AIM
To report a study of how male nurses are portrayed in feature films.

BACKGROUND
It was hypothesized that male nurses are frequently portrayed negatively or stereotypically in the film media, potentially having a negative impact on male nurse recruitment and the public's perception of male nurses.

DESIGN/METHODS
An interpretive, qualitative methodology guided by insights into hegemonic masculinity and structured around a set of collective case studies (films) was used to examine the portrayal of male nurses in feature films made in the Western world from 1900 to 2007. Over 36,000 feature film synopses were reviewed (via CINAHL, ProQuest and relevant movie-specific literature) for the keyword 'nurse' and 'nursing' with an additional search for films from 1900 to 2010 for the word 'male nurse'. Identified films were labelled as 'cases' and analysed collectively to determine key attributes related to men in nursing and explore them for the emergence of concepts and themes related to the image of male nurses in films.

RESULTS/FINDINGS
A total of 13 relevant cases (feature films) were identified with 12 being made in the USA. Most films portrayed male nurses negatively and in ways opposed to hegemonic masculinity, as effeminate, homosexual, homicidal, corrupt or incompetent. Few film images of male nurses show them in traditional masculine roles or as clinically competent or self-confident professionals.

CONCLUSION
  Feature films predominantly portray male nurses negatively. Given the popularity of feature films, there may be negative effects on recruitment and on the public's perception of male nurses.


Motorcycling represents a significant and growing proportion of road trauma across the world. While Safe System approaches have the potential to produce significant reductions in trauma across the road system, the challenges of applying these to motorcycling are likely to be greater. If these challenges are not met, motorcycling will become an increasing obstacle to the achievement of a safe system for all road users and widespread reduction in road trauma. While some of these challenges are technical and the result of the physical limitations of the mode, the community's acceptance of risk is also fundamental to the progress that can be made. This paper examines how different jurisdictions set strategic direction for motorcycles within their road safety strategies or, conversely, address safety within their broader motorcycle plans. The paper also discusses whether the relative contributions of individual safe system components may need to be altered for different road user types, such as motorcyclists. Examination of the application of the Safe System to motorcycling can provide guidance in the broader issue of the role of community acceptance of risk and its impact on how quickly transition to the Safe System can be achieved.


Abstract. Simply defined, a Smart City is a city overlaid by a digital layer, which is used for the governance of the city. A Smart City uses intelligent technology to enhance our quality of life in urban environments, bringing together people and data from disparate sources such as sensors, demographics, topographic and 3D mapping, Building Information Models and many more. Increasingly, Smart Cities use this data in a variety of ways, to address key challenges related to transportation, communications, air quality, noise, well-being of the citizens, decision making relating to education and health and urban planning, as well as in relation to initiatives such as startups and fostering economic growth and employment within the city. As more data becomes available, the challenges of storing, managing and integrating such data are also multiplied. This increasing interest in Smart Cities world-wide, along with a growing understanding of the importance of integrating "Smart" data with other data and wider applications for the benefit of citizens, made the choice of hosting the third Smart Data, Smart Cities conference in Delft – in conjunction with three other conferences – a very natural one. Together the four conferences were held during the week of 1st–5th October 2018, and alongside SDSC participants were invited to attend the ISPRS Technical Commission IV Symposium, the 13th 3D GeoInfo Conference and the 6th International FIG Workshop on 3D Cadastres. Participant interaction – and the ability to attend sessions across the four events – was particularly encouraged. SDSC 2018 itself was organised by the Urban Data Management Society (UDMS www.udms.net), ISPRS and TU Delft (the Delft University of Technology), and Professor Volker Coors Chaired the SDSC committee. As in previous years, three key conference themes were proposed to represent the Smart Cities: Smart Data (sensor network databases, on-the-fly data mining, geographic and urban knowledge modeling and engineering, green computing, urban data analytics and big data, big databases and data management), Smart People (volunteered information, systems for public participation) and Smart Cities (systems of territorial intelligence, systems for city intelligence management,3D modeling of cities, internet of things, social networks, monitoring systems, mobility and transportation, smart-city-wide telecommunications infrastructure, urban knowledge engineering, urban dashboard design and implementation, new style of urban decision-making systems, geovisualization devoted to urban problems, disaster management systems). This volume consists of 18 papers, which were selected from 34 submissions on the basis of double blind review, with each paper being reviewed by a minimum of three reviewers. These papers present novel research concerning the use of spatial information and communication technologies in Smart Cities, addressing different aspects of Smart Data and Smart Citizens. The selected papers tackle different aspects of Smart Cities: 3D; Citizen Engagement; transport, sustainable mobility; dashboards and web GIS; citizen engagement and participation; sensors; urban decision making. The editors are grateful to the members of the Scientific Committee for their time and valuable comments, which contributed to the high quality of the papers. Reviews were contributed by: Giorgio Agugiaro, Maria Antoniabrovelli, Ken Arroyoohori, Martina Baucic, Michela Bertolotto, Pawel Boguslawski, Azedine Boulmakoul, Caesar Cardenas, Ofelia Cervantes, Volker Coors, Isabel Cruz, Vincenzo Delfatto, Claire Ellul, Tarun Ghawana, Gesquiere Gilles, Gerhard Groeger, Eberhard Gulch, Jan-Henrik Haunert, Stephen Hirtle, Umit Isikdag, Martin Kada, Snjezana Knezic, Robert Laurini, Liu Liu, Ed Manley, Viviana Mascardi, Marco Minghini, Raul Monroy, Regina Motz, Beniamino Murgante, Marco Painho, Dev Paudyal, Alenka Poplin, Ivana Racetin, Ismail Rakip Karas, Preston Rodrigues, David Sol, Wei Tu, Wei Tu, Genoveva Vargas, Kavita Vemuri, Edward Verbree, Mingshu Wang, Maribel Yasminasantos, Sisi Zlatanova. We are also grateful to the work of the local organising committee at TU Delft, without whom this conference would not have been possible. ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume IV-4/W7, 2018 3rd International Conference on Smart Data and Smart Cities, 4–5 October 2018, Delft, The Netherlands


This article analyzes the differing perspectives that animate US and EU conceptions of privacy in the context of data protection. It begins by briefly reviewing the two continental approaches to data protection and then explains how the two approaches arise in a context of disparate cultural traditions with respect to the role of law in society. In light of those disparities, Underpinning contemporary data protection regulation is the normative value that both US and EU societies place on personal privacy. Both cultures attribute modern privacy to the famous Warren-Brandeis article in 1890, outlining a "right to be let alone." But decades passed before the impact of the article was felt. Both privacy and data protection are today part of the fundamental rights system of Europe, a component of the amalgamated constitution of the European Union. Both are part of the legislative and regulatory state at the national and federal level.


COI1, JAZ, and inositol pentakisphosphate act as a three-molecule jasmonate co-receptor complex. Jasmonates, plant hormones implicated in defense and development, signal through COI1 (CORONATINE INSENSITIVE1), a component of the Skp-Cullin-F-box ubiquitin E3 ligase complex SCFCOI1, to promote the ubiquitylation and consequent degradation of JAZ (JASMONATE ZIM DOMAIN) transcriptional repressors. Using an in vitro radioligand binding assay, Sheard et al. determined that 3H-coronatine, which resembles jasmonyl-L-isoleucine (JA-Ile), showed specific high-affinity binding to COI1-ASK1 (Arabidopsis Skp1-like protein 1) in the presence of JAZ6 or JAZ1 but only marginal binding in their absence (and no binding to JAZ proteins in the absence of COI1). Analyses of the ability of synthetic JAZ1 peptides to promote 3H-coronatine binding to COI1 led to the identification of a minimal sequence within the JAZ protein C-terminal Jas motif (Glu200 to Val220) as the JAZ1 degron. Analyses of the crystal structure of the COI1-ASK-1-JAZ1 degron peptide complex bound to coronatine or JA-Ile revealed a ligand-binding pocket in COI1. The JAZ1 degron peptide formed a bipartite structure to interact with both COI1 and the ligand, covering the opening of the pocket and thereby trapping the ligand. Mass spectrometry analyses revealed that a small molecule copurified with the COI1-ASK1 complex, which turned out to be inositol-1,2,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate [Ins(1,2,4,5,6)P5]. When Ins(1,2,4,5,6)P5 was stripped by extensive dialysis, COI1-ASK1 alone failed to bind 3H-coronatine and showed little ligand binding even in the presence of JAZ1. Restoration of Ins(1,2,4,5,6)P5, however, rescued 3H-coronatine binding. The authors thus conclude that COI1, the JAZ degron, and Ins(1,2,4,5,6)P5 act as a three-molecule jasmonate co-receptor complex. L. B. Sheard, X. Tan, H. Mao, J. Withers, G. Ben-Nissan, T. R. Hinds, Y. Kobayashi, F.-F. Hsu, M. Sharon, J. Browse, S. Y. He, J. Rizo, G. A. Howe, N. Zheng, Jasmonate perception by inositol-phosphate-potentiated COI1-JAZ co-receptor. Nature 468, 400–405 (2010). [PubMed]


Abstract Background and aims : In today's business world, managers use outsourcing strategy as tool to establish competitive advantage and business capabilities in order to subcontract some activities and tasks to qualified contractors. Selecting the fittest contractor from qualified contractors can prevent waste of resource and keep organizational resource. With regard to complexities, risks and conditions of oil industry, one of the main criteria to select contractor in this industry is safety. In addition to such criteria as affordability, experience, specialized human resource, etc., the contractor should have acceptable health and safety executive (HSE) and appropriate performance. This study aims to determine contractor selection model by means of combined DEMATEL and ANP methods and grey relational analysis by safety approach. Method s: In this study we used combined DEMATEL and ANP methods and grey relational analysis approach in order to rank criteria and to select best contractor (case study in oil industry), while developing conceptual structure, we can minimize qualification and effect of assessor's personal judgment in evaluation process and contractor selection. Results : The results of this study show that main safety indexes to select contractor in oil industry are safety history and investment in safety sections. Conclusion : This matter indicates (a) risks of this industry and (b) effect of safety education and effect of investment (in other sections) on performance of other sections and entire organization.


Training is one of the basic means of human resources development in business organizations, aiming to motivate employees, to develop their potential and to help them perform better. The end of the 20 century has seen the advent of globalisation and the diffusion of new information and communication technologies. Businesses have to change and adapt to the requirements of the new knowledge-based and skill-based economy. Facing pressures from an increasingly competitive business environment, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are called upon to implement strategies that are enabled and supported by information technologies and e-business applications in order to compete with others' organizations. One of these applications is e-Learning, whose aim is to enable the continuous assimilation of knowledge and skills by managers and employees, and thus support organisational training and development efforts through the use of the Internet and Web technologies. Little is known however as to the level of awareness of e-Learning in SMEs and as to the actual role played by e-Learning with regard to these firms' training needs. A multiple case study of sixteen SMEs in the Atlantic region of Canada, including twelve that use e-Learning with varying degrees of intensity, was designed to explore this question. We observed the firms' training process, identifying to what extent the SMEs know and use e-Learning, and to what extent e-Learning meets their training needs.


Law enforcement in Serbia concerning the offence of corruption is similar to
 a camera obscura: opacity prevails. This does not instil much trust in the
 population: surveys carried out by or on behalf of the UN reveal that only
 politicians and doctors are more distrusted than judges and prosecutors.
 Corruption is a very underreported offence, as victims have the feeling that
 the authorities do not care about corruption: why report? An extensive
 statistical analysis of corruption cases handled by the prosecution and the
 court showed that the camera obscura metaphor had to be refined: apart from
 being opaque, the law enforcement institutions behave like a random box.
 Neither in the prosecution service nor in the courts could a policy be
 discerned. The outcome of the judicial system in terms of prosecution and
 sentencing appeared to be statistically at random. A qualitative analysis of
 the most serious corruption cases demonstrated to what extent these cases
 occurred in all layers of society. In such cases the government was
 non-responsive to complaints of its own institutions. Also in other matters
 the authorities demonstrated a lot of foot dragging. Despite the
 anti-corruption strategies one may wonder whether the government really
 cares.


For the past few years, Agile methodologies have been hailed as the silver bullet which will successfully address the high project failure rate. Many organisations have been using a traditional project management methodology for years and are now either considering or in the progress of introducing a more agile approach as a substitute for the more rigid, inflexible and control oriented traditional methodologies. Potential benefits include, but are not limited to, faster return on investment, better products/services, and higher customer satisfaction. Often however, this leads to a painful introduction because employees are uncomfortable with the drastic changes Agile methods impose or because there is internal resistance to change, and in many cases the expected increase in project efficiency does not occur. The purpose of this thesis was to determine the perceived challenges related to organisational adaptation to agile project management and to develop a conceptual model of best practices to help guide agile adaptation. Research and data collection was performed through a review of relevant literature within both traditional and agile methods, principles and techniques, along with papers on organisational transformation and case studies and in parallel, interviews with experts and practitioners in the field. Data analysis was performed in two phases: the literature review helped us find data in relevant project management fields and through a subset of the Burke-Litwin organisational change model extract challenges and questions, and in the second phase the outcome of interviews based on these questions was fed back through the change model, analysed and compared with the original data. Some of the main findings of this thesis are: - Adaptation to an environment with less structure and control is often a hard challenge, but it can be overcome with proper guidance and the support of a high-level internal sponsor who champions the agile vision top down. - The change in management style from the traditional "command and control" to self-regulation is a challenge for former project managers, who must evolve into project facilitators. - For agile adaptation to be successful, it should be implemented company-wide, and not in for instance a single department.


This special issue contains a grouping of seven peer-reviewed papers that were presented at the 2016 conference on Air Quality Measurement Methods and Technology, held in Chapel Hill, NC, March 15-17, 2016. This specialty conference of the Air & Waste Management Association (A&WMA) is held approximately every 20 months, and presents advances in measurement technology and characterization on all aspects of air quality, including outdoor and indoor air quality, source emissions, and quality assurance. While great progress has been made in measurement technologies for various pollutants, there is a greater focus on technologies andmethodologies for quantifying fugitive emissions, greenhouse gases (GHG) and air toxics, improving existing techniques, and using optical and/or remote sensing techniques and low-cost sensors. The articles presented in this issue provide a good cross-section of the topics, ranging from method development and evaluation to air quality characterization near roadways and stationary sources. Two papers discuss approaches related to measurement and quantification of air emissions, primarily related to fugitive emission sources. Zeng et al. discuss methodology to further refine the quantitative optical gas imaging techniques. They demonstrate an approach to develop response factors that can be used to quantify a variety of gaseous compounds using infrared gas imagers. Fu et al. describe the design and application of a mobile platform to measure emission of GHG (carbon dioxide [CO2] and methane) in a lagoon with sufficient detection capabilities to map out the spatial and temporal profiles. This type of platform has potential applications in measuring fugitive GHG emissions from agricultural and wastewater treatment lagoons and similar water bodies. The next two articles present an evaluation of analytical and measurement technologies. The article by Presler-Jur et al. presents a large-scale evaluation and application of optical light attenuation measurements using a robotic system of aerosol samples collected on Teflon filters. The study demonstrated the applicability of this method to estimate black carbon (BC) concentrations from Teflon filter samples, and has potential applications in expanding the historic record of BC measurements in a cost-effective manner in cases where archived Teflon filter samples are available. Leston and Ollison describe a field evaluation of "interference-free" federal reference methods (FRM) for ozone (O3) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) that recorded on average 3 ppb and 9 ppb lower concentrations, respectively, than the conventional O3 and NO2 FRM instruments. The study also demonstrated the impact of inlet height on O3 concentrations. The final three articles characterize air quality near roadways, schools and a power plant. Wen et al. summarize their work in measuring ultrafine particles and CO2 concentration near roadways and using it to estimate emission factor as a function of traffic volume for light duty vehicles. Brown et al. discuss measurements of particle counts and BC at schools in two different regions with urban or nearroad influence, and compare the potential exposure levels. The article by Ramadan characterizes the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) present near a power plant in Kuwait. Results showed that halogenated compounds accounted for 50-75% of the total VOC measured. I thank the conference organizers and the session chairs for encouraging the presenters to consider submitting their work for peer-reviewed publication in this special issue. I greatly appreciate the help of Dr. R.K.M. Jayanty, conference co-organizer and Emeritus Fellow at RTI International, in spreading the word about this special issue to the conference attendees. I am thankful to the authors for their effort in preparing the manuscripts for peer-reviewed publication in this issue. Finally, I am thankful to RTI International for supporting my time and effort in coordinating this special issue of the Journal.


Research in sound classification and recognition is rapidly advancing in the field of pattern recognition. One important area in this field is environmental sound recognition, whether it concerns the identification of endangered species in different habitats or the type of interfering noise in urban environments. Since environmental audio datasets are often limited in size, a robust model able to perform well across different datasets is of strong research interest. In this paper, ensembles of classifiers are combined that exploit six data augmentation techniques and four signal representations for retraining five pre-trained convolutional neural networks (CNNs); these ensembles are tested on three freely available environmental audio benchmark datasets: (i) bird calls, (ii) cat sounds, and (iii) the Environmental Sound Classification (ESC-50) database for identifying sources of noise in environments. To the best of our knowledge, this is the most extensive study investigating ensembles of CNNs for audio classification. The best-performing ensembles are compared and shown to either outperform or perform comparatively to the best methods reported in the literature on these datasets, including on the challenging ESC-50 dataset. We obtained a 97% accuracy on the bird dataset, 90.51% on the cat dataset, and 88.65% on ESC-50 using different approaches. In addition, the same ensemble model trained on the three datasets managed to reach the same results on the bird and cat datasets while losing only 0.1% on ESC-50. Thus, we have managed to create an off-the-shelf ensemble that can be trained on different datasets and reach performances competitive with the state of the art.


Two theorems and a lemma are presented about the use of jackknife estimator and the cross-validation method for model selection. Theorem 1 gives the asymptotic form for the jackknife estimator. Combined with the model selection criterion, this asymptotic form can be used to obtain the fit of a model. The model selection criterion we used is the negative of the average predictive likehood, the choice of which is based on the idea of the cross-validation method. Lemma 1 provides a formula for further exploration of the asymptotics of the model selection criterion. Theorem 2 gives an asymptotic form of the model selection criterion for the regression case, when the parameters optimization criterion has a penalty term. Theorem 2 also proves the asymptotic equivalence of Moody's model selection criterion (Moody, 1992) and the cross-validation method, when the distance measure between response y and regression function takes the form of a squared difference.


[Purpose] We aimed to obtain the mean values for physical function tests in healthy community-dwelling people aged 50-79 years and to compare these values between age decades. [Subjects and Methods] We recruited 172 healthy community-dwelling people, who provided their written consent. Grip strength (GS), isometric knee extension torque (IKET), and the times for performing the sit-to-stand test (STS) and timed up-and-go test (TUG) were used as indicators of physical function. Maximum force (Fmax) and maximum power (Pmax) were measured by asking the subjects to perform the counter-movement jump on a force platform system. The mean values were calculated and compared between different age decades by one-way analysis of variance. [Results] In men, all the measurements showed significant differences among different age decades; moreover, GS, IKET, Fmax, and Pmax decreased, while the time required for performing the STS and TUG increased with age. In women, GS, IKET, Fmax, and Pmax decreased, while the time required for performing the TUG increased with age. However, the time required for performing the STS did not differ across age groups in women. [Conclusion] The target values for physical function tests in people aged 50-79 years were established, and they were found to change with age.


Today's ethnographers have high-tech recording gear for documenting the skills passed from one generation to the next. With the help of skilful production, the visual recording can be an invaluable source for research conducted decades later. Documentalists seeking to achieve scientifically valuable results must master the recording technology as well as the topic being covered. They must be a journalist who can manage sources skilfully, a competent ethnographer, an artistically inclined cinematographer and a lighting specialist. Imre Annus provides insight into how the documentation of native techniques should start and which problems should be focused on, based on several decades of his experience as a director, cinematographer and editor.


A comprehensive overview of the cultural world and diplomatic strategies of Florentine patricians by revealing their contribution to the court culture of the Medici and the mechanisms behind their brokerage activities.


Particle filtering is frequently used for visual tracking problems since it provides a general framework for estimating and propagating probability density functions for nonlinear and non-Gaussian dynamic systems. However, this algorithm is based on a Monte Carlo approach and the cost of sampling and measurement is a problematic issue, especially for high-dimensional problems. We describe an alternative to the classical particle filter in which the underlying density function has an analytic representation for better approximation and effective propagation. The techniques of density interpolation and density approximation are introduced to represent the likelihood and the posterior densities with Gaussian mixtures, where all relevant parameters are automatically determined. The proposed analytic approach is shown to perform more efficiently in sampling in high-dimensional space. We apply the algorithm to real-time tracking problems and demonstrate its performance on real video sequences as well as synthetic examples.


For the early Christians, "pagan" referred to a multitude of unbelievers: Greek and Roman devotees of the Olympian gods, and "barbarians" such as Arabs and Germans with their own array of deities. But while these groups were clearly outsiders or idolaters, who and what was pagan depended on the outlook of the observer, as Christopher Jones shows in this fresh and penetrating analysis. Treating paganism as a historical construct rather than a fixed entity, Between Pagan and Christian" uncovers the ideas, rituals, and beliefs that Christians and pagans shared in Late Antiquity.While the emperor Constantine's conversion in 312 was a momentous event in the history of Christianity, the new religion had been gradually forming in the Roman Empire for centuries, as it moved away from its Jewish origins and adapted to the dominant pagan culture. Early Christians drew on pagan practices and claimed important pagans as their harbingers--asserting that Plato, Virgil, and others had glimpsed Christian truths. At the same time, Greeks and Romans had encountered in Judaism observances and beliefs shared by Christians such as the Sabbath and the idea of a single, creator God. Polytheism was the most obvious feature separating paganism and Christianity, but pagans could be monotheists, and Christians could be accused of polytheism and branded as pagans. In the diverse religious communities of the Roman Empire, as Jones makes clear, concepts of divinity, conversion, sacrifice, and prayer were much more fluid than traditional accounts of early Christianity have led us to believe.


Abstract. Understanding rock slope kinematics in steep, fractured bedrock permafrost is a challenging task. Recent laboratory studies have provided enhanced understanding of rock fatigue and fracturing in cold environments but were not successfully confirmed by field studies. This study presents a unique time series of fracture kinematics, rock temperatures and environmental conditions at 3500 m a. s. l.  on the steep, strongly fractured Hornligrat of the Matterhorn (Swiss Alps). Thanks to 8 years of continuous data, the longer-term evolution of fracture kinematics in permafrost can be analyzed with an unprecedented level of detail. Evidence for common trends in spatiotemporal pattern of fracture kinematics could be found: a partly reversible seasonal movement can be observed at all locations, with variable amplitudes. In the wider context of rock slope stability assessment, we propose separating reversible (elastic) components of fracture kinematics, caused by thermoelastic strains, from the irreversible (plastic) component due to other processes. A regression analysis between temperature and fracture displacement shows that all instrumented fractures exhibit reversible displacements that dominate fracture kinematics in winter. Furthermore, removing this reversible component from the observed displacement enables us to quantify the irreversible component. From this, a new metric – termed index of irreversibility – is proposed to quantify relative irreversibility of fracture kinematics. This new index can identify periods when fracture displacements are dominated by irreversible processes. For many sensors, irreversible enhanced fracture displacement is observed in summer and its initiation coincides with the onset of positive rock temperatures. This likely indicates thawing-related processes, such as meltwater percolation into fractures, as a forcing mechanism for irreversible displacements. For a few instrumented fractures, irreversible displacements were found at the onset of the freezing period, suggesting that cryogenic processes act as a driving factor through increasing ice pressure. The proposed analysis provides a tool for investigating and better understanding processes related to irreversible kinematics.


This chapter is comprised of 10 questions and answers, which are all purely academic, knowledge based. The corresponding answers to the questions can be found at the end of the chapter, each of which has a short explanation and at least one reference.


We explore machine learning methods for AC Optimal Powerflow (ACOPF) - the task of optimizing power generation in a transmission network according while respecting physical and engineering constraints. We present two formulations of ACOPF as a machine learning problem: 1) an end-to-end prediction task where we directly predict the optimal generator settings, and 2) a constraint prediction task where we predict the set of active constraints in the optimal solution. We validate these approaches on two benchmark grids.


How can digital content be connected to text analysis tools? The TAPoR (Text Analysis Portal for Research) provided a workbench model, but usability studies suggest that a workbench was not how humanists thought of doing their research - humanists start with the text and apply tools as lenses for analyzing the text. This led us to experiment with ubiquitous tools that can be embedded in the user's environment or in the text, be it an online journal or blog. In this paper, we survey a number of experiments leading up to  TAToo  (Text Analysis for you Too) and  Voyeur Tools   both of which allow humanists to bring computational linguistic analysis and visualization, among other things, into their habitual research environments, and to thereby render those environments dynamic, with living, breathing data. Full Text:  HTML ( pdf for download -- right click or control click to save)


This paper presents the specific features of a school population in Romania for whom Romanian is a non-native language, their mother tongue being Hungarian. The first part of the study offers a description of the main characteristics of the verbal behaviour of this bilingual population. The first subheading will discuss, on the one hand, the linguistic profile of the subjects (linguistic interference, linguistic pseudo-creativity etc.) and, on the other hand, it will present the main aspects of the socio-affective dimension of verbal behaviour (such as communicational anguish, displacement of communicational intention, linguistic code switching etc.). Practically, these features can be followed in the case of other bi(multi)lingual speakers as well. The second part of the paper presents certain lexical and semantic interference and vocabulary activating habits in the case of bilingual persons, relating them to the linguistic context and the linguistic landscape. The formulated data and observations represent a synthesis of empirical research carried out between 2000–2013 through different methods, such as: observation, case studies (within the context of the data referring to the profile of language behaviour), structured interviews and questionnaires (employed in the study of the linguistic landscape). The main aim of this study is to offer a socio- and psycholinguistic profile of Hungarian-Romanian bilingualism set in a holistic context.


The major reservoirs for most influenza A virus subtypes are wild aquatic birds, especially ducks. However, they are typically resistant to the effects of the infection and usually do not develop clinical disease. In contrast, some influenza viruses cause severe illness or even death in susceptible hosts like chickens and turkeys. Paradoxically, infection of primary duck cells results in rapid cell death, whereas in chicken cells, death occurs less rapidly. Duck cells produce fewer infectious virions in comparison with the longer surviving chicken cells. In order to understand this variation in infectious virus production, chicken and duck embryo fibroblast cells (CEF and DEF) were infected with low pathogenic avian H2N3, and the viruses produced from the two hosts ware characterised. Infectious virus production from chicken cells was significantly greater than that observed from duck cells, from 8–48 hr after infection. Influenza matrix gene and protein expression, analysed by quantitative real time PCR and western blotting of culture supernatants, showed comparable levels between species at 8 and 24 hr post infection. These findings led to investigation of virus budding and morphology following infection of duck and chicken cells with the virus. Differences in morphology of released virions were observed. Budding viruses from duck cells were elongated, while chicken cells produced almost spherical virions. There was a similar clear difference in virus morphology in the duck and chicken culture supernatants. Spherical viruses were observed in chicken supernatants while duck cell supernatants contained pleomorphic virions. No differences between any genes of chicken– and duck–derived viruses were found, suggesting that host cell determinants might be responsible for such variations in virus morphology. DEF cells showed extensive production of filamentous or short filament virions following infection with filamentous (equine H3N8) and non–filamentous (avian H2N3) virus strain, respectively. This was observed even after actin disruption with cytochalasin D (Cyt.D). CEF cells infected with equine H3N8 virus produced extensive filamentous virus, which decreased markedly after disruption of actin with Cyt.D, whereas, following infection with H2N3, spherical virions were observed in the presence or absence of the actin inhibitor. Cells were also transfected with green fluorescent protein – microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (GFP–LC3) expression vector and then infected or mock infected with avian H2N3. Short filaments were observed from untransfected and transfected duck cells, while spherical and short filaments were observed from untransfected and transfected chicken cells, respectively. Filamentous virus formation could be enhanced as a result of autophagy which is more marked in duck cells than chicken cells. Further studies such as studying the structure of chicken and duck fibroblast cell membranes, the use of other drugs that inhibit actin in a mechanistically different way, and the role of other cellular proteins in modulating virus morphology should be considered.


Abstract Large variability exists across brain regions in health and disease, considering their cellular and molecular composition, connectivity, and function. Large-scale whole-brain models comprising coupled brain regions provide insights into the underlying dynamics that shape complex patterns of spontaneous brain activity. In particular, biophysically grounded mean-field whole-brain models in the asynchronous regime were used to demonstrate the dynamical consequences of including regional variability. Nevertheless, the role of heterogeneities when brain dynamics are supported by synchronous oscillating state, which is a ubiquitous phenomenon in brain, remains poorly understood. Here, we implemented two models capable of presenting oscillatory behavior with different levels of abstraction: a phenomenological Stuart–Landau model and an exact mean-field model. The fit of these models informed by structural- to functional-weighted MRI signal (T1w/T2w) allowed us to explore the implication of the inclusion of heterogeneities for modeling resting-state fMRI recordings from healthy participants. We found that disease-specific regional functional heterogeneity imposed dynamical consequences within the oscillatory regime in fMRI recordings from neurodegeneration with specific impacts on brain atrophy/structure (Alzheimer's patients). Overall, we found that models with oscillations perform better when structural and functional regional heterogeneities are considered, showing that phenomenological and biophysical models behave similarly at the brink of the Hopf bifurcation.


An active immunological response by the female to mating and pregnancy is important, if not essential, to successful reproduction. Alloantigens which have been demonstrated on spermatozoa include histocompatibility antigens. In the enigmatic success of the fetal allograft, the conceptus survives owing to failure of the mother either to initiate or complete the process of rejection. In this study, AO(RT1u/AgB2) female rats were caged with male rats of the same strain. Observations were obtained from the first 5 days of their postcoital period, identifying lymphoid tissue changes which are due to the presence of the ejaculate and early products of conception in the female reproductive tract. A significant increase in intrathymic proliferation by day 3 is thought to be a hormonal effect induced by the cervical stimulation at mating. The postcoital exodus of lymphocytes from the thymus is possibly in response to coitus and induced by the seminal plasma to safeguard the implanting conceptus.


There is growing awareness of the complexity of potential reaction pathways and the associated solid‐phase transformations during the reduction of Fe (hydr)oxides, especially ferrihydrite. An important observation in static and advective‐dominated systems is that microbially produced Fe(II) accelerates Ostwald ripening of ferrihydrite, thus promoting the formation of thermodynamically more stable ferric phases (lepidocrocite and goethite) and, at higher Fe(II) surface loadings, the precipitation of magnetite; high Fe(II) levels can also lead to green rust formation, and with high carbonate levels siderite may also be formed. This study expands this emerging conceptual model to a diffusion‐dominated system that mimics an idealized micropore of a ferrihydrite‐coated soil aggregate undergoing reduction. Using a novel diffusion cell, coupled with micro‐x‐ray fluorescence and absorption spectroscopies, we determined that diffusion‐controlled gradients in Fe2+(aq) result in a complex array of spatially distributed secondary mineral phases. At the diffusive pore entrance, where Fe2+ concentrations are highest, green rust and magnetite are the dominant secondary Fe (hydr)oxides (30 mol% Fe each). At intermediate distances from the inlet, green rust is not observed and the proportion of magnetite decreases from approximately 30 to <10%. Across this same transect, the proportion of goethite increases from undetectable up to >50%. At greater distances from the advective‐diffusive boundary, goethite is the dominant phase, comprising between 40 and 95% of the Fe. In the presence of magnetite, lepidocrocite forms as a transient‐intermediate phase during ferrihydrite‐to‐goethite conversion; in the absence of magnetite, conversion to goethite is more limited. These experimental observations, coupled with results of reactive transport modeling, confirm the conceptual model and illustrate the potential importance of diffusion‐generated concentration gradients in dissolved Fe2+ on the fate of ferrihydrite during reduction in structured soils.


The symposium, organised by Rebecca Fortnum as part of an AHRC funded project, researching questions about the nature of the creative process, was held at Chelsea College of Art and timed to coincide with an exhibition at Tate Britain, 'St Martins Sculpture Department 1966-71' on the radical teaching and work produced at St Martins School of Art. I opened the proceeding with a paper entitled 'Document or Docudrama; The Year of the Locked Room' and concluded the event by participating in a seminar, at the exhibition at Tate Britain.

The paper reflected on the experiences of students on the A course at St Martins School of Art in the early 1970's, of which I was one, and explored questions raised as a consequence about the embodiment or 'documentation' of the creative process in an art outcome. The paper also examined these questions in light of the fact that documentary evidence of the course at St Martins comes largely from a re-enactment or 'docudrama' filmed by the BBC for an Omnibus programme.

The significance of the research lies in the contribution made to archives being developed by Hester Westley (Courtauld) and at St Martins. Also in contributing to an understanding of the importance of the A course in influencing practices in the field of fine art (Gilbert and George, Richard Long, Richard Deacon) in the 1970's and 80's and with regard to the creative process and methods of documenting it. Other speakers included: Rebecca Fortnum, Art Language, Andrew Grassie.


Temporal stability (TS) of soil water content (SWC) has been observed throughout a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. Yet, the evidence with respect to the controlling factors on TS SWC remains contradictory or nonexistent. The objective of this work was to develop the first comprehensive review of methodologies to evaluate TS SWC and to present and analyze an inventory of published data. Statistical analysis of mean relative difference (MRD) data and associated standard deviations (SDRD) from 157 graphs in 37 publications showed a trend for the standard deviation of MRD (SDMRD) to increase with scale, as expected. The MRD followed generally the Gaussian distribution with R2 ranging from 0.841 to 0.998. No relationship between SDMRD and R2 was observed. The smallest R2 values were mostly found for negatively skewed and platykurtic MRD distributions. A new statistical model for temporally stable SWC fields was proposed. The analysis of the published data on seven measurement‐, terrain‐, and climate‐related potentially controlling factors of TS SWC suggested intertwined effects of controlling factors rather than single dominant factors. This calls for a focused research effort on the interactions and effects of measurement design, topography, soil, vegetation and climate on TS SWC. Research avenues are proposed which will lead to a better understanding of the TS phenomenon and ultimately to the identification of the underlying mechanisms.


In October 1999 the unemployment rate of people with severe disabilities in Germany was more than double that of the non-disabled population. To improve this situation, the People with Severe Disabilities Act was reformed to increase incentives for the severely disabled to enter the work force and for employers to hire such workers. In 2003 the Federal Government announced that through this reform it had successfully reduced the number of unemployed by 25% representing around 45,000 individuals. However, an evaluation of the impact of this policy reform on labour market outcomes for the severely disabled indicates that this was not achieved by getting these individuals into employment. Moreover, a recent deterioration in the number of unemployed suggests that the success in 2002 was at best temporary. Thus, there is no evidence that changes to financial incentives in the PSDA had a positive long-term impact on the employment of people with severe disabilities.


Social (or folksonomic) tagging has become a very popular way to describe content within Web 2.0 websites. However, as tags are informally defined, continually changing, and ungoverned, it has often been criticised for lowering, rather than increasing, the efficiency of searching. To address this issue, a variety of approaches have been proposed that recommend users what tags to use, both when labeling and when looking for resources. These techniques work well in dense folksonomies, but they fail to do so when tag usage exhibits a power law distribution, as it often happens in real-life folksonomies. To tackle this issue, we propose an approach that induces the creation of a dense folksonomy, in a fully automatic and transparent way: when users label resources, an innovative tag similarity metric is deployed, so to enrich the chosen tag set with related tags already present in the folksonomy. The proposed metric, which represents the core of our approach, is based on the mutual reinforcement principle. Our experimental evaluation proves that the accuracy and coverage of searches guaranteed by our metric are higher than those achieved by applying classical metrics.


Intentions in Communication brings together major theorists from artificial intelligence and computer science, linguistics, philosophy, and psychology whose work develops the foundations for an account of the role of intentions in a comprehensive theory of communication. It demonstrates, for the first time, the emerging cooperation among disciplines concerned with the fundamental role of intention in communication.The fourteen contributions in this book address central questions about the nature of intention as it is understood in theories of communication, the crucial role of intention recognition in understanding utterances, the use of principles of rational interaction in interpreting speech acts, the contribution of intonation contours to intention recognition, and the need for more general models of intention that support a view of dialogue as a collaborative activity.The contributors are Michael E. Bratman, Philip R. Cohen, Hector J. Levesque, Martha E. Pollack, Henry Kautz, Andrew J. I. Jones, C. Raymond Perrault, Daniel Vanderveken, Janet Pierrehumbert, Julia Hirschberg, Richmond H. Thomason, Diane J Litman, James F. Allen, John R. Searle, Barbara J. Grosz, Candace L. Sidner, Herbert H. Clark and Deanna Wilkes-Gibbs. The book also includes commentaries by James F. Allen, W. A Woods, Jerry Morgan, Jerrold M. Sadock Jerry R. Hobbs, and Kent Bach.Philip R. Cohen is a Senior Computer Scientist at the Artificial Intelligence Center at SRI International and is a Senior Researcher with the Center for the Study of Language and Information; Jerry Morgan is Associate Professor, Department of Linguistics and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology at the University of Illinois; Martha E. Pollack is a Computer Scientist at the Artificial Intelligence Center at SRI International and is a Senior Researcher with the Center for the Study of Language and Information. Intentions in Communication is included in the System Development Foundation Benchmark Series.


Four field experiments were established in the Waikato and Manawatu regions over two years to determine planting date (PD) influence on growth, silage yield (SY) and starch content of seven maize (Zea mays) hybrids. Silage yield response to PD was best described using quadratic regression models. The PD at which silage yield was maximised (optimum PD) was later in the cooler, high latitude environment of Manawatu (23 October) than the more northerly locations in Waikato (9-15 October). In both regions, planting 2 or 3 weeks either side of the optimum PD reduced SY by <5%. In Waikato, the optimum PD in a warmer than average spring (+1°C) was 1-2 weeks earlier. Under non-limiting moisture conditions later planting reduced yields in both Waikato (24.22 versus 21.06 t/ha) and Manawatu (30.09 versus 22.50 t/ha). This was attributed to decreased temperatures (<15°C) and radiation (<17 MJ/m 2 /d) during grain filling. Due to more rapid reductions in autumn temperature and radiation in Manawatu, yield decline beyond the optimum PD was greater (-183 kg/ha/d (0.6%), R 2 =0.81) than Waikato (-50 to -85 kg/ha/d (0.3%), R 2 ≥0.67). Starch content was highest for plantings before 6 November, dropping thereafter with harvest index. Highest maximum leaf area index was observed at mean daily temperatures of 17-19°C.


Mice lacking telomerase (e.g. mTR-/-) for several generations develop dysfunctional telomeres and severe gastrointestinal pathology. Intestinal stem cell (ISC) abnormalities in late-generation mTR mice have been described, and we set out to characterize it in more detail. Expression profiling of mTR-/crypts and an unbiased gene set enrichment analysis revealed broadly decreased expression of Wnt pathway genes in crypt epithelia and underlying stroma. We describe abnormalities in the Wnt-dependent intestinal stem cell (ISC) niche in these mice, including decreased expression of ISC marker genes Ascl2, Lgr5, and Sox9. The importance of these changes was revealed by rescue of crypt apoptosis along with Ascl2 and Sox9 expression upon treatment of mice with Wnt pathway agonists, as well as enhanced survival and Lgr5 expression in cultured mTR-/intestinal crypts. Rescue was associated with reduced telomere-dysfunction induced foci (TIFs) and anaphase bridges, indicating improved telomere capping, which correlates with upregulation of Trf2 and Pot1a, encoding capping proteins in the shelterin complex. Similar gene expression changes, and rescue by Wnt pathway activation, were observed in human cells suffering from telomere dysfunction, including those derived from dyskeratosis congenita and Werner syndrome patients. These findings are independent of previously suggested connections between Wnt and the catalytic component of telomerase, TERT, and demonstrate a mutually reinforcing relationship between telomere capping and Wnt signaling, which may provide new approaches to diseases characterized by telomere dysfunction. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Cell & Molecular Biology First Advisor Frederick B. Johnson


Jewish Tradition and die Challenge of Darwinism Editors: Geoffrey Cantor and Marc Swetlitz Other contributors: Shai Cherry, Raphael Falk, Carl Feit, Ira Robinson, Rena Selya, Lawrence Troster, Richard Weikart University of Chicago Press, 2006, 260 pages ISBN: 978O-226-09276-8 (ISBN-10: 0-226-09276-3), cloth ISBN: 978-0-226^)9277-5 (ISBN-10: 0-226-09277-1), paper A Life (Un)Worthy of Living: Reproductive Genetics in Israel and Germany Yael Hashiloni-Dolev Springer, 2007, 195 pages ISBN 978-1-420-5217-0 (hardback ISBN 978-1-420-5217-7 (e-book) The Healthy Jew: The Symbiosis if Judaism and Modern Medicine Michael B. Hart Cambridge University Press, 2007, 200 pages ISBN 978-0-521-87718-3, hardback Jewish Tradition and the Challenge of Darwinism, Cantor/Sweditz This book documents a red-hot debate which previously took place behind closed doors but has now been "outed" by one of the world's most prestigious academic presses and is therefore already available in a large number of libraries. The very title of the collection is ambiguous: what, after all, is "the Jewish tradition"? Jewish atheists and perhaps even most Jewish converts to other religions still consider themselves Jewish and are so viewed by other Jews. Thus, even though Judaism as a religion receives considerable treatment in this book, it is by no means its exclusive topic. The relationship of Judaism to Darwinism has heretofore remained relatively unexplored, principal attention being devoted in the media to the clash of evolutionary theory and Christianity, but since the latter springs direcdy from the Judaic tradition, the two encounters have much in common, albeit with a very considerable shift in emphasis. According to the 1990 National Jewish Population Survey, less than a quarter of those identified as Jewish agreed that "the Torah is the actual word of God." Even Orthodox and progressive Jews are far more accepting of Darwinism than are Christians. And while the Catholic Church has called for a dialogue between religion and science, there is no Jewish analogue. As for the debate over creationism, now rechristened "intelligent design," most Jews have opposed what they see as an intrusion of the state into religion, but there have been numerous Jewish attempts to argue the compatibility of Genesis and science (see below). Nevertheless, once all the debaters have had their say, the audience will have to recognize the difficulties inherent in any attempts to reconcile the two worldviews: The Darwinian picture of the natural world denies traditional concepts of creation. Instead of being designed and created by God in its present form, the natural world, including all species, are products of a long process of natural selection. Darwinism not only provides a scientific explanation of the development of species; it also undermines the religious concept of divine providential guidance. As Catholic theologian John F. Haught has observed, Darwinism creates several critical problems for religion. First, it shows that all living beings share a common ancestry and are historically and organically interconnected. Therefore, the ontological discontinuity between humanity and the rest of creation, which was a central feature of Jewish and Christian theology, no longer exists. In addition, Darwinism challenges the traditional religious picture of the universe as a hierarchy of distinct levels of being and meaning.... In addition, Haught argues that many recent interpreters of Darwinism also see no qualitative distinctions between life and nonlife. Life arises from dead matter as a result of the laws of physics and chemistry... Finally, some theologians and scientists argue that the theory of natural selections asserts that the variety of life in the natural world is a product of completely random forces undirected by any intelligent agency or providential designer. The struggle for life and the survival of the fittest imply that we live in an impersonal universe. …


Phase synchronisation in multichannel electroencephalography (EEG) is known as the manifestation of functional brain connectivity. Traditional phase synchronisation studies are mostly based on time average synchrony measures, and hence do not preserve the temporal evolution of the phase difference. Here we propose a new method to show the existence of a small set of unique phase synchronised patterns or 'states' in multi-channel EEG recordings, each 'state' being stable of the order of ms, from typical and pathological subjects during face perception tasks. The proposed methodology bridges the concepts of EEG microstates and phase synchronisation in the time and frequency domain, respectively. The analysis is reported for four groups of children including typical, autism spectrum disorder, low and high anxiety subjects—a total of 44. In all cases, we observe consistent existence of these states—termed as synchrostates—within specific cognition-related frequency bands (beta and gamma bands), though the topographies of these synchrostates differ for different subject groups with different pathological conditions. The inter-synchrostate switching follows a well-defined sequence capturing the underlying inter-electrode phase relation dynamics in a stimulus- and person-centric manner. Our study is motivated by the well-known EEG microstate exhibiting stable potential maps over the scalp. However, here we report a similar observation of quasi-stable phase synchronised states in multichannel EEG. The existence of the synchrostates coupled with their unique switching sequence characteristics could be considered as a potentially new field over contemporary EEG phase synchronisation studies.


We studied the photosynthetic acclimatization of two populations of Asparagopsis taxiformis from two biogeographic regions (Santa Catalina Island, California, and Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii) in two seasons. We compared thermal variability between locations and estimated the environmental optima and tolerance limits of photosynthesis to understand the relationship between phenotypic plasticity and thermal variability at each location. Photosynthetic performance was assessed using oxygen evolution and pulsed amplitude modulated fluorometry to quantify responses to thermal variation. A. taxiformis from both locations had similar high temperature tolerances for maximum net photosynthesis (Pnetmax) and maximum relative electron transport rate rETRmax (~30°C), but different cold temperature tolerances. Respiration rates from both locations (summer and winter) always increased above 25°C. Chlorophyll fluorescence yield from dark‐adapted samples from both locations decreased at warmer temperatures in the winter and at colder temperatures during the summer. Populations exposed to greater thermal variability (across both short and long time scales) displayed greater capacity for photosynthetic acclimatization. A. taxiformis from California showed seasonal changes in photosynthetic performance within the environmental temperature range (14–21°C), whereas individuals from Hawaii did not. The narrower temperature tolerance (short‐term response) of subtropical Asparagopsis may make it more susceptible than temperate populations to the predicted increases in global sea surface temperatures. Acclimatization of photosynthesis may play an important role in enabling A. taxiformis to respond to a variable environment and to persist in different biogeographic regions.


A least square dynamically constrained inversion algorithm (DCIA) is developed for monitoring open ocean eddies in the regions, where open boundaries are the major sources of model forecast uncertainties on time scales larger than one week. We employ a finite-difference quasigeostrophic numerical model to constrain evolution of the ocean state. The inversion algorithm is based upon minimization of a quadratic cost function in the space of initial and boundary conditions for quasigeostrophic equations. The problem is regularized by enforcing smoothness in the fields of vorticity, buoyancy, and vertical velocity. We demonstrate that quasigeostrophic currents in an open ocean 1000 × 1000 km region can be effectively reconstructed using acoustic tomography and satellite altimetry data supported by additional sources of information. Performance of the algorithm is tested in the framework of twin-data experiments and then applied to the real observations. The analyzed observations span over the period of two months and include (i) direct and differential acoustic travel times measured at the array of five acoustic transceivers; (ii) satellite sea surface height measurements; (iii) vertical density profiles, and (iv) current velocities observed by the ship-borne acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP). We discuss interpolation properties of the travel time operators, study the impact of various data types on the quality of inversion, and compare performance of the proposed algorithm with the standard least square inversion of the acoustic travel times.


SUMMARY

A debate has raged over whether fixed material and geometrical heterogeneities, or alternatively dynamic stress heterogeneities, arising through frictional instabilities dominate earthquake complexity. It may also be that both types of heterogeneities interact and are important. This paper makes a first step in examining this interaction, combining two previously separate lines of research. One line examined friction, which has attractors (the subset of the phase space that the system evolves towards in the long run) on homogeneous faults, which are simple, and then added fixed heterogeneities to the faults to obtain complex attractors. Another line examined frictions, which produced complex attractors on homogeneous faults. Here, we examine frictions, which produce complex attractors on homogeneous faults, and study them on heterogeneous faults, in order to study the interaction of dynamic stress heterogeneities and fixed fault heterogeneities. We consider two types of fixed heterogeneities: an additive noise and a multiplicative noise to the frictional strength of the fault. Because of the linearity of the bulk elastodynamics, the attractor is unaffected by additive fixed noise in the strength of the fault: adding an arbitrary function of space, fixed in time, to the friction leaves the resulting attractor unchanged. In contrast, multiplicative fixed noise multiplying the friction can have a profound effect on the resulting attractor. In the small multiplicative noise amplitude limit, the frictional weakening attractor is little perturbed; at finite amplitudes, fixed heterogeneities substantially alter the attractor. We see, as one consequence, a shift toward longer length events at larger amplitudes. Fixed heterogeneities are seen to reduce the irregularities created by the frictional instability we study, but by no means destroy them. We quantify this by examining a measure of variability of the importance in hazard estimates, the coefficient of variation of large event recurrence times. The coefficient of variation is seen to remain substantial even for large fixed heterogeneities. For friction that weakens with time, so the underlying uniform fault attractor is simple, fixed heterogeneities increase irregularity. For all frictions examined, at low fixed heterogeneity the stress concentrations left over by the ends of the large events dominate where most of the small events occur, while at higher heterogeneity the stress irregularities left over by fixed fault heterogeneities begin to dominate where the small events occur. This may be the strongest signature of fixed heterogeneities, and should be examined further in the Earth. Finally, in what may have important implications for more sophisticated estimates of earthquake hazard, we see a correlation of locations with lower strength drop having higher variation in large event repeat times.


The purpose of the research was to examine the role of analogical reasoning in children's early reading and addition and to look for possible commonalities in children's performance across these two educational contexts. The research comprised four studies. Study I was a preliminary investigation of individual differences in children's use of analogies in beginning reading. In this study, 55 five-to six year-old beginning readers were presented with the traditional clue word analogy task incorporating either real word or non-word test items. After the presentation of an initial clue word that was decoded for them, children were asked to read a series of related and unrelated target words. Distinct patterns of analogy emerged with regard to the children's ability to use different combinations of orthographic and phonological relations using cluster analysis. The findings illustrated the usefulness of identifying profiles of orthographic and phonological relations for characterising children's development in learning to read. Study 2 was designed to extend the findings from Study 1 by examining whether children's traditional analogical reasoning abilities, short-term memory and their reading related skills could provide some explanations for these patterns of individual differences in reasoning skills in beginning reading. The results of Study 2 supported those of Study 1 revealing distinct patterns in children's use of orthographic and phonological relations. Although single word reading and early phonological knowledge were systematically related to these different patterns of analogy, measures of traditional analogical reasoning skill were unable to account for differences in children's profiles. The purpose of Study 3 was to systematically explore the possibility that analogies are important for children's addition. In this study, 66 five-to-seven year-olds were given an addition-based analogy task designed to assess their ability to solve series of addition problems that were either conceptually related or unrelated to a solved addition problem. Similar to Study 2, children also solved a series of traditional analogical reasoning tasks, designed to assess their ability to solve analogies based on thematic, causal and visual relations. The results indicated that children's use of analogy to solve commuted addition problems was systematically related to their profiles of addition problem solving skills, although no relation was found between children's use of addition analogy and traditional analogical reasoning tasks. In Study 4,69 five-to-six year-olds were given a revised version of the reading and addition analogy tasks presented in Studies 2 and 3 to examine possible similarities in children's analogical reasoning skills across the two domains. Individual self-reports of strategies showed that the children relied on a wide repertoire of strategies for solving related analogy problems in reading and addition. Furthermore, children's patterns of responses to solving analogical problems indicated that most children who reported using analogy strategies in early reading had high levels of analogical reasoning in addition. The findings suggest that there may be a common analogical reasoning component underlying the two domains of reading and mathematics. Overall, the four studies suggest that children's ability to reason about conceptual relations are an important aspect of their development in reading and addition and that the study of analogical reasoning across different educational contexts can provide important insights into children's cognitive development.


The sixth Lyell meeting of the Geological Society was held on 13 February 1992. Major themes included advances in the study of trace fossils with emphasis on ichnofabrics, and the use of skeletal accumulations (shell and bone beds), both in elucidating environmental change, and in sequence stratigraphy. Of the 12 papers read at the meeting, seven are published in this thematic set. The papers presented cover topics which Lyell did not himself discuss at any length, with the exception of his classic study on the Temple at Puzzuoli. Nevertheless the theme of the meeting was aptly expressed by him: 'Arrangements of fossils in strata: Each stratum in fact however far it may now lie beneath the surface was once in the state of shingle, loose sand or soft mud at the bottom of the sea, in which shells and other bodies easily became enveloped. By attending to the nature of these remains we are often enabled to determine whether deposition was slow or rapid, whether it took place in a deep or shallow sea, near the shore or far from land, and whether the water was salt, brackish or fresh' (Elements of Geology, Chapter 3). As well as honouring Lyell it was befitting to remember Robert W. Frey (University of Georgia, Athens) who died on 1 January 1992 following a long fight against cancer. Much of his considerable research output was directly in the fields covered at the meeting. Over the past 20 years he pioneered the study of animal-sediment


As cities compete globally, the Smart City has been touted as the important new strategic driver for regeneration and growth. Smart Cities are employing information and communication technologies in the quest for sustainable economic development and the fostering of new forms of collective life. This has made the Smart City an essential focus for engineers, architects, urban designers, urban planners, and politicians, as well as businesses such as CISCO, IBM and Siemens. Despite its broad appeal, few comprehensive books have been devoted to the subject so far, and even fewer have tried to relate it to cultural issues and to assume a truly critical stance by trying to decipher its consequences on urban space and experience. This cultural and critical lens is all the more important as the Smart City is as much an ideal permeated by Utopian beliefs as a concrete process of urban transformation. This ideal possesses a strong self-fulfi lling character: our cities will become 'Smart' because we want them to. This book opens with an examination of the technological reality on which Smart Cities are built, from the chips and sensors that enable us to monitor what happens within the infrastructure to the smartphones that connect individuals. Through these technologies, the urban space appears as activated, almost sentient. This activation generates two contrasting visions: on the one hand, a neo-cybernetic ambition to steer the city in the most effi cient way; and on the other, a more bottom-up, participative approach in which empowered individuals invent new modes of cooperation. A thorough analysis of these two trends reveals them to be complementary. The Smart City of the near future will result from their mutual adjustment. In this process, urban space plays a decisive role. Smart Cities are contemporary with a 'spatial turn' of the digital. Based on key technological developments like geo-localisation and augmented reality, the rising importance of space explains the strategic role of mapping in the evolution of the urban experience. Throughout this exploration of some of the key dimensions of the Smart City, this book constantly moves from the technological to the spatial as well as from a critical assessment of existing experiments to speculations on the rise of a new form of collective intelligence. In the future, cities will become smarter in a much more literal way than what is often currently assumed.


Since the National Association of Environmental Professionals (NAEP) struggled with academic certification – and with the development of academic programmes of excellence – there has been recent activity by the Council of Environmental Deans and Directors (CEDD) on curriculum design and by the IEA sponsored 'Daytona Roundtable' on transdisciplinary programme recognition. It is the author's position that we need a model process for self-study and external review that can be utilised by environmental studies programmes across the country and possibly internationally. This same process could be 'blessed' by academic and/or professional organisations, specifically in terms of outcomes and professional skill development objectives. Thus, instead of a rigid certification process, we could have a framework, which meets the needs of professional as well as academic programme external review. Recent experiences with a review of a number of environmental studies/environmental science programmes will be discussed as examples for this process.


The second-dip recession in Europe's periphery has created a poisonous mix, which risks threatening further the financial system and the economy. Against this background, this ECRI Commentary argues that time matters in the household deleveraging cycle and that a swift recovery is one of its most vital parts. The paper also assesses the extent to which self-feeding phenomena related to household debt have already materialised and evaluates the risks for countries that have so far been spared their full effects. It also offers a theoretical policy response towards a more sustainable household credit sector and overall economic recovery.


Ramping up a manufacturing system from being just assembled to full-volume production capacity is a time consuming and error-prone task. The full behaviour of a system is difficult to predict in advance and disruptions that need to be resolved until the required performance targets are reached occur often. Information about the experienced faults and issues might be recorded, but usually, no record of decisions concerning necessary physical and process adjustments are kept. Having these data could help to uncover significant insights into the ramp-up process that could reduce the effort needed to bring the system to its mandatory state. This paper proposes Natural Language Processing (NLP) to interpret human operator comments collected during ramp-up. Recurring patterns in their feedback could be used to gain a deeper understanding of the cause and effect relationship between the system state and the corrective action that an operator applied. A manual dispensing experiment was conducted where human assessments in form of unstructured free-form text were gathered. These data have been used as an input for initial NLP analysis and preliminary results using the NLTK library are presented. Outcomes show first insights into the topics participants considered and lead to valuable knowledge to learn from this experience for the future.


We consider the multivariate generating series $F_P$ of $P$-partitions in infinitely many variables $x_1, x_2 , \dots$. For some family of ranked posets $P$, it is natural to consider an analog $N_P$ with two infinite alphabets. When we collapse these two alphabets, we trivially recover $F_P$. Our main result is the converse, that is, the explicit construction of a map sending back $F_P$ onto $N_P$. We also give a noncommutative analog of the latter. An application is the construction of a basis of WQSym with a non-negative multiplication table, which lifts a basis of QSym introduced by K. Luoto.


This Article contributes to the ongoing conversation about privacy on social network sites. Adopting Facebook as its primary example, it reviews behavioral data and case studies of privacy problems in an attempt to understand user experiences. The Article fills a crucial gap in the literature by conducting the first extensive analysis of the informational and decisional environment of Facebook. Privacy and the environment are inextricably linked: the practice of the former depends upon the dynamics and heuristics of the latter.The Article argues that there is an environmental element to the Facebook privacy problem. Data flow differently on Facebook than in the physical world, and the architectural heuristics of privacy are absent or misleading. This counterintuitive informational environment waylays privacy practices, opens a gulf between expectation and outcome, causes a crisis in self-presentation, and facilitates what Professor Helen Nissenbaum calls a loss of contextual integrity.The Article explores possible interventions. It explains how regulatory solutions and market forces are themselves hindered by the the deficient privacy environment of Facebook and can't solve all of its problems. This Article recommends renovating the design of Facebook to privilege privacy practices and proposes specific interventions drawn from the computer science and behavioral economics literature. It concludes with a message of cautious optimism for the emerging coalition of engineers, academics, and practitioners who care about privacy on networked publics.


Art and Museum Review / Compte rendu d'expositionEvolving Planet: Constructing the Culture of Science at Chicago's Field MuseumThe recent resurgence of the debate in the United States and northern Quebec between evolutionists and creationists reminds us that there is still disagreement on who or what is the prime mover of life on Earth. I propose to explore a specific site of production for evolutionary discourse-that of the public museum. Long understood as instruments in the creation of nations and citizens, museums are sites for the creation of culture. With Evolving Planet, the Field Museum reinforces a particular culture of modern, Western science as the only epistemology for understanding life on Earth.In early March 2006, the Field Museum in Chicago opened its newly renovated permanent exhibit on evolution entitled Evolving Planet Planning for the $17 million exhibit began in 2001 when in-house evaluations revealed that Life Over Time, the exhibit that Evolving Planet replaces, was failing to communicate the message that all life on Earth is connected through the cumulative processes of evolution (Tubutis 2005: 18). In preparing for the renovations, the Museum had several objectives, which included reporting recent advances in evolutionary theory, highlighting its fossil collections and providing a context for Sue, the recently acquired Tyrannosaurus rex that resides in the Stanley Field Hall on the ground floor. The Field Museum tells the story of evolution through the tried-and-true walk-through-time design, unlike some institutions that present evolution more thematically-for example, the recent Darwin exhibit at the American Museum of Natural History (see also Rufolo, 1999). But not to be restricted by the geologic time-scale, Evolving Planet divides the journey into six colour-coded phases that cross-cut and combine some geologic divisions.If, as L.E Hartley claims, the past is a foreign country, then the geologic past presented in Evolving Planet is a different world. Indeed, we might more readily identify the volcanic terrain and 50°C temperatures of the Precambrian eon with Mars than with the ancient history of Earth. When presenting the Earth's deep history, one challenge for museum professionals is to make its foreignness familiar to visitors. With Evolving Planet, the Field Museum takes this challenge one step further in attempting to allow visitors to experience the unexperienceable. Through a combination of fossil specimens, digital animations, artistic illustrations, three-dimensional models and video presentations, Evolving Planet creates spaces in which visitors are meant, not only to observe, but also to experience 4.5 billion years of life on planet Earth.Walking into the first phase, which is devoted to the Precambrian, it becomes clear that Evolving Planet will be a multisensory experience. The Precambrian is cast in the orangered of Paleozoic lava. Visitors see an illustration of, what appears to be, a typical landscape for this eon-a sea of indeterminate liquid punctuated by steaming volcanoes. Sinusoidal light effects cast shimmering ripples on the exhibit walls. We hear the ambient sounds of harsh winds, presumably whipping down through the scattered landforms. The accompanying text panel warns visitors that the atmospheric cocktail of carbon dioxide, nitrogen and water vapour would have made the Precambrian air unbreathable. Yet the artistic interpretation of the landscape implies a human perspective. We, the visitors, could be standing atop a distant volcano taking in the literally breathtaking view of the Precambrian ooze.The "you-are-here" provocations continue with other audio-visual features of Evolving Planet Each phase has its own particular colour scheme and soundscape, allowing visitors to sense sights, sounds and even some of the textures that have been extinct for millennia. Visitors entering the Cambrian period, for example, face three large screens that display the digital animation of a sea teeming with awe-inspiring life (photo 1). …


Recent estimates of the rotation between Nubia and Somalia have resulted in disparate poles of rotation for the motion since 3.16 Ma (southwest of South Africa) compared with that since 11.03 Ma (near the east tip of Brazil). Here we use magnetic anomaly profiles unavailable in prior Nubia-Antarctica motion studies to significantly revise the estimate of the rotation between Nubia and Antarctica since 11.03 Ma. We use this newly estimated rotation to construct revised estimates of Nubia-Somalia, Pacific–North America, and India-Eurasia motion. The new Nubia-Somalia rotation indicates substantial displacement of Somalia relative to Nubia over the past 11.03 m.y.: 129 ± 62 km extensional, 90 ± 42 km right-lateral transtensional, and 52 ± 21 km right-lateral transtensional near the northern extremity of the East African Rift, the northern Mozambique Basin, and the Andrew Bain Fracture Zone complex, respectively. The substantial rotation between Nubia and Somalia implies that prior plate motion estimates based on a circuit through Africa are biased by 60–85 km at 11.03 Ma and perhaps by much more for earlier reconstructions. Our results imply that India-Eurasia motion since 11.03 Ma has been ∼12% (∼5 mm yr−1) slower than, and ∼20° clockwise of, estimates that neglect Nubia-Somalia motion. Our results further imply that Pacific–North America displacement since 11.03 Ma has been 5°–10° clockwise of prior estimates and require 58–75 km less extensional displacement across the Basin and Range since 11.03 Ma than inferred before.


Unique fundamentals and severe uncertainty in the junior-mining-sector ( JMS) make valuing JMS ventures problematic. However, potentially enormous returns draw many investors into the JMS. While financialinstrument-pricing theory suggests that accounting values/ratios should have little influence on JMS-firm outcomes, this study's simple OLS and Panel-data findings show strong correlation between those variables and JMS-firm-share prices. After discounting market failure, it is conjectured that JMS nonfinancial factors, share prices and accounting values are co-determined in a simultaneous relationship that is obscurely linked to outcomes. The notions uncovered in this study should greatly interest academics and business sector participants.


In the new product development (NPD) organisation at a Swedish company making high-technology products, some problems were recognised. Development of very deep core competencies was vital to the company. This required an organisation of strong monodisciplinary competence groups. The product complexity resulted in many such groups of different competencies. This caused problems for the project management to coordinate the different resources. Another problem area was the need for extensive communication for external, cross-functional, and internal cooperation to achieve fast time to market of matured products of the right quality. The situation is structured into time aspects and 'living' systems components. The Resource Box model is applied to the NPD process for structuring it into information axes. Examples are provided of the Resource Boxes as an informatics tool. Management by informatics is defined by its components in perspectives of individuals, organisation, and communication technology.


In this volume, William K. Rawlins traces and investigates the varieties, tensions, and functions of friendship for males and females throughout the life course: how they are managed communicatively, and how they infl uence and refl ect their participants' continually evolving senses of self, relationships, and community. He argues that friendship inherently involves certain dialectical tensions within the larger culture, between friends, and within and across the stages of the life cycle. He also examines notions and meanings of friendship: ethical, civic, romantic, utilitarian, and mundane.


Voluntary certification schemes have grown in popularity since the late 1980s. Today, a large number of consumer items from coffee and chocolate to oil palm and soya products carry labels that supposedly attest their contribution to promoting fair trade or a reduction of negative environmental impacts. Many printed books, magazines and other paper products carry a label promising 'environmentally appropriate, socially beneficial and economically viable' management of the tree plantations that deliver the raw material for the pulp and paper from which these products are made. This article explores the role that one such voluntary certification scheme used by the pulp and paper sector plays in maintaining ecologically unequal exchange. Would ecologically unequal exchange in a certified product cease to exist if the voluntary certification schemes available for pulp and paper products were to become the norm, instead of just catering to a niche market? If the answer to that hypothetical question is 'no' – which it is – then the question that arises is: what role does the voluntary certification scheme play in upholding ecologically unequal exchange? This article explores the role of one particular voluntary certification scheme – by the Forest Stewardship Council – in maintaining ecologically unequal exchange in the trade of pulp products between industrialised countries with a relatively high per-capital consumption of pulp and paper products and the global South, in this case Brazil. It shows how, from the perspective of communities who bear the ecological, social and economic cost of industrial tree plantations and who oppose further expansion of these plantations, voluntary certification schemes have (inadvertently?) helped tilt the balance of power even further in favour of corporate interests for expansion. An unacknowledged imbalance of power between corporations and the certification schemes, on the one hand, and communities and their allies, on the other, has become manifest and aids further expansion of industrial tree plantations for production of pulp for export, thus contributing to maintaining ecologically unequal exchange. Key words: certification; commodity chains; conflicts; consumption; ecologically unequal exchange; environmental justice; Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), industrial tree plantations; pulp and paper; resistance struggles


This paper is about the development of an outcomes‐based treatment approach in work with traumatized children and of an assessment model to measure progress. In particular, it shows how a spider diagram is used to give a powerful, visual representation of a child's progress. The work described has been carried out by SACCS — an independent UK organization providing treatment based in residential and family settings for children who are severely traumatized by abuse and neglect. This trauma has had a massive impact on their development socially, physically, emotionally, academically and spiritually. The children have complex needs which are extremely difficult to work with. However, the potential for recovery from their injuries remains. I will use a single case study of a child to illustrate the process of assessment and measurement of recovery. The treatment approach used is broadly psychodynamic. The concept of an outcomes‐based approach and the measurement tool described also has widespread relevance in social care.


Abstract The Soviet Union responded sceptically to Eisenhower's 'Atoms for Peace' speech in December 1953 but eventually entered negotiations on the creation of the International Atomic Energy Agency. It believed the IAEA would provide opportunities for political influence and scientific collaboration. It did not want the peaceful uses of atomic energy around the world to be dominated by the United States. It pressed for close ties between the new agency and the United Nations and supported India and other developing countries in their opposition to safeguards. The new Agency was to be a forum for competition as well as cooperation.


In the current global socio-economic development corporate success emphasizes social benefits in addition to financial profit gains brought by entrepreneurial actions (Wilenius & Kurki, 2015; Tracey & Phillips, 2007; Driver, 2012). Social entrepreneurship education is both a new territory in higher education and a rapidly growing field for research (Jones, Warner, & Kiser, 2010; Higgins, Smith, & Mirza, 2013). With more than 148 institutions worldwide teaching about social entrepreneurship, social entrepreneurship education (SEE) is moving from a wave of growth into a wave of innovation (Brock & Kim, 2011). Educators are expected to take responsibility for SEE by cultivating innovative ways of thinking and modes of pedagogy (Higgins, Smith, & Mirza, 2013). In this thesis I theorize educator professionalization based on a self-study of my practice in SEE curriculum development. This project accounts for the start one of the first post-graduate programmes in social entrepreneurship in Brazil. I participated in this project in 2015 as an undergraduate student of educational sciences in the University of Oulu, Finland. Integrating the grounded theory methodology (GTM) and self-study of practice (SSP), I examined data generated during the ten months of social entrepreneurship curriculum development. As a self-study I share my understanding of how SEE curriculum development may contribute to educator professionalization. From a GTM perspective this study contributes to the knowledge basis in SEE by theorizing educator professionalization. Studies on professionalism and professionalization acknowledge work quality as directly influenced by the professional (Jóhannesson, 1996) Meanwhile the context for professional practice strongly influences professional development (Vanassche & Kelchtermans, 2015a). Such reciprocity is confirmed by my theorizing in this study. Furthermore, reflection is examined as a practice in professional development (Schön, 1983; Kalet et al., 2007; Rué, Font, & Cebrián, 2013), and particularly in educator professionalization (Cautreels, 2003; Gillentine, 2006). Extant literature on cosmopolitanism (Josephides, 2000; Mikhaylov & Fierro, 2015; Smith & Jenkins, 2011), reflexivity (Sandywell, 1996; Vertovec & Cohen, 2002), and compassion (Miller, Wesley, & Williams, 2012; Neff & Vonk, 2009) are utilized to increase the scope of the theory I generate via this study. This study contributes to SEE in two ways. First, the self-study of practice illustrates how challenges for SEE (Miller et al., 2012; Sinha et al., 2014; Tracey & Phillips, 2007) are encountered in curriculum development. Secondly, the grounded theory in this study offers directions for future research in educator professionalization in the field of social entrepreneurship education.


The approximative formula for the far-field diffraction of a Gaussian beam through a circular aperture is obtained by using the superposition of Gaussian beams instead of the aperture function, and the explicit expression for calculating the beam divergence is also gained. Using the formula, the influences of the aberrations on the far-field wavefront and the beam's divergence are researched, and the results show that the large aberrations badly affect the far-field wavefront and the divergence. It is suggested that the aberrations and the diffractions should be avoided when designing the transmitter.


Summary.  With a large number of variables measuring different aspects of a same theme, we would like to summarize the information in a limited number of components, i.e. linear combinations of the original variables. Among linear dimension reduction techniques, principal component analysis is optimal in at least two ways: principal components extract the maximum of the variability of the original variables, and they are uncorrelated. Unfortunately, they are often difficult to interpret. Moreover, in most applications, only the first principal component is a 'block component', the remaining components being 'difference components' which are also more difficult to interpret. The goal of simple component analysis is to replace (or to supplement) principal components with suboptimal but better interpretable 'simple components'. We propose a fast algorithm which seeks the optimal system of components under constraints of simplicity. Thus, in contrast with other techniques like 'varimax', this approach always provides a simple solution. The optimal simple system is suboptimal compared with principal components: less variability is extracted and components are correlated. However, if the loss of extracted variability is small, and correlations between components are low, it might be advantageous for practical use. Moreover, our concept of simplicity allows the system to have more than one block component, which also facilitates interpretation. Simplicity is not a guarantee for interpretability. With the help of our algorithm, the user can partly modify an optimal simple system of components to enhance interpretability. In this respect, the ultimate goal of simple component analysis is not to propose a method that leads automatically to a unique solution, but rather to develop tools for assisting the user in his or her choice of an interpretable solution. Finally, we argue that simple components may also make the task of choosing the dimension easier. The methodology is illustrated with a test battery to study the development of neuromotor functions in children and adolescents.


*The following article was published in the paper version of our journal Vol. XII , Num. 3, dec., 2012. Nevertheless, due to its substantial interest we decided to reproduce it in our digital and open access edition. Background: Diploma Supplement (DS) is a document intended as a supplement to the Diploma awarded by the institution which has scheduled a training process and that characterizes in detail the core competencies and core curriculum derived achieved by the learner. Also called Syllabus, is a description of the study plan. Aim: The purpose of our work is to write up the Diploma Supplement of Master's Degree course in Healthcare Professions for Rehabilitation in the Faculty of Medicine, University of study of Milan. Methods: According to Italian legislation, the DS can be written in Italian and other European language and is composed of different sections with personal study plan and teaching date. Additional informations can also be conteined. Discussion: The DS has been a preliminary laborious work of collection, sorting and organization of general and specific learning objectives and teaching content of the course curriculum to complement the objectives of the course study of job opportunities and the characteristics of the studies with the aim of enhancing the acquired curriculum and encourage the academic recognition in other countries. We have possible future purposes to improve and implement the document. Conclusion: In conclusion it seems to say that as a course of study and attention placed on the student with the Diploma Supplement are in line with national and European policies.


BACKGROUND
GPs are under increasing pressure due to a lack of resources, a diminishing workforce, and rising patient demand. As a result, they may feel stressed, burnt out, anxious, or depressed.

AIM
To establish what might help or hinder GPs experiencing mental distress as they consider seeking help for their symptoms, and to explore potential survival strategies.

DESIGN AND SETTING
The authors recruited 47 GP participants via e-mails to doctors attending a specialist service, adverts to local medical committees (LMCs) nationally and in GP publications, social media, and snowballing. Participants self-identified as either currently living with mental distress, returning to work following treatment, off sick or retired early as a result of mental distress, or without experience of mental distress. Interviews were conducted face to face or over the telephone.

METHOD
Transcripts were uploaded to NVivo 11 and analysed using thematic analysis.

RESULTS
Barriers and facilitators were related to work, stigma, and symptoms. Specifically, GPs discussed feeling a need to attend work, the stigma surrounding mental ill health, and issues around time, confidentiality, and privacy. Participants also reported difficulties accessing good-quality treatment. GPs also talked about cutting down or varying work content, or asserting boundaries to protect themselves.

CONCLUSION
Systemic changes, such as further information about specialist services designed to help GPs, are needed to support individual GPs and protect the profession from further damage.


Whilst trust is an increasingly popular subject amongst management scholars, very few scholars have attempted to address the public-business trust relationship. However, it is the loss of public trust in business (and the need to restore it) which appears to be of the most concern in practice. This paper discusses the perspective of a group of experienced business consultants on factors that drive public trust in a business organisation and examines the causal structure of these drivers in order to determine public trust. The focus group design was influenced by group model building practices. The key insights include how they perceive the importance of competence over characters, how they identify trust drivers, and how they perceive the interplays between trust drivers, trustworthiness dimensions and the moderating factors. A causal loop diagram is used to map the key insights into a conceptual model.