Ageing is characterised by a reduction in physical reserve, the physiological capacity in excess of that needed for daily activities, that provides a margin of safety that absorbs age- or disease-related changes without a loss in function. When physical capacity falls below the ability required for the performance of daily tasks, functional limitations and a loss of independence may occur. Approximately 20% of people between 65 and 75 years of age report problems with activities of daily living (ADLs), a proportion which increases to 48% in people older than 85.
Exercise studies and exercise promotion for older adults offer the potential for improving the performance of daily activities and quality of life. However, the results of current exercise programmes are limited and inconsistent. The University Medical Center (UMC) Utrecht developed an exercise programme focusing on functional tasks of everyday life, tasks that are affected early in the ageing process. The aim of the studies described in this thesis was to study the difference in effect between functional tasks exercises and resistance strength exercises on the physical functional performance and health-related quality of life of older community-dwelling women.
A pilot study with 24 community-dwelling, medically stable women (mean age 74.6 ?4.8) demonstrated that both exercise programmes were feasible and well tolerated by women over the age of 70 years and living in the community.
Ninety-eight healthy women aged 70 and older were randomly assigned to either the function group (n = 33), the resistance group (n = 34) or a control group (n = 31). Participants attended exercise classes three times a week for 12 weeks. Functional task performance (ADAP test), isometric knee extensor strength (IKES), handgrip strength, isometric elbow flexor strength (IEFS) and leg extension power were measured at baseline, at the end of training (at 3 months) and 6 months after the end of training (at 9 months). The ADAP assessment of daily activity performance (ADAP) test includes 16 common tasks, such as transferring laundry and boarding a bus, performed at maximal effort. proved to be reliable and valid for measuring the performance of daily activities by community-dwelling older women.
The ADAP total score increased more in the function group than in the resistance group or the control group. The ADAP total score of the resistance group did not change compared with the control group. In contrast, IKES and IEFS increased significantly in the resistance group compared with the function group and the control group. Six months after the end of training, the increase in ADAP scores were sustained in the function group, whereas the strength gains of the resistance group had disappeared. Physical activity scores demonstrated that functional tasks exercises may positively influence daily habits more than resistance training, which means that older individuals may continue exercising and thus maintain the effects of exercise. Functional tasks exercises are more effective in improving physical functional performance than common resistance strength exercises and the effects are preserved for longer than the gain in muscle strength achieved with resistance exercises.


An anthology of Great War short stories by British writers, both famous and lesser-known authors, men and women, during the war and after its end. These stories are able to illustrate the impact of the Great War on British society and culture and the many modes in which short fiction contributed to the war's literature. The selection covers different periods: the war years themselves, the famous boom years of the late 1920s to the more recent past in which the First World War has received new cultural interest.


Effective Internet measurement raises daunting issues for the research community and funding agencies. Improved understanding of the structure and dynamics of Internet topology, routing, workload, performance, and vulnerabilities remains disturbingly elusive, in part for lack of realistic and representative datasets available to scientific researchers. The dearth is understandable; measurement of operational Internet infrastructure involves managing more complex and interconnected dimensions than measurement in most scientific disciplines: logistical, financial, methodological, technical, legal, and ethical. CAIDA has been navigating these challenges with modest success for fifteen years, collecting, coordinating, curating, and sharing data sets for the Internet research and operational community in support of Internet science. Our three current biggest challenges which we hope to explore at the workshop are: sustainable collection, curation, and storage of large volumes of data; privacy-respecting sharing; and long-term archiving for reproducibility.


Following the 2007-09 financial crisis, mainstream finance theory was criticized for failing to forecast the market crash, which resulted in large losses for investors. Has our finance theory, which many consider an idealization that does not take reality into account, failed investors? Do we need to reconsider the theory and how it is taught (and practiced)? This book explores current critiques of mainstream theory and discusses implications for the curricula of finance programs as well as for practitioners. In so doing, the authors integrate a review of the literature supported by conversations with finance professors, asset managers, and other market players.


Sedimentary exhalative (SEDEX) Zn-Pb-sulfi de mineralization fi rst occurred on a large scale during the late Paleoproterozoic. Metal sulfi des in most Proterozoic deposits have yielded broad ranges of predominantly positive d34S values traditionally attributed to bacterial sulfate reduction. Heavy isotopic signatures are often ascribed to fractionation within closed or partly closed local reservoirs isolated from the global ocean by rifting before, during, and after the formation of Rodinia. Although such conditions likely played a central role, we argue here that the fi rst appearance of signifi cant SEDEX mineralization during the Proterozoic and the isotopic properties of those deposits are also strongly coupled to temporal evolution of the amount of sulfate in seawater.
The ubiquity of 34S-enriched sulfi de in ore bodies and shales and the widespread stratigraphic patterns of rapid d34S variability expressed in both sulfate and sulfi de data are among the principal evidence for global seawater sulfate that was increasing during the Proterozoic but remained substantially lower than today. Because sulfate is produced mostly through weathering of the continents in the presence of oxygen, low Proterozoic concentrations imply that levels of atmospheric oxygen fell between the abundances of the Phanerozoic and the defi ciencies of the Archean, which are also indicated by the Precambrian sulfur isotope record. Given the limited availability of atmospheric oxygen, deep-water anoxia may have persisted well into the Proterozoic in the presence of a growing sulfate reservoir, which promoted prevalent euxinia. Collectively, these observations suggest that the mid-Proterozoic maximum in SEDEX mineralization and the absence of Archean deposits refl ect a critical threshold in the accumulation of oceanic sulfate and thus sulfi de within anoxic bottom waters and pore fluids-conditions that favored both the production and preservation of sulfi de mineralization at or just below the seafl oor. Consistent with these evolving global conditions, the appearance of voluminous SEDEX mineralization ca. 1800 Ma coincides generally with the disappearance of banded iron formations-marking the transition from an early iron-dominated ocean to one more strongly influenced by sulfi de availability.
In further agreement with this conceptual model, Proterozoic SEDEX deposits in northern Australian formed from relatively oxidized fl uids that required reduced conditions at the site of mineralization. By contrast, the generally more oxygenated Phanerozoic ocean may have only locally and intermittently favored the formation and preservation of exhalative mineralization, and most Phanerozoic deposits formed from reduced fluids that carried some sulfide to the site of ore precipitation.


An account is given of ecological studies on the Southern Black-backed Gull Larus dominicanus Licht in which attention is directed to the structure and balance of the Wellington population. This population is large; in the 1963-64 season more than 5,600 pairs were breeding in the study area, and the peak non-breeding season population in 1964 exceeded 12,000 birds. Its growth has been closely associated with the increase of the human population, and the present distribution and dispersal of gulls is strongly influenced by the distribution of " artificial" feeding sites such as refuse tips and meatworks. The population is composed of breeding colonies, night roosting flocks and daily communal flocks which are inter-related by the social activities and dispersal of the birds. Thus the population is more or less integrated, rather than simply comprising discrete geographic units. Seasonal fluctuations in size and age composition of communal flocks are discussed. Breeding success varies between colonies. It is affected by mammalian predation in some, and by drowning in others, while the largest colonies are comparatively safe for breeding birds. The rapid growth of the whole population in the last five to 10 years appears to have some influence on nesting density, clutch size, spread of laying and overall breeding success. In recent years production of young has been twice that required to maintain the population which has grown at the rate of not less than 7.2% annually. Mortality of banded gulls inside and outside the colony is described and the influence of several factors on chick mortality examined. The principal factor limiting the population appears to be the food supply in relation to the number of birds. When numbers increase and the food supply diminishes, major regulation of the population is apparently achieved in the colony by predation (but not cannibalism) of young by adults. Dispersal of banded gulls from the Wellington colonies is very restricted.


This paper describes the validation of the window model of the free open-source Modelica Buildings library. This paper starts by describing the physical modeling assumptions of the window model. The window model can be used to calculate the thermal and angular properties of glazing systems. It can also be used for steady-state simulation of heat transfer mechanism in glazing systems. We present simulation results obtained by comparing the window model with WINDOW 6 the well established simulation tool for steady-state heat transfer in glazing systems. We also present results obtained by comparing the window model with measurements carried out in a test cell at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.


Context. Global Software Development is software work undertaken at geographically separated locations across national boundaries in a coordinated fashion involving real time or asynchronous interaction. Distributed Agile Development aims at the benefits of both Agile Software Development and Global Software Development aiding the distributed teams to overcome the challenges brought by the distribution. Objectives. In this study the author investigates whether a globally distributed company is prepared to be agile, determining hindrances for agile and providing recommendations to mitigate or overcome the detected hindrances. Methods. In this case study, surveys and interviews were used to study the hindrances for agile and literature was used to provide the recommendations towards the detected hindrances. Results. 4 hindrances were detected. Only 1 was justified as necessary for the good performance of the distributed company. Several recommendations to overcome the hindrances were proposed. Both hindrances and proposed solutions were validated by the company representative. Conclusions. We conclude that the studied individuals are willing to be agile. As agile is built bottom-up, the company is prepared to be agile. However, they will not be able to be agile until they overcome or mitigate the detected challenges. In the study, several solutions for it are proposed.


Conservatives have long tried to eviscerate federal administrative law by divining an implicit constitutional doctrine forbidding Congress to delegate its legislative powers. Contemporary originalists continue the effort, arguing that the original meaning of the Constitution includes this doctrine despite its absence from the document's text. In response, critics have begun to show that early American constitutional history and theory support contemporary administrative law either as a valid delegation of legislative power to the executive branch or as the executive branch executing a statutory directive (or both).

This Article expands on that response and critiques standard originalist arguments for a nondelegation doctrine. It demonstrates that early congressional statutes delegated federal powers to a broad group of actors including private experts acting alone, private experts acting with judicial or executive oversight, and non-federal authorities in addition to federal executive officials. Statutory guidance for exercising the delegated powers was nonexistent, aspirational, or limited to general restrictions. The delegations included areas demanding expertise or flexible decision-making and required the delegate to balance risks against economic costs. They addressed some of the most critical subjects for the nation's early government: race, shipping, and the public fisc.

A 1790 statute, for example, protected the health and safety of sailors on foreign voyages. It specified minimum requirements for the types, amounts, and storage of food and water for every sailor. It also provided that each American ship of a certain size and crew "shall be provided with a chest of medicines, put up by some apothecary of known reputation, and accompanied by directions for administering the same; and the said medicines shall be examined by the same or some other apothecary, once at least in every year, and supplied with fresh medicines in the place of such as shall have been used or spoiled."

Food, water, and medicines have costs, of course. Congress could have balanced the costs of medicines to shipowners against the risks to sailors of illness or death at sea. It could have specified minimum required medicines and their proper administration just as it did minimum provisions and their storage. But Congress did not. Instead, it delegated to unelected medical experts the power to evaluate risks and benefits and to impose obligations on private American shipowners without providing any guidance on the types of medicines to include or their administration.

The use of experts and administrative law are well within the Constitution's constraints on the federal government. Conservatives who oppose this exercise of federal power may always do so in Congress or through living constitutional arguments. But they cannot rely on history to claim that the "original meaning" of the Constitution includes a nondelegation doctrine.


We have proposed that visual narratives in comics are organized with a hierarchic narrative "grammar." Inspired by classic "click" studies of syntax, we inserted blank "disruption" panels Before, At, or After the constituent boundaries of comic strips. In self-paced viewing, Experiment 1 found that blanks After the boundary were viewed slower than Before or At the boundary. Panels immediately following blanks were slower than corresponding panels in sequences without blank panels, but only when placed Before or After the boundary. Three ordinal panel positions following the boundary, panels following blanks At the boundary or with No-Blanks were viewed faster than panels following blanks After or Before the boundary. This supports constituency because disruptions had greater impact within, as opposed to between, constituents. Using ERPs, Experiment 2 found a larger anterior negativity to blanks within constituents (Before/After) than between constituents (At). This indicates disruptions of constituents are recognized before reaching a subsequent panel. A larger P600 appeared to blanks After the boundary than in the first constituent (Before/At). This positivity may reflect a reanalysis reflecting the inability to integrate all prior panels into a single constituent, since they are divided by the constituent boundary.


Literature about Mesitiinae Kieffer, 1914 has not been treated extensively from a taxonomic viewpoint in comparison with other subfamilies in Bethylidae Latreille, 1802. Our research on species of Metrionotus Moczar, 1970, Clytrovorus Nagy, 1972 and Sulcomesitius Moczar, 1970 revealed a new hypopygium shape pattern, namely a 'star-shaped' hypopygium, which is characteristic of a new genus, Astromesitius gen. nov., with two new species Astromesitius thionyi gen. et sp. nov. and Astromesitius olavoi gen. et sp. nov. The descriptions of both new species are based on male specimens collected in Thailand and the United Arab Emirates. Astromesitius quatei (Moczar, 1977) gen. et comb. nov. is designated as type species for the new genus, which is erected for a total of seven species. The main diagnostic characteristics are the head longer than wide; a clypeus with a median lobe quadrate; an antenna with distinct long setae, with pedicel caliciform, and with flagellomeres long and caliciform; pronotum and anteromesoscutum with longitudinal sulcus indistinct or absent; metapectal-propodeal complex with posterior projection hardly distinct or absent; hypopygium star-shaped; genitalia with aedeagus slender and fusiform.


Abstract In Western operations in Afghanistan, small European powers escalate in different ways. While Denmark and the Netherlands have contributed to Western escalation through integration with British and US forces, Norway and Sweden have done so by creating a division of labour allowing US and British combat forces to concentrate their efforts in the south. These variations in strategic behaviour suggest that the strategic choice of small powers is more diversified than usually assumed. We argue that strategic culture can explain the variation in strategic behaviour of the small allies in Afghanistan. In particular, Dutch and Danish internationalism have reconciled the use of force in the national and international domains, while in Sweden and Norway there is still a sharp distinction between national interest and humanitarianism.


In recent years, soft computing (SC) techniques have been widely used in the analysis of vapour compression refrigeration system (VCR). Soft computing is becoming useful as an alternate approach to conventional techniques. Soft computing differs from conventional (hard) computing in that; it is tolerant of imprecision, uncertainty, Partial truth and approximation. The techniques are evolutionary computing such as Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and Fuzzy Logic (FL) each technique can be used separately, but a powerful advantage of soft computing is the complementary nature of the techniques. Used together they can produce solutions to problems that are too complex can be solved with conventional mathematical methods. The applications of soft computing have proved two main advantages. First one it solving nonlinear problems, in which mathematical models are not available and second, it introduced the human knowledge such as cognition, recognition, understanding, learning, and others into the fields of computing. These results can give the intelligent systems such as autonomous self-tuning systems, and automated designed systems. However the computer simulation method has its advantages over the conventional one. With the computer simulation method, the working conditions and the configuration parameters of the product are given at first, then the performances predicted, and at last the configuration parameters of the product is evaluated based on the performance prediction. If the predicted performance does not meet the requirement, the configuration parameters can be adjusted, and Simulation will be done again. Hence soft computing has been widely used for performance prediction and analysis of vapour compression refrigeration system.


The development of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) has gained importance over the last few years due to the innovations brought to farming, architecture, and/or medicine. A novel field where they have been used is volcanology for its long-distance control and the possibility to add multiple sensors for sensing volcano parameters. Two UAVs will be constructed: a multi-rotor (quadcopter) and a fix wing airplane for studying the most active volcano in Peru, the Ubinas. The objective is to get important and useful volcano data without risking the lives of researchers. The quadcopter will be used for image capturing and video recording of the plume, while the airplane will fly close or through to the volcanic plume measuring temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide, sulfuric dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide.


Numerical simulations of gas-liquid two-phase flow with high superficial velocity in a vertical pipe were conducted with the use of the commercial software package STAR-CD 3.27. Detailed description of the Sγ model is presented. The applicability and performance of the Sγ model in Eulerian modelling of gas-liquid bubbly flow were studied. The sensitivity of the Sγ model to the distribution moment γ, and the drainage mode were also investigated. The numerical results were compared with the available experimental data of Hibiki et al., (2001). Good agreement was achieved for the phase axial velocity and radial void fraction for all tested cases. It is found in this work that the secondmoment Sγ model in STAR-CD is capable of reasonably predicting bubble size and its distribution even in high void fraction. Except in the near wall region, simulated bubble size and therefore the interfacial area density does not fit well with the experiment measurements. It is observed that the predicted bubble size and interfacial area density obtained from both S0 model and S2 model are more or less the same, which indicates that the numerical results are independent of the distribution moment γ. It is further found that, the drainage mode greatly affects the bubble size: the increase of the mobility of the bubble surface enhances the coalescence in the current model and leads to an over-prediction of the bubble size in the pipe core. The bubble size increases with the increase of the gas phase superficial velocity while the interfacial area density varies less as the interfacial area density is a combined function of the bubble size and local gas hold-up.


We present a Paleocene–Eocene (ca. 60–52 Ma) sea-surface temperature record from sediments deposited in the epicontinental West Siberian Sea. TEX86 paleothermometry indicates long-term late Paleocene (∼17 °C ca. 59 Ma) to early Eocene (26 °C at 52 Ma) sea-surface warming, consistent with trends previously observed for the Southern Ocean and deep oceans. Photic zone and seafloor anoxia developed as temperatures rose by 7 °C to ∼27 °C during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM). Based on paired palynological and TEX86 data, we suggest that the minimum temperature for the proliferation of Paleocene and early Eocene members of the dinoflagellate family Wetzelielloideae, which includes the PETM marker taxon Apectodinium , was ∼20 °C.


The landscape, especially in a country like Italy, is today entirely man-made, and is the other face of urban civilisation. We are faced with a paradox: we enjoy a very high competence of landscape architects, urban and ecological planners, and we have a disastrous landscape, that is the result of the crisis of civilization. The fabric of local societies and urban landscapes can be reassembled and preserved only by inserting them in the construction of a degrowth society. As part of promoting a serene society of degrowth, relocalization cannot be only an economic issue. Politics, culture, and the entire way of life must regain their territorial anchoring. The keyword is autonomy, obtained through actions aimed to "re-territorialise", to re-find a site and re-inhabit it, to organise rural and urban bio-regions. A route of de-industrialization will also be needed. Since the landscape is part of the commons, a policy of degrowth will imply the protection of the landscape as well as the search for the common good.


The paper deals with the implementation aspects of the bilinear pairing operation over an elliptic curve on constrained devices, such as smart cards, embedded devices, smart meters and similar devices. Although cryptographic constructions, such as group signatures, anonymous credentials or identity-based encryption schemes, often rely on the pairing operation, the implementation of such schemes into practical applications is not straightforward, in fact, it may become very difficult. In this paper, we show that the implementation is difficult not only due to the high computational complexity, but also due to the lack of cryptographic libraries and programming interfaces. In particular, we show how difficult it is to implement pairing-based schemes on constrained devices and show the performance of various libraries on different platforms. Furthermore, we show the performance estimates of fundamental cryptographic constructions, the group signatures. The purpose of this paper is to reduce the gap between the cryptographic designers and developers and give performance results that can be used for the estimation of the implementability and performance of novel, upcoming schemes.


Despite recent developments, the need for adequate guidance and support in the early decision-making process of urban planners, designers, and architects has recurrently been recognized. Traditional performance assessment methods, which are often based on partial and independent dynamic simulations evaluating individual metrics, are better suited for detailed design and are particularly complex and time-consuming at the urban scale. They typically follow a linear design-and-test approach, limiting the user-guidance features. Taking a different approach, this paper proposes a multi-criteria decision-support workflow that evaluates the daylight and passive and active solar potential of early-stage neighborhood designs. The performance evaluation is done through a predictive mathematical function for the passive solar and daylight potential, requiring little information from the user. The implemented workflow is introduced, and the development of the underlying performance assessment engine is summarized, along with the results from a proof-of-concept study to probe the validity boundaries of the predictive functions. Results show the proposed workflow to be promising as an interactive and real-time performance-based design support.


Macroeconomic policy reforms initiated in India since 1991 have brought about a significant improvement in the export performance of Indian firms. This paper examines the export performance of firms with the help of balance sheet data of 557 firms for the years 1980-81 to 1995-96. Applying panel Tobit model, it explains the improved export performance through changes in various firm level variables as well as economic environmental factors derived from existing literature on experiences of different countries. The paper also draws certain strategic and policy implications likely to be relevant for emerging economies from its findings on India.


Cashew nut project processing was chosen by the group members to improve their income and standard of living for the community at large. The study was administered through questionnaires to select a best advantageous activity among other activities done by members. The sample size of 50 was randomly selected out of 80 members using Yes and No written papers. Both quantitative and qualitative research was used in arriving to the selected project of their need. The presence of reliable stakeholders and availability of processing machines at SIDO premises were valuable assets for cashew nut project. Due to warehouse receipt policy, small processing cashew nuts have the challenges of getting steady supplies as they could not raise enough capital. The control mechanism put in this system is viewed by some writers as overregulation which favors the outside markets but has negative impact on final processing within the country hence denies employment to our people and revenue. The packing materials availability within the country was also seen as an issue of concern which should be dealt to minimize cost of ordering from Nairobi, Kenya. To make sure every member increases the profitability which assures to have the goal of improving income level, trainings on project planning, marketing, sales promotion and customer care was done to the group members. The monitoring, evaluation and sustainability was done in a participatory manner and every member is knowledgeable to perform it. SIDO team has placed an idea on the re-use of cashew shell remnants for renewable energy to run their premises including machines but the good plan need the reformed policies regulation on local processing and stakeholder's concerted effort is needed to push this in line with government policy of local content and industrialization.


Stormwater runoff is the main transport media of traffic related pollutants to the recipient waters in urban areas. Surface- and groundwater supplies serving for ecosystem services, drinking water production and recreation are subject to WFD regulations of priority pollutants that must comply with target or threshold values. The rapid densification of urban areas makes it difficult to implement stormwater measures in heavily polluted areas like trafficked roads or parking lots. Furthermore, other measures implemented in the sewer system, like gully filters, imply constant maintenance and higher costs. Thus, frequent street sweeping is a plausible source control alternative to implement in highly polluted areas for the reduction of pollutant fluxes induced by stormwater runoff. A mixed urban catchment draining stormwater to Vitsippsbacken, a natural stream in the South of Gothenburg, was used as a case study area to test the effects of weekly street sweeping on stormwater runoff quality compared to gully filters. Vitsippsbacken is a sensitive stream receiving untreated, highly polluted stormwater from the area of Sahlgrenska Hospital and the adjacent parkings and traffic roads with up to 25.000 cars/day. Weekly street sweeping with simultaneous stormwater sampling was implemented during a three-month period and its effect compared to gully filters.
The measurements under weekly street sweeping showed a reduction of most of trace metals, benzo(a)pyrene, oil and nutrients (P, N), compared to reference values from previous years measurements. Two of the main pollutants specific to the area, Cu and Zn were reduced with 40% and 30%, respectively during street sweeping in stormwater runoff. Oil and benzo(a)pyrene concentrations were 80% and 60% lower under street sweeping, respectively. These results were comparable to the reduction efficiency of gully filters with an average reduction efficiency between 40 – 60% for most of the pollutants. However, none of the above measures tested were sufficient to reduce stormwater concentration levels to local target values, due to the historically polluted areas in the studied catchment. As a conclusion, weekly street sweeping shows comparable results to gully filters and can be implemented complementary to other source control measures and possibly as full measures in less polluted areas.


Tomato is a horticultural crop of interest, that is widely consumed fresh or as processed products. The present investigation was to evaluate the antioxidant indices (total phenolic content, flavonoid content, ferric reducing antioxidant power, radical scavenging activities, inhibitory action against lipid oxidation) and anti-cholinesterase action (acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase) of tomato fruits (ripe and unripe) and  pastes ( paste 2 and paste 1 ) after simulated gastrointestinal digestion. The total phenolic content (mg/g GAE) of the In vitro digested tomato fruits and pastes showed higher values (ripe tomato: 61.08; tomato paste1 : 56.02; tomato paste 2 : 60.36 ; unripe tomato: 38.97) than the ethanolic extracts, with digested ripe tomato ranking higher. Similar results were also obtained for total flavonoid content, ferric reducing antioxidant power, and the radical scavenging activities (DPPH*, ABTS˙ + , NO*, OH*), with the in vitro digested samples ranking high. The ability of the enzyme digested and ethanolic extracts of tomato fruits and pastes to inhibit iron and sodium nitroprusside induced lipid oxidation in rat's liver and brain homogenate increased in a concentration dependent manner, with the enzyme digested tomato fruits and pastes ranking high. Similarly, the ability of the in vitro digested tomato fruit and pastes to enhance activities of the antioxidant enzymes (GPx, GSH, SOD and Catalase) and to inhibit the formation of cholinesterases ranked high. The result of this investigation showed that the studied tomato fruit and pastes possess antioxidant and anti-cholinesterase activities that would be bio-available after the gastrointestinal digestion and by implication could be harnessed as functional food.


This paper measures the regional demand impacts on output and employment of Scottish Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) based on Input-Output tables for the year 2006. The HEI disaggregated table was developed from existing Input-Output tables using supplementary data from HESA and purchasing data for Scottish universities. We calculate direct, indirect and induced impacts. Most of the existing literature focuses on individual institutions by employing Keynesian Multiplier or Input-Output analysis. This paper adds to the literature by providing the first systematic study of all individual HEIs using a common framework of analysis. The results suggest that HEIs may have substantial regional economic impacts both in terms of output and employment. Furthermore analysis of the HEIs' income sources suggests they are more export intensive than is commonly acknowledged, which motivates a re-evaluation of the appropriate counterfactual in regional impact studies of HEIs. Keywords: HEIs, University Impact, Input-Output.


Designer nucleases have been successfully employed to modify the genomes of various model organisms and human cell types. While the specificity of zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs) and RNA-guided endonucleases has been assessed to some extent, little data are available for transcription activator-like effector-based nucleases (TALENs). Here, we have engineered TALEN pairs targeting three human loci (CCR5, AAVS1 and IL2RG) and performed a detailed analysis of their activity, toxicity and specificity. The TALENs showed comparable activity to benchmark ZFNs, with allelic gene disruption frequencies of 15–30% in human cells. Notably, TALEN expression was overall marked by a low cytotoxicity and the absence of cell cycle aberrations. Bioinformatics-based analysis of designer nuclease specificity confirmed partly substantial off-target activity of ZFNs targeting CCR5 and AAVS1 at six known and five novel sites, respectively. In contrast, only marginal off-target cleavage activity was detected at four out of 49 predicted off-target sites for CCR5- and AAVS1-specific TALENs. The rational design of a CCR5-specific TALEN pair decreased off-target activity at the closely related CCR2 locus considerably, consistent with fewer genomic rearrangements between the two loci. In conclusion, our results link nuclease-associated toxicity to off-target cleavage activity and corroborate TALENs as a highly specific platform for future clinical translation.


Development of solid sorbents with optimal CO2 capture characteristics is key to improving the efficiency of PSA based CO2 separation. Of the several potential sorbents, metal organic frameworks (MOFs) hold a key niche. This is owing to their modular tunable structures and manipulatable adsorption sites. Yet, developing a MOF that meets the multiple demands of a gas-separation sorbent remains a challenge. Particularly, tuning them to adsorb CO2 over the more polar water is quite difficult. The presence of highly polarizing metal centers and oxygen-rich sites in MOFs makes it difficult to retain their CO2 adsorption capacities under humid gas streams. However, tailoring the organic framework to incorporate humid CO2 capture properties should be feasible. Along these lines, here we have developed a family of iso-structural MOFs built from bi-functional ligands that carry basic azolyl and chelating carboxylate groups together. Importantly, the framework is built by employing acetate moieties as 'modulators'; they provide a hydrophobic lining to the pore-walls. This not only enables selective adsorption of CO2, but also helps retain about 80% of the capture capacity even upon exposure to 75% RH. Along with its other advantageous features: high CO2 uptake and selectivity (3 mmol g−1 and s(CO2–N2) = ∼500 for 85N2:15CO2@303 K); surface area: ∼700 m2 g−1, working capacity: 2.6 mmol g−1; optimal HOA (22–30 kJ mol−1) and CO2 kinetics (Dc = 1.02 × 10−8 m2 s−1), these MOFs can qualify as efficient candidates for humid CO2 capture. Furthermore, we identify the most-favorable CO2 adsorption sites via simulated annealing methods, from which the presence of polarized CO2 molecules located adjacent to the π-electron rich pore walls can be seen. Importantly, these polarized molecules form T-shaped configurations among themselves via C(δ+ve)⋯O(δ−ve) interactions resembling those found in solid CO2, a cooperative feature that is not observed in the other CO2 molecules in the structure, which are not proximal to the polarizing walls.


Abstract:The equilibrium between a healthy environment, the energy our society needs to maintain or improve this lifestyle, and the world's interconnected economies, could pass more quickly than expected from the current complex balance to an entirely new reality where human beings would need to be more creative than ever before to survive. The frequency and severity that certain weather and climate-related events are having around us is increasing, and the ability of human beings to modify our adjacent surroundings has turned into a power capable of altering the planet. Do the media arts have a role in all this?


Accurate automated classification of LiDAR point clouds is a well-known problem and proper parameterization of the classification algorithm is essential to creating useful bare-earth terrain models. Parameterization is particularly important in areas characterized by extremely low relief, such as the Little Red River Irrigation Project Area in central Arkansas. In this kind of landscape, analyses such as hydrological flow models are sensitive to small changes in the topography, and therefore prone to errors in the classification of the LiDAR point cloud and the digital elevation models (DEMs) derived from it. Developing effective project-specific parameters requires a high degree of knowledge of each parameters' complex function, how parameters affect one another, and familiarity with the project data. The workflow and python script produced by this thesis automates the creation of multiple bare-earth classifications in LAStools using a range of parameter combinations and compares each to a small but representative manually-classified control surface. From these automated comparisons, the best performing parameters can be rapidly determined and subsequently applied over a larger area. The python script and workflow produced by research provides a repeatable, automated method of choosing parameters that will reduce or remove the need for further manual classification of a point cloud and therefore remove the need for a highly experienced user, thus allowing a broader range of researchers to obtain accurate bare-earth classifications from increasingly available


Much of the work family literature that has blossomed over the last decade has focused on professional women and has emphasized policy changes that would be of less utility to many other working women and men. In this symposium contribution, we explore the recent data on working time to demonstrate that in today's economy more women are underemployed rather than overemployed. We also demonstrate that although professional women tend to work the longest hours, they also tend to have the greatest means, both in income and workplace benefits, to support them in achieving a workable balance between their work and family demands. We discuss the most prominent policy proposals for helping attain this balance, including a greater emphasis on part-time work and shorter workweeks, and critique them for their failure to address the needs of most working women. Finally, we suggest several alternative proposals, including lengthening school days, addressing domestic violence, and challenging the stubborn gender norms that prevent further progress for equality in both the workplace and the home.


The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Farm Service Agency (FSA) established the Market Facilitation Program (MFP) under Section 5 of the Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) Charter Act. This section authorizes CCC to assist in the disposition of surplus commodities and to increase the domestic consumption of agricultural commodities by expanding or aiding in the expansion of domestic markets or by developing or aiding in the development of new and additional markets, marketing facilities, and uses for such commodities. MFP provides direct payments to producers of specific products impacted by foreign tariffs. These products include:


Abstract:The Arab Barometer finds widespread support for democracy in Arab world. Definitions of democracy vary considerably, however, with some citizens emphasizing government accountability and political freedoms and while others stress instrumental considerations, including effectiveness in meeting economic needs. The Arab Barometer also finds that support for pluralism, tolerance and other democratic values are present to the same degree among those who favor secular democracy and those who favor a political system that is both democratic and Islamic. Finally, in contrast to some popular misconceptions, personal religiosity does not account for variance in support for democracy, in a preference for secular rather than Islamic democracy, or in attitudes toward authoritarian political formulae.


The objective of this study is to determine and analyze the thinking of Gayo Lues community on the cosmos in the Didong Jalu. The data in this research is analyzed based on both observation and documentation methods. The theoretical base used in this research is relied on literature sociological theoery suggested by Thomas Warton (1974) that literature work is considered to be expression of art and social document. The result of this study shows that Didong Jalu contains the thought of the Gayo Lues community regarding encompasses matters such as the universe, flora, fauna and tools used by the community


The present program was motivated by the recognition that existing detailed kinetic mechanisms for the modeling of hydrocarbon oxidation are far from being comprehensive to describe the diverse thermochemical conditions and combustion situations within practical combustors, that such a deficiency is further compromised through the use of reduced mechanisms at the level of 4-5 steps, and that, in spite of these shortcomings, they are increasingly integrated into the simulation of combustion processes and combustor performance. It is thus advocated that a concerted experimental and modeling effort be implemented to develop detailed, comprehensive mechanisms which are capable to describe the diverse combustion and flame phenomena, including homogeneous and diffusive ignition, steady burning, and extinction, premixed and nonpremixed flames, pressure and concentration effects, global responses including the laminar flame speed and ext@tion strain rate, the thermal and the major and minor species structures, and pollutant chemistry. The reactant and intermediate species to be studied in order to arrive at a comprehensive mechanism are proposed, and resuits on a mechanism appiicabie at the 2& ievei are presented. The paper further advocates the development of (augmented) reduced mechanisms with 10 to 30 steps that are chemically comprehensive and computationally acceptable in anticipation of the substantially increased computational power in the next 5 to 10 years. A 12-step reduced mechanism for * Robert H. Goddard Professor, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering. Fellow, AIAA. t Nord Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering. Senior Member, AIAA $ Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering. Copyright


Human fungal infections pose serious medical issues. Up to now, more than a hundred thousand fungal species are considered as natural contaminants. During the last decade, the incidence of superficial and deep mycotic infections has continued to increase explosively. There is a general consensus among researchers, clinicians and pharmaceutical companies that new, potent, effective and safe antifungal drugs are needed. Majority of work has been conducted on Camellia sinensis extracts against bacterial agent's activity but little work for antifungal activity. In this study, in vitro antifungal activities of Camellia sinensis crude extracts compared with azole group of compounds on selected pathogenic and mycotoxic fungi were determined. That was done by evaluating the difference in antifungal activities of green and black tea crude extracts having a concentration of 100mg mL-1. Quantitative bioassay was done using disc diffusion method and Minimum Inhibition Concentration was done using broth dilution methods. The fungal isolates used for bioactivity testing were yeasts; Candida famata, C. lusitaniae, C. tropicalis ATCC 750, C. parapsilosis ATCC 22019, C. glabrata ATCC 24433, C. krusei ATCC 6258 and Cryptococcus neoformans ATCC 66031; and moulds, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Microsporum gypseum, Fusarium monilliforme, Aspergillus spp and Penicillium chrysogeneum. ATCC standard fungal strains and clinical isolates were included. Green tea crude extract showed stronger inhibitory effect against the fungal strains tested than black tea crude extract. There was a significant difference in zone of inhibitions (T=4.09, P<0.05). Zone of inhibition exhibited by green tea crude extracts (11.92±0.00mm) were higher than black tea crude extracts (8.14±0.56mm). The pattern of activity by tea crude extracts against ATCC standard fungal strains and clinical isolates strains were similar. C. famata, C. lusitaniae, C. tropicalis ATCC 750 and dermatophyte, T. mentangrophyte were inhibited by green tea crude extract (IZD≥15mm). Clinical isolates of Candida albicans (strain 4 and strain 5); Cryptococcus neoformans (strain 3, 5 and 12), showed susceptibility to Camellia sinensis green crude extracts. The MIC of Camellia sinensis crude extracts against fungal isolates tested ranged from 50 mg mL-1 to 1.6 mg mL-1. Hot green tea crude extract (mean MIC 12.25mg mL-1) had a higher MIC on clinical fungal isolates than cold green tea crude extract (Mean MIC 12.167 mg mL-1). The concentrates of aqueous Camellia sinensis crude extracts showed synergistic activity with conventional antifungal drug. However, level of synergism differed as observed in difference in inhibitory effect. The difference in inhibitory effect was significant (P<0.05). The crude tea extract restored the activity of lower concentration of antifungal, Fluconazole below MIC to susceptible breakpoints. Generally, the MFC (Minimum Fungicidal Concentration) of Mixture crude extracts were slightly higher as compared to that of green tea crude extract. These results are suggestive that addition of milk to blend the crude extracts altered the bioactive ingredients resulting to higher concentration for its MFC as compared to crude extracts alone. The studies on Camellia sinensis crude extracts (green and black) have shown remarkable antifungal activity against different strains of fungi and highlighted its significance to humans as potential health products.


We extend the available asymptotic theory for autoregressive sieve estimators to cover the case of stationary and invertible linear processes driven by independent identically distributed (i.i.d.) infinite variance (IV) innovations. We show that the ordinary least squares sieve estimates, together with estimates of the impulse responses derived from these, obtained from an autoregression whose order is an increasing function of the sample size, are consistent and exhibit asymptotic properties analogous to those which obtain for a finite-order autoregressive process driven by i.i.d. IV errors. As these limit distributions cannot be directly employed for inference because they either may not exist or, where they do, depend on unknown parameters, a second contribution of the paper is to investigate the usefulness of bootstrap methods in this setting. Focusing on three sieve bootstraps: the wild and permutation bootstraps, and a hybrid of the two, we show that, in contrast to the case of finite variance innovations, the wild bootstrap requires an infeasible correction to be consistent, whereas the other two bootstrap schemes are shown to be consistent (the hybrid for symmetrically distributed innovations) under general conditions.


Scientific policy advice on issues of science and technology looks back to a tradition of more than 50 years. Technology assessment (TA) has been developed since the 1960s, frequently in relation to or on behalf of political institutions such as parliaments and governments. In general, science and technology studies (STS) appear to be (or, at least, to have been until quite recently) more academic and more distant to institutionalised political decision processes in a strict sense (the 'political system'). Seen against this background, one main thesis of this paper is that the rise of new techno-visionary sciences, such as nanotechnology, significantly contributed to a process of convergence between STS and TA. The reason for this can be located in the particular relevance and virulence of the 'Collingridge dilemma' for these sciences. Due to the high uncertainties with respect to the knowledge about impacts of the related technologies, TA has to look for other than empirical or logical arguments to support 'upstream' technology impact analyses – and can find them partially in theory-based work in STS, for example in the context of the debate on the co-evolution of technology and society. STS practitioners, in turn, see options and the need for 'going public' in a new way (and at an early stage of development), now increasingly including the institutionalised political domain. Equipped with their refined analytic, interpretative and ethnographic capacities, STS are moving further into often unfamiliar policy terrain which has its own logic and distinct set of rules. The paper analyses and reflects on ongoing shifts in the 'landscape' of scientific policy advice, focusing on the rise of techno-visionary sciences and converging technologies. Another aim of the paper is to orientate STS and TA toward mutual learning processes and intensified cooperation, based on existing experience in both fields.


The paper explores the role of workers' expectations as an original explanation for the puzzling long run persistence of observed discrimination against some minorities in the labor market. A game of incomplete information is presented, showing that ex ante identical groups of workers may be characterized by unequal outcomes in equilibrium due to their di¤erent beliefs, even though discriminatory tastes and statistical discrimination by employers have disappeared. Wrong beliefs of being discriminated against are self-con...rming in this circumstance, being the ultimate cause of a lower percentage of promotions which supports these wrong beliefs.


After overcoming the obstacles to advancement, women who reach managerial positions are still subject to harassment. At times, this harassment comes from subordinates. The incidence of those employees with "lesser" power harassing those with more power presents a dilemma for traditional thinking on sexual harassment and for the developing judicial doctrine of sexual harassment. It is well-established that Title VII protects employees from discrimination because of sex. Yet, it is unclear whether the statute reaches as far as contra-power harassment. Traditionally, sexual harassment was considered an abuse of power in the workplace. If this is true, how can female supervisors be harassed? Or are they harassed but not within the meaning of employment discrimination law? Is such behavior simply the "price of success"? When women have organizational power, how can they be harassed and why should the law protect them if they do not protect themselves? The answers to these questions necessitate the consideration of differing conceptions of power and the expectations for the exercise of such power. Accepting contra-power harassment as an actionable claim requires courts to conceive of "power" in a different manner than a hierarchical/organizational power. I argue in this article that courts should conceive of power in a socio-cultural manner and accept contra-power harassment claims. A contra-power harassment claim is limited to a hostile environment claim in that subordinates do not have the power to grant or deny tangible employment benefits. Two of the elements of a hostile environment claim require special consideration. First, a plaintiff must prove that the behavior at issue is severe or pervasive so as to affect a term, condition, or privilege of employment. An analysis of the case law shows that courts are downplaying the severity of behavior when the victim of the harassment is a supervisor. I argue that courts should not consider the organizational relationship of the target and the harasser when deciding if the workplace has been rendered hostile. In doing so, the courts are ignoring the importance of social-cultural power which allows lower status men to harass women at work. By exercising their societal power, men are able to harass their supervisors and to change the terms and conditions of women's employment. However, the organizational relationship is important for determining employer liability. The standard to hold the employer liable for harassment by its employees turns on the organizational status of the harasser and the employer's response to the harassment. I argue that a negligence standard is the appropriate standard for contra-power harassment claims. In applying this standard, courts should not presume that women who have risen to the rank of supervisors are incapable of choosing to exercise their power simply by virtue of their status as women. However, courts should not require the supervisor-target to exercise discipline preemptively. In other cases of sexual harassment, a complaint of sexual harassment puts the employer on notice. There is no compelling reason to create a different rule here. Supervisors should be penalized for failing to exercise power only when the employer explicitly authorizes the exercise of such power.


ABSTRACT Background To make students more interested and engaged in science, new teaching approaches have been developed aiming at higher order thinking. Context-based learning approaches emanate from an idea that science content knowledge should be presented in a relevant context for students to improve their learning outcomes as well as making them more engaged in science. Previous research on context-based learning approaches has shown positive results; however, researchers and teachers need to explicitly consider which aspects of the contextual settings young students perceive as interesting and relevant to improve chemistry education. Purpose In this paper, the constructs of 'interest' and 'relevance' are explored to analyse which aspects of open-ended chemistry problems engage students. Sample and Design Both qualitative interview data and quantitative survey data are elaborated on in three subsequent studies with Swedish upper secondary chemistry students. Students' statements when discussing contextualisation of chemistry problems are analysed in relation to analytical frameworks to explore students' perceived interest and relevance. Results The results highlight the importance of connections to personal dimensions in chemistry to make students more engaged and interested in chemistry. The language of the context-based problems is also found essential as the students indicate trigger-words in the tasks influencing perceived interest and relevance. This in combination with students' distinction between high interest as a positive feeling, and high relevance as something important or worthwhile, are important results from this study. Conclusion From the results, conclusions are drawn to help researchers and teachers develop chemistry problems aiming for higher order thinking, but at the same time are found interesting and relevant for the students.


In organizations with intense human relations, due to reasons such as the business environment, the intensity of competition and the high number of expectations, employees could be expected to experience such negativeness as mental and emotional tiredness, anxiety, stress, and low performance. In other words, due to the reasons listed above, employees may experience a sense of burnout. Teaching is one of the professions in which intense relationships and related burnout are experienced. Therefore, research aims to describe the phenomenon of burnout experienced by teachers.

The aim of the study is to describe the perceptions of teachers about burnout levels. In this context, it was investigated whether there was a significant difference between teachers' perceptions of burnout levels according to gender, type of duty, branch, marital status, school type and child status.

The research is designed as mixed research (both quantitative and qualitative).  "Maslach Burnout Inventory" were used in order to collect the quantitative data of the study, and semi-structured interview form were used to collect qualitative data of the study.

The research population consists of 3478 teachers working in the central Yenisehir district of Diyarbakir province. The sample size of the quantitative dimension was 460 for the 95% confidence level and 30 for the qualitative data.

In the study, arithmetic mean and standard deviation were used in the analysis of quantitative data, and in the evaluation of variables, for F values that are significant with t-test and ANOVA, Tukey HSD test was used to determine the source of the difference. The significance level of the statistical analysis was evaluated as 0.05. In the analysis of qualitative data, direct quotations are given.

Some of the results of the research can be summarized as follows:

1. Participant perceptions of the sub-dimensions of burnout according to gender variable are negative. Whereas in some studies, a significant difference was found between the participants' perceptions, there was no significant difference in other studies.

2. According to the type of task, sometimes teachers and sometimes managers have more burnout than the other.

3. There was no significant difference between teachers' perceptions according to the branch variable. However, a significant difference was found between teachers' perceptions of burnout in some sub-dimensions.

4. In respect to the marital status variable, participants' perceptions of burnout differed according to the sub-dimensions of burnout.

5. In respect to the school type variable, the participants' perceptions of burnout differed according to the sub-dimensions of burnout.

6. According to the child status variable, the participants' perceptions of burnout differed depending on whether they have children or not.

According to gender, type of duty, branch, marital status, school type, and child status variables, both quantitative and qualitative researches can be done in the primary, secondary and high schools to determine the reasons for the burnout of teachers and their solution offers.


The American college presidency began with the election of Henry Dunster as chief officer at Harvard College in 1640 |14~. In the intervening years much ha been written about college and university presidents as well as chief executive officers in business and industry. This study focused on the career patterns of private, four-year college and university presidents in the United States. Literature Review The writings of Sorokin |17~, Taussig and Joslyn |19~, Warner and Abegglen |21~ Form and Miller |8~, and Spilerman |18~ form the theoretical underpinnings of the current study. Sorokin |17~, a sociologist in the 1920s, examined occupational mobility among various classes of people. Taussig and Joslyn |19~ studied social origins and social stratification of American business leaders. They were intrigued with economic inequalities and how they affected the abilit of various social classes to obtain certain types of occupations. Warner and Abegglen |21~ studied the business elite to learn about vertical occupational mobility. They developed the concept of "occupational succession," defined as "the ordered process by which individuals succeed each other in occupations. Th study of occupational succession, therefore, consists of examining the circulation and movement of personnel through positions, and of determining the regularities and uniformities which have to do with entering, holding, and leaving a given status." |21, p. 4~. Form and Miller |8~, whose emphasis was on "vertical mobility," grouped occupations according to the major category of the last job prior to the current position. Spilerman |18~ used the "career trajectory" to investigate the sequence of jobs that similar groups of individuals have. His definition of a "job trajectory" was a "work history that is common to a portion of the labor force" |18, p. 551~. A career line is "a collection of jobs in which there is a high probability of movement from one position to another on the list" |18, p. 560~. The idea was that normative career trajectories were established by sequentially ordering entry positions that culminate in a single, fixed "top-of-the-ladder" position. Cohen and March identified a hierarchical pattern of promotion through academic administration toward the college or university presidency |5~. The typical American college president entered his/her academic career as a teacher, student, or minister, becoming a member of the college or university faculty. A some point the faculty member assumed administrative duties as department chair institute director or dean; he or she was promoted to academic vice-president, and then to president. Other writers, who had studied various classifications o college and university presidents, confirmed the notion of promotion through academic administration toward the presidency |1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 10, 11, 13, 15, 20, 22~. In a nationwide survey of presidents, provosts, deans, and department chairs at four-year institutions, Moore et al. |12~ and Salimbene |16~ broadened the Cohe and March |5~ analysis of an administrative career pattern of college presidents. They identified fifteen variations (paths) of the presidential career ladder, demonstrating that the simplicity of a single career pattern was inaccurate unless variations of the model were included. Salimbene found that only 5 of the 156 presidents surveyed (3.2 percent) had a perfect match to the administrative career pattern as reported by Cohen and March. The majority of presidents had skipped two or three rungs on the career ladder. Moore et al. concluded that "the normative presidential career trajectory |Cohen and March 1974~ is accurate only to the extent that permutations and variations among its elements are incorporated. . . . It is most accurate in describing the principa entry portal to the college presidency -- faculty experience -- and in identifying four other positions that commonly appear within the trajectory" |12, p. …


OBJECTIVES
To review the use of telehealth in subjects with diabetic foot ulcer; evaluating its clinical outcomes, diagnostic accuracy, cost-effectiveness and behavioural perceptions.

DESIGN
Systematic review.

SETTING
Selected studies were conducted in Australia, USA, the Netherlands, Denmark, Poland and UK.

PARTICIPANTS
A total of 948 identified studies were evaluated against the inclusion criteria. Eleven eligible studies were included for review. Patients with diabetic foot ulcer had to have telehealth guided management.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Telehealth systems were evaluated against at least one of the following: clinical implications on ulcer healing and disease prognosis; diagnostic accuracy; cost-effectiveness; behavioural perceptions among health professionals or patients.

RESULT
Eleven eligible studies were included for review. Studies that evaluated telehealth against clinical outcomes were underpowered by study design, sample sizes and short duration follow-up. Telehealth systems demonstrated good intra- and inter-observer reproducibility, high diagnostic accuracy and agreement with live assessments. Authors rationalised the cost-effectiveness of their respective telehealth systems, but could not support this with long-term cost analysis. Both patient and health professionals responded positively towards telehealth in surveys and face-to-face interviews.

CONCLUSION
Telehealth yields high diagnostic accuracy, reproducibility and positive behavioural perceptions. However, it is not clear if telehealth use in diabetic foot management has favourable clinical and economic outcomes. More long-term prospective controlled trials on larger populations are needed to further characterise our findings.


The majority of patients with testicular germ cell tumors (GCTs) can be cured with cisplatin-based chemotherapy. However, for a subset of patients present with cisplatin-refractory disease, which confers a poor prognosis, the treatment options are limited. Novel therapies are therefore urgently needed to improve outcomes in this challenging patient population. It has previously been shown that Wnt/β-catenin signaling is active in GCTs suggesting that its inhibitors LGK974 and PRI-724 may show promise in the management of cisplatin-refractory GCTs. We herein investigated whether LGK-974 and PRI-724 provide a treatment effect in cisplatin-resistant GCT cell lines. Taking a genoproteomic approach and utilizing xenograft models we found the increased level of β-catenin in 2 of 4 cisplatin-resistant (CisR) cell lines (TCam-2 CisR and NCCIT CisR) and the decreased level of β-catenin and cyclin D1 in cisplatin-resistant NTERA-2 CisR cell line. While the effect of treatment with LGK974 was limited or none, the NTERA-2 CisR exhibited the increased sensitivity to PRI-724 in comparison with parental cell line. Furthermore, the pro-apoptotic effect of PRI-724 was documented in all cell lines. Our data strongly suggests that a Wnt/β-catenin signaling is altered in cisplatin-resistant GCT cell lines and the inhibition with PRI-724 is effective in NTERA-2 CisR cells. Further evaluation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway inhibition in GCTs is therefore warranted.


In this chapter, we advance an understanding of entrepreneurial resourcefulness in relation to context by focusing on challenging and sometimes outright hostile environments and the way they shape, and are shaped by, entrepreneurial resourcefulness. Drawing on selective evidence from several projects in post-socialist countries in both Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia and other published research covering these countries, we argue for contextualized conceptualizations of resourcefulness. More specifically we emphasize that temporal, historical, socio-spatial and institutional contexts are antecedents and boundaries for entrepreneurial behaviour, whilst at the same time allowing for human agency. This is visible in individuals' actions to negotiate, re-enact and cross these boundaries; and as a result, intentionally or inadvertently contributing to changing contexts. We suggest that resourcefulness is a dynamic concept encompassing multiple practices, which change over time, and it results from a close interplay of multiple contexts with entrepreneurial behaviour. We also propose that from a theoretical point of view, resourcefulness not only needs to be contextualized, but it also needs to be explored together with its contextual outcomes – the value it creates and adds at different levels of society.


Abstract. The entrainment of buoyant ambient water into the overflow plume of Denmark Strait and the associated downstream warming of the plume are estimated using time series of currents and temperature from moored instrumentation and classical hydrographic data. Warming rates are highest (0.4–0.5 K/100 km) within the first 200 km of the sill, and decrease to 0.05–0.1 K/100 km further downstream. Stirring by mesoscale eddies causes lateral heat fluxes that explain the 0.1 K/100 km warming, but in the first 200 km from the sill also vertical diapycnal fluxes, probably caused by breaking internal waves, must contribute to the entrainment.


BACKGROUND
Previous literature has shown a negative relationship between parental stress and youth moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA). This study examined (1) the relationship between parental stress and adolescent MVPA, (2) the moderating role of family communication on this relationship, and (3) gender differences in these effects among overweight and obese Hispanic adolescents.

METHODS
Hispanic adolescents (N = 280, 52% female, 13.0 [0.8] y old, 44% obese, 12% severely obese) and their parents (88% female, 44.9 [6.5] y old) completed baseline measures for an efficacy trial. Adolescents self-reported MVPA in minutes per week for work, transportation, and recreation using a validated measure. Multiple regression analyses with interaction terms and multigroup methods were conducted.

RESULTS
There was a negative effect of parental stress on adolescent MVPA (β = -0.15, t = -2.018, P ≤ .05). This effect was moderated by family communication (β = 0.20, t = 2.471, P = .01), such that the association between parental stress and youth MVPA was stronger for adolescents with low levels of family communication. Furthermore, a multiple group model showed that the interaction was significant for boys (β = 0.27, t = 2.185, P = .03), but not for girls.

CONCLUSIONS
Findings provide support that addressing parental stress and family communication may help facilitate MVPA among Hispanic boys, the most at-risk group for pediatric obesity.


Clinical pharmacy interventions for older people with polypharmacy can be divided in dispensing services (aimed at support of medication management), e.g. multidose dispensing systems, and medication reviews (aimed at appropriateness of the pharmacotherapy. The objective of this thesis is to describe the effects of these clinical pharmacy interventions on the medication management and quality of pharmacotherapy of older patients with polypharmacy in primary care. Chapter 2 describes a systematic review where RCTs on medication review for community-dwelling older patients have been included. The presence of the eight key elements reflecting collaboration were scored for each intervention. This review showed an association between the number of these key elements and the implementation rate of recommendations. In Chapter 3.1 we compared the self-reported medication adherence and knowledge of older patients receiving their drugs via multidose drug dispensing (MDD-users) with patients receiving manually-dispensed drugs. We showed a higher adherence and lower knowledge for MDD-users. In Chapter 3.2 the results are presented of a pragmatic randomized controlled study on the effect of medication review for older patients using MDD on DRPs. This study with only medication records available ("prescription review") identified a high number of potential DRPs among MDD-users which was decreased by medication review. Chapter 4.1 describes the results of a randomised controlled trial on the effect of Home Medication Review on DRPs, disease-specific outcomes and health-related quality of life in older patients. This study shows that medication review resolved a substantial number of drug-related problems and improved LDL-cholesterol, but did not lead to improvements in other disease-specific outcomes and quality of life. Chapter 4.2 focuses on the contribution of the patient interview to the identification of DRPs within the Home Medication Review. This study shows that more than a quarter of all DRPs were identified during patient interviews and were more frequently assigned a higher clinical relevance. Chapter 4.3 provides insight in the completeness of DRPs identified by community pharmacists within the Home Medication Review study. Pharmacists with clinical experience doubled the amount of DRPs identified by community pharmacists. Chapter 4.4 aims to describe the number and types of explicit STOPP (Screening Tool of Older Person's Prescriptions)-START(Screening Tool to Alert doctors to Right Treatment) criteria present in identified potential DRPs and their implementation rate. This study shows a higher prevalence of START-criteria compared to STOPP-criteria among identified DRPs while the majority of DRPs was not associated with STOPP-START criteria. In conclusion, this thesis presented a series of studies on medication review which showed that medication review in Dutch community-dwelling older patients with polypharmacy identifies a large number of drug-related problems and some positive effects on intermediate disease-specific outcomes. An average of 1-2 problems per patient are resolved and could potentially lead to improved health outcomes. The studies presented on multidose drug dispensing systems showed high adherence, low medication knowledge and considerable inappropriateness of drugs in these systems. These findings in combination with the steep growth of MDD-users emphasize the need for sufficient pharmaceutical care around multidose drug dispensing systems, including medication review.


This paper investigates the way speakers construct their identities as representatives of their companies (institutional identity construction) in relation to the way they "project" an identity onto their audiences. The audience is "altercasted" (Weinstein and Deutschberger 1963) in the role of potential buyer of a product, thus evoking the standardized relational pair (Sacks 1972) of seller/buyer. The speaker then presents his company in the complementary role of seller of a product and as such a link is established between the identities of the speaker's company and the audience. This discursive co-construction of identities is crucial for the way both identities receive meaning. The two cases that are discussed here on the one hand show similarities in the general pattern of the two identity constructions and the way they are interwoven with one another, but on the other hand also demonstrate that there are many unique and diverging ways of constructing and linking these identities.


Parallel tentacular structures with lateral cilia that produce suspension-feeding and respiratory flows occur repeatedly in many diverse taxonomic groups. We use a computational hydrodynamic model of flow through ciliated tentacles to simulate flow rates through ciliated tentacle arrays. We examine the functional relationship of one performance measure, flow rate per unit length of array, to geometrical variables, such as cilia length, cilia tip speed and the gap between adjacent tentacles, and to hydrodynamic operating conditions, such as adverse pressure drops across the array. We present a scaling and interpolation scheme to estimate flow rates for a wide range of geometries that span many taxa. Our estimates of flow rate can be coupled with the hydrodynamic characteristics of biological piping systems to understand design trade-offs between components of these systems. As a case study, we apply the model to the blue mussel Mytilus edulis by investigating the effect on performance of changes in the gap between neighboring tentacles. Our model suggests that the observed gaps between tentacles in M. edulis reflect flow-maximizing geometries. Even relatively weak adverse pressure drops have strong effects on flow-maximizing geometries and flow rates. One consequence is that an intermediate range of pressure drops may be unfavorable, suggesting that animals may specialize into high-pressure and low-pressure piping systems associated with differences in organism size and with their strategy for eliminating depleted water.


The cellular protein pool exists in a state of dynamic equilibrium, such that a balance between protein synthesis and degradation is maintained to sustain protein homeostasis. This equilibrium is essential for normal cellular functions and hence alteration in protein dynamics has several pathological implications in developing and adult tissues. Recent progress in mass spectrometry (MS) and metabolic labeling techniques has advanced our understanding of the mechanisms of protein regulation in cultured cells and less complicated multicellular organisms. However, methods for the analysis of the dynamics of intra- and extra-cellular proteins in embryonic and adult tissues remain lacking.To address this gap, we developed a metabolic labeling technique that enables labeling the nascent murine proteome via injection of non-canonical amino acids (ncAAs), which can be selectively enriched by "clickable" tags for identification and quantification. Using this technique, we developed a MS-based method for the selective identification and quantification of the intra- and extra-cellular newly synthesized proteins in developing murine tissues. We then applied this technique to study the dynamic regulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins during embryonic and adolescent musculoskeletal development. We show that the applied technique enables resolving differences in the nascent proteome of different developmental time points with high temporal resolution. The technique can also reveal protein dynamic information that cannot be captured by the traditional proteomic techniques. Additionally, we identified key ECM components that play roles in musculoskeletal development to provide insights into the mechanisms of musculoskeletal tissue regeneration.To fully characterize our labeling technique, we developed a mathematical model to describe the biodistribution kinetics of azidohomoalanine (Aha), the most widely used ncAA, in murine tissues. The model enabled measuring the relative rates of protein synthesis and turnover in different tissues and predicting the effect of different dosing regimens of Aha on the degree of protein labeling. Finally, we analyzed the plasma metabolome of Aha-injected mice to investigate the impact of Aha incorporation on normal physiology. The analysis revealed that Aha administration into mice does not significantly perturb metabolic functions. Taken together, the findings presented in this dissertation demonstrate the utility of the ncAA labeling technique in mapping protein dynamics in mammalian tissues. This will ultimately have a significant impact on our understanding of protein regulation in health and disease.


Background: Orthodontic treatment is a long-term procedure that involves the usage of brackets and archwires which are mainly metallic in nature. This study evaluated the levels of metal ions release from bonded and nonbonded orthodontic brackets after immersion in distilled deionized water and three different types of mouthwash. Materials and Methods: Eighty premolar stainless steel brackets (3M, Unitek) were divided into Group A (bonded brackets) and Group B (nonbonded brackets). Each group was further subdivided into four subgroups to analyze the release of ions from three different types of mouthwash along with the control group. All the samples were incubated at 37°C for 45 days, and immersion solutions were tested in inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer for the release of free metal ions. Results: Mean ion release in the bonded bracket group was less than that of nonbonded bracket group. Ion release in control subgroup of both groups was 0.18 ± 0.08 μg/dl (A1) and 0.17 ± 0.06 μg/dl (B1); in Phos-Flur mouthwash subgroup was 0.12 ± 0.06 μg/dl (A2) and 0.13 ± 0.05 μg/dl (B2); in chlohex mouthwash subgroup was 0.13 ± 0.06 μg/dl (A3) and 0.14 ± 0.06 μg/dl (B3); in Hiora mouthwash subgroup was 0.10 ± 0.06 μg/dl (A4) and 0.12 ± 0.05 μg/dl (B4). Conclusions: The mean ion release was the highest in deionized water (control group) followed by chlohex, Phos-Flur, and Hiora in both Group A and Group B. Ion leaching from bonded brackets was less compared to nonbonded brackets in all different mouthwashes except in the control group. However, this difference was statistically insignificant (P > 0.05) between all the groups.


The period between 15 and 25 years is characterised by much personal change and is the peak age of onset of mental health problems. This prompts an interest in everyday strategies that young people might use to support their well-being. Music use is the preferred leisure activity among young people yet little is known about how music is linked to well-being in this population. This study aimed to develop and test a model of the relationships between young people's use of music and their well-being, drawing on theories from the music psychology and clinical psychology fields. A qualitative analysis of transcripts from focus groups with 11 participants aged 15–25 years revealed four ways in which music listening links with well-being: relationship building, modifying emotions, modifying cognitions and emotional immersion. These linking variables were operationalised using questionnaire scores and tested on a new sample of 107 young people. Results of a multiple mediation analysis revealed that music listening was significantly related to all four linking variables, but not directly related to well-being as measured by the Mental Health Continuum. Nevertheless, the four linking variables indirectly mediated the effect of music listening on social well-being. The findings are consistent with earlier research on the role of music in emotion regulation and social connection although there are clearly other factors involved in determining young peoples' well-being. These findings will help inform music-based interventions for young people.


Legionnaires' disease has always been surrounded by mystery and panic and continues to pose a threat wherever water systems exist, as highly publicised outbreaks in the summer of 2012 illustrated. A previous investigation by the writer revealed a worrying lack of knowledge by those re-sponsible for the maintenance of water systems regarding the dangers of the disease and a possible indication for more rigorous training. However, the economic situation in the UK with an on-going recession may itself have posed a threat to the control of this disease. A critical review of the literature was structured under four areas:

(1) the meaning of "Legionnaires' disease" and the consequences of an outbreak
(2) what the financial costs of control were
(3) were there any differences in occurrences of the disease pre and current recession
(4) the effects of cutbacks, if any, to budgets allocated to control-ling the disease.

The literature review revealed that there were warnings of the consequences of cutting back on health and safety compliance because of economic pressures. These came both from sources within the construction industry and the Health & Safety Executive itself. There was even a suggestion that councils and the HSE had cut their environmental health inspectorate budgets with regard to cooling towers, which could potentially have caused a significant in-crease in incidences of Legionnaires' disease. 150 questionnaires were sent out all over the UK to NHS Trusts, Councils and Ho-tel/Leisure/Spas. The survey results indicated that, although the overwhelming majority of respondents have had to make cuts in their budgets, and in more than one area, they consid-ered their surveillance techniques regarding legionella control to be uncompromised and were defensive regarding any suggestion of such within their own organisation. Although keen to deny any impact of the recession on their own organisation, a minority acknowledged that this was a possibility within other organisations.


Many abnormalities seen in the elbow result from trauma, often from sports such as baseball and tennis. Elbow problems are frequently related to the medial tension-lateral compression phenomenon, where repeated valgus stress produces flexor-pronator strain, ulnar collateral ligament sprain, ulnar traction spurring, and ulnar neuropathy. Lateral compression causes osteochondral lesions of the capitellum and radial head, degenerative arthritis, and loose bodies. Other elbow abnormalities seen on magnetic resonance imaging include radial collateral ligament injuries, biceps and triceps tendon injuries, other nerve entrapment syndromes, loose bodies, osseous and soft-tissue trauma, arthritis, and masses, including bursae.


Each year, approximately 2.8 million adults die from complications related to obesity (World Health Organization, 2011). One in three adults aged 20 years or older is obese, and 6% are morbidly obese. This problem is increasing at an alarming rate in young adults, and 20.5% of college students are classified as being overweight based upon their body mass index (BMI) (Adderley-Kelly, 2007). The purpose of this study was to increase knowledge about evidence-based, effective interventions that will enable collegeaged, pre-nursing students to attain physical and mental well-being. The participants (N=24) were freshman and sophomore pre-nursing majors who were randomized into two groups (control and intervention). The intervention group met once a week for an eight-week nutrition and physical activity mentoring program at Texas Woman's University. The participants were educated about proper diet and exercise recommendations and kept physical activity, nutrition, and stress management logs. Measured outcomes, mean changes and standard deviations over the eight week period included body weight (-0.3 kg + 1.7), BMI (-0.12 kg/m2 + 0.68), waist circumference (-2.5 cm + 1.9), and perceived stress scale (0.0 + 3.6). One-way ANOVAs with a p value of 0.05 were used for statistical analysis. There were no significant differences in weight, BMI, waist circumference or stress between the groups. Body composition and mental stress are difficult to change in an eight-week mentoring program, although improved knowledge may set the stage for future behavior change. A longer term program may need to be used to observe changes in weight, BMI, waist circumference, and stress.


This paper reviews literature and reflects on infrastructuring in Participatory Design (PD) with a conceptual interest. It starts with the notion of information infrastructure introduced to the PD community in the mid-1990s by Star and collaborators. It traces how the notion has been adapted, appended, and negotiated within a number of PD approaches known as "infrastructuring." Based on this review, the paper discusses a number of themes arising from these approaches that relate to salient information infrastructure characteristics and speak to the specificity of infrastructuring in PD. This paper takes stock of what has happened in conceptual terms with regard to information infrastructure and infrastructuring in the field of PD to inform continuing work.


The conformations of a variety of crystalline lignin models representing different diastereomeric forms of structural elements in lignin of the arylglycerol b-guaiacyl ether type have been studied using X-ray crystallography. Based on X-ray crystallographic data, sequences of units attached to each other by b-guaiacyl ether linkages were constructed. The appearance of the resulting oligomers shows that stereoisomerism can be expected to influence the shape of the lignin molecules to a great extent. The constructed oligomers provide an idea about the contribution to the complexity of lignins by stereochemistry alone. It is proposed that structural differences, together with conformational variations, are the main reasons for the broadness of the signals in NMR spectra of lignins.


The tremendous heterogeneity in the clinical symptoms and cognitive/emotional deficits seen in patients with schizophrenia has made it challenging to determine the underlying pathogenesis of the illness. One leading hypothesis that has come to the forefront over the past several decades is that schizophrenia is caused by aberrant connectivity between brain regions. In fact, a new field of connectomics has emerged to study the effects of brain connectivity in health and illness. It is known that schizophrenia is highly heritable, although in the search for the underlying genetic factors we have only scratched the tips of the omics icebergs. One technique to help identify underlying genetic factors is the use of heritable intermediate phenotypes, or endophenotypes. Endophenotypes provide mechanisms to study the genetic underpinnings of the disorder by focusing on measureable traits that are more proximal to gene regulation and expression than are symptoms. Thus, the goal of this paper is to conduct a critical review of the evidence linking both structural and functional connectivity as an endophenotype for schizophrenia.


The natural history of the Macaronesian Islands has attracted the attention of European naturalists for a long time, as the islands harbour a unique flora and fauna not found in the mainland. As a result, Macaronesian organisms were commonly depicted in scientific illustrations of the day. We present a preliminary catalogue of botanical illustrations that were produced before the 19th century. We found paintings, engravings, and woodcuts for 182 taxa from these Atlantic Islands. Ninety-nine of them are endemics in at VIERAEA Vol. 43 219-308 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, diciembre 2015 ISSN 0210-945X 220 FRANCISCO-ORTEGA et al. least one Macaronesian archipelago, 13 for cultivated species, and 70 for nonnative or non-endemic organisms. We recognized three groups of illustrations. The first group (51 taxa) is composed of illustrations made before 1753, the year when Carolus Linnaeus published his seminal work Species Plantarum. The second group (60 taxa) includes engravings that were published between 1754 and 1799. The last group (111 taxa) comprises those paintings and engravings that were the direct result of plant exploration that took place between 1687 (Sir Hans Sloane to Madeira from Britain) to 1797 (Captain Nicolas Baudin, with André-Pierre Ledru as one of the botanists and Antonio González as the scientific artist, to Tenerife from France). The famous plant collector from Kew Gardens, Francis Masson, also produced watercolours during his visit to Macaronesia between 1776 and 1779. The first group does not include any botanical illustration for Azores, and only one species from the Cape Verde Islands was depicted. The rest of species of this group are from the Canaries and Madeira. The second group is also dominated by Canarian and Madeiran plants and has only three species from Azores and one from the Cape Verde Islands. Illustrations that were part of plant exploration endeavors primarily yielded artwork for the Canaries and Madeira. The third group did not have any illustration from the Azores, but George Forster (scientific illustrator and one of the naturalists in the second voyage of Captain James Cook, from Britain) painted watercolours for 11 Cape Verde taxa. A total of 296 scientific illustrations of Macaronesian plants were produced before the 19th century. This total excludes copies of three of the original illustrations for Dracaena draco (one woodcut and one engraving) and Rumex lunaria (one woodcut), and multiple sets of original watercolours made by G. Forster, A. González, or F. Masson.


Yamada et al. demonstrated that a bacterial protein involved in electron transport can trigger apoptosis in melanoma cells, an observation with intriguing implications for the development of new approaches to treating cancer. Reports that bacterial infections can sometimes elicit remission of certain forms of cancer date back over 100 years. Indeed, Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin is commonly used in the topical therapy of bladder cancer. Cancer remission after exposure to microbial pathogens, or their products, has traditionally been ascribed to stimulation of the immune response. Yamada et al. demonstrated, however, that purified azurin, a redox protein cloned from the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa, triggered apoptosis in cultured human melanoma cells and inhibited growth of human melanoma cells transplanted into nude mice. Azurin's cytotoxicity depended both on its electron transport capacity and on expression of p53 by the cell line. Azurin increased nuclear and cytosolic p53 content and enhanced mitochondrial accumulation of the proapoptotic protein Bax. The authors used Western analysis on subcellular fractions of azurin-treated melanoma cells, as well as fluorescence microscopy after microinjection of labeled azurin, to localize azurin not only to the cytoplasm, but also to the nucleus. Western analysis of fractions collected from glycerol gradients indicated that azurin formed a complex with p53; experiments involving pharmacological inhibition of protein synthesis suggested that this complex stabilized p53. The apparent lack of toxicity associated with purified azurin when injected into nude mice, in contrast to live bacteria, suggest that azurin and similar proteins might form the basis for the development of new antineoplastic agents. T. Yamada, M. Goto, V. Punj, O. Zaborina, M. L. Chen, K. Kimbara, D. Majumdar, E. Cunningham, T. K. Das Gupta, A. M. Chakrabarty, Bacterial redox protein azurin, tumor suppressor protein p53, and regression of cancer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99,14098-14102 (2002). [Abstract] [Full Text]