Context. Herschel imaging surveys of galactic interstellar clouds support a paradigm for low-mass star formation in which dense molecular filaments play a crucial role. The detailed fragmentation properties of star-forming filaments remain poorly understood, however, and the validity of the filament paradigm in the intermediate- to high-mass regime is still unclear.
Aims. Here, following up on an earlier 350 μm dust continuum study with the ArTéMiS camera on the APEX telescope, we investigate the detailed density and velocity structure of the main filament in the high-mass star-forming region NGC 6334.
Methods. We conducted ALMA Band 3 observations in the 3.1 mm continuum and of the N2H+(1–0), HC5N(36–35), HNC(1–0), HC3N(10–9), CH3CCH(6–5), and H2CS(3–2) lines at an angular resolution of ~3′′, corresponding to 0.025 pc at a distance of 1.7 kpc.
Results. The NGC 6334 filament was detected in both the 3.1 mm continuum and the N2H+, HC3N, HC5N, CH3CCH, and H2CS lines with ALMA. We identified twenty-six compact (<0.03 pc) dense cores at 3.1 mm and five velocity-coherent fiber-like features in N2H+ within the main filament. The typical length (~0.5 pc) of, and velocity difference (~0.8 km s−1) between, the fiber-like features of the NGC 6334 filament are reminiscent of the properties for the fibers of the low-mass star-forming filament B211/B213 in the Taurus cloud. Only two or three of the five velocity-coherent features are well aligned with the NGC 6334 filament and may represent genuine, fiber sub-structures; the other two features may trace accretion flows onto the main filament. The mass distribution of the ALMA 3.1 mm continuum cores has a peak at ~10 M⊙, which is an order of magnitude higher than the peak of the prestellar core mass function in nearby, low-mass star-forming clouds. The cores can be divided into seven groups, closely associated with dense clumps seen in the ArTéMiS 350 μm data. The projected separation between ALMA dense cores (0.03–0.1 pc) and the projected spacing between ArTéMiS clumps (0.2–0.3 pc) are roughly consistent with the effective Jeans length (0.08 ± 0.03 pc) in the filament and a physical scale of about four times the filament width, respectively, if the inclination angle of the filament to line of sight is ~30°. These two distinct separation scales are suggestive of a bimodal fragmentation process in the filament.
Conclusions. Despite being one order of magnitude denser and more massive than the Taurus B211/B213 filament, the NGC 6334 filament has a density and velocity structure that is qualitatively very similar. The main difference is that the dense cores embedded in the NGC 6334 filament appear to be an order of magnitude denser and more massive than the cores in the Taurus filament. This suggests that dense molecular filaments may evolve and fragment in a similar manner in low- and high-mass star-forming regions, and that the filament paradigm may hold in the intermediate-mass (if not high-mass) star formation regime.


Solid sorbent carbon capture systems have the potential to require significantly lower regeneration energy compared to aqueous monoethanol amine (MEA) systems. To date, the majority of work on solid sorbents has focused on developing the sorbent materials themselves. In order to advance these technologies, it is necessary to design systems that can exploit the full potential and unique characteristics of these materials. The Department of Energy (DOE) recently initiated the Carbon Capture Simulation Initiative (CCSI) to develop computational tools to accelerate the commercialization of carbon capture technology. Solid sorbents is the first Industry Challenge Problem considered under this initiative. An early goal of the initiative is to demonstrate a superstructure-based framework to synthesize an optimal solid sorbent carbon capture process. For a given solid sorbent, there are a number of potential reactors and reactor configurations consisting of various fluidized bed reactors, moving bed reactors, and fixed bed reactors. Detailed process models for these reactors have been modeled using Aspen Custom Modeler; however, such models are computationally intractable for large optimization-based process synthesis. Thus, in order to facilitate the use of these models for process synthesis, we have developed an approach for generating simple algebraic surrogate models that can be usedmore » in an optimization formulation. This presentation will describe the superstructure formulation which uses these surrogate models to choose among various process alternatives and will describe the resulting optimal process configuration.« less


Purpose: Our primary purpose is to examine the implementation of college- and- career- readiness content standards in Kentucky, Ohio, and Texas through the lens of distributed leadership theory, and to determine the affordances and challenges of this distributed leadership through the lens of policy attribute theory. Research Methods/Approach: We analyze data from 66 hour-long interviews of state and district administrators across the three states collected from Spring 2016 to Spring 2017. Using a deductive coding approach, we developed themes around distributed leadership as they pertain to the five attributes of policy implementation: specificity, consistency, authority, power, and stability. Findings: Using the distributed leadership and policy attribute theories, we find similar trends in state leaders distributing instructional leadership to regional, district, and organizational leaders to add specificity to the college and career readiness standards at the expense of compromising the consistency and power of the reform. This distribution of leadership is thought to contribute to the authority of the reform, though this authority is made tenuous by the instability of educational policies at the national and state levels. Implications: We highlight the need to examine the implementation of education policy using leadership frameworks and to understand leadership relationships between the state their regional and district partners. We extend the use of the distributed leadership theory beyond the K-16 level and the use of policy attribute theory to showcase where state actors can strengthen their reform initiatives.


Given the need for systematic research into the prehistory of the southwest region of Andalucia in the south of Spain, a comprehensive research proposal has been designed, based on the concept of initial class societies. In this historical dynamic, the south of the Iberian Peninsula, the southwest and the province of Huelva, prove to be the ideal spatial context, as they allow, for the first time, an evaluation of the formation mechanisms of the first stable asymmetric forms of organization by studying the mining-metallurgical activity and the social organization that came with it. The sequential development of this work begins with the definition of its general objectives, in Chapter II, from an archaeometric and archaeometallurgical point of view, supported by the application of metallographic studies within a spatial, chronological and contextual framework and on very specific evidence - metal products and remains - specified in Chapter III. In Chapter IV the conceptual definitions of metallurgy, archaeometallurgy and metallography are discussed, as well as the role played in the development of our discipline by the specific studies here presented and whose application is evaluated in Chapter V, both in the different areas of the specific peninsular geography and, particularly, in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula. In Chapter VI, through the so-called oHuelva caseo, the main features of the archaeological practice and its scientific production in the southwest are evaluated. Chapter VII presents the compositional and metallographic analyses. The results of the tests carried out are given in Chapter VIII. Chapter IX contains a reflection on the assessment of the metallurgical activity in the third millennium B.C.E. as regards the definition of its model of historical interpretation.


We present CoMargin, a new methodology to estimate collateral requirements in derivatives central counterparties (CCPs). CoMargin depends on both the tail risk of a given market participant and its interdependence with other participants. Our approach internalizes trading externalities and enhances the stability of CCPs, thus reducing systemic risk concerns. We assess our methodology using proprietary data from the Canadian Derivatives Clearing Corporation that include daily observations of the actual trading positions of all of its members from 2003 to 2011. We show that CoMargin outperforms existing margining systems by stabilizing the probability and minimizing the shortfall of simultaneous margin-exceeding losses.


This paper explores the possible options for community based groundwater management in India. The main focus of the study is to understand the functioning and efficiency of groundwater management institutions by comparing and contrasting three participatory groundwater models in Andhra Pradesh. The paper assesses the operational modalities and the impact of these institutions on access, equity and sustainability of groundwater use using the qualitative and quantitative information from three sample villages representing the institutional models. Social regulation approach is observed to work better for sustainable groundwater management when compared to the knowledge-intensive approach, as the latter is not designed to address equity. Water use and sharing through regulation has benefits like increased area under protective irrigation. In the absence of any regulations, formal or informal, and in the given policy environment, the farmers do not have any incentive to follow good practices. Thus, encouraging water sharing between well owners and others would contribute to achieving the twin objectives of conservation and improved access with equity. However, community-based groundwater management is neither simple nor easily forthcoming. It requires a lot of effort, working through complex rural dynamics at various levels, since appropriate policies to support or encourage such initiatives are not in place. It is argued that there is need for developing an integrated model drawing from these three models in order to make it more generic and applicable globally. Such a model should integrate scientific, socioeconomic and policy aspects that suit the local conditions.


Ice-rich permafrost is a suitable medium for the containment of wastes. The combination of frigid dry Arctic climate and the impermeability of ice-cemented permanently frozen ground can reduce many of the common design problems associated with solid or hazardous waste landfills in the thawed soils of warmer climates. This paper discusses typical problems for landfills in non-frozen soils and illustrates how these problems could be mitigated in landfills sited within permafrost soils. The paper further discusses the various characteristics of different types of permafrost soils and how they relate to landfills in continuous permafrost. The key design considerations and operation procedures are discussed.


Programming Language Fragmentation and Developer Productivity: An Empirical Study Jonathan Leo Krein Department of Computer Science Master of Science In an effort to increase both the quality of software applications and the efficiency with which applications can be written, developers often incorporate multiple programming languages into software projects. Although language specialization arguably introduces benefits, the total impact of the resulting language fragmentation (working concurrently in multiple programming languages) on developer performance is unclear. For instance, developers may solve problems more efficiently when they have multiple language paradigms at their disposal. However, the overhead of maintaining efficiency in more than one language may outweigh those benefits. This thesis represents a first step toward understanding the relationship between language fragmentation and programmer productivity. We address that relationship within two different contexts: 1) the individual developer, and 2) the overall project. Using a data-centered approach, we 1) develop metrics for measuring productivity and language fragmentation, 2) select data suitable for calculating the needed metrics, 3) develop and validate statistical models that isolate the correlation between language fragmentation and individual programmer productivity, 4) develop additional methods to mitigate threats to validity within the developer context, and 5) explore limitations that need to be addressed in future work for effective analysis of language fragmentation within the project context using the SourceForge data set. Finally, we demonstrate that within the open source software development community, SourceForge, language fragmentation is negatively correlated with individual programmer productivity.


Patients with multiple myeloma are living longer, yet the chronicity of newer treatment modalities has led to increased symptom burden and a notable effect on quality of life (QOL). The assessment of QOL and evaluation of patient-reported outcomes is an essential element to the care of this population. Patients with MM may experience unwanted side effects or disease-related symptoms that create a burden in everyday living. Subjective patient-reported information has become an important dimension to the overall care and treatment of these patients. Symptoms that negatively affect health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and their impact on future treatments should be assessed using patient-reported tools. Many patients' treatment decisions are guided by their perception of their HRQoL. It is important for advanced practitioners to explore which factors are most impactful to the patient. Improved understanding of this can further enhance the management of symptoms and adjustments in treatment to avoid further reduction in HRQoL.


Thank you very much for reading americas original gi town. As you may know, people have search numerous times for their chosen novels like this americas original gi town, but end up in malicious downloads. Rather than reading a good book with a cup of coffee in the afternoon, instead they are facing with some harmful virus inside their desktop computer. americas original gi town is available in our book collection an online access to it is set as public so you can download it instantly. Our books collection spans in multiple locations, allowing you to get the most less latency time to download any of our books like this one. Kindly say, the americas original gi town is universally compatible with any devices to read.


There is an abundant expansion in the race of technology, specifically in the production of data, because of the smart devices, such as mobile phones, smart cards, sensors, and Internet of Things (IoT). Smart phones and devices have undergone an enormous evolution in a way that they can be used. More and more new applications, such as face recognition, augmented reality, online interactive gaming, and natural language processing are emerging and attracting the users. Such applications are generally data intensive or compute intensive, which demands high resource and energy consumption. Mobile devices are known for the resource scarcity, having limited computational power and battery life. The tension between compute/data intensive application and resource constrained mobile devices hinders the successful adaption of emerging paradigms. In the said perspective, the objective of this article is to study the role of computation offloading in mobile cloud computing to supplement mobile platforms ability in executing complex applications. This article proposes a systematic approach (EFFORT) for offload communication in the cloud. The proposed approach provides a promising solution to partially solve energy consumption issue for communication‐intensive applications in a smartphone. The experimental study shows that our proposed approach outperforms its counterparts in terms of energy consumption and fast processing of smartphone devices. The battery consumption was reduced to 19% and the data usage was reduced to 16%.


This research aims to find and describe kinds of questions proposed by prospective students teacher in teaching mathematics practice. The mathematics learning is an activity undertaken by teachers, students and learning environments in learning the mathematical material. The mathematics learning, in this case, is the learning of concept, principal, procedures, and factual mathematics. This research is qualitative research, and the subject is 7th semester students of mathematics at Madura University who was doing their field experience practice. In this study, five prospective students teacher practiced their teaching skill for more less 3-4 meetings. The data was collected from video recording an interview, then the data was analyzed, and triangulation was done. Triangulation result would be used as initial conclusion before the final one is taken. The result of this study is, brainstorm questions emphasized more to the concept understanding, procedures, mathematics principals. Divergent questions are questions which stressing more to the concept of understanding, procedures, and mathematics principle and factual. Convergent questions, brainstorm questions are questions which emphasizing on the understanding of mathematics factual. This focal question is more about justifying or giving students choices in answering questions. This type of question to inquire about procedures and mathematical facts to choose the right one.


Fault-tolerance is an important research topic in the study of distributed systems. To cope with the influence of faulty components, reaching a common agreement in the presence of faults before performing certain tasks is essential. However, the Byzantine Agreement (BA) problem is a fundamental problem in fault-tolerant distributed systems. In previous studies, protocols dealing with the BA problem focused on static networks; however, these do not perform well in dynamically changing mobile networks. The most well known mobile network is the Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET). To enhance fault-tolerance and MANET reliability, the BA problem in virtual subnets of MANET is revisited in this paper. The proposed protocol is called the Hybrid Agreement Protocol (HAP). It achieves agreement on a common value among all functional mobile processors in a minimal number of message exchange rounds, and can tolerate a maximal number of allowable faulty components in the virtual subnet of MANET.


ABSTRACT Opposition to university fees is often framed as a defence of higher education as a 'right' rather than a 'privilege'. However, the basis and nature of this right is unclear. This article presents a conceptual exploration of the question, drawing on an initial analysis of international law. An argument is put forward for a right to higher education seen as one of a number of possible forms of post-school education, restricted only by a requirement for a minimum level of academic preparation.


Objectives: Although poor reproductive health constitutes a significant proportion of the disease burden in developing countries, essential medicines for reproductive health are often not available to the population. The objective was to analyze the guiding principles for developing national Essential Medicines Lists (EML). The second objective was to compare the reproductive health medicines included on these EMLs to the 2002 WHO/UNFPA list of essential drugs and commodities for reproductive health. Another objective was to compare the medicines included in existing international lists of medicines for reproductive health. Methods: The authors calculated the average number of medicines per clinical groups included in 112 national EMLs and compared these average numbers with the number of medicines per clinical group included on the WHO/UNFPA List. Additionally, they compared the content of the lists of medicines for reproductive health developed by various international agencies. Results: In 2003, the review of the 112 EMLs highlighted that medicines for reproductive health were not consistently included. The review of the international lists identified inconsistencies in their recommendations. The reviews' outcomes became the catalyst for collaboration among international agencies in the development of the first harmonized Interagency List of Essential Medicines for Reproductive Health. Additionally, WHO, UNFPA and PATH published guidelines to support the inclusion of essential medicines for reproductive health in national medicine policies and EMLs. The Interagency List became a key advocacy tool for countries to review their EMLs. In 2009, a UNFPA/WHO assessment on access to reproductive health medicines in six countries demonstrated that the major challenge was that the Interagency List had not been updated recently and was inconsistently used. Conclusion: The addition of cost-effective medicines for reproductive health to EMLs can result in enhanced equity in access to and cost containment of these medicines, and improve quality of care. Action is required to ensure their inclusion in national budget lines, supply chains, policies and programmatic guidance.


Arguing for an oral theory of Reader Response Criticism, Steven B. Katz conducts a philosophical investigation into the possibility and desirability of teaching reading and writing as rhetorical music.In the course of this investigation, Katz deals with New Physics, the sophists, Cicero, orality, epistemology, voice, writing, temporality, and sound. He demonstrates that Reader Response Criticismas part of a new sophistic that has entered the mainstream of pedagogy and practice in our cultureparallels the philosophy of science engendered by the Copenhagen school of New Physics, which theoretically holds that knowledge of subatomic phenomena is probable, relative, contingent, and uncertain, thus requiring more nonformalistic, nonrationalistic methods in understanding and reconstructing it; Katz shows how the same methods are required in the study of affect in reading and writing. Katz also demonstrates that, like New Physics, Reader Response Criticism, in its commitment to interpretation as the primary function and goal of writing about literature, must remain somewhat committed to the formalistic, rationalistic epistemology it seeks to redress.Basing his oral theory of Reader Response Criticism on notions of language as physical, sensuous, and musical and understanding reception as participatory performance rather that interpretation, Katz suggests a way to reconceptualize Reader Response Criticism. He accounts for "voice," "felt sense," "dissonance," and aesthetic response generally as it is created by the temporal, musical patterns of language, noting that the physical, musical dimension of language has been relatively neglected in contemporary movements in rhetoric, composition, and literature.Thus, set against the relationship between literature and science, especially between Reader Response Criticism and the philosophy of science engendered by New Physics, Katz examines the sophistic and Ciceronian conceptions of rhetoric. He reinterprets Cicero s rhetorical theory in light of recent revisionist scholarship on the sophists and reevaluates his assigned position in rhetorical history as neo-Aristotelian by focusing on his oral notions of style as epistemic music. In so doing, Katz offers a new interpretation of Cicero within the sophistic tradition.Discussing the relationship between sophistic and Ciceronian conceptions of style as an oral, physical, nonrational, indirect form of knowledge and viewing philosophical conceptions of language as sensuous, temporal gestalten or "shapes" in consciousness, Katz suggests that response to and performance of the epistemic music of language can supplement analysis and interpretation in the teaching of reading and writing and can provide less formalistic, less rationalistic foundation for a reader response criticism as a new sophistic."


Deep-learner hyper-parameters, such as kernel sizes, batch sizes, and learning rates, can significantly influence the quality of trained models. The state of the art for finding optimal hyper-parameters generally uses a brute force, grid search approach, random search, or Bayesian-based optimization among other techniques. We applied an evolutionary algorithm to optimize kernel sizes for a convolutional neural network used to detect settlements in satellite imagery. Usually convolutional layer kernel sizes are small – typically one, three, or five – but we found that the system converged at, or near, kernel sizes of nine for the last convolutional layer, and that this occurred for multiple runs using two different datasets. Moreover, the larger kernel sizes had fewer false positives than the 3x3 kernel sizes found as optimal via a brute force uniform grid search. This suggests that this large kernel size may be leveraging patterns found in larger areal features in the source imagery, and that this may be generalized as possible guidance for similar remote sensing deep-learning tasks.


Net surface shortwave radiation (NSSR) is a key quantity for the estimation of surface energy budget and is used in various land-surface models. In this article, two different methodologies, including three empirical algorithms and one advanced simplified theoretical algorithm for estimating instantaneous NSSR from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data are explored and summarized. An advanced simplified theoretical algorithm is developed by combining two simplified radiative-transfer models with various MODIS atmosphere and land products. To comprehensively evaluate these algorithms, ground measurements from seven stations widely distributed in different climatic regions of China are used. The results indicate that under clear-sky conditions, the three empirical algorithms present appreciable difference in accuracy, while under cloudy skies, they produce similar, but not very good, predictions. Compared with these empirical methods, the simplified theoretical algorithm we adopt can significantly improve accuracy. The root mean square difference (RMSD) yielded by this algorithm is approximately 54 W m−2 under clear skies and 83 W m−2 under cloudy skies, respectively. Since the utility of instantaneous NSSR estimates is limited compared to that of the daily average value, a simple scheme to acquire the daily average NSSR is established, which is based on instantaneous estimations from two satellite MODIS sensors (Terra: AM and Aqua: PM), and the daily average NSSR over the Beijing area is also mapped.


Phthalocyanines are an important class of compounds with many commercial applications. The core macrocycle is chemically robust, such that a wide variety of substituted species with interesting properties can be synthesised. The work reported in this thesis represents a detailed photophysical study of both known and novel substituted silicon and zinc phthalocyanines.The behaviour of tetrasulfonated zinc phthalocyaniae (ZnPcS(_4)) in aqueous acetonitrile is investigated. This work shows the sensitivity of ZnPcS(_4) to pH, caused by protonation of the phthalocyanine on the bridging azomethine nitrogen atoms. The spectral perturbation that results includes red shifted absorption and emission bands, with a reduced fluorescence lifetime relative to the unprotonated species. AxiaUy substituted silicon phthalocyanines functionalised through bis-esters have highly resolved spectral features due to reduced ring interactions, whilst the light core atom results in excellent fluorescence quantum yields and lifetimes. Electron rich axial substituents (in this case methoxybenzenes) cause quenching of the phthalocyanine fluorescence through an electron transfer mechanism, and the extent of quenching is related to both the oxidation potential of the quencher and the chain length/flexibility. A number of silicon phthalocyanines with tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) containing substituents are also investigated. TTF is known to quench phthalocyanine fluorescence very efficiently, but this current work shows that the degree of quenching is strongly distance dependent. The oxidation potential of TTF is low, and this allows the selective electrochemical oxidation of TTF without affecting the phdialocyanine. It is shown that such oxidation causes a reversal of the electron transfer mechanism. The phenomenon of fluorescent dimers in phthalocyanine chemistry is rarely observed, and most reports arise from spectral and experimental artefacts. However a solketal substituted zinc phthalocyanine and some of its derivatives are conclusively shown to demonstrate this behaviour. At low temperature a broadened absorption profile is observed, with new emission centred at ~750 nm - such spectral behaviour agrees with Exciton Theory for a clamshell dimer. Flash photolysis studies at intermediate temperatures highlights the dynamic nature of the dimer species - absorption of a photon results in the separation of the dimer, followed by fast recombination.


Shrimp culture in Iran is a rather new industry. It began with feasibility studies in 1989 and the shrimp farms started production in 1992. Shrimp culture is important to the four southern provinces of Iran since it is a major source of employment and a factor in the local economies. A study has been done on the economics of the shrimp culture sector in Iran and data collected from 1999 to 2001.

Results show that feed variable is one of the factors important for growth and productivity in shrimp pond. According to the average of results, range for feeding shrimp in farm equal 3.35 to 4.5 ton ha–1 crop–1. According to the standard condition, generally for semi intensive systems and Penaues indicus species feeding should be 2.5 to 3 tons ha-1 crop–1 in every crop cycle. Thus there is an excessive used of feed for the average pond shrimp culture in this case study.

Results also show that the number of feeding per day is low which is 2 times day -1. Feeding frequency should be increased to 4 times per day. The best time for feeding is also a factor by best time is around 6:00, 10:00, 18:00 and 20:00 h. Quality of feed is also important in shrimp culture. The average of stocking in the shrimp pond about 223,700 to 305,000 ha–1 or 1.6 to 2.2 m-2 individual larvae which is every low as standard results of larvae per square meter for semi intensive is around 15.

The number of aerator used of the farm was 1.5 to 2.05 unit ha-1, which is lower than the standard number used which is around 3-4 aerators ha-1 which will allow more oxygen to be absorbed into the water. According to the results average number of tray number on the pond was 2-3 tray ha-1, which is lower than the standard which is equaled 4-6 ha-1. Tray number is an indicator whether prawn are eating and have enough feed and also whether they are healthy or not which indirectly will affect the pond production.

The number of labours on the farm was 7 to 8 or 0.50 to 0.57 person ha–1. An optimum number should be 6 person or 0.36 to 0.43 ha–1 working in the farm is enough. This is for efficiency used of labor existed on farm. Temperature is one of the biological variables on the shrimp pond that is relevant to total productions. According to the results the average temperature in shrimp farms was 29.83 to 31.4 0C. This range of temperature is well for shrimp culture because generally, the range of standard temperature for shrimp culture Penaues indicus species is 28 to 32 0C.

According to the results of study, average amount of Oxygen is 2.26 to 2.70 mg L-1. This amount is much lower than 5 mg L–1, which is the optimal level of oxygen in water. Thus, used of more aerators would help to ensure enough oxygen in the culture system.

The result also showed pH in the pond ranged from 8.11 to 8.67. Generally, optimal range for pH in the pond is 7.4 to 7.8, but tolerance level is from 7.0 to 9.0. Pond liming may help to buffer the pH in pond. Salinity is a biological variable in the shrimp pond. According to the result, the average salinity is 38.65 to 42.29 ppt, but the normal range for salinity is 33 to 35 ppt. Reduction of salinity to normal range could be achieved by adding fresh water to the pond.

The average pond depth range from 127.98 - 136.52 cm but normal range for shrimp pond is around 140 to 200 cm. Thus, shrimp farmer must deepen their pond depth, in order to give shelter from sun and more space for shrimp to grow, thus increase production.


Given the importance of sugar to humanity, clean cane production has become a source of concern for both academic and producers alike. Focusing on the largest producing and exporting countries of processed and refined sugarcane is the most appropriate means of understanding the concepts evolving around clean cane production. Climate change has not directly reduced the quantity of clean cane produced due to an increase in use of chemical products in farming for sugar cane, but has negatively affected the quality of output. Disease prevalence in harvested cane as well as high soil erosion from global warming have been key elements of the sudden decline in quality cane harvesting and processing. This decline in quality has not only reduce the amount of revenue accruable to farmers but with the consequence of future production prospect if improperly addressed. This study carried out a desk research methodology to review extant literature to identify contemporary issues that needs to be urgently researched on. While a number of issues were uncovered by this study, it was found that scientific experiments and mathematical models enhance theoretical facts on successful and disease free clean cane production methods. But due to the practicability exceptions and the inherent limitations in outcomes of experiments, the research stresses on the importance of field work through observations before theoretical assessments on the findings and the causes of disease prevalence and quality decline in output. This is hoped will sanitize the cane production process and output for the present and future generations.


Program your own BeagleBone Black projects! Build creative BeagleBone Black devices--no prior programming or electronics experience required. In Programming the BeagleBone Black, electronics guru Simon Monk explains essential application development methods through straightforward directions and cool downloadable examples. Discover how to navigate the board, write and debug code, use expansion capes, and control external hardware. Easy-to-follow plans show you how to wire up and program a Web-controlled roving robot and an e-mail notifier that lights an incandescent lamp. Set up the BeagleBone Black and explore its features Connect to your computer via USB or Ethernet Use the BeagleBone Black as a stand-alone PC Write and execute BoneScript code Use JavaScript functions and timers Perform analog and digital I/O Work with expansion capes and modules Design Web interfaces that control electronics Assemble and program a robot and an e-mail notifier


Closed DNA circles can be knotted or linked (catenated). Such entanglements can be extremely detrimental biologically. Enzymes known as type-II topoisomerases (topoIIs) resolve topological entanglements by passing one double-stranded DNA segment through another. Thus topoIIs are critical for cellular replication and genome stability. TopoIIs can reduce knot population by as much as 90 times and catenane population by ~ 16 times. These experimental observations raise a fundamental question: How does a relatively small enzyme discern the global topology of a much larger DNA and disentangle it so effectively? Using coarse-grained lattice and wormlike models of DNA, we elucidated the mathematical/physical principle of topoII function by demonstrating that it is achievable by recognizing and acting at DNA juxtapositions with specific local geometries. We verified in particular that selective segment passage at hook-like juxtapositions can reduce knot and catenane populations as dramatically as seen in experiments. TopoIIs also regulate DNA supercoiling. One of their effects on DNA supercoils is narrowing the distribution of linking number. The present analysis highlights a general connection between local geometry and global topology in polymer configurations. Our theory predicts a general scaling relation among a topoII's unknotting, decatenating, and supercoil narrowing capabilities. The predicted scaling relation is essentially identical to that observed experimentally for several topoIIs from a variety of organisms, indicating that the different disentangling powers of the topoIIs likely arise from variations in the hooked geometries they select. Ramifications of our findings will be discussed in the context of recent experimental advances in assessing various proposed topoII mechanisms. Enquiries: 3943 6303


The vegetation of the Lower Gordon Ri vel' Basin consists of rainforest, sclerophyll
forest, scrub and sedgeland-heath, each of which is composed of a nWllber of plant
conununi ties forming an intricate mosaic.
Field studies conducted over three sununer seasons suggest that differential fire
regimes are the primary determinants of the composition, structure and distribution of
the major vegetation types. Climatic, topographic and edaphic factors play a relatively
minor role except through their interaction with the fire regime.
The observed patterns and processes in the major vegetation types can be interpreted
readily in terms of vegetation succession and ecological drift, but the ubiquity of
diffuse ecotones argues against the occurrence of stable fire cycles.


Abstract. Different types of geospatial pictures, such as maps and aerial imagery, have varying potential to provide spatial knowledge for the viewers. Our earlier review has assessed different common types of geopictures with regard to their support for acquiring different types of spatial knowledge (Kettunen et al., 2012). The assessment was based on previous literature about geopicture experiments as well as analytical itemization of the information available on the pictures as a function of picture characteristics, namely vantage point, number of visible vertical features, and visual realism. In addition to the actual assessment, the review concluded that there is an important shortage of empirical evaluations on spatial knowledge acquisition from geopictures, which lag we are addressing with the experiment described here.The aim of the experiment is to find out what kind of geospatial features, or landmarks (see Presson and Montello, 1988; Richter and Winter, 2014), people read from geopictures, does reading differ between pictures, and how does it differ. For the experimental task, we chose a common map activity of planning navigation for walking through an urban route. The stimuli are five different types of common geopictures with both aerial vertical and aerial oblique vantage points as well as with both abstract and photorealistic levels of visual realism (Figure 1). Five routes are to be planned in different areas of city of Helsinki so that a different geopicture type is shown for each route. The pictures are shown as corridors surrounding the shortest walking route.The participants have been recruited from expert and non-expert social media groups and e-mail lists, being called to be over 18 years old. The background questionnaire has asked about their age, gender, possible visual disorders, and frequency of use for each type of map in the experiment.The experimental design for measuring the effect of geopicture type was built randomized and between-participants so that each participant completes series of five pictures, each of different type, in randomized order, and from different geographical areas. Two rounds of five pictures are shown: first, to measure the actual selection of landmarks, and second, to investigate the level of recall of the selected landmarks later. The procedure of the experiment is the following (Figure 2): 1) Introduction, 2) Consent to participate, 3) Training trial of the landmark selection task (1 picture), 4) Testing trials of the landmark selection task (5 pictures), 5) Training trial of the selection recall task (1 picture), 6) Testing trials of the landmark selection task (5 pictures), 7) Background questionnaire, and 8) Thanks and feedback. The Start and End points of the routes are drawn on the pictures (Figure 1) and the participants are asked to plan the shortest route between the points along roads and paths, to point 3–7 features along the route in navigation route for being able to navigate the route, and to enter common names for the features after pointing each feature. Response times, pointed coordinates, and feature names are recorded in order to analyze the participants' answers.The presentation at the ICC2019 conference will introduce preliminary results of the conducted experiment, reflect them on the previous studies on maps and routing and discuss their implications on the design of map contents from the viewpoint of route planning. The results will build empirical foundation about differences in reading of geospatial picture types, and for selecting appropriate features to be drawn on maps.


From the superb mausoleum of Mausolus in Halicarnassus, stop by the shrine to Apollo at Delphi with its famous oracle, or pass through the imposing Lion Gate in Mycenae. This "picture book journey" takes us through all the important architectural sites in ancient Greece. "Noble simplicity, quiet proportions" was how the distinguished archaeologist Johann Joachim Winckelmann once described Greek culture, and the beauty of classical art certainly lies in its simplicity. This book is a comprehensive introduction to the architecture of perfect harmony and proportion, and a journey into the splendid art of the Mediterranean.


Lichen simplex (LS) is characterized by circumscribed, lichenified, pruritic patches that may develop on any part of the body. Macular amyloidosis (MA) is the form of primary localized cutaneous amyloidosis. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) uses a pulsed electric current generated transcutaneously by a device to cause impulses to be carried along large‐diameter afferent nerves. In this article, we report the effects of TENS on the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) measures and visual analogue scale (VAS) scores in patients with pruritus, in whom LS and MA were diagnosed. All patients with MA and six (75%) patients with LS had relief of their pruritus with TENS therapy. At week 2, there was a significant difference in median VAS scores between baseline in the group of LS (P = 0.007). At 4 weeks of therapy, statistically significant differences were observed compared with the baseline and week 2 in the median VAS scores in the group of MA (P < 0.001). There was also a statistically significant improvement in median DLQI total scores with respect to baseline, which was achieved as early as week 2 in patients with LS and MA who were on the TENS treatment (P = 0.006, P = 0.001, respectively).


Mid-Miocene to Pliocene (11 to 6 Ma) displacement on the shallowly northwest- dipping Silver Peak-Lone Mountain detachment system transferred 30 to 40 km of right slip from the Furnace Creek transcurrent fault 85 km east-northeast to the central Walker Lane strike-slip faults. Top-to-the-northwest slip on the detachment was accompanied by upper-plate extension on steeply dipping faults and large-scale exhumation of midcrustal rocks of the lower-plate complex. Doubly plunging, northwest-trending folds (turtleback structures) control the outcrop distribution of the extensional complex and formed in response to simple shear of the footwall complex. Activity on the detachment ceased as Miocene- Pliocene (6-4.8 Ma) volcanic rocks were erupted and deformed during the final stage of northwest-trending folding. Late Pliocene to Holocene displacement transfer shifted north to a curved array of steeply dipping faults that may be underlain by a shallowly northwest-dipping detachment.


Although interventions and services research paradigms have distinct historical roots and methodologic traditions, both aim to improve mental health services for adults and youth. This article introduces a series of articles that represent examples of innovative and integrative (i.e., integration of services and interventions research) research efforts. This work involves an integration of the interventions and services research paradigms to address the difficult questions related to improving mental health services in diverse settings. Each of the four articles takes a distinctly different path in bringing together the interventions and services research traditions, with foci ranging from (a) using psychotherapy measurement tools to assess the content of usual care practice in collaboration with providers, (b) adapting randomized clinical trial design to fit nonmental healthcare settings while addressing relevant outcomes, (c) understanding and incorporating patient preferences into treatment research, and (d) identifying organization-level variables relevant to interventions development and implementation. In the introductory article, we provide a brief precis concerning the interventions and services research traditions, highlight how each of the four articles illustrates an innovative integration of interventions and services research, and discuss additional future directions beyond the work introduced in this series.


The paper presents the analysis of thermal conditions of coastal Lake Jamno. The long observation series (1971-2013) for the course of surface water temperature suggests its considerable warming (0.28°C∙dec-1). In the monthly cycle, an increase in surface water temperature is observed in all cases except for the winter period (December, January, February). Water was heated the fastest in April (0.58°C∙dec-1) as well as May and September (0.46°C∙dec-1). Mean annual air temperature increased at a similar rate (0.27°C∙dec-1), but the coefficient of correlation of both media equalled 0.40. This suggests that other factors could contribute to the change in surface water temperature. One of such factors could be marine water intrusions. The strongest positive correlations of water temperature in Jamno and water level in the Baltic Sea occurred in the cold half-year, and negative in the warm half-year. From 2013, on the canal connecting Lake Jamno with the Baltic Sea, a storm gate was constructed that altered many processes and phenomena occurring in the lake so far. The paper covers the natural (quasi-natural) period of functioning of the lake, and provides a point of reference for future research on its thermal regime considering among others the effect of human pressure in the form of hydrotechnical infrastructure.


The discussion of identity in the social sciences, particularly in the context of emigration, exile, multiculturalism, etc., has achieved such ubiquity that it is easy to sympathize with Edward Said's one-time admission that he was left increasingly cold by the whole topic (1998: 83). Perhaps this is partly the fault of the degree of abstraction with which the question is so often treated. What is at stake, after all, is an issue fundamental to human sociability: how and why it becomes possible to think of oneself as a part of something more extensive than oneself; how and why 'I' relates to 'we'. Pnina Werbner's discussion of this most fashionable concern is grounded in her long-term investigative involvement with the British-Pakistani Muslim community in Manchester and elsewhere in England. Although the author refers throughout to the ongoing contretemps of postcolonial and cultural theory, her account benefits very much from its concern to be true to the experiences of individuals and groups seeking to express themselves in the messy, ambiguous circumstances of their lives.


The set coloring problem is a new kind of both vertex and edge coloring of a graph introduced by Suresh Hegde in 2009. Only large bounds have been given on the chromatic number for general graphs. In this paper, we consider the problem on paths and complete binary trees, and show that it can be reduced to the computation of a transversal in a special Latin square, i.e., the XOR table. We then investigate a variation of the problem called strong set coloring , and we provide an exhaustive list of all graphs being strongly set colorable with at most 4 colors.


Despite three decades of scholarship on economic restructuring in the United States, employers' violations of minimum wage, overtime and other workplace laws remain understudied. This article begins to fill the gap by presenting evidence from a large-scale, original worker survey that draws on recent advances in sampling methodology to reach vulnerable workers. Our findings suggest that in America's three largest cities, violations of employment and labor laws are pervasive across low-wage industries and occupations, affecting a wide range of workers. But while worker characteristics are correlated with violations, job and employer characteristics play the stronger role, including industry, occupation and measures of informality and nonstandard work. We therefore propose a framework in which employers' noncompliance with labor regulations is one axis of a competitive strategy based on labor cost reduction, contributing to the reorganization of work and production in the 21st century labor market.


The validity of conservative management in certain type of acute cervical disc herniation based on amelioration of brachialgia has been described previously. But, disappearance of radiculopathy secondary to spontaneous resolution of the disc material being demonstrated in control MRI has been sporadically reported as a case report or small series.
Herein we will describe 70 carefully selected patients with acute mono-radiculopathy due to cervical soft disc herniation. These cases were enrolled in a prospective study for the possibility of their spontaneous resolution with time. For the possibility spontaneous resolution of the sequestrated disc material, periodic MRI was used. In parallel, pain intensity at the onset and its intensity at the time of its complete resolution were assessed via Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Mixed-design repeated measures ANOVA and independent sample T-test were carried out to determine the effects of this kind of treatment on pain intensity and ultimate outcome of the patients.
Surprisingly, spontaneous resolution of the sequestrated disc material was observed in control MRI, in all 70 recruited patients, in duration with mean of 5.71 ± 1.49 months. Furthermore, despite severity of the pain at the onset, amelioration of radiculopathy occurred with significant decrease in VAS score with initial intensity from mean of 9.30 ± 0.80 to mean of 0.90 ± 0.76, after disappearance of the offending disc material.
The details of the current series which is the first prospective one in the literature might offer a strong clue about the validity of conservative management in certain type of acute cervical disc herniation. The current report may advocate the neurosurgeons to allow the nature to resolve its problem with its own alterations in due time in sequestrated cervical disc herniation's in the absence of neurological deficit.


The Classical Hollywood Reader brings together essential readings to provide a history of Hollywood from the 1910s to the mid 1960s. Following on from a Prologue that discusses the aesthetic characteristics of Classical Hollywood films, Part 1 covers the period between the 1910s and the mid-to-late 1920s. It deals with the advent of feature-length films in the US and the growing national and international dominance of the companies responsible for their production, distribution and exhibition. In doing so, it also deals with film making practices, aspects of style, the changing roles played by women in an increasingly business-oriented environment, and the different audiences in the US for which Hollywood sought to cater. Part 2 covers the period between the coming of sound in the mid 1920s and the beginnings of the demise of the 'studio system' in late 1940s. In doing so it deals with the impact of sound on films and film production in the US and Europe, the subsequent impact of the Depression and World War II on the industry and its audiences, the growth of unions, and the roles played by production managers and film stars at the height of the studio era. Part 3 deals with aspects of style, censorship, technology, and film production. It includes articles on the Production Code, music and sound, cinematography, and the often neglected topic of animation. Part 4 covers the period between 1946 and 1966. It deals with the demise of the studio system and the advent of independent production. In an era of demographic and social change, it looks at the growth of drive-in theatres, the impact of television, the advent of new technologies, the increasing importance of international markets, the Hollywood blacklist, the rise in art house imports and in overseas production, and the eventual demise of the Production Code. Designed especially for courses on Hollywood Cinema, the Reader includes a number of newly researched and written chapters and a series of introductions to each of its parts. It concludes with an epilogue, a list of resources for further research, and an extensive bibliography.


Dehalobacter restrictus strain PER-K23 is an obligate organohalide respiring microorganism known to solely use tetra- or trichloroethene as electron acceptors with H2 as electron donor. The catalytic enzyme, PceA, contains a corrinoid as cofactor, a trait believed to be general for reductive dehalogenases. Genomic studies showed the presence of both anaerobic cobalamin biosynthesis and cobinamide salvaging pathways, however, no growth was found without exogenous cobalamin supply. This observation is most likely due to a deletion in precorrin-3B C17-methyltransferase encoding gene cbiH (Rupakula et al., 2013, Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 368: 1616). In order to determine whether D. restrictus utilizes a salvaging or de novo synthesis strategy to obtain essential corrinoids under partial cobalamin starved conditions, D. restrictus was cultivated in the presence of either 250 (high), 50 (mid) or 10 (low) µg/l of cyanocobalamin. Presence and relative abundance of corrinoid-relevant proteins under the tested growth conditions was studied using shotgun proteomics. A total of 1195 proteins were detected from D. restrictus, corresponding to 42% of 2826 predicted protein coding genes in its genome. We detected CbiJ (precorrin-6x reductase, Dehre_0277), Cbi[ET] (precorrin-6Y methyltransferase, Dehre_2849) and CbiD (cobalamin biosynthesis protein, Dehre_2861) from upper cobalamin biosynthetic pathway, which were not detected in the previously analyzed proteome. However, several proteins belonging to the corrinoid synthesis pathway including CobS (cobalamin 5'-phosphate synthase, Dehre_1613), an alternative CbiJ (precorrin-6x reductase, Dehre_2855), CbiH (precorrin-3B C17-methyltransferase, Dehre_2856) and CbiG (cobalamin biosynthesis protein, Dehre_2858) were still missing from proteome. This suggests an incomplete cobalamin biosynthesis pathway that could explain why D. restrictus is incapable of de novo cobalamin biosynthesis. We identified proteins associated with corrinoid biosynthesis or salvaging pathways translated from five different operons. Proteins encoded by operon 2 showed the highest production levels with on average 45.7 fold up-regulation at low versus high cobalamin concentration, and included proteins predicted as members of corrinoid salvaging pathway and as corrinoid transporters. CbiZ proteins, amidohydrolase required for salvaging the cobalamin precursor cobinamide, showed up-regulation by 80 fold (Dehre_0285) and 58 fold (Dehre_0282) under cobalamin starvation, respectively. Furthermore, proteins encoded in operon 1 were on average 8.4 fold up-regulated between low and high cobalamin conditions, and included an ECF-type cobalt transporter (Dehre_0280), which is involved in the cobalt uptake process, and a precorrin-6x reductase (Dehre_0277). Genomic evidence suggests operon 1 and 2 being unique to D. restrictus in all so far available Dehalobacter strains, suggesting the response of operon 1 and 2 to changing cobalamin concentrations is exclusive to D. restrictus. In conclusion, proteomic data suggest that cobalamin biosynthesis in D. restrictus is non-functional and up-regulation of relevant cobalamin salvaging and transport pathways are the strategy employed to ensure sufficient amounts of corrinoids for growth.


Yeast Cdc7 protein kinase and Dbf4 protein are both required for the initiation of DNA replication at the G1/S phase boundary of the mitotic cell cycle. Cdc7 kinase function is stage-specific in the cell cycle, but total Cdc7 protein levels remained unchanged. Therefore, regulation of Cdc7 function appears to be the result of posttranslational modification. In this study, we have attempted to elucidate the mechanism responsible for achieving this specific execution point of Cdc7. Cdc7 kinase activity was shown to be maximal at the G1/S boundary by using either cultures synchronized with alpha factor or Cdc- mutants or with inhibitors of DNA synthesis or mitosis. Therefore, Cdc7 kinase is regulated by a posttranslational mechanism that ensures maximal Cdc7 activity at the G1/S boundary, which is consistent with Cdc7 function in the cell cycle. This cell cycle-dependent regulation could be the result of association with the Dbf4 protein. In this study, the Dbf4 protein was shown to be required for Cdc7 kinase activity in that Cdc7 kinase activity is thermolabile in vitro when extracts prepared from a temperature-sensitive dbf4 mutant grown under permissive conditions are used. In vitro reconstitution assays, in addition to employment of the two-hybrid system for protein-protein interactions, have demonstrated that the Cdc7 and Dbf4 proteins interact both in vitro and in vivo. A suppressor mutation, bob1-1, which can bypass deletion mutations in both cdc7 and dbf4 was isolated. However, the bob1-1 mutation cannot bypass all events in G1 phase because it fails to suppress temperature-sensitive cdc4 or cdc28 mutations. This indicates that the Cdc7 and Dbf4 proteins act at a common point in the cell cycle. Therefore, because of the common point of function for the two proteins and the fact that the Dbf4 protein is essential for Cdc7 function, we propose that Dbf4 may represent a cyclin-like molecule specific for the activation of Cdc7 kinase.


A ring-shaped phosphorus allotrope has recently been synthesized inside multi-walled carbon nanotubes (r-P@MWCNTs). The electrochemical properties of the r-P@MWCNTs as anodes for lithium-ion batteries have been investigated. External phosphorus has been found to degrade rapidly during charging and discharging cycles. The internal ring-shaped phosphorus is well stabilized by the surrounding carbon nanotube walls to provide an extremely high cycling stability. The specific capacities of r-P@MWCNTs degrade in the first dozens of cycles and then tend to be stable. The insertion and extraction of lithium ions through MWCNTs to the encapsulated phosphorus are believed to occur through the defects and interlayer gaps of MWCNTs. The volume expansion of phosphorus during lithiation is eased along the axis of MWCNTs since the MWCNTs are not fully filled by phosphorus; this prevents the encapsulated phosphorus from escaping and further resulting in capacity degradation. A specific capacity of 444 mA h g−1 based on the whole composites, containing about 16% phosphorus, is still maintained after 500 cycles at a current rate of 500 mA g−1. The electrochemical performances of ring-shaped phosphorus inside MWCNTs have been demonstrated to be much higher than those of different phosphorus phases grown on the outside surfaces of MWCNTs under same conditions.


Ophthalmic In-situ gels are viscous polymer?based liquids that exhibit sol?to?gel phase transition on the ocular surface due to change in a specific physicochemical parameter like ionic strength, pH or temperature Gel dosage forms are successfully used as drug delivery systems considering their ability to prolong the drug release. To prolong the precorneal resident time and improve ocular bioavailability of the drug various polymers system were studied as in situ gelling vehicle for ophthalmic drug delivery system. The In situ formulation exhibited well, viscosity, drug content and sustained drug release. Conventional liquid ophthalmic formulations demonstrate low bioavailability because of a constant lacrimal drainage in the eye. The normal drainage of an instilled drug dose commences immediately upon instillation and is essentially completed within 5 min. typically ophthalmic bioavailability of only 1–10% is achieved due to the short precorneal residence time of ophthalmic solutions. Each system has its own advantages and drawbacks. The choice of a particular hydrogeldepends on its intrinsic properties and envisaged therapeutic use. This review includes various temperature, pH, and ion induced in situ-forming polymeric systems used to achieve prolonged contact time of drugs with the cornea and increase their bioavailability. Ophthalmic drug delivery is one of the most interesting and challenging endeavors facing the pharmaceutical scientist. The conventional ocular drug delivery systems like solutions, suspensions, and ointments show drawbacks such as increased precorneal elimination, high variability in efficiency, and blurred vision respectively.


Changes in 29 soil physicochemical properties resulting from crop cultivation in newly cleared virgin forest were compared with those from previously cultivated land. The aim was to assess the effects of the selected common crop combinations on the soil properties so as to obtain the best option for soil fertility enrichment in each location. The crops selected were those commonly grown by the local farmers. They included sole crops of cassava, yam, maize and pigeon pea, as well as a combination of all the four crops. Others were cassava+maize+pigeon pea and cassava+pigeon pea. Both the sole and crop combinations (which were the treatments) were grown in a randomized complete block design in three replicates in the two locations for two years. Changes in soil properties at 0–20 cm and 20–40 cm depths were monitored for the period. The soils were sampled at the beginning of each cropping season from 1998 to 2000. The pedogenic properties obtained from the diagnostic horizons were used to classify both soils as Rhodic Kindiustalfs (Haplic Lixisols). However, the differences in 19 of the properties at 0–40 cm depth were significant (p≤0.05) between the two locations ab initio. Sixteen of these properties were considered to be better in the forestland agronomically. Depth variations did not influence many of the properties significantly, especially between 1999 and 2000. The effects of crop combination were significant (p≤0.05) on physical properties such as the silt content, the total porosity at the forest location; clay content, bulk density, macroporosity, and hydraulic conductivity at the previously cultivated soil (UNN site). The chemical properties significantly (p≤0.05) affected by crop combination were exchangeable calcium (Ca) and total exchangeable bases at the forest; organic matter, exchangeable potassium (K), total exchangeable acidity, and available phosphorus (P) at the UNN site. Among the properties only the clay content, macroporosity and organic matter seemed to show significant differences between the plots allocated to the different crops and mixtures at the UNN site at the beginning in 1998. Within the short period of the study, there appeared to have been substantial improvements in some properties, especially at 0–20 cm depth, relative to their 1998 values. The changes were generally more in the UNN site than at the forest. The changes were adduced to be facilitated by tillage, as the soils were just brought under cultivation from the forest and fallow conditions. This is because the crop effects were less between 1999 and 2000. However, the improvements in some of the properties suggest that some of the crop combinations were capable of reducing soil fertility loss in the area.


Dunbar High School in Washington, DC, defied the odds and, in the process, changed America. In the first half of the twentieth century, Dunbar was an academically elite public school, despite being racially segregated by law and existing at the mercy of racist congressmen who held the school's purse strings. These enormous challenges did not stop the local community from rallying for the cause of educating its children. Dunbar attracted an extraordinary faculty: one early principal was the first black graduate of Harvard, almost all the teachers had graduate degrees, and several earned PhDs--all extraordinary achievements given the Jim Crow laws of the times. Over the school's first eighty years, these teachers developed generations of highly educated, high-achieving African Americans, groundbreakers that included the first black member of a presidential cabinet, the first black graduate of the US Naval Academy, the first black army general, the creator of the modern blood bank, the first black state attorney general, the legal mastermind behind school desegregation, and hundreds of educators. By the 1950s, Dunbar High School was sending 80 percent of its students to college. Today, as with too many troubled urban public schools, the majority of Dunbar students struggle with reading and math. Journalist and author Alison Stewart, whose parents were both Dunbar graduates, tells the story of the school's rise, fall, and path toward resurgence as it looks to reopen its new, state-of-the-art campus in the fall of 2013.


Rhetorical Touch argues for an understanding of touch as a rhetorical art by approaching the sense of touch through the kinds of bodies and minds that rhetorical history and theory have tended to exclude. In resistance to a rhetorical tradition focused on shaping able bodies and neurotypical minds, Shannon Walters explores how people with various disabilities - psychological, cognitive, and physical - employ touch to establish themselves as communicators and to connect with disabled and nondisabled audiences. In doing so, she argues for a theory of rhetoric that understands and values touch as rhetorical. Essential to her argument is a redefinition of key concepts and terms - the rhetorical situation, rhetorical identification, and the appeals of ethos (character), pathos (emotion), and logos (logic or message). By connecting Empedoclean and sophistic theories to Aristotelian rhetoric and Burkean approaches, Walters's methods mobilize a wide range of key figures in rhetorical history and theory in response to the context of disability. Using Empedocles' tactile approach to logos, Walters shows how the iterative writing processes of people with psychological disabilities shape crucial spaces for identification based on touch in online and real life spaces. Mobilizing the touch-based properties of the rhetorical practice of metis, Walters demonstrates how rhetors with autism approach the crafting of ethos in generative and embodied ways. Rereading the rhetorical practice of kairos in relation to the proximity between bodies, Walters demonstrates how writers with physical disabilities move beyond approaches of pathos based on pity and inspiration. The volume also includes a classroom-based exploration of the discourses and assumptions regarding bodies in relation to haptic, or touch-based, technologies. Because the sense of touch is the most persistent of the senses, Walters argues that in contexts of disability and in situations in which people with and without disabilities interact, touch can be a particularly vital instrument for creating meaning, connection, and partial identification. She contends that a rhetoric thus reshaped stretches contemporary rhetoric and composition studies to respond to the contributions of disabled rhetors and transforms the traditional rhetorical appeals and canons. Ultimately, Walters argues, a rhetoric of touch allows for a richer understanding of the communication processes of a wide range of rhetors who use embodied strategies.


In this study, an attempt was taken to enhance the solubility and dissolution characteristics of nifedipine, a poorly water soluble calcium channel blocking agent, by preparing solid dispersions (SD) with water soluble carriers; Poloxamer 407, HPMC 5 cPs, polyethylene glycol (PEG) 4000 and 6000 and surface solid dispersions (SSD) with insoluble carriers; sodium starch glycolate (SSG) and croscarmellose sodium (CCS). In vitro dissolution study showed that all the preparations were effective to improve the dissolution of nifedipine to several folds when compared with the drug and physical mixtures (PMs). Drug loading in SDs and SSDs was found uniform and they produced satisfactory results on drug content analysis (95 to 102%), compatibility and thermal analysis. PEG 6000, Poloxamer 407 and SSG were found to be the most effective carriers to enhance the dissolution behavior of nifedipine. SDs with water soluble carriers were found more effective in improving solubility of nifedipine than SSDs and PMs. Tablets were prepared using SDs and SSDs, and compared to marketed preparations and to a simple compressed tablet of nifedipine. Tablets prepared from SDs with PEG 6000 and Poloxamer 407 showed better release profile than all the marketed products.

 Key words: Bioavailability, hydrophilic carrier, hydrophobic agents, interactions, solid matrix and compatibility.


FIFA, football's (or soccer's, as it is known in some countries) world governing body, has long been associated with the World Cup and, lately, the corruption scandal. Less known is FIFA's success in building a legal order that competes with public orders. This study explains how and why this private legal order has succeeded in governing the behavior of the involved actors by keeping them away from regular courts. We argue that the ability of the order to offer what other governance modes could not is the key: FIFA, as a transnational private authority, offers harmonized institutions that apply across national borders and in many cases are better accustomed to the needs of the involved parties than their state-made alternatives, which often are based on one-size-fits-all approach and lack certainty of application. FIFA's rules increase the gains of clubs and prominent footballers. And while the interests of some other involved parties, less known players in particular, might have been better served by the application of formal state laws, the established equilibrium discourages deviation. The results contribute to the better understanding of alternative modes of supplying institutional design, particularly by illustrating how private orders function in the environment where reputation plays limited role.


Recent works on helminth parasites, notably by Southwell (1923, 1930), Dollfus (1912-1949), Price (1936-1943), Manter (1926-1954), Nagaty (1937), Dawes (1941, 1946), Sproston (1946), Wardle and McLeod (1952), Yamaguti (1934, 1955, 1958, 1959), and several others have helped in
establishing a sounder classification of helminth parasites, especially those infesting fishes. Detailed observations on the ecology and biology of helminth parasites infesting fishes lag' far behind as comaared to medical helminth parasitology, as the stage of discovering and describing new species of helminths, the reporting of new host records and distributional records, life history studies, etc., is not over since many 'groups of fishes still remain uninvestigated for parasites


In the past five years, India has witnessed significant debate, brainstorming sessions and political drama over the issue of liberalizing retail services for foreign investors, particularly in the multi-brand sector. For the most part, the arguments have concerned the fate of local retailers, "kirana shops," pursuant to permitting foreign direct investment (FDI) in this sector. While one school of experts has expressed apprehension about local retailers being eliminated from the market if such FDI is permitted, the other school has advocated that such FDI will, aside from boosting the economy and foreign exchange reserves, generate employment on a large scale. Balancing both of the foregoing concerns, the Indian government recently liberalized FDI in this sector up to 100 percent in single-brand retail and up to 51 percent in multibrand retail services. Although this move has been appreciated by the industry and the investor class, such investments are subject to a significant number of restrictions in terms of minimum capitalization, local sourcing of materials, prior approval and other such requirements. Needless to say, India, being a sovereign nation, has the authority to impose such investment restrictions at the municipal level. Having said that, given the unification of the world economy through globalization, it would be inadequate and myopic to confine the assessment of such restrictions to the municipal level. The justifiability of such restrictions needs to be assessed at the global level against the country's international commitments, more specifically commitments under the World Trade Organization (WTO), considering that WTO membership comes as a package of obligations across different areas, namely trade in goods, trade in services and traderelated investments. While much has been deliberated with regard to the merits and demerits of India's restrictions on FDI in retail services from the perspectives both of economics and of India's municipal laws, the question of whether such restrictions are sustainable against the radar of the WTO has been overlooked on most debate platforms. Therefore, this article attempts to assess India's FDI norms in the retail trade sector vis-a-vis its commitments, if any, under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) within the auspices of the WTO. Further, this article reviews the commitments made by a few other countries in retail services and the nature of the limitations imposed by such countries. Also, this article suggests a way forward for India, factoring in the various trade barriers applicable to retail trade services, whereby the country might harmonize its municipal investment restrictions with future commitments under GATS.


Completion of the new Geological Map of Italy (CARG 50,000 project of the Italian Geological Survey) has involved a systematic and detailed survey of key sectors of the southern Apennines. The acquisition of new data on the terrigenous units of the Cilento, thanks to a 1:10,000 scale survey, the study of key sections and numerous biostratigraphic analyses, has led to new stratigraphical and structural interpretations. The Mesozoic-Palaeogene carbonate succession and its mostly Miocene terrigenous cover are overthrust by at least three tectonic units comprising terrigenous strata. The uppermost terrigenous unit corresponds to the North-Calabrian Unit of Bonardi et alii (1988b) and consists of pelagic and basinal facies which can be correlated with the upper portion of the Crete Nere Formation, with the Saraceno Formation and with the Cannicchio Sandstones. The age of the stratigraphic succession can be referred to the Bartonian-Burdigalian. This tectonic unit also corresponds to the Cilento Base Unit of Mauro & Schiattarella (1988). The intermediate terrigenous unit corresponds to the Castelnuovo Cilento Unit of Cammarosano et alii (2000) and is characterised by facies very similar to those of North-Calabrian Unit, which, from the bottom to the top, are the Genesio Shales, the T. Trenico Marls and Calcarenites, and the Pianelli Sandstones. The age of this succession is also Bartonian-Burdigalian. The unit corresponds to those described in the literature as "Affinita Sicilide Complex" or "parasicilides" Auctt.. The lower terrigenous unit consists of pelagic and basinal facies correlated with the Tempa Rossa Varicoloured Clays and the Mt. Sant9Arcangelo Formation of the Corleto-Perticara succession. This unit is ascribed to the Sicilide Unit Auctt. and the age of the stratigraphic succession is also Eocene-Early Miocene. The marked similarities in facies and ages suggest that the successions of the North-Calabrian and Castelnuovo Cilento units were deposited in the same basin, and that their present division is essentially due to tectonic processes. These tectonic units probably began to develop in the Late Burdigalian. A succession of piggyback basin deposits of Early Langhian to Early Tortonian age and pertaining to the Cilento Group lies unconformably above the upper terrigenous unit. This succession is in turn unconformably overlain by the Mt. Sacro Conglomerates, which are therefore no older than the Middle Tortonian. The results of field surveys and regional-scale studies highlighted the need for a lithostratigraphic revision of the Cilento Group, here originally consisting of the Pollica and St. Mauro Formations Auctt., each comprising 2 members. The members of the Pollica Formation Auctt. (the Cannicchio and Pollica members) are now considered formations in their own right, and are respectively named "Cannicchio Sandstones" and "Pollica Sandstones". The Cannicchio Sandstones are in continuity with the Saraceno Formation, whereas their upper contact with the Pollica Sandstones is characterised by a marked change in facies and a likely biostratigraphical lacuna. The upper stratigraphic succession of the North-Calabrian unit in the Cilento therefore consists of Cannicchio Sandstones, whereas the Cilento Group consists of the Pollica Sandstones and San Mauro Formation. The San Mauro Formation contains numerous key horizons, some of which are here described for the first time; however, we believe that the rapid variation in facies does not justify, on a regional scale and according to classical lithostratigraphic criteria, its subdivision into two members as proposed by previous studies. Based on the age of the younger terrains at the top of the carbonate unit (the Serravallian-Tortonian Piaggine Sandstones; Castellano et alii, 1997), the emplacement of the terrigenous units above the carbonates occurred no earlier than the Late Tortonian. The main structures which involve the terrigenous flysch and characterise the tectonic edifice are the low-angle thrust surfaces that delimit the tectonic units. These were newly-deformed by transcurrent and extensional faults, with orientation NW-SE to E-W, probably formed in the Pliocene and Pleistocene. The Cilento Group and Cannicchio Sandstones are often detached from the substratum through low-angle extensional faults verging towards the Tyrrhenian Sea. These surfaces also dislocate the thrust planes of the tectonic units, and are compatible with the transtensional faults bordering the southern slopes of the carbonate ranges; this decollement probably also developed during the Plio-Pleistocene extensional phases.


The purpose of the study was to assess factors contributing to poor performance of Directly Observed Treatment Short-Course (DOTS) in Mopani district of Limpopo Province, South Africa. An exploratory qualitative approach was used to investigate the factors that contribute to poor performance of the DOTS Strategy. Four focus group discussions were conducted, two with Directly Observed Therapy (DOT) Supporters and two with patients on treatment for more than 6 months. The focus groups (4) discussions were tape-recorded. Data collected were descriptively analyzed using thematic methods. The patients generally found supervision of TB treatment helpful as they were motivated and encouraged to continue treatment. Some of the aspects identified as being unhelpful were the inconvenient times for treatment support and stigma due TB supporters' visit to patients home. Patients often preferred family members as supporters, whereas health workers favoured trained volunteers as DOT supporters. Other factors affecting DOTS were poverty, food shortage, cultural beliefs, and side-effects of the medication. Patients receiving disability grants prefer to remain uncured so as to continue receiving the grant. Behavioural factors seem to play a major role in noncompliance with TB treatment. The findings of the study support the importance of initial counseling and motivation of patients in improving adherence in the programme. Self-motivation was mentioned rather than the motivation from the DOT supporters. Further exploration of alternative DOTS supporters other than trained volunteer demands further investigation.


This thesis explores the co-ordination of public services through an examination of the way organisations in the English NHS negotiate incentives for competition and co-operation to deliver co-ordinated care to diabetic patients. Whilst the bodies responsible for the planning and provision of local services in the English NHS need to co-operate to ensure the co-ordination of services across organisational boundaries, they are also subject to a wide range of system reform mechanisms which encourage competition between the providers of services. The tension between these incentives raises questions about how organisations and professionals understand their objectives in this environment, and how this understanding translates into the relationships between organisations as they work together to plan and provide co-ordinated services.
Both the wider institutional context affecting competition and co-operation in the NHS, and commissioner and provider behaviour in the local context are examined. This examination is conducted in the light of the hierarchy, market and network modes of co-ordination. The research examines the applicability of the theories of 'co-opetition' and Ostrom's Institutional Analysis and Development framework as analytic frameworks to help understand the behaviour of NHS organisations and professionals as they work together to provide co-ordinated services. Theories of behaviour from game theory, economics, economic sociology and organisational studies are also explored to identify the rules of behaviour which organisations and professionals follow.
The review of the decisions of national regulatory bodies suggested that the promotion of competition was secondary to other concerns, although this position appeared to be changing following the implementation of the Health and Social Care Act 2012. Whilst co-opetition and Ostrom's IAD framework are concerned with how incentives for competition and co-operation can co-exist and can be managed for the benefit of all, at a local level the impact of incentives for both competition and co-operation on the behaviour of organisations and professionals was blunted by the predominance of hierarchical modes of co-ordination. Local context was found to be important in shaping the deployment of incentives for competition and co-operation, and establishing the rules of behaviour. Where organisations and professionals were exposed to incentives for both competition and co-operation, the delivery of services did not appear to be unduly affected, but lack of trust inhibited the sharing of sensitive information between parties, and reduced the quality of interactions in relation to other activities.

It is suggested that the development of network relationships within the NHS hierarchy should be encouraged in order to realise the benefits which can be gained from close co-operative working relationships between organisations.


Volcanic sills and dikes inferred from seismic reflection profiles and geophysical studies of the Ross Sea are thought to be related to the rift basins in the region, and their emplacement to be coeval with extension. However, lack of precise geochronology in the Terror Rift of the Ross Sea region has left these inferred relationships poorly constrained and has hindered neotectonic studies, because of the large temporal gaps between seismic reflectors of known ages. New 40 Ar/ 39 Ar geochronology presented here for submarine volcanic rocks provides better age constraints for neotectonic interpretations within the Terror Rift. Several samples from seamounts yielded young ages between 156 ± 21 and 122 ± 26 Ka. These ages support interpretations that extension within the Terror Rift was active at least through the Pleistocene. Three evenly spaced samples from the lowermost 100 m of Franklin Island range in age from 3.28 ± 0.04 to 3.73 ± 0.05 Ma. These age determinations demonstrate that construction of a small volcanic edifice such as Franklin Island took at least several hundred thousand years, and therefore that much larger ones in the Erebus Volcanic Province are likely to have taken considerably longer than previously inferred. This warrants caution in applying a limited number of age determinations to define the absolute ages of events in the Ross Sea region.


Hyper-Hitchcock is a hypervideo editor enabling the direct manipulation authoring of a particular form of hypervideo called "detail-on-demand video." This form of hypervideo allows a single link out of the currently playing video to provide more details on the content currently being presented. A workspace is used to select, group, and arrange video clips into several linear sequences. Navigational links placed between the video elements are assigned labels and return behaviors appropriate to the goals of the hypervideo and the role of the destination video. Hyper-Hitchcock was used by students in a Computers and New Media class to author hypervideos on a variety of topics. The produced hypervideos provide examples of hypervideo structures and the link properties and behaviors needed to support them. Feedback from students identified additional link behaviors and features required to support new hypervideo genres. This feedback is valuable for the redesign of Hyper-Hitchcock and the design of hypervideo editors in general.


INTRODUCTION Employee perspective with regard to organizations has been shown to have effects on the success of the organizations. Having employees with appropriate attitudes will enhance the probability for success in any company in any industry (Davidson, 2003). Organizations with a strong sense of customer orientation have also shown greater levels of customer satisfaction (Schneider & Bowen, 1993). The restaurant industry has a greater likelihood of being influenced by employee actions than other industries, because of its labor-intensive nature and the high level of interaction between the employees and customers (Davidson, 2003; Seidman, 2001). The purpose of the paper was to research findings in the existing literature for suggesting directions restaurant leaders could follow with regard to cultural development. Their implementation could have a significant impact on many aspects of their operations, including increasing productivity, reducing turnover and building commitment. For the transformational change to be achieved, organizations must first understand and manage the complexities of their respective organizational cultures (Goodman, Zammuto, & Gifford, 2001) and build stronger levels of organizational commitment. The manuscript reports the findings of a study to determine how organizational culture influences full-service restaurants. The purpose of the study was to determine the most suitable cultural model for full-service restaurants among the four presented. Restaurant Industry Challenges Although individual restaurant entities are usually considered small businesses, the restaurant industry has been traditionally known for having a highly bureaucratic management style (Tracey & Hinkin, 1994). Classical management styles are that of highly defined, routine practices, which have strict adherence to specific rules and regulations (Smucker, 2001). The traditional management philosophy (i.e., Theory X management) in the hospitality industry does not take into effect the person or individual doing the job, but focuses more on the job itself. Identifying what the specific tasks and requirements of the job are and then training the employees to perform these duties has been and remains the norm in the food and beverage industry (Tracey & Hinkin, 1994). Generally, the restaurant industry is almost autocratic in nature. It is hence a difficult and demanding industry within which to be employed. Theory X management style works when there is little competition and local unemployment figures are high. The realities of the industry depict a different story. Industry statistics show that competition among operators is fierce and that a lack of a large labor pool has plagued the industry for a long time, which continues to be a major concern for restaurant owners and managers (Crook, Ketchen, & Snow, 2003; Enz, 2004). Ultimately, harsh organizational climates tend to discourage employees from continuing employment with foodservice operators and cause people to "job-hop." The restaurant industry is notorious for having high employee turnover rates. An industry-wide study of restaurants concluded that restaurant managers should do a better job of being an employer of choice if they are to satisfy customers and produce financial results (Koys, 2006). ORGANIZATIONAL CLIMATE AND ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE DEFINED Before Pettigrew's (1979) landmark organizational culture study, research centered on the construct of organizational climate (Obenchain, 2002). Organizational climate emphasizes the importance of shared perceptions as underpinning the notion of climate (Anderson & West, 1998; Mathisen & Einarsen 2004). Reichers and Schneider (1990) defined organizational climate as "the shared perception of the way things are around here" (p. 22). According to Schein (1990), the main differences between organizational climate and organizational culture are the levels of complexity of the two constructs. …


Abstract This article is an attempt to reconstruct the inherent ethical approach of Tillich's theology. In the process it will show that Tillich's ethic strives to be a timely, consistent formulation of the Christian paradigm of charity. This leads to the moral imperative that one becomes a person in the midst of a community of persons. The presuppositions and genesis of this central ethical insight are traced historically in his work


Anthropogenic climate change adds to the existing suite of threats to species, such as habitat degradation, by increasing extinction risk and compromising the ability of species to respond adaptively to these stressors. Because threats from anthropogenic climate change often interact synergistically with other threats, integrated assessments of the factors and processes that affect species persistence and distribution are required. We assessed the influence of coastal land use and climate change (specifically sea level rise) on the spatial distribution of nests within the largest loggerhead Caretta caretta marine turtle rookery in the Atlantic Ocean, at Melbourne Beach, Florida, from 1986 to 2006. We generated a multiple regression model based on climate change, sea-level rise and land use that describes 47% of the spatial variation in loggerhead nest- ing. Nests have shifted northward (likely in response to warming temperatures), away from inten- sive coastal development, and, surprisingly, toward areas of increased erosion. Using the Bruun Rule (an approximation of the response of the shoreline profile to sea level rise), we modeled the impacts of sea level rise of 0.25 and 0.5 m in conjunction with extrapolations of coastal develop- ment and a continued northward shift in nest distribution. We project up to a 43% decrease in beach area from 1986 to a future with 0.5 m of sea level rise and predict that loggerhead nesting will shift northward and become increasingly crowded on narrowing beaches. An implication of this study is that areas currently protected for large rookeries may not overlap with their future distributions.


Rhenium is an important element with which to test hypotheses of isotope variation. Historically, it has been difficult to precisely correct the instrumental mass bias in thermal ionization mass spectrometry. We used W as an internal standard to correct mass bias on the MC‐ICP‐MS, and obtained the first precise δ187Re values (~±0.02‰, 2SE) for iron meteorites and chondritic metal. Relative to metal from H chondrites, IVB irons are systematically higher in δ187Re by ~0.14 ‰. δ187Re for other irons are similar to H chondritic metal, although some individual samples show significant isotope fractionation. Since 185Re has a high neutron capture cross section, the effect of galactic cosmic‐ray (GCR) irradiation on δ187Re was examined using correlations with Pt isotopes. The pre‐GCR irradiation δ187Re for IVB irons is lower, but the difference in δ187Re between IVB irons and other meteoritic metal remains. Nuclear volume‐dependent fractionation for Re is about the right magnitude near the melting point of iron, but because of the refractory and compatible character of Re, a compelling explanation in terms of mass‐dependent fractionation is elusive. The magnitude of a nucleosynthetic s‐process deficit for Re estimated from Mo and Ru isotopes is essentially unresolvable. Since thermal processing reduced nucleosynthetic effects in Pd, it is conceivable that Re isotopic variations larger than those in Mo and Ru may be present in IVBs since Re is more refractory than Mo and Ru. Thus, the Re isotopic difference between IVBs and other irons or chondritic metal remains unexplained.


The 2020 International Microwave Biomedical Conference (IMBioC 2020) will be held on May 25-28, 2020 in the Hotel Mercure Compans Cafarelli, Toulouse, France. IMBioC is an international forum for the exchange of ideas and information on state-of-the-art research in microwave and RF theory and techniques that bridge the science and engineering gap as applied to biological systems. During the conference, some workshops and special sessions including Young Professionals (YP) and Women in Microwave (WiM) events will be organized, while an exhibition will be held simultaneously.


Introduction: Wraparound services (i.e., community-based collaborative care) for children with severe mental health needs have been reported as effective. Yet, no attention has been given to aggregating treatment results across racially and economically diverse groups of youth. While controlling for socioeconomic status (i.e., free/reduced lunch status) this study explored potential racial disparities in response to wraparound services. Method: Data from a diverse statewide sample (N = 1,006) of low-income youth (ages 6–18 years) identified as having a serious emotional disturbance were analyzed for differences in wraparound attrition, fidelity, and effectiveness. Results: African American youth receiving free/reduced lunch failed to complete wraparound services at significantly higher rates when compared to Caucasian youth. For those who met treatment goals (i.e., completed services), mean intervention fidelity scores showed services to be implemented similarly across youth. Furthermore, wraparound services resulted in improvements in mental health functioning, though racial background and attrition status impacted exit scores. Discussion: Collaborative community-based mental health services improve youth outcomes and physicians and school personnel should strive to be part of these teams. Further research is needed to more closely examine the challenges of helping youth to meet the goals associated with their wraparound services. Relatively higher service attrition rates in low-income African American youth warrants further investigation.


Classical approaches to African swine fever virus (ASFV) vaccine development have not been successful; inactivated virus does not provide protection and use of live attenuated viruses generated by passage in tissue culture had a poor safety profile. Current African swine fever (ASF) vaccine research focuses on the development of modified live viruses by targeted gene deletion or subunit vaccines. The latter approach would be differentiation of vaccinated from infected animals (DIVA)-compliant, but information on which viral proteins to include in a subunit vaccine is lacking. Our previous work used DNA-prime/vaccinia-virus boost to screen 40 ASFV genes for immunogenicity, however this immunization regime did not protect animals after challenge. Here we describe the induction of both antigen and ASFV-specific antibody and cellular immune responses by different viral-vectored pools of antigens selected based on their immunogenicity in pigs. Immunization with one of these pools, comprising eight viral-vectored ASFV genes, protected 100% of pigs from fatal disease after challenge with a normally lethal dose of virulent ASFV. This data provide the basis for the further development of a subunit vaccine against this devastating disease.


Purpose – The paper has three objectives: first, to reflect on the contribution of this journal to the study of retail location assessment and decision-making; second, to use the results of a questionnaire survey of retailers to assess the employment of location assessment techniques a decade since a similar survey conducted by Hernandez and Bennison (2000); third, in the light of these results, to conclude what likely challenges the location planning profession will face over the next decade.

Methodology - Employs an online questionnaire survey of retailers across a range of sizes and sub-sectors.

Findings – We find that specialist location planning teams within retailers are small with established forecasting processes firmly established for new or relocated stores – indicative of less activity focused on the management of the existing portfolio or the identification of outlets within the network for rationalisation. The vast majority of site assessment techniques increased in use over the decade reflecting a greater reliance on data and analysis to inform decision-making alongside the traditional use of experience and intuition. Complementing highly technical evaluation techniques, the site visit is widely recognised as informing modelling and subsequent decision-making.

Research limitations – The survey sample is smaller and contains a greater proportion of larger businesses than that undertaken by Hernandez and Bennison (2000).

Originality & value – Underlines the changes in location planning sophistication a decade on from a landmark survey. Suggests the implications of the observed changes and identifies likely developments in the profession.