This thesis presents a complete framework for 3D shape reconstruction using inertial and magnetic sensors. When placed onto a shape, these sensors provide local surface orientations along a curve network on the shape, but their absolute position in the world space is unknown. The challenges with this type of 3D acquisition are threefold. First, sensor measurements are noisy and inconsistent. Second, since positions are unknown, the acquired curve network has to be reconstructed from orientations. Finally, the smooth surface needs to be inferred from a collection of curves with normals. To compute the shape from measured data, our main insight is to formulate the reconstruction as a set of optimization problems. Using discrete representations, these optimization problems are resolved efficiently and at interactive time rates.

We present two main contributions. First, we introduce a novel method for creating well-connected networks with cell-complex topology using only orientation and distance measurements and a set of user-defined constraints. By working directly with orientations, our method robustly resolves problems arising from data inconsistency and sensor noise. Our approach is driven by a simple principle mostly overlooked in previous works: at each intersection in a curve network, the positions and the normals of two intersecting curves have to coincide.

Second, we address the problem of surfacing a closed 3D curve network with given surface normals. Thanks to the normal vector input, the patch-finding problem can be solved unambiguously and an initial piecewise smooth triangle mesh is computed. The input normals are propagated throughout the mesh. Together with the initial mesh, the propagated normals are used to estimate mean curvature vectors. We then compute the final mesh by combining the standard Laplacian-based variational methods with the curvature information extracted from the input normals. The normal input increases shape fidelity and allows to achieve globally smooth and visually pleasing shapes.

Previous approaches used static devices placed along a network with fixed connectivity between the sensors (ribbon, grid). We explore a new dynamic setup, which used a single mobile node of sensors. As a consequence, a dense set of data can be acquired along an arbitrary smooth curve network on a surface.

The proposed framework was tested on real-world data acquired using two devices equipped with mobile sensors. A quantitative evaluation was performed by computing the error of reconstruction for fabricated surfaces with known ground truth. Even for complex shapes, the mean error remains around 1%.


Introduction. This study audited the process of ethics approval for Master's research at the Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Methods. After obtaining the appropriate ethical approval, all the correspondence surrounding each Master's proposal for the year 2010 was reviewed. Results. A total of 53 proposals for Master's degrees were available for review. All the proposals were for low-risk studies, and all were subjected to expedited review. It took an average of 15 weeks (range 3 - 32) for the institutional ethics review board (the Biomedical Research Ethics Committee (BREC)) to respond to each of the 53 proposals. Twenty-three studies (43.4%) received provisional approval on the first response, 2 proposals (3.8%) were rejected, and 28 proposals (52.8%) were sent back with major queries. For the 28 proposals that required major revisions, 11 responses had been submitted by the time the data were collected. The average length of time to receive a response from the applicants to BREC queries was 4 weeks. Conclusion. This study suggests that there is a potential cumulative delay of over 4 months before data collection for low-risk clinical audits can be commenced. Any system designed to improve this situation must ensure that high standards of vigilance are maintained, but must be flexible enough to allow for a faster review and approval process.


This dissertation investigates the use of the algebraic style of
abstract data type specifications for the definition of programming
language semantics. The choice of appropriate mathematical models for
such presentations is an important aspect of this work largely because the
semantics of programming languages will generally be defined in terms of
domains that are more complex than those required for dealing with more
elementary data types. The relationship between initial algebra semantics
and the proposed style of specification is explored.
From this foundation, the intuitive notion of the congruence of a
pair of semantic definitions can be inspected and formalised against an
algebraic background. Using the formal definition so developed and the
simple but powerful notion of initiality, proofs of congruence are possible
for semantics that are not amenable to the more traditional techniques of
structural and fixed-point induction.
Finally the problem of establishing the correctness of a compiler is
investigated, reworking the traditional "commuting square" approach for
the style of semantic presentation developed in this thesis rather than the
usual initial algebra style. This allows a clearer focus on some of the
shortcomings of the commuting square notion.


Building on Barnett's (2007) theoretical argument that a firm's ability to profit from social responsibility depends upon its stakeholder influence capacity (SIC), we bring together contrasting literatures on the relationship between corporate social performance (CSP) and corporate financial performance (CFP) to hypothesize that the CSP-CFP relationship is U-shaped. Our results support that hypothesis. We find that firms with low CSP have higher CFP than firms with moderate CSP, but firms with high CSP have the highest CFP. This supports the theoretical argument that SIC underlies the ability to transform social responsibility into profit.


OBJECTIVE
To describe the relation of retinal arteriolar and venular caliber to the incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy in people with type 1 diabetes mellitus.

DESIGN
Incidence findings in a population-based study of diabetic retinopathy in Wisconsin. Participants included 996 persons diagnosed as having diabetes mellitus before 30 years of age who took insulin and underwent the baseline examination, 891 in the 4-year follow-up, 765 in the 10-year follow-up, and 634 in the 14-year follow-up. Retinal photographs of 7 standard fields were taken at all examinations. Computer-assisted grading was performed from a digitized image of field 1 to determine the average diameter of retinal arterioles and venules and their ratio. Main outcome measures included incidence and progression of retinopathy, incidence of proliferative retinopathy, and macular edema.

RESULTS
While adjusting for other factors, larger arteriolar (relative risk [RR] for the fourth vs first quartile range, 2.04; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.20-3.47; test of trend, P =.008) and venular diameters (RR, 2.33; 95% CI, 1.37-3.95; test of trend, P =.005) were associated with greater 4-year progression of retinopathy. Larger venular diameters (RR, 4.28; 95% CI, 1.50-12.19; test of trend, P =.006) but not arteriolar diameters were associated with greater 4-year incidence of proliferative retinopathy. In multivariable analyses, arteriolar and venular calibers were not associated with the 4-year incidence of retinopathy. While adjusting for other factors, arteriolar and venular calibers were not associated with incidence of macular edema at 4 years. There were few associations of arteriolar or venular caliber with the 10- or 14-year incidence or the progression of retinopathy.

CONCLUSIONS
Larger arteriolar and venular caliber, independent of retinopathy severity level, is related to the progression of retinopathy, and larger venular caliber is associated with the 4-year incidence of proliferative retinopathy. Caliber of retinal vessels is not associated with incident retinopathy. These data suggest a quantitative measure of retinal vascular caliber provides additional information regarding risk for progression of retinopathy.


Insect juvenile hormone (JH) regulates the growth and development of insects. Synthetic analogues of JH (JHAs) have been used as agents of pest control, disrupting the metamorphosis of insects. The purpose of the present study was to determine physiological and biochemical effects of methoprene, a commercial JHA, on certain organs and tissues of the African migratory locust (Locusta mi- gratoria migratorioides, phase gregaria). Methoprene was topically applied to newly moulted, fifth (final) instar larvae and the subsequent development of the animals was followed. Cytological development of fat body and dorsal longitudinal flight muscle was studied by light and electron microscopy. Fat body cells of control insects were synthetically active early in the fifth instar, and stored lipid and glycogen in the latter half of the instar. Fat bodies of 8-day old adults were sexually dimorphic, female cells showing high levels of RNA and protein synthesis while male cells were filled with lipid and glycogen stores. Methoprene treatment stimulated the synthetic activity of the cells in fifth instar and adult stadia, especially in female tissue. Cell nuclei were abnormally enlarged, suggesting increased ploidy levels. Levels of lipid and carbohydrate were measured in fat body and haemolymph but methoprene had no obvious effect on them, nor on glycogen phosphorylase activity. However, the JHA affected rates of incorporation of [(^14)C]glucose into fat body lipids during the first four days of the fifth instar. Separation of haemolymph proteins by gel electrophoresis revealed an extra protein band in the blood of treated female locusts from the middle of the fifth instar onwards. The same band appeared in the blood of control females only when they reached sexual maturity. Methoprene treatment disrupted normal development of dorsal longitudinal flight muscles during the fifth instar and early adult life. The JHA reduced muscle fibre growth but seemed to accelerate myofibril and mitochondrial differentiation in the fifth instar. Treatment also inhibited formation of interfibrillar tracheoles and caused disruption of the myofilaments and sarcoplasmic reticulum in adult muscle. Mitochondria were isolated from flight muscles of mature adults and their respiratory metabolism was measured using an oxygen electrode. Mitochondria from control animals showed high rates of oxygen consumption and good respiratory control. Mitochondria from treated locusts had poor respiratory control and low respiratory rates. Similar results were obtained by in vitro applications of methoprene or juvenile hormone to mitochondria.


Cultured marine microorganisms under copper stress produce extracellular compounds having a high affinity for copper (copper‐complexing ligands). These ligands are similar in binding strength to those found in natural waters, but few studies have examined the relationship between copper, copper‐complexing ligand concentrations, and natural microbial populations. A series of in situ experiments in the Elizabeth River, Virginia, revealed that an intact estuarine microbial community responded to copper stress by production of extracellular, high‐affinity copper complexing ligands. The rate of ligand production was dependent on copper concentration and resulted in a reduction of the concentration of free cupric ions, Cu2+, by more than three orders of magnitude during a 2‐week period in one experiment. We believe that this interactive response to copper stress represents a feedback system through which microbial communities can potentially buffer dissolved Cu2+ ion concentrations, thereby regulating copper bioavailability and toxicity.


Abstract Spatial planning has to be carried out in accordance with the sustainable development principle. When compiling every document indicated in the Spatial Planning and Development Act, local authorities have to take into account the conditions that are valid in a gmina. They should rely on available materials which are a support for the decisions that are made. An element that constitutes support for local authorities is spatial data available in international sources, e.g. the European Environmental Agency or individual sources, e.g. vector versions of the documents in the scope of spatial planning. The purpose of the article is to present which materials used by local governments can allow for an appropriate assessment of the need for new areas of housing development and the limitation of decisions concerning the liquidation of open areas in cities. The article presents tools and data which constitute a basis for an evidence-based spatial planning policy and have to be used by local authorities. The procedure presented in the article can be a tool supporting the spatial policy and an element of evaluation whether the decisions made by local authorities are correct.


Feature selection involves identifying a subset of the most useful features that produces compatible results as the original entire set of features. A feature selection algorithm may be evaluated from both the efficiency and effectiveness points of view. While the efficiency concerns the time required to find a subset of features, the effectiveness is related to the quality of the subset of features. Based on these criteria, a fast clustering-based feature selection algorithm, FAST, is proposed and experimentally evaluated. The FAST algorithm works in two steps. In the first step, features are divided into clusters by using graph-theoretic clustering methods. In the second step, the most representative feature that is strongly related to target classes is selected from each cluster to form a subset of features.


The aim of computational neuroscience is to gain insight into the dynamics and functionality of the nervous system by means of modeling and simulation. Current research leverages the power of High Performance Computing facilities to enable multi-scale simulations capturing both low-level neural activity and large-scalce interactions between brain regions. In this paper, we describe an interactive analysis tool that enables neuroscientists to explore data from such simulations. One of the driving challenges behind this work is the integration of macroscopic data at the level of brain regions with microscopic simulation results, such as the activity of individual neurons. While researchers validate their findings mainly by visualizing these data in a non-interactive fashion, state-of-the-art visualizations, tailored to the scientific question yet sufficiently general to accommodate different types of models, enable such analyses to be performed more efficiently. This work describes several visualization designs, conceived in close collaboration with domain experts, for the analysis of network models. We primarily focus on the exploration of neural activity data, inspecting connectivity of brain regions and populations, and visualizing activity flux across regions. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach in a case study conducted with domain experts.


.. This paper analyses the scholarly contribution of S R Ranganathan as reflected in Google Scholar Citations, Web of Science, and Scopus. This paper also identifies popularity of his published works, particularly which are highly referred by the researchers and LIS curriculum designers. His top three highly cited books are namely Prolegomena to Library Classification, The Five Laws of Library Science, and Colon Classification. His top three highly referred journal articles are titled "Hidden Roots of Classification", "Subject Heading and Facet Analysis", and "Colon Classification Edition 7 (1971): A Preview". This paper identifies the articles that cited his works extensively and got considerable citations from the other researchers. Top citing journal articles are namely "The Need for a Faceted Classification as the Basis of All Methods of Information Retrieval", "Ranganathan and the Net: Using Facet Analysis to Search and Organise the World Wide Web" and "Grounded Classification: Grounded Theory and Faceted Classification". These citing articles also indicate that Ranganathan is very relevant to today's researchers in interdisciplinary areas, particularly which belong to the fields of computer applications and information systems.


"Theory and Practice of Harmonisation" is an edited symposium publication which tackles the ambitious topic of legal harmonisation. Some common themes can be identified. First, several papers deal with the background to or reasons for harmonisation and consider whether harmonisation goals are being met.Second, several papers examine language-textual issues or problems with defining concepts. A third centralizing theme is the role of legal institutions, in particular courts, in facilitating harmonisation. Finally, a fourth theme is evident in those papers that look at the instruments, mechanisms or legal techniques that are used to implement harmonisation. As a whole, the text seems somewhat 'old-fashioned' in talking about harmonisation – law's more global operation – without including recent reflections on governance, legal pluralism or similar articulations about multiple jurisdictional claims to legitimacy. Other than superficial mention in a handful of chapters, the text misses out on Comparative Law's contributions and debates, for example: whether particular legal legacies are better choices than others; whether certain areas of law harmonise more easily; whether and how laws move transnationally; and whether and how local legal culture serves as an obstacle to reception of foreign law.


Automated processing, analysis, and generation of source code are among the key activities in software and system lifecycle. To this end, while deep learning (DL) exhibits a certain level of capability in handling these tasks, the current state-of-the-art DL models still suffer from non-robust issues and can be easily fooled by adversarial attacks.Different from adversarial attacks for image, audio, and natural languages, the structured nature of programming languages brings new challenges. In this paper, we propose a Metropolis-Hastings sampling-based identifier renaming technique, named \fullmethod (\method), which generates adversarial examples for DL models specialized for source code processing. Our in-depth evaluation on a functionality classification benchmark demonstrates the effectiveness of \method in generating adversarial examples of source code. The higher robustness and performance enhanced through our adversarial training with \method further confirms the usefulness of DL models-based method for future fully automated source code processing.


Virtually all public clouds today are run by single providers, and this creates near-monopolies, inefficient markets, and hinders innovation at the infrastructure level. There are current proposals to change this, by creating open architectures that allow providers of computing and storage resources to compete for tenant services at multiple levels, all the way down to the bare metal. Networking, however, is not part of this, and is viewed as a commodity much like power or cooling. In this paper we borrow ideas from the Internet architecture, and propose to structure the cloud datacenter network as a marketplace where multiple service providers can offer connectivity services to tenants. Our marketplace, NetEx, divides the network into independently managed pods of resources, interconnected with multiple providers through special programmable switches that play a role analogous to that of an IXP. We demonstrate the feasibility of such an architecture by a prototype in Mininet, and argue that this can be a way to provide innovation, competition, and efficiency in future cloud datacenter networks.


We study the impact of loan regulation in rural India on child labor with an overlapping-generations model of formal and informal lending, human capital accumulation, adverse selection, and differentiated risk types. Specifically, we build a model economy that replicates the current outcome with a loan rate cap and no lender discrimination by risk using a survey of rural lenders. Households borrow primarily from informal moneylenders and use child labor. Removing the rate cap and allowing lender discrimination markedly increases capital use, eliminates child labor, and improves welfare of all household types.


It is promising to find that studies of urban tourism, drawing upon planning marketing, management science and materialist perspectives, are finally being complemented by research into the culture and experience of place consumption. Notwithstanding, this paper argues that many cultural studies still fail to engage with landscapes, representations and encounters which are salient to place consumers. This paper aims to examine and address these problems, in terms of both conceptualization and research. The discussion initially emphasizes the readings of different groups of place consumers. Although recent studies exploring the embodied nature of tourism are useful, studies of urban tourism can be revitalized with humanistic concepts and methods focusing on the knowledge of place consumers. This is demonstrated through a study of tourist knowledge of Cardiff, using both repertory grid interviews and surveys. The data reveal an intersubjective language of tourist knowledge and discrepancies between mediated and non-mediated knowledge. Concepts and methods focusing on the knowledge-of-place consumers subsequently enable tourism geographers to capture the lived realities and everyday readings of urban tourism landscapes and representations.


Abstract This study analysed road accident data for a five-year period on a route between Uitenhage and Graaff-Reinet in the Eastern Cape (South Africa) to investigate the temporal patterns of animal-related accidents (ARAs). Although a large number of ARAs was recorded during the high-traffic holiday season, a distinct period of relatively high ARA rates was identified from April to July. These months coincide with the rutting and hunting seasons of greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros) when movement is more pronounced. The observed daily danger times for ARAs are from dusk to around midnight and early mornings until dawn. Weekends, with increased motor vehicle traffic, are also hazardous times. These results should be used by traffic authorities and regional traffic managers to help initiate mitigating procedures and launch public awareness programmes to inform motorists of the most accident-prone times of the day, days of the week and seasons of the year for animal-related motor vehicle accidents.


The increasing design speed of the new high speed lines and the stringent requirements on track alignment parameters are leading to a sustained increase of the number of railway viaducts. The relevant standards impose limiting values on lateral vibrations. Both the Spanish and European standards establish a minimum value for the first natural frequency of lateral vibration of a span, that should not be lower than fh0 = 1,2 Hz. This limit was originally proposed by ERRI committee D181, which assessed the lateral forces in railway bridges. This limit was proposed in order to avoid lateral resonance in railway vehicles going across the structure, taking into account that the frequencies of lateral vibration of railway vehicles are, in general, not greater than 1,0 Hz. In the case of large continuous viaducts with high piers, the lateral deformations occurring during a train pass-by can be significant and the natural frequencies of the first mode of vibration of the deck can be very low. In these cases it is not clear whether the required verifications must be applied to spans considered independently, to several successive spans or to the whole viaduct. There is currently no analysis methodology allowing to assess this situation and check the viaduct design against the requirements of ride safety and passenger comfort. This paper analyzes the lateral deformations of a large continuous viaduct and the infrastructure vehicle interaction effects due to the circulation of freight trains and several types of high speed train sat different speeds. The application of this methodology will allow an optimized design of viaducts with significant lateral deformations that cannot be justified only by using the simplified criteria of the current applicable standards. In such cases, the compliance with standards may lead to over dimensioning or in other cases to neglect the limits without the adequate verification of the proper infrastructure behavior once it has been commissioned. As it is the case for vertical deformations, for which the European standards require the assessment of dynamic effects, we stress the need for a dynamic analysis of the effects of lateral deformations in large railway viaducts.


This paper seeks to analyse the right to be forgotten that has been officially introduced by the European Commission on the 25th of January 2012. By discussing the origins and legal grounds of this right, the article will argue that the right to be forgotten is merely a re-branding of long-standing data protection principles. Furthermore it will present the different views according to which the right to be forgotten means the deletion of data in due time or the right to a clean slate, before pointing out to the implications it may have on social networking sites like Facebook. Here it will draw attention to Facebook's noncompliance with the purpose specification principle as well as to the legal uncertainties in identifying the controller on Facebook. Finally the paper will look at the problems regarding the practicability of the right to be forgotten, supporting the opinion that enforceability can only be assured through the combination of legal and technical measures, before concluding to the questionability of its successful enforcement due to the European-American clash with regard to privacy.


We describe the invertebrate assemblages in the Middle Jurassic to lowermost Cretaceous of the Agardhfjellet Formation present in the DH2 rock core material of Central Spitsbergen (Svalbard). Previous studies of the Agardhfjellet Formation do not accurately reflect the distribution of invertebrates throughout the unit as they were limited to sampling discontinuous intervals at outcrop. The rock core material shows the benthic bivalve fauna to reflect dysoxic, but not anoxic environments for the Oxfordian – lower Kimmeridgian interval with sporadic monospecific assemblages of epifaunal bivalves, and more favourable conditions in the Volgian, with major increases in abundance and diversity of Hartwellia sp. assemblages. Overall, the new information from cores show that abundance, diversity and stratigraphic continuity of the fossil record in the Upper Jurassic of Spitsbergen are considerably higher than indicated in outcrop studies. The inferred life positions and feeding habits of the benthic fauna refine the understanding of the depositional environments of the Agardhfjellet Formation. The occurrence pattern of the bivalve genera is correlated with published studies of Arctic localities in East Greenland and Northern Siberia and shows similarities in palaeoecology with the former but not the latter. Ammonite biostratigraphy is used as a tool to date bivalve assemblage overturning events to help identify similar changes in other sections.


How Human Psychology Drives the Economy and Why It Matters By George A. Akerlof The recent global financial crisis has made it painfully clear that powerful psychological forces are imperiling the wealth of nations today. From blind faith in every-rising housing prices to plummeting confidence in capital markets, "animal spirits" are driving financial events worldwide. Robert Shiller and I (Akerlof and Shiller 2009) challenge the economic wisdom that got us into this mess, e.g., rational expectations macroeconomics (Sargent and Wallace 1976, Lucas 1976) and an explosion in new unregulated financial instruments and near banks (Aversa 2008), and put forward a bold new vision and policies that will transform economics and restore world prosperity. We assert the necessity of an active government role in economic policymaking by recovering the idea of animal spirits, a term John Maynard Keynes used to describe e the gloom and despondence that led to the Great Depression (1929-33) and changing psychology that accompanied recovery. Like Keynes, we know that managing these animal spirits requires the steady hand of government—simply allowing markets to work will not do it. In rebuilding the case for a more robust, behaviorally informed Keynesianism, we detail the most pervasive effects of animal spirits in contemporary economic life—such as confidence, fear, bad faith, corruption, a concern for fairness, and the stories we tell ourselves about our economic


The 1980s have been a decade of crisis for banks engaged in international lending. This dissertation examines the impact of twelve events related to the Latin American debt crisis on the market value of the U.S, U.K, and Canadian bank stocks. The existing literature is extended in several directions. First, different types of events and several events of the same type are analyzed to enhance the generality of the conclusions. Second, a general theoretical framework involving two testable hypotheses is utilized to interpret the economic significance of the events. Third, the capital regulation hypothesis is tested extensively and it helped to clarify some of the ambiguities presented by earlier literature on the Mexican moratorium event. Fourth, the Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (GARCH) model is used to address some of the problems associated with the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) market model. These include nonnormalities, nonlinearities, and heteroscedasticity, and Cornell and Shapiro's criticism against use of event study methods for studying the impact of the debt crisis. Finally, the international dimension of the Latin American problem is recognized by extending the analysis to the British and the Canadian banks. ix Most of the events produced significant event-day excess returns for the U.S. banks with Latin American loans. The market distinguished high-, medium-, and zeroexposure groups among banks. The four moratoria (Mexican, Argentinean, Bolivian, and Brazilian) as a class, produced strong and consistent results, although the underlying dynamics of the moratoria differed. This study provides perspective on the economic impact of capital regulation and demonstrates a link between external exogenous events and bank value. The analysis suggests that the GARCH model does not make a significant difference to event study results. The results for the British and the Canadian banks differ somewhat from those for the U.S. banks. Differences in capital regulation in the three countries may explain the differential reaction of the three markets for the same set of events related to the Latin American debt crisis.


We estimate that stereotypies are currently displayed by over 85 million farm, laboratory and zoo animals worldwide. This paper investigates their reliability as welfare indicators, by surveying studies relating stereotypy to other welfare measures and by analysing the mechanisms underlying this behaviour. Where data exist, most (approximately 68%) situations that cause/increase stereotypies also decrease welfare. Stereotypy-eliciting situations are thus likely to be poor for welfare, although exceptions exist. Within such an environment, however, most (approximately 60%) accounts link individual stereotypy performance with improved welfare (cf approximately 20% linking it with reduced welfare). Thus, in a sub-optimal environment, non-stereotyping or low-stereotyping individuals could well have the poorest welfare, although again exceptions exist. Examining the mechanisms underlying stereotypy performance, we discuss four processes that could account for these complex links between stereotypy and welfare. Beneficial consequences from performing the specific source-behaviour of the stereotypy ('do-it-yourself enrichment'), or arising from repetition per se ('mantra effects'), may ameliorate welfare in poor environments. In addition, stereotypies that have become centrally controlled (habit-like), or that arise from autistic-like changes in the control of all behaviour (perseveration), are likely to be unreliable indicators of current state because they can be elicited by, or persist in, circumstances that improve welfare. To refine the role of stereotypy in welfare assessment, we suggest the collection of specific additional data to reveal when any of these four processes is acting. Until such research increases our understanding, stereotypies should always be taken seriously as a warning sign of potential suffering, but never used as the sole index of welfare; non-stereotyping or low-stereotyping individuals should not be overlooked or assumed to be faring well; simple measures of frequency should not be used to compare stereotypies that differ in age, form, or the biological or experiential characteristics of the performing animal; enrichments that do not immediately reduce stereotypies should not be assumed failures with respect to welfare; and finally, stereotypies should not be reduced by means other than tackling their underlying motivations.


Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to present a case study of an innovative, three-module pathway designed by the Department of Law and Criminology at Edge Hill University (England) in 2014. In addition to supporting the work of its campus pro-bono law clinic, the first-two modules aim to enhance and evidence the legal skills of EHU's undergraduate LLB students, to embed a deeper awareness of the (legal) ethics needed for sustainable legal practice (within PRME), and to highlight the increasing need for socially responsible advocates, able to defend the rights of marginalised, vulnerable clients.

Design/methodology/approach
The critical analysis of the content and scope of an innovative, work-based learning LLB module pathway, which furthers the aim of the UN Global Compact and the PRME, and ties them firmly to socio-legal issues and advocacy involving recent jurisprudence.

Findings
The case law used within the modules, and the practical work of the students in the campus law clinic, are relevant to social justice issues and to the promotion of PRME values—they promote awareness of human rights principles, highlight the importance of access to legal services and provide students with knowledge of legal ethics. Enhanced employability skills flow from this.

Research limitations/implications
This is a narrow case study but still provides a useful analysis of an innovative, PRME relevant module pathway. The model mirrors international trends in clinical legal education and also offers a template for other law schools keen to promote the concept of ethical, just legal practice.

Practical implications
The paper posits that enhanced employability can flow from real world tasks such as advocacy for marginalised or disadvantaged groups and presents an exemplar for other law schools wishing to embed ethics/clinical law practice into their curriculum.

Social implications
The paper highlights how the campus law clinic serves the public in a deprived region—it raises awareness of human rights and of social justice issues. It has the potential to feed into litigation on social welfare issues (housing, social security, child welfare, etc.).

Originality/value
The discussion of the human rights case law that is used in the Year 2 "bridging module" (which prepares students for working in the law clinic in their final year) is particularly relevant and is analysed in detail, highlighting how this module pathway is aimed at promoting PRME and UN Global Compact principles.


More than two million percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) procedures are performed worldwide each year.1 Periprocedural myocardial infarction is one of the most common complications with evidence of myonecrosis in almost half of all PCI procedures.2 Defining periprocedural myocardial infarction is, however, not straightforward. The latest expert consensus on the Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction defines PCI-related myocardial infarction (type IVa) as either an increase in cardiac troponin 5-fold greater than the 99th percentile upper reference limit (URL) in patients with normal baseline values (≤99th percentile URL), or a more than 20% increase in patients with already elevated but stable or falling baseline troponin concentrations.3 In addition to this, the definition further stipulates that clinical evidence of myocardial ischaemia, angiographic loss of patency of a major or minor coronary artery patency or imaging evidence of new loss of viable myocardium or new regional wall motion abnormality is necessary for a diagnosis of type IVa myocardial infarction.3

Leonardi and colleagues, in this issue of Heart ,4 reclassified patients originally recruited in the CHAMPION PLATFORM trial4 as having periprocedural myocardial infarction using 3-fold to 10-fold increases in cardiac biomarkers above the 99th percentile of the URL. The authors used creatine kinase(CK)-MB, and not troponin, in the adjudication of periprocedural myocardial infarction. Several important observations arise from Leonardi's study. First, with the adoption of a 3-fold increase in CK-MB, they showed a more than 30% relative reduction in the number of …


Author(s): Kasch, David | Advisor(s): Rhoads, Robert A | Abstract: This qualitative study used cyber-ethnography and grounded theory to explore the ways in which 35 undergraduate students crafted and refined self-presentations on the social network site Facebook. Findings included the identification of two unique forms of self-presentation that students enacted: a curated self and a commodified self.The curated self was a digital self-presentation created through an ongoing curatorial process of organizing media elements within a Facebook profile to create a distinct digital embodiment of self that was both separate from and a continuation of a user's physical self presentation. This curated self included three layers of curation to address the multiple types of audiences students engaged through Facebook: a personal curation of content primarily for themselves, a social curation of content for connecting with acquaintances, family, and friends, and a spectacle curation of content for strangers and authorities to assess. Linking these three layers of curation together were four uses of Facebook: as entertainment, as a relational tool, as a pragmatic tool, and as a scrapbook. These uses and layers of curation all existed concurrently with specific variations for individual students.The commodified self was an amplification of the curated self as an identity surrogate that was a resource and object for production, consumption, and distribution. These commodified selves emphasized identity and self as forms of capital that one owns, rather than what one "is" or "does." Within the commodified self there were three major foci of activity: self as commodity, others as commodities, and Facebook Citizenship. Key findings for these foci include the treatment of profiles as disinterested resources, an articulation of a continuum of creeping and definitions of good and bad citizenship.Discussion of these findings addressed curated and commodified selves as parts of the individually and socially constructed nature of Facebook, as well as opportunities for faculty and student affairs practitioners to help students develop greater critical awareness of their self-presentations on and uses of Facebook. Implications for practice and future research included suggestions for campus climate initiatives, the development of online learning environments, and the application of student development theory to self-presentations on Facebook.


Forecasts are routinely revised, and these revisions are often the subject of informal analysis and discussion. This paper argues (1) that forecast revisions are analyzed because they help forecasters and forecast users to evaluate forecasts and forecasting procedures, and (2) that these analyses can be sharpened by using the forecasting model to systematically express its forecast revision as the sum of components identified with specific subsets of new information, such as data revisions and forecast errors. An algorithm for this purpose is explained and illustrated.


In light of the current explosion of application of machine learning in data analysis and inference, we examine a particular challenge raised by the new EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). The challenge we address pertains particularly to the demand that analyses of a person's data must be comprehensible to that person. While there is a long tradition in viewing the world in terms of objects and properties in intuitive ways, recent decades have entertained a tension between more rule-based theories of mind (e.g., the representational theory of mind) and more holistic approaches (e.g., connectionism). While both approaches have merit, one seems to depart too much from a classical understanding of "knowing" to adequately satisfy the imminent legal realisty, and the other seems to be incapable of adequately capturing modern data analysis (as of yet). As a solution to this predicament we propose a pragmatic compromise based on argumentation theory which seems to be able to provide a solid foundation in classical concepts, while at the same time permitting enthymematic presuppositions. We argue that developing a framework for explaining machine behavior in terms of abstract argumentation theory can address this dilemma.


Consumption—Tuberculosis or (TB)—is considered as a peculiarly significant disease across different disciplines. This research traces the medical and literary history of the disease then discusses its aestheticised glamour in a number of writings that date back to the 16th, 17th, 18th and 19th centuries. Before being identified as a lethal disease in the 20th century, consumption was dealt with positively during the preceding periods or eras i.e., being consumptive signified love, easy death, female beauty, male creativity and genius, etc. The specific purpose of this academic endeavour is to answer in detail the questions of why, how and when consumption—as a destructive force— was regarded as a strong cultural device for selffashioning and what made the perception on the disease shift or alter from positive to negative— from an aestheticised, romantic disease to a deadly one.


This systematic review focuses on respiratory effects of inhalational marijuana. The systematic review of the literature was conducted using a comparative method between 2 researchers. Abstracts were reviewed for inclusion of respiratory effects related to inhalational marijuana. Relevant abstracts were collected, and full text articles were retrieved for review. Articles were removed if they did not contain burning marijuana; were animal studies; or were editorials, systematic reviews, commentaries, non-English language, or non-respiratory-related articles. Forty-eight articles were collected and categorized by respiratory effects. In particular, lung cancer, bullous emphysema/COPD, and other respiratory symptoms were the primary categories. Articles were noted by study population country, sample size, age distribution, and findings that were pertinent to respiratory health. The research indicates that there is a risk of lung cancer from inhalational marijuana as well as an association between inhalational marijuana and spontaneous pneumothorax, bullous emphysema, or COPD. A variety of symptoms have been reported by inhalational marijuana smokers, including wheezing, shortness of breath, altered pulmonary function tests, cough, phlegm production, bronchodilation, and other symptoms. It is important to stay current with research findings to educate patients on this smoking behavior.


Objective: To examine the effect of a low phenol olive oil and high phenol olive oil on markers of oxidation and plasma susceptibility to oxidation in normolipaemic smokers. Design: Randomized single-blind cross-over trial with two intervention periods. Setting: The Medical School and University Hospital of the University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece. Subjects: Twenty-five healthy males and females completed the study. Interventions: Each intervention was of three weeks duration and intervention periods were separated by a two week washout. Seventy grams of extra virgin olive oil was supplied to each subject per day in the intervention periods. The olive oils supplied differed in their phenol content by 18.6 mg=day. Two fasting venous blood samples were taken at the end of each intervention period. Results: The markers of antioxidant capacity measured in fasting plasma samples (total plasma resistance to oxidation, concentrations of protein carbonyl as a marker of protein oxidation, malondialdehyde and lipid hydroperoxides as markers of lipid oxidation and the ferric reducing ability of plasma) did not differ significantly between the low and high phenol olive oil diets. Conclusions: No effect of olive oil phenols on markers of oxidation in smokers was detected. It may be that the natural concentrations of phenols in olive oil are too low to produce an effect in the post-absorptive phase. Possible reasons for period effects and interactions between diet and administration period need attention to aid further cross-over trials of this kind. Sponsorship: Unilever Research Vlaardingen, The Netherlands. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2002) 56, 1024 – 1029. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601444


For many years, the interrelated histories of prostitution and cities have perked the ears of urban scholars, but until now the history of urban sex work has dealt only in passing with questions of race. In "I've Got to Make My Livin", Cynthia Blair explores African American women's sex work in Chicago during the decades of some of the city's most explosive growth, expanding not just our view of prostitution, but also of black women's labor, the Great Migration, black and white reform movements, and the emergence of modern sexuality. Focusing on the notorious sex districts of the city's south side, Blair paints a complex portrait of black prostitutes as conscious actors and historical agents, prostitution, she argues here, was an arena of exploitation and abuse, as well as a means of resisting middle-class sexual and economic norms. Blair ultimately illustrates just how powerful these norms were, offering stories about the struggles that emerged among black and white urbanites in response to black women's increasing visibility in the city's sex economy. Through these powerful narratives, "I've Got to Make My Livin" reveals the intersecting racial struggles and sexual anxieties that underpinned the celebration of Chicago as the quintessentially modern twentieth-century city.


Multi-User Non-Cooperative and Cooperative Systems with HARQ by Zahid Rauf The performance and reliability of wireless communication links can be improved by employing multiple antennas at both ends, thereby creating multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channels. However, once multiple co-channel users are added to the system it can be difficult to provide as many receive antennas as transmit antennas, resulting in a so-called overloaded (rank-deficient) system. Under overloaded conditions, maximum likelihood (ML) detection works well, but its exponential complexity prohibits its use and suboptimal linear detectors perform poorly. In this thesis, new signal processing techniques for multi-user overloaded systems using hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) protocols are investigated. The HARQ retransmissions are used to form virtual receive antennas, which can efficiently transform an overloaded system into a critically loaded system (i.e. a system with an equal number of transmit and receive antennas). In the first part of the thesis, a multi-user non-cooperative overloaded system is considered. At first, it is demonstrated that the suboptimal linear minimum mean square error (MMSE) detector leads to significant performance degradation compared to an ML detector for such systems. To overcome this drawback, two multi-user transmission schemes are proposed that work well under overloaded conditions. The proposed schemes allow us to apply linear multi-user detection (MUD) algorithms without requiring additional antennas or hardware chains. Monte-Carlo simulations demonstrate that the proposed schemes can result in significant gains in terms of biterror-rate (BER) and dropped packet performance. In the second part, the performance of multiple HARQ processes for a two-hop multi-source multi-relay decode-and-forward (DF) relaying network with no direct link are analyzed. Dealing with multiple HARQ processes at each relay, a retransmission scheme is proposed that utilizes virtual antennas to achieve increased receive diversity and improved throughput compared to traditional orthogonal (time division) retransmissions. A novel forwarding strategy at the relay(s) to destination link is proposed with the objective of further improving throughput. Finally, the end-to-end outage probability and throughput efficiency of the proposed retransmission and forwarding schemes are found analytically and confirmed with Monte-Carlo simulations. To my parents, Abdul Rauf and Noor Jan, to my wife Rizwana and to my kids, Bilal and Abyan.


On-Chip Communication Architectures Sudeep Pasricha 2010-07-28 Over the past decade, system-on-chip (SoC) designs have evolved to address the ever increasing complexity of applications, fueled by the era of digital convergence. Improvements in process technology have effectively shrunk board-level components so they can be integrated on a single chip. New onchip communication architectures have been designed to support all intercomponent communication in a SoC design. These communication architecture fabrics have a critical impact on the power consumption, performance, cost and design cycle time of modern SoC designs. As application complexity strains the communication backbone of SoC designs, academic and industrial R&D efforts and dollars are increasingly focused on communication architecture design. On-Chip Communication Architecures is a comprehensive reference on concepts, research and trends in on-chip communication architecture design. It will provide readers with a comprehensive survey, not available elsewhere, of all current standards for on-chip communication architectures. A definitive guide to on-chip communication architectures, explaining key concepts, surveying research efforts and predicting future trends Detailed analysis of all popular standards for on-chip communication architectures Comprehensive survey of all research on communication architectures, covering a wide range of topics relevant to this area, spanning the past several years, and up to date with the most current research efforts Future trends that with have a significant impact on research and design of communication architectures over the next several years


Economic evidence on the cost and benefits of sanitation and drinking-water supply supports higher allocation of resources and selection of efficient and affordable interventions. The study aim is to estimate global and regional costs and benefits of sanitation and drinking-water supply interventions to meet the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) target in 2015, as well as to attain universal coverage. Input data on costs and benefits from reviewed literature were combined in an economic model to estimate the costs and benefits, and benefit-cost ratios (BCRs). Benefits included health and access time savings. Global BCRs (Dollar return per Dollar invested) were 5.5 for sanitation, 2.0 for water supply and 4.3 for combined sanitation and water supply. Globally, the costs of universal access amount to US$ 35 billion per year for sanitation and US$ 17.5 billion for drinking-water, over the 5-year period 2010-2015 (billion defined as 10(9) here and throughout). The regions accounting for the major share of costs and benefits are South Asia, East Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Improved sanitation and drinking-water supply deliver significant economic returns to society, especially sanitation. Economic evidence should further feed into advocacy efforts to raise funding from governments, households and the private sector.


Wishing to talk about Zen philosophy, a professor visited a Zen master. As they sat together the Zen master poured tea. He kept on pouting as the tea overflowed onto the floor. "Stop!" said the professor, "you have filled the cup, no more will go in." The Zen master replied, "You are like that cup, full of your own ideas and speculations. If you wish to know Zen, you must first empty your cup." Like Zen, an important aspect of general semantics (g.s.) training involves guided practice in "emptying your cup": looking, listening, tasting, feeling, experiencing, etc., at what Korzybski called "the silent, un-speakable level." This includes an attitude towards living that involves an awareness of yourself as an organism-as-a-whole-in-an-environment. Some people who come to a g.s. seminar-workshop expecting to learn about language use and word 'meanings' are surprised by this. However, g.s. is not about 'semantics', understood as the study of linguistic 'meanings'. Rather, g.s. involves a practical and personal study of what we call our semantic or evaluational reactions. Evaluational reactions include non-verbal as well as verbal 'thinking' and 'feeling' responses to any events, not just words and symbols. Our focus is on internalizing some notions that can benefit our personal lives beyond the level of verbal, intellectual understanding alone. Multiple Amphibians, Multiple 'Worlds' Aldous Huxley pointed out, "Every adult human being is a multiple amphibian, the inhabitant, simultaneously or by turns, of several worlds." (1956, p.419) These 'worlds' do not occupy metaphysically separate realms. Rather, I interpret the term 'worlds' as metaphorically referring to important, differentiated but not separate, aspects of the universe that we participate in. The first of these 'worlds' is the physical 'world' as postulated by natural science. Theoretically, we can understand our functioning as physico-chemical organisms within complex ever-changing physico-chemical environments. What we know about ['world'.sub.1] is inferred, i.e., not directly known in our immediate experience. We know about it through scientific theorizing tested through experimentation and observations. Scientific methods provide more or less reliable information about ourselves and our surroundings. Korzybski referred to the theoretically understood physical 'world' as the "event" level of existence and represented it as a parabola in his structural differential model (s.d.). The second 'world' is that of sensations/perceptions which we abstract (select-construct) from events within and around us. As infants we experience ourselves fully in this sensory-perceptual ['world'.sub.2] which includes tastes, smells, sights, feelings, etc. Korzybski referred to this 'world' as the "silent, unspeakable, objective" level represented in the s.d. by a circle. What we know at this level is not theoretical and has a direct aesthetic value. As we mature, we enter the third 'world' that we function in as 'multiple amphibians': language. Korzybski referred to ['world'.sub.3] as the "verbal level." Language allows us to further abstract from or symbolize our ['world'.sub.2] sensory experiences. The 'world' of language contains within it many successive levels: everyday conversation about particulars, as well as the higher-order abstractions of science, mathematics, philosophy, etc. We can easily become entranced by this third 'world' of language, to the slighting of our senses. Our education system seems to put an undue focus on the verbal, symbolic realm to the neglect of the non-verbal one. Even when we exercise or play sports, we can become dominated by fixed, symbolic ideas of self-improvement or competition that prevent us from experiencing the present moment. Consistent with g.s. goals, Huxley called for an education aimed at developing ourselves in the non-verbal as well as the verbal realms. How do we proceed to develop this potential within ourselves, 'to empty our cups'? …


Since 1997 the Government has championed a raft of primary and secondary legislation designed to ensure that the care system better safeguards and promotes the welfare of the country's most vulnerable children and young people. An examination of that legislative programme in isolation suggests that the Government understands well the value of the care system to those it is designed to protect, as well as the value of that system to society as a whole. However, when looked at in the broader context of the parlous state of human, structural and financial resourcing within the care system, the Government's understanding of its worth begins to look increasingly superficial. This caustic dichotomy between high political vision and inadequate resourcing has effectively limited the value the Government attaches to the care system to words rather than deeds. That singular failure to value the care system as one of society's fundamental institutions undermines not only the welfare of vulnerable children and young people, but the welfare and fairness of society as a whole.


Relictic textures in the Neoproterozoic meta-ignimbrites of the basement of Cerro del Corral, Sierras Australes de Buenos Aires. Relicts of eutaxitic texture, devitrified vitric fragments and andesitic lithoclasts occur in low-grade and weakly deformed acid meta-magmatic rocks of the eastern margin of the Cerro del Corral (Sierras Australes de Buenos Aires, Argentina). On the basis of the pyroclastic characteristics and the presence of quartz, plagioclase and K-feldspar phenocrysts, we re-interpreted the protolith of these rocks as ignimbrites of fenodacitic to fenorhyolitic composition. Embayed quartz phenocrysts (up to 1.5 mm diameter) show micro-channels and rounded inclusion filled with the same fine-grained, devitrified and non-foliated material (with felsitic to spherulitic texture) of the pyroclastic matrix. This matrix is also preserved as small remnants attached to the phenocrysts (or wrapping them) and passing laterally into a mylonitic matrix (quartz and sericite-rich and moderately foliated), with granoblastic to granolepidoblastic texture. We emphasize the stratigraphical importanceand the geological implications for the basement of the Sierras Australes of Buenos Aires that can be derived from the re-examination of these rocks and their re-definition as metaignimbrites. The deposition of the meta-ignimbrites from pyroclastic ash flows occurred within a geological setting dominated by stratovolcanoes. This tectonic setting was probably associated with a Neoproterozoic magmatic arc belonging to the Brasiliano Panafrican Cycle.


The health sector has traditionally been one of the early adopters of databases, from the most simple Electronic Health Record (formerly Computer-Based Patient Record) systems in use in general practice, hospitals and intensive care units to big data, multidata based systems used to support diagnosis and care decisions. In this paper we present a framework to support non-invasive and early diagnosis of coeliac disease. The proposed framework makes use of well-known technologies and techniques, both hardware and software, put together in a novel way. The main goals of our framework are: (1) providing users with a reliable and fast repository of a large amount of data; (2) to make such repository accessible by means of a suitable API in multiple modes, such as intuitive web-based or mobile visual interfaces; (3) to allow for data processing and analysis, as a basis for decision support systems.


Deep neural networks (DNNs) based methods have achieved great success in single image super-resolution (SISR). However, existing state-of-the-art SISR techniques are designed like black boxes lacking transparency and interpretability. Moreover, the improvement in visual quality is often at the price of increased model complexity due to black-box design. In this paper, we present and advocate an explainable approach toward SISR named model-guided deep unfolding network (MoG-DUN). Targeting at breaking the coherence barrier, we opt to work with a well-established image prior named nonlocal auto-regressive model and use it to guide our DNN design. By integrating deep denoising and nonlocal regularization as trainable modules within a deep learning framework, we can unfold the iterative process of model-based SISR into a multistage concatenation of building blocks with three interconnected modules (denoising, nonlocal-AR, and reconstruction). The design of all three modules leverages the latest advances including dense/skip connections as well as fast nonlocal implementation. In addition to explainability, MoG-DUN is accurate (producing fewer aliasing artifacts), computationally efficient (with reduced model parameters), and versatile (capable of handling multiple degradations). The superiority of the proposed MoG-DUN method to existing state-of-the-art image SR methods including RCAN, SRMDNF, and SRFBN is substantiated by extensive experiments on several popular datasets and various degradation scenarios.


Abstract. Hypoxia conditions are increasing throughout the world, influencing biogeochemical cycles of elements and marine life. Hypoxia results from complex interactions between physical and biogeochemical processes, which can not be understood by observations alone. Models are invaluable tools at studying system dynamics, generalizing discrete observations and predicting future states. They are also useful as management tools for evaluating site-specific responses to management scenarios. Here we review oxygen dynamics models that have significantly contributed to a better understanding of the effects of natural processes and human perturbations on the development of hypoxia, factors controlling the extent and temporal variability of coastal hypoxia, and the effects of oxygen depletion on biogeochemical cycles. Because hypoxia occurs in a variety of environments and can be persistent, periodic or episodic, models differ significantly in their complexity and temporal and spatial resolution. We discuss the progress in developing hypoxia models for benthic and pelagic systems that range from simple box models to three dimensional circulation models. Applications of these models in five major hypoxia regions are presented. In the last decades, substantial progress has been made towards the parameterization of biogeochemical processes in both hypoxic water columns and sediments. In coastal regions, semi-empirical models have been used more frequently than mechanistic models to study nutrient enrichment and hypoxia relationships. Recent advances in three-dimensional coupled physical-ecological-biogeochemical models have allowed a better representation of physical-biological interactions in these systems. We discuss the remaining gaps in process descriptions and suggest directions for improvement. Better process representations in models will help us answer several important questions, such as those about the causes of the observed worldwide increase in hypoxic conditions, and future changes in the intensity and spread of coastal hypoxia. At the same time, quantitative model intercomparison studies suggest that the predictive ability of our models may be adversely affected by their increasing complexity, unless the models are properly constrained by observations.


In the freshwater copepod, Macrocyclops albidus, food availability, rearing conditions and tapeworm infection clearly affected various life-history traits and their trade-offs. I found that low food availability clearly constrained resource allocations to several life-history (often phenotypically plastic) traits, whereas high food availability either allowed for adjustments in resource allocation patterns or allowed resources to be allocated to several traits without apparent trade-offs. Both male and female copepods allocated resources according to food availability; developing more slowly and achieving smaller adult body size when food was scarce. When food availability was low females were constrained and produced fewer eggs (in total and per clutch), and started reproduction later than females with more food available. Males under low food availability allocated relatively more to spermatophore size (current reproduction) with decreasing body size. In contrast, when food availability was high males allocated resources to body size as well as spermatophore size. Overall, at maturity, copepods of both sexes were more similar in size than in age, suggesting that large body size was more important for fitness than fast development. In nature the prevalence of copepods infected with cestode tapeworms was found to be low (0-3%). Female copepods, experimentally infected with the cestode Schistocephalus solidus, showed lower overall fecundity, especially when food availability was low. However, infected females produced a larger proportion of their life-time egg production early in life than non-infected females. This might be an adaptation to reduce future fitness costs of infection. Females grown under bad rearing conditions, but with high food availability, produced their first clutch earlier than females grown under good rearing conditions, indicating an adjustment in timing of reproduction. These findings contribute to our fundamental evolutionary understanding of how environmental conditions interact with life-history traits.


Background As death approaches, patients are at their most frail, but an increasing symptom burden often necessitates an increase in medications, putting them at higher risk for drug–drug interactions. Objectives To assess the potential for drug–drug interactions in routine prescribing at the end of life. Methods An Australian retrospective multicentre case-note review of 266 consecutive adult patients who were referred to specialist palliative care, with data available on 166. Medications used in the last 2 weeks of life were screened for potential interactions using the 'Stockley's Drug Interactions' software. Results The mean number of medications prescribed was 10.8, median 9 (IQR 6–14); all patients received at least one medication. In this study, 72% of patients were at risk of 1 or more potential drug–drug interaction. The mean number of potential interactions was 4.4, with a median of 2.5 (IQR 0–7) per patient. There were only 4/166 (2.4%) prescribed medications with an associated clinical record of an adverse drug reaction. Conclusions Potential drug–drug interactions are common for this group of patients. Some interactions may be recognised as an acceptable risk when the prescription is written. Further research is necessary to determine the best way to improve recognition of potential drug–drug interactions and the rates of morbidity or accelerated mortality associated with this. It is likely that palliative care services will need to implement multiple strategies including greater use of computerised prescribing software, and greater closer liaison with clinical pharmacists.


In "Romeo and Juliet," Shakespeare creates a violent world, in which two young people fall in love. It is not simply that their families disapprove; the Montagues and the Capulets are engaged in a blood feud. In this death-filled setting, the movement from love at first sight to the lovers final union in death seems almost inevitable. And yet, this play set in an extraordinary world has become the quintessential story of young love. In part because of its exquisite language, it is easy to respond as if it were about all young lovers. The authoritative edition of "Romeo and Juliet" from The Folger Shakespeare Library, the trusted and widely used Shakespeare series for students and general readers, includes: -Freshly edited text based on the best early printed version of the play -Newly revised explanatory notes conveniently placed on pages facing the text of the play -Scene-by-scene plot summaries -A key to the play s famous lines and phrases -An introduction to reading Shakespeare s language -An essay by a leading Shakespeare scholar providing a modern perspective on the play -Fresh images from the Folger Shakespeare Library s vast holdings of rare books -An up-to-date annotated guide to further reading Essay by Gail Kern Paster The Folger Shakespeare Library in Washington, DC, is home to the world s largest collection of Shakespeare s printed works, and a magnet for Shakespeare scholars from around the globe. In addition to exhibitions open to the public throughout the year, the Folger offers a full calendar of performances and programs. For more information, visit Folger.edu."


Perform group-wise data manipulation and deal with large datasets using R efficiently and effectively Overview Perform factor manipulation and string processing Learn group-wise data manipulation using plyr Handle large datasets, interact with database software, and manipulate data using sqldf In Detail One of the most important aspects of computing with data is the ability to manipulate it to enable subsequent analysis and visualization. R offers a wide range of tools for this purpose. Data from any source, be it flat files or databases, can be loaded into R and this will allow you to manipulate data format into structures that support reproducible and convenient data analysis. This practical, example-oriented guide aims to discuss the split-apply-combine strategy in data manipulation, which is a faster data manipulation approach. After reading this book, you will not only be able to efficiently manage and check the validity of your datasets with the split-apply-combine strategy, but you will also learn to handle larger datasets. This book starts with describing the R object's mode and class, and then highlights different R data types, explaining their basic operations. You will focus on group-wise data manipulation with the split-apply-combine strategy, supported by specific examples. You will also learn to efficiently handle date, string, and factor variables along with different layouts of datasets using the reshape2 package. You will learn to use plyr effectively for data manipulation, truncating and rounding data, simulating data sets, as well as character manipulation. Finally you will get acquainted with using R with SQL databases. What you will learn from this book Learn R data types and their basic operations Deal efficiently with string, factor, and date Understand group-wise data manipulation Work with different layouts of the R dataset and interchange between layouts for different purposes Connect R with database software to manage relational databases Manage bigger datasets using R Manipulate datasets using SQL statements through the sqldf package Approach This book is a step-by step, example-oriented tutorial that will show both intermediate and advanced users how data manipulation is facilitated smoothly using R. Who this book is written for This book is aimed at intermediate to advanced level users of R who want to perform data manipulation with R, and those who want to clean and aggregate data effectively. Readers are expected to have at least an introductory knowledge of R and some basic administration work in R, such as installing packages and calling them when required.


A special role in resolving the issue of social-economic inequality between Russia's regions is played by theinteraction and economic integration of regions that are the "locomotives of growth" with self-sufficient regionsand dotational ones. In this article, based on the criteria for economic development and contribution to fosteringnational competitiveness, the author marks out regions that are the locomotives of growth and lays out the majordimensions of their impact on the development of other regions: stimulating the development of linked andmutually complementing sectors in neighboring regions, developing infrastructure, amplifying innovationprocesses, and making a multidimensional impact.


Background and Objective: Recent studies have demonstrated that obesity–induced oxidative stress and inflammation are risk factors for breast cancer. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship of the pro-inflammatory markers, lipid peroxidation and body fat percentage after 6 weeks of regular water-based exercise and ginger supplementation in obese women with breast cancer. Materials and Methods: In a semi-experimental study, forty obese women diagnosed with breast cancer with a weight of 76±9 kg and a fat mass of 41.8±4 percent were randomly divided into four groups: placebo, water-based exercise, ginger supplementation and a combined group of water-based exercise and ginger supplementation. Subjects of the ginger supplement and combined group received 4 capsules of ginger powder on a daily basis (each capsule contained 750 mg) for 6 weeks. The waterbased exercise training program was collected at a progressive intensity and time: 4 times a week for 6 weeks. Results: Implementation of water-based exercise, ginger supplementation and the combined programs caused a significant decrease in concentration of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP), malondialdehyde (MDA) and fat mass. However, considering Pearson correlation coefficient, it was concluded that just the relationship between fat mass and MDA in the ginger supplementation group was significant (r= 0.63, p= 0.05). Conclusion: Although performing water-based exercise and ginger supplementation programs attenuate systemic inflammation and oxidative stress in obese women with breast cancer, there was no relationship between stress and changes of pro-inflammatory markers.


Objective: To detect the infection and drug resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) in Chongqing and provide a scientific basis for the prevention and treatment of tuberculosis.

Methods: DNA was collected from all new suspected patients in Chongqing from January 2014 to September 2017, Genechip technology was used to identify Mtb strain. Genechip technology detects mutations in the ropB gene (associated with resistance to rifampicin) at locus 511, locus 513, locus 516 locus 526, locus 531 or locus 533. Genechip technology was also used to detect mutations in the KatG gene and inhA gene?

Results: Genechip revealed that the Mtb infected male accounted for 73.98% and female accounted for 26.12%.The total drug resistance rate of rifampicin and isoniazid were 11.2% (122/110771). Genechip revealed that ropB gene of 72 strains were mutation. The highest mutation site was 531 (TCG) locus (37.5%, 27/72). The people with katG and inhA gene mutation were 50 patients. The most common mutation site was 315 (AGC) locus. The cavity, history of treatment, and irregular medication were the risk factor of drug-resistant Mtb.

Conclusion: Our report demonstrated the infected ratio and the drug resistant types of Mtb in Chongqing district. We should strengthen health management and provide psychosocial support, in order to reduce the risk of drugresistant Mtb


Introduction: Since the significant impact on anger and hostility is caused by post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on various aspects of individual, family, social, and vocational life of those who suffer from this disorder, it is necessary to target and cure these two devastating symptoms.The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of Schema therapy in decrease anger and hostility among male veterans with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder.. Methods: In a semi experimental research 24 male war veterans among veterans with chronic PTSD in Kermanshah Province in 2014 participated in this study. The participants were selected according to the convenient sampling and randomly assigned into experimental and group control. The data were collected by The Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-Military (PCL-M) and anger and hostility subscales from Buss & Perry aggression questionnaire. Then, the sessions of schema therapy were conducted for the experimental group in 1 hour a week for 14 weeks. Data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance, with 0.95 confidence level and IBM SPSS 22 software was used for data process. Correspondence: Borzoo Amirpour, MA. Department of Psychology, Payam-e-Noor University. Tehran, Iran Tel:+98 9360225503 Email: email@example.com Results: The multivariate analysis of covariance showed that the mean scores of the experimental group comparing to the control group was significantly decreased in anger and hostility (P<0.05). Conclusion: With regard to the negative consequences of anger and hostility in family, social and vocational relations in veterans with PTSD, effectiveness schema therapy can be used to reduce the symptoms of anger and hostility.


An overview of Booth Library resources for students in the online course MAT 5410: Introduction to Research in Mathematics Education.


we would call cooperative. This theory is based on an analysis of the interrelationships of the various coalitions which can be formed by the players of the game. Our theory, in contradistinction, is based on the absence of coalitions in that it is assumed that each participant acts independently, without collaboration or communication with any of the others. The notion of an equilibrium point is the basic ingredient in our theory. This notion yields a generalization of the concept of the solution of a two-person zerosum game. It turns out that the set of equilibrium points of a two-person zerosum game is simply the set of all pairs of opposing "good strategies." In the immediately following sections we shall define equilibrium points and prove that a finite non-cooperative game always has at least one equilibrium point. We shall also introduce the notions of solvability and strong solvability of a non-cooperative game and prove a theorem on the geometrical structure of the set of equilibrium points of a solvable game. As an example of the application of our theory we include a solution of a


Models of reduced dimensionality have been found to be particularly attractive in simulating the fate of injected CO2 in supercritical state in the context of carbon capture and storage. This is motivated by the confluence of three aspects: the strong buoyant segregation of the lighter CO2 phase above water, the relatively long time scales associated with storage, and finally the large aspect ratios that characterize the geometry of typical storage aquifers. However, to date, these models have been confined to considering only the flow problem, as the coupling between reduced dimensionality models for flow and models for geomechanical response has previously not been developed. Herein, we develop a fully coupled, reduced dimension, model for multiphase flow and geomechanics. It is characterized by the aquifer(s) being of lower dimension(s), while the surrounding overburden and underburden being of full dimension. The model allows for general constitutive functions for fluid flow (relative permeability and capillary pressure) and uses the standard Biot coupling between the flow and mechanical equations. The coupled model retains all the simplicities of reduced‐dimensional models for flow, including less stiff nonlinear systems of equations (since the upscaled constitutive functions are closer to linear), longer time steps (since the high grid resolution in the vertical direction can be avoided), and less degrees of freedom. We illustrate the applicability of the new coupled model through both a validation study and a practical computational example.


Increasing our knowledge of how design affects behaviour in the workplace has a large potential for reducing electricity consumption. This would be beneficial for the environment as well as for industry and society at large. In Western society energy use is hidden and for the great mass of consumers its consequences are poorly understood. In order to better understand how we can use design to increase awareness of electricity consumption in everyday life, we will discuss the design of Watt-Lite, a set of three oversized torches projecting real time energy statistics of a factory in the physical environments of its employees. The design of Watt-Lite is meant to explore ways of representing, understanding and interacting with electricity in industrial workspaces. We discuss three design inquiries and their implications for the design of Watt-Lite: the use of tangible statistics; exploratory interaction and transferred connotations.


The subtitle of this paper should be " How recession and federal devolution have caused local governments to cut services and raise property taxes --now, what should be done in response to the resulting clamor for local government consolidation?" Housing drives local government services. Home sales represent opportunities for more income and more costs. Intergovernmental competition for tax base and the role of state and federal aid to provide equity between jurisdictions are central to the quality of the results. Recent cuts in sales taxes, plus reductions in state and federal assistance are transmitted to the voters through increases in the property tax. This has produced a reaction -consolidate! But that is advice urged and largely ignored since Woodrow Wilson included it in an 1895 textbook. To go beyond this conventional wisdom be sure to add some complementary ideas. Small governments may be at a disadvantage in producing some services, but they should have an advantage in representing preferences and that should not be overlooked. Different services will be best produced by different configurations of cooperating local governments. Thus take a service by service approach and look for the best of the many ways available to implement intergovernmental cooperation. Research suggests you may not cut expenditures much, but you will probably get better services. Get organized for a regional approach and do some strategic planning. Besides looking inward for reform opportunities, look outside as well. Local governments have to take responsibility for coordination of the many agencies at higher levels of government that are involved in any particular type of service or it won't happen. Local officials have to bring a sharp focus on their problems. This means working through state associations with other local governments that have the same problems, and learning to lobby more effectively. A policy education approach by the housing and home building network is suggested.


Although connected devices and smart homes are now marketed to average consumers, little is known about how access-control systems for these devices fare in the real world. In this paper, we conduct three case studies that evaluate the extent to which commercial smart devices provide affordances related to access control. In particular, we examine an Internet-connected lighting system, bathroom scale, and door lock. We find that each device has its own siloed access-control system and that each approach fails to provide seemingly essential affordances. Furthermore, no system fully supports user understanding of access control for the home. We discuss future directions for usable access control in the home.


Little is known about the effects of potential synergies between concurrent ocean warming and acidification on marine benthos. We investigated the effects of warming and acidification on development to the non-calcifying larval stage in the sea star Patiriella regularis, in embryos reared from fertilization in present and future (2100+) conditions. Fertilization using gametes from multiple parents, to represent populations of spawners, was resilient to both stressors, as were cleavage stage embryos. Warming increased developmental rate across all pH levels. For blastulae, there was a complex interaction between stressors, with +4°C/pH 7.6 lethal to many embryos. A 4°C warming increased mortality by the gastrulation stage by 13 to 25% across all pH levels. In conjunction with warming, pH 7.6 increased mortality by 25 to 27% across all temperatures. For embryos that reached the 3 d bipinnaria stage, warming reduced the percentage of normal larvae and larval size, with no effect of acidification. These results highlight the importance of considering both warming and acidification, and effects on early embryos, in assessing life history responses to ocean change. Bipinnaria reared to Day 28 to determine the effects of acidification on non-calcifying feeding larvae provided a comparison with results for calcifying echinoplutei. pH 7.6 resulted in smaller larvae and increased mortality by 30%. After 24 d, near-future ocean acidification levels (pH 7.8) also resulted in smaller larvae. The effects of acidification in reducing growth in larvae that do not calcify indicates that the stunting response of echinoderm feeding larvae to pH/pCO2 is strongly influenced by hypercapnic changes in meta bolism and teratogenic effects. The results have implications for P. regularis in its invasive range in Australia, where this species is likely to be deleteriously affected by ocean warming.


The Swedish archaeological project at the Karian sanctuary of Zeus Labraundos celebrated, in 2008, sixty years of work. The year 2008 was very special, both because of these celebrations, but also because of the important finds that came to light during the excavation of the unusual Roman bath that was discovered in 2007. It is built in the shape of a four-leaf clover (the so-called Tetraconch), and can be dated to the first half of the fourth century AD. A large amount of finds were discovered, including superb pieces of plates in African Red Slip and Late Roman C wares, a water flask, and coloured marble pieces. In the necropolis, we excavated another 19 rock-cut tombs. The finds from these include a golden ring with a cornelian stone and 22 gold appliques in the shape of rosettes and palmettes. The appliques had four holes to fasten them to the drapery of the deceased. They are very similar to appliques found in the burial chamber of the Maussolleion in Halikarnassos. Two coins from before 350 BC show that the burial belongs in the early Hekatomnid period. In the excavations at the Acropolis Fortress Byzantine structures, possibly barracks, dated by the glazed Byzantine pottery to the period between the 11th and the 13th centuries were discovered. At the bottom of the trench there was a wall belonging to fourth-century BC Hekatomnid buildings. As every year, time and work were spent on architectural conservation and measures to increase the value of the site for visitors: a roof was erected over the Roman bath, a new wooden fence built at the entrance to the site, new metal shelves were installed in the storerooms, and finally, a re-excavation of the monumental original staircase up to the Built Tomb was initiated.


The postharvest properties of two ultra-late maturing peach cultivars, 'Tobihaku' (TH) and 'Daijumitsuto' (DJ), were investigated. Fruit were harvested at commercial maturity and held at 25°C. TH exhibited the characteristics of normal melting flesh (MF) peach, including rapid fruit softening associated with an increase in endogenous ethylene production In contrast, DJ did not soften at all during three-week experimental period even though substantial ethylene production was observed. Fruit of TH and DJ were treated with 5000 ppm of propylene, an ethylene analog, continuously for seven days. TH softened rapidly whereas DJ maintained high flesh firmness in spite of an increase in endogenous ethylene production, suggesting that DJ but not TH lacked the ability to be softened in response to endogenous and exogenous ethylene/propylene. DNA-seq analysis showed that tandem endo-polygalacturonase (endoPG) genes located at melting flesh (M) locus, Pp-endoPGM (PGM) and Pp-endoPGF (PGF), were deleted in DJ. The endoPG genes at M locus are known to control flesh texture of peach fruit, and it was suggested that the non-softening property of DJ is due to the lack of endoPG genes. On the other hand, TH possessed an unidentified M haplotype that is involved in determination of MF phenotype. Structural identification of the unknown M haplotype, designated as M0, through comparison with previously reported M haplotypes revealed distinct differences between PGM on M0 haplotype (PGM-M0) and PGM on other haplotypes (PGM-M1). Peach M haplotypes were classified into four main haplotypes: M0 with PGM-M0; M1 with both PGM-M1 and PGF; M2 with PGM-M1; and M3 lacking both PGM and PGF. Re-evaluation of M locus in association with MF/non-melting flesh (NMF) phenotypes in more than 400 accessions by using whole genome shotgun sequencing data on database and/or by PCR genotyping demonstrated that M0 haplotype was the common haplotype in MF accessions, and M0 and M1 haplotypes were dominant over M2 and M3 haplotypes and co-dominantly determined the MF trait. It was also assumed on the basis of structural comparison of M haplotypes among Prunus species that the ancestral haplotype of M0 diverged from those of the other haplotypes before the speciation of Prunus persica.


Title of Document: SCALES OF VARIABILITY IN THE SIZE COMPOSITION AND COMMUNITY STRUCTURE OF FISHES IN ESTUARINE ECOSYSTEMS William J. Connelly, PhD, 2011 Dissertation directed by: Professor Edward D. Houde, Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science Fishing, other human activities, and natural perturbations can alter the species composition and size structure of fish communities in coastal ecosystems. Normalized biomass size spectra (NBSS) and other metrics based on size and abundance of fish communities are sensitive to effects of fishing and have been proposed as useful tools for ecosystem-based management. However, these approaches based on size and abundance are unevaluated at temporal and spatial scales relevant for management within estuaries. Because individual species have important ecological and economic value, tracking temporal and spatial changes in the species composition of the fish communities using multivariate analyses, such as principal component analysis (PCA), can facilitate interpretation of patterns observed in the NBSS. A goal of my dissertation was to determine if indicators suitable for ecosystem-based management can be derived from NBSS parameters and other metrics based on size and abundance for estuarine fish and plankton communities at relatively small temporal and spatial scales. Additionally, I sought to elucidate effects of temporal and spatial variability in species composition on community size structure of estuarine fish communities by combining multivariate and NBSS analyses. Analyzing data from multiple fisheries-independent surveys and water quality monitoring programs, the objectives of my dissertation were 1) to describe and quantify the size distribution and community composition of fish and plankton in Chesapeake Bay at temporal scales ranging from months to over a decade and at spatial scales ranging from 18 km to 100 km, 2) to evaluate long-term trends in abundance, size distribution, and species composition of fish communities in Chesapeake Bay and Pamlico Sound, and 3) to analyze environmental variables and their effects on community structure and size distribution of biological communities in the Chesapeake and Pamlico Sound estuaries. Results supported the conclusion that NBSS combined with traditional community analyses permits detection of changes in ecosystem status, facilitates identification the species associated with the observed variability, and provides a framework to establish management reference points. SCALES OF VARIABILITY IN THE SIZE COMPOSITION AND COMMUNITY STRUCTURE OF FISHES IN ESTUARINE ECOSYSTEMS


This article is an ethnomethodological examination of ethnic categorizationpractices in a community of migrants. The research is based on participant observationin a auto repair shop employing only Uzbek workers. I reevaluate Harvey Sacks's ideasabout membership categories by taking into account the classical ethnomethodologyof Harold Garfi nkel. The paper focuses specifi c attention on the everyday practices that give reality to the social fact of "ethnicity." I describe how workers and clients,in face-to-face interactions, make ordinary actions (cooking, backgammon playing,tobacco smoking, police inspection of documents) accountable as "ethnic"phenomena. The research practices themselves are explicated as part of the describedphenomenon, following the ethnomethodological principle of topic/resource shift. In Russian, extended summary in English.


This book offers a critical reinterpretation of Western European States' programmatic support for International Human Rights Law (IHRL) since the 1970s. It examines the systemic or structural constraints inherent to the international legal system and argues that order trumps justice in Western Europe's promotion of international human rights norms. The book shows that IHRL evolved as a result of a tension between two forces: A European understanding of international society, based on order, the centrality of the State and a minimalist conception of human rights; and a civil society and UN-promoted, mostly Western, particularly European but broader conception of human rights, based on justice. As such, human rights norms emerge and develop when (some) states' idea of order meets with advocates' idea of justice. We are living a historical juncture of shifting tectonic plates with rising nationalism in the Global North, ever growing power in the Global South and a declining presence of Europe in global affairs. The conditions under which IHRL emerged have fundamentally changed and unpacking the factors beneath the international recognition of human rights has never been more pressing. This book will be of key interest to scholars, students and practitioners in human rights law, public international law, international relations, critical legal theory and in European politics.


This study aimed at determining the technical and cost efficiencies of dairy cow farms in Embu and Merucounties of Kenya, as indicators of milk access potential. Data were collected from 135 randomly sampledfarms in 2010. The sample size was determined using the Cochran's (1977) formula. Data were collected usingsemi-structured questionnaires, after which they were entered into the excel spreadsheets andedited.Stochastic frontier production and cost functions were estimated using the maximum likelihoodestimation (MLE) technique. Results revealed that the number of lactating cows and the amounts ofroughages, concentrates, and mineral supplements were the major factors influencing milk output, while theprices of roughages and labour caused most variation in the production cost. The mean farmers' technical andcost efficiency indices were 0.837 and 1.044, respectively. The function coefficient of the production modelwas 2.11. These results implied that milk production could be increased by 16.3% through better use ofavailable resources given the current state of technology without extra cost, while the cost of milk productioncould be decreased by about 4.4% without decreasing output. It was concluded that optimization of farmefficiencies while taking advantage of economies of scale through increased production inputs could be part ofshort-term measures to address the challenges facing smallholder dairy farming. The researchers requireidentifying inefficiency determinants and ensuring stakeholder involvement in the process to enhanceadoption of the outputs. The policy makers should discourage sub-division of agricultural land whileconcurrently promoting enterprise specialization, support approaches to make feed concentrates, mineralsupplements and chaff-cutters affordable, and emphasize on the reduction in cost of production.


This book investigates the world of medieval Chinese Buddhist thought at a time when the efficacy of Buddhist practice was being openly questioned. It reviews the life and times of Yung-ming Yen-shou (904-975), a leading figure in the restoration of Buddhism and the principle architect of post-T'ang Buddhist practice. It focuses on the Wan-shan t'ung-kuei chi (Treatise on the Common End of Myriad Good Deeds), a work which has long been credited with providing theoretical justification for the combined practice of Ch'an meditation and activities aimed at rebirth in the Pure Land. The present study offers evidence on how Yen-shou and his Treatise have for centuries been subjected to sectarian bias, clarifying our understanding of the man and his work.


A variety of advanced docking technologies are now becoming available. However, some cities are still choosing low-tech alternatives over effective and more expensive new technologies that are well-proven elsewhere in the world. As a preview of an upcoming WestStart-CALSTART white paper, this report roughly surveys various technologies and strategies to achieve level boarding, as well as the legal and operational rationales for employing them, the policies supporting or impeding these strategies, the technology choices various cities have made, and why some cities have decided to forgo an advanced technology solution in favor of one focused on management strategies. Where available, operational experience will be provided, as well as a comparison of implementation costs. Examples are drawn from both domestic and international applications. The upcoming WestStart-CALSTART white paper will discuss all of these concepts in the appropriate depth.