribution. Here we present results obtained with a novel hyperspectral reflectance confocal microscope of label-free discrimination of cells undergoing apoptosis. Our data, analyzed by means of a powerful statistical method, enable to obtain information on the biological status at a single cell level through the local measurement of reflectivity. Furthermore, an optical model of the local dielectric response gives an additional insight of the parameters linking the optical responsivity to the biological status.


This review examines the use of the Cu(I)-catalyzed 1,3-cycloaddition of organic azides with terminal alkynes (the CuAAC 'click' reaction) for development of a novel family of abnormal/mesoionic N-heterocyclic carbenes and their corresponding metal complexes. These 1,3,4-trisubstituted-1,2,3-triazol-5-ylidenes have donor properties that are intermediate between the traditional Arduengo-type imidazol-2-ylidenes and more highly σ-donating abnormal carbenes, such as imidazol-4-ylidenes or pyrazolin-4-ylidenes. Metal complexes of the 1,3,4-trisubstituted-1,2,3-triazol-5-ylidenes have been used as catalysts for a variety of reactions including the CuAAC cycloaddition, Pd cross-couplings, and ring closing/ring opening metathesis. Additionally, 'click' carbene ligands have been used to generate self-assembled metallo-macrocycles and novel photosensitizers. The mild, modular CuAAC approach to these ligands should allow the rapid generation of libraries of 1,3,4-trisubstituted-1,2,3-triazol-5-ylidenes that can be further exploited to generate novel catalysts, metallo-pharmaceuticals and materials.


The poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor rucaparib is used in the clinic to treat BRCA-mutated cancers. Herein, we report two strategies to access the 18F-isotopologue of rucaparib by applying a copper-mediated nucleophilic 18F-fluorodeboronation. The most successful approach features an aldehydic boronic ester precursor that is subjected to reductive amination post-18F-labeling and affords [18F]rucaparib with an activity yield of 11% ± 3% (n = 3) and a molar activity (Am) up to 30 GBq/μmol. Preliminary in vitro studies are presented.


Irrigation volume had no effect on post-transplant trunk diameter growth, crown spread, height growth, or stem xylem potential of Quercus virginiana (live oak) in the first 27 months after transplanting. Container-grown trees irrigated infrequently after transplanting grew more slowly than those irrigated frequently and more slowly than field-grown trees. This resulted from increased water stress on container trees that were infrequently irrigated. Post-transplant growth of trees from a field nursery was not affected by irrigation frequency. Three of 30 trees on the infrequent irrigation schedule, which were transplanted from containers, died the 1 st time irrigation was cut back from twice each week to once a week 7 weeks after transplanting, and new, nonlignified shoot and leaf tissue on most other container trees dried up. No trees transplanted from the field nursery died, nor did new growth wither. The 1st year after transplanting, trunk diameters of trees collected from the wild increased more slowly than those of trees transplanted from containers or from the field. However, growth of trees from containers increased more slowly than for trees from the other 2 production methods during the 2nd and 3rd year after transplanting. During the first 27 months after transplanting, trunk diameter and tree height increased faster on smallsized nursery trees of live oak than on large-sized trees. Rate of trunk diameter growth for container trees slowed the 2nd growing season on large-sized container trees, perhaps because roots were not fully established in landscape soil. Frequently irrigated trees established more quickly than those receiving infrequent irrigation.


This fully illustrated scholarly catalogue presents 12 major works by masters of the Ming (1368-1644), Qing (1644-1911), and modern periods given or promised to The Metropolitan Museum of Art by New York collectors Marie-Helene and Guy Weill. Authored by Metropolitan Museum curator Maxwell Hearn, the catalogue presents an in-depth discussion of each work together with a full transcription and translation of all inscriptions and seals. The volume begins with works that are quintessential embodiments of Ming literati values: a meditative landscape by Shen Zhou (1427-1509) and an idealized portrayal of a gentleman in his yet-to-be-built retirement garden by Wen Zhengming (1470-1559). These are followed by an outstanding group of paintings by early Qing loyalist and orthodox artists of the 17th and 18th centuries: a rare handscroll composition by the Nanjing painter Liu Yu (act. ca. 1650-after 1711); a monumental hanging scroll by the Anhui School master Dai Benxiao (1621-1693); a 12-leaf album by Mei Qing (1624-1697) - also from Anhui; a superb album of blossoming plum by the Yangzhou "eccentric" Li Fangying (1696-1755). There are important works by the two leading Orthodox School painters of the time: a 16-leaf album painted jointly by Wang Hui (1632-1717) and those of his disciples who assisted him in the execution of the "Kangxi Southern Inspection Tour", and a superb hanging scroll dated 1710 by Wang Yuanqi (1642-1715). The catalogue also includes selections from "Model Calligraphies from the Hall of Three Rarities and the Shiqu Baoji Collection", a rare set of imperially-commissioned rubbings of calligraphies in the Qing palace collection. In immaculate condition, the Weill set is further distinguished as having originally belonged to Dong Bangda (1699-1769), one of the proofreaders for this project. The catalogue concludes with noteworthy early works by the 20th-century masters Zhang Daqian and C.C. Wang.


Recent research based on Dutch marriage records shows a steady decrease offemale labour force participation from the 1840s until the 1930s. However, this researchrelies on combined data from several municipalities. Analysing the sources in this wayaggregates the development to such an extent that local variation is completely overlooked.This article contributes to our understanding of regional variation in unmarried women'slabour from 1812 to 1932. The purpose of this research is to isolate the developments inindustry from those in agriculture and the service sector. I use marriage records from fourregions that list the occupation of the bride to determine the amount of working unmarriedwomen throughout the research period. My data show a different development from thepreviously mentioned research. Unlike earlier results, I found that unmarried women's labourforce participation in the industrial centres did not decrease gradually throughout thenineteenth and early-twentieth century. Moreover, labour force participation was remarkablyhigh compared to the other sectors, especially during the first decades of the twentiethcentury. I argue that industry developed in a specific way because it required a cheap labourforce which was mostly found among young women. This statement is supported by showingthe percentages of brides with a recorded occupation in two industrial centres. Furthermore, Ishow that in these centres, the younger a woman was, the higher the chance that she stated anoccupation in her marriage record. This was not the case in the agricultural and serviceorientedregions I have investigated. I therefore argue that research on the history of femalelabour should be approached from a comparative perspective for a proper understanding of itsdevelopments.


Hypothesis: Heritability estimates of total nightly signalling time will be equal for a contemporary data set in Austin (Texas) and an earlier data set collected 127 km away in San Antonio (Texas). Organism: Texas field cricket, Gryllus texensis (Gryllidae: Orthoptera). Background: A corpus of work has been done on Gryllus texensis in Austin, Texas with the underlying assumption that heritability values from San Antonio, Texas apply. Methods: Previous study – realized heritability estimated using an artificial selection experiment. Current study – narrow sense heritability estimated using parent–offspring, full-sib/half-sib, and restricted maximum likelihood methods. Results: Heritability of total nightly signalling time was previously computed as 0.50 and 0.53 for the San Antonio crickets. However, heritability of total nightly signalling time in the Austin crickets is estimated at only 0.006 ± 0.045. In Austin, only a small portion (1.5 ± 11%) of the genetic variance in total signalling time is additive.


The muscarinic receptors of human eccrine sweat gland may be directly stimulated by iontophoresis of acetylcholine (direct response; DIR) and indirectly via nicotinic receptors and an axon "reflex" (AXR). Using a specially designed multicompartmental sweat cell and dual sudorometers, we were able to simultaneously record the evoked DIR and AXR responses. On a second day, we repeated the experiment under identical ambient and stimulus conditions but instead obtained silastic imprints of DIR and AXR for morphometry. Studies were done on 24 controls (mean SD = 47.6 ± 15.1 years) and 23 diabetic subjects (mean ± SD = 49.6 ± 16.3 years). In control subjects, sudorometric DIR recordings were consistently larger than AXR. There was no difference in sweat droplet density by sex, but the size of droplets was larger in males. In diabetic patients 3 of 23 had absent AXR but preserved DIR, suggesting that failure of AXR preceded DIR in patients with neuropathy. Patients with mild neuropathy had an overrepresentation of large diameter droplets in the silastic imprints of both DIR and AXR, while patients with severe neuropathy had a markedly reduced density and small diameter droplets. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.


IMPORTANCE
Neonatal and infant lumbar puncture is a commonly performed procedure in emergency departments, yet traumatic and unsuccessful lumbar punctures occur 30% to 50% of the time. Dehydration may be a risk factor for unsuccessful lumbar punctures, but to our knowledge, no studies have investigated the use of intravenous (IV) fluid bolus prior to lumbar puncture.

OBJECTIVE
To investigate the association of IV fluid bolus administration with the sonographic measure of the neonatal and infant lumbar subarachnoid space. We hypothesized that IV fluids would increase subarachnoid space size.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
Prospective observational study conducted from August 2012 to April 2015.The study took place at the emergency department of the Children's Hospital Los Angeles, an urban pediatric emergency department with an annual census of 76,000 visits.A convenience sample of patients aged 0 to 3 months were enrolled if they had a clinical presentation consistent with pyloric stenosis. This population was used as a proxy because they are similar in age to patients undergoing lumbar puncture for evaluation of neonatal fever and are routinely given IV fluids for dehydration.

EXPOSURES
Patients with a sonographic diagnosis of pyloric stenosis underwent additional ultrasonography evaluation to determine the size of the subarachnoid space before and after IV fluids.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES
Primary outcomes included the difference in the size of the subarachnoid space in millimeters squared before and 1 hour after administration of an IV fluid bolus in the emergency department. Interobserver consistency for the subarachnoid space measurement between attending radiologists was measured using intraclass correlation coefficient. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to examine changes in subarachnoid space measurements (millimeters squared).

RESULTS
The study sample consisted of 40 patients with a mean (SD) age of 37 (11.3) days (range, 15-71 days). The mean (SD) size of the subarachnoid space before and 1 hour after IV fluid bolus was 37.8 (11.1) mm(2) and 36.9 (11.2) mm(2) respectively (P = .42). The intraclass correlation coefficient ranged from 0.96 to 0.99 (95% CI, 0.90-0.99).

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
Intravenous fluid boluses were not associated with a significant increase in the sonographic measure of the neonatal and infant subarachnoid space.


The Royal Marines come from a long and proud tradition dating back to 1664. However, the first incarnation of the service, the Marine Regiments, was plagued by structural and operational difficulties. The formation of the British Marine Corps at the onset of the Seven Years War in 1755 was a defining moment, for this was the first time the government gave operational priority to the Navy. Following many trials and tribulations, in 1802 the British Marine Corps were made the Royal Marines, giving them official sanction and permanency that has continued to the present day. This book explores the long period between the Corps of Marines' inception and its Royal codification in 1802. Based on extensive original research, it charts the development of the marines' organisational structures and the Corps' rapid expansion and change. It examines the operations and tasks the marines were required to undertake, showing how special operational requirements and organisational structures combined to give rise to the Royal Marines' distinctive identity, quite separate from exclusively land-based or exclusively maritime-based forces. Amongst a great deal of fascinating detail, the book provides interesting information on how marines were recruited, from what social backgrounds they came, how they were trained, how they were paid, and how their key duties included guarding against mutiny and desertion, and being available as an imperial "rapid reaction force". The book includes extensive material on the many, very varied actions in which the marines were involved, worldwide, including the famous, successful action against American rebels at Boston's Bunker Hill in 1775. BRITT ZERBE completed his doctorate in maritime history at the University of Exeter.


Water supply systems that operate intermittently rather than continuously are highly complex. This arises from the interaction of large numbers of internal and external factors that produce major consequences for system operation and management. Handling these problems requires understanding, and to some extent eliminating, their causes. In this paper, Lusaka Water and Sewerage Company, Zambia, is used as a case study that shows how poor governance, demographic and economic dynamics, hydrologic regime change, poor system management and operation, unplanned system extensions, limited skilled manpower, poor electricity supply and lack of customer awareness all contribute to sustaining intermittent water supply. Interdisciplinary approaches are recommended to explore interplays between governance, climate change and technical factors when developing solutions to intermittent supplies.


New regulations, obligations for credit institutions, and powers for authorities were created by the Bank Recovery and Resolution Directive (BRRD). While resolution of a credit institution is clearly defined, it is less clear whether recovery of a credit institution could and should be treated as a separate concept under the BRRD; which elements it encompasses; and how these elements enhance and are linked with the pre-existing prudential regulation, processes, and tools. The problem is that if recovery is to be deemed a differentiable concept, specific legal rules and principles could be applicable that are separate from the prudential or the resolution framework – whether existing ones or other, easily developed rules and principles. This is particularly crucial when authorities exercise powers related to recovery, because following appropriate rules and principles has a direct connection with state liability. In consideration of these issues, the article presents several important conclusions: Firstly, recovery in the sense applied in the BRRD can be distinguished from both the prudential framework and the concept of resolution, on the basis of function; the concept of recovery can be considered to consist of recovery planning, early intervention measures, and two measures of further intervention that can be employed. Some early intervention measures are recovery-specific and broaden the supervisory powers significantly, while others do not and show overlap with supervisory powers derived from the prudential framework. Recovery planning and exercising early intervention measures can take place in parallel with processes connected with the prudential framework while nonetheless maintaining recovery as a usefully separate concept.


Sir Francis Akanu Ibiam KCMG, KBE (1906-1995) was a distinguished medical missionary who was appointed Governor of Eastern Region, nigeria from December 1960 until January 1966 during the nigerian First Republic. From 1919 to 1951 he was known as Francis Ibiam, and from 1951 to 1967 as Sir Francis Ibiam. This article explores his profile; the profile of a man whose contribution as a medical doctor, a missionary doctor, an educationist, a statesman and a churchman is outstanding, hence inspiring to the new crop of leadership in Africa of the 21st  century. Was he too emotional when conducting his political discourses? Did he make the right choices all along? Does his role in the Biafra War of 1967 with the government of nigeria smack of his main weakness as a public servant? nevertheless, he comes out in this article as one of the early pre-colonial professionals in Africa who had received a quality education during the dark days of African history, who had worked hard to remain relevant in their days; and who are indeed relevant in the 21st century. In Francis Ibiam, the article shows a decisive leader who chose to work for the church rather than the colonial government, thereby making a strong statement that the church can be developed into an alternative forum of progress, a kind of alternative government where the deprived can still find justice, a job and other lifetime comforts. Despite the article being greatly indebted to Agwu Kalu's book, Dr ibiam: The challenge of his life (1986), it has also derived materials from the internet and other published works. Certainly, it is geared towards celebrating a leader who had a mission beyond ecclesia.


Biomass collection could contribute to the reduction of wildfire prevention costs by obtaining solid biofuels from shrublands that pose a high fire risk, using mechanical harvesting methods that have not been sufficiently tested in shrub formations. The objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of a harvester-baler system (Biobaler WB55) for collecting rockrose (Cistus laurifolius L.) shrublands biomass, to asses the influence of the cutting rotor tool (blades or hammers) on weight and surface productivities and operating costs, as well as to determine the influence of the standing shrub biomass load on productivity and biomass collection efficiency.A 31-hour test was conducted on 21 ha of a typical Mediterranean shrubland in the centre of Spain. Data collection included time study, daily collected area, fuel consumption and bale measurements. Samples of fresh biomass from bales were collected for the determination of moisture content. The average collected biomass was 2.3 tDM·ha-1 (tonnes of dry matter per hectare), with an average productivity of 1.6 tDM·PMH-1 and an average yield of 0.7 ha·PMH-1. Better results were obtained with blades than with hammers in the cutting rotor tool (35% more collected biomass, 42% higher weight productivity, 61% higher collection efficiency and 14% greater surface productivity). The average harvest-baling costs with blades were estimated at 99.5 €∙PMH-1, 142.1 €∙ha-1 and 53.9 €∙tDM-1 (34.0 €∙tWM-1, € per tonne of wet matter), and with hammers 91.5 €∙PMH-1, 152.5 €∙ha-1 and 81.4 €∙tDM-1 (51.1 €∙tWM-1).The analysed harvester-baler was operated without difficulty in this type of vegetation and was able to collect up to 31% of the shrub biomass load in the study area. The amount of uncollected biomass and the decrease in biomass collection efficiency, as shrub biomass load increases, suggest that possible mechanical improvements are needed to improve biomass collection efficiency.


This paper explores the utilization of soft information in image decoding. Error free transmission is not always possible in today's nor future's communication networks without retransmissions. Retransmissions, however, introduce delay. To delay sensitive applications the concept of soft information, i.e. lower layer knowledge about the channel conditions, could reduce the number of retransmissions. It is not sufficient to treat the soft information and the image decoder separately. By combining soft information and the knowledge of the image structure in the decoding process image quality can be improved. A modified JPEG2000 image decoder that utilizes soft information has been developed. Experimental results with images transmitted over a simulated wireless channel show that iterative decoding with soft information can give high gains in image quality.


With the debate on the renewal of the Trade Promotion Authority Act, the proper terms of investment treaties - including dispute resolution provisions - have become an issue of public scrutiny. In a so-called litigation explosion, investors resolve disputes against host governments through international arbitration mechanisms in investment treaties; and there is little evidence of reliance on other processes like mediation. This escalation has lead to a teething period where parties and non-parties have expressed divergent views as to the efficacy, efficiency and fairness of the dispute resolution process. With billions of dollars and sovereignty at stake, the dispute resolution system is at a critical historical juncture. In an effort to examine the system's integrity, this article describes unexplored synergies between investment treaties and Dispute Systems Design. It considers how designing dispute resolution systems systematically can create more effective conflict management; it also assesses the costs and benefits of such an approach. The article suggests a new area of scholarship integrating Dispute Systems Design and investment treaties is necessary to determine how stakeholders can create dispute resolution mechanisms that maximize the satisfaction with and legitimacy of the process of resolving investment treaty conflict.


A culture conducive to information security practice is extremely important for organizations since information has to be critical assets in modern enterprises. Thus, for understanding and improving the organizational behavior with regard to information security, enterprises may look into organizational culture and examine how it affects the effectiveness of implementing ISM. This study aims to examine the relationship between Information Security Management and Organizational Culture. Based on a literature review, a model of the relationship between organizational culture and ISM was formulated, and both organizational culture characteristics and ISM effectiveness were measured empirically to investigate how various organizational culture traits have correlation with information security management by administrating questionnaires (based on five-point Likert scale) to respondents with significant use of information systems in TAM Iran Khodro CO. The collected data were given to SPSS for analysis, and the Pearson correlation coefficient was used to test the hypotheses. Results of testing the hypothesis indicate that the flexibility-oriented organizational culture traits, cooperative and innovative, have a significant relationship with information security management, whilst the stability-oriented organi


PLANNED CHANGE IN HIGHER EDUCATION: A CASE STUDY OF THE NATIONAL ALLIANCE FOR DEVELOPING SCHOOL LEADERS by Penny Little Smith The problem was that much effort was being put into an alliance for preparing school leaders with little evidence concerning how effective such groups were in promoting positive change. The purpose of this study was to provide a historical background for the National Alliance for Developing School Leaders that included the rationale for the endeavor, the identification of key actors and their roles, and perceived changes resulting from Alliance affiliation. The information gleaned from the study was intended to answer the formulated research questions. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews and through examination of relevant documents. Data were coded and clustered to assist with the organization of a plethora of information. The information was then used to tell the story of the National Alliance for Developing School Leaders as told by those directly involved in the conception and development of the Alliance. Evidence indicated that change had occurred as a result of the National Alliance for Developing School Leaders, however, the degree of change experienced varied across university sites. Conclusions drawn indicated that the Alliance provided faculty and students exposure to new materials and teaching techniques, opportunities for increased presentations and publications, higher visibility, professional development opportunities that included area school administrators, and increased professional dialogue regarding changes needed in administrator preparation programs. Evidence existed that more on-site visits and opportunities to dialogue about the successes of each program as well as the difficulties encountered by the universities attempting to change their preparation programs were desired by Alliance participants. Participants reflected on their experiences resulting from involvement with the National Alliance for Developing School Leaders and then shared insights regarding essentials necessary for successful multiorganizational collaborative efforts.


In Hormonal Chaos, Sheldon Krimsky traces the emergence of an unorthodox hypothesis that casts new suspicions on a broad range of modern industrial chemicals. At the heart of his story is the "Environmental Endocrine Hypothesis," the assertion that a class of chemicals called "endocrine disruptors" are interfering with the normal functioning of hormones in animals and humans. Krimsky describes how this controversial theory was first elaborated and explores the complex factors that have contributed to its increased legitimacy and continued controversy.


In this paper, a double-axis micro Fluxgate magnetic sensor is presented. The device represents an evolution of a PCB dual axis sensor previously realized. In the PCB version the experimental results exhibit excellent agreement with the simulations performed using a tool based on the finite element method. Using the same design approach a version of double-axis Fluxgate structure is here proposed to be realized in IC technology. The accurate study of the magnetic field distribution allows a 75% area saving for the IC version with respect to a direct scaling of the PCB version. Imposing an external magnetic field of about 60 muT, the simulated differential output voltage of the micro-integrated Fluxgate sensor achieves a peak value of 1 mV with 5 mA sinusoidal excitation current peak at 100 kHz. The integrated microstructure shows a linearity error of about 1.15% of the full scale, in the range of plusmn50 muT, with a sensitivity of about 0.45 mV/muT


Understanding the catalytic oxidation of propane is important for developing catalysts not only for catalytic oxidation of hydrocarbons in emission systems but also for selective oxidation in the chemical processing industry. For palladium-based catalysts, little is known about the identification of the chemical or intermediate species involved in propane oxidation. We describe herein findings of an investigation of the catalytic oxidation of propane over supported palladium nanoalloys with different compositions of gold (PdnAu100−n), focusing on probing the chemical or intermediate species on the catalysts in correlation with the bimetallic composition and the alloying phase structure. In addition to an enhanced catalytic activity, a strong dependence of the catalytic activity on the bimetallic composition was revealed, displaying an activity maximum at a Pd : Au ratio of 50 : 50 in terms of reaction temperature. This dependence is also reflected by its dependence on the thermochemical treatment conditions. While the activity for nanoalloys with n ∼ 50 showed little change after the thermochemical treatment under oxygen, the activities for nanoalloys with n 50 showed opposite trends. Importantly, this catalytic synergy is linked to the subtle differences of chemical and intermediate species which have been identified for the catalysts with different bimetallic compositions by in situ measurements using diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS). For the catalytic oxidation of propane over the highly-active catalyst with a Pd : Au ratio of 50 : 50, the major species identified include acetate and bicarbonate, showing subtle differences in comparison with the identification of bicarbonate and formate for the catalyst with 50% Au (activity is largely absent). The alloying of 50% Au in Pd is believed to increase the oxophilicity of Pd, which facilitates the first carbon–carbon bond cleavage and oxygenation of propane. The implications of the findings on the catalytic synergy of Pd alloyed with Au and the design of active Pd alloy catalysts are also discussed.


Hypothalassia acerba was sampled seasonally using traps at depths of 35, 90, 145, 200, 255, 310 and 365 m on the west and south coasts of Western Australia. Catch rates peaked at depths of 200 m on the west coast and 145 m on the south coast but at similar temperatures of 16.1-17.1°C. The west and south coast catches contained 69% and 84% males respectively. The carapace length of H. acerba declined significantly by 4 mm for each 100 m increase in depth. The maximum carapace length of males was greater than females on the west coast (135 v. 113 mm) and south coast (138 v. 120 mm). Furthermore, after adjustment to a depth of 200 m, the mean carapace lengths of males were greater than females on both the west coast (96.6 v. 94.6 mm) and south coast (101.5 v. 91.4 mm), with the difference on the south coast being significant (P < 0.001). Thus, in summary, (1) distribution was related to depth and temperature; (2) body size was inversely related to water depth; and (3) males grew larger and were caught in greater numbers than females. There was also evidence that the distribution changed slightly with season and of spatial partitioning by H. acerba and other large deep-water invertebrate predators.


The U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA) is the world's strongest environmental law protecting imperiled plants and animals, and a growing number of marine species have been protected under this law as extinction risk in the oceans has increased. Marine mammals and sea turtles comprise 36% of the 161 ESA-listed marine species, yet analyses of recovery trends after listing are lacking. Here we gather the best available annual population estimates for all marine mammals (n=33) and sea turtles (n=29) listed under the ESA as species. Of these, we quantitatively analyze population trends, magnitude of population change, and recovery status for representative populations of 23 marine mammals and 9 sea turtles, which were listed for more than five years, occur in U.S. waters, and have data of sufficient quality and span of time for trend analyses. Using generalized linear and non-linear models, we found that 78% of marine mammals (n=18) and 78% of sea turtles (n=7) significantly increased after listing; 13% of marine mammals (n=3) and 22% of sea turtles (n=2) showed non-significant changes; while 9% of marine mammals (n=2), but no sea turtles declined after ESA protection. Overall, species with populations that increased in abundance were listed for 20 years or more (e.g., large whales, manatees, and sea turtles). Conservation measures triggered by ESA listing such as ending exploitation, tailored species management, and fishery regulations, among others, appear to have been largely successful in promoting species recovery, leading to the delisting of some species and to increases in most. These findings underscore the capacity of marine mammals and sea turtles to recover from substantial population declines when conservation actions under the ESA are implemented in a timely and effective manner.


A modal superposition method for the dynamic analysis of a structure with Coulomb friction is presented. The finite element method is used to derive the equations of motion, and the nonlinearities due to friction are represented by a pseudoforce vector. A structure standing freely on the ground may slide during a seismic event. The relative displacement response may be divided into two parts: elastic deformation and rigid body motion. The presence of rigid body motion necessitates the inclusion of the higher modes in the transient analysis. Three single degree-of-freedom problems are solved to verify this method. In a fourth problem, the dynamic response of a platform standing freely on the ground is analyzed during a seismic event.


Drilling at Site 895 in the Hess Deep provided 200-m sections of interlayered harzburgites, dunites (containing interstitial
clinopyroxene and Plagioclase), and troctolites, similar in lithology and overall stratigraphic organization to Moho transition
zones reported in ophiolite complexes such as Oman. Similar lithologies previously collected from the East Pacific Rise have
been described as mantle rocks within which "impregnated" melt has become entrapped. Our textural studies of the Site 895
specimens confirm this interpretation, based upon the deformation and annealing of the peridotite framework contrasting with
the lack of deformation in the interstitial phases. High dislocation densities in all the different lithologies emphasize the residual
character of the olivine crystals.
For the first time ever in an in situ section of oceanic mantle peridotites, the orientations of the deformation fabrics in the
peridotites, and hence the geometry of mantle flow, have been restored to geographical coordinates (with reference to stable
magnetic remanence directions). The oriented fabrics show that mantle shear plane is moderately to steeply dipping and that it
strikes parallel to the East Pacific Rise axis. This relationship is particularly consistent in the harzburgites but less so in the
massive dunites from Hole 895E, within which the dip of the foliation decreases systematically toward the top of the section
and the lineation plunge directions become scattered. We interpret this geometry as representing the fossilized top of a diapir
that ascended beneath the EPR and, it would appear, started to overturn in a melt-charged transition zone at the crust/mantle
boundary. Although such a flow geometry might normally be expected to be destroyed by continued upwelling and lithospheric
expansion, we speculate that the structures observed were frozen in by rapid cooling and uplift of the EPR lithosphere in the
Hess Deep rift valley by the propagation of the Cocos-Nazca Spreading Center.


Evocations of Grace: Writings on Ecology, Theology and Ethics. By Joseph Sittler. Edited by Steven Bouma-Prediger and Peter Bakken. Grand Rapids, Mich.; Cambridge, U.K.: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2000. xiii + 242 pp. $20.00 (paper). Life Abundant: Rethinking Theology and Economy for a Planet in Peril. By Sallie McFague. Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress Press, 2000. xiv + 251 pp. $18.00 (paper). These two groundbreaking volumes are particularly timely, given the controversy over the issue of global warming, and the unified response of the religious community to the Bush administration's retreat from the developing policy on climate control. In their books Sittler and McFague set the stage for a theology of nature and make clear why Christian denominations should be engaged in dialogue on environmental issues Joseph Sittler (1904-1987) was Professor of Biblical Theology at the University of Chicago Divinity School, retiring in 1973. Until his death, he served as Distinguished Theologian in Residence at the Lutheran School of Theology in Chicago. Martin E. Marty, in his foreword to this volume, describes Sittler as a "diviner" of Scriptures, a rhetorical theologian whose vision of the creation as a vehicle of grace was expressed as early as 1961 in a major speech at the World Council of Churches in New Delhi, where his "cosmic Christology" was met with disdain by those who failed to recognize echoes of Irenaeus and of St. Paul in his letter to the Colossians. Peter W. Baaken in his introduction points out that in his New Delhi speech, as well as in the corpus of his writings, Sittler does not argue for a shift from "redemption-centered" to "creation-centered" theology, but for an expansion of the circumference of redemption to embrace the whole of creation. Evocations of Grace is a compilation of some of Sittler's major public addresses over the years, in which he carries this theme forward by making a powerful case for the experience of grace in nature, and for an ethic of environmental justice that may inform Christian action for the future. For Sittler, issues of justice shared common theological ground with ecology. "What pollution is to natural ecology, injustice is to social ecology," he wrote (p. 11). Sittler defines grace as "all that God does to crack nature open to its God, to restore it to his love and to its intended destiny" (p. 35). Grace in human experience comes only as humanity is recognized as an aspect of nature, a part of the created order. Christ as the light of the world in the prologue of the Gospel of John cannot lighten humanity if he does not also lighten the world into which humanity comes. Sittler writes "the way forward is from Christology expanded to its cosmic dimensions, made passionate by the pathos of this threatened earth, and made ethical by the love and the wrath of God" (p. 48). While the first part of the book develops and expands on these themes in short presentations given over the years by Sittler, there follows an extended theological and philosophical argument in the form of excerpts from Essays in Nature and Grace (1972). Here he goes in depth into the development and definitions of grace in history, with a special emphasis on traditions of Eastern and Western orthodoxies. Affirming that Eastern Orthodoxy developed more fully the cosmic dimensions of grace and of Christology that appear in Paul's letters to the Romans and Colossians, Sittler also sees in Augustine and some of the western theologians echoes of Irenaeus and his cosmic vision. He feels, however, that the focus on sin as personal human behaviour that has dominated western theological discourse since Augustine has narrowed the scope of grace in a way that had been damaging to humanity and to the Earth. In final chapters that address the modern crisis, Sittler develops the theme of evangelism as care for the whole created order. He draws conclusions from his incarnational Christology for nature. …


Sex dimorphism and gene expression were studied in developing catkins in 159 F2 individuals from the bioenergy crop Salix purpurea, and potential mechanisms and pathways for regulating sex development were explored. Differential expression, eQTL, bisulfite sequencing, and network analysis were used to characterize sex dimorphism, detect candidate master regulator genes, and identify pathways through which the sex determination region (SDR) may mediate sex dimorphism. Eleven genes are presented as candidates for master regulators of sex, supported by gene expression and network analyses. These include genes putatively involved in hormone signaling, epigenetic modification, and regulation of transcription. eQTL analysis revealed a suite of transcription factors and genes involved in secondary metabolism and floral development that were predicted to be under direct control of the sex determination region. Furthermore, data from bisulfite sequencing and small RNA sequencing revealed strong differences in expression between males and females that would implicate both of these processes in sex dimorphism pathways. These data indicate that the mechanism of sex determination in Salix purpurea is likely different from that observed in the related genus Populus. This further demonstrates the dynamic nature of SDRs in plants, which involves a multitude of mechanisms of sex determination and a high rate of turnover.


The reactivity is an important behavioral trait that is directly linked to the economic characteristics of beef. Less reactive animals have better performance and efficiency, thus, this study aimed to evaluate the influence of reactivity in the animals´ classification for residual feed intake (RFI). The study was conducted at Centro APTA Bovinos de Corte – Instituto de Zootecnia -Sertaozinho/SP. Sixty males belonging to the Traditional Nelore herd were classified into high (> mean + 0.5 SD, n = 21), medium (±0.5 SD from mean, n = 20) and low RFI (<mean - 0.5 SD, n = 19) . The animals had, on average, 256 kg and 264 days, respectively, for weight and age. They were housed in individual pens for 112 days, being 28 for adaptation to facilities and diet and 84 days for data collection. The diet was composed by Brachiaria hay, corn, cottonseed meal and mineral supplement and was offered to the animals twice a day, with ad libitum access to diet and water. The RFI was calculated as the difference between observed and predicted intake by a multiple regression equation, which considers the average daily gain and metabolic body weight. To measure the temperament, blood samples were collected from the animals´ jugular vein and analyzed to quantify serum levels of cortisol. The composite score (CS) was done by a trained observer, giving scores from 1 to 5 for the general movement of animals during weighing, being the lowest score used for less reactive animals. The experimental design was completely randomized and means were compared by Tukey-Kramer test, using a probability level of 5%. The animals most efficient (low RFI) consumed, on average, 1.02 kg less feed than animals less efficient (high RFI) (Table 1) to obtain the same performance. For cortisol levels and CS no differences were detected between RFI classes. In this study a homogeneous group of animals was used, which received the same management throughout the experimental period, and this fact may well demonstrate that animals of different RFI classes have similar temperament. The temperament does not influence the efficiency of food utilization by the animals.


A sinusoidal phase-modulating He-Ne laser subject to weak optical feedback has been used to develop an interferometer that is capable of performing real-time displacement measurement with nanometer accuracy. The principle and the signal processing method are introduced. A commercial dual-frequency interferometer is included in the displacement measurement in both small and large ranges to evaluate the performance of the developed interferometer. Experimental results show that the average errors and standard deviations of the interferometer are in good agreement with data obtained from the commercial interferometer. The resolution and the multiple feedback effect of the interferometer are discussed in detail. These results show that the development of the interferometer is reasonable and feasible.


In this paper, the authors present an analysis of the magnitude of the temporal and spatial acceleration (inertial) terms in the surface-water flow equations and determine the conditions under which these inertial terms have sufficient magnitude to be required in the computations. Data from two South Florida field sites are examined and the relative magnitudes of temporal acceleration, spatial acceleration, and the gravity and friction terms are compared. Parameters are derived by using dimensionless numbers and applied to quantify the significance of the hydrodynamic effects. The time series of the ratio of the inertial and gravity terms from field sites are presented and compared with both a simplified indicator parameter and a more complex parameter called the Hydrodynamic Significance Number (HSN). Two test-case models were developed by using the SWIFT2D hydrodynamic simulator to examine flow behavior with and without the inertial terms and compute the HSN. The first model represented one of the previously-mentioned field sites during gate operations of a structure-managed coastal canal. The second model was a synthetic test case illustrating the drainage of water down a sloped surface from an initial stage while under constant flow. The analyses indicate that the times of substantial hydrodynamic effects are sporadic but significant. The simplified indicator parameter correlates much better with the hydrodynamic effect magnitude for a constant width channel such as Miami Canal than at the non-uniform North River. Higher HSN values indicate flow situations where the inertial terms are large and need to be taken into account.


OBJECTIVE
Musculoskeletal pain and avoidant coping predicts sickness absence, but how these 2 predictors relate to each other is unknown. We examined the main and combined effects of musculoskeletal pain and avoidant, behavioural coping on incidence of sickness absence.

DESIGN AND SUBJECTS
Prospective cohort study of a sample of middle-aged Danes, economically active in 2006, reporting functional limitations due to musculoskeletal pain, n = 3115.

METHODS
Data included surveys from 2000 and 2006 and register data from 2007. Outcome was sickness absence exceeding 2 consecutive weeks in 2007. The main effect of self-reported pain frequency and avoidant coping on sickness absence was analysed by multivariate logistic regression. The combined effect was calculated as departure from multiplicativity and by the inclusion of a product term.

RESULTS
Daily pain and use of avoidant coping were both associated with sickness absence in multiple adjusted analyses, odds ratio (OR)daily pain = 1.83 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.51-2.21) and OR(avoidant coping) = 1.52 (95% CI 1.24-1.88) (main effects). A modest combined effect of musculoskeletal pain and avoidant coping on sickness absence was suggested (p = 0.286).

CONCLUSION
Avoidant coping and daily pain are both associated with sickness absence, but showed no strong signs of interactive effects. Clinicians should be aware of both factors.


This paper offers a sociophonetic profile of the production of alveolar laterals in Majorcan Spanish, a dialect of Spanish spoken in the island of Majorca, where Catalan is also spoken. Traditionally, Catalan alveolar laterals have been described as being "dark", i.e. velarized, while (Peninsular) Spanish laterals have been described a "clear", i.e. non-velarized. Thus, it could be hypothesized that Catalan-dominant bilinguals speaking Spanish would tend to use velarized laterals. However, some recent literature has shown that velarization is a receding feature in Majorcan Spanish with young Catalan-dominant bilinguals leaning towards the use of clear variants. This paper discusses acoustic data gathered from several groups of Majorcan speakers, classified as a function of their dominant language, age and gender. The results indicate that all these three factors affect the degree of velarization of laterals, with Catalan-dominant bilinguals using more velarized variants, and younger subjects (especially females) using the least velarized variants.


For enhancing anaerobic sludge digestion and biogas recovery, an increase in organic load rate (OLR) from 1.0 to 3.0kgVS/(m3·day) was imposed upon a new anaerobic digestion process combined with a sludge recirculation. The new setup requires a traditional mesophilic anaerobic digester coupled with a centrifuge for maintaining relatively high solid content within the digester.The hypothesis of this study was that increasing continuously OLR from 1.0 to 3.0kgVS/(m3·day) in a pilot-scale anaerobic digester with recycled sludge would not badly influence the digester stability, based on which biogas production would be enhanced. To test this hypothesis, a continuous 73-day study with laboratory experiment was conducted. Due to scarcity of original feeding sludge and its deteriorating quality, OLR had to be increased relied on introduction of extra sludge followed by measurement of total solid (TS) and volatile solid (VS) contents in both feeding sludge and digester sludge, for calculating OLR and examining its variations. To assess the relationship between biogas production and OLR, a measurement of gas yield and methane content was a necessity, performed by applying a biogas flow meter and MSA AUER EX-METER II (P). Moreover, temperature, pH value, volatile fatty acid (VFA) and alkalinity must be tested frequently, for the purpose of preventing system failure.The results demonstrate that the digester succeeded in withstanding an OLR up to 3.15kgVS/(m3·day). Furthermore, an enhancement in biogas yield and methane content were observed after increasing the OLR by introducing extra sludge. Biogas production measurement performed during this study indicated that biogas yield was enhanced by 73%, with a maximum production of 14.5m3/day, when OLR was increased from 2.05 to 3.15kgVS/(m3·day). However, methane content was merely promoted by 10.5%, to the highest value of 63%, with the same increase in OLR. Specific gas production (SGP), as another means of evaluating the relationship between biogas production and OLR, was observed to be 0.65Nm3/kg VSin averagely.


Short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks with conjunctival injection and tearing (SUNCT) syndrome is characterized by short-lived (5–240 s), strictly unilateral, periorbital, severe pain attacks, accompanied by ipsilateral conjunctival injection and lacrimation (1). SUNCT syndrome has been considered to be refractory to treatment, although recent small case series have suggested benefit from different antiepileptic drugs (2,3). In some cases surgical intervention may be advocated, particularly when the pain is medically intractable or the medications are not tolerated. We present a patient with chronic SUNCT syndrome who was successfully treated with posterior fossa vascular decompression 19 years after the onset of symptoms.


The study was performed for study antibacterial effects of acetic acid against different types of bacteria causes food spoilage bacteria. 120 of samples were collected, including 40 raw milk, 40 cheeses and 40 yoghurt were collected randomly from Babylon province. 5 (4.1%) isolates were positive to Streptococcus spp., 10 (8.3%) of Staphylococcus aureus, 15 (12.5%) E. coli, 14 (11.6%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 5 (4.1%) Proteus spp. respectively. Determination of the antibiotic of isolates showed that Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus spp. were sensitive to Gentimycin and Ciprofloxicin. E. coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed resistance to Oxacillin and Erythromycin. The isolates of Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was resistance to Amikacin. While isolating of Proteus spp. was resistance to Amoxicillin. The present study showed that effects acetic acid against isolates were resistant to different types of antibiotics at different concentrations (0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2% and 2.5%) respectively. The mean of three replicates of the diameter of inhibition zones (in millimeters) around each well with acetic acid solution at concentrations (0.5%) to the range from (13 mm to 18 mm). The isolates studied showed sensitivity to the range (16 mm to 18 mm) at concentrations (1%), the concentrations (1.5%) to the range (20 mm to 22 mm). However, the concentrations (2%) to the range (22 mm to 27 mm) and (27 mm to 35 mm) at concentrations (2.5%).


BACKGROUND
Accelerated intravenous dosing is currently the preferred regimen for administering recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rt-PA) in acute myocardial infarction (AMI). This regimen is recommended on the basis of clinical angiographic studies that reported superior 60 and 90 min patency rates. However, continuous infarct-vessel flow characteristics after reperfusion following this regimen are poorly described. The aim of our study was an improved definition of the characteristics of infarct-vessel flow induced by intravenous accelerated rt-PA using an animal model of acute coronary artery thrombosis.

METHODS
We studied the characteristics of reperfusion induced by an accelerated intravenous rt-PA dosing regimen in a canine coronary artery thrombosis model that simulates AMI. We created a critical stenosis in the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) of 24 open-chest dogs. Thrombosis was caused immediately proximal to the stenosis by injection of a blood and thrombin mixture into a segment of the LAD which had intimal damage. Hemodynamics and distal LAD blood flow velocity were recorded continuously. Six animals did not complete the protocol. Animals in the treatment group (n = 10) received an intravenous accelerated rt-PA regimen (1.25 mg/kg total dose) and were observed for 150 min. Eight animals served as controls.

RESULTS
None of the control animal arteries reperfused. In the treatment group, reperfusion occurred 31.5 +/- 7.3 min after starting rt-PA dosing in two general patterns. In one pattern, reperfusion onset was gradual and linear; in the other pattern, reperfusion was sudden. LAD flow was cyclical in all animals, with marked variations in magnitude compared with baseline (0-173% of baseline). Reocclusion was common and occurred 30.3 +/- 6.3 min after the initial reperfusion. There were 1.9 +/- 0.4 reocclusions per animal, and two distinct patterns were noted. In one, flow ceased abruptly and, in the second, flow declined gradually in a linear fashion before stopping. Infarct-vessel flow was evident for 103.1 +/- 14.1 min of the 150 min observation period.

CONCLUSIONS
Reperfusion occurs rapidly after an accelerated dosing regimen of rt-PA. However, the infarct-vessel flow resulting from this therapy is unstable and is associated with early reocclusion and marked variation in flow magnitude. Analysis of continuous infarct-vessel flow velocity patterns suggests at least two different mechanisms for the onset of reperfusion and reocclusion after this therapy. Recognizing several mechanisms of arterial opening and closing may have important implications for methods of stabilizing infarct vessels after reperfusion by accelerated dosing of rt-PA.


The problem of transport of suspended sediment after the break of a dam on an inclined bed is considered. To that end we use the shallow‐water approximation for arbitrary, constant slopes of the bottom, taking into consideration the effect of friction. The numerical technique and the frictional model are validated by comparison with available experimental data and asymptotic analytical solutions, with special attention to the numerical solution near the wetting front. The transport of suspended sediment down the inclined bed is obtained and discussed as a function of the slope of the bed for different values of the parameters characterizing the sediment and its transport properties. For sufficiently large times we always find the formation of roll waves near the water front, which affects the transport of sediments significantly. These strong oscillations are accurately computed with the numerical method used. The relative importance of the bed load (to the suspended load) sediment transport is also discussed as a function of the size of the sediment particles and the slope of the bed for different models on the initiation of sediment suspension from bed load. We also check the dilute sediment approach and characterize the conditions for its failure. Finally, the results of the present simplified model are intended to be used as tests of more complex numerical models. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


In forensic work, it is important to be able to estimate body height from a variety of bones. It is well known that estimates based on upper limb long bone measurements are highly accurate. This report describes an equation devised for height estimation in the Turkish population based on ulna length, and compares the results with ulna-based formulae developed for several other populations. Anthropometric measurements were recorded for 254 healthy male subjects aged 18-45 years. The subjects were randomly divided into equal-sized study and control groups. A population-specific formula for height was created based on ulna length of the subjects in the study group. This formula and 14 other formulae reported in the literature were applied to the control group and the mean estimation errors were statistically compared. Analyses indicated that the population-specific equation gave the most accurate results. In addition, the formula devised by Trotter and Gleser for Mongoloids yielded more reliable results than other formulae. The Trotter-Gleser formulae for whites are the ones most frequently used in Turkey today; however, these equations do not yield reliable height estimates for our population .


Activated carbon prepared from rubber ( Havea brasiliensis ) seeds was used to remove methylene blue and methyl red from aqueous solutions . A dsorption studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of contact time and amount of carbon active on the removal of methylene blue and methyl red at temperature of 25 o C. The equilibrium adsorption data of methylene blue and methyl red on activated carbon were analyzed by Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm model. The absorption kinetic models were predicted by pseudo - first-order and pseudo - second-order . The pseudo-second-order kinetic model was the best fitting equilibrium adsorption data. The results of adsorption methylene blue and methyl red on aqueous solutions shown that rubber seeds as carbon active can be used as material for adsorption.


Agrippina the Younger attained a level of power in first-century Rome unprecedented for a woman. According to ancient sources, she achieved her success by plotting against her brother, the emperor Caligula, murdering her husband, the emperor Claudius, and controlling her son, the emperor Nero, by sleeping with him. Modern scholars tend to accept this verdict. But in his dynamic biography-the first on Agrippina in English-Anthony Barrett paints a startling new picture of this influential woman. Drawing on the latest archaeological, numismatic, and historical evidence, Barrett argues that Agrippina has been misjudged. Although she was ambitious, says Barrett, she made her way through ability and determination rather than by sexual allure, and her political contributions to her time seem to have been positive. After Agrippina's marriage to Claudius there was a marked decline in the number of judicial executions and there was close cooperation between the Senate and the emperor; the settlement of Cologne, founded under her aegis, was a model of social harmony; and the first five years of Nero's reign, while she was still alive, were the most enlightened of his rule. According to Barrett, Agrippina's one real failing was her relationship with her son, the monster of her own making who had her murdered in horrific and violent circumstances. Agrippina's impact was so lasting, however, that for some 150 years after her death no woman in the imperial family dared assume an assertive political role.


Using the business cycle accounting framework [Chari V., P. Kehoe and E. McGrattan 2007. Business Cycle Accounting. Econometrica 75, 781-836.], this paper sheds new light on the French Great Depression. Frictions that reduce the efficiency with which factor inputs are used (efficiency wedge) were the primary factor in the economic downturn. The decline in consumption can be attributed to distortions in the Euler equation (investment wedge). In addition, frictions creating a gap between the marginal rate of substitution and the marginal product of labor (labor wedge) contributed to the slowdown of the economy after 1936. This drop in the efficiency wedge might have resulted from financial frictions and tariff policies, whereas the investment wedge might have been caused by financial frictions due to agency costs. A potential explanation for the decline of the labor wedge after 1936 is institutionals changes in the labor market.


Ethylene is a plant hormone that regulates multiple processes, including plant growth and pathogen defense. Dong et al. studied the response of Arabidopsis to exposure to harpin, a protein produced by certain plant pathogenic bacteria that causes pleiotropic responses. In Arabidopsis, harpin causes root elongation, increases in plant size and mass, and resistance to aphid infestation. Using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), the authors demonstrated that many of the genes induced by harpin were also induced by ethylene. Analysis of mutant plants further demonstrated that ethylene signaling, but not salicylic acid or jasmonate signaling, was required for the harpin response. Finally, analysis of plants with mutations in genes encoding two components of the ethylene pathway, EIN2 or EIN5, indicated that EIN2 was required for aphid resistance, whereas EIN5 was required for plant growth enhancement. These results provide insight into the molecular mechanisms by which ethylene can control diverse plant responses. H.-P. Dong. J. Peng, Z. Bao, X. Meng, J. M. Bonasera, G. Chen, S. V. Beer, H. Dong, Downstream divergence of the ethylene signaling pathway for harpin-stimulated Arabidopsis growth and insect defense. Plant Phys. 136, 3628-3638 (2004). [Abstract] [Full Text]


— Quaternion orthogonal designs (QODs) have been previously introduced as a basis for orthogonal space-time polarization block codes (OSTPBCs). This note will serve to correct statements concerning the optimality of a decoupled maximum-likelihood (ML) decoding algorithm. It will be shown that when compared to coupled decoding, the decoupled decoding is only optimal in certain cases. This raises several open problems concerning the decoding of OSTPBCs.


The entity concept is fundamental to financial reporting. The boundaries of a financial reporting entity help to set the boundaries of accountability, of actual and potential resources and liabilities, of exposure to risk. They help to establish what information is relevant to a particular set of financial statements and what is not. This article comments on two significant pronouncements in process concerning the government financial reporting entity: a proposed statement of the Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB), entitled, The Financial Reporting Entity-Affiliated Organizations, and a proposed concepts statement of the Federal Accounting Standards Advisory Board a (FASAB), entitled Entity and Display. Defining the governmental financial reporting entity is no easy matter. I believe it is more difficult than defining the private sector financial reporting entity. Some of the difficulty results from the increasing complexity of the form of government. For example, from the ability of a government to create organizations either by statute or under a state's corporation or not-for-profit corporation laws. (See author's "What Is a Government" in The Government Accountants JOURNAL Spring 1994). Part of the difficulty results from the fact that governmental "ownership" occurs through the creation and appointment process, rather than through the issuance and purchase of stock certificates. And part of it, particularly in reporting, results from the differing financial relationships between the governmental parent and its various component units. Recognizing both the importance of the subject and the difficulty of the issues, the GASB made the reporting entity one of its first projects on the road to revamping the financial reporting model. The result was GASB Statement 14, The Financial Reporting Entity, issued in 1991 and effective in 1993. This standard, developed after extensive research and deliberation, gave effect to preparer and user experience with earlier standards developed in part by the State Government Accounting Project and issued by the National Council on Governmental Accounting. GASB Statement 14 is based on a notion of "financial accountability." The Statement distinguishes between a primary government and its component units. The primary government is the nucleus of the reporting entity. Other organizations must be included in the reporting entity if the primary government is able either to impose its will on those organizations, or there is a potential for the organizations to provide specific financial benefits to, or impose specific financial burdens on the primary government. A primary government may also be financially accountable for government organizations that are fiscally dependent on it. Terms like "impose its will," "financial benefit/burden" and "fiscally dependent" are defined in Statement 14 and applications of the terms are illustrated both in the Statement and in an Implementation Guide published by the GASB. When the GASB issued Statement 14, it was aware that other organizations existed that might logically be considered part of the reporting entity even if they did not fit the definition established by the Board. The reason they do not fit the definition is that the primary governments do not create them, do not appoint their governing bodies and do not have a fiscal dependency relationship as defined by Statement 14. And yet, some of these organizations play a significant role in the finances of the primary government, raising funds, making expenditures and performing other activities on their behalf. Most often, these organizations are affiliated with colleges, but some are affiliated with hospitals, museums and elementary and secondary schools. They generally carry such names as "[X College] Foundation," "Development Foundation." "Athletic Association," "Research Foundation," or "Alumni Association." Financial reporting concerning these affiliated organizations has been in limbo for a long time, both in the public and in the private sectors. …


Although controlled release fertilizer (CRF) with single and multiple-layer coatings are extensively used in tree seedlings, studies that compare the impact of CRF type and application rate on seedling growth, nutrient storage, and, most importantly, outplanting performance, are lacking. In the current study, container-grown Pinus tabulaeformis Carr. (Chinese pine) seedlings were fertilized with commercial CRF with either one or multiple coating layers with equivalent formulation and longevity, at six rates ranging from 40 to 240 mg N seedling–1. Seedlings were sampled for dry mass, non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) content, and mineral nutrient status at the end of the growing season in the nursery, and subsequently outplanted for one season. Compared to Chinese pine seedlings fertilized with single-layer CRF treatments, seedlings treated with multiple-layer CRF had higher starch concentrations but reduced dry mass and N, P, K concentrations in the nursery, and reduced diameter growth in the field. Fertilization rates of 80 and 120 mg N seedling–1 generally yielded maximal plant dry mass and mineral nutrient content. Field survival peaked at 80 mg N seedling–1. Seedling growth, soluble sugar content, and starch concentration in the nursery and survival in the field consistently decreased at rates of 200 and 240 mg N seedling–1. In our study, optimal nursery and field performance of P. tabulaeformis were observed using single layer CRF at 80 mg N seedling–1 (3.3 g CRF l–1 media).


1 Abstract: Aim of the Study: To review and suggest treatment approach for rare diseases Leiomyosarcoma of testis. Material and Method: Here, we have reviewed management of Primary Leiomyosarcoma of the testis by search of case reports in PubMed Central, Embase, Cochrane, and Web of Science Central database. We have classified the obtained information as per Oxford Centre for Evidence Based Medicine (OCEBM) level of evidence, and National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) Categories of Evidence and Consensus. Here, current treatment scenario for sarcoma and its outcome will be discussed for a new case of low grade primary leiomyosarcoma of testis that was confirmed with Immuno-histochemistry after high inguinal orchidectomy, for painless testicular mass. Systematic review, line listing of old reported cases and treatment evidences were analysed by reviewing various international databases. Results: Leiomyosarcoma is a very rare disease, and only few cases have been reported on online databases. It is usually reported among elderly men following irradiation or long-term anabolic steroid use. Intensive search reveals lack of definitive guidelines for management of leiomyosarcoma because available evidence is level V as per OCEBM and level C as per NCCN. Conclusion: Even though early diagnosis and treatment by high inguinal orchidectomy improves survival and decreases risk of recurrence of leiomyosarcoma, there is need of research and definitive chemotherapy guidelines, similar to sarcoma of other site of the body. OncoExpert (2017), Vol. 1, Issue 1 Review Article


A wide continuum of genres in performance magic has developed since the Victorian period, including stage magic, street magic, close-up magic, comedy magic, mentalism, bizarre and mystery entertainment. Each of these genres frames its performance on a different contract between the performer and the audience, the discourse used during performance and the effect on the audience both in terms of its perception of what has transpired and the personal meaning attached to the effect. This article examines this interplay between contract, discourse and effect in theory and practice. The article constructs a typology of performance magic which is then explored through an examination of audience perception and feedback from a drama workshop and focus group conducted at the University of Huddersfield in October 2012. The group experienced three performances framed around the idea of the magician, the mentalist, and the mystic, and the ensuing discussion revealed a wide range of insights into these different framings of performance. The reactions and ensuing discussions involved different understandings of trust, plausibility, explanation, authority, and dynamic interaction.


While many large publicly accessible databases provide excellent annotation for biological macromolecules, the same is not true for small chemical compounds. Commercial data sources also fail to encompass an annotation interface for large numbers of compounds and tend to be cost prohibitive to be widely available to biomedical researchers. Therefore, using annotation information for the selection of lead compounds from a modern day high-throughput screening (HTS) campaign presently occurs only under a very limited scale. The recent rapid expansion of the NIH PubChem database provides an opportunity to link existing biological databases with compound catalogs and provides relevant information that potentially could improve the information garnered from large-scale screening efforts. Using the 2.5 million compound collection at the Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF) as a model, we determined that approximately 4% of the library contained compounds with potential annotation in such databases as PubChem and the World Drug Index (WDI) as well as related databases such as the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and ChemIDplus. Furthermore, the exact structure match analysis showed 32% of GNF compounds can be linked to third party databases via PubChem. We also showed annotations such as MeSH (medical subject headings) terms can be applied to in-house HTS databases in identifying signature biological inhibition profiles of interest as well as expediting the assay validation process. The automated annotation of thousands of screening hits in batch is becoming feasible and has the potential to play an essential role in the hit-to-lead decision making process.


In this chapter, the authors examine the work done by the United Nations to improve the status of women from its origin until 1995, when the fourth and final United Nations World Conference on Women took place. The study shall be divided into three periods. The first spans the era of legal defence of women's rights. The second period begins with the turn of events spurred by the Programme of Concerted International Action for the Advancement of Women in 1970 and continues with the proclamation of the United Nations' International Women's Year in 1975 and the United Nations Decade for the Advancement of Women (1975–1985). Over this 10-year period, three conferences were held: the one that took place in Mexico (1975), the one in Copenhagen (1980) and finally the one in Nairobi (1985). The third period takes a look at the Beijing Conference (1995) and the unprecedented advances it brought about in terms of equality. While the work done by the United Nations was undeniably valuable, as shown in this study, its efforts were not accompanied by marketing work that would have enabled it to make a greater impact on the international public opinion.


ABSTRACT This paper examines some of the contributions psychology is making to the study of the sacred and its role in human functioning. The focus here is not on the ontological reality of the sacred, but rather perceptions of the sacred. We suggest that psychological theory and research on this topic offers: a clarification of the meaning of the sacred; new knowledge about sanctification – the process through which people come to perceive the sacred in daily life; a response to criticisms about the scientific study of the sacred; a sharper perspective on the meanings of religion and spirituality; a method for measuring sanctification; knowledge about the ways perceptions of the sacred predict important aspects of human behavior, and; an understanding of the sacred as a product of psychological, social, institutional, cultural, and situational forces. We conclude that the sacred represents a vital phenomenon of interest for religious and spiritual study.


Although the recent Supreme Court of Namibia cases of Alexander v Minister of Home Affairs & Others and Gawanas v Government of the Republic of Namibia were not merely decided under the Criminal Procedure Act 1977 (Namibia), but in terms of special statutes, namely, the Extradition Act 11 of 1996 and the Mental Health Act 18 of 1973 respectively, they nonetheless involved the determination by the Court of the individual right to personal liberty in terms of article 7 of the Constitution of Namibia of 1990, thus bringing the Court face to face with balancing the right to personal liberty against the public interest in the enforcement of the law. Alexander could properly be described as consisting of two parts: the trial judge's treatment of the limitation clause in the Namibian Constitution, which survived on appeal, and the Supreme Court judgment which turned on the problem of granting bail in the circumstances of extradition proceedings. While Gawanas is a classic illustration of bureaucratic negligence, both cases involve the protection of personal liberty of the individual as against legislative interference and infringement by the agents of state. The lesson emerging therefrom is that the protection of personal liberty under the Namibian Constitution extends to persons, to citizens, foreigners within Namibia and to someone with some form of disability. The other lesson emanating from this study is that a person whose right to personal liberty or dignity has been infringed can ventilate that breach by way of judicial review, contesting the legality of the law or under the principles of administrative justice in the Constitution or the law of delict, alleging wrongfulness, fault and damage.


Aim:
To assess behavioral and sleep disturbances in childhood, it is necessary to
implement standardized brief questionnaires for children and their parents.
Especially complaints of insomnia often are underdiagnosed in pediatric
medicine. Methods: We developed a sleep questionnaire (K?SI-KJ) and used it
together with German versions of the SDQ (parent and child reports) for
epidemiologic studies in Cologne.
The sleep questionnaire obtains 33 items for parents and 28 items for children.
Ratings were dichotomized for this analysis in "sometimes/ often present"
versus "not present". The German versions of SDQ contain 5 subscales each
with 5 items. Data from a sample of 1490 children of fourth grade in
elementary schools inCologne(age ranged from 8 to 11 years) are shown. Results: Children indicate signs of
sleep disturbances in higher frequency than their parents do. Concerning gender
and ethnical group, there no significant differences can be shown. Children
with signs of insomnia, dyssomnia, daytime sleepiness or restless sleep showed significantly higher scores for all relevant SDQ subscales in parental
and children's reports. Children with signs of parasomnia showed higher
scores concerning emotional problems and the SDQ total score. Children with
enuresis showed higher scores for all SDQ subscales and the total score.


This chapter has a twofold objective. First, it aims to contribute to addressing the fragmentation of the literature on the creative economy, and second, to lay the foundation for an economics of creative industries. Following a bibliometric approach, the authors analyse all publications collected from the ISI Web of Science database, starting from 1998 and ending in 2016. Through the analysis of nearly 1600 publications, they study the evolution of creative economy research (CER). They apply a co-citation analysis developed using social network analysis, thereby exploring the 'founders' and 'disseminators' of cultural and creative industries (CCIs). Results underline that CCIs are not only the major topic in CER research, but this trend has become stronger in the last few years. In addition, evidence of this work strongly confirms the relevance of CCIs in the contemporary economy. This importance can only be expected to grow in the future. This last result supports the hypothesis concerning the foundation of an economics of creative industries.