The trade between India and the Malay Peninsula was an important link in the inter-Asian trading system. It took in a wide assortment of goods, embracing not only the produce of these two countries but also serving as a vehicle for the transhipment and distribution of goods from neighbouring and even distant regions that are assembled at these centres of trade. Thus the import trade from India to Malaya had cotton piece-goods as its staple and other produce of India in lesser quantities such as rice, wheat, butter, sugar, oil, hemp, leather and sometimes slaves. Among the items of import, goods that have an obviously non-Indian origin are Arabian incense, amber, red corals, rhinoceros horns and most of the elephant tusks. The articles exported show an even wider area of distribution. From the Malay peninsula itself and neighbouring regions there was tin, pepper, cloves, tortoise shells, sandal wood, sappan wood, benzoin, gumlac, coconut fibre, white and brown sugar, diamonds, besoar stones, quick silver and elephants. Chinese porcelain and copper were obviously brought from the far east. Even allowing for some exaggeration in Tome Pires's figures of Gujerati merchants in Malacca and of his account of the trade from Coromandel, Malabar and Bengal, there seems no doubt of the economic importance of the trade to societies on the two ends of the Bay of Bengal. Indeed the Bay seems to have formed a wellknit commercial unit exchanging surplus produce from its various regions for which the Indian traders were an invaluable medium. The main participants of this trade were the Muslims of the Gujerat ports, Muslims of Bengal and Golconda and Hindu and Muslim traders settled in Coromandel and Malabar coasts.


PURPOSE
To evaluate the accuracy of dose calculation for intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) based on Pencil Beam (PB) and Analytical Anisotropic Algorithm (AAA) computation algorithms.

METHODS
IMRT plans of twelve patients with different treatment sites, including head/neck, lung and pelvis, were investigated. For each patient, dose calculation with PB and AAA algorithms using dose grid sizes of 0.5 mm, 0.25 mm, and 0.125 mm, were compared with composite-beam ion chamber and film measurements in patient specific QA. Discrepancies between the calculation and the measurement were evaluated by percentage error for ion chamber dose and γ〉l failure rate in gamma analysis (3%/3mm) for film dosimetry.

RESULTS
For 9 patients, ion chamber dose calculated with AAA-algorithms is closer to ion chamber measurement than that calculated with PB algorithm with grid size of 2.5 mm, though all calculated ion chamber doses are within 3% of the measurements. For head/neck patients and other patients with large treatment volumes, γ〉l failure rate is significantly reduced (within 5%) with AAA-based treatment planning compared to generally more than 10% with PB-based treatment planning (grid size=2.5 mm). For lung and brain cancer patients with medium and small treatment volumes, γ〉l failure rates are typically within 5% for both AAA and PB-based treatment planning (grid size=2.5 mm). For both PB and AAA-based treatment planning, improvements of dose calculation accuracy with finer dose grids were observed in film dosimetry of 11 patients and in ion chamber measurements for 3 patients.

CONCLUSION
AAA-based treatment planning provides more accurate dose calculation for head/neck patients and other patients with large treatment volumes. Compared with film dosimetry, a γ〉l failure rate within 5% can be achieved for AAA-based treatment planning.


One of the primary contributing factors to the escalating costs of health care is the high cost of innovator pharmaceutical products. As a consequence, health authorities in various countries and in particular in the developing world have identified generic prescribing and generic substitution as possible strategies to contain the escalating costs of health care provision. There is therefore a need for formulation scientists in developing countries to invest more time in the research and development of generic formulations. Clobetasol 17-propionate (CP) generic cream formulations containing 0.05% w/w of the drug were manufactured and characterized using in vitro testing. Formulation development studies were preceded by the development and validation of an RP-HPLC with UV detection for the quantitation and characterization of CP in innovator and generic cream formulations during formulation development and assessment studies. Furthermore the in vitro release ates of CP release from innovator and generic cream formulations were monitored using a validated in vitro release test method developed in these studies. The formulation of CP cream products was accomplished using a variety of commercially available mixed primary emulsifiers, such as Estol® 1474, Ritapro® 200, Emulcire® 61 WL and Gelot® 64. Successful formulations were selected based on their ability to remain physically stable immediately after manufacture and for 24 hours after storage at room temperature (22°C). Estol® 1474 was found to produce an unstable cream and was therefore not investigated further. The other three emulgents produced stable creams, but only the in vitro release profile of CP from a cream manufactured to contain Gelot® 64 was found to be statistically similar to that of the innovator formulation. Therefore the cream containing Gelot® 64 was selected as the most appropriate prototype generic cream formulation and was characterized in vitro in terms of CP content, viscosity, pH and in vitro release rate. Data generated from these studies were compared to those of the innovator product, Dermovate® cream, using statistical methods. The CP content, pH and in vitro release rate data of the CP formulation were similar to those of the innovator product, however the intrinsic viscosity of Dermovate® cream was almost three (3) times greater than the intrinsic viscosity of the test formulation developed using Gelot® 64. The CP cream formulation developed in these studies was stored for 4 weeks at 40 ± 2°C and 25 ± 5% RH in an incubator and the formulation was found to be stable. A formulation has been developed and assessed and found to be suitable for use as a topical semi-solid dosage form for CP.


Current landmark recognition engines are typically aimed at recognizing building-scale landmarks, but miss interesting details like portals, statues or windows. This is because they use a flat clustering that summarizes all photos of a building facade in one cluster. We propose Hierarchical Iconoid Shift, a novel landmark clustering algorithm capable of discovering such details. Instead of just a collection of clusters, the output of HIS is a set of dendrograms describing the detail hierarchy of a landmark. HIS is based on the novel Hierarchical Medoid Shift clustering algorithm that performs a continuous mode search over the complete scale space. HMS is completely parameter-free, has the same complexity as Medoid Shift and is easy to parallelize. We evaluate HIS on 800k images of 34 landmarks and show that it can extract an often surprising amount of detail and structure that can be applied, e.g., to provide a mobile user with more detailed information on a landmark or even to extend the landmark's Wikipedia article.


Abstract. Global climate models project widespread
decreases in soil moisture over large parts of Europe. This paper
investigates the impact of model resolution on the magnitude and seasonality
of future soil drying in central-western Europe. We use the general
circulation model EC-Earth to study two 30-year periods representative of the
start and end of the 21st century under low-to-moderate greenhouse gas
forcing (RCP4.5). In our study area, central-western Europe, at high spatial
resolution (∼25 km) soil drying is more severe and starts earlier in
the season than at standard resolution (∼112 km). Here, changes in the
large-scale atmospheric circulation and local soil moisture feedbacks lead to
enhanced evapotranspiration in spring and reduced precipitation in summer. A
more realistic position of the storm track at high model resolution leads to
reduced biases in precipitation and temperature in the present-day
climatology, which act to amplify future changes in evapotranspiration in
spring. Furthermore, in the high-resolution model a stronger anticyclonic
anomaly over the British Isles extends over central-western Europe and
supports soil drying. The resulting drier future land induces stronger soil
moisture feedbacks that amplify drying conditions in summer. In addition,
soil-moisture-limited evapotranspiration in summer promotes sensible heating
of the boundary layer, which leads to a lower relative humidity with less
cloudy conditions, an increase in dry summer days, and more incoming solar
radiation. As a result a series of consecutive hot and dry summers appears in
the future high-resolution climate. The enhanced drying at high spatial
resolution suggests that future projections of central-western European soil
drying by CMIP5 models have been potentially underestimated. Whether these
results are robust has to be tested with other global climate models with
similar high spatial resolutions.


The means by which plant genotypes influence species interactions and arthropod community structure remain poorly understood. One potential, but largely unstudied mechanism is that occurring through plant genetic variation in induced responses to herbivory. Here we test whether induced responses to leaf damage and genotypic variation for induction in Asclepias syriaca influence interactions among Formica podzolica ants, the ant-tended aphid Aphis asclepiadis, and the untended aphid Myzocallis asclepiadis. In so doing, we assess genetic variation in plant-mediated interactions among different herbivore guilds. We conducted a three-way factorial field experiment manipulating plant genotype, leaf damage by specialist monarch caterpillars Danaus plexippus, and ant presence, and documented effects on aphid and ant abundances. Leaf damage increased Aphis abundance in both the presence and absence of ants and Myzocallis abundance under ant exclusion. In the presence of ants, leaf damage decreased Myzocallis abundance, likely due to effects on ant–Myzocallis interactions; ants showed a positive association with Myzocallis, leaf damage increased the strength of this association (425% more ants per aphid), and this in turn fed back to suppress Myzocallis abundance. Yet, these aggregate effects of leaf damage on Myzocallis and ants were underlain by substantial variation among milkweed genotypes, with leaf damage inducing lower aphid and ant abundances on some genotypes, but higher abundances on others. As a consequence, a substantial fraction of the variation in leaf damage effects on ants (R 2  0.42) was explained by milkweed genetic variation in the strength and sign of leaf damage effects on Myzocallis. Although plant genetic variation influenced Aphis abundance, this did not translate into genetic variation in ant abundance, and leaf damage did not influence Aphis–ant interactions. Overall, we show that variation in induced responses to herbivory is a relevant condition by which plant genotype influences interactions in plant-centered arthropod communities and provide novel results of effects on the third trophic level.


Hematite is a good photocatalyst for solar water oxidation but its performance is highly limited by the strong electron-hole recombination. Surface defects as recombination centers were considered as one of the most important factors in determining the efficiency of hematite. However, the defects have never been clearly identified, which strongly limits the targeted modification. Here we report the identification of surface Fe(iv) defects in hematite by using synchrotron radiation based X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Moreover, the Fe(iv) defects can be effectively passivated by facile surface engineering with boron-termination, which can suppress the surface recombination and then significantly improve the performance. The B-passivated hematite thus shows a large cathodic shift (up to 100 mV) of the onset potential when compared to the pristine sample, and can be effectively coupled with Ti-treatment and Co-Pi co-catalyst to finally achieve a high photocurrent of 2.61 mA cm-2 at 1.23 V vs. RHE. The results may open up a new way by targeted surface engineering to effectively passivate the defects in hematite.

publisher-specific, author manuscript: http://rsc.li/journals-terms-of-use


One of the biggest issues associated to Carbon Capture and Utilisation (CCU) applications involves the exploitation of the captured CO2 as a valuable consumable. An interesting application is the conversion of CO2 into renewable fuels via electrochemical reduction at high temperature. Still unexplored in the literature is the possibility of employing a Molten Carbonate Electrolysis Cell (MCEC) to directly converting CO2 and H2O into H2, CO and eventually CH4, if a methanation process is envisaged. The introduction of this concept into a reversible system — similarly to the process proposed with reversible solid-oxide cells — allows the creation of a cycle which oxidises natural gas to produce CO2 and then employs the same CO2 and excess renewable energy to produce renewable natural gas. The result is a system able to perform electrochemical storage of excess renewable energy (from wind or solar) and if/when required sell renewable natural gas to the grid.
 In this work, a simulation of a reversible Molten Carbonate Cell (rMCC) is proposed. The reference MCFC technology considered is that from FuelCell Energy (USA) whose smaller stack is rated at 375 kW (DC). A simplified 0D stack model is developed and calibrated against experimental data. The Balance of Plant (BoP) is in common between the two operation modes MCFC and MCEC. In the former case, natural gas is electrochemically oxidised in the fuel compartment which receives carbonate ions (CO32−) from the air compartment, fed with air enriched with CO2 produced during electrolysis mode. The CO2 in the anode off gas stream is then purified and stored. In electrolysis mode, the stored CO2 is mixed with process H2O and sent to the fuel compartment of the MCEC; here, electrolysis and internal methanation occur. An external chemical reactor finalises the production of methane for either natural gas grid injection or storage and reuse in fuel cell mode. A thermodynamic analysis of the system is performed the yearly round-trip efficiency is assessed considering an assumed availability operating time of 7000 h/y. Finally, the overall green-house gas emission is assessed.


This study was intended to find out any possible effect of topic bias on the writing proficiency of Iranian extrovert/introvert EFL learners at high/low writing proficiency levels. One hundred participants chosen from among 150 adult language learners on the basis of their personality type (extrovert/introvert) and writing proficiency (high/low) took part in this study. They were arranged into four groups according to their writing proficiency and personality type. They were asked to write on three different topics (one unbiased, one extroversion-biased, and one introversion-biased) and fill out Eysenck Personality Questionnaire for adults (EPQ, Eysenck & Eysenck, 1975). The writings were scored by two raters according to Bailey and Brown's (1984) composition grading scale. The data gathered was analyzed using two-way ANOVA. The final results of the analysis revealed the significant difference between the scores of different groups of participants on all topics – unbiased or biased toward either of the two personality types in favor of introverts but one.


To obtain desirable results through people, executives need to be aware of new approaches to employee selection and staffing. The establishment of a new discipline called neurolinguistic programming (NLP) in the USA can offer such new approaches. Research in NLP has identified about two dozen mental subprogrammes people unconsciously use which affect work preferences. NLP calls them meta programmes, from the Greek prefix meta which means "beyond" or "after". They were so called because they appear to be operating beyond or on another level from that of the main programmes which drive mental processes. Proposes that executives could utilize meta programmes to determine more accurately if job applicants are qualified for the positions they are seeking. These techniques could also be useful in taking transfer and promotion decisions and in working out succession tables.


Learn efficient ways to harness and manage your data storage networks Whether you're preparing for the CompTIA Storage+ exam or simply seeking a deeper understanding of data storage networks, this Sybex guide will help you get there. This book covers data storage from the basics to advanced topics, and provides practical examples to show you ways to deliver world-class solutions. In addition, it covers all the objectives of the CompTIA Storage+ exam (SG0-001), including storage components, connectivity, storage management, data protection, and storage performance. Focuses on designing, implementing, and administering storage for today's evolving organizations, getting under the hood of the technologies that enable performance, resiliency, availability, recoverability, and simplicity Covers virtualization, big data, cloud storage, security, and scalability as well as how storage fits in to the wider technology environments prevalent in today's cloud era Provides advice and real-world examples that storage administrators in the trenches can actually use An excellent study aid for the CompTIA Storage+ exam (SG0-001), covering all the exam objectives Data Storage Networking: Real World Skills for the CompTIA Storage+ Certification and Beyond provides a solid foundation for data storage administrators and a reference that can be consulted again and again.


The use of intercropping system provides an option for insect control for organic farmers that are limited in their chemical use. Additionally, intercropping systems can be attractive to conventional growers as a cost-effective insect control solution. A study was carried out for two seasons 2011-2012 and 2012-2013 to evaluate the effect of intercropping of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) with onion (Allium cepa L.) on whitefly (Bemicia tabasi Gennadius) and aphids' Myzus persicae Sulz. and Aphis gossypii Glover infestation in potato fields. Results indicated that intercropping significantly reduced potato plant infestation with whitefly by 42.7, 51.3% while it was 62.69% reduction with aphids during the two successive winter seasons than when potato plants were cultivated alone. Therefore, intercropping could be recommended as a protection method of reducing pest population in the fields.


As the size of the typical personal digital photo collection reaches well into the thousands or photos, advanced tools to manage these large collections are more and more necessary. In this demonstration, we present a semi-automatic approach that opportunistically takes advantage of the current state-of-the-art technology in face detection and recognition and combines it with user interface techniques to facilitate the task of labeling people in photos. We show how we use an accurate face detector to automatically extract faces from photos. Instead of having a less accurate face recognizer classify faces, we use it to sort faces by their similarity to a face model. We demonstrate our photo application that uses the extracted faces as UI proxies for actions on the underlying photos along with the sorting strategy to identify candidate faces for quick and easy face labeling.


In recent years, many tools have been proposed to design interactive scenarios. The aim of these tools is to provide users with a framework in order to write a story with many branches which will be unfolded by an artificial intelligence application. However, the consistency and quality of the generated narratives are not guaranteed (deadlocks, flaws, etc.). Previous work has defined the properties of a valid interactive scenario and proposed an approach as well as a tool based on a formal model, Linear Logic, to validate these properties. Nevertheless, the application of this tool requires many special skills and so is not really suitable for normal users. In this paper, we present an authoring tool which allows modeling interactive scenarios and analysing them at the structural level using the deduction rules in Linear Logic. Thanks to our tool, normal users are able to create and validate interactive scenarios in comparison with a rich set of predefined properties/criteria of quality.


Data that can be described by a power function are ubiquitous in nature. Although there is consensus that such data frequently emerge generally from nonlinear complex systems, a variety of specific mechanisms may be responsible for creating the pattern in particular cases. Here, we report on the distribution of a scale insect (Coccus viridis) that is a common agricultural pest. Its distribution in an organic coffee farm in southern Mexico generally follows a power function, but there are subtle deviations from that function. We offer a biological explanation for both adherence to the power functions and associated deviations, along with supporting evidence.


In order to establish design criteria for orchestral studios, which should be similar in performance to good concert halls, an extensive investigation has been in progress for many years. The effects of shape on the subjective acoustic qualities of a large enclosure are here examined with reference to a large number of concert halls and music studios, and a comparison is made, in particular, between concert halls of the traditional type and those which have been built during the last few decades. The former were generally of rectangular plan with walls and ceilings overlaid with ornamentation, whereas most recent designs have fan-shaped plans, reflecting canopies and comparatively smooth surfaces. Measurements of sound levels in different parts of concert halls during orchestral concerts show that, for a given sound level in the neighbourhood of the platform, the intensity at the back of the hall is no greater in halls with fan-shaped plans and reflectors than with the traditional rectangular shape. In the former case, the gain in the intensity of the first few reflections which results from the shape of the hall is offset by a reduced reverberant sound level. The authors conclude that the modern fashion of directing the early reflections towards the back of a concert hall, although it may improve the hearing of speech, has an adverse effect on the quality of music.


Detection of leaking gas pipelines is important for safety, economic and environmental reasons. Remote sensing of vegetation offers the potential to identify gas leakage.
The research aim was to determine the effects of elevated soil concentrations of natural gas on overlying vegetation. Pot-scale investigations were carried out to determine whether changes in spectral characteristics were specific to natural gas or were a generic response to soil-oxygen displacement. Natural gas, argon, nitrogen and waterlogging were used to displace soil-oxygen.
Leaf response to soil oxygen displacement was increased reflectance in the visible wavelengths and changes in the position and shape of the red-edge, which shifted towards longer wavelengths as the control plant matured, while the red-edge of the treated plant remained stationary indicating an inhibition of maturing. The shape of the red-edge differed in bean and barley with bean exhibiting a single peak in the first derivative that moved with plant maturity; barley exhibited a peak at 704 nm with a shoulder at 722 nm that shifted to shorter wavelengths during plant stress. Argon and waterlogging exhibited a greater response than natural gas, which had been administered noncontinuously. These experiments suggest the response to natural gas was generic to soil-oxygen deficiency.
Field studies were conducted to determine whether spectral changes in leaves identified in pot trials were observable in crop canopies under field conditions. Reflectance of barley growing above a leaking gas pipeline was increased in the visible wavelengths and the red-edge was at a shorter wavelength. When the majority of the crop was fully developed, the barley above the gas leak was greener, suggesting that development was inhibited by soil-oxygen displacement.
It might be possible to detect leaking gas by remote sensing of vegetation in conjunction with pipeline maps, but limitations in the spatial resolution of current satellite sensors and the infrequency of cloud free skies in the UK suggest that further work is needed before an operational system could be available.


This project challenges the usual consumption of conception of the CBD as a cluster of HRSB. Instead of individual tall building, we have single building which acts as a vertical city. This building is 60 storeys high tower, with a rectangular floor plate of 150mx90m. The building volume is increased so as to provide more green and public spaces in the building itself. The distances between the different functions are decreased in order to reduce the travel time. The lifestyle has been changed by turning the horizontal traffic into the vertical building circulation. The single footprint leave large open spaces free on the ground level, and this allows the people of central Beijing to fully enjoy an abundance of green spaces. It will not only to save land and reduce the social and economic problems by possible future demolishment, and also provide a new lifestyle which is quite different to the traditional urban life. Residents could enjoy the convenience of the city and a truly low-carbon life. Residents could go to work just by walking, using lift or taking the convenient subway. People could enjoy the high-end art exhibition, shopping, dining and entertainment in the same place as they live; other occupants and overseas visitors could easily arrive there by taking trains from any city in China connected to more than a dozen subway lines in Beijing. People could take the subway directly from the commercial area in the basement, to their next destination after having finished shopping. Visitors would not even know what the building looks like from the outside. Private vehicles will be allowed, apart from 2,000 parking spaces for the hotel, the other 2000 are all commercial used parking spaces. This building will integrate all of the relevant facilities, such as working, living, entertainment, retail and other needs of everyday life. The time saved from travel would indeed improve people's quality of life, while being both environmentally friendly and comfortable.


The genetic and physiological quality of seedlings is a critical component for longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) restoration, because planting genetic material that is adapted to environmental stress is required for long-term restoration success. Planting trees that exhibit high water-use efficiency (WUE) is a practice that could maximize this species' survival and growth in a changing climate. Our study evaluates genetic variation in WUE and growth, as well as WUE-growth relationships, a key step to determine potential for breeding and planting trees with high WUE. We measured carbon isotope discrimination (∆)—a proxy for WUE—in 106 longleaf pine increment cores extracted from trees belonging to nine full-sib families. Tree diameter and total tree height were also measured at ages 7, 17, 30 and 40 years. Each increment core was divided into segments corresponding to ages 7–17, 18–30 and 31–40, representing early, intermediate and mature growth of the trees. We identified significant genetic variation in DBH and WUE among families that merit further exploration for identifying trees that can potentially withstand drought stress. Mean family growth rates were not associated with mean family values for carbon isotope discrimination. Family variation in both diameter growth and WUE but no relationship between family values for these traits, suggests it is possible to improve longleaf pines in both diameter growth and WUE through appropriate breeding.


We introduce a new simulation platform called Insight, created to design and simulate cyber-attacks against large arbitrary target scenarios. Insight has surprisingly low hardware and configuration requirements, while making the simulation a realistic experience from the attacker's standpoint. The scenarios include a crowd of simulated actors: network devices, hardware devices, software applications, protocols, users, etc.

A novel characteristic of this tool is to simulate vulnerabilities (including 0-days) and exploits, allowing an attacker to compromise machines and use them as pivoting stones to continue the attack. A user can test and modify complex scenarios, with several interconnected networks, where the attacker has no initial connectivity with the objective of the attack.

We give a concise description of this new technology, and its possible uses in the security research field, such as pen-testing training, study of the impact of 0-days vulnerabilities, evaluation of security countermeasures, and risk assessment tool.


Abstract In the 21st century, Catholic women and the Roman Catholic Church are finding themselves meeting at a crossroad that is fraught with ambiguity. It is a challenging crossroad full of both potential and frustration. The women gathering at this crossroad are questioning the Church structures into which they were baptized. These questions focus on the fundamental issues of leadership, ordination, decision-making, gender and language. Women view these issues as visible, and not so visible, barriers to their full participation as leaders in the life of their Church. Currently, Catholic women are speaking out, talking back and answering questions that they have not yet been asked because they believe that their voices are missing from the discourse on these and other significant issues which affect them. This paper will discuss two of the major barriers, both visible and invisible, which are preventing Catholic women from assuming leadership roles within today's Catholic Church. The final section of the paper will focus on new models of ecclesial leadership currently being implemented through the efforts of Catholic women. A quiet revolution is underway within the Church. The revolution is flourishing despite current barriers. Introduction As they move through the first decade of the 21st century, numerous Catholic women in the United States are questioning the Church structures into which they were baptized. Their questions focus on the fundamental issues of leadership, ordination, decision-making and gender relationships. These women perceive such issues as a piece of the visible and invisible barriers to their full participation in the life of the Catholic Church. This paper will discuss one major invisible barrier and one visible barrier preventing Catholic women from assuming significant leadership roles within the Church. These two barriers are the traditional anthropological view of women and the understanding of power and authority which flows from that anthropology. In addition, I will cite examples of women who, collaborating with other women and men, are chipping away at these two barriers. In this paper, leadership is defined as the ability to articulate a vision and create an environment in which others may identify themselves with the vision in order to achieve common goals. Barriers to Women's Leadership in the Church: Traditional Anthropological Understandings The conflict that surrounds women's status in the Church is based on the invisible barrier of an obsolete anthropology that regards women as deficient beings lacking the fullness of human nature. Classical Greek philosophy divided all reality into spirit, the realm of light, and matter, the realm of darkness. (1) Spirit was prized over matter. Greek thought identified men with spirit, women with matter. Thus, for over a thousand years, society advocated the idea that men were to be leaders in the public domain, while women were to nurture and care for children. This traditional anthropological vision influenced Church theology as far back as Augustine, who while agreeing that women were equal to men in their soul, denied women were created in the image of God. (2) Thomas Aquinas defined women as "defective male". (3) This denial of women's dignity and full equality with men remained a part of the Church tradition from the 4th century until the Second Vatican Council. (4) A major Council statement calling for a recognition of the equality of all persons appeared in the Council document entitled Pastoral Constitution in the Modern World. The document states "Since all persons possess a rational soul and are created in God's likeness, since they have the same nature and origin.... the basic equality of all must receive increasingly greater recognition". (5) Following the Council, many women were hopeful that their status and role within the church would change. However, almost immediately after the close of the Council, Catholic women began to experience the ambivalence of Church officials in regard to changes promoted during the Council. …


CCD photometry of the gravitational lens system 0957+561A, B in the g and r bands was obtained on alternate nights, weather permitting, from 1994 December through 1995 May using the Double Imaging Spectrograph (DIS) on the Apache Point Observatory (APO) 3.5 m telescope. The remote observing and fast instrument change capabilities of this facility allowed accumulation of light curves sampled frequently and consistently. The Honeycutt ensemble photometry algorithm was applied to the data set and yielded typical relative photometric errors of approximately 0.01 mag. Image A exhibited a sharp drop of about 0.1 mag in late 1994 December; no other strong features were recorded in either image. This event displays none of the expected generic features of a microlensing-induced flux variation and is likely to be intrinsic to the quasar; if so, it should also be seen in the B image with the lensing differential time delay. We give the expected 1996 image B light curves based on two values of the time delay and brightness ratio which have been proposed and debated in the literature. Continued monitoring of the system in the first half of 1996 should easily detect the image B event and thus resolve the time-delay controversy.


Contemporary international migration is specific by its own connectedness – it has the capacity to make multilayer connections with an individual, family, society or world contexts. It means that migration is a consequence of past events in history and at the same time it is the background for future events. This article proposes to look at migration through the lens of structuration theory, particularly as structuration process, which is perceived as social systems production and reproduction performed through social conduct. Structuration theory allows connecting micro and macro levels analytically, presents mutual interdependence between social structure and human agency rather than antinomy. This theory creates the background to research a reciprocal relation between individual and social structure, namely, it allows revealing interaction between migrant and social totality, by which it is influenced, where it is acting and what it changes by acting. In order to present theoretical context, macro and micro level migration theories and their applications in the works of authors of Lithuania are also reviewed in the article. The method of scientific literature analysis was applied and it enabled to understand international migration as a continuous interaction between migrants and economic, political, social and cultural contexts on macro level in sending and receiving countries. In the view of structuration theory, migration is seen as a recursive process, formed and transformed by active agents and itself shaping and structuring subsequent social behaviour of agents. Both structural determinants in the countries of emigration and immigration and acknowledgment of migration as an efficient strategy for life betterment create a new cultural element in the social structure that influences migration decision making of other people.


Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of chronic liver disease, including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and is a leading reason for liver transplantation in industrialised countries. The most recent estimate of global prevalence is 2-3% representing 130-170 million HCV-positive people [1]. HCV is an enveloped, positive strand RNA virus which comprises the hepacivirus genus within the Flaviviridae family. The virus displays two glycoproteins on its surface, E1 and E2, which are required to mediate entry into hepatocytes [2,3,4]. Cellular infection is dependent on receptors CD81, SR-BI, claudin-1, 6 or 9, and occludin [5,6,7,8,9,10]. Following attachment HCV is thought to be internalised via clathrin mediated endocytosis where the low pH of the endosome is required for fusion of the viral and cellular membranes [11]. Productive infection occurs following delivery of the viral nucleocapsid to the cytoplasm where RNA translation, replication and virus assembly takes place. This project investigated the significance of the redox state of HCV envelope glycoproteins E1 and E2 during glycoprotein biosynthesis and virus entry. It was found that virion incorporated forms of E1 and E2 contain at least one free cysteine residue each prior to cellular attachment. Alkylation of reduced sulfhydryl groups prior to cellular attachment abolished virus infectivity. However, it was found that cell culture derived HCV (HCVcc) became insensitive to thiol-reactive agents after binding to cells indicating that the thiol groups were no longer available for modification following receptor engagement. These data suggest that free sulfhydryl groups within E1 and/or E2 are required to mediate virus entry and that receptor engagement may induce a switch in glycoprotein redox state from reduced to oxidised. A highly conserved C226VPC thiol isomerisation motif was identified in E1 critical for formation of a functional E1E2 heterodimer. Mutation of Val227 to Ile or Leu allowed normal E1 and E2 biosynthesis and virion incorporation. However,mutant viruses demonstrated significantly reduced entry compared to wild type. These findings indicate that the C226VPC motif is required to function during virus entry. Domain organisation within E1 was examined by expression of E1 ectodomain residues in bacteria. A stable domain consisting of N-terminal amino acids 191-259 was identified and produced as a soluble monomer. When expressed in mammalian cells, ectodomain residues 191-329 were efficiently expressed and secreted from cells suggesting that when glycosylated these residues may fold independently from other HCV protein sequences. The findings from this study indicate that HCV functionality is highly dependent on careful regulation of the redox state of the viral envelope glycoproteins, possibly mediated by the E1 C226VPC motif.


GENERAL STATEMENT The numerous problems involved in the scientific classification and nomenclature of rock units have long engaged the attention of geologists. The appended partial list of papers dealing with this subject sufficiently indicates its scope and importance. Gradually, certain guiding principles have come to be recognized generally, and practices deemed good in the classification and nomenclature of rock units have become fairly well established. There is much room, however, for development of the principles and especially for the more widespread application of what seem to be the best practices in using the principles. The larger geological surveys have, necessarily, given consideration to the formulation of rules to provide for their own publications a comparative uniformity in the method of classifying and naming the rock units treated by them. But such rules have not been propounded and widely disseminated with intent to promote their use by geologists in general. . . .


As unemployment climbs to new heights, Europe's policy-makers are desperately casting about for the few instruments with which the EU can claim to foster growth. After a thorough examination of the facts on the ground, however, this paper finds that the North and the South of the euro area are diverging so much that they need very different policy prescriptions. Moreover, it points out that the two instruments that the EU has at its disposal to address structural problems in the South (the EIB and the Structural Funds) are unlikely to be effective this time. Nevertheless, the paper concludes that the situation is not hopeless and that deep service-sector reforms in Germany would also be helpful to unlock the country's productivity potential and open its market for the export of services from southern Europe. Opening the German market would yield a 'double dividend': not only would Germany benefit, but the South would also have the chance to find jobs for its rather well-educated youth, which right now face only the unhappy choice between unemployment and emigration.


Both sides and practically all analyses of the crisis so far take for granted that the economic growth from the early 1950s until 2000-interrupted only by the troubled 1970s-represented a normal performance. From this perspective the crisis was an interruption, caused by bad policy or bad people, and full recovery is to be expected if the cause is corrected. The End of Normal challenges this view. Placing the crisis in perspective, Galbraith argues that the 1970s already ended the age of easy growth. The 1980s and 1990s saw only uneven growth, with rising inequality within and between countries. And the 2000s saw the end even of that-despite frantic efforts to keep growth going with tax cuts, war spending, and financial deregulation. When the crisis finally came, stimulus and automatic stabilization were able to place a floor under economic collapse. But they are not able to bring about a return to high growth and full employment. Today, four factors impede a return to normal. They are the rising costs of real resources, the now-evident futility of military power, the labour-saving consequences of the digital revolution, and the breakdown of law and ethics in the financial sector. The Great Crisis should be seen as a turning point, a barometer of the rise of unstable economic conditions, which should be regarded as the new normal. Policies and institutions going forward should be designed, above all, modestly, to cope with this fact, maintaining conditions for a good life in difficult times.


Abstract: An increasing number of empirical studies have been done on the effects of tropical forest fragmentation on avian communities, but few researchers have applied these theories to assess the vulnerability of birds in poorly researched countries such as Nicaragua. I used a logistic regression to determine which natural‐history characteristics were most important in predicting a list of threatened birds known to occur in Nicaragua. The best model included five macroecological variables ( body weight, habitat specificity, trophic group, forest preference, and biogeography within Nicaragua). I used this model to generate predicted probabilities of extinction for all forest birds in Nicaragua. The predicted probability of extinction from the best model ranked 63% of the extinction‐prone birds from La Selva, Costa Rica, and 59% of the extinction‐prone birds from Barro Colorado, Panama, in the first quartile of all forest birds recorded in Nicaragua. This method provides a first‐order approximation of which species deserve global and national priorities for conservation. The central and Atlantic regions of Nicaragua deserve high priority for conservation at a global scale, whereas the Atlantic region deserves the highest priority for conservation at a national scale. The Nicaraguan Ministry of Natural Resources and the Environment has done an adequate job of identifying areas for conservation based on the proportion of decreed nature reserves in each biogeographic region and the distribution of forest birds with a high predicted probability of extinction. Forest birds in central Nicaragua, however, may currently be the most vulnerable to local extinction because of low forest cover within decreed reserves.


This book presents a comprehensive account of quantifier scope in German. The author investigates scope behavior of ordinary quantifiers and negative, adverbial, interrogative, relative and particle quantifiers. The areas which are dealt with include: relative scope in simple sentences, absolute and relative scope in complex sentences, noun-phrase internal scope, and scope behavior of indefinite noun phrases. A theory of explicit and implicit quantification is proposed and a uniform process of scope determination is sketched which encompasses the scope of explicit as well as implicit quantifiers. Quantifier scope is a challenge to linguistic theory as it is a phenomenon which is determined by the interplay of diverse syntactic and semantic factors, which interact in a weighted and cumulative way. The factors' interplay is part of the syntax/semantics-interface, i.e., the constraints relating syntax and semantics, which are considered to be relatively autonomous, parallel levels connected by an interface of correspondence constraints.


Abstract.  We propose a Bayesian semiparametric model for survival data with a cure fraction. We explicitly consider a finite cure time in the model, which allows us to separate the cured and the uncured populations. We take a mixture prior of a Markov gamma process and a point mass at zero to model the baseline hazard rate function of the entire population. We focus on estimating the cure threshold after which subjects are considered cured. We can incorporate covariates through a structure similar to the proportional hazards model and allow the cure threshold also to depend on the covariates. For illustration, we undertake simulation studies and a full Bayesian analysis of a bone marrow transplant data set.


This document presents a proposal for designing an expert system in the Gabriela Mistral Division's crushing plant belonging to Codelco (Chile) with the objective of maximizing stacked tonnage, allowing the improvement of operational variables that directly interact with the crushing process. In addition, this study considers the impact that occurs in both the process and operational continuity regarding the standardization of the system. In the first stage, a survey and analysis of historic operation data was carried out, which allowed the definition of benchmarking indicators. Subsequently, both modalities of operation were compared, monitoring processed tonnage and detentions related to operational failures. As a result, significant differences were observed in the performance of the critical line operating with expert control, with a 55% reduction in the detentions referred to operational failures. Added to this is the benefit of low cost and improved quality as the control provides an analysis of the variables in reduced time intervals, which is superior to human control.


A gaping hole in the current global economic architecture is the absence of a multilateral agreement on foreign direct investment (FDI). A multilateral investment agreement (MIA) was discussed extensively from 1970 to 1998 but never concluded. However, the need for such an agreement has increased in the last decade. FDI has grown substantially and now flows in both directions between developed and developing countries, with multinational corporations (MNCs) hailing from all parts of the world. The numerous bilateral investment treaties warrant an international standardized set of rules for FDI. With investment now clearly identified with MNCs and integrated with trade, the World Trade Organization has emerged as a natural home of an MIA.


We use data from the Current Population Survey collected both before and after Hurricane Katrina to estimate the impact of Katrina on the labor market outcomes of evacuees. Our estimates are based on a difference-in-differences strategy that compares evacuees to all residents of Katrina-affected areas prior to Katrina, with a control group consisting of individuals who originally resided outside the areas affected by the storm. We estimate that Katrina had substantial effects on the labor market outcomes of evacuees over the 13-month period immediately following Katrina. However, our estimates suggest that the effects of Katrina diminished substantially over time as evacuees recovered from the hurricane and adjusted to new economic and social conditions. Evacuees who did not return to their pre-Katrina areas have fared much worse in the labor market than have those who returned. Differences in individual and family characteristics account for some of the differences in outcomes between returnees and non-returnees. We present evidence that non-returnees have fared much worse in the labor market primarily because they came from areas that experienced greater housing damage due to the storm and thus were more likely to have had their lives severely disrupted.


Background and Aims: The Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) is essentially hepatotropic but virus compartment has also been found in other important extra hepatic sites. Detection of HCV RNA in extra hepatic reservoirs such as peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) is important for determining of disease progression and effective treatment. The present study aimed to determine of different HCV genotypes in plasma and PBMCs specimens from patients of Yazd province of Iran. Materials and Methods: Blood samples of 50 patients with established HCV referred to Shahid Sadoughi Hospital were collected. These patients had positive anti-HCV and positive plasma HCV RNA. After RNA extraction from plasma and a pellet of approximately 3-5× 10 PBMCs, CDNA synthesis was done and stuck in -70°C. Then HCV genotyping by using of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) method was carried out. Finally, Data analysis was done by SPSS software. Results: The mean age of subjects infected with HCV 38/2±14/6 (ages 21-66) who were the majority of those between ages lower 30 years. 3a and 1a genotype distribution in plasma was significantly higher in those aged over 40 than other age that this difference in genotype distribution at the age of 40 is significant (P value> 0.04) but in PBMCs was not significant (p=0.25). 1a and 3a genotype distribution in plasma and PBMCs in between 40-30 ages showed a lower frequency than other ages. In none of the samples from patients with genotype 2 and 1b genotypes but only 3a and 1a such as mixed infections was detected. Typically, mixing virus infection in 8 patients (16%) in plasma and in 16 samples (32%) was identified in PBMCs. Conclusions: It suggested that plasma subtyping as the target genotype for considering of antiviral therapy is essential, but may be result to the goal of therapy. HCV genotyping in PBMCs samples along with plasma specimen might be beneficial. Therefore, determine of HCV genotype in PBMCs in before therapy because detection of occult infection is useful


Milrinone, a therapeutic agent for acute congestive heart failure, has both inotropic and vasodilatory effects, but investigations of these effects of milrinone were almost all conducted under normoxia, and few reports have investigated how milrinone affects the hemodynamics and redistribution of regional blood flow under severe hypoxia. By using colored microspheres, we investigated how milrinone affects hemodynamics and the redistribution of regional blood flow under severe hypoxia. Twelve healthy mongrel dogs were divided into 2 groups. The milrinone group was infused with milrinone cumulatively at 25, 75 and 250 microg/kg for 5 min each. The intact group was infused with saline instead of milrinone. We measured the hemodynamics and cerebrum, cerebellum and kidney blood flow in both groups. Both groups were inspired with 10% oxygen. Milrinone induced significant decrease in mean pulmonary artery and pulmonary vascular resistance, compared with the intact group. In both groups slight decreases in mean arterial pressure, systemic vascular resistance and double-product were seen. In regional blood flow, milrinone-induced increases in blood flow were seen in the cerebrum, cerebellum, and especially in the kidneys. Milrinone's vasodilatory effects were sufficient even under hypoxia. And milrinone increased regional blood flow slightly in the cerebrum and cerebellum, and significantly in the kidneys. These results suggested that milrinone protects against hypoxia-induced organ damage especially in the kidneys. In addition, milrinone is very potent in improving severe congested hemodynamics which complicates hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction.


The purpose of this study was to evaluate the need for substance use education for social workers and their response when implicating harm reduction approaches within their chemical dependence practice. This study fulfilled the requirements outlined for a systematic review by having a series of requirements, such as articles pertaining to do with harm reduction methods and social work, to be included within the research. This method revealed 11 articles that met the needed requests and were later examined. Within the 11, articles three prominent themes emerged. The themes included, but were not limited to relationships, exposure, and ambiguity. The study revealed that as social workers increase their exposure to substance recovery, the more accepting they are of harm reduction. While some practitioners are apprehensive to harm reduction models, it does provide the client more autonomy than alternative recovery methods. Further implications would be for those working with chemical dependence to be educated on harm reduction as it might benefit their agency, workers, and clients. Research on this topic should continue around client's motivation for decreasing substance use and harm reduction approaches for other lifestyle behaviors.


The FN3D_V3 model has three main levels: person, household, and system. Inter-related person- and household-level methods represent birth, death, and the creation/dissolution of male-female pair bonds (note: the terms "pair bond" and "marriage" are used inter-changeably in this description and denote the same behavior in the model). These methods and their inter-relationships were informed by data from ethnographic hunter-gatherers.

Many parameters in the model are continuously variable, allowing the model to be used to "sweep" through a range of values and observe how differences in parameters are related to model behavior. The dependency ratio (the ratio of consumers to producers in a household) is a key variable in many economic decisions embedded in the methods.

This model is not intended to represent all details of any particular hunter-gatherer system. The exclusion of extraneous detail is a purposeful strategy to aid in constructing a model whose structure and behavior are understandable. The representations in the model are generic and broadly applicable to a variety of hunter-gatherer systems.

FN3D_V3 is an altered version of the FN3D_V2 model described by White (2014).

FN3D_V3 was built using Repast Simphony.

The documentation provides (1) a description of the representations of time and the entities (persons, households, social links) in the model; (2) a brief overview of the major groups of methods in the model (pair bond, reproduction, and mortality); (3) model-level variables, parameters, and lists; and (4) a detailed description of the "rules" and the operations of the model with specific numeric reference to sections of the code.


Little consideration has been given to the context of housing in remote areas.  It is important for the economic survival of many remote communities that appropriate and sustainable housing solutions are decided and implemented. This report examines housing at St Pauls, Moa Island in the Torres Strait, using site information, historical research and a review of cultural and geo-political factors to compare the current model with similar studies in self-build housing undertaken in the region between 1986 and 1992.  It not only demonstrates tangible economic benefits, but also evaluates the environmental and social improvements which can be achieved with a re-examination of the existing model.  It is important to consider the value of investing in policies and practices of sustainable development that can play a pivotal role in potential capacity building within such communities. Current land tenure policy means that families wishing to own their own homes must leave St Pauls, or build illegally.  Economically they cannot establish businesses so must leave the island or remain on welfare.  The result of this is an exponential increase in the cost of providing community housing and the associated increase in social and health stresses.  Acknowledgement at a policy level of the links between social and emotional well-being, and 'Closing the Gap' initiatives, have the potential to offer a wide range of funding opportunities and innovative approaches to solving the housing crisis in remote Australia, if they can be implemented in an open and effective manner.


Fellowship We are five friends, one day we came out of the house one after the other, first one came and placed himself beside the gate, then the second came, or rather he glided through the gate like a little ball of quicksilver, and placed himself near the first one, and then came the third, then the fourth, then the fifth. Finally we all stood in a row. People began to notice us, they pointed at us and said: "Those five just came out of that house." Since then we have been living together; it would be a peaceful life if it weren't for the sixth one continually trying to interfere. He doesn't do us any harm, but he annoys us, and that is harm enough; why does he intrude where he is not wanted? We don't know him and don't want him to join us. There was a time, of course, when the five of us did not know one another, either; and it could be said that we still don't know one another, but what is possible and can be tolerated by the five of us is not possible and cannot be tolerated with the sixth one. In any case, we are five and don't want to be six. And what is the point of this continual being together anyhow? It is also pointless for the five of us, but here we are together; a new combination, however, we do not want, just because of our experiences. But how is one to make this clear to the sixth one? Long explanations would almost amount to accepting him in our circle, so we prefer not to explain and not to accept him. No matter how he pouts his lips, we push him away with our elbows, but however much we push him away, back he comes. Franz Kafka


A solar powered trigeneration system consisting of tower solar collector, Kalina cycle with the heat exchanger, and ejector-absorption refrigeration cycle is proposed to produce refrigeration below freezing, electricity, and process heat, simultaneously. Simulation through computational fluid dynamics using ansys-fluent package is conducted to examine the effect of coil diameter and inlet oil temperature on the pressure and temperature of solar heat transfer fluid. It is found that, for inlet temperature of 92 °C and direct normal irradiations of 850 W/m2, the solar heat transfer fluid outlet temperature increases by 9% when the coil diameter increased from 150 to 400 mm. Trigeneration performance is analyzed after altering hot oil outlet temperature, turbine inlet pressure, and the concentration of ammonia–water basic solution to study their effect on power produced by turbine, refrigeration load, exergy of refrigeration, and efficiencies of trigeneration system. An increase in the concentration of the ammonia–water basic solution is leading toward the significant increase in the turbine power and the elevation of trigeneration system's energy and exergy efficiencies. Bottoming of the Kalina cycle with ejector-absorption refrigeration cycle shows the distribution of solar energy as energetic output 72.31% and energy lost to environment 27.69%. The solar exergy supplied to the trigeneration system is distributed as follows: 16.23% is the exergy produced, 1.62% is the exergy loss, and 82.15% is the exergy destroyed.


The Monterey Formation of California preserves Miocene siliceous sediments at progressive (generally with depth) diagenetic stages: diatomite (opal-A) --> CT-chert (opaI-CT) --> quartz chert for initially clay-poor sediments and diatomaceous shale --> CT-porcelanite (porous opal-CT) --> quartz porcelanite for sediments that were initially clay-rich. The chemistry of most diatomite is controlled by three primary phases (biogenic silica, carbonate, and detrital clay) and several subsidiary phases (organic material, apatite, pyrite, and detrital minerals including quartz and plagioclase). The elemental abundances of the clay-poor diagenetic sequence decrease sharply with advancing diagenetic state for those elements controlled by clay (Al, Ti, K, Rb, Cs, Fe, some Group B metals), carbonate (Ca, Mg, Sr, Ba), apatite (P, Ca, Sr, Ba, V), and organics (V, Ni), while silica shows a congruent increase. These first-order variations reflect the initial compositions of the siliceous sediments modified by the addition of silica, the removal of carbonate and apatite, and the migration of petroleum during silica diagenesis. Anomalous abundances of Mn, Ni, Cr, Mo, and some other Group B metals are associated with trapped refractory organic material and suggest that petroleum catagenesis and migration occurred during silica diagenesis: migration may have been facilitated by the release of bound water during silica-dehydration reactions. Second-order variations (in K/Rb, K/Cs, Rb/Sr, 87 Sr/ 86 Sr) with advancing diagenetic state suggest ion-exchange and ion-expulsion by reaction of detrital phases with pore fluids. Diagenetic processes partially equilibrated, but did not homogenize, depositional 87 Rb/ 86 Sr- 87 Sr/ 86 Sr mixing lines generated by detrital clays and authigenic carbonate and silica in siliceous sediments from the Santa Maria region. However, similar mixing lines in diatomites from the Santa Lucia area are reset to nearly horizontal slopes in associated CT-porcelanites. The degree of equilibration may be a function of the rate of formation of relatively impermeable quartz chert which isolated the siliceous system from further interaction with pore fluids. The rapid formation of quartz chert in the Santa Maria region is believed to have prevented isotopic homogenization processes from reaching completion. Initial chemistry of the siliceous systems controlled the rates and pathways of silica diagenesis. Silica diagenesis, in turn, altered the chemistry of the siliceous sediment.


This paper uses data from the 2010 American Community Survey (ACS) to study the returns to language skills of child and adult migrants in the US labor market. We employ an instrumental variable strategy, which exploits differences in language acquisition profiles between immigrants from English- and non-English-speaking countries of origin, to address problems related to endogeneity and measurement error. We find significantly positive returns to language skills and demonstrate that education is an important channel through which language skills affect wages of child migrants. Although the returns of adult migrants do not depend on education, we find that child and adult migrants exhibit similar returns to language skills.


This thesis makes two major contributions: it introduces a novel method for analysis of artificial neural networks and provides new models of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans nervous system. The analysis method extracts neural network motifs, or subnetworks of recurring neuronal function, from optimized neural networks. The method first creates models for each neuron relating network stimulus to neuronal response, then clusters the model parameters, and finally combines the neurons into multi-neuron motifs based on their cluster category. To infer biological function, this analysis method was applied to neural networks optimized to reproduce C. elegans behavior, which converged upon a small number of motifs. This allowed both a quantitative exploration of network function as well as discovery of larger motifs.
Neural network models of C. elegans anatomical connectivity were optimized to reproduce two C. elegans behaviors: chemotaxis (orientation towards a maximum chemical attractant concentration) and thermotaxis (orientation towards a set temperature). Three chemotaxis motifs were identified. Experimental evidence suggests that chemotaxis is driven by a differentiator motif with two important features. The first feature was a fast, excitatory pathway in parallel with one or more slow, inhibitory pathways. The second feature was inhibitory feedback on all self-connections and recurrent loops, which regulates neuronal response. Six thermotaxis motifs were identified. Every motif consisted of two circuits, each a previously discovered chemotaxis motif with most having a dedicated sensory neuron. One circuit was thermophilic (heat-seeking) and the other was cryophilic (cold-seeking). Experimental evidence suggests that the cryophilic circuit is a differentiator motif and the thermophilic circuit functions by klinokinesis.


It may seem a little strange for me to be writing about Flexible Delivery and printed material! If it does seem strange, that's unfortunate, since such a response reflects an unfortunate understanding of Flexible Delivery. It seems to me that Flexible Delivery (and the related concept, Flexible Leaming) tends to be seen as equivalent to distance education and the backwash from that, the substitution of 'ed. tech.' for traditional forms of classroom teaching. I don't want to say that this is a mistake, exactly; it's how the term is used. But I do want to object to the way this understanding influences the motivation for and adoption of Flexible Delivery. This journal article is available in Overview University of Wollongong Teaching & Learning Journal: http://ro.uow.edu.au/overview/ vol5/iss1/10


Fishing rights are one of the major areas of dispute for aboriginals in Canada today. Dianne Newell explores this controversial issue and looks at the ways government regulatory policy and the law have affected Indian participation in the Pacific Coast fisheries.For centuries, the economies of Pacific Coast Indians were based on their fisheries. Marine resources, mainly salmon, were used for barter, trade, ceremony, and personal consumption. This pattern persisted after the arrival of European and Asian immigrants, even during the first phases of the non-Indian commercial fishing industry when Indian families were depended upon for their labour and expertise. But as the industrial fishery grew, changes in labour supply, markets, and technology rendered Pacific Coast Indians less central to the enterprise and the aboriginal fishery became legally defined as food fishing. By the late 1960s, rigid new licence limitation policies were introduced and regulations transformed the processing sector. The result was reduced participation for fishermen and shoreworkers and the opportunities for Indian men and women declined dramatically. Government programs to increase or even stabilize Indian participation ultimately failed. Newell concludes that the governments of Canada and BC have historically regarded the aboriginal fishery narrowly and unjustly as a privilege, not a right, and have in fact moved against any changes which might put Indians into competition with non-Indians. Recently, BC Indians won a Supreme Court victory in Sparrow (1990) that will make it easier to change federal fisheries policies but aboriginal fishing rights remain before the courts and under federal government investigation.Awarded the Canadian Historical Association's British Columbia and Yukon Certificate of Merit Award for 'Professor Newell's courageous critique of a history of mismanagement and misunderstanding in one of the region's key sectors should provide pause for thought to anyone with an interest in the workings of the modern state.'


Mineral dust and secondary organic aerosols (SOA) account for a major fraction of atmospheric particulate matter, affecting climate, air quality and public health. How mineral dust interacts with SOA to influence cloud chemistry and public health, however, is not well understood. Here, we investigated the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are key species of atmospheric and physiological chemistry, in aqueous mixtures of SOA and mineral dust by applying electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrometry in combination with a spin-trapping technique, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and a kinetic model. We found that substantial amounts of ROS including OH, superoxide as well as carbon- and oxygen-centred organic radicals can be formed in aqueous mixtures of isoprene, α-pinene, naphthalene SOA and various kinds of mineral dust (ripidolite, montmorillonite, kaolinite, palygorskite, and Saharan dust). The molar yields of total radicals were ∼0.02-0.5% at 295 K, which showed higher values at 310 K, upon 254 nm UV exposure, and under low pH (<3) conditions. ROS formation can be explained by the decomposition of organic hydroperoxides, which are a prominent fraction of SOA, through interactions with water and Fenton-like reactions with dissolved transition metal ions. Our findings imply that the chemical reactivity and aging of SOA particles can be enhanced upon interaction with mineral dust in deliquesced particles or cloud/fog droplets. SOA decomposition could be comparably important to the classical Fenton reaction of H2O2 with Fe2+ and that SOA can be the main source of OH radicals in aqueous droplets at low concentrations of H2O2 and Fe2+. In the human respiratory tract, the inhalation and deposition of SOA and mineral dust can also lead to the release of ROS, which may contribute to oxidative stress and play an important role in the adverse health effects of atmospheric aerosols in the Anthropocene.


The controverted floor clauses have now turned out to be a legal issue of great i
nterest in
the sphere of abusive clauses and consumer protection.
The European Court of Justice has expressed
its view recently over these clauses and has concluded that the Spanish State cannot modulate the nulity
effects of an abusive clause as it goes a
gainst the principle of non
-
binding and deterrant effect of the
European Council's 93/13/CEE Directive that was emitted the 5th of April 1993, on abusive clauses in
contracts celebranted with consumers. With this, the European Council has come to establish
the
obligation of providing consumers a complete restitution of the amounts of money that were unfairly
paid by the customers. Without a doubt, this judicial sentencia has highlighted the long way towards
the European Integration process that we still hav
e to go through, driving forward new and specific
policies a protection that is not only real, but equal to any European Consume


This study examines the impact of new payments technologies on the value of banking industry. Chakravorti and Kobor (2003) find that payment providers offer new payments products most often as a bundled service offering in order to retain their customers and with the expectation of increased long-term profits. Rice and Stanton (2003) estimate that payments revenue accounts for approximately 16 percent of operating revenue. According to Rice (2003), payments activities affect the value of the banking franchise and estimates of profit efficiency. A cross-section of bankers surveyed by Kellogg (2003) indicates four key concerns related to emerging payments technologies: changing delivery channels and safeguards, fraud, vendor oversight and operational risk measurement and reporting. Lemieux (2003) identifies network vulnerabilities as having resiliency implications. These five studies highlight how income from payments activities is becoming a significant portion of banks' revenue and show that the lines between banks and nonbanks are becoming increasingly blurred.


Deep belief nets have been successful in modeling handwritten characters, but it has proved more difficult to apply them to real images. The problem lies in the restricted Boltzmann machine (RBM) which is used as a module for learning deep belief nets one layer at a time. The Gaussian-Binary RBMs that have been used to model real-valued data are not a good way to model the covariance structure of natural images. We propose a factored 3-way RBM that uses the states of its hidden units to represent abnormalities in the local covariance structure of an image. This provides a probabilistic framework for the widely used simple/complex cell architecture. Our model learns binary features that work very well for object recognition on the "tiny images" data set. Even better features are obtained by then using standard binary RBM's to learn a deeper model.


Climate change will bring with it increased frequency of two types of natural disasters that affect agriculture and rural households: droughts and floods. It will also alter rainfall patterns, thereby changing farming practices, household behavior, and welfare. Households all over the world use a variety of formal and informal mechanisms to manage risk and cope with unexpected events that negatively affect incomes, assets, or well-being. These mechanisms include both preparation for and responses to natural disasters. In low-income settings, where formal insurance and government supports are limited, households tend to rely on informal coping strategies, such as transfers from friends and neighbors, remittances, or investments in a diverse range of assets, from livestock to human capital. When disaster-related shock affects only a few households at a time, informal mechanisms can be quite effective in dealing with the situation. However, if the shock affects large areas simultaneously, small-scale coping mechanisms become ineffective. Research on several climate-related national disasters—the 1998 floods in Bangladesh, the 2001 drought in Ethiopia, and the 2001–02 failed maize harvest in Malawi—suggests that the upcoming negotiations in Copenhagen need to explicitly define, support, and expand policies that protect vulnerable populations from the expected increase in climate-change related weather events.


The development of industry in the field of electronics is increasingly developing along with the development of technology. The negative impact of these developments is Cd waste (Cadmium). This study aims to measure the absorption capacity of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles in absorption of Cadmium metal which is usually present in electrolytic industrial waste. The absorption of Cd metal is carried out through the technique of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles. The absorption of Cadmium metal is carried out by heating 75oC and carried out by precipitation technique of hydroxyaptite Nanoparticles. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry instrument tools are required in this study. The absorption results show an absorption of 66.36% of the cadmium solution or has a Quantity of 6.77 to the hydroxyapatite nanoparticles.


Reflection and transmission as a function of temperature (7-300 K and 5-300 K respectively) have been measured on single crystals of the multiferroic compound FeTe2O5Br utilizing light spanning from the far infrared to the visible. The complex dielectric function and other optical properties were obtained via Kramers-Kronig analysis and by fits to a Drude-Lortentz model. Analysis of the anisotropic excitation spectra via Drude-Lorentz fitting and lattice dynamical calculations have led to the observation of 43 of the 53 modes predicted along the b axis of the monoclinic cell. The phonon response parallel to the a and c axes are also presented. Assignments to groups (clusters) of phonons have been made and trends within them are discussed in light of our calculated displacement patterns.


This paper considers the problem of identifying on the Web compound documents (cDocs) -- groups of web pages that in aggregate constitute semantically coherent information entities. Examples of cDocs are a news article consisting of several html pages, or a set of pages describing specifications, price, and reviews of a digital camera. Being able to identify cDocs would be useful in many applications including web and intranet search, user navigation, automated collection generation, and information extraction.
 In the past, several heuristic approaches have been proposed to identify cDocs [1][5]. However, heuristics fail to capture the variety of types, styles and goals of information on the web, and do not account for the fact that the definition of a cDoc often depends on the context. This paper presents an experimental evaluation of three machine learning-based algorithms for cDoc discovery. These algorithms are responsive to the varying structure of cDocs and adaptive to their application-specific nature. Based on our previous work [4], this paper proposes a different scenario for discovering cDocs, and compares in this new setting the local machine learned clustering algorithm from [4] to a global purely graph based approach [3] and a Conditional Markov Network approach previously applied to noun coreference task [6]. The results show that the approach of [4] outperforms the other algorithms, suggesting that global relational characteristics of web sites are too noisy for cDoc identification purposes.


This paper addresses the problem of how to measure the benefits of policy-oriented social science research. It argues that social science research promotes economic efficiency in three different ways—it fosters efficiency in the public sector both directly and through effects on the general public, and it increases the efficiency of the private sector. The paper also proposes a practical empirical methodology for measuring the benefits of policy-oriented social science research. The proposed methodology includes a three-stage analysis of a cross-section of countries. The relationship between research and policy is estimated first. Then an estimate is made of the relationship between policy and economic growth. Finally, these estimates are used to deduce the relationship between research and economic growth.


INTRODUCTION: Minimally invasive and video-assisted cardiac surgery (VACS) has increased in popularity over the past 15 years. The small incisions have been associated with a good aesthetic effect and less surgical trauma, therefore less postoperative pain and rapid recovery. OBJECTIVES: To present our series with VACS, after 6 years of use of the method. METHODS: 136 patients underwent VACS, after written consent, between September 2005 and October 2011, 50% for men and age of 47.8 ± 15, 4anos, divided into two groups: with cardiopulmonary (CEC) (GcCEC=105 patients): mitral valve disease (47/105), aortic disease (39/105), congenital heart disease (19/105) and without extracorporeal circulation (CEC) (GsCEC=31 patients): cardiac resynchronization (18/ 31), cardiac tumor (4/31) and minimally invasive coronary artery bypass grafting (6/31). GcCEC was held in right minithoracotomy (3 to 5 cm) and femoral access to perform cannulation. RESULTS: In GcCEC, mean length of ICU stay and hospital stay were respectively 2.4 ± 4.5 days and 5.0 ± 6.8 days. Twelve patients presented complications in post-operative and five (4.8%) death. Ninety-three (88.6%) patients evolved uneventful, were extubated in operating room, and remained a mean of 1.8 ± 0.9 days in ICU and 3.6±1.3 days in the hospital. In GsCEC, were mean 1.3 ± 0.7 days in ICU and 2.9 ± 1.4 days in hospital and without complications or deaths. CONCLUSION: The results found in this series are comparable to those of world literature and confirm the method as an option the conventional technique.


Cancer is the leading cause of disease-related death in companion animals such as dogs and cats. Oncolytic viruses refer to those viruses that will selectively eliminate and lysis cancerous tissues without causing harm to normal tissues. Oncolytic viruses can kill infected cancer cells in many different ways, ranging from direct virusmediated cytotoxicity through a variety of cytotoxic immune effector mechanisms. Treatment of pet cancer with advanced disease stages is very poor prognosis. Therefore, developing unique cancer therapies is essential for work synergistically in combination with the conventional treatment options. Several oncolytic viruses including canine distemper virus, adenovirus strains, and vaccinia virus strains have been used for canine cancer therapy in preclinical studies. This review is focused on the probable use of oncolytic viral agents for canine cancer therapy in the future.


The use of molecular biology techniques is rapidly expanding in basic and applied plant and agricultural research. Molecular analysis has become the method of choice for large-scale markerassisted breeding, seed-quality testing, SNP discovery and scoring, and analysis of transgenic plants. Automated purification of high-quality DNA from plant seed and leaf is essential to these emerging methods. Here we introduce the highly consistent and


We present a detailed study of the Nernst effect Szx in TMTSF2PF6 as a function of temperature, magnetic field magnitude, direction, and pressure. As previously reported there is a large resonantlike structure as the magnetic field is rotated through crystallographic directions, the Lebed magic angles. These Nernst effect resonances strongly suggest that the transport of the system is effectively "coherent" only in crystallographic planes along or close to the applied field direction. We also present analytical and numerical calculations of the conductivity and thermoelectric tensors for TMTSF2PF6, based on a Boltzmann transport model within the semiclassical approximation. The Boltzmann transport calculation fails to describe the experimental data. We suggest that the answer may lie in the field induced decoupling of the strongly correlated chains.


This paper addresses the problem of semantic segmentation of 3D point clouds. We extend the inference machines framework of Ross et al. by adding spatial factors that model mid-range and long-range dependencies inherent in the data. The new model is able to account for semantic spatial context. During training, our method automatically isolates and retains factors modelling spatial dependencies between variables that are relevant for achieving higher prediction accuracy. We evaluate the proposed method by using it to predict 17-category semantic segmentations on sets of stitched Kinect scans. Experimental results show that the spatial dependencies learned by our method significantly improve the accuracy of segmentation. They also show that our method outperforms the existing segmentation technique of Koppula et al.


Several perspectives assert that organizations facing uncertainty tend to imitate other organizations' actions. While one might therefore expect to see great homogeneity across fields characterized by uncertainty, it is surprising that this homogeneity has not been observed more frequently in practice. Research investigating this puzzle has typically focused on the role played by organizational characteristics or the information organizations possess about their environments. Instead, this study turns attention to the information others possess about the organization. To that end, I disaggregate organizational uncertainty into the uncertainty facing decision makers and the uncertainty faced by others about what those decision makers might ultimately do, providing a more fine grained analysis of uncertainty and its impact on competitive action than typically offered in this literature. I suggest that uncertainty in competitors' evaluations of the organization provides an opportunity for the organization to differentiate itself rather than imitate others. I also suggest that this effect is stronger than the effects of the uncertainty facing the decision makers themselves. Related hypotheses are tested on a panel of medical malpractice insurance providers. The study's perspective generates unique predictions regarding imitation and differentiation in this industry and across other contexts featuring both uncertainty and competition.


In order to date the beginning and the climax of the Jurassic oolitic-bioclastic sedimentation in the proximal basin facies of the Gran Sasso area, the stratigraphic sections of Pizzo Cefalone and Mount Portella (western part of the Gran Sasso range) have been studied. Ammonite, benthic foraminifer and calcareous nannoplankton biostratigraphy provide evidence that the input of a large amount of oolitic-bioclastic sediments, exported from the Apennine Carbonate Platform, began in the Toarcian and reached the climax from Bathonian to early Kimmeridgian. Analogous events of resedimentation during the Jurassic are documented in the proximal facies of other basins, both in the Southern Apennines (Lagonegro-Molise Basin) and the Southern Alps (Belluno Basin). This implies that shedding from carbonate platforms was very high in response to some event of regional or global relevance, but any attempt of correlations and interpretation need more detailed stratigraphic data. Secondarily, the existence of a calcarenitic cherty formation (Calcari Diasprigni Detritici) in the western part of the Gran Sasso range is shown. This formation, stratigraphically equivalent to the Umbria-Marche Calcari Diasprigni, has been ignored in the existing geological maps although it is well distinct from both the overlying Maiolica and the underlying Calcari Bioclastici Inferiori because of its high content in biogenic silica. The presence of this formation on the western part of the Gran Sasso range means that the Upper Jurassic biosiliceous facies spread from the Alpine Ocean to the slope of the carbonate Apenninic Platform.


The incidence of neoplasia at the gastroesophageal junction has increased markedly over the past 20 years, but the mutagen responsible for this remains unknown. Human saliva contains substantial quantities of nitrite and is the main source of nitrite entering the stomach. It is derived from the enterosalivary recirculation of dietary nitrate and its reduction by buccal bacteria. Carcinogenic N-nitrosocompounds may be formed from the nitrite in swallowed saliva by bacterially-catalysed nitrosation in the achlorhydric stomach or acid-catalysed nitrosation in the healthy acid secreting stomach. Protection against luminal acid-catalysed nitrosation is provided by the ascorbic acid content of human gastric juice which reduces nitrite to nitric oxide (NO). A high luminal concentration of NO generated from salivary nitrite has been shown at the gastroesophageal junction.

A bench top model has been developed to explore the chemistry occurring in an aqueous phase, representing the lumen at the gastroesophageal junction, after the addition of nitrite. Within this model an adjacent lipid phase has been created. The lipid phase represents the adjacent mucosa to the lumen or the dietary fat shown to sit within the fundus of the stomach. In this two-phase model, addition of physiological concentrations of nitrite to an acidic aqueous phase in the absence of ascorbic acid generated nitrosative stress within the aqueous phase. The addition of physiological concentrations of ascorbic acid to the aqueous phase prevents nitrosative stress within the aqueous phase but in so doing generates nitrosative stress within the lipid phase. This can be explained by the ascorbic acid converting the salivary nitrite to NO which diffuses into the lipid phase and there reacts with O2 to form the nitrosating species N2O3.
The bench top model has been developed further to include the lipid antioxidants, α-tocopherol, β-carotene and BHT. All three of these antioxidants are effective in inhibiting nitrosative stress within the lipid phase. The concentration of α-tocopherol required to inhibit nitrosation is less than would be expected from the reaction equation. A possible explanation for this is that ascorbic acid recycles the active antioxidant α-tocopherol from its reduced form. Further studies to support recycling of α-tocopherol by ascorbic acid are presented within this thesis.

The design of a model used in vivo to assess for nitrosative stress is discussed. The model consisted of a hydrophobic silastic tubing containing a secondary amine at a neutral pH. The hydrophobic membrane that the tubing is composed of allowed the passage of gaseous NO. Human studies in healthy volunteers were performed using the silastic tubing. The data presented shows that after a nitrate rich drink there is significantly more nitrosative stress within the upper gastrointestinal tract and this is particularly the case in the first part of the stomach where salivary nitrite meets acidic gastric juice containing ascorbic acid.

Finally, the studies explore directly measuring nitrosative stress in biopsy samples from humans and rats. As nitrite has been shown previously to be a marker of nitrosative stress in bench top models biopsy samples were assessed for nitrite and nitrate concentrations. Methods for assessing nitrite and nitrate concentrations within biopsy samples from the upper gastrointestinal tract are discussed, as nitrite and nitrate have not been analysed from this region previously. Thereafter, upper gastrointestinal biopsy samples from healthy human subjects were analysed after a control drink and a drink rich in nitrate. The studies presented show that biopsy nitrate and nitrite was higher in samples taken from the proximal stomach as compared to the oesophagus and distal stomach. This suggests that there is more nitrosative stress in the biopsies from the same area as where NO is generated after a nitrate meal.

Together the data presented supports a novel mechanism for N-nitrosation in the upper gastrointestinal tract of a healthy subject. The N-nitrosation is maximal where swallowed salivary nitrite from dietary nitrate meets acidic gastric juice containing the aqueous antioxidant ascorbic acid.


In our homes and in the enterprise, in our leisure and in our professions, mobile computing is no longer merely "exciting;" it is becoming an essential, ubiquitous tool of the modern world. New and innovative mobile applications continue to inform, entertain, and surprise users. But, to make the daily use of mobile technologies more gratifying and worthwhile, we must move forward with new levels of sophistication. The Mobile App Stores of the future must be built on stronger foundations.
This dissertation considers a broad view of the challenges and intuitions behind a diverse selection of such new primitives. Some of these primitives will mitigate existing and fundamental challenges of mobile computing, especially relating to wireless communication. Others will take an application-driven approach, being designed to serve a novel purpose, and be adapted to the unique and varied challenges from their disparate domains. However, all are related through a unifying goal, to provide a seamless, enjoyable, and productive mobile experience. This dissertation takes view that by bringing together nontrivial enhancements across a selection of disparate-but-interrelated domains, the impact is synergistically stronger than the sum of each in isolation. Through their collective impact, these new "building blocks" can help lay a foundation to upgrade mobile technology beyond the expectations of early-adopters, and into seamless integration with all of our lives.


Raise self-confident, self-reliant children using the RIE (Resources for Infant Educarers) Approach. Your baby knows more than you think. That's the heart of the principles and teachings of Magda Gerber, founder of RIE (Resources for Infant Educarers), and Educaring. BABY KNOWS BEST is based on Gerber's belief in babies' natural abilities to develop at their own pace, without coaxing from helicoptering or hovering parents. The Educaring Approach helps parents see their infants as competent people with a growing ability to communicate, problem-solve, and self-soothe. BABY KNOWS BEST is a comprehensive resource that shows parents how to respond to their babies' cues and signals; how to develop healthy sleep habits; why babies need uninterrupted playtime; and how to set clear, consistent limits. The result? More relaxed parents and more confident, self-reliant children.


Background: Different factors, such as personality and psychological characteristics, are effective in the self-care and control of diabetes. This study aimed at determining the effect of educational intervention based on locus of control structure of attribution theory on the self-care behavior of patients with type II diabetes. Methods: This was a quasi-experimental controlled study performed on 180 patients in Babol Diabetes Association. The sampling method was simple random sampling. Data collection tool was form C of standard questionnaire in multidimensional health locus of control (MHLC) and summary of diabetes self-care activities (SDSCA). Based on the results obtained from the initial completion of the questionnaires, educational intervention was designed as three 60-minute educational sessions using short lectures, question and answer, group discussions, and consultation methods, as well as educational materials, such as films, posters, and pamphlets. Intervention was only performed for the test group. The questionnaires were filled out again 2 and 3 months after the intervention. Results: Before the intervention, there was no significant difference in the mean scores of self-care, internal, chance, and external locus of control between the 2 groups. However, 2 to 3 months after the intervention, the mean scores of self-care (p<0.001) and locus of control (p<0.001) increased in the test group. Moreover, the mean score of chance (p<0.001) and external (p<0.001) locus of control decreased significantly. Conclusion: Educational intervention decreases the mean scores of chance and external locus of control and increases the mean score of internal locus of control; as a result, it improves self-care in patients with diabetes.


This paper will examine the support networks available to Asian women whilst studying at a 'new' (post-1992) university. It will explore the strategies of success associated with community membership that Asian women use whilst at university. The paper is based on 45 in-depth interviews carried out with Indian, Sikh and Muslim women who were studying for a Social Sciences or Education Studies degree. All of the interviews were tape-recorded and subsequently transcribed. The findings examine how women form particular communities whilst at university (Bhopal, 2010) – these in effect are translated into 'communities of practice' (Wenger, 1998). It is through these 'communities of practice' that women are able to support each other by regular interaction, shared language and support for assignments and exams. Part of this 'community of practice' is based on the issue of 'localism' and 'critical mass' and is associated with particular boundaries of membership. Many of the Asian women chose to attend their local university as they felt their experience in higher education would include women who were 'like them' and with whom they could identify. Such attendance enabled women to draw support from the communities of practice they were engaged in within the university. The idea of identifying with like minded students encouraged women to draw support from each other in an environment in which many of the women identified as 'outsiders'. The paper will also explore quantitative data which supports the notion of 'localism'. Differences in the accommodation choices made by female students from the White and Asian communities are highlighted. HESA enrolment data for academic years 1998 and 2005 are used in the analysis presented here in order to explore (i) the decision to move out of the parental/guardian home whilst attending university and (ii) the decision to move out of one's home region conditional on the fact a student is not living in the parental home. Findings suggest that Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi female students are all more likely to live in the parental/guardian home than White students. Students from all three Asian groups that do move out are less likely to attend a university outside their home region. These patterns are persistent in both 1998 and 2005. The key changes between this period included an increase in students recorded as living in their parental/guardian home. More students that did move out decided to stay in their region in 2005 than they had done in the earlier year. Finally, in 1998 the Indian group was quite distinct from the other two Asian groups in that it was very similar to the White group in terms of the decision to live in the parental home. In 2005, this gap reduces and the Pakistani and Bangladeshi groups behave more similarly to the Indian and White groups