A retrospective study was made of the injury records of a professional football team over a 12-year period to assess the incidence and severity of knee injuries. The importance of certain risk factors and the role of prophylactic knee bracing were evaluated. A higher overall incidence of knee injury was found than that reported for high school or college teams. The risk of injury was higher in games compared to practices, and on natural grass compared to synthetic turf. Certain player positions and lack of experience were also associated with higher risk. Following the introduction of prophylactic knee braces in 1984, the proportion of injuries considered major was significantly reduced, as was the incidence and severity of medial collateral ligament injuries. Such bracing, however, did not change the incidence of anterior cruciate ligament or meniscal injury. Continued use of prophylactic knee braces is recommended, along with further research and development into their design.


The story begins, as stories do in all good thrillers, with a botched robbery and a police chase. Eight Apuleian vases of the fourth century B.C. are discovered in the swimming pool of a German-based art smuggler. More valuable than the recovery of the vases, however, is the discovery of the smuggler's card index detailing his deals and dealers. It reveals the existence of a web of tombaroli--tomb raiders-- who steal classical artifacts, and a network of dealers and smugglers who spirit them out of Italy and into the hands of wealthy collectors and museums. Peter Watson, a former investigative journalist for the London Sunday Times and author of two previous exposes of art world scandals, names the key figures in this network that has depleted Europe's classical artifacts. Among the loot are the irreplaceable and highly collectable vases of Euphronius, the equivalent in their field of the sculpture of Bernini or the painting of Michelangelo. The narrative leads to the doors of some major institutions: Sothebys, the Getty Museum in L.A., the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, and the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York among them. Filled with great characters and human drama, The Medici Conspiracy authoritatively exposes another shameful round in one of the oldest games in the world: theft, smuggling and duplicitous dealing, all in the name of art.


Abstract Molecular epidemiology of verocytoxigenic Escherichia coli O157:H7 is important to help elucidate reservoirs and modes of transmission, particularly between animals and humans. As the recA gene locus is now beginning to gain application in bacterial genotyping schemes, and as it has not been examined previously in E. coli O157 isolates, this study aims to examine potential polymorphic variation as a possible epidemiological marker for the subspecies characterisation of clinically significant verocytotoxigenic E. coli O157:H7. A novel polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was designed to target a 638 bp region of the recA gene in E. coli O157 isolates. The PCR amplification of genomic DNA from extracted organisms was able to generate an amplicon of the expected size (approximately 638 bp) for all E. coli O157:H7 examined (n=80), as well as for other non-O157 E. coli and other members of the Enterobacteriaeceae including Citrobacter, Hafnia, Shigella, Enterobacter and Providencia. Subsequent restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and single-stranded conformational polymorphism (SSCP) analyses of these recA amplicons were able to differentiate E. coli O157 from the organisms examined, but were unable to distinguish between 79 isolates of wild-type E. coli O157, suggesting a highly conserved recA gene structure within the local population of organisms examined.


Over the past decade (1967 to 1977), 76,000 adolescents were screened for a history and somatic signs of illicit drug use at a detention center for juveniles and at an adolescent inpatient unit of a university-affiliated hospital. Dramatic changes in the patterns of drug abuse are reported. Opiate use was prominent in the first half of the decade with a peak in 1970 to 1971 and marijuana use more prominent in the last five years. Inhalant abuse as represented by glue and halogenated cleaning fluids was documented only early in the decade, while the existence of stimulant and depressant abuse follows still other patterns over the decade. Hospital admissions for serious somatic complications of illicit drug use, namely, overdose, drug-related death, hepatic coma, detoxification, and viral hepatitis, were correlated only with trends in the use of opiates. Awareness of drug abuse patterns among adolescents is important for the health professional so that complications can be diagnosed and treated and educational efforts properly directed.


In 1988, defence lawyers in Ottawa were instructed to "whack" the complainant in sexual assault cases. These were their marching orders:"[W]hack the complainant hard" at the preliminary inquiry..."Generally, if you destroy the complainant in a prosecution...you destroy the head. You cut off the head of the Crown's case and the case is dead...[A]nd you've got to attack the complainant with all you've got so that he or she will say [']I'm not coming back in front of 12 good citizens to repeat this bullshit story that I've just told the judge.[']"The "whacking" continues. This defence culture explains, in part, why defence lawyers have no hesitation in leaving their ethics at the courtroom door so as to exploit and perpetuate stereotypes about women and sexual assault in defence of their clients. With the recent focus on civility by the legal profession, and concerns raised about the failure of law reform initiatives to improve reporting and the fair prosecution of sexual assault cases, it is time to address the discriminatory lawyering and denial of access to justice that is taking place in these cases. The article begins by exploring how sexual assault is different from other offences in terms of how it is processed, conceived of, and defended by lawyers. It is argued that this difference requires a rethinking of ethical lawyering in this context. The next part attempts to set out a normative framework that is largely grounded in legal and ethical norms including equality values, the lawyer's duty to not discriminate, as well as an advocate's obligation to act in "good faith" and not mislead the court. The article turns to applying this framework by setting out what defence tactics should be ethically barred, particularly when you know your client is guilty. The critical question of when you know your client is guilty is also addressed. The final part uses three leading Supreme Court of Canada evidence cases (R v Khan; R v Osolin; R v Parrott) to examine how the proposed ethical limits might have impacted the conduct of the defence.


The 'Small coast' stretches from Bargny (South of Dakar) to the Sangomar Cape on more than 100 km. It is a low and sandy coast. Made of large muddy areas and settled by the mangrove, it is characterized by low plains covered by a multitude of channels. The authorities have decided to place the land at the disposal of those who cultivate it. The law aimed at suppressing the hold of the land-rulers. In order to be used for touristic purposes, the national property must be registered in the name of the state with the motive of state-approved.


This article examines the connection between mourning, memory, and national identity in Poland after World War II, with specific reference to the Katyn Massacre. In 1940, approximately 22,000 Polish citizens were executed by the Soviet secret police under Stalin's orders, and then buried in mass graves. In 1943, German soldiers discovered one of the graves in the Katyn Forest. Stalin denied responsibility for the massacre and accused the Germans of committing the crime. Successive Soviet governments denied culpability for the Katyn massacre until documents that proved Soviet guilt were released under Mikhail Gorbachev in 1990, and then Boris Yeltsin in 1992. Drawing on Jacques Derrida's work on mourning, this article argues that mourning and historical memory are integral to recreating a sense of national identity after traumatic events. Commemorations and memorials are often instrumental in aiding this memory work. In post-World War II Poland, however, Soviet policy dictated which historical memories could be told. Memorials were used to reinforce the Soviet narrative of Katyn, silencing the public work of mourning and memory for the relatives of the victims.


The Brazilian Electoral Panel Study (BEPS) was designed primarily to capture campaign dynamics at the national level during the 2010 Brazilian presidential election. It aimed at generating data that make it possible to i) measure electoral volatility at the individual level during political campaigns, and ii) explore the ways in which both short and long-term factors affect this process and the ultimate vote decision. The Brazilian Electoral Panel Study is composed of three waves conducted in March and April, August, and November of 2010. The first wave was implemented about six months prior to the first round of the election and before the official launch of the political campaign that began in July with the nomination of candidates. It was conducted as part of the 2010 AmericasBarometer of the Latin American Public Opinion Project (LAPOP). Wave Two of the survey predated the beginning of the Free Electoral Airtime (Horario Gratuito de Propaganda Eleitoral or HGPE), in which candidates for all offices have 45 minutes of daily access to television broadcasting during prime-time hours. Finally, Wave Three was carried out immediately after the second round of the election, which occurred on October 31. The panel sought to establish baseline measures of vote intention, policy preferences, and several related factors, following longstanding debates on electoral behavior in Latin America and the United States.


Routing is the process of forwarding data across an inter-network from a designated source to a final destination. Along the way from source to destination, at least one intermediate node is considered. Due to the major role that routing protocols play in computer network infrastructures, special cares have been given to routing protocols with built-in security constraints. In this paper, we conduct performance evaluation comparisons on message digest 5 authenticated routing traffic with respect to EIGRP, RIPv2 and OSPF protocols. A network model of four Cisco routers has been employed with an ON/OFF traffic model used to describe text files transmissions over the network. Eventually, analysis tool has been developed and used to measure the average delay time and average jitter. The collected results show that the average delay time and jitter in the secured message digest 5 case can become significantly larger when compared to the non-secured case even in steady state conditions. Among all, the secured OSPF protocol shows the highest performance even when the system is extremely overloaded.


The objective of our investigation was to design a formal mentoring program for novice professors who come from another culture and are recent graduates from a doctoral program. We studied a sample of eight international novice professors in the program to demonstrate its effectiveness. What distinguishes this program from others is that it offers mentoring to help professors both improve the quality of their instruction and adapt to the culture of the country and of the university. The methodology used was that of case study with a design of pre-test, intervention, post-test. The professors who participated in the mentoring program demonstrated an improvement of 0.95 points (on a scale of five points) in their student evaluations. The principal causes of deficient teaching performance in the novice international faculty were: the absence of pedagogical knowledge and the lack of teaching experience, as well as lack of familiarity with the country culture and the organizational culture of the university. Our study shows that a mentoring program can help improve low student evaluations of novice professors who come from another culture and are recent graduates of a doctoral program.


The OECD's Harmful Tax Competition of 1998 departed in both tone and substance from almost anything the organization had published before. The roots of the associated project lie mainly in EU concerns that certain forms of intra-union competition were eroding both the corporate and personal income tax bases of member states. But it appeared impossible to deal with those problems unless policies were also changed in the 40 or so jurisdictions know as "tax havens." HTC threatened sanctions against the tax havens if they failed to collect and share information upon request about individuals and corporations attempting to evade or avoid income taxes. HTC also set criteria for the legitimacy of claims about corporate location. A firm could claim location in a tax haven only if it had "substantial" activity there. The report created a furor among the tax havens, which complained loudly that they were facing a new form of colonial control by being held accountable for standards they had no role in setting. Over the next several years the corporate element of the project disappeared, and the style of the OECD's approach shifted from confrontation to cooperation. HTC was strongly supported by the Clinton Administration, and summaries of the project's development often stress how much change came with the election of George W. Bush. A careful look at OECD reports, however, reveals that much of the shift in direction occurred before the outcome of the U.S. election in 2000 had been determined.The revised focus on bank secrecy did yield results. Virtually all of the tax havens had acceded to the revised OECD demands for transparency and information exchange by 2004. This article looks at the data on tax haven liabilities to gauge the impact of the project on tax evasion. It employs the ARIMA technique to investigate both tax haven activity as a whole and the particularly important case of the Cayman Islands. No significant impact can be found probably because investment in the havens remains very easy to disguise and very difficult to detect. This suggests that an effective attack on personal income evasion will require more than the OECD demanded. Automatic information-sharing on the ownership based on an internationally consistent set of identifying numbers over a range of financial instruments holds greater promise for a significant decline in the use of the havens for tax evasion.


As reserves of resources grow scare researchers seek new methods of allocating them appropriately and moreover improvement in the current utilization. According to EIA's report on energy forecast for 2011, energy price will continue to gradually rise and the demand for energy will also rise as the economic growth is forecasted to consistently move in an upward trend. With growing demand for energy, rise in price and lack of supply, one can find that there is a great need to allocate budget in a way that maximizes the benefit with limited budget especially in the building sector.
U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC), a non-profit organization established in 1993 and is one of the leaders of green movement in promoting high performance building. One of its visions is in creating sustainable campus and promoting the adoption of LEED certifications for educational facilities. A recent publication titled "Paid-From-Savings Guide to Green Existing Buildings" is a motivating concept that provides information on how educational institutions can optimize project economics through different financing strategies. According to the report, "The paid-from-savings approach leverages cost savings generated from building system upgrades to pay for a comprehensive greening project within a defined pay-back period."
The objective of this study is to model the sequence of how limited funds could be allocated to generate profit for energy improvement projects and, how this profit would be used as a funding source for future projects. The research identifies investment strategies in sustainability projects in university campuses to build better policies to reap the maximum benefit with the least amount of capital investment
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In 2010 Namibia celebrated its twentieth anniversary of independence from South African rule. The main celebrations in the country's capital Windhoek became the stage for an impressively orchestrated demonstration of maturing nationhood, symbolically embracing postcolonial policy concepts such as 'national reconciliation', 'unity' and 'diversity'. At the same time, nation building in post-apartheid Namibia is characterised by a high degree of social and political fragmentation that manifests itself in cultural and/or ethnic discourses of belonging. Taking the highly significant independence jubilee as our vantage point, we map out a shift of cultural representations of the nation in Independence Day celebrations since 1990, embodied by the two prominent slogans of 'One Namibia, one Nation' and 'Unity in Diversity'. As we will argue, the difficult and at times highly fragile postcolonial disposition made it necessary for the SWAPO government, as primary nation builder, to accommodate the demands of regions and local communities in its policy frameworks. This negotiation of local identifications and national belonging in turn shaped, and continues to shape, the performative dimension of Independence Day celebrations in Namibia.


Despite the best (or worst) efforts of the Supreme Court, maritime workers tend to find their way into state workers' compensation. To the untrained eye, this is unlikely to raise any suspicions, but anyone with any familiarity with admiralty law realizes that the federal government has assumed primary and potentially exclusive responsibility to govern injuries to this class of employee. Judge John R. Brown conveyed an accurate sense of the confusion that can result: To the never ceasing riddle of the ambiguous amphibious worker with its tri-cornered intramural controversy between state-federal compensation and the ubiquitous possibility of a pseudo-seaman's claim and the mutations in the vast body of the law . . . this case adds a further wrinkle.1 Maritime workers may be generally divided into two categories: seamen and non-seamen. The former enjoy an array of rights under the maritime law, including a statutory cause of action against the employer in negligence under the Jones Act, strict-liability unseaworthiness against the vessel owner, and the right to maintenance and cure, a no-fault remedy designed to provide for the seaman during illness or injury. Congress has provided non-seamen with a distinct compensation regime under the Longshore and Harbor Workers' Compensation Act (LHWCA),2 which provides a right to federal workers' compensation for injuries sustained within the scope of employment, as well as the right to maintain a cause of action against the vessel under certain circumstances.3 This Note is concerned primarily with the issues raised by the recovery of state workers' compensation benefits by seamen, but the question necessarily implicates all local maritime workers. This category clearly includes longshoremen, but it also includes a class of workers who, though their employment is confined to the territorial waters of a single state, qualify as seamen under the maritime law. These borderline seamen tend to be employed in or around harbor facilities-the traditional point of intersection between the maritime law and its land-based counterparts.4 The plaintiff in Southwest Marine, Inc. v. Gizoni5 provides a useful example of a borderline seaman. Byron Gizoni was employed as a rigging foreman at a ship repair facility. He often worked on floating platforms, sometimes riding them as they were towed into place alongside ships. Gizoni worked in the territorial waters of a single state and initially recovered federal workers' compensation under the LHWCA.6 The Supreme Court nonetheless held that a genuine issue of fact existed on the question whether he was a seaman.7 The seaman undoubtedly presents a special case, but the federal-state boundary dispute is not confined to seamen's cases. And the currently troubled issues respecting seamen's access to state workers' compensation cannot be understood without a full consideration of the states' power to extend workers' compensation benefits to injuries occurring over navigable waters. The historical starting point is a famous question: When, if ever, can a longshoreman constitutionally recover under a state workers' compensation law for an injury occurring on navigable waters? This question was first answered by the United States Supreme Court in Southern Pacific Co. v. Jensen,8 a five-to-four decision holding that the New York workers' compensation law could not constitutionally apply to the death of a longshoreman killed over navigable waters. Jensen is perhaps best known for Justice Holmes's statement in dissent that "[t]he common law is not a brooding omnipresence in the sky."9 But Jensen stands on two additional pillars of notoriety. Justice McReynolds's majority opinion established a preemption test that has at least nominally governed maritime-law preemption cases ever since. The Jensen rule provides that "no [state] law is valid if it contravenes the essential purpose expressed by an act of Congress, or works material prejudice to the characteristic features of the maritime law, or interferes with the proper harmony and uniformity of that law in its international and interstate relations. …


Abstract. In this study the shortwave cloud radiative effect (SWCRE) over ocean calculated by the ECHAM 5 climate model is evaluated for the cloud property input derived from ship based measurements and satellite based estimates and compared to ship based radiation measurements. The ship observations yield cloud fraction, liquid water path from a microwave radiometer, cloud bottom height as well as temperature and humidity profiles from radiosonde ascents. Level-2 products of the Satellite Application Facility on Climate Monitoring (CM~SAF) from the Spinning Enhanced Visible and InfraRed Imager (SEVIRI) have been used to characterize clouds. Within a closure study six different experiments have been defined to find the optimal set of measurements to calculate downward shortwave radiation (DSR) and the SWCRE from the model, and their results have been evaluated under seven different synoptic situations. Four of these experiments are defined to investigate the advantage of including the satellite-based cloud droplet effective radius as additional cloud property. The modeled SWCRE based on satellite retrieved cloud properties has a comparable accuracy to the modeled SWCRE based on ship data. For several cases, an improvement through introducing the satellite-based estimate of effective radius as additional information to the ship based data was found. Due to their different measuring characteristics, however, each dataset shows best results for different atmospheric conditions.


With the release of Adobe Creative Suite CS3, Dreamweaver is now part of the world's leading suite of creative tools, making it the de facto tool of choice for anyone designing for the Web. Adobe Dreamweaver CS3 for Windows and Macintosh: Visual QuickStart Guide uses a combination of task-based instruction and strong visuals to teach beginning and intermediate users how to create, design, and publish powerful, innovative Web sites with Dreamweaver. Leading technology authors Tom Negrino and Dori Smith take readers step-by-step through the new features in Adobe Dreamweaver CS3, with all new chapters on building dynamic pages with Ajax and Spry, and designing for mobile devices. They also cover improvements to using styles and CSS in Dreamweaver, and the new Browser Compatibility Check in Dreamweaver CS3. Beginning users will learn to create their first Web site, add text, style and position page content, manage styles, work with links, incorporate images, media, tables, forms, and frames, design site navigation, and so much more. Experienced users will find this a convenient reference to the new features of Dreamweaver CS3.i¾


Human-crocodile conflicts created by Mugger crocodiles Crocodylus palustris were studied 18 years after a reintroduction to the Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary, Kerala, India. Twenty-nine Mugger crocodiles were reintroduced into the reservoir in the year 1983 and crocodile attacks on livestock were reported from 1985. During the initial period of the study, 21 to 25 Mugger crocodiles were estimated but only 10 to 16 crocodiles were recorded towards the end of the period as nine were removed from the reservoir to reduce the conflict. Fishes provided sufficient prey, but food in the form of large mammals was inadequate. Twenty-nine crocodile attacks on humans were reported prior to the study and six occurred later, including two fatalities. The attacks occurred over 26 km of shoreline and followed previous patterns of attack behaviour in crocodiles. Larger crocodiles were more often involved with attacks than small crocodiles. About 2808 houses exist in a narrow belt near the lake shore. As local people utilised the reservoir for various purposes they did not support the conservation of crocodiles in the present circumstances. The case study indicated the failure of the reintroduction programme of Mugger crocodile in the Neyyar Reservoir.


Identifying the determinants of intergenerational mobility is an important aim in the development literature. In this article, intergenerational transmission is examined for 6 neglected Latin American Economies (Brazil, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico, Panama and Puerto Rico). We use a multinomial logit model of the determinants of choosing a white-collar job for a child of a father working in farming as compared to a child whose father had a blue- or a white-collar job. Our findings show that, in the studied countries, intergenerational occupation transmission is mainly linked to low skilled jobs. Our analysis confirms the low degree of social mobility typical of Latin America, contributing, in turn, to explain their low growth rate. Our findings help identifying specific target groups - talented young women coming from the agricultural sector - to develop in them soft skills while at primary or low secondary school and work-related skills while at the high secondary school or at the university.


A Digital Video Communication System consists of a video encoder, a channel through which the video is transmitted and finally a video decoder. These three phases can cause different kinds of impairments or degradations in the quality of a video. One of the degradations that takes place due to an error prone channel is frame freezing and it affects the quality of a video. Frame freezing is a phenomenon in which a particular frame is repeated (displayed) for a certain period of time until the next correct frame is received hence producing a pause or a freeze in a video sequence. Frame freezing can be single or multiple depending on the channel characteristics. Research is being conducted in order to devise a metric which can help in quantifying a video sequence on the basis of its quality. Researchers design metrics and then using their mathematical models, they compare their results with subjective measurements. Subjective measurements help in telling the preciseness and correctness of the metric that whether the quality assessment metric is close enough to subjective test measurements. In this report, three metrics used for video quality assessment have been studied and compared mathematically as well as by careful experiments. The three metrics, chosen for this study, work on No Reference (NR) method for judging the quality of a video. Subjective tests have been performed keeping in view of the recommendations of ITU (International Telecommunication Union). After the study of these three metrics, their advantages and disadvantages over each other have been discussed and the metric that performs the best under certain conditions has been proposed. Finally, a conclusion has been made for the metric that performs the best and also for the metric that performs the worse or even does not perform at all under certain conditions.


The malfunction of semiconductor devices caused by cosmic rays is known as Single Event Effects(SEEs).
In the atmosphere, secondary neutrons are the dominant particles causing this effect. The neutron flux density in atmosphere is very low. For a good statistical certainty, millions of device hours are required to measure the event rate of a device in the natural environment. Event rates obtained in such testings are accurate.
To reduce the cost and time of getting the event rate, a device is normally taken to artificial accelerated neutron beams to measure its sensitivity to neutrons. Comparing the flux density of the beam and the flux density of a location in the atmosphere, the real time event rate can be predicted by the event rate obtained. This testing method was standardized as the neutron accelerated soft error rate (ASER) testing in JEDEC JESD89A standard.
However, several life testings indicated that the neutron flux density predictions given by the accelerated testings can have large errors. Up to a factor of 2 discrepancy was reported in the literature. One of the major error sources is the equivalence of the absolute neutron flux density in the atmosphere and in accelerated beam.

This thesis proposes an alternative accelerated method of predicting the real-time neutron error rate by using proxy devices. This method can avoid the error introduced by the uncertainty in the neutron flux density.
The Imaging Single Event Effect Monitor (ISEEM) is one of the proxy devices. It is the instrument originally developed by Z. Torok and his co-workers in the University of Central Lancashire. A CCD was used as the sensitive element to detect neutrons. A large amount of data sets acquired by Torok were used in this work. A re-engineered ISEEM has been developed in this work to improve ISEEM performance in life testings. Theoretical models have been developed to analyze the response of ISEEM in a wide range of neutron facilities and natural environment. The agreement of the measured and calculated cross-sections are within the error quoted by facilities. Because of the alpha contamination and primary proton direct ionization effects, performance of ISEEM in life testings appeared to be weak.


Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) enables RFID readers to perform fully automatic wireless identification of objects labeled with RFID tags and is widely deployed to many applications, such as access control, electronic tickets and payment as well as electronic passports. This prevalence of RFID technology introduces various risks, in particular concerning the privacy of its users and holders. Despite the privacy risk, classical threats to authentication and identification systems must be considered to prevent the adversary from impersonating or copying (cloning) a tag.

This thesis summarizes the state of the art in secure and privacy-preserving authentication for RFID tags with a particular focus on solutions based on Physically Unclonable Functions (PUFs). It presents advancements in the design, analysis and evaluation of secure and privacy-preserving authentication protocols for RFID systems and PUFs.

Formalizing the security and privacy requirements on RFID systems is essential for the design of provably secure and privacy-preserving RFID protocols. However, existing RFID security and privacy models in the literature are often incomparable and in part do not reflect the capabilities of real-world adversaries. We investigate subtle issues such as tag corruption aspects that lead to the impossibility of achieving both mutual authentication and any reasonable notion of privacy in one of the most comprehensive security and privacy models, which is the basis of many subsequent works. Our results led to the refinement of this privacy model and were considered in subsequent works on privacy-preserving RFID systems.

A promising approach to enhance the privacy in RFID systems without lifting the computational requirements on the tags are anonymizers. These are special devices that take off the computational workload from the tags. While existing anonymizer-based protocols are subject to impersonation and denial-of-service attacks, existing RFID security and privacy models do not include anonymizers. We present the first security and privacy framework for anonymizer-enabled RFID systems and two privacy-preserving RFID authentication schemes using anonymizers. Both schemes achieve several appealing features that were not simultaneously achieved by any previous proposal. The first protocol is very efficient for all involved entities, achieves privacy under tag corruption. It is secure against impersonation attacks and forgeries even if the adversary can corrupt the anonymizers. The second scheme provides for the first time anonymity and untraceability of tags against readers as well as secure tag authentication against collisions of malicious readers and anonymizers using tags that cannot perform public-key cryptography (i.e., modular exponentiations).

The RFID tags commonly used in practice are cost-efficient tokens without expensive hardware protection mechanisms. Physically Unclonable Functions (PUFs) promise to provide an effective security mechanism for RFID tags to protect against basic hardware attacks. However, existing PUF-based RFID authentication schemes are not scalable, allow only for a limited number of authentications and are subject to replay, denial-of-service and emulation attacks. We present two scalable PUF-based authentication schemes that overcome these problems. The first protocol supports tag and reader authentication, is resistant to emulation attacks and highly scalable. The second protocol uses a PUF-based key storage and addresses an open question on the feasibility of destructive privacy, i.e., the privacy of tags that are destroyed during tag corruption.

The security of PUFs relies on assumptions on physical properties and is still under investigation. PUF evaluation results in the literature are difficult to compare due to varying test conditions and different analysis methods. We present the first large-scale security analysis of ASIC implementations of the five most popular electronic PUF types, including Arbiter, Ring Oscillator, SRAM, Flip-Flop and Latch PUFs. We present a new PUF evaluation methodology that allows a more precise assessment of the unpredictability properties than previous approaches and we quantify the most important properties of PUFs for their use in cryptographic schemes.

PUFs have been proposed for various applications, including anti-counterfeiting and authentication schemes. However, only rudimentary PUF security models exist, limiting the confidence in the security claims of PUF-based security mechanisms. We present a formal security framework for PUF-based primitives, which has been used in subsequent works to capture the properties of image-based PUFs and in the design of anti-counterfeiting mechanisms and physical hash functions.


This paper enumerates low power, high speed design of flip-flop having less number of transistors and only one transistor being clocked by short pulse train which is true single phase clocking (TSPC) flip-flop. Compared to Conventional flip-flop, it has 5 Transistors and one transistor clocked, thus has lesser size and lesser power consumption. It can be used in various applications like digital VLSI clocking system, buffers, registers, microprocessors etc. The analysis for various flip flops and latches for power dissipation and propagation delays at 0.13μm and 0.35μm technologies is carried out. The leakage power increases as technology is scaled down. The leakage power is reduced by using best technique among all run time techniques viz. MTCMOS. Thereby comparison of different conventional flip-flops, latches and TSPC flip-flop in terms of power consumption, propagation delays and product of power dissipation and propagation delay with SPICE simulation results is presented. Keywords— CMOS, figure of merit, leakage current, power, delay, TSPC flip-flop.


The preamble to this paper highlights some of the major policy issues facing Vietnam as far as its supply of pork is concerned, in particular, the problem of its demand for pork rising at a faster rate than its supply. Some relevant background to this research project is provided by outlining selected features of Vietnam's pig industry. Then the main findings (in the view of the author) from this ACIAR-funded research are presented. These results include (1) natural protection given to Vietnam's pig producers from imports as a result of the nature of the preferences of Vietnamese consumers: (2) the importance of household labour, especially that provided by females, in the husbandry of pigs held by households; (3) the existence, or otherwise, of scale economies as a function of the number of pigs held by households and the economic efficiency of small producers, (4) the import dependence for pig food of Vietnam's pig industry and the way in which it varies with the number of pigs kept by households; (5) specialization in pig production, (6) regional differences in the economics of pig production; (7) economic discrimination in the supply of inputs to household producers of pigs and in their sale of pigs; (8) the size of pig-holdings and the use of professional services, such as veterinary services and extension services; and (9) findings about miscellaneous matters, such as the genetic composition of the pig stock. Scope for future research in relation to these aspects is also highlighted, and the need is raised for considering the economics of increasing quality standards and certifying the quality of pork. The economics of increasing the scale of pig producing units is given particular attention. Vietnam's policy options for improving the balance between its demand for pork and its supply are considered and the important role that household (small producers) have and can play in this regard are highlighted.


Aim: The aim of the present research work is to use our previously modified chitosan in formulation development and optimization of ocular insert. Materials and Methods: Ocular insert was made from an aqueous dispersion of ofloxacin, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), modified chitosan, sodium alginate, and dibutyl phthalate by the solvent casting method. It was coated with Eudragit S100 and evaluated for drug-excipient interaction, physicochemical characteristics, and microbiological and in vitro release studies. In the present study, 32 full factorial designs were employed with the help of Design-Expert software to study the effect of independent variables, i.e., effects of PVA amount (X1) and modified chitosan amount (X2) on the dependent variables, i.e., % moisture absorption and mucoadhesion time. Results and Discussions: In Fourier transform infrared study, a major characteristic peak of ofloxacin was found in the entire coated ocular inserts, confirming the presence of the drug in the polymer without interaction. The result of the differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) study shows the thermogram of pure ofloxacin exhibited a sharp endothermic peak at 276.25°C and heat of fusion of 41.97J/G, which corresponds to its melting point. DSC thermogram of the physical mixture, and formulation do not shows peak of pure drug.This revealed that ofloxacin was molecularly dispersed in polymer. The weight and thickness of the inserts were in the range of 3.23–5.75 mg and 0.11–0.21 microns, respectively, for different formulations. The in vitro drug permeation studies were carried out using an all-glass modified Franz diffusion cell. The drug concentration and mucoadhesion time of the ocular insert were found satisfactory. The ocular insert coated with Eudragit S100 showed maximum drug permeation through Millipore membrane and excised goat cornea compared to other formulation. In goat corneas permeation studies, the formulation OFXF8 showed a 17.06% release at the end of 4 h which is more as compared to other formulation. Ocular inserts using PVA and modified chitosan as a polymer were successfully prepared and can be effectively used for sustained ocular delivery over a period of 24 h. An optimization study was conducted using 32 factorial design. Conclusion: Based on these findings, it was concluded that the designed ocular inserts are a realistic alternative to conventional eye drop by virtue of its ability to improve bioavailability and improving patient compliance


Through his many books on the history of anarchism, Paul Avrich has done much to dispel the public's conception of the anarchists as mere terrorists. In "Anarchist Voices, " Avrich lets American anarchists speak for themselves. This book contains 180 interviews conducted by Avrich over a period of 30 years, interviews that portray the human dimensions of a movement much maligned by the authorities and contemporary journalists. Most of the interviewees (anarchists as well as their friends and relatives) were active during the heyday of the movement, between the 1880s and the 1930s. They represent all schools of anarchism and include both famous figures and minor ones, previously overlooked by most historians. Their stories provide a wealth of personal detail about such anarchist luminaries as Emma Goldman and Sacco and Vanzetti.The interviews are grouped in six sections organized around individuals or major aspects of the movement. Each section begins with an explanatory essay, and each interview with a biographical note. Avrich also includes a selected bibliography and a list of anarchist periodicals. This work of impeccable scholarship will be an invaluable resource not only for scholars of anarchism but also for those studying immigration, ethnic politics, the history of education, and legal and labor history.


The head up display (HUD) is becoming increasingly common in the aerospace field because it has many benefits such as enabling operations in poor visibility and improving flight safety. The HUD is a kind of augmented reality display that enables a pilot to observe the scene outside the cockpit while simultaneously viewing an artificial image of flight information. However, the HUD is too expensive and heavy for light airplanes. In this paper, we propose a new method to combine real and artificial images using Retro-reflective Projection Technology and rotating objects, and we apply the method to an airplane with a single propeller to compose a simple HUD. In this report, we also describe the developed system and preliminary experimental results.


The MicroJet reactor technique is an excellent continuous method to produce spherical and homogeneous organically modified silica (ORMOSIL) particles in a large scale (10–15 g min−1). We applied this method to manufacture polyorganosilsesquioxanes with different ratios of phenyl and vinyl functional groups, which were later pyrolyzed to obtain silicon oxycarbides. Such polymer-derived ceramic (PDC) materials are highly suited as precursor for carbide-derived carbon (CDC) synthesis. Chlorine etching of PDC at high temperatures removed silicon and oxygen, yielding the formation of nanoporous carbon. Pure poly(phenyl-silsesquioxane) spheres lost their shape during the thermal process by undergoing further condensation reactions. Yet, the spherical shape was conserved during thermal processing after adding vinyl functionalities. The ratio of vinyl and phenyl functionalities controlled the pore structure and the total CDC yield, enabling an increase from 2 mass% to 22 mass%. The total pore volume varied between 1.3-2.1 cm3 g−1 and the specific surface area between 2014–2114 m2 g−1. The high surface area and large pore volume makes these materials attractive for high power supercapacitor electrodes. The specific capacitance of the best sample at low rates in 1 M tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate in acetonitrile was 116 F g−1 (at 5 mA g−1) and still 80 F g−1 at very high rates (at 100 A g−1).


Random Walk and Efficient Market Hypotheses are central ideas in explaining financial market efficiencies. The assumption that market behavior embodies and reflects relevant information has a great impact on securities prices. Any change in the relevant information causes price adjustment. In contrast, technical analysts argue that prices gradually adjust to new information. Thus, historical analysis is useful in diagnosing the repeated pattern behaviors leading to active investment strategies that generate betterthan-market returns. The purpose of this study is to examine the efficacy of using technical trading rules in the emerging market of Israel, through the analysis of the Tel-Aviv 25 Index (TA25) and to compare its weak-form market efficiency to the performance of the S&P 500.


An alternative procedure was developed for determining quality control of terpenes in tea tree oil commercial samples. The method is based on static headspace gas chromatography mass spectrometry measurements. Absolute limits of detection ranged from 1 ng for p-cymene to 71 ng for terpinen-4-ol. The accuracy of the developed methodology was evaluated by comparing the obtained eucalyptol and terpinen-4-ol concentrations with those provided for a certified sample and by comparing the developed procedure with literature tea tree oil analysis methodology. In the same way, spiked commercial samples provided recovery values ranging between 94% and 100% for all the target analytes with relative standard deviation values from 2% to 6%. The greenness of the developed methodology was evaluated by the Green Certificate ranking.


This paper presents the use of a multi-linear classifier allowing to fuse the results of several modalities in a multi-modal person identity verification context. In the considered verification system, each of the d modalities forms an autonomous bloc that produces a score, which is not only supposed to be monotone but also to have a value between zero and one. The fusion module that we are discussing here takes a binary decision: accept or reject the identity claimed by the person, based on the whole of the scores given in parallel by all d modalities. To realize this fusion module we have developed a classifier that, on the one hand, accepts the monotonicity hypothesis and, on the other hand, is based on separating the classes (accept-reject) by a combination of half-spaces, a technique from which it derived its name. The classifier is trained using couples formed by extracting an example from each class and the half-spaces are determined by maximizing a global separability measure of the thus formed couples. Afterwards, each region of the partition of the d dimensional space, generated by the half-spaces, is labeled with the corresponding class, using the Logical Analysis of Data (LAD) method. The performance of the developed multi-linear classifier has been evaluated on multi-modal experimental data and the obtained results are presented.


In the paper, a multicarrier CDMA (OFDM/CDMA) technique for application in mobile radio communication systems is considered. In the base station (BS) transmitter, the orthogonal modulation of Walsh sequences can effectively be realized by fast Hadamard transform (FHT), while the orthogonal multicarrier modulation is implemented by inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT). In the paper, the possibility of joining FHT and IFFT is shown. The fast algorithm for this new joint transform is presented. It is based on junction of the "butterfly" operations performed by FHT and IFFT, which is equivalent to a pair of simple multiplications. This algorithm is low computationally complex, and simplifies implementation of the BS transmitter. The computational complexity as the number of arithmetic operations is calculated for the presented method.


There are two ways evolution by natural selection (ENS) is conceptualized in the literature. One provides a 'recipe' for ENS incorporating three ingredients: variation, differences in fitness, and heritability. The other provides formal equations of evolutionary change and partitions out selection from other causes of evolutionary changes such as transmission biases or drift. When comparing the two approaches there seems to be a tension around the concept of heritability. A recent claim has been made that the recipe approach is flawed and should be abandoned. In this article, I show that the tension is only a superficial one. If one uses a concept of heritability strictly in line with the formal equations of evolutionary change, the recipe approach keeps its validity and generality. To demonstrate that the intuitive concept of heritability is not a general one, I use one formulation of the Price equation formulated by Okasha, show that the concept of heritability in his formulation incorporates both the intuitive notion of heritability as a measure of similarity between parent and offspring characters, and a measure of persistence. I advocate for persistence to be incorporated in the concept of heritability used in recipes for ENS in the same way heredity is, show that this is readily attainable and thereby dissolve any point of tension concerning heritability between the recipe and the analytical approach to ENS. 1   Introduction 2   Heritability in the Price Equation    2.1   Different approaches to heredity and heritability    2.2   Heritability: From recipes to the Price equation 3   A Problem for the Recipes? 4   Reinterpreting Heritability for Recipes 5   Conclusion   Appendix 1   Introduction 2   Heritability in the Price Equation    2.1   Different approaches to heredity and heritability    2.2   Heritability: From recipes to the Price equation    2.1   Different approaches to heredity and heritability    2.2   Heritability: From recipes to the Price equation 3   A Problem for the Recipes? 4   Reinterpreting Heritability for Recipes 5   Conclusion   Appendix


The research for this project has been driven by a compulsion to produce a spatially engaged, material expression of a broad, overarching concern – our human relationship with nature. The development of the artworks over the course of the research refined this further to an exploration of our relationship to ornamental plants, through the use of the houseplant and the urban eucalyptus. This restriction to a subset of plants established a particular territory of enquiry – a domestic field. My initial intention for using plants was for them to stand in as a symbol of 'nature'. They were to be metaphors of nature while the technologies that bound with them in the sculptures were to stand in for 'culture'. The hope was that there would be an interplay of the natural and the cultural, and a situation in which the distinction between the categories would blur. Finding a sympathetic position in this regard through the writing of Bruno Latour laid the foundation for an exploration of his network theory. An investigation into systems thinking and its application to art practice in the theories of Jack Burnham and the artwork of Hans Haacke was also instrumental. These ideas inspired research into other biologically inspired models, including the rhizome and the biophilia hypothesis, which led eventually to the formulation of the synthesis framework. This framework provides for a way of understanding my art practice and its expanded field of operation into curating, writing and gallery engagements. Through the process of this research I have come to understand that everything is connected in an alliance of networked relations and that my practice is a system. It is a system that generates networks. Leading the way to this conclusion was an awareness that the living plant, the core material of my sculptures, is itself a system. If the plant is a system, then its relation to other sculptural materials broadens that system. This set of relations necessarily expands with each connection and establishes a network. Understanding the artwork in this way means tracing the links outwards and recognising the environmental context of this advancing web of relations.


A large database of 115 triaxial, direct simple shear, and cyclic tests on 19 clays and silts is presented and ana- lysed to develop an empirical framework for the prediction of the mobilization of the undrained shear strength, cu, of natural clays tested from an initially isotropic state of stress. The strain at half the peak undrained strength (gM=2) is used to normal- ize the shear strain data between mobilized strengths of 0.2cu and 0.8cu. A power law with an exponent of 0.6 is found to describe all the normalized data within a strain factor of 1.75 when a representative sample provides a value for gM=2. Multi-linear regression analysis shows that gM=2 is a function of cu, plasticity index Ip, and initial mean effective stress p 0 0. Of the 97 stress-strain curves for which cu, Ip, and p 0 were available, the observed values of gM=2 fell within a factor of three of the regression; this additional uncertainty should be acknowledged if a designer wished to limit immediate founda- tion settlements on the basis of an undrained strength profile and the plasticity index of the clay. The influence of stress his- tory is also discussed. The application of these stress-strain relations to serviceability design calculations is portrayed through a worked example. The implications for geotechnical decision-making and codes of practice are considered.


A novel methodology for predicting upward diffusive fluxes of dissolved methane in gassy marine sediments is presented. The predicted fluxes are derived from a set of theoretical simulation data gener ated using a diagenetic reaction-transport model. The model calculates the upward methane flux for a given free gas depth (FGD) below the seafloor and a given in situ gas solubility, which together define the methane concentration gradient. Fluxes can thus be extracted from a nomogram of FGD and solubility parameter space. Because, in general, microorganisms anaerobically oxidize all dissolved methane before it can escape the sediment, the estimated fluxes are equivalent to the amount of methane trapped by this subsurface microbial barrier. A test of the approach using measured methane fluxes from Aarhus Bay, Denmark, reveals a statistically significant correlation between the observed and predicted fluxes. The predicted fluxes further show a low sensitivity toward enhanced sediment mixing by faunal activity, as well as the deposition flux and reactivity of organic matter. Therefore, only a limited amount of data at strategic coring sites is required to constrain the major physical and geochemical forcings for a particular study area in order to extrapolate fluxes at a regional scale. Because the FGD can be mapped over large areas of the seafloor from shipboard seismic survey, the new approach represents a means to estimate regional methane flux budgets for gassy sediments in a cost-efficient manner.


Hegel's Philosophy of Right is widely acknowledged as one of the most important works in the history of political philosophy. While most agree that Hegel intended this work to be interpreted as a part of his philosophical system, the genuine interpretive relevance of the system to understanding the Philosophy of Right remains contested. This book defends a new approach to the study of the Philosophy of Right that takes more seriously its systematic structure and reveals new insights into Hegel's positions on a broad range of topics, including property, punishment, morality, law, monarchy, and law. This new second edition expands this new reading to further topics, such as democracy and history. There is also a new chapter containing replies to previous discussions of the first edition. We may achieve a better understanding of Hegel's Philosophy of Right if we adopt a systematic reading.


A high-throughput lithographic method with 25-nanometer resolution and smooth vertical sidewalls is proposed and demonstrated. The technique uses compression molding to create a thickness contrast pattern in a thin resist film carried on a substrate, followed by anisotropic etching to transfer the pattern through the entire resist thickness. Metal patterns with a feature size of 25 nanometers and a period of 70 nanometers were fabricated with the use of resist templates created by imprint lithography in combination with a lift-off process. With further development, imprint lithography should allow fabrication of sub-10-nanometer structures and may become a commercially viable technique for manufacturing integrated circuits and other nanodevices.


Blockchain is a distributed ledger system based on P2P network and originally used for a crypto currency system. The P2P network of Blockchain is maintained by full nodes which are in charge of verifying all the transactions in the network. However, most Blockchain user nodes do not act as full nodes, because workload of full nodes is quite high for personal mobile devices. Blockchain search queries, such as confirming balance, transaction contents, and transaction histories, from many users go to the full nodes. As a result, search throughput of full nodes would be a new bottleneck of Blockchain system, because the number of full nodes is less than the number of users of Blockchain systems. In this paper, we propose an acceleration method of Blockchain search using GPUs. More specifically, we introduce an array-based Patricia tree structure suitable for GPU processing so that we can make effective use of Blockchain feature that there are no update and delete queries. In the evaluations, the proposed method is compared with an existing GPU-based key-value search and a conventional CPU-based search in terms of the throughput of Blockchain key search. As a result, the throughput of our proposal is 3.4 times higher than that of the existing GPU-based search and 14.1 times higher than that of the CPU search when the number of keys is 80 ×2^20 and the key length is 256-bit in Blockchain search queries.


Landscape urbanization is associated with increased impervious surface cover (ISC) and other sources of stressors, which contribute to reduced biological integrity and altered ecosystem functions in streams. The effects of urbanization on stream physical, biological, and chemical characteristics are collectively known as the "Urban Stream Syndrome". However, little is currently known about how the biomass of macroinvertebrates, which link food resources to predators, is affected by urbanization. Macroinvertebrates are a common assessment of the biological integrity of a stream, process allochthonous and autochthonous materials and link basal resources to higher trophic levels. The biomass of invertebrates affects several ecosystem functions of streams, including nutrient cycling, decomposition rates, algal productivity and fish production. To assess how urbanization affects streams we compared impervious surface cover and macroinvertebrate biomass from several low order streams in the upper Oconee River basin, in or near Athens, Georgia, USA. Macroinvertebrate data were collected from 12 streams in 2008 and the watersheds were classified as urban, suburban, mixed-use or forested. To determine biomass, macroinvertebrates were identified to genus, measured and fit to population-specific length-body mass regressions. Total biomass of macroinvertebrates was then calculated for each stream. Watershed % ISC and land-use were estimated using aerial photography and land use maps. Model results indicate that for every 1% increase in % ISC, macroinvertebrate biomass decline by 7%. Macroinvertebrates were collected from additional urban streams in Athens-Clarke County and will be used to test whether data collected from additional streams in 2011 and 2012 fit predictions based on the 2008 model. These additional streams are estimated to range in impervious surface cover from < 20% to > 40% ISC. These data will provide a test of the predictive power of our model, which, by using data on biomass, links aspects of biological integrity and ecosystem function in urban streams.


Sex disparity in hypertension prevalence is well established in developed nations; however, there is paucity of data on the distribution of hypertension prevalence between the sexes in developing countries. Therefore, the authors examined sex differences in hypertension prevalence and cardiovascular risk factors in a sample of 352 healthy hospital workers in Nigeria. The mean ages of the men and women were 37.2±7.9 and 44.7±9.1 years, respectively. Thirty‐five percent of participants were hypertensive, with 54% on treatment and 70% with controlled blood pressure. Men had a higher prevalence of hypertension (38.4% vs 33.0%) and prehypertension (37.6% vs 29.7%). Women had significantly higher odds of developing hypertension and of being on treatment. Mean blood pressure and fasting plasma glucose values were higher in men, while women were more often older, obese, and dyslipidemic and had a lower mean estimated glomerular filtration rate (P<.0001). These findings indicate sex disparity in blood pressure among hospital employees. Sex‐focused management of hypertension is therefore advocated for hospital employees.


The technological development in the current environment is in line with the development of computer technologies. Therefore, operation loads of computer processors and capacities and processors and other electronic circuit components are increasing. This increasing load creates over heating on these components. If this high temperature generated on electric circuit components cannot be discarded and safe operating temperatures cannot be obtained, the main components of the computer could get damaged from this high heat and the computer could malfunction. This event presents significant problems as all the system such as health, transportation, and security are dependent on computers to actively operate. In this study Micro ATX computer chassis geometry is designed and cooling the computer chassis with fans is numerically modelled using Computational Fluid Dynamics. Different fan revolutions are calculated to analyze the heat under idle and full-load operations. The simulation results are used for evaluating velocity and temperature distributions in the solution region and operation parameters for optimum cooling are determined.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.mech.24.5.19233


INTRODUCTION
Smoking prevalence in New Zealand is highly related to socioeconomic disadvantage and ethnicity, with particularly high smoking prevalence among the Māori population. In the 10-year period from 1996 to 2006, a range of tobacco control activities were implemented in New Zealand. Uniquely in New Zealand, the national census has regularly included questions on smoking status. The purpose of this paper is to inform policy by examining the relationships between smoking prevalence and age, sex, socioeconomic position, and ethnicity, comparing data from the 1996 and 2006 national censuses.

METHODS
Socioeconomic deprivation was measured using the year-specific NZDep index of socioeconomic deprivation for small areas, based on 9 variables from the relevant census. Ethnicity (Māori, Pacific, and European & Other) was assessed using self-definition. Smoking information from each census is stratified by age group, sex, NZDep, and ethnicity.

RESULTS
The strong relationship between small-area socioeconomic deprivation and smoking prevalence remained unchanged in New Zealand over the decade 1996-2006. Smoking prevalence continued to be associated with Māori ethnicity independently of small-area socioeconomic deprivation. Smoking prevalence reduced modestly between 1996 and 2006 but increased in some age/sex/ethnic/deprivation groups.

CONCLUSIONS
The findings of this analysis provide information to support the design and implementation of tobacco control policies in New Zealand over the next 10 years and suggest that current tobacco control policies need to be strengthened and additional, more carefully targeted, measures implemented.


We identify and investigate known ultracool stars and brown dwarfs that are being observed or indirectly constrained by the Gaia mission. These objects will be the core of the Gaia ultracool dwarf sample composed of all dwarfs later than M7 that Gaia will provide direct or indirect information on. We match known L and T dwarfs to the Gaia first data release, the Two Micron All Sky Survey and the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer AllWISE survey and examine the Gaia and infrared colours, along with proper motions, to improve spectral typing, identify outliers and find mismatches. There are 321 L and T dwarfs observed directly in the Gaia first data release, of which 10 are later than L7. This represents 45 % of all the known LT dwarfs with estimated Gaia G magnitudes brighter than 20.3 mag. We determine proper motions for the 321 objects from Gaia and the Two Micron All Sky Survey positions. Combining the Gaia and infrared magnitudes provides useful diagnostic diagrams for the determination of L and T dwarf physical parameters. We then search the Tycho-Gaia astrometric solution Gaia first data release subset to find any objects with common proper motions to known L and T dwarfs and a high probability of being related. We find 15 new candidate common proper motion systems.


Localization is an essential part of any autonomous vehicle. In a simple setting, the localization problem is almost trivial, and can be solved sufficiently using simple dead reckoning or an off-the-shelf GPS with differential corrections. However, as the surroundings become more complex, so does the localization problem. The urban environment is a prime example of a situation in which a vehicle's surroundings complicate the problem of position estimation. The urban setting is marked by tall structures, overpasses, and tunnels. Each of these can corrupt GPS satellite signals, or completely obscure them, making it impossible to rely on GPS alone. Dead reckoning is still a useful tool in this environment, but as is always the case, measurement and modeling errors inherent in dead reckoning systems will cause the position solution to drift as the vehicle travels eventually leading to a solution that is completely diverged from the true position of the vehicle. The most widely implemented method of combining the absolute and relative position measurements provided by GPS and dead reckoning sensors is the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF). The implementation discussed in this paper uses two Kalman Filters to track two completely separate position solutions. It uses GPS/INS and odometry to track the Absolute Position of the vehicle in the Global frame, and simultaneously uses odometry alone to compute the vehicle's position in an arbitrary Local frame. The vehicle is then able to use the Absolute position estimate to navigate on the global scale, i.e. navigate toward globally referenced checkpoints, and use the Relative position estimate to make local navigation decisions, i.e. navigating around obstacles and following lanes. This localization solution was used on team VictorTango's 2007 DARPA Urban Challenge entry, Odin. Odin successfully completed the Urban Challenge and placed third overall.


86 Background: Chemotherapy-induced rash can lead to disruptions or discontinuation of therapy, potentially leading to a poorer prognosis for patients.

METHODS
A retrospective chart review was performed at selected clinics to determine rash incidence, current rash management, and dose reductions, disruptions, and discontinuation of therapy due to rash for epidermal growth factor receptor-inhibitors (EGFR-I) during August and September 2013. A rash management algorithm containing preventative and treatment recommendations was created for selected EGFR-I (cetuximab, panitumumab, erlotinib) and implemented in the clinics' electronic medical record as part of a pilot study from February through May 2014. When the EGFR-I were ordered, electronic alerts reminded providers of the algorithm. Pharmacists received electronic messages to ensure algorithm compliance. Nurses provided patients with a rash information sheet and preventative prescriptions. Providers assessed patients for rash during follow-up and instituted the rash treatment algorithm, if indicated. Through a chart review, rash incidence, and dose reductions, disruptions, and discontinuation of therapy due to rash were determined.

RESULTS
The retrospective chart review revealed 7 of 9 (78%) patients, in whom preventive medications were not utilized, developed rash with the selected EGFR-I. Treatment medications were required in 6 of 7 (86%) patients with rash. Even with treatment, 3 of 7 (43%) patients had a severe rash, making therapy modification necessary. A dose reduction was ordered for 1 patient, a disruption for another, and discontinuation of therapy for a third. During the pilot period, 6 of 7 (86%) patients developed rash, but none required dose reductions or discontinuation of therapy. Of the 6 patients who developed rash, 4 were adequately managed with preventive measures alone. Of the 2 patients who started rash treatment, 1 patient had rash resolution and the other patient continued treatment without any therapy modifications.

CONCLUSIONS
An algorithm containing preventive and treatment recommendations for EGFR-I-induced rash may be more beneficial than reactive therapy alone in attenuation of dose reductions, disruptions, and discontinuation of therapy.


Enzymes such as aromatase, 17[beta]-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase [types 1 (17[beta]-HSD1) and 3 (17[beta]-HSD3)] and estrone sulfatase (ES) are all involved in the biosynthesis of steroids via the steroidal cascade. The inhibition of these enzymes may lead to a reduction in the levels of steroids present, thereby leading to a decrease in the stimulation of hormone-dependent tissues, in particular, hormone-dependent breast and prostate cancers. This approach has proved to be successful in postmenopausal women where the use of aromatase inhibitors has led to the decrease in tumour yield and has thus led to the treatment of the disease. Within the current study, the synthesis and biochemical evaluation of a number of compounds of varying structural features has been undertaken, in particular, the synthesis of sulfonate derivatives of 4-hydroxyphenyl ketone - the parent compound having already been shown to be a potent inhibitor of 17[beta]-HSD3 (with good specificity towards 17[beta]-HSD3) and the synthesis of a range of alkyl and cycloalkyl esters of steroids [in particular, testosterone (T) dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and estrone (E10] as probes of the active sites of the HSD family of enzymes.

The results show that the sulfonate (methanesulfonate and trifluromethanesulfonate) derivatives of 4-hydroxyphenyl ketone-based compounds were found to possess weak inhibitory activity against all three HSD enzymes considered (namely, 17[beta]-HSD1, 17[beta]-HSD3 and 3[beta]-HSD) in comparison to the parent 4-hydroxyphenyl ketone-based compounds. For example, within the methanesulfonate derivatives, methane sulfonic acid (4-cyclohexane carbonyl)-phenyl ester (164) was found to be the most potent inhibitor against 17[beta]-HSD3, however, it possessed ~30% inhibitory against this enzyme at an inhibitor concentration of 100[mu]M. Against 17[beta]-HSD1, the most potent compound within the same range was also compound 164 which pssessed ~45% inhibitory activity under similar conditions. Within the trifluromethane sulfonate derivatives, the most potent compounds proved to be extremely weak inhibitors of 17[beta]-HSD3, however, against 17[beta]-HSD1, the most potent compound was trifluromethane sulfonic acid 4-benzoyl-phenyl ester (180) which possess 43% inhibitory activity. The molecular modeling of these compounds within representations of the active sites of 17[beta]-HSD1 and 17[beta]-HSD3 shows that the lack of inhibitory activity is due to steric hindrance, in particular, the sulfonate moeity undergoes steric hindrance with groups at the active site which is close to the C(17) area of the natural substrate.

The synthesis of the esters of T, DHEA and E1 and the subsequent biochemical evaluation of these compounds resulted in an interesting structure-activity relationship. In general, the compounds based on DHEA were found to be potent inhibitors of 17[beta]-HSD3 with weak inhibitory activity against 17[beta]-HSD1 and 3[beta]-HSD. For example, DHEA acetate (196) was found to possess an IC[sub]50 value of 0.74[mu]M in comparison to the most potent standard, namely 1-(4hydroxy-phenyl)-nonan-1-one (139) which was found to possess an IC[sub]50 value of 12.32[mu]M - this compound was found to possess good selectivity as it possessed ~40% and ~25% inhibitory activity against 17[beta]-HSD1 and 3[beta]-HSD respectively at an inhibitor concentration of 100[mu]M. The esters of E1 and T proved to be weaker inhibitors in comparison to the esters based on DHEA, however, the E1-based esters also showed some selectivity towards 17[beta]-HSD3. For example, E1 hexanoate (216) possessed an IC[sub]50 value of 37.28[mu]M and possessed 45% and 35% inhibitory activity against 17[beta]-HSD1 and 3[beta]-HSD respectively at an inhibitor concentration of 100[mu]M. The modelling of these compounds (using representations of the active sites of 17[beta]-HSD1 and 17[beta]-HSD3) showed that the lack of inhibitory activity was due to steric interactions between the inhibitors and groups within the active site. As such, these compounds proved to be extremely useful probes of the active sites of 17[beta]-HSD1 and 17[beta]-HSD3 and have further enhanced the models used in the design of these compounds.


The assessment of young children's development and learning has recently taken on new importance. Private and government organizations are developing programs to enhance the school readiness of all young children, especially children from economically disadvantaged homes and communities and children with special needs. Well-planned and effective assessment can inform teaching and program improvement, and contribute to better outcomes for children. This book affirms that assessments can make crucial contributions to the improvement of children's well-being, but only if they are well designed, implemented effectively, developed in the context of systematic planning, and are interpreted and used appropriately. Otherwise, assessment of children and programs can have negative consequences for both. The value of assessments therefore requires fundamental attention to their purpose and the design of the larger systems in which they are used. Early Childhood Assessment addresses these issues by identifying the important outcomes for children from birth to age 5 and the quality and purposes of different techniques and instruments for developmental assessments.


Glycoproteins and glycolipids are major components of the outer surface of mammalian cells. Their carbohydrate moieties, which are directed into the outer environment, serve as ligands for receptor proteins, such as lectins, pathogen proteins and antibodies. Recognition processes between the receptor proteins and the carbohydrates have a significant impact on different aspects of cell biology as they turn structure into biological response in a selective way. Cellular carbohydrate structures are found to change dramatically during embryonic development or under pathological conditions including malignant transformation. One example is the Thomsen-Friedenreich (TF) epitope, a disaccharide consisting of galactose-β-(1→3)-N-acetyl-galactosamine α-linked to a serine or threonine of a carrier protein. The TF epitope is considered as a cancer-specific carbohydrate antigen that is found on various epithelial carcinomas of human adults and can be recognized by the anti-TF antibody. It has been demonstrated that synthetic glycoconjugates of the TF epitope can act as anti-cancer vaccines by stimulating the immune system against tumor growth and proliferation. Native carbohydrates are liable to chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis of their glycosidic bonds and therefore short-lived in the blood. Their stable C-analogues in which the glycosidic oxygens have been replaced by methylene or substituted methylene units are particularly interesting as therapeutic agents. We report herein our efforts to synthesize non-hydrolysable methylene and fluorinated methylene linked disaccharides analogues of the TF epitope. Our synthesis follows a methodology previously developed in our laboratory for the preparation of C(1→3)-disaccharides. The key step is an Oshima-Nozaki coupling between a β-C-galactosyl carbaldehyde and an enone, isolevoglucosenone. The hydroxyl methylene linker that is created by this coupling can be deoxygenated or can be substituted by one fluorine atom (or two fluorine atoms via the corresponding ketone). 1,4-Addition of an amine to the enone derived from the Oshima-Nozaki coupling, ketone reduction and some protecting group manipulations gave an hydroxyl methylene linked disaccharide that could smoothly undergo Barton-McCombie deoxygenation. On the contrary, the attempts of nucleophilic fluorination of this substrate failed to give the desired outcome probably due to an intramolecular rearrangement. With the deoxygenated product in hand and after some protecting group transformations, we attempted C-allylation of the anomeric centre and at the same time cleavage of the 1,6-anhydro bridge. Some preliminary results are presented. An allyl-C-disaccharide can lead to a C-glycosyl amino acid according to the literature and therefore it can be used for preparing a C,C-analogue of the TF epitope. In our search for biomimetics of the TF epitope with less synthetic requirements, we attempted to replace the second saccharidic unit by a phenyl ring. Simple phenyl CH2- and CF2-galactosides were prepared starting from α- and β-C-galactosyl carbaldehydes. NMR studies in combination with theoretical calculations revealed that the conformational behaviour of these galactosides in solution depends on the substitution at pseudoanomeric center. Similarities and differences to their O-analogues are discussed. Additionally, NMR spectroscopy was used to detect binding to a lectin protein. The β-galactosyl carbaldehyde –common starting material for the synthesis of C-linked disaccharides and phenyl C-galactosides mentioned above – was also used to prepare a small library of CH2-galactosyl aryl ethers bearing different aromatic amides. The affinities of these derivatives towards some galactoside-specific lectins, the galectins, were measured. None of the synthesized C-galactosyl analogues appeared to be high-affinity ligand of galectins. However, such studies are useful for the future design of sugar analogues with the minimum of functionalities that assure strong binding to carbohydrate recognition proteins.


In our power-hungry world, all the talk about energy-what's safe and what's risky, what's clean and what's dirty, what's cheap and what's easy-tends to generate more heat than light. What, Julianne Couch wanted to know, is the real story on power production in this country? Approaching the question as a curious consumer, Couch takes us along as she visits nine sites where electrical power is developed from different fuel sources. From a geothermal plant in the Mojave Desert to a nuclear plant in Nebraska, from a Wyoming coal-fired power plant to a Maine tidal-power project, Couch gives us an insider's look at how power is generated, how it affects neighboring landscapes and the people who live and work there, and how each source comes with its own unique complications. The result is an informed, evenhanded discussion of energy production and consumption on the global, national, regional, local, and-most important-personal level. Knowledge is the real power this book imparts, allowing each of us to think beyond the flip of a switch to the real consequences of our energy use.


BACKGROUND
Osteogenesis imperfecta is a heritable disorder of bone connective tissue. Type III has a high incidence in the black pop-ulation of South Africa. Affected people experience numerous fractures, bone pain and progressive disability. Until the introduction of bisphosphonates to reduce fracture incidence, treatment revolved around orthopaedic and supportive care. Objective. To assess the subjective attitude of patients towards pamidronate treatment.

METHODS
Thirty black patients with osteogenesis imperfecta type III treated at Universitas Hospital were approached and 26 were included in this study. Patients or their parents were interviewed using a standardised researcher-administered questionnaire, either in person or by telephone.

RESULTS
Most patients reported a reduction in symptoms, a feeling of increased wellbeing, increased strength and rated the pamidronate treatment highly. The intravenous route of administration and the side-effects experienced were bearable. Overall all patients would recommend this treatment to other affected persons.

CONCLUSION
This is first study to look at bisphosphonate treatment for osteogenesis imperfecta type III in black South Africans. The treatment is well tolerated and highly rated by the patients. Reported improvements and side-effects are similar to those reported in other populations. Using this form of treatment in this population is supported by these findings.


In a 1962 edition of Scientific American, the ecologist John B Calhoun presented the results of a macabre series of experiments conducted at the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH).1 He had placed several rats in a laboratory in a converted barn where – protected from disease and predation and supplied with food, water and bedding – they bred rapidly. The one thing they were lacking was space, a fact that became increasingly problematic as what he liked to describe as his "rat city" and "rodent utopia" teemed with animals. Unwanted social contact occurred with increasing frequency, leading to increased stress and aggression. Following the work of the physiologist, Hans Selye, it seemed that the adrenal system offered the standard binary solution: fight or flight.2 But in the sealed enclosure, flight was impossible. Violence quickly spiralled out of control. Cannibalism and infanticide followed. Males became hypersexual, pansexual and, an increasing proportion, homosexual. Calhoun called this vortex "a behavioural sink". Their numbers fell into terminal decline and the population tailed off to extinction. At the experiments' end, the only animals still alive had survived at an immense psychological cost: asexual and utterly withdrawn, they clustered in a vacant huddled mass. Even when reintroduced to normal rodent communities, these "socially autistic" animals remained isolated until death. In the words of one of Calhoun's collaborators, rodent "utopia" had descended into "hell".3

Calhoun's experiments with rats and mice proved extremely influential. His findings resonated with a variety of concerns, including population growth, environmental degradation and urban violence. In the course of a project on the history of stress, Jon Adams of the London School of Economics and I have traced how evidence of crowding pathology, generated in the rodent laboratories of NIMH, travelled to an alternative setting: the buildings, institutions and cities of the social scientist, city planner, architect and medical specialist. While urban sociologists and social psychiatrists explored correlations between density and pathologies in their statistical studies, environmental psychologists moved to the laboratory and fields such as the prison, the school and the hospital. Social and medical scientists were attracted to the possibility of providing evidence of how a physical and measurable variable – density – had important consequences demanding policy response. Many had already begun using Calhoun's rats to support family planning programmes or for improving the physical design of the city.4

However, results from human studies of crowding proved inconsistent. In an influential series of experiments by the psychologist Jonathan Freedman, individuals employed to carry out tasks under varying conditions of density displayed few pathologies.5 Focus now shifted away from simply identifying the pathological consequences of density and towards factors that mediated its effects. This was aided by a distinction between "density" as a physical measure and "crowding" as a subjective response.6 Feeling crowded was determined by a range of social and psychological factors: an individual's desired level of privacy, their ability to control a situation or their social role. Increased density might be inevitable but human beings were capable of coping with crowding.

Yet this did not mean that Calhoun's research was rejected. Researchers recognized that Calhoun's work was not simply about density in a physical sense, as number of individuals-per-square-unit-area, but was about degrees of social interaction. By reducing unwanted interaction through improved design of space – providing prisoners with individual cells or patients with independent living areas – crowding stress could be avoided.7 This had been the focus of Calhoun's later research. Through improved design and increased control, Calhoun attempted to develop more collaborative and adaptable rodent communities capable of withstanding greater degrees of density.8

Continued problems of prison overcrowding and transport congestion ensure that the subject of crowding stress remains pertinent, but the relevance of Calhoun's experiments is less commonly acknowledged. Towards the end of his career, Calhoun, who died in 1995, would be increasingly dismayed that it was a simplified, negative message – population density equals pathology – that was more commonly associated with his work, making his contribution seem not only flawed in the human context, but dangerous. In the words of the sociologists Fischer & Baldassare: "A red-eyed, sharp-fanged obsession about urban life stalks contemporary thought."9 In focusing upon crowding, not only were the benefits of dense city-living ignored, but other causes of urban pathology, such as poverty and inequality, were neglected. Yet Calhoun's work considered many of these factors, suggested how they could be overcome, and as such, his role deserves reconsideration. ■


Abstract. Arthropods have been understudied on Santa Cruz Island, resulting in an incomplete understanding of these diverse and ecologically important members of island ecosystems. To enhance the current understanding of Santa Cruz Island biodiversity, we sampled arthropods in 2 native plant habitats: island scrub oak (Quercus pacifica) woodland and patches of island morning glory (Calystegia macrostegia ssp. macrostegia). We used 4 standardized sampling techniques to sample arthropods in 16 Q. pacifica woodland plots. We sampled arthropods associated with C. macrostegia by pan trapping within 1 m of blooming morning glory individuals. In total, we sampled over 18,000 arthropod specimens, sorted the specimens to morphotypes by order, and had taxonomic specialists identify 10 orders to the narrowest possible identification (n = 458 total species or morphotypes). The taxonomic distribution of our identified specimens is as follows: 1 species of Scorpiones, 5 morphospecies of Pseudoscorpiones, 74 species of Araneae, 4 species of Orthoptera, 10 species of Psocodea, 10 species of Hemiptera, 1 species of Neuroptera, 60 species of Coleoptera, 8 species of Lepidoptera, and 42 species of Hymenoptera (Formicidae and Apoidea). Of these, 62 species represent newly recorded arthropod species on Santa Cruz Island. The diversity of our collections within the Quercus pacifica and Calystegia macrostegia habitats, the deficiency of current knowledge of Channel Island arthropods, and the fundamental role of arthropods in island ecosystems emphasize the need for a more comprehensive arthropod inventory across the California Channel Islands.


I entered the main conference room in our chemistry building, feeling nervous. I was the last to arrive, and I hastily took my place at a boat-shaped table alongside four other students, all undergrads like me. A group of professors sat across from us, chatting amicably among themselves. Scheduling this meeting—and getting more than one faculty member in a room at once—had taken me almost a month. Determined to make the most of their time, I collected my thoughts and skimmed the meeting agenda for a fifth time. Our group's goal, simple but unprecedented, was spelled out in bold at the top of my notes: "We want to build a university course from the bottom up."

> "Students should be advocates for their own education."

We didn't know what would come out of the meeting. We wanted to create a course because we believed the introductory chemistry curriculum did not sufficiently prepare students for work in a research lab. But we worried the professors would see us as naive children. What did we know about designing a course? Who were we to insist that the curriculum was inadequate?

I was in year two of my bachelor's degree, but my experience on campus went back further than that. I grew up near the university and had volunteered as a research assistant during my last 2 years of high school. A postdoc in a diabetes lab had taken me under his wing, teaching me how to extract DNA, perform Western blots, culture cells, and handle mice. I was grateful for the time he spent with me, sometimes doubting whether my presence amounted to more than a burden.

When I graduated, I decided to attend the university to study biology and chemical engineering. Fortunately, my earlier lab experience helped me secure another research assistant position, this time in a cancer lab. I went into the experience feeling more confident with my lab skills, which allowed me to focus on understanding the science.

At the same time, I observed that many of my peers were at a disadvantage because of their lack of research experience. Even after joining a lab, many of them had to spend months improving their lab techniques before they were able to contribute intellectually to research projects. That led me to brainstorm possible ways to help them.

I recruited other students who were interested in chemistry research, and we set out to convince faculty members that a new course was needed to address this issue. Our university's introductory chemistry course had a lab component, but it only covered a few lab techniques and wasn't tailored to students who wanted to get involved in chemistry research.

The new course that we had in mind would expose younger students to a diverse range of research skills, such as reading the literature and applying standard chemistry techniques. We didn't plan to ask faculty members to teach it; instead, we thought the course could be taught by older, more experienced undergraduate students.

When we met with the professors to discuss our proposed course, we assumed they would be skeptical. We were surprised to find they were instead open to our idea. One senior professor had to leave early, but before he did, he rearticulated our position and gave me a knowing wink. A younger professor then suggested that he could provide faculty oversight, and we started to discuss how we might secure funding and departmental resources.

Our course was added to the official course catalog for the following semester, and it was extremely popular, quickly exceeding the maximum enrollment capacity of 80 students. We designed the course ourselves, and two undergraduate students—both of whom were paid by the university—served as instructors. At the end of the semester, students and professors alike were happy with the outcome, so the course has continued to be offered in the years since.

It is all too common for undergraduate students to have little say in shaping their education. I'm grateful that the professors in our department were willing to listen and help us take the curriculum in a new direction, but I suspect this level of openness is rare. Students should be advocates for their own education—and universities should welcome this ambition with open arms.


There is, to date, no facsimile edition of John Clare's 1841 Folio manuscript,
Nor, MS6 or the earlier octavo notebook known as Nor, MS8. My intention in this
thesis is to redress this situation by firstly presenting a transcription of the entire
contents of Nor, MS6, while secondly incorporating an account of Nor, MS8 and its
compositional relationship with Nor, MS6. As a direct result of this transcription I have
offered a full account of the layout and sequential order of Nor, MS6, which I go on to
argue requires critical commentators to reconsider not only Clare's long poem Child
Harold but the entire contents of this manuscript. My thesis challenges a number of
assumptions made about the construction and sequential order of the stanzas which
make up Child Harold that have arisen as a result of previous editorial decisions.
Chapter One serves to contextualise the manuscript's contents within the framework
of Clare's confinement at High Beech asylum in Essex, most particularly the impact of
confinement on the growth and development of Clare's two long poems of 1841, Don
Juan and Child Harold.
Chapter Two. This Chapter raises some issues about the responsibility an editor owes
to a Folio manuscript such as Nor, MS6. I ask a rhetorical question; 'How to edit Nor,
MS6?' and explore some of the problems which face the editor ofC1are's later work in
the absence of any clear authorial intention. I also offer a Textual and Critical History
of the poetry of 1841, which inevitably and not always justifiably, has been centred on Child Harold and Don Juan. During the course of this history I trace the slow but
discernible development of interest in Clare's asylwn poetry written during his first
confinement as it moves from a biographical preoccupation with Clare's insanity to a
more coherent appreciation of its significance.
Chapter Three. This Chapter describes the physical and stylistic characteristics of Nor,
MS6. I offer a detailed account of the makeup of this manuscript at the same time
outlining the differences between Nor, MS6 and Clare's earlier manuscript Nor, MS8.
During the course of this discussion I describe the importance of a nwnber of stanzas
written at home in Northborough after Clare's escape from High Beech and suggest
the impact of freedom on Clare's creative output. I also explore the function and
significance of the Songs and Ballads in the construction of the Child Harold stanzas
and the remaining material of Nor, MS6.
Chapter Four. This Chapter contains notes to the text of the entire contents of Nor,
MS6. I explain the editorial principles behind the transcription and offer a detailed
description of Nor, MS6.
Chapter Five. A transcription of the entire contents of Nor, MS6. The transcription is
accompanied by endnotes and a photographic reproduction of the pages of the original
manuscript held at Northampton.
Chapter Six. 'A Reading of Child Harold'. This Chapter offers a reading of Child
Harold in the context of the remaining material in Nor, MS6. I suggest that there is
evidence of an autobiographical presence in all the writings in Nor, MS6 which reconstructs or reworks a central autobiographical account of loss, confinement and
escape. I go on to argue that although there appear to be three different narratorial
personae within the manuscript they are in fact bound together by one dominant
speaker. Clare's obsessive reconstruction of one central account, his relentless quest to
find permanence, home, loved woman and a particular truth implicit to these
associations would appear to shape and control the contents ofhis notebook.
Conclusion. I briefly consider two opposing contemporary views on the editing of
Clare's poetry and consider the implication these different approaches hold for the
contents of Nor, MS6 in particular. I conclude by examining the impact present
copyright may have upon new readings of Clare's work and upon proposed editions of
his poetry.


Abstract. General circulation models (GCMs) are valuable tools for understanding how the global ocean–atmosphere–land surface system interacts and are routinely evaluated relative to observational data sets. Conversely, observational data sets can also be used to constrain GCMs in order to identify systematic errors in their simulated climates. One such example is to prescribe sea surface temperatures (SSTs) such that 70 % of the Earth's surface temperature field is observationally constrained (known as an Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project, AMIP, simulation). Nevertheless, in such simulations, land surface temperatures are typically allowed to vary freely, and therefore any errors that develop over the land may affect the global circulation. In this study therefore, a method for prescribing the land surface temperatures within a GCM (the Australian Community Climate and Earth System Simulator, ACCESS) is presented. Simulations with this prescribed land surface temperature model produce a mean climate state that is comparable to a simulation with freely varying land temperatures; for example, the diurnal cycle of tropical convection is maintained. The model is then developed further to incorporate a selection of "proof of concept" sensitivity experiments where the land surface temperatures are changed globally and regionally. The resulting changes to the global circulation in these sensitivity experiments are found to be consistent with other idealized model experiments described in the wider scientific literature. Finally, a list of other potential applications is described at the end of the study to highlight the usefulness of such a model to the scientific community.


This study examined subjective (SWB), psychological (PWB) and social well-being (Social WB) at a global and sport contextual level among ten elite orienteers (6 women and 4 men, median age = 20.4, range 18 to 30) by employing semi-structured interviews. Athletes described SWB as an interplay of satisfaction with life, sport experiences and perceived health combined with experienced enjoyment and happiness in both ordinary life and sport. SWB and PWB interacted, and important psychological functioning among the elite athletes included, among other things, abilities to adopt value-driven behaviors, be part of functional relationships, and to self-regulate one's autonomy. The ability to organize and combine ordinary life with elite sport, and the use of strategies to protect the self during setbacks was also emphasized. For a comprehensive theoretical understanding of well-being applicable to elite athletes, the need for a holistic view considering both global and sport-specific aspects of WB is discussed.