The principal aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiology of recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) in horses in Great Britain using risk-screening questionnaires (RSQ). Three processes were used to aid construction of the RSQ for RAO, namely: a review of the scientific literature, a survey of equine practitioners in the UK and a modified Delphi consultation with experts in the field of RAO.

 The demographic information, generated by the questionnaire, enabled investigation of risk factors associated with the disease using multilevel, multivariable logistic regression. Two models were constructed. The first related to host and environmental risk factors and the second explored the effect of early life factors. The host and environmental model identified an increased risk of RAO in association with increasing age and the horse residing in an urban or semi-urban environment. There were also some associations that were contrary to what would be expected from knowledge of the aetiology of RAO. In particular, horses fed soaked (wet) hay had increased odds of having RAO, whilst horses fed dry hay had decreased odds. The early life model identified an increased risk of a horse having RAO if its owner had acquired them after the age of two years or that in early life it had been fed hay or had a respiratory infection.

The final stage of the study was to develop and assess an educational package for horse owners regarding the disease. RAO appears to be worryingly prevalent in the horse population of Great Britain; a real concern in terms of welfare. Much can be done to alleviate this chronic disease by controlling a horse's environment to reduce respiratory challenge. Greater emphasis could be placed on assisting horse owners in making this transition by providing detailed guidance.


As a recently emerging service, multi-view video provides a new viewing experience with high degree of freedom. However, due to the huge data amounts transferred, multi-view video's delivery remains a daunting challenge. In this paper, we propose a multi-view video-streaming system based on IP multicast. It can support a large number of users while still keeping a high degree of interactivity and low bandwidth consumption. Based on a careful user study, we have developed two schemes: one is for automatic delivery and the other for on-demand delivery. In automatic delivery, a server periodically multicasts special effect snapshots at a certain time interval. In on-demand delivery, the server delivers the snapshots based on distribution of users' requests. We conducted extensive experiments and user-experience studies to evaluate the proposed system's performance, and found that the system could provide satisfying multi-view video service for users on a large scale


Shading fabrics have the ability to reduce daylight glare and provide privacy when needed. Recent studies have shown that glare indices such as DGP and its simplified version can be used to predict daylight glare through shades when the sun is not within the field of view. However, there are no comprehensive studies on glare sensation with the sun visible through the fabric – a situation that happens in office buildings – and therefore the applicability of glare indices for such conditions is uncertain. Shades with very low openness factors transmit only a small amount of direct sunlight due to their weave density; nevertheless, existing glare metrics may show intolerable conditions for these cases, while specific studies with human subjects are nearly non-existent. This paper presents an experimental study on daylight glare evaluation for the case of shading fabrics with the sun within the field of view. 41 human subjects (n=41) were tested while performing specific office activities, with 14 shade products of different openness factors and visible transmittance values (direct and total light transmission characteristics). The measured variables and survey results were used to: (i) associate discomfort glare with measured and modeled parameters for these cases (ii) evaluate the robustness of existing glare indices for these cases (iii) examine recently suggested alternate (direct and total vertical illuminance) criteria for glare assessment through fabrics, extract discomfort thresholds and suggest a new related index and (iv) propose corrections in the DGP equation when the sun is visible through the shades, which could be generalized for other systems following a similar approach. Combining illuminance-based metrics and existing glare indices can result in a more realistic glare evaluation covering all cases with and without the sun through shading fabrics. The new results can be inversely used as thresholds for selecting optical properties of shades to ensure glare protection, as well as for the development of glare-based shading controls.


Introduced mammalian predators and anthropogenic habitat modification have resulted in the loss of 62 avian species since humans arrived in New Zealand. The conservation paradigm for New Zealand relies upon predator free, ecologically intact or restored islands to serve as sanctuaries and breeding sites for a range of threatened species. Island breeding programs and translocations to restore native fauna to the mainland and other off-shore sites, introduce specific risks related to disease spread.

Beak and Feather Disease Vims (BFDV), was found in clinically affected juvenile Red Crowned Parakeet (RCP, Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae) on Hautum Island in 2008. This finding had major implications for conservation management of parrots in New Zealand, including the critically endangered kakapo (Strigops habroptilus) and orange fronted parakeet (Cyanoramphus malherbi). Feather loss had also been reported in RCP on nearby Tiritiri Matangi Island, suspected to be caused by BFDV. BFDV is endemic in the exotic Eastern rosella (Platycercus eximius) and Sulphur-crested cockatoo (Cacatua galerita) on the North Island of New Zealand. A spill over event likely spread the vims to RCP on nearby islands in the Hauraki Gulf of the Auckland region.

Four cross-sectional surveys were conducted between 201 1-2012 on Tiritiri Matangi Island to determine the presence, prevalence and seasonal trends of key diseases of parrots that may result in feather loss. A total of 184 birds were captured in mist nets. All birds were anaesthetised to collect samples of blood, feathers and faeces, and in 2012 a skin biopsy from the head was included. Individuals were examined for general condition including stages of moult and body weight, and morphometrics and standardised photos were obtained. Hippoboscid flies were collected opportunistically when observed on birds. Blood and feather samples were tested for BFDV by PCR, and a subset of samples was tested for the presence of antibodies to BFDV using the haemagglutination inhibition test. Skin was processed routinely for histopathology and examined under light microscopy for evidence of BFDV as well as other causes of feather loss. The prevalence of feather loss in the study population changed substantially during the 2 year project, from 0% (95%CI: 0-6.7%) in April 2011, up to 45% (95%CI: 32.0-58.5%) in September 2012. This feather loss was predominantly around the head and neck region, with varying degrees of hyperkeratosis and lichenification evident on physical exam. BFDV was detected only in the first sampling session at 4% prevalence (95%CI: 0.5-13.0%), and was not correlated with clinical signs. A mite was detected in skin biopsies of all birds showing signs of feather loss and, increasingly, in skin biopsies from birds not showing changes to feathering. Examination of hippoboscid flies revealed female mites and eggs on the abdomen.

The characteristic feather loss associated with this mite has been observed in other populations of RCP, as well as in several populations of the orange fronted parakeet. Continued monitoring of the study population is recommended to broaden our understanding of the factors that underpin the host-parasite relationship, and produce survival data to infer the impacts of this parasite on viability at individual and population scales.


Decomposition is a technique to obtain complete solutions by assembling independently obtained partial solutions. In particular, constraint decomposition plays an important role in distributed databases, distributed scheduling and violation detection: It enables conflict-free local decision making, while avoiding communication overloading. One of the main issues in decomposition is the loss of flexibility due to decomposition. Here, flexibility roughly refers to the freedom in choosing suitable values for the variables in order to satisfy the constraints. In this paper, we concentrate on linear constraint systems and efficient decomposition techniques for them. Using a generalization of a flexibility metric developed for Simple Temporal Networks, we show how an efficient decomposition technique for linear constraint systems can be derived that minimizes the loss of flexibility. As a by-product of this decomposition technique, we propose an intuitively attractive flexibility metric for linear constraint systems where decomposition does not incur any loss of flexibility.


Arrays of brittle-ductile shears exposed in the Southern Alps of New Zealand, have provided a superb natural laboratory for insight into the microstructural evolution of lower crustal shear zones during exhumation. Shears are exposed in the central section of the Southern Alps at Sam Peak, Chancellor Ridge, and Baumann Glacier in a zone ~2 km wide that is located 6–8 km structurally above the Alpine Fault. An array of systematically spaced shear zones that formed by embrittlement and faulting of quartzofeldspathic schist took place at the same time as ductile shearing of quartzcarbonate veins embedded within the schist. This study has used field-based structural mapping along with optical microscopy and universal stage measurements of crystallographic preferred orientations (CPO) to resolve the shear zone kinematics and rheology. On the basis of these data, the strain path can be reconstructed for the sheared veins during their progressive deformation. This began with their incidence as backshears at the base of the Alpine Fault ramp and ended with their subsequent recrystallisation, uplift, and exhumation.
The near-vertical shear planes have mean orientation of 221@89 NW ± 1o (n =780). They are inferred to have formed as backshears accommodating uplift of the Pacific Plate as it was translated onto the oblique footwall ramp of the Alpine Fault during late Cenozoic oblique convergence. Detailed fault offset transect surveys across the shears at Chancellor Ridge and Baumann Glacier reveal a mean spacing between the shear zones of25 ± 5 cm (n = 410). Quartz-carbonate marker veins are displaced in a dextral west-side upshear sense. Fault offset geometry and a consistent arrangement of mineral fibre lineations that decorate fault surfaces, indicate that the mean displacement vector pitches35o SW in the shear plane (trend and plunge of: 262, 35 ± 7o). Ductilely deformed marker veins have been subject to a mean displacement of 9.9 ± 1.4 cm (n = 344) and a mean finite ductile shear strain of 4.8 ± 0.3 (n = 219). A strain-rate for the ductile deformation of the veins is estimated at 3 x 10-11 sec-1 based on the observed finite ductile shear strain, an escalator kinematic model, and assumptions about the width of the deforming zone.
Five deformation phases have affected the sheared veins during their transport up the fault ramp: 1) initial brittle faulting and ductile shearing; 2) grain boundary sliding of mylonitic quartz in response to a post-ramping differential stress drop; 3) recrystallisation and grain growth; 4) renewed late-stage dislocation creep; and 5) semibrittle deformation and exhumation. In the schist, the shears initiated as planar brittle faults at lower crustal depths of~21 km at a temperature of 450 ± 50oC. They developed in a zone of transiently high shear strain-rates near the base of the Alpine Fault ramp. Dislocation creep caused a CPO of quartz and calcite to develop in sheared veins. Using the flow law of Hirth et al. (2001)and the estimated strain-rate, a differential stress of ~165 MPa is inferred for ductile deformation of the veins. Near-lithostatic (λ = 0.85) fluid pressures would have caused the rocks to undergo brittle failure, a situation that is confirmed by a late component of brittle deformation that over prints the ductilely sheared veins. Syntectonic quartz-calcite veins infill the shear fractures, and these themselves have been sheared. The deformation of the veins was not a simple shear process but one with triclinic flow symmetry. This is inferred from discordance between the shear direction and the near-vertical principle extension direction that is revealed by the pattern and symmetry of quartz and calcite CPO fabrics.
After the shears move away from the ramp-step, grain boundary sliding (GBS)accommodated by solid-state diffusion creep is inferred to have affected quartz veins.
This deformation mechanism takes place because of 1) the small 8 μm grain size inherited from Phase 1; 2) the presence of fluid in the shear zone; and 3) a stress drop to ~22 MPa that followed the initial up-ramping. Quartz CPO fabrics in the sheared veins are remarkably weak considering their large shear strains. GBS is inferred to have been a chief deformation mechanism that caused the weakening of quartz CPO fabrics in the highly sheared sections of deformed veins. Calcite has also affected the quartz fabric strength as those veins containing >5% calcite have very weak quartz CPO fabrics. In contrast to quartz, the CPO fabrics for the co-existing calcite remained strong and continued to develop by dislocation creep.
The third phase of deformation, a process that may have contributed to subsequent weakening of quartz CPO fabrics, was recrystallisation and grain growth to 126 μm and an equigranular-polygonal grain shape fabric. This fabric was overprinted by late-stage dislocation creep microstructures in the fourth deformation phase in response increased differential stress encountered by the rocks at lower temperatures in the upper crust. The final phase of deformation to affect the sheared veins was semibrittle deformation at differential stresses of <189 MPa and temperatures of 200–280oC as the rocks passed through the steady-state brittle-ductile transition zone at depths of 8–10 km before being exhumed at the surface.


Human behaviour is complex and human beings are difficult to persuade. Technology has developed into a crucial tool to influence human behaviour. Computers have increased in power and mobility and have become ubiquitous in people's daily lives. Persuasive technology involves computers being designed explicitly for influencing behaviour. Social networking sites are good examples of how users can be conditioned to habitually check for updates each day. This habit-forming technology can be repurposed to be useful for education. Non-academically inclined university students often have poor study habits. It is possible to design and implement persuasive systems to influence these students to improve their study habits, which is likely to result in improved learning outcomes for them. However, for a persuasive system to be effective, it needs to target a specific habit. In order to help identify which habits to target, this research provides insights into which habits have the most significant impact on academic performance. Three models were constructed outlining the most important habits for three dimensions of academic performance. It was found that each model had unique habit predictors, except for a small overlap. Generally, study habits related to the management of resources, value placed by the individual student on learning tasks and expectations of learning were found to be the most impactful. These models allow designers to more confidently build educational persuasive systems, by providing evidence-based selection of target habits.


Multilingual Spoken Words Corpus is a large and growing audio dataset of spoken words in 50 languages collectively spoken by over 5 billion people, for academic research and commercial applications in keyword spotting and spoken term search, licensed under CC-BY 4.0. The dataset contains more than 340,000 keywords, totaling 23.4 million 1-second spoken examples (over 6,000 hours). The dataset has many use cases, ranging from voice-enabled consumer devices to call center automation. We generate this dataset by applying forced alignment on crowd-sourced sentence-level audio to produce per-word timing estimates for extraction. All alignments are included in the dataset. We provide a detailed analysis of the contents of the data and contribute methods for detecting potential outliers. We report baseline accuracy metrics on keyword spotting models trained from our dataset compared to models trained on a manually-recorded keyword dataset. We conclude with our plans for dataset maintenance, updates, and open-sourced code.


Common pooling of knowledge goods requires effective governance institutions to avoid over depletion or under provision. Following recent literature, this paper treats the institutions of knowledge goods governance as dually coproduced in provision and shared in consumption. I combine a notion of individual sovereignty from political economy with a scalar analysis of the knowledge content of goods exchanged within a community. Insofar as the economic value of goods depends on knowledge content, and less on physical expression, exchange acts are speech acts. Therefore, communities where individuals have high exchange rights also feature a high form of speech rights. In these contexts, agents contribute to governance as an outcome of their ordinary economic activity. Therefore, entrepreneurship within rules and entrepreneurship to alter rules are not distinct actions. The paper relies on a combination of constitutive and regulative rules within a community, as defined by economic and social rather than geographic or political boundaries. Individuals use sovereign exchange and speech acts to interact within given rules, and in doing so they also contribute to the coproduction of governance, acting at once as both economic and institutional entrepreneurs.


Theranostics is the integration of diagnostic information with pharmaceuticals to increase effectiveness and safety of cancer treatments. Nuclear medicine provides a non-invasive means to visualize drug target expression across primary and metastatic sites, and assess pharmacokinetics and efficacy of companion therapeutic agents. This is significant given the increasing recognition of the importance of clonal heterogeneity in treatment response and resistance. Carbonic anhydrase IX (CA-IX) has been advocated as an attractive diagnostic and therapeutic biomarker for targeting hypoxia in solid malignancies. CA-IX confers cancer cell survival under low oxygen tension, and is associated with increased propensity for metastasis. As such, CA-IX is overexpressed in a broad spectrum of cancers. Different classes of antigen recognition molecules targeting CA-IX including monoclonal antibodies, peptides, small molecule inhibitors, and antibody mimetics have been radiolabeled for imaging and therapeutic applications. cG250, a chimeric monoclonal antibody, has been labeled with an assortment of radionuclides (124I, 111In, 89Zr, 131I, 90Y, and 177Lu) and is the most extensively investigated CA-IX radiopharmaceutical. In recent years, there have been tremendous advancements made by the research community in developing alternatives to cG250. Although still in preclinical settings, several small molecule inhibitors and antibody mimetics hold great promise in improving the management of aggressive and resistant cancers.


A It's impossible to say for certain in the absence of randomized controlled trials. However, in patients whose impingement symptoms don't improve after 3 to 6 months, arthroscopic subacromial decompression (ASD) is associated with modest (about 10%) longterm improvement in pain and function compared with open acromioplasty or baseline (strength of recommendation [SOR]: B, cohort studies). Patients older than 57 years may do better with surgery than physical therapy (SOR: B, single cohort study).


The enhancement of light transmittance through periodically relief thin absorptive film at surface plasmon polariton excitation conditions, as a function of relief interrelation, was considered theoretically. Our calculation of transmittance-reflectance through periodically relief thin absorptive film was performed in the framework of differential formalism. There are two basic relief interrelation forms, namely, correlated and anticorrelated ones. The obtained spectral and angular dependencies demonstrate an essential increase of surface plasmon polariton peaks in the case of anticorrelated corrugation of film in comparison with the correlated ones.


This essay explores the spatial dimension of human existence, arguing that spatial (in)justices are inextricably linked with both environmental and social (in)justices, and these injustices are embedded, in various ways, within rural and urban environments. Spatiality, formed in a fluid process that engages the social, the spatial, and the historical aspects of human life, is vastly undermined and under-represented both at the level of everyday consciousness, and in the realm of professional academia. Justice in terms of spatiality can only be achieved through social processes engaged in at will by social actors that work towards re-producing and re-defining spaces that reflect unrestrained human creativity and impulse. With a new spatial consciousness, socio-spatial justice can be achieved, and this socio-spatial re-shaping of one's own life would lead to the transcendence of alienating forces, all the while crafting one's life as a work of art.


An important problem in distributed, dynamic databases is to continuously monitor the value of a function defined on the nodes, and check that it satisfies some threshold constraint. We introduce a monitoring method, based on a geometric interpretation of the problem, which enables to define local constraints at the nodes. It is guaranteed that as long as none of these constraints is violated, the value of the function did not cross the threshold. We generalize previous work on geometric monitoring, and solve two problems which seriously hampered its performance: as opposed to the constraints used so far, which depend only on the current values of the local data, here we incorporate their temporal behavior. Also, the new constraints are tailored to the geometric properties of the specific monitored function. In addition, we extend the concept of safe zones for the monitoring problem, and show that previous work on geometric monitoring is a special case of the proposed extension. Experimental results on real data reveal that the new approach reduces communication by up to three orders of magnitude in comparison to existing approaches, and considerably narrows the gap between achievable results and a newly defined lower bound on communication complexity.


An information set in a game tree is a set of nodes from which the rules of the game require that the same alternative (i.e., move) be selected. Thus the nodes an information set are indistinguishable to the player moving from that set, thereby reflecting imperfect information, that is, information hidden from that player. Information sets arise naturally in (for example) card gaines like poker and bridge. IIere we focus not on the solution concept for imperfect information games (which has been studied at length), but rather on the computational aspects of such games: how hard is it to compute solutions? We present two fundainental results for imperfect information games. The first result shows that even if there is only a single player, we must seek special cases or heuristics. The second result complements the first, providing an efficient algorithm for just such a special case. Additionally, we show how our special case algorithm can be used as a heuristic in the general case.


The effects of climatic changes, progressing urbanization and improved environmental controls on the simulated urban stormwater quality in a northern Sweden community were studied. Future scenarios accounting for those changes were developed and their effects simulated with the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM). It was observed that the simulated stormwater quality was highly sensitive to the scenarios, mimicking progressing urbanization with varying catchment imperviousness and area. Thus, land use change was identified as one of the most influential factors and in some scenarios, urban growth caused changes in runoff quantity and quality exceeding those caused by a changing climate. Adaptation measures, including the reduction of directly connected impervious surfaces (DCIS) through the integration of more green spaces into the urban landscape, or disconnection of DCIS were effective in reducing runoff volume and pollutant loads. Furthermore, pollutant source control measures, including material substitution, were effective in reducing pollutant loads and significantly improving stormwater quality.


Flood management is adopting a more risk-based approach, whereby flood risk is the product of the probability and consequences of flooding. Two-dimensional flood inundation modeling is a widely used tool to aid flood-risk management. The aim of this study is to develop a flood inundation model that uses historical flow data to produce flood-risk maps, which will help to identify flood protection measures in the rural areas of Sri Lanka. The LISFLOOD-FP model was developed at the basin scale using available historical data, and also through coupling with a hydrological modelling system, to map the inundation extent and depth. Results from the flood inundation model were evaluated using Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images to assess product accuracy. The impacts of flooding on agriculture and livelihoods were analyzed to assess the flood risks. It was identified that most of the areas under paddy cultivation that were located near the middle and downstream part of the river basin are more susceptible to flood risks. This paper also proposes potential countermeasures for future natural disasters to prevent and mitigate possible damages.


Background Increasing attention is being paid on metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint involvement in hand osteoarthritis (HOA),using ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging techniques in order to detect pathologic features.(1-2) Objectives Detailed radiographic characterization of MCPs in erosive and non erosive HOA and re-evaluation after four year follow-up period. Methods We enrolled 368 consecutive outpatients (25 males, 6.8%) at three rheumatology centres between May 2004 and May 2006. All patients were diagnosed according to American College of Rheumatology Criteria for Hand Osteoarthritis and underwent radiographic evaluation. Each joint was graded according to Kellgren & Lawerence, and Kallman scores; Osteophyte and Joint Space Narrowing (JSN) scores according to the OARSI Atlas. In addition marginal bone erosions were also evaluated. According to the presence of Central Erosions (CE) in interphalangeal joints, patients (pts) were divided into 3 groups: NE (no CE) =129 pts (35%), E1 (one CE) =41 pts (11.2%), E2 (two or more CE) =198 pts (53.8%). Among them 44 pts (5 males,11.4%) were re-evaluated after a period of about four years of follow-up. Results Mean age was found to be significantly different in the three groups; age at disease onset was significantly younger in E2 patients. (see table) Mild score values for all items were obtained: no significant differences were detected among the three groups except for a significant progressive increase of JSN score from NE to E2 [mean ± sd per patient values NE =1.8±2.3 (1.4-2.3), E1 =2.4±2.5 (1.6-3.2), E2 =3.1±3.2 (2.6-3.2), p<0.0005]. No significant differences were found in the severity of radiographic damage among the ten MCPs. Marginal erosions were rarely found with percentages of positivity ranging from 3% (2nd right MCP) to 11% (4th right MCP) - mean percentage being 6.7%. At follow-up evaluations, we observed that one NE pt progressed to E2 group and 10 E1 pts progressed to E2 group. All radiographic features significantly worsened both at patient and at joint level, without significant differences among the three groups. Table 1 NE E1 E2 p p p (NE vs E1) (NE vs E2) (E1 vs E2) Age, years (mean ± sd) 67±9 68±7 69±8 <0.0005 <0.0005 <0.0005 Age at disease onset, years (mean ± sd) 56.3±10.4 56.1±10.2 53.3±9.5 0.667 <0.0005 <0.0005 Conclusions MCP joints involvement is generally mild and, except for JSN, not related to the presence of erosive disease. Follow-up evaluations showed a progressive increase in all radiographic features, without differences among the groups References Iagnocco A, Conaghan PG, Aegerter P, et al. The reliability of musculoskeletal ultrasound in the detection of cartilage abnormalities at the metacarpo-phalangeal joints. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2012;20:1142-6. Vlychou M, Koutroumpas A, Alexiou I, et al. High-resolution ultrasonography and 3.0T magnetic resonance imaging in erosive and nodal hand osteoarthritis: high frequency of erosions in nodal osteoarthritis. Clin Rheumatol 2013;32:755-62. Disclosure of Interest None declared DOI 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-eular.2045


Mesoderm in Xenopus and other amphibian embryos is induced by signals from the vegetal hemisphere acting on equatorial or animal hemisphere cells. These signals are diffusible and two classes of candidate signal molecule have been identified: the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) types. In this paper, we compare the effects of cloned Xenopus basic FGF (XbFGF) and electophoretically homogeneous XTC-MIF (a TGF-beta-like factor obtained from a Xenopus cell line) on animal pole explants. We find that they have a similar minimum active concentration (0.1-0.2 ng ml-1) but that, nonetheless, XTC-MIF is at least 40 times more active in inducing muscle. In general, we find that the two factors cause inductions of significantly different characters in terms of tissue type, morphology, gene expression and timing. At low concentrations (0.1-1.0 ng ml-1) both factors induce the differentiation of 'mesenchyme' and 'mesothelium' as well as blood-like cells. These latter cells do not, however, react with an antibody to Xenopus globin. This raised the possibility that the identification of red blood cells in other studies on mesoderm induction might have been mistaken, but combinations of animal pole regions with ventral vegetal pole regions confirmed that genuine erythrocytes are formed. The identity of the blood-like cells formed in response to the inducing factors remains unknown. At higher concentrations XTC-MIF induces neural tissue, notochord, pronephros and substantial and often segmented muscle. By contrast, XbFGF only induces significant amounts of muscle above 24 ng ml-1 and even then this is much less than that induced by XTC-MIF. For both factors an exposure of less than 30 min is effective. Competence of animal pole cells to respond to XbFGF is completely lost by the beginning of gastrulation (stage 10) while competence to XTC-MIF is detectable until somewhat later (stage 11). Since animal pole tissue is known to be able to respond to the natural inducer at least until stage 10, and perhaps until stage 10.5, this suggests that bFGF cannot be the sole inducer of mesoderm in vivo. Taken together, these results are consistent with XTC-MIF being a dorsoanterior inducer and XbFGF a ventroposterior inducer, suggesting that body pattern is established by the interaction of two types of inducing signal. This model is discussed in view of the qualitative and quantitative differences between the factors.


Evaluation of the importance of different benthos communities as feeding sites for waders and waterfowl is not only fundamental for understanding feeding ecology, it also enables the prediction of the effects of habitat loss. However, detailed analyses of the importance of different benthos communities for waterbirds are scarce, particularly for the German Wadden Sea. In the early 1990s, backbarrier tidal flats of the East Frisian Wadden Sea were dominated by Lanice conchilega. To estimate the relevance of those flats for waterbirds during autumn migration 1994, number, distribution and food consumption of the 7 most abundant bird species on these flats (oystercatcher, curlew, dunlin, redshank, common gull, black-headed gull, herring gull) were investigated on 2 different types of L. conchilega dominated flats (Lanice flat, Undulating flat). Spring tide counts throughout 1994 showed maximum bird numbers during spring (maximum: 56000 birds) and autumn migration (maximum 111 000 birds). Of the 7 species examined, 4 species (oystercatcher, curlew, redshank, common gull) used both flat types in higher densities than expected. Whereas common gulls preferred the Undulating flats, oystercatchers preferred the Lanice flats. The overall number of macrozoobenthos organisms varied between 3360 and 5520 m -2 on the Undulating flat, and between 8520 and 15100 m -2 on the Lanice flat. Correspondingly, the estimated biomass ranged from 67.6 to 142.3 g AFDW m -2 and 128.4 to 337.2 g AFDW m -2 (AFDW: ash free dry weight), respectively. Therefore, biomass was higher than in most other Wadden Sea areas. The most abundant species were Heteromastus filiformis, L. conchilega, Macoma balthica and Mytilus edulis. The overall consumption of the 7 bird species studied (70% of all waterbirds present) decreased from 16.6 g AFDW m -2 in August to 12.3 g AFDW m -2 in October. Assuming a similar consumption for the remaining 30% of the birds, overall consumption would have ranged between 17.6 and 23.7 g AFDW m -2 . Due to the high biomass of the standing stock, relative consumption (5.2 to 13.7 %) was similar to other regions of the Wadden Sea. Only 3 species (oystercatcher, curlew, common gull) consumed between 78 and 93% of the overall consumption of the 7 species examined. Whereas waders mainly foraged on the accompanying fauna of the L. conchilega community, the bulk of the diet of gulls was L. conchilega itself. In general, food supply on L. conchilega dominated flats can be judged as favourable. However, the possibility that food consumption could have been a limiting factor, at least for some species (e.g. oystercatcher), cannot be ruled out.


Factor in oocyte assists reprogramming Unfertilized eggs contain components that can dedifferentiate other cells that have gone down the path toward a specific cell fate. Gonzalez-Muñoz et al. show that the protein-folding factor ASF1A facilitates this reprogramming event and it acts at a particular phase of germ cell division termed metaphase II. ASF1A helps turn differentiated cells such as human adult dermal fibroblasts into undifferentiated pluripotent stem cells. Science, this issue p. 822 Human oocyte reprogramming of the somatic nucleus involves histone chaperone ASF1A. Unfertilized oocytes have the intrinsic capacity to remodel sperm and the nuclei of somatic cells. The discoveries that cells can change their phenotype from differentiated to embryonic state using oocytes or specific transcription factors have been recognized as two major breakthroughs in the biomedical field. Here, we show that ASF1A, a histone-remodeling chaperone specifically enriched in the metaphase II human oocyte, is necessary for reprogramming of human adult dermal fibroblasts (hADFs) into undifferentiated induced pluripotent stem cell. We also show that overexpression of just ASF1A and OCT4 in hADFs exposed to the oocyte-specific paracrine growth factor GDF9 can reprogram hADFs into pluripotent cells. Our Report underscores the importance of studying the unfertilized MII oocyte as a means to understand the molecular pathways governing somatic cell reprogramming.


Myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia (MMM) is a collective term that describes the related disorders AMM, PPMM, and PTMM. The chronic myeloid disorders include chronic myeloid leukemia, polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, and agnogenic myeloid metaplasia (myelofibrosis). These disorders display varying propensities for pathologic enlargement of the spleen which can lead to mechanical discomfort, hypercatabolic symptoms, anemia, thrombocytopenia, and portal hypertension. Splenectomy has been found to be of little benefit in the early stages of chronic myeloid leukemia. Similarly, the benefit of splenectomy in advanced cases is limited to symptomatic palliation and treatment of delayed engraftment after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Although polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia are also characterized by splenomegaly, splenectomy is not considered a therapeutic option in the absence of transformation of the disease into myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia. Splenectomy has been studied most in myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia. Although there is no clear survival advantage to splenectomy in this disorder, the surgical procedure can result in substantial palliation of mechanical discomfort, hypercatabolic symptoms, portal hypertension, and anemia. However, the procedure is associated with an approximately 9% mortality rate, and the postsplenectomy occurrence of extreme thrombocytosis, hepatomegaly, and leukemic transformation is of major concern.


White-faced saki monkeys (Pithecia pitheciai are monogamous primates rarely studied in the wild. Little is known about their affiliative behavior. This study examined levels of affiliation between five members of a captive family group of white-faced saki monkeys at the St. Louis Zoo from October to November 2008. I collected twenty hours of data on the affiliative behavior of the five member group. This data consisted of focal animal samples, nearest neighbor focal animal samples, and interaction matrices of affiliative behaviors to determine the differences in levels of affiliation between male and female parent sakis, and male and female offspring. I found that male and female offspring tend to affiliate more than male offspring do with each other. The male parent rarely affiliated with his female offspring while the female parent affiliated with both her male and female offspring. The bonded pair affiliated infrequently and were rarely observed in proximity of each other (only 1 % of the observed time was spent in close proximity). These results differ from the findings of studies of the affiliative behaviors of the closely related titi monkeys (Callicebus sp.). Previous studies of captive titi monkeys show that affiliation tends to be higher between the bonded pair than between the parents and their offspring and that bonded pairs of titi monkeys display "jealousy behaviors" when intruders enter their group. The low level of affiliation between the white-faced saki bonded pair found in this study may be due to the fact that no new members have never been introduced to the family group at the St. Louis Zoo.


Abstract. Bromine released from the decomposition of short-lived brominated source gases contributes as a sink of ozone in the lower stratosphere.
The two major contributors are CH2Br2 and CHBr3.
In this study, we investigate the global seasonal distribution of these two substances, based on four High Altitude and Long Range Research Aircraft (HALO) missions, the HIAPER Pole-to-Pole Observations (HIPPO) mission, and the Atmospheric Tomography (ATom) mission.
Observations of CH2Br2 in the free and upper troposphere indicate a pronounced seasonality in both hemispheres, with slightly larger mixing ratios in the Northern Hemisphere (NH).
Compared to CH2Br2, CHBr3 in these regions shows larger variability and less clear seasonality, presenting larger mixing ratios in winter and autumn in NH midlatitudes to high latitudes.
The lowermost stratosphere of SH and NH shows a very similar distribution of CH2Br2 in hemispheric spring with differences well below 0.1 ppt, while the differences in hemispheric autumn are much larger with substantially smaller values in the SH than in the NH.
This suggests that transport processes may be different in both hemispheric autumn seasons, which implies that the influx of tropospheric air ("flushing") into the NH lowermost stratosphere is more efficient than in the SH.
The observations of CHBr3 support the suggestion, with a steeper vertical gradient in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere in SH autumn than in NH autumn.
However, the SH database is insufficient to quantify this difference.
We further compare the observations to model estimates of TOMCAT (Toulouse Off-line Model of Chemistry And Transport) and CAM-Chem (Community Atmosphere Model with Chemistry, version 4), both using the same emission inventory of Ordóñez et al. (2012).
The pronounced tropospheric seasonality of CH2Br2 in the SH is not reproduced by the models,
presumably due to erroneous seasonal emissions or atmospheric photochemical decomposition efficiencies.
In contrast, model simulations of CHBr3 show a pronounced seasonality in both hemispheres, which is not confirmed by observations.
The distributions of both species in the lowermost stratosphere of the Northern and Southern hemispheres are overall well captured by the models with the exception of southern hemispheric autumn,
where both models present a bias that maximizes in the lowest 40 K above the tropopause, with considerably lower mixing ratios in the observations.
Thus, both models reproduce equivalent flushing in both hemispheres, which is not confirmed by the limited available observations.
Our study emphasizes the need for more extensive observations in the SH to fully understand the impact of CH2Br2 and CHBr3 on lowermost-stratospheric ozone loss and to help constrain emissions.


Social media platforms are the public square of our era – a reality that has been entrenched by the widespread closure of physical public spaces in response to the Covid-19 pandemic. And this online space is global in nature, with over 2.5 billion users worldwide. Its governance does not fall solely to governments. With the rise of social media, important decisions about what content does - and does not - stay online are made by private technology companies.

Reflecting this reality, cutting-edge scholarship has converged on a triadic approach to understanding how the global public square operates - with states, users, and technology companies marking out three points on a "free speech triangle" that determines what content appears online. While offering valuable insights into the nature of online speech regulation, this scholarship—which has influenced public discussion—has been limited by drawing primarily on a recurring set of case studies arising from the U.S. and the European Union. As a result, the free speech triangle has locked in assumptions that make sense for the U.S. and the EU, but that regrettably lack broad applicability.

This Essay focuses our attention on the global public square that actually exists, rather than the narrow U.S. and European-centric description that has commanded public attention. Drawing on interviews with civil society, public sources, and technology company transparency data, it introduces a new set of case studies from the Global South, which elucidate important dynamics that are sidelined in the current content moderation discussion.

Drawing on this broader set of materials, I supplement the free speech triangle's analysis of who is responsible for online content, with the question of what these actors do. In this way, activity within the global public square can be grouped into four categories: content production, content amplification, rule creation, and enforcement. Analyzing the governance of the global public square through this functional approach preserves important insights from the existing literature while also creating space to incorporate the plurality of regulatory arrangements around the world. I close with prescriptive insights that this functional approach offers to policymakers in a period of unprecedented frustration with how the global public square is governed.


This paper explores the consistency of a proposed method of measuring sustainable development in the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), with particular reference to the Gold Standard, a premium CDM label. The research applies a sustainability matrix to 40 CDM and 40 Gold Standard projects to explore the relative influence of different drivers of sustainable development. The study finds that Gold Standard accreditation and project host country are the primary drivers of whether CDM projects have potential to promote a range of sustainable development benefits in this sample. Other postulated drivers including number of CERs (Certified Emissions Reductions) generated and project type are found to be statistically inconsistent. The paper concludes that a set of quantitative measures for sustainable development could improve transparency in assessments of sustainable development potential.


This paper studies implementation problems in the wake of a recent trend of implementation of non-consequentialist nature, which draws on the evidence taken from experimental and behavioral economics. Specifically, following the seminal works by Matsushima (2008) and Dutta and Sen (2009), the paper considers implementation problems with partially-honest agents, which presume that there is at least one individual in society who concerns herself with not only outcomes but also honest behavior at least in a limited manner. Given this setting, the paper provides a general characterization of Nash implementation with partially-honest individuals. It also provides the necessary and sufficient condition for Nash implementation with partially-honest individuals by mechanisms with some types of strategy-space reductions. As a consequence, it shows that in contrast to the case of the standard framework, the equivalence between Nash implementation and Nash implementation with strategy space reduction no longer holds.


In this study, poly(ethylene terephthalate)(PET)/poly(ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol)( EVOH) (95/5 w/w) and poly(ethylene terephthalate-co-isophthalate) random copolymer containing 10 wt.% isophthalic acid (PETI)/EVOH (95/5 w/w) blends have been prepared with compatibilizer types as poly(ethylene terephthalate)-cosulfonated isophthalate (PET-co-SIPA), glycol modified poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PETG) and hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) by using a co-rotating intermeshing twin screw extruder. Cast films have been stretched simultaneously and biaxially 2 and 3 times their original dimensions (λ=2, λ=3). The effects of biaxial orientation, crystallinity, morphology, and chemistry on oxygen gas permeability were analyzed by using different characterization techniques i.e. scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and gas permeability analyzer. After extrusion, the dispersed phase has a particle size of 0.4-0.8 μm without a compatibilizer. Replacing PET homopolymer with PETI has little effect on particle size of the dispersed phase (0.4-0.5 μm) without using a compatibilizer. The smallest particle size of EVOH was 0.17-0.2 μm for PET blends when employed a hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) and 0.15-0.25 μm (glycol modified PET, PETG) and 0.18-0.26 μm (HTPB) for PETI blends. Oxygen gas permeability of the blend films reduces to some extent after stretching. Nonetheless, an increase in oxygen gas permeability has been observed when the results of the neat PET and PETI taken into consideration. This situation results from low degree of crystallinity of the blends. Casted and oriented PET/EVOH films show decreased water vapor permeability values when compared to that of neat PET. The lowest value has been obtained when employed HTPB as the compatibilizer. Casted films of PETI/EVOH blends have higher water vapor permeability values than that of the neat PETI. Water vapor permeability values decrease when films stretched 2 times and 3 times. Nonetheless, comparison of the results together with that of the neat PETI indicates that water vapor permeability values of the stretched films are almost the same as PETI.


In external city environment areas there is a poor understanding and often no
conscious use of colour.
The experts that work with colour, in terms of the built environment either as projectmakers,
or as managers (decision-makers), are poorly prepared to deal with it.
As an answer they minimise the problem of colour in architecture, especially in
exteriors, simply by omission; or, they introduce colour mostly without criteria - in
some projects colour plays only a cosmetic role - supposedly aesthetical.
Most project-makers do not consider colour as an integral part of the global
design process.
Colour theory and teaching courses have been considered supplemental to the
mainstream of architectural education; for most part of the students of architecture
or landscaping architecture, colour remains a matter of individual taste.
People in general are very conscious of colour and texture in the built environment
and they really like variations (as some studies done in Sweden (Koller 1981;
Mahnke 1993) have already showed). They are negative and critical of austere,
colourless environments in our cities; also colour has psycho-therapeutic effects
that can be utilised to meet the physiological needs of people living in crowded
environments.
Colour is one of the basic components of the environment which influences life quality
and it can be approached from different perspectives and different disciplines.
This research addresses the issue of colour in the architecture of the built environment
analysing the behaviour of the unity which results from the straight relationship between
colour and space(as quantity of colour): the Colour/Space Unity. The investigation
shows not only the existence of this unity, but also that it is a unity of visual
communication.
In terms of allocating the findings and interpretations through a review of the
relevant theory, the author uses a survey methodology - a full test response questionnaire to a wide range of members of society (to test theory) and semistructured interviews with a panel of experts(as a feasibility test of the questionnaire
design and contents). The questionnaire findings are used to test the theoretical
position through further comments from the expert panel.
The research presents as results, not only the existence and importance of the
colour/space unity, as a visual communicational one, such as the levels of
articulation of the messages in the built environment or the contrast in the relationship
between qualification and quantification in colour/space language; but it
demonstrates the major importance of the colour/space unity in the architectural
project and in the colour planning management within the built environment.


In today's information society it is critical to use computer-mediated communication effectively. This article explores whether the highly recognized face-to-face communication concept "active listening" can also be applied to online settings. Demanding verbal and nonverbal skills, this way of communication improves mutual understanding by using techniques like paraphrasing. For instance, it avoids misunderstandings and in conflicts people tend to be more willing to explain in detail, which increases chances to find a joint solution. The presented study investigates whether "active listening" is effective in written online communication, which is a novel asset. Focusing on instant messaging and e-mail, we examined both settings' capacities and differences. Qualitative analysis based on a unique data set including log files and written user reflections on online "active listening" activities, reveals that "active listening" is possible in online communication, although a face-to -face setting is preferred due to a number of constraints imposed by online media. Results show that, while there are limitations to expressing empathy in online settings, the latter offer valuable opportunities that face-to-face conversations tend to lack. For instance, it appears that online media leave control with a communicator by allowing to completely verbalize thoughts before responding. Our results provide preliminary support


This document provides details of the Voice Profile for Internet Mail
(VPIM) directory service. The service provides the email address of
the recipient that is given a telephone number. It optionally provides
the spoken name of the recipient and the media capabilities of the
recipient. The VPIM directory Schema provides essential additional
attributes to recreate the voice mail user experience using
standardized directories. This user experience provides, at the time
of addressing, basic assurances that the message will be delivered as
intended. This document combines two earlier documents, one from Anne
Brown and one from Greg Vaudreuil, that define a voice messaging
schema into a single working group submission. [STANDARDS-TRACK]


Greenland Ice Sheet surface temperatures are controlled by an exchange of energy at the surface, which includes radiative, turbulent, and ground heat fluxes. Data collected by multiple projects are leveraged to calculate all surface energy budget (SEB) terms at Summit, Greenland, for the full annual cycle from July 2013 to June 2014 and extend to longer periods for the radiative and turbulent SEB terms. Radiative fluxes are measured directly by a suite of broadband radiometers. Turbulent sensible heat flux is estimated via the bulk aerodynamic and eddy correlation methods, and the turbulent latent heat flux is calculated via a twolevel approach using measurements at 10 and 2 m. The subsurface heat flux is calculated using a string of thermistors buried in the snow pack. Extensive quality-control data processing produced a data set in which all terms of the SEB are present 75 % of the full annual cycle, despite the harsh conditions. By including a storage term for a near-surface layer, the SEB is balanced in this data set to within the aggregated uncertainties for the individual terms. November and August case studies illustrate that surface radiative forcing is driven by synoptically forced cloud characteristics, especially by low-level, liquid-bearing clouds. The annual cycle and seasonal diurnal cycles of all SEB components indicate that the non-radiative terms are anticorrelated to changes in the total radiative flux and are hence responding to cloud radiative forcing. Generally, the non-radiative SEB terms and the upwelling longwave radiation component compensate for changes in downwelling radiation, although exact partitioning of energy in the response terms varies with season and near-surface characteristics such as stability and moisture availability. Substantial surface warming from lowlevel clouds typically leads to a change from a very stable to a weakly stable near-surface regime with no solar radiation or from a weakly stable to neutral/unstable regime with solar radiation. Relationships between forcing terms and responding surface fluxes show that the upwelling longwave radiation produces 65–85 % (50–60 %) of the total response in the winter (summer) and the non-radiative terms compensate for the remaining change in the combined downwelling longwave and net shortwave radiation. Because melt conditions are rarely reached at Summit, these relationships are documented for conditions of surface temperature below 0 C, with and without solar radiation. This is the first time that forcing and response term relationships have been investigated in detail for the Greenland SEB. These results should both advance understanding of process relationships over the Greenland Ice Sheet and be useful for model validation.


Habitat fragmentation has been implicated as a major cause of population decline in grassland birds. We tested the hypothesis that a combination of area and shape determines the use of grassland patches by breeding birds. We compared both species richness and individual species presence in 45 wet meadow grasslands in the floodplain of the central Platte River, Nebraska. Bird data were collected through the use of belt transects and supplemented by walking and listening outside transects. Our data supported our pri- mary hypothesis that perimeter-area ratio, which reflects both the area and shape of a patch, is the strongest predictor of both individual species presence and overall species richness. The probability of occurrence for all six common species (Grasshopper Sparrows, Bobo- links, Upland Sandpipers, Western Meadowlarks, Dickcissels, and Red-winged Blackbirds) was significantly inversely correlated with perimeter-area ratio. The probability of occur- rence of Grasshopper Sparrows, Bobolinks, Upland Sandpipers, and Western Meadowlarks was also correlated with area. We conclude that species richness is maximized when patches are large ( .50 ha) and shaped so that they provide abundant interior areas, free from the impacts of edges.


Business activity is increasingly subject to influences such as technological advancement and rising
consumer expectations which necessitate a flexible approach to working practices particularly in the
short-term. Organisations subject to frequent change must be supported by buildings that can readily
accommodate changes in the use of internal spaces. Changing the use of a serviced usable space
often necessitates alteration of supporting services installations.
The functional, rather than physical, obsolescence of building services components will become more
common as the rate of space use change increases. Current practice causes functionally obsolete
components to be discarded when altering services installations. Reusing such functionally obsolete
components, however, will recover the value of their embodied residual un-depreciated capital
investment and under utilised physical life, thereby reducing the cost of services installation alteration
and, indirectly, increasing serviced usable space flexibility.


This book addresses the topic of toilet design, but instead of focusing on the typical able bodied user, it takes the various needs and limited abilities of older and/or disabled people as its starting point (human centered design). This follows the principles of 'Inclusive Design': designs taking into account the needs of the most challenged, will also have benefits for the healthy . For the most part, this book is a spin-off of an EU-funded research and development project called the 'Friendly Rest Room for Elderly People' (FFR), which ran from 2001 to 2005. During that period a consortium of 10 institutions in 7 European countries collaborated on the research, design and development of a friendlier toilet for elderly and disabled users. The contributions from partners in the FRR consortium to this book reflect the results of nearly 5 years of empirical work in different cultures, countries and disciplines. The book has been brought up-to-date with developments in this area of research in recent years. The goal of the FFR project was to carry out the necessary research and design, build and test prototypes for a Friendly Rest Room for older people and persons with a disability, enabling them to gain greater autonomy, independence, self-esteem, dignity, safety, improved self-care and thereby enjoy a better quality of life. The methods and technologies involved in fulfilling this objective included contactless smart card technologies with read-write capabilities, voice activation interface, motion control and sensor systems, mechanical engineering and robotic techniques, mathematical modelling, as well as ergonomic research and designs inspired by philosophy, gerontechnology and medical and social sciences. End-users and secondary users, as well as care takers and rehabilitation professionals, were involved in all stages of the research and problem solving processes of the FRR prototype development. Prototypes were tested taking account of the advice of industrial marketing companies and end-user organisations to improve the independence, dignity, safety, self-care and quality of life of older and/or disabled people within the European community.


The purpose of this study was to delineate and map the communities, to describe selected structural aspects of the vegetation, to describe soil profiles, and to estimate biomass transfer and net primary productivity of the communities within a remnant Mixed Prairie grassland. Nine communities were separated. The smallest communities were Buchloe dactyloides-Bouteloua curtipendula-Sporobolus asper and Buchloe dactyloides-Bouteloua gracilis-Agropyron smithii. The largest communities were Andropogon scoparius-Andropogon gerardi-Bouteloua curtipendula and Andropogon gerardi-Kochia scoparia-Helianthus annuus. Four major soil types were Mento, Armo, Brownell and Roxbury. Green herbage peak production was in August. Standing cured vegetation had the greatest values at the beginning and the end of the growing season. Fresh mulch characteristically displayed values that corresponded with the growth and maturity of the species dominating the communities. Humic mulch values increased during midsummer and decreased during autumn. Net primary productivity was found to vary from 1,009 g/m2 for the Buchloe dactyloides-Bouteloua gracilis-Agropyron smithii community to 3,129 g/m2 for the Andropogon gerardi-Kochia scoparia-Helianthus annuus community.


"The Handbook of Thin Film Deposition" is a comprehensive reference focusing on thin film technologies and applications used in the semiconductor industry and the closely related areas of thin film deposition, thin film micro properties, photovoltaic solar energy applications, new materials for memory applications and methods for thin film optical processes. In a major restructuring, this edition of the handbook lays the foundations with an up-to-date treatment of lithography, contamination and yield management, and reliability of thin films. The established physical and chemical deposition processes and technologies are then covered, the last section of the book being devoted to more recent technological developments such as microelectromechanical systems, photovoltaic applications, digital cameras, CCD arrays, and optical thin films. This is a practical survey of thin film technologies aimed at engineers and managers involved in all stages of the process: design, fabrication, quality assurance and applications. It covers core processes and applications in the semiconductor industry and new developments in the photovoltaic and optical thin film industries. The new edition takes covers the transition taking place in the semiconductor world from Al/SiO2 to copper interconnects with low-k dielectrics. It is written by acknowledged industry experts from key companies in the semiconductor industry including Intel and IBM. It is foreword by Gordon E. Moore, co-founder of Intel and formulator of the renowned 'Moore's Law' relating to the technology development cycle in the semiconductor industry.


"Growth" is endemic to our economic system. Economies of scale, long-held as critical means to efficiency and profitability, have taken on new meanings: whereas they once relied on the skills of the mechanical engineer to realize wide-scaling manufacturing capabilities, our cultural shift towards the individual means a focus placed on customization of both product research and design. In the age of networked information and networked publics—built on the "solutions" of large, multinational companies like Cisco and EMC, as well as small, connected product and service startups— this paradoxical emphasis on broad ranging customization is resolved through the automated tools at our disposal today: platforms, data, and algorithms, to name a few. Throughout the decades, however, scalability and growth has always been perceived as essential by investors and the public alike.
As commercial practitioners, we are often tasked with the design and development of projects meant to reach a large audience—at the time of release or further down the line. For instance, a website for a large NGO must scale in terms of both content and reach, accommodating a broad swath of information types for a global audience. Increasingly, as the integration of social streams and other "open" sources of content becomes valued by clients, the access of publicly available APIs requires an accommodation of the parameters set by those sources—often multi-billion dollar corporations.
To develop designs and technologies that scale, we build on or develop our own platforms. These platforms include those with which we are familiar and interact every day, such as YouTube (and its API), Twitter, and various content management systems such as SiteCore or WordPress. The way in which we are able to design for scale today is enabled by our ability to capture a tremendous (and often overwhelming) amount of data. "Big Data" has become common parlance. We use the data that we capture to make inferences about the users for whom we design, giving us the ability to scale solutions across geographies, demographics, and markets. Algorithms are pervasive in today's experience of designing at scale, especially as the time and cognition required to process the volume of information with which we interact increases. Once the sources of our data and content are identified, in order to present that information back to our end-user in a means unique to our project, we must process it. Infusing this data with value requires moving it through algorithms—ones that aggregate, analyze, modify, and more.


PURPOSE
We have previously demonstrated doxorubicin-induced urokinase (uPA) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) expression in human H69 small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) cells by a microarray technique using Human Cancer Chip version 2, in which 425 human "cancer-related" genes are spotted on the plates. The microarray analysis also revealed a significant induction of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and doxorubicin-induced macrophage chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) expression was demonstrated by an RNase protection assay. We extended the study by testing the effects of doxorubicin on the induction of TNF-alpha, uPA, IL-8 and MCP-1 in other types of lung carcinoma cells.

METHODS
We investigated the effects of doxorubicin on the expression of TNF-alpha, uPA, IL-8 and MCP-1 in 12 human lung carcinoma cell lines, including five SCLC, three adenocarcinoma and four squamous cell carcinoma cells. The surface expression of their receptors was also investigated.

RESULTS
TNF-alpha was significantly induced in three cell lines, H69, SBC-7 (SCLC) and PC-9 (adenocarcinoma), uPA in five cell lines, H69, SBC-7, EBC-1 (squamous cell), EBC-2 (squamous cell), and Sq-1 (squamous cell), IL-8 in three cell lines, H69, PC-9 and EBC-1, and MCP-1 in five cell lines, H69, SBC-3 (SCLC), SBC-7, PC-9 and Sq-1. In H69 cells, TNF-alpha antigen levels were increased approximately fivefold in the conditioned medium of doxorubicin-treated cells, in parallel with an increase in mRNA levels. As with uPA and IL-8, the maximum induction was observed at the "sublethal" concentrations of 2 and 4 microM at which cell growth was slightly inhibited 24 h after treatment. Furthermore, the cells did not express receptors including types I and II TNF-alpha receptors, uPA receptor (uPAR), C-x-C-chemokine receptor-1 (CXCR-1), or C-C-chemokine receptor-2, corresponding to TNF-alpha, uPA, IL-8 and MCP-1, respectively, that were induced by doxorubicin in the cells, although SBC-7 cells expressed uPAR, and EBC-1 cells expressed CXCR-1.

CONCLUSIONS
TNF-alpha, uPA, IL-8 and MCP-1 induced and secreted from tumor cells upon doxorubicin stimulation may activate surrounding cells expressing the receptors such as neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages in a paracrine fashion. TNF-alpha is a major proinflammatory cytokine, and IL-8 and MCP-1 are major chemoattractants for neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages, respectively. Furthermore, uPA activates matrix metalloproteinase 9 which can truncate and activate IL-8. Thus, the simultaneous induction of TNF-alpha, uPA, IL-8 and MCP-1 may enhance the interaction between tumor and inflammatory/immune cells, and augment cytotoxicity.


The culprit, of course, was President Reagan's "Strategic Defense Initiative" (SDI). As the late General Secretary's response indicates, the Soviet campaign against SDI1 began punctually and without equivocation. From Andropov to the present, it has been characterized by high degrees of both intensity and consistency over time. About two years afterAndropov's exc~nge, the newly installed General Secretary, M. S. Gorbachev, voiced similar concerns in his Pravda interview...


Chemogenetic Stimulation of Electrically Coupled Midbrain GABA Neurons in Alcohol Reward and Dependence Stephanie Suzette Sandoval Pistorius Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, BYU Master of Science Neuroscience The prevailing view is that enhancement of dopamine (DA) transmission in the mesolimbic system leads to the rewarding properties of alcohol. The mesolimbic DA system, which plays an important role in regulating reward and addiction, consists of DA neurons in the midbrain ventral tegmental area (VTA) that innervate the nucleus accumbens (NAc). It is believed that VTA DA neurons are inhibited by local gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) interneurons that express connexin-36 (Cx36) gap junctions (GJs). We have previously demonstrated that blocking Cx36 GJs suppresses electrical coupling between VTA GABA neurons and reduces ethanol intoxication and consumption suggesting that electrical coupling between mature VTA GABA neurons underlies the rewarding properties of ethanol. The aim of this study was to further investigate the role of VTA GABA neurons expressing Cx36 GJs in regulating DA neuron activity and release and mediating ethanol effects on VTA GABA neurons. To this end, we customized a Designer Receptor Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs (DREADDs) viral vector to target VTA GABA neurons expressing Cx36 GJs in order to chemogenetically modulate their activity. In order to more conclusively demonstrate the role of this sub population of VTA GABA neurons in regulating DA neural activity and release we used electrophysiology to characterize the electrical changes that occur in VTA DA and GABA neurons when Cx36-expressing VTA GABA cells were selectively activated. In addition, we evaluated the effects of activation of VTA GABA neurons on brain stimulation reward and alcohol consumption in ethanol naive and dependent mice. Results indicate that there are two populations of GABA neurons in the VTA, one that is GAD65+/Cx36+ and one that is GAD67+/Cx36-. Activation of Cx36+ VTA GABA neurons by clozapine-n-oxide (CNO) in mice injected with Gq DREADD activated VTA DA neurons and subsequent DA release in the NAc, suggesting that Cx36-containing GABA neurons are inhibiting non-Cx36 GABA neurons to disinhibit DA neurons. In hM3Dq animals, CNO administration provided a rewarding stimulus in the conditioned pace preference paradigm, and reduced consumption in the drink-in-the-dark ethanol consumption paradigm in dependent and naïve mice. A better understanding of the circuitry of the mesolimbic DA system is key to understanding the mechanisms that lead to addiction and may ultimately lead to improved therapies for substance abuse.


As the global economy continues to weather the effects of the recession brought on by the financial crisis of 2007u08, perhaps no sector has been more affected and more under pressure to change than the industry that was the focus of that crisis: financial services. But as policymakers, financial experts, lobbyists, and others seek to rebuild this industry, certain questions loom large. For example, should the pay of financial institution executives be regulated to control risk taking? That possibility certainly has been raised in official circles, with spirited reactions from all corners. How will stepped-up regulation affect key parts of the financial services industry? And what lies ahead for some of the key actors in both the United States and Japan? In After the Crash , noted economists Yasuyuki Fuchita, Richard Herring, and Robert Litan bring together a distinguished group of experts from academia and the private sector to take a hard look at how the financial industry and some of its practices are likely to change in the years ahead. Whether or not you agree with their conclusions, the authors of this volume uthe most recent collaboration between Brookings, the Wharton School, and the Nomura Institute of Capital Markets Research uprovide well-grounded insights that will be helpful to financial practitioners, analysts, and policymakers.


A Cu-Zn-Pb-Au mineralized quartz-carbonate vein within micaceous schist recently exposed in a gravel pit quarried into the Kumpuselkä esker (Finland) was the impetus of this study, which examines the glacial dispersal of metals in the nearby Quaternary deposits. The oldest ice flow direction in the area was to the SE–SSE, the younger flow in the ice lobe phase to the ESE and the youngest flow to the ENE. Five till and three esker gravel samples were taken for geochemical and heavy mineral studies. The concentrations of base metals in the conventional fine fraction analysis of the till samples are at background level although the samples had been taken from the very proximal part of the glacial dispersal train. Copper and Pb contents in the fine fraction of esker gravel are at higher levels than those in till fines. Base metal sulphides as chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena and pyrite were found as some separate grains in the heavy mineral concentrates of till. More often, the Cu, Zn and Pb sulphides occur as tiny inclusions in the coarse pyrite grains. Heavy mineral concentrates of the esker gravel contain abundant pyrite grains, but no visible Cu, Zn or Pb sulphides were recovered. In one heavy mineral concentrate of till (KUM 4), Ni-bearing cobaltite and Co-bearing arsenopyrite along with pyrite, chalcopyrite and sphalerite were found. Sulphide minerals have survived even within the upper C-horizon of the till above the groundwater level and therefore sulphide minerals can be used for prospecting sulphide ores by indicator mineral methods. Some chromite grains were also found in the heavy mineral concentrates of the till samples. Their presence reflects multi-phase, long-distance glacial transport (100 km) of the older till material which have subsequently been inherited by the younger till.


Run-off-road (ROR) crashes are a concern for two-lane rural and urban roadways throughout Minnesota due to the frequency by which they contribute to fatal crashes (Minnesota Crash Facts, 2013). Mitigating the severity of the ROR events is an on-going research goal in order to help reduce the number of ROR crashes. Examining countermeasures that may reduce ROR crashes is important to determine the most efficient and effective method of warning. Behavioral responses were examined through the use of an in-vehicle haptic-based lane departure warning system (LDWS) using a driving simulator. The study incorporated systematic variation to both the reliability of the warning and sequence of treatment conditions. An additional analysis examined the presence of behavioral adaptation after repeated exposure to the system. Severity of a ROR event was measured as the total time out of lane (TTL) and maximum lane deviation (MLD). Covariates (e.g. road shape) were examined to determine the influence they may have on the severity of a ROR. The results reveal overall LDWS efficacy. TTL was significantly longer when no system was active compared to when it was active. LDWS led to shorter duration of ROR events. Greater velocity was found to be highly predictive of longer TTL. MLD was also greater for baseline drives compared to treatment drives. No behavioral adaptation or system overreliance was detected, suggesting long term benefits of the LDWS. Drivers who actively engaged in a distraction task were at far greater risk of traveling greater and more dangerous distances out of lane.


This article is written in the hope that practitioners will have an arsenal of strategies for treating patients who are, or who have been in: a) conflict zones or b) have experienced and/or witnessed sudden, violent and/or repetitive trauma, or c) were in areas where natural disasters struck and then presented with post traumasymptoms. I point out the importance of changing the reporting, dialogue, diagnostic labels and language used by practitioners, patients and the wider society to be more exact and supportive descriptions of patients' conditions. The therapies presented in this article may be administered in almost any environment, are cost effective with fewer potential harmful side effects than pharmaceutical medications. Included are specific meridian, auricular and scalp acupuncture points used therapeutically with moxa and electrical currents for acute and prolonged cases of what have been labelled in DSM- 5 as: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Traumatic Stress Response, General Anxiety Disorder and Acute Stress Disorder.


Reform of child custody law has been a controversial topic in Canada since the mid-1980s. This refereed book argues that debates over child custody issues are rooted in gender-based dynamics within the family and society. Boyd examines how custody law has evolved over the past two centuries, with a focus on the relationship between the law and gender relations-in particular, the power relations between women and men in the heterosexual family; the dominant ideologies about motherhood, fatherhood, and family; and the differential value attributed to men's and women's work, in both private and public spheres. Overall, this text questions the extent to which reform of child custody law on its own can lead to effective social transformation of parenting.


This paper proposes an alternative chronology for the Xia dynasty [ca. 2100-1600 BCE] based on the respective year counts and generation numbers of the Xia, Shang [ca. 1600-1046 BCE], and Zhou [1046-256 BCE] dynasties. It argues that Qi 啟 founded the Xia dynasty midway through the twentieth century BCE and further discusses questions relating to the capital cities and culture of the Xia. By integrating archeological material, it further contends that the ancient city of Wangchenggang 王城崗 located in Dengfeng 登封 was Yangcheng 陽城, the capital established by Yu 禹. It also argues that the Wadian 瓦店 site in Yuzhou 禹州 may have been inhabited by Yu and Qi, that the ancient city of Xinzhai 新砦 was an early capital of the Xia dynasty from the reigns of Qi to Shao Kang 少康, and that the Erlitou 二里頭 site was the capital of the Xia dynasty during its middle and late periods after the reign of Di Huai 帝槐. Xia culture should be approached as a concept that blends the disciplines of archeology and history and defined as the Xia people and the Xia dynasty within its region of governance or a culture whose creators mostly consisted of the Xia people. Furthermore, the ruins of the Xinzhai period represent Xia culture during its formative period, while Erlitou culture represents Xia culture during its maturity.


We consider a solution for securing the classical password-based authentication scheme, because in many cases this type of authentication is given as a requirement. Our solution is based on the well-known $(k,n)$ threshold scheme of Shamir for sharing a secret, where in our case the secret is the password itself and $(k,\ n)$ threshold scheme means that $n$ password-derived secrets (shares) are created and $k\leq n$ shares are necessary and sufficient for reconstructing the password, while $k-1$ are not sufficient. The scheme is information-theoretic secure. We improve the approach so that the password is one-time. Since each of the $n$ shares is stored on a different host (Shareholder), an attacker will need to compromise $k$ different Shareholders for obtaining an amount of data sufficient for reconstructing the secret. Furthermore, to be resistant to the compromising of the server (Dealer) coordinating the Shareholders, we define a variant of the classic Shamir, where the Shamir's abscissas are unknown to Dealer and Shareholders, making the reconstruction impossible even in the case of Dealer and Shareholders compromised. In addition, we apply the Pedersen method for allowing the verification of shares. For the described scenario we have designed two protocols allowing the communication between application, Dealer and Shareholders, so that the relevant players can participate in the phases of registration (users sign-up, to be carried out once), and of authentication (users login). We analyse several scenarios where Dealer and/or Shareholders are partially/totally compromised and confirm that none of them is enabling the attacker to break the authentication. Furthermore we focus on cases where one or more byzantine servers are presented, analysing the impact on the authentication and show the adopted mechanisms to be secure against these kinds of attacks. We have developed a prototype demonstrating that our method works correctly, effectively and efficiently. It provides a first feasibility study that will provide a base for structured and engineered cloud-based implementations aiming at providing what we call an authentication-as-a-service.


To report a case of tuberous breast with significant breast asymmetry, describe the technique used and evaluate the outcome of the case. Different techniques were used on each breast, although studies in literature recommend the use of similar strategy in both breasts. The patient progressed without complications and had, 6 months after the surgery, extremely satisfactory result without tuberous breast stigmas, and significant improvement of breast asymmetry. The literature establishes that not only one surgical technique is adequate to correct different types of malformations. Tuberous breast constitutes a challenge in breast plastic surgery and it becomes more complex when the asymmetry is more severe. However, surgeons who is trained in a variety of aesthetic and breast reconstructive techniques can achieve a satisfactory result. ■ ABSTRACT


Although most people prefer not to think about them, hazardous wastes, munitions testing, radioactive emissions, and a variety of other issues affect the quality of land, water, and air in the Land of Enchantment, as they do all over the world. In this book, veteran New Mexico journalist V. B. Price assembles a vast amount of information on more than fifty years of deterioration of the state's environment, most of it hitherto available only in scattered newspaper articles and government reports. Viewing New Mexico as a microcosm of global ecological degradation, Price's is the first book to give the general public a realistic perspective on the problems surrounding New Mexico's environmental health and resources.


Recent works have validated the possibility of energy efficiency improvement in radio access networks (RAN), depending on dynamically turn on/off some base stations (BSs). In this paper, we extend the research over BS switching operation, matching up with traffic load variations. However, instead of depending on the predicted traffic loads, which is still quite challenging to precisely forecast, we formulate the traffic variation as a Markov decision process (MDP). Afterwards, in order to foresightedly minimize the energy consumption of RAN, we adopt the actor-critic method and design a reinforcement learning framework based BS switching operation scheme. In the end, we evaluate our proposed scheme by extensive simulations under various practical configurations and prove the feasibility of significant energy efficiency improvement.


Protective immune defences are dependent upon critical roles played by dendritic cells (DCs), rendering them important targets for both vaccine delivery and virus infection. Studies in these areas led to successful development of targeted vaccine delivery, including synthetic virus-like particle (SVLP) and nanoparticulate RNA vaccines. A major consideration is DC endocytosis, whereby the different endocytic routes influencing the outcome. Rapid clathrin-mediated endocytosis likely favours degradative pathways. Slower processes such as macropinocytosis, caveolar endocytosis and retrograde transport to endoplasmic reticulum relate more to the processing rates leading to antigen presentation by DCs. These pathways are also influential in promoting the initiation of virus replication following infection. DC endocytosis of RNA viruses and RNA vaccines must lead to cytosolic translocation of the RNA for translation, relating to the process of antigen cross-presentation. One can learn from observations on both virus infections and cross-presentation for delivering RNA vaccines. Accordingly, recent advances in nanoparticulate delivery have been applied with self-amplifying replicon RNA (RepRNA), providing efficient delivery to DCs and promoting repliconencoded antigen translation. Through realising the important relationships between DC endocytic pathways and induction of immune responses, delivery of SVLP and RepRNA vaccines to DCs offers high value for the development of future synthetic vaccine platforms.


An in-out referendum on Britain's membership of the European Union is increasingly looked upon in the United Kingdom as not only likely but an essential step for the country to answer what David Cameron described as the »European question« in British politics. A referendum, it is hoped, will be cathartic; settling the question once and for all, cleansing British politics, providing a fresh start for relations, whether they are between a UK that is in or out of the EU. Those who express such hopes are expecting more from a referendum than it can provide. A referendum is a necessary step forward, but it is only that: a single step, after which further steps will be needed. Settling the European question and bringing stability to Britain's relations with the EU – whether in or outside the EU – will require comprehensive, longer-term changes, which a referendum can help trigger but in no way guarantee.


We have observed the composite active galactic nucleus (AGN)-starburst galaxy NGC 6764 with the Very Long Baseline Array at 1.6 and 4.9 GHz. These observations have detected a "core–jet" structure and a possible weak counterjet component at 1.6 GHz. The upper limits to the core and jet (1.6–4.9 GHz) spectral index are 0.6 and 0.3, respectively. Taken together with the high brightness temperature of ∼107 K for the core region, the radio emission appears to be coming from a synchrotron jet. At a position angle of ∼25°, the parsec-scale jet seems to be pointing closely toward the western edge of the southern kpc-scale bubble in NGC 6764. A real connection between the parsec- and sub-kpc-scale emission would not only suggest the presence of a curved jet, but also a close link between the AGN jet and the radio bubbles in NGC 6764. We demonstrate that a precessing jet model can explain the radio morphology from parsec to sub-kpc scales, and the model best-fit parameters of jet speed and orientation are fully consistent with the observed jet-to-counterjet surface brightness ratio. The jet however appears to be disrupted on scales of hundreds of parsecs, possibly due to interaction with and entrainment of the interstellar medium gas, which subsequently leads to the formation of bubbles. The jet energetics in NGC 6764 suggest that it would take 12–21 Myr to inflate the (southern) bubble. This timescale corresponds roughly to the starburst episode that took place in NGC 6764 about 15–50 Myr ago, and could be indicative of a close connection between jet formation and the starburst activity in this galaxy.


The study of individual movement patterns and habitat choice is a fundamental step to assess an invasive species' range extension and to inform possible management options. The spiny-cheek crayfish is an invasive species currently spreading in Europe and also in Lake Constance. This is of concern because the greater Lake Constance area still holds refugial populations of native crayfish that might be endangered by the invader. In invasive crayfish , individual movement patterns and the availability of suitable shelters can predict an invasive population's spread. In a radio telemetry and mark-recapture study and in semi-natural outdoor experiments, we investigated movement patterns and shelter choice of spiny-cheek crayfish . In the field, radio-tagged and marked crayfish moved distances up to 1200 m within 4 and 13 days, respectively and mostly prevailed within the littoral zone at less than 3 m depth. Tracked crayfish resided close to artificial structures such as boat harbours in the study area. In the outdoor experiments spiny-cheek crayfish used litter as daytime shelter but also chose natural stones and macrophytes. We provide the first large -lake telemetry data on crayfish movement and our results suggest that spiny-cheek crayfish will expand its range within the lake moving along the shoreline. Artificial structures such as boat harbours and litter might facilitate this spread by providing suitable shelters. Our results can help to inform the implementation of countermeasures against the spread of invasive crayfish populations.


Abstract The objective of this work is to carry out the tests of the KTM tokamak lithium divertor model as well as develop recommendations on the use of lithium technologies in tokamak-reactors. Li-technology will be developed and a Na-K cooled KTM tokamak lithium divertor module will be designed and tested as a result of the project completion. It will be possible to operate the renewed lithium surface module under specific heat loads from 2 to 10 MW/m2 while in a quasi-stationary mode, discharge duration of up to ~5 s. The technical project proposal; design scheme and sketches; and procedure development for preparation, protection, cleaning and rehabilitation of lithium CPS (capillary-porous system) surfaces in tokamak conditions have been completed. The design substantiation calculations; technique development for lithium handling in tokamak conditions; and confirming experiments on T-11M tokamak to prove the procedures developed are still in a progress. The study of both the lithium influence on the KTM plasma discharge parameters and specific power load on the plasma facing components as well as the selection of optimum operational modes of the lithium divertor will be accomplished after completion of the start-up and adjustment tests of the KTM tokamak divertor demonstration models.


We consider a small sample of oxygen-rich, asymptotic giant branch stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud, observed by the Spitzer Space Telescope, exhibiting a peculiar spectral energy distribution, which can hardly be explained by the common assumption that dust around Asymptotic Giant Branch stars is primarily composed of silicate grains. We suggest that this uncommon class of objects is the progeny of a metal-poor generation of stars, with metallicity Z ∼ 1–2 × 10−3, formed ∼100 Myr ago. The main dust component in the circumstellar envelope is solid iron. In these stars the poor formation of silicates is set by the strong nucleosynthesis experienced at the base of the envelope, which provokes a scarcity of magnesium atoms and water molecules, required for the silicate formation. The importance of the present results to interpret the data from the incoming James Webb Space Telescope is also discussed.


Surfing s formative period from 1965 to 1978, as shown through the most complete book of the iconic images of photographer John Witzig. Chronicling the great creative years in the evolution of surfing, the late 1960s and early 70s, this engaging volume documents the revolutionary changes of the era in board length, in surf style and technique through the images of Australian photographer John Witzig. Witzig was not only photographing the scene, he was part of it, a group that included surfers Bob McTavish and George Greenough, and his images reflect both that access and that intimacy. In 1967, he created a firestorm of controversy with a Surfer cover story declaring that a core of young Australian surfers had redefined the sport, as evidenced by his friend Nat Young s blazing win in the 1966 World Surfing championships. Witzig went on to capture the defining moments the surfers, the draft-dodging back-to-landers, the radical developments of board design, and, of course, the waves, from Australia to Honolua Bay of surfing s most thrilling period. Soulful, poetic, iconoclastic, filled with rare images, this book is a unique look at surfing s cultural revolution."


Abstract. Chemistry–climate models are important tools for addressing interactions of composition and climate in the Earth system. In particular, they are used to assess the combined roles of greenhouse gases and ozone in Southern Hemisphere climate and weather. Here we present an evaluation of the Australian Community Climate and Earth System Simulator – chemistry–climate model (ACCESS-CCM), focusing on the Southern Hemisphere and the Australian region. This model is used for the Australian contribution to the international Chemistry–Climate Model Initiative, which is soliciting hindcast, future projection and sensitivity simulations. The model simulates global total column ozone (TCO) distributions accurately, with a slight delay in the onset and recovery of springtime Antarctic ozone depletion, and consistently higher ozone values. However, October-averaged Antarctic TCO from 1960 to 2010 shows a similar amount of depletion compared to observations. Comparison with model precursors shows large improvements in the representation of the Southern Hemisphere stratosphere, especially in TCO concentrations. A significant innovation is seen in the evaluation of simulated vertical profiles of ozone and temperature with ozonesonde data from Australia, New Zealand and Antarctica from 38 to 90° S. Excess ozone concentrations (greater than 26 % at Davis and the South Pole during winter) and stratospheric cold biases (up to 10 K at the South Pole during summer and autumn) outside the period of perturbed springtime ozone depletion are seen during all seasons compared to ozonesondes. A disparity in the vertical location of ozone depletion is seen: centred around 100 hPa in ozonesonde data compared to above 50 hPa in the model. Analysis of vertical chlorine monoxide profiles indicates that colder Antarctic stratospheric temperatures (possibly due to reduced mid-latitude heat flux) are artificially enhancing polar stratospheric cloud formation at high altitudes. The model's inability to explicitly simulate a supercooled ternary solution may also explain the lack of depletion at lower altitudes. Analysis of the simulated Southern Annular Mode (SAM) index compares well with ERA-Interim data, an important metric for correct representation of Australian climate. Accompanying these modulations of the SAM, 50 hPa zonal wind differences between 2001–2010 and 1979–1998 show increasing zonal wind strength southward of 60° S during December for both the model simulations and ERA-Interim data. These model diagnostics show that the model reasonably captures the stratospheric ozone-driven chemistry–climate interactions important for Australian climate and weather while highlighting areas for future model development.


STUDY OBJECTIVES
Long and short sleep duration are associated with greater risk of developing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD); however, it is unknown how genetic and environmental influences impact this relationship. Thus, we investigated the association between sleep duration and PTSD symptoms using twin models.

METHODS
Data were obtained from 1,865 monozygotic and 758 dizygotic twin pairs enrolled in the community-based Washington State Twin Registry (WSTR). PTSD symptoms were assessed using the Impact of Events Scale (IES). A classical twin model decomposed the variances of sleep duration and IES score into additive genetic, shared environmental, and unique environmental components. We used correlated factor models to examine the moderation of variance components of sleep duration and IES.

RESULTS
Shorter and longer sleep duration were associated with higher IES scores with a quadratic association (p < 0.001). The heritability of sleep duration was 36%, and IES 31%. Variance in sleep duration attributable to shared (b1C1=2.91, 95% CI=1.40,4.43; p<0.001) and unique (b1E1=0.18, 95% CI=0.10,0.27; p<0.001) environment was moderated by IES score. Similarly, but to a lesser extent, variance in IES attributable to additive genetics (b1A2=-0.23, 95% CI=-0.45,0.00; p=0.048) was moderated by sleep duration.

CONCLUSIONS
Greater PTSD symptom severity was associated with short and long sleep duration. Increasing PTSD symptoms increased variability in sleep duration primarily via shared environmental factors, while decreasing sleep duration increased variability in PTSD symptoms primarily via additive genetic factors. This suggests childhood experiences impact variability of sleep duration and genetic factors impact the variability of PTSD symptoms in trauma-exposed individuals.