I. Criticism of English translations of Ivo Andric's Travnicka hronika is confined to a small number of reviews and occasional comments in periodicals praising the first two translations for their fidelity to the original.1 Kenneth Johnstone's The Bosnian Story (1958), as the first English version of Andric's masterpiece was titled, had generally been regarded superior to John Hitrec's later Bosnian Chronicle (1963). Yet some American critics, notably professional Slavists, preferred Hitrec's translation for having masterfully captured the "cadenced flow of the original" and for preserving "a marvelous tapestry of Turkish Bosnia."2 The novel's latest translation, The Days of the Consuls (1992), done by Celia Hawkesworth, likewise failed to generate extensive translation criticism. The few reviews published in Great Britain and abroad are said to have extolled Hawkesworth's translation as the most accomplished English version of Travnicka hronika today.3 The above criticism is based on random comparisons of translations against their original, and, as such, lacks credibility. This article endeavors, therefore, to collate all the texts-the three translations and the Andric original-examining each of the four books cover to cover and drawing conclusions on the basis of linguistically-based analysis. Of the four most commonly-used methods in translation criticism, the linguistic method I have adhered to in this article has proven the most efficacious for the study of literary translation.4 Such a method does not give the critic and the reader a one sided picture of the quality of a translation, but rather evaluates all of the multifarious layers of the texts, both the original and the translations. The method offers, first and foremost, a much-- needed "insight into the style and meaning of both original and the translation."5 In a word, such comparisons are bound to reveal "patterns, tendencies, trends, habits, strengths, and failings"6-all of which will help a translation critic to classify the study within linguistic categories which most accurately and comprehensively register the style and meaning, building a firm foundation from which to assess the true quality of the translations examined here. The language of Travnicka hronika is indeed complex. Even the novel's very first paragraph includes Turkisms-one of the novel's most prominent language stratums. Although all three English translations7 of Andric's novel have conveyed the essence of the word "balija," for example, the word's defamatory connotation of a Bosnian Moslem's supposed backwardness remains undetected: "Nikad, ni posljedni balija ispod Vilenice."8-"No one, not even the humblest true-believer in the backstreets" (Johnstone, p. 17); "no one, not even the last Moslem bumpkin from the mountain hinterland" (Hitrec, p. 7); and "No one, not even the lowliest Muslim peasant from the slopes of Vilenca" (Hawkensworth, p. 5). The English speaking reader cannot glean from these renderings the important detail that the word "balija" is another word for the Moslem nationality. Similar stumbling blocks occur with many other Turkisms, particularly if they are used as doublets, such as "peksinluk" and "prljavstina"-both meaning "filth," "dirt" or "squalor," with the former used by Moslems only: "'I blato i peksinluk bosje davanje"' (p. 117)"`dust and dirt were also God's gifts"' (Johnstone, p. 115); "Mud and filth `come from God"' (Hitrec, p. 103); and "Mud and dirt were also gifts of God" (Hawkesworth, p. 91). The translations of a Moslem character's speech laden with linguistic peculiarities,-the ethical dative ("`sta mi se"'), words predominantly used in Bosnian Moslem's speech ("kantar"')9 and rhymed prose ("mjera je vjera">do not faithfully reflect the original either: "`sta mi se unosis i kasljet u kantar? Mjera je vjera; i dah joj moze nauditi"' (p. 77)-"`Do you want to shove yourself forward and cough into the scales? True measure's a treasure; and a breath can spoil it"' (Johnstone, p. …


BACKGROUND & AIMS
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has limited treatment options; long-term outcomes following intra-arterial radiation are unknown. We assessed clinical outcomes of patients treated with intra-arterial yttrium-90 microspheres (Y90).

METHODS
Patients with HCC (n = 291) were treated with Y90 as part of a single-center, prospective, longitudinal cohort study. Toxicities were recorded using the Common Terminology Criteria version 3.0. Response rate and time to progression (TTP) were determined using World Health Organization (WHO) and European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL) guidelines. Survival by stage was assessed. Univariate/multivariate analyses were performed.

RESULTS
A total of 526 treatments were administered (mean, 1.8; range, 1-5). Toxicities included fatigue (57%), pain (23%), and nausea/vomiting (20%); 19% exhibited grade 3/4 bilirubin toxicity. The 30-day mortality rate was 3%. Response rates were 42% and 57% based on WHO and EASL criteria, respectively. The overall TTP was 7.9 months (95% confidence interval, 6-10.3). Survival times differed between patients with Child-Pugh A and B disease (A, 17.2 months; B, 7.7 months; P = .002). Patients with Child-Pugh B disease who had portal vein thrombosis (PVT) survived 5.6 months (95% confidence interval, 4.5-6.7). Baseline age; sex; performance status; presence of portal hypertension; tumor distribution; levels of bilirubin, albumin, and alpha-fetoprotein; and WHO/EASL response rate predicted survival.

CONCLUSIONS
Patients with Child-Pugh A disease, with or without PVT, benefited most from treatment. Patients with Child-Pugh B disease who had PVT had poor outcomes. TTP and overall survival varied by patient stage at baseline. These data can be used to design future Y90 trials and to describe Y90 as a potential treatment option for patients with HCC.


Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), commonly called a superbug, has recently been a major political issue in the UK, playing a significant role in debates over health policy in the general election held in 2005. While science recognizes the lack of evidence with regards to the effectiveness of existing measures implemented to control and prevent MRSA, the UK media coverage is dominated by articles that appeal to common sense and practical experience calling for more government interventions to combat the bug. In this paper we explore how uncertainty surrounding the origin and spread of MRSA is portrayed in debates within the media and policy-circles to particular political ends. Using established techniques of discourse analysis and corpus linguistics, we examine the assumptions, judgements, and contentions that structure two discourses of MRSA: according to one discourse MRSA is 'not rocket science' and there are 'simple' ways of coping with the risk of infection, whereas according to another discourse MRSA is a more complex matter and there is 'no silver bullet'. The analysis of different storylines through which specific ideas of 'blame', 'responsibility', and 'urgency' are attributed helps to explain how different 'constructions' of causes for the rise in MRSA emerged and led to discourses of blame and defence centred on cleanliness.


Triply differential single ionization of Ar by 200 eV positron and electron impact is measured and calculated. For an unequivocal test of kinematic differences, fully differential ejected electron angular distributions are measured using the same experimental apparatus and conditions for both positron and electron impact. The binary/recoil intensity ratios are shown to significantly differ for the two projectiles. These data are used to test theoretical calculations.


In the current competitive environment where organizations have a very narrow window of opportunity to get their competitive edge, investigating the role of gender in purchase decisions is very significant for organizations as they segment the market not only on price and customer needs, but also on gender. Men and women have different characteristics and preferences which impact their purchase decisions. This paper investigates the impact of mobile service attributes on both genders by making use of Ajzen's theory of planned behavior. Five mobile services attributes: call rates, service quality, service availability, and promotion and brand image were adopted from previous researches as independent variables. Another two variables (attitude to purchase and intention to purchase) were also taken from previous literature as dependent variables. A conceptual model was developed to construct a relation between the independent and dependent variables and then through regression analysis, we tested the hypothesis that there are differences in preference for the two genders. Through convenience sampling we have chosen 200 female and male university students. The results of the regression analysis showed that only one attribute out of five is significant for female mobile users (service quality), whereas for male users three out of five attributes are significant (service quality, service availability, and brand image). As far as Ajzen's TPB is concerned, being male has a positive significant relation with all TPB variables (P<0.05,) and being female has a positive insignificant impact on subjective norms and perceived behavioral control, but negative insignificant influence on perceived difficulty.


Most existing decision tree systems use a greedy approach to induce trees — locally optimal splits are induced at every node of the tree. Although the greedy approach is suboptimal, it is believed to produce reasonably good trees. In the current work, we attempt to verify this belief. We quantify the goodness of greedy tree induction empirically, using the popular decision tree algorithms, C4.5 and CART. We induce decision trees on thousands of synthetic data sets and compare them to the corresponding optimal trees, which in turn are found using a novel map coloring idea. We measure the effect on greedy induction of variables such as the underlying concept complexity, training set size, noise and dimensionality. Our experiments show, among other things, that the expected classification cost of a greedily induced tree is consistently very close to that of the optimal tree.


The National Archives is one of the most remarkable collections of documents in the world, holding over 120 miles of papers. In 2010 the staff at the Archives were asked to select their favourite document. The results of this poll form the basis of this book, skilfully curated by bestselling author Richard Taylor. Each of the documents has a timeless quality, acting as a true testament to a moment in history. The Magna Carta is a document sealed in a damp field in Surrey, yet is deferred to centuries later by Governments and Courts around the world; a parchment letter written by a terrified young girl pleading for her life paves the way for the girl to become Elizabeth I; the first example of musical notation is discovered on the back of another document; the actual telegram sent from a sinking Titanic remains heart-rending today; a ship's log written by Captain Cook, at anchor in Botany Bay, records his first encounter with Australian Aborigines. Far from being dusty documents from the past, these papers twinkle with life and resonate powerfully today. Fully illustrated, this book allows us to glimpse history as it really happened.


Features of chronic asthma include airway hyperresponsiveness, inflammatory infiltrates, and structural changes in the airways, termed remodeling. The contribution of eosinophils, cells associated with asthma and allergy, remains to be established. We show that in mice with a total ablation of the eosinophil lineage, increases in airway hyperresponsiveness and mucus secretion were similar to those observed in wild-type mice, but eosinophil-deficient mice were significantly protected from peribronchiolar collagen deposition and increases in airway smooth muscle. These data suggest that eosinophils contribute substantially to airway remodeling but are not obligatory for allergen-induced lung dysfunction, and support an important role for eosinophil-targeted therapies in chronic asthma.


With the increasing use of carbon/glass fibre reinforced polymer composites for large components like wing skins, fuselages and fuel tanks in aircrafts and next generation of spacecraft, utilization of advanced automated manufacturing is critical for mass production. In-situ consolidation in automated fibre placement (AFP) technology through merging several manufacturing stages like cutting, curing and consolidation has opened up a wider range of applications as well as new markets for composite materials in several sectors including aerospace and automobile in large scale. Nevertheless, the quality and integrity of AFP manufactured composites is heavily dependent on large number of variables and parameters like lay-up speed, curing/melting temperature and consolidation force. In order to establish and understand a correlation between the key parameters in AFP and the mechanical properties, several parametric experiments were performed. This is done through manufacturing uni-directional carbon fibre reinforced polymer laminates and identifying some of their main mechanical properties at different location along the length of samples. It was found that, the strength of laminates at different locations is critically dependent on the effect of those parameters.


Sport Psychology: A Complete Introduction is designed to give you everything you need to succeed, all in one place. It covers the key areas that students are expected to be confident in, outlining the basics in clear, jargon-free English and providing added-value features like summaries of key experiments and even lists of questions you might be asked in your seminar or exam. The book uses a structure that mirrors the way sports psychology is taught on many university courses, and is split into theory and application. Chapters in the first part include coverage of essential personality traits, including mental toughness, confidence, motivation and character. The chapters on applied sports psychology cover topics such as assessment, working with groups, skills training, coping techniques and working with coaches and children. There is also substantial coverage of measurement questionnaires, skills and routes to practice. Sport Psychology employs the 'Breakthrough Method' to help you advance quickly at any subject, whether you're studing for an exam or just for your own interst. The Breakthrough Method is designed to overcome typical problems you'll face as learn new concepts and skills. - Problem: "I find it difficult to remember what I've read."; Solution: this book includes end-of-chapter summaries and questions to test your understanding. - Problem: "Lots of introductory books turn out to cover totally different topics than my course."; Solution: this book is written by a university lecturer who understands what students are expected to know.


Abstract Background Although the use of surveys has been supported for assessing understanding of health care service quality, it could also be argued that their main function is to quantify perceptions. The importance of assessing patient satisfaction in individuals' own language has been highlighted in research. However, important culture-specific differences can be revealed during the adaptation process of a scale, and if not attended to can influence the validity of the scale. Objectives The aim of this study was to assess the validity and reliability of the isiXhosa version of the Patient Survey for Quality of Care (PSQC) in primary health care (PHC) facilities in a selected district in the Western Cape, South Africa. Method The PSQC was translated into isiXhosa by two independant translators and the translated back into English by a third translator. All three translators reviewed the back translation. Face and content validity of the scale were assessed. Fifteen isiXhosa-speaking clients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who had a mean age of 62.27 years (SD 10.33) and came from a randomly selected community health centre participated in the test-retest reliability. Results Internal consistency of the scale was good (Cronbach alpha 0.70). Alpha values of individual items relating to quality of care as well as items flagged for inferior service quality were between 0.772 and 1.000, indicating good to high internal consistency. Conclusion Results of this study indicated that the isiXhosa version of the PSQC was as reliable as the English version. It can be implemented at PHC level to assess isiXhosa-speaking patients' satisfaction with health care services.


Since reading and writing digitally demand partially different competencies, there is a change in some of the premises of related educational practices. This study aims to contribute to the knowledge of educational reading practices by scrutinizing how literacy events evolve in a digital classroom where each student has a personal digital device (1:1), iPads in this study. Our study is grounded in sociocultural theories of learning and focuses on the structuring resources utilized by students, namely the notion of multiple ongoing activities and the ways in which specific resources take precedence in shaping these activities. One class of 13–14 year-old students was studied for a week across several subjects through video-recordings and observations. The findings imply that the students moved among vast array of reading practices. However, the main structuring resource is a strong focus on task-solving and the practice of schooling, which mainly builds on principles emanating from traditional text. It is only occasionally that structuring resources that also include the opportunities associated with digital technology are utilized. This indicates the importance of further studies on how educational practices could be organized to scaffold the basis of traditional reading comprehension as well as other approaches required in digital environments.


Application of a thermal source in non-contact forming of sheet metal is known for some time. Replacement of this thermal source with a laser beam promises the much greater controllability of the process. To date, research focuses on dealing with rectangular plates, and only a few studies are presented for axis-symmetric geometries like circular plates. This study presents the work to get the dish or bowl shape by an initially flat circular plate. Two different scanning strategies circular and radial are attempted to get the desired dish shape. Following the unexpected distortion throughout the plate, a second series of experiments are conducted on a wide range of specimen geometries. An interesting phenomenon is observed. It is suggested that homogeneous dissemination of heat along with combined form of both of the scanning strategies, could have more potential to form dome shape.


This original Handbook on the Northeast and Southeast Asian Economies provides a broad overview of economic and social developments in the countries covered (Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, Lao, Malaysia, Myanmar, North Korea, The Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand and Viet Nam). The analytical narratives on the economic transformation of these economies draw on existing literature, and highlight the interactions of socio-political factors. They examine the role of economic policies and the influence exerted by historical and political circumstances.


This article recalls the fact that in Britain (and elsewhere), until the mid-19th century, neither company legislation, nor jurists or economists, envisioned companies to be private or small. Nevertheless, once freedom of incorporation and general limited liability were enacted, a new practice was set in motion. Smaller companies were formed in growing numbers, replacing partnerships, family firms and even sole proprietorships, and operated in sectors in which corporations had not been found before. These companies did not seek access to the stock markets. The article tracks the take-up pattern of the corporate form in Britain. It analyzes the reasons for the decision of businesspersons to incorporate their small firms. It examines the reactions of the courts (in the famous Salomon v. Salomon case) and of the legislature to this unpredicted practice, which emerged from the bottom up. It argues that incorporators and their lawyers used the available contractual flexibility to privately design the Articles of Association and adjust them to the specific needs of private and small companies, often by introducing partnership internal governance rules into company Articles. Eventually, in 1907, the private company was recognized by the Companies Act. The article relies on newly gathered data on the take-up of the company form and a newly produced sample of company files. It is part of a wider collaborative and comparative project that studies private limited liability companies (PLLCs) in Germany, Britain, France and the US.


We propose an innovative approach to model and predict the outcome of football matches based on the Poisson Autoregression with eXogenous covariates (PARX) model recently proposed by Agosto, Cavaliere, Kristensen and Rahbek (2016). We show that this methodology is particularly suited to model the goals distribution of a football team and provides a good forecast performance that can be exploited to develop a profitable betting strategy. The betting strategy is based on the idea that the odds proposed by the market do not reflect the true probability of the match because they may incorporate also the betting volumes or strategic price settings in order to exploit bettors' biases. The out-of-sample performance of the PARX model is better than the reference approach by Dixon and Coles (1997). We also evaluate our approach in a simple betting strategy which is applied to the English football Premier League data for the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 seasons. The results show that the return from the betting strategy is larger than 35% in all the cases considered and may even exceed 100% if we consider an alternative strategy based on a predetermined threshold which allows to exploit the inefficiency of the betting market.


Pre-trained multilingual language models play an important role in cross-lingual natural language understanding tasks. However, existing methods did not focus on learning the semantic structure of representation, and thus could not optimize their performance. In this paper, we propose Multi-level Multilingual Knowledge Distillation (MMKD), a novel method for improving multilingual language models. Specifically, we employ a teacher-student framework to adopt rich semantic representation knowledge in English BERT. We propose token-, word-, sentence-, and structure-level alignment objectives to encourage multiple levels of consistency between source-target pairs and correlation similarity between teacher and student models. We conduct experiments on cross-lingual evaluation benchmarks including XNLI, PAWS-X, and XQuAD. Experimental results show that MMKD outperforms other baseline models of similar size on XNLI and XQuAD and obtains comparable performance on PAWS-X. Especially, MMKD obtains significant performance gains on low-resource languages.


Abstract. The Pelona Schist in the San Gabriel Mountains, southern California, formed in the Laramide subduction channel, exhibits multiple phases of deformation/metamorphism and provides valuable insights into the rheological properties of the subduction channel. Petrological and microstructural analysis indicates that the Pelona Schist has undergone three major deformational/metamorphic events. Subduction of volcanic and sedimentary protoliths during D1 was recorded by aligned mineral inclusions in albite and epidote porphyroblasts. Metamorphic temperature and pressure at the end of subduction yielded by Raman spectroscopy of carbonaceous material and phengite barometry were 519 ± 20 °C and 10.5 ± 0.4 kbar, respectively. During D1 the dominant deformation mechanism was quartz pressure solution, and the estimated shear stress at the end of D1 was less than 10 MPa. D2, the first stage exhumation of the Pelona Schist along the upper section of the subduction channel during return flow, was recorded by retrogressive metamorphism, isoclinal folding, and a pervasive schistosity that wraps around earlier porphyroblasts. Metagreywacke was deformed mainly by quartz pressure solution and metachert was deformed dominantly by dislocation creep during D2. The shear stress in metagreywacke was less than 10 MPa and that in metachert was between 8.3 + 2.7/− 1.5 and 12.9 + .9/− 2.3 MPa, resulting in a strain rate of 1.4  ×  10−13 to 5.5  ×  10−13 s−1. A topography driven model is proposed as the main driving force of D2 exhumation. D3 records normal-sense movement on the Vincent Fault, which separates the schist from overlying arc and continental basement. This resulted in the second stage of exhumation, creating a major synform and associated mylonitic fabric in the upper section of the Pelona Schist. Conditions at the beginning of D3 were 390 ± 13 °C and 5.8 ± 0.8 kbar given by the TitaniQ thermometer and phengite geobarometer. The deformation was dominated by quartz dislocation creep with a strain rate of 4.5 ± 1.2  ×  10−13 s−1 at a shear stress of 20.1 + 7.3/− 4.0 MPa.


I. INTRODUCTION Whatever constitutional scholars may think of Robert Bork's other views, most would agree with his conclusion that "Brown [v. Board of Education] (1) has become the high ground of constitutional theory.... [A]ny theory that seeks acceptance must ... account for the result in Brown" (2) and its progeny. (3) The Brown Court itself disavowed a theory of originalism (or the theory that the original understanding of a constitutional provision is authoritative (4)) in concluding that racially segregated public schools contravene the Fourteenth Amendment; it deemed historical evidence of that Amendment's original meaning "inconclusive." (5) In agreeing that the Brown Court's assessment of history was less than forthright, (6) most scholars go one step further. As Michael McConnell explained recently, "there is something very close to a consensus [among constitutional theorists] that Brown was inconsistent with the original understanding of the Fourteenth Amendment, except perhaps at an extremely high and indeterminate level of abstraction." (7) If the conventional wisdom still is against an originalist explanation for Brown's result, though, this "wisdom" certainly is not unchallenged. McConnell has written perhaps the best-known challenge, (8) but he is not alone. Michael Perry, for example, has concluded, "[The] consensus [McConnell described] is mistaken." (9) McConnell, (10) Perry, (11) and other scholars (12) who challenge the supposed antioriginalism behind Brown and racial desegregation have insisted, albeit with important variations, that the Fourteenth Amendment was originally understood to represent a broadly defined equality norm. Not a few constitutional scholars, however, remain unconvinced. More precisely, many question whether the norm or principle advanced by scholars such as McConnell and Perry in the name of the Fourteenth Amendment's original understanding reflects the Amendment's actual original understanding. In the opinion of these "skeptics" the Amendment's original meaning is much narrower than the equality principles defended by the "Brown is originalist" camp and too narrow to sustain Brown's result, or racial desegregation generally. (13) Contrariwise, if Brown's result or racial desegregation can be defended in originalist terms, some scholars have suggested that it is at the expense of the "conservative" view of originalism's implications for constitutional interpretation. (14) According to Michael Klarman, this is true of McConnell's defense of Brown: "It ... carries logical implications that one may doubt McConnell wishes to endorse .... [T]he same argument ... would justify expanding protected groups to include women, aliens, gays, etc." (15) If Klarman is right, McConnell defends a Fourteenth Amendment principle that "collapses the distinction between originalism and other, supposedly less constrained, interpretive theories." (16) In the view of yet another camp of scholars, the debate about Brown and the Fourteenth Amendment's original understanding is an academic exercise of little relevance to the Court's actual decision making. (17) The Court has simply embraced a broad equality norm in the name of the Amendment. (18) Although this norm may be defined more broadly than originalism can account for, the Court will no more relinquish this embrace than repudiate the outcome of Brown and its other racial desegregation decisions. (19) For those who have criticized the Court for its forays into the culture war (20) and demanded its retreat from this conflict, scholars' reactions to the Brown-originalism debate should be unsettling. The Court's "transgressions"--its usurpation of "political" authority to decide questions about the social and cultural order that properly belongs to citizens and their representatives--usually has been attributed by these critics to its adulteration of, or utter disregard for, the Constitution's original understanding. …


An attempt is made to compute the sea level variations in the Gulf of Bothnia, which is isolated by islands and thresholds from the Baltic Sea proper. Observations from tide gauges during the 30-year period 1931–1960 were used. The effect of land uplift was taken into consideration. The maximum annual deviation in water volume from the long-term mean corresponded to 20.74 km 3. .


I once planned to write an essay detailing the advantages of a Deweyan approach to philosophical race theory. This essay would have developed my views in a way that highlighted their distinctly Deweyan resonances and debts. A recent essay by Ron Mallon gave me the opportunity to set this plan in motion, as Mallon's reflections on social constructionism seemed likely to benefit from Deweyan insights. Unfortunately, or fortunately, setting to work on the project led to the distressing but edifying realization that this plan carried with it certain risks, risks made particularly dire by the race-theoretic context. "The Influence of Dewey on Race Theory" will credit this background with an argument that unfolds in two intertwined registers. It will interrogate (and resist) the impulse to work through Dewey, and it will use the lessons from this exercise—lessons, broadly, about parochialism and politics—as resources for critically engaging Mallon's argument.


The main object has been to provide the practitioner and serious student with a single volume of moderate size, embracing sufficient information on the diseases of the throat, nose, and ear, to be of value in practice. We may say at once that he has attained his object.'';—British " Eminently suited to the purpose for which it is designed."— Journal Laryngology. "The several diseases are concisely dealt with. . . . The book as a whole reflects sound teaching, and recent literature has evidently been laid under contribution. It is well printed and well illustrated."— ** The work is eminently suited to the purpose for which it has been designed . .. a large amount of well- digested and accurate information has been packed into a surprisingly small compass. Special attention has been given to diagnosis, and to such treatment as can be carried out successfully by one who is not a specialist. . . . We congratulate Dr. Porter upon producing a very excellent small manual."— Practitioner.


Bacteria produce d-amino acids to regulate their cell wall composition, structure, amount, and strength. The chemistry of amino acids comes in two chirally distinct flavors—so-called L- and D-enantiomers. By far the most commonly used form of amino acids in all kingdoms of life is the L-form. Now Lam et al. (see the Perspective by Blanke) present the unanticipated observation that diverse bacteria release large amounts of various D-amino acids into the environment in a population density–dependent manner and that D-amino acids act as extracellular effectors that regulate the composition, structure, amount, and strength of peptidoglycan, the major stress-bearing component of the bacterial cell wall. H. Lam, D.-C. Oh, F. Cava, C. N. Takacs, J. Clardy, M. A. de Pedro, M. K. Waldor, D-amino acids govern stationary phase cell wall remodeling in bacteria. Science 325, 1552–1555 (2009). [Abstract] [Full Text] S. R. Blanke, Expanding functionality within the looking-glass universe. Science 325, 1505–1506 (2009). [Summary] [Full Text]


Two advanced probabilistic design‐for‐reliability (PDfR) techniques are addressed in application to the prediction, quantification and assurance of the reliability of aerospace electronics: 1) Boltzmann‐Arrhenius‐Zhurkov's (BAZ) model, which enables to develop a simple, easy‐to‐use and physically meaningful methodology for the evaluation of the probability of failure (PoF) of an electronic device after the given time in operation at the given temperature and under the given (anticipated) stress (not necessarily mechanical), and 2) Extreme Value Distribution (EVD) technique, which can be used to account for the number of repetitive loadings that eventually lead to the material/device failure by closing, in a step‐wise fashion, the gap between its strength/capacity (characterized and quantified by its stress‐free activation energy) and the applied stress/demand. It is shown that the material degradation (aging, damage accumulation, flaw propagation) can be viewed, when BAZ model is considered, as a Markovian process, and that the BAZ model can be obtained as the steady‐state solution to the Fokker‐Planck equation in the theory of Markovian processes. It is shown also that the BAZ equation addresses the worst and reasonably conservative situation in the lifetime of an electronic system. It is suggested therefore that the transient period preceding the situation addressed by the steady‐state BAZ model need not be accounted for in engineering evaluations. As to the EVD technique, this concept attributes the degradation process to the accumulation of damages caused by a train of repetitive high‐level loadings, while low‐level loadings do not contribute appreciably to the finite lifetime of the material/device. When considering the EVD technique, the stress‐free activation energy is treated as a normally distributed random variable, and Rayleigh law is chosen, for the sake of simplicity, as the basic (generating) distribution underlying the EVD. The general concepts are illustrated by numerical examples. It is concluded that the addressed techniques should be considered as natural, physically meaningful, informative, comprehensive, and insightful approaches, especially in aerospace engineering, when electronic systems performance is critical and therefore ability to quantify this performance is imperative. Because of the very nature of such performance, the quantification of the device lifetime should be carried out on the probabilistic basis. This analysis is an extension and modification of a talk presented at the 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference in Big Sky, Montana, USA.


We study spillover effects from the largest increase in Medicaid reimbursement rates in the history of the program for primary care services to behavioral health and healthcare outcomes; mental illness, substance use disorders, and tobacco product use. Much of the variation in Medicaid reimbursement rates we leverage is attributable to a large federally mandated increase between 2013 and 2014. We apply differences-in-differences models to survey data specifically designed to measure behavioral health outcomes over the period 2010 to 2016. We find that higher primary care Medicaid reimbursement rates improve behavioral health outcomes among enrollees. We find no evidence that behavioral healthcare service use is altered. Previous economic research shows that the mandated boost increased office visits. Thus our results suggest that primary care providers are efficient in improving behavioral health outcomes among Medicaid enrollees. Given established shortages of behavioral health providers, these findings are important from a healthcare workforce and policy perspective.


Energy production based on fossil fuel reserves is largely responsible for carbon emissions, and hence global warming. The planet needs concerted action to reduce fossil fuel usage and to implement carbon mitigation measures. Ocean energy has huge potential, but there are major interdisciplinary problems to be overcome regarding technology, cost reduction, investment, environmental impact, governance, and so forth. This article briefly reviews ocean energy production from offshore wind, tidal stream, ocean current, tidal range, wave, thermal, salinity-gradient, and biomass sources. Future areas of research and development are outlined that could make exploitation of the marine renewable energy (MRE) seascape a viable proposition; these areas include energy storage, advanced materials, robotics, and informatics. The article concludes with a sustainability perspective on the MRE seascape encompassing ethics, legislation, the regulatory environment, governance and consenting, economic, social, and environmental constraints. A new generation of engineers is needed with the ingenuity and spirit of adventure to meet the global challenge posed by MRE.


The purpose of this article is to outline a variety of wound coverage methods, so that general practitioners can modify their approach to wound healing and possibly incorporate this relevant information into their practice. The article starts with an update on the role of dressing materials in wound healing. It provides a balanced view of what is currently available in Korea. The use of dermal templates has helped in the coverage of wounds that in the past would have required complex surgical solutions. Growth factors and cell therapy provide many of the missing ingredients to jumpstart the wound so that it can go on to heal successfully. The negative pressure therapy, the hydrostatic pressure and/or ultrasonic therapy, and the hyperbaric oxygen therapy also help in healing wounds. Many of these products were introduced recently, and our understanding of how to use them with greater effectiveness has grown. According to the development of bioengineering techniques, advanced dressing materials, growth factors, cell therapy, etc has been introduced for clinical use. Using those materials, the wound coverage can more effective with better results.


The two-phase xenon detector is at the frontier of dark matter direct search. This kind of detector uses liquid xenon as the sensitive target and is operated in two-phase (liquid/gas) mode, where the liquid level needs to be monitored and controlled in sub-millimeter precision. In this paper, we present a detailed design and study of two kinds of level meters for the PandaX dark matter detector. The long level meter is used to monitor the overall liquid level while short level meters are used to monitor the inclination of the detector. These level meters are cylindrical capacitors that are custom-made from two concentric metal tubes. Their capacitance values are read out by a universal transducer interface chip and are recorded by the PandaX slow control system. We present the developments that lead to level meters with long-term stability and sub-millimeter precision. Fluctuations (standard deviations) of less than 0.02 mm for the short level meters and less than 0.2 mm for the long level meter were achieved during a few days of test operation.


The Westminster Handbook to Origen. Edited by John Anthony McGuckin. The Westminster Handbooks to Christian Theology. Louisville, Ky.: Westminster John Knox Press, 2004. xxi + 228 pp. $34.95 (paper). Heretic or saint? That question has beleaguered Origen (d. 254), and Origen's spirit, for 1,700 years and shows no signs of going away. I first encountered its lowering presence while doing doctoral research on Saint Peter I of Alexandria (d. 311). The scholarly literature uniformly referred to Peter as an anti-Origenist when, in fact, his "anti-Origenism" was a palimpsest written by Emperor Justinian I some 200 years later. Such has been Origen's fate over the centuries. The last forty years have seen significant scholarly reassessment and reevaluation-indeed resuscitation-of Origen, and The Westminster Handbook to Origen will undoubtedly contribute to that welcome process. John McGuckin, the book's editor, makes his position eminently clear: Origen was "the greatest Christian of his age" (p. 23); "the greatest genius the early church ever produced" (p. 25); he was the church's "first and greatest biblical scholar" and the church's "first great mystic" (p. ix). In McGuckin, Origen has gotten what he deserves-a sympathetic, able editor who has written an energetic and very accessible introduction to Origen and his works and assembled a plethora of Origen scholars who have contributed some eighty articles arranged alphabetically (from "Allegory" to "Worship") on the great Alexandrian and Caesarean theologian and exegete. I can hardly think of a better introduction to Origen than McGuckin's to recommend to a student or seminarian. The editor, in fact, by organizing the articles under five categories, offers a "program of study" for someone wishing to undertake "a comprehensive study" of Origen (p. xi). McGuckin's assessments of Origen are often arresting. For Origen, he says, "the footsteps of the Creator are left abundantly in the cosmos and in the mental capacities of humans; the professor is the high priest of Christian mysteries" (p. 8). (These conclusions of McGuckin's and Origen's are not so outre when one remembers that the gospel writers translate "rabbi" as didaskalos, "teacher," and that Alexandrian theologians such as Clement saw Jesus as the teacher par excellence.) Origen's efforts at library-building and scholarship in Caesarea left the legacy "that the church leadership ought to base its cultural mission around a nexus of higher education services" (p. …


If individuals reveal their preference as consumers, then they are taken seriously. What happens if individuals, as employees, reveal their preferences in working hours? And what happens if there is a misalignment between actual hours worked and preferred hours, the so-called work hours constraints? How does this affect the productivity of workers, their health, and overall life satisfaction? Labor supply and corresponding demand are fundamental to production. Labor economists know for long that the fit of a worker in a job and the matching of skills to the assigned employment are of paramount importance; they guarantee high productivity, quality output, and individual happiness. Employees demand higher social awareness and a working environment where they feel useful and happy. The evidence shows that discrepancies between preferred hours of work and actual hours of work can have serious detrimental effects on workers, perverse effects on labor supply with unintended direct ramifications on the labor market and indirect implications on the goods and services markets. The sooner employers acknowledge and address working hours constraints the faster we can build work lives that make us better off.


The aim of this paper is to discuss the quality of fiscal policy in Brazil and Mexico and investigate whether fiscal policy influence is favorable to reduce the unemployment rate. Public spending, which has a positive effect on the level of employment when results in additional aggregate demand, may cause a negative effect on employment, if its financing depends on persistent high interest rates. Brazil and Mexico have engaged in a long effort to control public spending and to reduce the public deficit to zero. Does this policy bring a positive result to the economic activity no matter how actual public deficit has been financed? We select variables related to public budget as public sector borrowing requirements, taxes, public debt and others to form a data base. The fiscal institutional arrangement and the data allow us to evaluate the fiscal policy as a who leand to discuss the importance of credibility and reputation of the government.


The diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in soils under a yam cropping system in four agroecologies of Nigeria was investigated. Soil samples were collected from yam fields at Onne (humid forest, high rainfall area), Ibadan (derived savanna), Abuja (Guinea savanna) and Ubiaja (humid forest, medium rainfall area). Soil characteristics, AM fungi species, spore abundance, Shannon diversity index, species richness and evenness were determined. A total of 31 AM fungi species was isolated from the four agroecologies with a range of 14–20 species found in a single location. Glomus species were the most abundant among AM fungi species with G. geosporum, G. intraradices and G. mosseae occurring in large populations in all locations. Ubiaja, which had a cassava/natural vegetation sequence before yam, had significantly higher spore abundance and species richness than the other locations, which had a yam/legumes or a maize/legume sequence before yam. However, diversity was significantly higher at Abuja, which had a maize/legume sequence with yam, than Ibadan, which had only a yam/legume sequence. The study revealed significant diversity in AM fungal species across agroecologies in yam-growing regions. Further research on the functional consequences of changing composition of AM fungi species across the region is recommended.


Sometimes it is useful to be able to separate management of a set of resources, and access to the resources themselves. However, current accounts of delegation do not allow such distinctions to be easily made. We introduce a new model for delegation to address this issue. The approach is based on the idea of controlling the possible shapes of delegation chains. We use constraints to restrict the capabilities at each step of delegation. Constraints may reflect e.g. group memberships, timing constraints, or dependencies on external data. Regular expressions are used to describe chained constraints. We present a number of example delegation structures, based on a scenario of collaborating organisations.


This paper analyzes Latin America's Financial Inclusion Gap, the difference between the average financial inclusion for Latin America and the corresponding average for a set of comparator countries. At the country level, we assess four types of obstacles to financial inclusion: macroeconomic weaknesses, income inequality, institutional deficiencies and financial sector inefficiencies. A key finding of this paper is that although the four types of obstacles explain the absolute level of financial inclusion, institutional deficiencies and income inequality are the most important obstacles behind the Latin America's financial inclusion gap. From our analysis at the individual level, we find that there is a Latin America-specific effect of education and income. The results suggest that the effect of attaining secondary education on the probability of being financially included is significantly higher in Latin America than in its comparators. Furthermore, the difference in the probability of being financially included between the richest and the poorest individuals is significantly higher in Latin America than in comparator countries.


National Security Technologies, LLC (NSTec), Livermore Operations, has two optical radiation calibration laboratories accredited by "the National Voluntary Laboratories Accreditation Program (NVLAP) which is the accrediting body of" the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), and is now working towards accreditation for its X-ray laboratories. NSTec operates several laboratories with X-ray sources that generate X-rays in the energy range from 50 eV to 115 keV. These X-ray sources are used to characterize and calibrate diagnostics and diagnostic components used by the various national laboratories, particularly for plasma analysis on the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) National Ignition Facility (NIF). Because X-ray photon flux measurement methods that can be accredited, i.e., traceable to NIST, have not been developed for sources operating in these energy ranges, NSTec, NIST, and the National Voluntary Accreditation Program (NVLAP) together have defined a path toward the development and validation of accredited metrology methods for X-ray energies. The methodology developed for the high energy X-ray (HEX) Laboratory was NSTec's starting point for X-ray metrology accreditation and will be the basis for the accredited processes in the other X-ray laboratories. This paper will serve as a teaching tool, by way of this example using the NSTec X-raymore » sources, for the process and methods used in developing an accredited traceable metrology.« less


Abstract This paper evaluates and compares the properties of directly compressible tabletting materials and matrix tablets containing a combination of α-lactose monohydrate and microcrystalline cellulose in the 3:1 ratio in a physical mixture and in a coprocessed dry binder. Tested parameters include flow properties, compressibility, compactibility and the rate of drug release from tablets. Compressibility is evaluated by means of the energy profile of the compression process. Compactibility is evaluated by means of the tensile strength of the tablets. Dissolution testing is done using the rotating basket method. Dissolution profiles are evaluated by non-linear regression analysis. Total energy of compression and plasticity values were higher in tabletting materials with the coprocessed dry binder. Increasing additions of polyvinyl alcohol decreased the values of total energy of compression, plasticity, tensile strength of tablets and drug release rate. Dissolution behaviour of tablets, which contained the physical mixture or coprocessed dry binder and the same amount of polyvinyl alcohol, was comparable.


OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the clinical usefulness of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors in patients with inflammatory eye disease that is resistant to conventional immunosuppressive therapies.

METHODS
Sixteen patients (4 males and 12 females aged 7 to 78 years) who received etanercept (n = 14) or infliximab (n = 2) for either inflammatory eye disease or associated joint disease were studied retrospectively to determine the effect of these medications on their ocular inflammation.

RESULTS
Nine cases of uveitis and 7 cases of scleritis were treated. Systemic diagnoses included rheumatoid arthritis (n = 8), juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (n = 3), ankylosing spondylitis (n = 1), and psoriatic spondylarthropathy (n = 1). Three patients had uveitis without associated systemic disease. Although 12 of 12 patients with active articular inflammation (100%) experienced improvement in joint disease, only 6 of 16 with ocular inflammation (38%) experienced improvement in eye disease. Five patients developed inflammatory eye disease for the first time while taking a TNF inhibitor. No patient discontinued treatment because of adverse drug effects.

CONCLUSION
TNF inhibitors are well tolerated immunosuppressive medications that may benefit certain subgroups of patients with inflammatory eye disease, but they appear to be more effective in controlling associated inflammatory arthritis.


Compressor disks for aircraft turbines are milled from a single piece of material. During processing, the blades begin to vibrate. Now, a novel clamping system boosts vibration absorption for the blades by more than 400 times, and cuts manufacturing costs by as much as 5000 euros. Air passenger traffic doubles every fifteen years, and manufacturers of aircraft turbines are trying to match their production capacity to this increased demand. It's not easy: Turbine blades are mounted on compressor disks, and to make these disks as light as possible, they are now milled from a single piece of material rather than constructed blade by blade, as they were in the past. Compressor disks made this way are known as "bladeintegrated disks" or "blisks," and their job is to compress air in the turbine. But because turbine blades are by nature long and thin, manufacturing them all at once causes problems. They begin to vibrate like a tuning fork during production, which complicates any further work. To avoid this, manufacturers do not mill each blade completely, but instead precede step by step – manufacturers process the outer edge of the blade to its finished state before moving on. However, this manufacturing process has its own problems; the tension on the turbine blades causes their geometry to become slightly warped. A new clamping system from the Fraunhofer Institute for Production Technology IPT in Aachen promises a remedy for eliminating blade vibration. "With the clamping system, absorption in titanium blisks is 12.5 percent. Without it, absorption falls to just 0.027 percent," says Roman Kalocsay, an engineer at IPT. Using the clamping system, manufacturers can roughly mill the blades first, and then perform the precise finishing work because the blades no longer vibrate. Eliminating vibration with the clamping system slashes manufacturing costs, too – as much as 5000 euros per blisk. The components can cost between 30,000 and 80,000 euros because vibrating blades also put a strain on the tools' cutting edge, forming fissures that quickly increase in size with mechanical and thermal stress. Tools often have to be replaced after cutting only four meters' worth of material. Initial experiments with the clamping system, however, suggest that tools could be used about two to three times longer than before. So how does the clamping system work? "Spring-loaded clamps automatically grasp the blade with equal amounts of tension on both sides," Kalocsay explains. "As soon as the elements are in position, they are hydraulically clamped in place and hold the workpiece as if it had grown there." The clamping system prototype was created by the Fraunhofer Innovation Cluster Adaptive Production for Resource Efficiency in Energy Generation and Mobility AdaM. During repair, the blades cannot be milled piece by piece out of the material – after all, all of the blades are already in place. Instead, if their edges appear to be "frayed," for example, the manufacturer reapplies the material using laser metal deposition and then mills it to the desired form. Workers attempt to hold the blade in place as best they can using clamps or rubber, but it is nearly impossible to align them perfectly. Consequently, the workpieces must be remeasured afterwards in a time-consuming process because it is not clear how much they have drifted to the left or right. The clamping system helps here, too. "It doesn't change the blisk's geometry by even a micrometer. The blade is fixed in place in just a few seconds and can be worked on immediately," says Kalocsay. The process is slightly different than with a new blisk, however: The clamping elements are arranged in a circle and hold, not one, but all blades at the same time. RESEARCH ROUND UP


A Grammar of Nungon is the comprehensive reference grammar of Nungon, a previously-undescribed Papuan language of northeast Papua New Guinea. Hannah Sarvasy provides a rich description of the language in its cultural context, based on original immersion fieldwork.


A brain-computer interface, BCI, is a technical system that allows a person to control the external world without relying on muscle activity. This thesis presents an EEG based BCI designed for automatic classification of two dimensional hand movements. The long-term goal of the project is to build an intuitive communication system for operation by people with severe motor impairments. If successful, such system could for example be used by a paralyzed patient to control a word processor or a wheelchair. The developed BCI was tested in an offine pilot study. In response to an external cue, a test subject moved a joystick in one of four directions. During the movement, EEG was recorded from seven electrodes mounted on the subject's scalp. An autoregressive model was fitted to the data, and the extracted coefficients were used as input features to a neural network based classifier. The classifier was trained to recognize the direction of the movements. During the first half of the experiment, real physical movements were performed. In the second half, subjects were instructed just to imagine the hand moving the joystick, but to avoid any muscle activity. The results of the experiment indicate that the EEG signals do in fact contain extractable and classifiable information about the performed movements, during both physical and imagined movements.


Platelet–monocyte binding and surface P-selectin expression are sensitive markers of platelet activation. Endothelium-derived factors are known to inhibit platelet activation and may confer important anti-atherothrombotic effects. We assessed the relationship between platelet activation and endothelium-dependent vasomotion in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). Twenty male patients with stable CHD were compared with 20 healthy men. Platelet–monocyte binding and platelet surface expression of P-selectin were assessed using two-colour flow cytometry on whole blood. Forearm blood flow was assessed in patients using venous occlusion plethysmography during intra-arterial infusions of substance P, acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside. Platelet activation was higher in patients than healthy men (platelet–monocyte binding, 27 ± 3 vs. 20 ± 1%; P < 0.05). In patients with CHD, there was an inverse correlation between maximal substance P induced vasodilatation and both platelet–monocyte binding (P = 0.003) and P-selectin expression (P = 0.02). A similar correlation was observed between platelet–monocyte binding and the vasomotor response to acetylcholine (P = 0.08) but not with sodium nitroprusside. In patients with stable coronary heart disease, there is a strong inverse relationship between markers of platelet activation and endothelium-dependent vasomotor function. This may explain the pathophysiological mechanism linking endothelial vasomotor dysfunction and the risk of acute atherothrombotic events.


The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to determine the relationships between social media, fashion interest and fast fashion involvement and whether these psychographic variables affect propensity for compulsive clothing buying and (2) to determine whether a relationship exists between compulsive buying and propensity toward hoarding. Data was collected through consumer panel from Qualtrix. Screener questions ensured that all respondents were adult females with an interest in fashion. Responses yielded 232 usable surveys, which were analyzed using SPSS software. Social media was found to be positively related to fashion interest, fast fashion involvement, and compulsive clothing buying. Compulsive clothing buying was found to be positively related to all three compulsive clothes hoarding symptoms: clothing clutter disorganization, clothing acquisition, and difficulty discarding clothing.


&NA; To overcome venous congestion in fingertip replantation with no venous anastomosis, the authors have used a salvage procedure that consists of continuous external bleeding through a stab incision on the paraungual area and dripping a heparinized saline solution at the incision site to maintain external bleeding. Because this method requires continuous bleeding for a certain period of time, it may be a great burden on the patient; therefore, it is most important to minimize the duration of bleeding. Many authors have studied the timing of the new venous channel formation of the flap. However, to our knowledge, a study on fingertip replantations has not yet been performed. From June of 1985 to November of 1999, the authors performed fingertip replantations on 144 fingers of 137 patients using our salvage procedure at Korea University Guro Hospital. Among the 144 fingers, 101 fingers of 96 patients were successfully transplanted, including those with partial necrosis. The authors reviewed the medical records of these 101 fingers retrospectively; they compared and analyzed the necessary duration of external bleeding according to sex, age, level of injury, cause of amputation, and the type of injury. The average period of the salvage procedure was 7.6 days. Regarding age, the shortest period (5.5 days) was required for patients younger than 10 years. On the basis of the types of injuries, the duration of bleeding was shortest for the guillotine injury group (5.9 days) compared with crush (8.2 days) or avulsion (8.0 days) injuries. Sex and level of injury did not make much difference in the duration of the procedure. (Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 110: 1042, 2002.)


At the end of the last century, human trichinellosis was an important public health problem in the eastern parts of Croatia. Moreover, the majority of clinically infected people were registered in Vukovar-Srijem County (up to 60% of all human cases registered in Croatia). Also, 95% of all Trichinella positive swine carcasses originated from Vukovar-Srijem County. Beside the health threat, trichinellosis implied not only notable economic expenses but also threatened to endanger traditional way of life and eating habits. In order to reduce all negative consequences of the disease, a multidisciplinary Working group for trichinellosis was founded. The group consisted of scientists and experts from different fields of work, who helped and significantly contributed to minimizing the threats of trichinellosis as well as to maintaining and preserving the method of traditional processing and consumption of swine meat. The members, the methods and the results of the Working group activities will be discussed in this paper.


Electrical resistance heating (ERH) is proving to be an effective technology to rapidly heat the subsurface and, in doing so, removing volatile organic compounds. Practitioners of this technology have observed that other processes (biodegradation, abiotic degradation, hydrolysis, and possibly others) occur to break down the chemicals of concern, and remediation is not solely accomplished through vaporization. Few sites treated using ERH have been monitored during and after treatment to identify and evaluate the processes occurring and assess the contribution of these other biological and chemical processes in the remediation effort so that they may be incorporated in the remediation design.

At Fort Lewis, Washington, a landfill has been undergoing ERH treatment in three phases, where chlorinated volatile organic compounds represent the primary chemicals of concern in soil and groundwater. Other chemicals of concern include petroleum products, oils, and lubricants. The Fort Lewis remediation projects provided an opportunity to observe the reactions occurring in the subsurface during ERH and fine-tune the study with each phase of operation. This study is still under way. However, the data gathered to date, which focuses on biodegradation, provides insights into the processes that have been observed. For the Fort Lewis site, biotic and abiotic degradation processes have been observed throughout the range of operating temperatures. At the lower temperature ranges (up to 70°C), biological processes appear to predominate. Above 70°C, abiotic processes become much more active. The goal of this work is to eventually optimize the use of these intrinsic processes in ERH remediation to reduce energy requirements and costs. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


Karl Llewellyn was America's leading legal realist, academic law reformer, and Sales Law theorist. Though extensive analyses exist of Llewellyn's performance in the first two of Llewellyn's roles exist, no studies use his original work to evaluate his performance in the third role. Citation analysis reveals that many of the ideas in these articles retain value today, but modern scholars commonly infer his views on contract theory from more recent sources. This essay is predicated on the notion that Llewellyn's theory is best recovered from the articles that originally set it out rather then from later partial references by Llewellyn or from UCC drafts that commonly reflected both the work of the author and what it was politically acceptable to say.


Abstract The impact of the quality and quantity of carbohydrate intake on glycaemic control and pregnancy outcome was evaluated with focus on pregnant women with type 1 diabetes. For women with type 1 diabetes, a gestational weight gain within the lower range of the guidelines of the Institute of Medicine (IOM) is generally recommended. A low-glycaemic index diet is considered safe, and has shown, positive effects on the glycaemic control and pregnancy outcomes for both healthy women, those with type 2 diabetic and gestational diabetes (GDM). In general, carbohydrate counting does improve glycaemic control in type 1 diabetes. A moderately low carbohydrate diet with a carbohydrate content of 40% of the calories results in better glycaemic control and comparable obstetric outcomes in type 2 diabetes and GDM when compared to a diet with a higher carbohydrate content, and is regarded safe in diabetic pregnancy. In type 1 diabetes pregnancy, a moderately low carbohydrate diet with 40% carbohydrates has been suggested; however, a minimum intake of 175 g carbohydrate daily is recommended. Despite limited evidence the combination of a low-glycaemic index diet with a moderately low carbohydrate intake, using carbohydrate counting can be recommended for pregnant women with type 1 diabetes.


The velocity of propagation of electromagnetic energy for a monochromatic plane-wave field in a causally dispersive dielectric, medium with absorption as described by the Lorentz model, is considered within the framework of Poynting's theorem. A general, rigorous expression for the energy-transport velocity in a Lorentz medium with multiple-resonance frequencies is derived. From this rigorous result, an approximate expression for the energy velocity is obtained that is in a form that is independent of the medium model and so is likely to be applicable to general dispersive media.


We studied the diffraction of electromagnetic waves from subwavelength metallic circular apertures in the microwave spectrum. The metallic samples had a subwavelength hole with a diameter of 8 mm and had concentric grooves with a periodicity of 16 mm. We present the angular transmission distributions from circular annular apertures, and circular annular apertures surrounded by concentric periodic grooves. At the surface mode resonance frequency the transmitted electromagnetic waves from the subwavelength circular annular aperture surrounded by concentric periodic grooves have a strong angular confinement with an angular divergence of ±3°. This represents a fourfold reduction when compared to the angular divergence of the beam transmitted from the subwavelength circular aperture.


Research Findings: The current project examined the unique and interactive relations of child effortful control and teacher–child relationships to low-income preschoolers' socioemotional adjustment. One hundred and forty Head Start children (77 boys and 63 girls), their parents, lead teachers, and teacher assistants participated in this study. Parents provided information on child effortful control, whereas lead teachers provided information on their relationships with students. Teacher assistants provided information on children's socioemotional adjustment (emotional symptoms, peer problems, conduct problems, prosocial behaviors) in the preschool classroom. Both teacher–child closeness and conflict were significantly related to low-income preschoolers' socioemotional adjustment (i.e., emotional symptoms, peer problems, conduct problems, and prosocial behaviors) in expected directions. In addition, teacher–child conflict was significantly associated with emotional symptoms and peer problems among children with low effortful control; however, teacher–child conflict was not significantly associated with socioemotional difficulties among children with high effortful control. Teacher–child closeness, on the other hand, was associated with fewer socioemotional difficulties regardless of children's level of effortful control. Practice or Policy: Results are discussed in terms of (a) the utility of intervention efforts focusing on promoting positive teacher–child interactions and enhancing child self-regulatory abilities and (b) the implications for children's socioemotional adjustment.


The Mazara del Vallo fleet is one of the main fleets of large trawlers in the Mediterranean. Traditionally, the two main fishing strategies adopted by the fleet can be summarized as follows: pesca a fresco (250 m), mainly targeting deep-water shrimp sold frozen. The second fishing strategy has become increasingly important over the last decade. This paper aims to investigate the extent to which the choice of targeting deep-water shrimp impacted the level of technical and scale efficiency for the fleet assessed through an input-oriented data envelopment analysis. The analysis was based on data collected under the Italian National Programme within the European Data Collection Framework, as well as through a focus group discussion with the trawler skippers. The results showed that the pesca a congelato trawlers had the highest average efficiency, with both technical and scale efficiency close to the maximum level. On the basis of information collected during the focus group discussion on the pesca a congelato strategy, technical efficiency was coupled with a lower discard rate and the widespread use of LED lights. The findings were discussed in light of the objective of discard reduction in European fisheries, one of the pillars of the reformed common fishery policy.


Perovskite solar cells based on methylammonium lead triiodide witnessed unprecedented progress after the seminal work of Miyasaka and co-workers in 2009, where they employed perovskite nanocrystals as sensitizers in a dye-sensitized solar-cell configuration. After key breakthroughs with solid-state perovskite photovoltaics in 2012, research efforts have grown exponentially, and several groups have demonstrated that the perovskite concomitantly acts as a light absorber and an electron and hole transporter in both mesoscopic networks and solid polycrystalline layers, where the perovskite layer can be deposited using a broad range of techniques. The methylammonium lead triiodide perovskite bandgap has been tuned by substituting various cations and anions. By optimizing the crystalline quality of the perovskite absorber and film formation by solvent engineering, a remarkable power-conversion efficiency of over 20% has been demonstrated, highlighting the exceptional photovoltaic properties of perovskite materials. The high efficiencies are due to a combination of long carrier lifetimes, substantial charge-carrier mobilities, and remarkably benign electronic defects. This issue highlights various deposition methods of the perovskite absorber, such as single-step, sequential, dual-source sublimation, and solution and sublimation processes, as well as hole-transporting-free and tandem perovskite solar cells.


Secretion of appropriate amounts of insulin from pancreatic β-cells is crucial for glucose homeostasis. The β-cells release insulin in response to glucose and other nutrients, hormones and neurotransmitters, which trigger intracellular signaling cascades, that result in exocytotic fusion of insulin-containing vesicles with the plasma membrane. Increases of the intracellular concentration of calcium ions ([Ca2+]i) trigger exocytosis, whereas the messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) amplifies various steps of the secretion process. The protein Epac2 mediates some effects of cAMP, but little is known about its regulation in β-cells. In this study, the spatio-temporal dynamics of Epac2 was investigated in insulin-secreting MIN6-cells and primary β-cells using various cell signaling biosensors and live-cell fluorescence microscopy approaches. Increases in the cAMP concentration triggered translocation of Epac2 from the cytoplasm to the plasma membrane. Oscillations of cAMP induced by glucose and the insulin-releasing hormone GLP-1 were associated with cyclic translocation of Epac2. Analyses of Epac2 mutants showed that the high-affinity cyclic nucleotide-binding domain and Ras-association domains were crucial for the translocation, whereas neither the DEP domain, nor the low-affinity cAMP-binding domain were required for membrane binding. However, the latter domain targeted Epac2 to insulin granules at the plasma membrane, which promoted their priming for exocytosis. Depolarization-induced elevations of [Ca2+]i also stimulated Epac2 translocation, but the effects were complex and in the presence of high cAMP concentrations, [Ca2+]i increases often reduced membrane binding. The stimulatory effect of Ca2+ was mediated by increased Ras activity, while the inhibitory effect reflected reduced concentrations of the membrane phospholipid PtdIns(4,5)P2. Anti-diabetic drugs of the sulfonylurea class, suggested to directly activate Epac2, induced translocation indirectly by depolarizing β-cells to increase [Ca2+]i. Epac2 is an activator of Rap GTPases, and its translocation increased Rap activity at the plasma membrane. It is concluded that the subcellular localization of Epac2 is controlled by a complex interplay between cAMP, Ca2+ and PtdIns(4,5)P2 and that the protein controls insulin release by binding to the exocytosis machinery. These results provide new insights into the regulation of β-cell function and may facilitate the development of new anti-diabetic drugs that amplify insulin secretion.


This study examines how components of experiential learning styles influence hedonic and utilitarian values of classrooms in higher education. These values are argued to impact on emotions and learning outcomes. A survey was employed with university students in different universities. Findings show concrete experience has a positive impact on both hedonic and utilitarian values. These findings emphasize that those students that score higher on the concrete experience scale tend to consider classrooms as more important in terms of their utilitarian and hedonic values. These students are suggested to be more influenced by experiential designed classrooms which impact their learning outcomes.


It has been reported in the literature that certain species of bacteria (periodontopathogens) present in the subgingival plaque are associated with destructive periodontal disease. The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the presence and proportional distribution of periodontopathogens in the subgingival plaque of adult crowded versus non-crowded dental regions. Thirty adult patients with anterior dental crowding were selected from the Orthodontic Clinic of the University of Pennsylvania. After orthodontic records were taken and the periodontal examination was performed, subgingival plaque samples were collected from crowded (experimental) and contralateral non-crowded regions (control) of each patient. The presence of 9 periodontopathic species, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Prevotella intermedia, Eikenella corrodens, Campylobacter rectus, Capnocytophaga species, Fusobacterium species, Peptostreptococcus micros, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Bacteroides forsythus, was determined using culture and immunofluorescence techniques. The bacterial morphotype was also determined by the use of dark-field microscopy. It was found that supragingival plaque accumulation in crowded regions was significantly greater than in non-crowded regions. Analysis of the bacteria showed that the samples from crowded regions consistently contained more species of periodontopathogens than the samples from non-crowded regions. Morphologically, more spirochetes and motile rods were present in the crowded-region samples. In terms of the presence of individual periodontopathogens, Fusobacterium species, Capnocytophaga species, C rectus, and P micros were significantly more common in the crowded samples than in the non-crowded samples. It was concluded that: (1) more plaque accumulated in crowded areas; (2) more species of periodontopathogens were present in the subgingival plaque of crowded regions; (3) morphologically, more spirochetes and motile rods were present in crowded areas; and (4) Fusobacterium species, Capnocytophaga species, C rectus, and P micros were present more often in crowded areas than in non-crowded areas (P < 0.05).


Abstract Discharge from marine-terminating outlet glaciers accounts for up to half the recent mass loss from the Greenland ice sheet, yet the causal factors are not fully understood. Here we assess the factors controlling the behaviour of Humboldt Glacier (HG), allowing us to evaluate the influence of basal topography on outlet glacier response to external forcing since part of HG's terminus occupies a large overdeepening. HG's retreat accelerated dramatically after 1999, coinciding with summer atmospheric warming of up to 0.19°C a–1 and sea-ice decline. Retreat was an order of magnitude greater in the northern section of the terminus, underlain by a major basal trough, than in the southern section, where the bedrock is comparatively shallow. Velocity change following retreat was spatially non-uniform, potentially due to a pinning point near HG's northern lateral margin. Consistent with observations, numerical modelling demonstrates an order-of-magnitude greater sensitivity to sea-ice buttressing and crevasse depth (used as a proxy for atmospheric warming) in the northern section. The trough extends up to 72 km inland, so it is likely to facilitate sustained retreat and ice loss from HG during the 21st century.


Interoperability is one of the most important features expected from distributed automation architectures. Achieving interoperability involves addressing issues related to synchronization of behavior, communication protocols, and data presentation formats. In this paper a case study on deployment of an automation application to a network of control devices with three different hardware/software platforms is presented to exploit benefits of the IEC 61499 architecture. Firstly, an overall control application with essentially distributed logic was created. This control application was then validated using closed-loop simulation and finally deployed to a network of control devices.


1. Plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline concentrations were measured in ten subjects before, during and after intravenous infusion of angiotensin II (ANG II) in order to determine the sympathoadrenal response of ANG II challenge in man. In five subjects ganglionic blockade was additionally performed by intravenous infusion of trimethaphan. 2. During ANG II infusion mean arterial blood pressure increased by 30% (P < 0.001), and plasma noradrenaline decreased by 25% (P < 0.001). Plasma adrenaline decreased less. 3. During ganglionic blockade plasma noradrenaline decreased significantly (P < 0.005) and similarly to the decrease obtained with ANG II infusion. 4. The results indicate that a decrease in sympathoadrenal activity occurs during ANG II-induced acute hypertension in man. This may be elicited by the arterial baroreflex, which seems to dominate any direct sympathoadrenergic facilitating effect of ANG II.


A genetic disorder is a genetic condition which is a result of one or more abnormalities in the genome, which is mostly observed from birth (congenital). Majority of the genetic disorders are rare and affect one in every several thousands or millions. These disorders may be hereditarily passed down from the parents' genes or may be resulted by new mutations or changes in the DNA. In the latter case, the disorder will be passed down unless it occurs in the germ line. A same disorder may be caused due to an inherited genetic condition or by new mutations and mainly due to environmental factors e.g. some types of cancers. A person with a genetic defect or abnormality will actually suffer from the disease generally depends on environmental factors and events in his development.


The sampling and interpolation of a sound field in two and three dimensions along a circle is discussed. The Fourier domain representation of the sound field is used, and an angular sampling theorem is developed for the sampling of the sound field along a circle. Based on these results, HRTF sampling and interpolation are discussed. This method achieves very precise interpolation in terms of mean square error. However, these results are only possible if very finely spaced HRTF measurements are available. A method is proposed to improve interpolation results when the HRTF measurements are more coarsely spaced than dictated by the angular Nyquist theorem. The proposed method interpolates the HRTFs in a subband domain. In subbands where small angular aliasing occurs, the previous method is applied. In the other subbands, interpolation is carried out in a complex temporal envelope domain to avoid aliasing. Simulations with models and measured data show that the proposed algorithm performs significantly better than previous methods in a mean square error sense.


Objective: to examine the factors associated with regular consumption of soft drinks in Colombian pregnant. Material and methods: a cross-sectional study was conducted of data from the 2010 National Nutrition Survey of Colombia (ENSIN 2010), in 1.865 pregnant women aged between 13 and 49 years. Soft drink consumption and associated factors (pregnancy trimester, age, ethnicity, urbanicity, academic level, SISBEN score, and geographic region) were collected by structured questionnaire. Associations were established through a multivariable regression model. Results: we found the 17% of pregnant women consume at least a daily soft drink. To be between 13 to 17 years old, belonging to an ethnic groups (afro-Colombian), being in the first pregnancy trimester and to belong to Sisben level II showed the highest daily consumption pattern (23.8%, 22.8%, 21.4% and 20.9%). Regression models show that being between 13 to 17 years old OR 1.92 (IC95% 1.04-3.55); to reside in the eastern area OR 1.85 (IC95% 1.05-3.27), or central OR 1.73 (IC95% 1.012.96), and being in the first pregnancy trimester OR 1.59 (IC95% 1.01-2.52); were associated with soft drinks daily consumption. Conclusions: the women studied show a high prevalence of daily consumption of soft drinks. Comprehensive interventions involving both nutritional and educational components are required.


We studied the effects of alcohols and anesthetics on homomeric gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors formed of rho1 subunits expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. This subunit shares considerable amino acid sequence homology with the GABA(A) receptor subunits. In contrast to our previous findings with a variety of GABA(A) receptors, ethanol (10-100 mM) significantly inhibited the current induced by a low concentration (400 nM) of GABA, in an apparently competitive manner. Butanol (2-40 mM), hexanol (0.5-4 mM), heptanol (0.3-1 mM), octanol (0.055-1 mM) and nonanol (45 and 113 microM) also inhibited these GABAergic currents. Although efficacious positive modulators of GABA(A) receptor function, the volatile anesthetics enflurane, halothane and isoflurane inhibited the function of rho1 receptors. All of these drug effects were fully reversed by a 6-min washout period. When higher concentrations of GABA were used (5 microM) producing approximately 80-90% of a maximal response) neither the alcohols nor enflurane had any effect. In agreement with previous reports, pentobarbital (50 and 200 microM) was ineffective at any GABA concentration tested. Alphaxalone and propofol were also without effect. Furthermore, none of these compounds produced any significant effects when applied to oocytes in the absence of exogenously added GABA. The opposite effects of alcohols and anesthetics on rho1 and GABA(A) receptors, despite their significant amino acid sequence homology, may help in the identification of the particular amino acids responsible for the actions of these compounds on these receptors.


This comprehensive reference takes the Incredibly Easy approach to one of the most demanding and complex areas of nursing. Covering all aspects of critical care and updated to reflect current evidence-based nursing practice, this new edition offers coverage of moderate sedation and perianesthesia management, updated ACLS and code management, information on rapid response teams, and a new "Handle With Care" icon to identify concerns and actions relating to elderly, pediatric and bariatric patients. It also includes a quick reference comparing the types of shock, as well as access to online case studies to improve critical thinking skills, an NCLEX tutorial, test-taking strategies, and over 1,000 NCLEX-style questions.


Among Shakespeare's plays revolving around the theme of love, Anthony and Cleopatra and The Taming of the Shrew develop an un-romanticized attitude by focusing on carnal realities, reinforced through the imagery associated with Cleopatra and Katherine as well as the banquet occasions. In these two plays, the theme of love acquires a carnivalesque approach through which debasement is experienced as a part of love rapports. This paper discusses grotesque representations of love and feasting in the plays by employing relevant viewpoints of the 'grotesque,' mainly those theorized by Mikhail Bakhtin. Accordingly, Bakhtinian idea of 'grotesque realism' and carnival as well as the concept of degradation related to bodily life are highlighted in their association with carnal realities as portrayed in the selected works. The aim of the study is to demonstrate how the theme of love is un-romanticized through the idea of grotesque. Furthermore, since Bakhtinian analysis targets the comic and regenerative in the grotesque, the elaborate choice of a comedy and a tragedy for this study is assumed to be an illuminating endeavor. Grotesque and its implicative denotation revolve around the concept of language and the discourse carried out by the intention of the characters. The elaboration of linguistic discourse in this study goes along with love ideology in a dramatic text. Thus, Bakhtin's conceptualization of grotesque facilitates the dramatic orientation of love in Anthony and Cleopatra and The Taming of the Shrew , whereby the theme of love gets un-romanticized in these plays.


Structural robustness is related to the insensitivity of a structure to local failure, which is linked to the ability of force redistribution. Current approaches—probabilistic, risk-based, deterministic, and energetic—are poorly suited to inform the design of a structure at conceptual stage. Yet robustness issues must be addressed early in the design process, when interaction with the structural model is still feasible. This article explores how geometrical solution domains provide indicators that summarize the ability of a structure to redistribute load paths. Since geometric methods only build on abstract load path networks, directly connected to form and force diagrams, they suit well for early design explorations. This article presents two case studies, shows how geometrical domains provide qualitative and relevant constitutive indicators of structural robustness, and finally compares the results with indices of deterministic and energetic criteria currently proposed in the literature.


Master Oracle Enterprise Manager Cloud Control 12c Achieve peak database efficiency and derive unprecedented value from your corporate assets by implementing an end-to-end cloud computing solution. Oracle Enterprise Manager Cloud Control 12c Deep Dive thoroughly explains best practices for deployment, administration, and monitoring. Learn how to prepare and install Oracle Enterprise Manager Cloud Control 12c, use agents, apply system-wide patches, perform real-time diagnostics, and discover, monitor, and administer hosts, databases, and middleware. Security and select plug-ins are also fully covered in this Oracle Press guide. Install and configure Oracle Enterprise Manager Cloud Control 12c Deploy management agents in one of six available ways Handle security with Cloud Control administrators, roles, and credentials Track performance with SQL monitoring and Active Session History (ASH) analytics Dynamically provision middleware and enterprise applications Work with Oracle Exadata and Oracle Exalogic Elastic Cloud Force policy compliance and employ global change detection Manage and monitor hosts, virtual machines, and server pools


Additional information is available at the end of the chapter Abstract Nowadays, it is well known that archaea organisms as well as bacteria show an important range of defense mechanisms. Among others, a unique molecular system called CRISPR/ Cas (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) helps provide protection (adaptive guided immunity) athwart foreign nucleic acids, including plasmids and viral infections. As a typical immune response, CRISPR system is based on the acquisition of genetic records provided by infectious external agents, and in this sense, a high interference upon a new infection is unchained. In relation to plant research, less than 10 years ago, efforts to understand this peculiar mechanism and the possibility of being used in biotechnological processes have been focused on obtaining atavistic changes in different transformable vegetal specimens by inducing selective mutations into a reading frame that may be translated in a given moment (i.e., ORF; open reading frame). In light of the consideration that one common use of ORFs is to assist gene prediction processes, palindromic repeats are mostly based on the directed mutations via nonhomologous end joining. Although it is true that DNA-free editing techniques are now desirable for molecular crop breeding, CRISPR/Cas as a mutational regulatory system in plant biology may offer better complex genome rearrangements.


Critical appraisal of a scientific article involves using a number of terms and concepts that are taken from epidemiology and statistics. If we use these terms or concepts without having a clear understanding of their meaning then confusion is likely to ensue. This article will define terms and concepts used in critical appraisal and provide examples of how they apply to the appraisal of studies in emergency medicine.

Research articles often describe testing a hypothesis and critical appraisal will often involve identifying what hypothesis has been tested. A hypothesis is a prediction. Having made a prediction, observation or experimentation is then used to determine whether the prediction is true. A hypothesis should be supported by theory. In other words, there should be a clear explanation of why we might expect the hypothesis to be true. If a hypothesis seems to have been plucked from thin air, without any supporting rationale, then we should be suspicious that it may have arisen by chance during analysis of the data.

Critical appraisal involves determining whether the findings of a research study are valid and generalisable. If the findings are likely to be true, then they are valid. If the findings are likely to apply to settings or situations outside the research study, then they are generalisable.

Validity  =  is this finding true?

Generalisability  =  is this finding applicable elsewhere?

There is obviously little point trying to generalise a finding that is not valid. So validity is usually considered before generalisability. Many would argue, however, that generalisability is equally important, because a finding that is only valid in one specific setting has as little practical use as a finding that is not valid. In practice, of course, validity and generalisability cannot be judged in simple yes/no terms but as degrees of validity and generalisability. …


The southwestern Balkans is inhabited by three endemic water frog species, Pelophylax shqipericus, P. epeiroticus and P. kurtmuelleri. Although these species are genetically and bioacoustically distinct from each other, their morphological differentiation is less pronounced as is generally observed in the genus Pelophylax. In this study, we analyzed morphological data of 215 individuals of these Balkan endemics in order to evaluate their morphological variability and facilitate their identification in the field. Moreover, since P. kurtmuelleri is a disputable taxon, we compared it with closely related P. ridibundus from Central Europe. The most pronounced morphological differences expressed by the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the discriminant analysis of the principal components (DAPC) were found between P. kurtmuelleri and the two other Balkan species. Pelophylax kurtmuelleri and P. ridibundus, as well as P. shqipericus and P. epeiroticus were only slightly differentiated by morphology, which demonstrates that the morphological characters measured do not reflect the genetic divergence of the species and are weak indicators of their taxonomic status. Morphological characters suitable for species identification include a combination of indices L/CINT, T/CINT, L/T, and DP/CINT (L – snout–vent length, CINT-length of the metatarsal tubercle, T – length of the tibia, DP – length of the first toe), and qualitative traits like the pattern and shape of the lateral spots, presence/absence of yellow pigment in the flanks and thighs, foot webbing colouration, size and shape of the metatarsal tubercle, and colouration of the male vocal sacs.


Epiboly is a morphogenetic process that is employed in the surface ectoderm of anamniotes during gastrulation to cover the entire embryo. We propose here that mammals also utilise this process to expand the epidermis and enclose the body cavity and spinal cordwith a protective surface covering. Our data supports a model whereby epidermal spreading is driven by the primary establishment of the epidermal basal progenitor monolayer through radial cell intercalation of a multi-layered epithelium towards the basal lamina. By using a suspension organotypic culture strategy, we find that this process is fibronectin-dependent and autonomous to the skin. The radial cell rearrangements that drive epidermal spreading also require ROCK activity but are driven by cell protrusions and not myosin II contractility. Epidermal progenitor monolayer formation and epidermal spreading are delayed in Crash mice, which possess a dominant mutation in Celsr1, an orthologue of the core planar cell polarity (PCP)Drosophila protein Flamingo (also known as Stan). We observe a failure of ventral enclosure in Crash mutants suggesting that defective epidermal spreading might underlie some ventral wall birth defects.


Attitudes of women and men about how paid and unpaid work should be divided in the couple largely determine women's earnings and career prospects. Hence, it is important to understand how people's gender role attitudes are formed and evolve over the lifetime. In this paper, we concentrate on one of the most path-breaking events in life: becoming a parent. Using longitudinal panel data for the UK, we first show that, in general, entry into parenthood significantly shifts women's attitudes toward more conservative views, while leaving men unaffected. We also show that the impact on women emerges only after some time from the childbirth, suggesting that attitudes change relatively slowly over time and do not react immediately after becoming a parent. Finally, we show that the impact gets large and strongly significant for women and men whose prenatal attitudes were progressive. In particular, we find that the change in attitudes for such individuals increases as the postnatal arrangements are more likely to be traditional. Overall, these findings suggest that the change in attitudes is mainly driven by the emergence of a cognitive dissonance. Broad policy implications are drawn.


In evaluating recent developments in the New Christian Right (NCR), this paper uses the social movement theory approach of framing. Social movement organizations try to gain advantages with authorities and the public by framing their demands in ways intended to persuade people that their cause is valid. The most effective way of doing this is to align their specific issues rhetorically with larger cultural themes and values, which makes the frame accessible to larger audiences. After debating as to whether a conservative religious crusade can be considered a social movement, this paper examines the NCR as a collective movement whose influence on society and capacity to mobilize are heightened by resorting to the 'discriminated minority' framing strategy. I argue that viewing the NCR as a social movement allows us to deepen our understanding of both religious conservatism and of the culture wars.


Acetylation of histone proteins is a major determinant of chromatin structure and function. Fertilisation triggers a round of chromatin remodelling that prepares the genome for the first round of transcription from the new embryonic genome. In this study we confirm that fertilisation leads to a marked progressive increase in the level of histone 3 lysine 9 acetylation in both the paternally and maternally derived genomes. The culture of zygotes in simple defined media caused a marked increase in the global level of acetylation and this affected the male pronucleus more than the female. The culture created a marked asymmetry in staining between the two pronuclei that was not readily detected in zygotes collected directly from the reproductive tract and was ameliorated to some extent by optimized culture media. The increased acetylation caused by culture resulted in increased transcription of Hspa1b, a marker of embryonic genome activation. Pharmacological analyses showed the hyperacetylation of H3K9 and the increased expression of Hspa1b caused by culture were due to the altered net activity of a range of histone acetylases and deacetylases. The marked hyperacetylation of histone 3 lysine 9 caused by culture of zygotes may serve as an early biomarker for the effects of culture on the normal function of the embryo. The results also provide further evidence for an effect of the stresses associated with assisted reproductive technologies on the normal patterns of epigenetic reprogramming in the early embryo.