This Article addresses the possible constitutional limits on the ability of the United States to project and apply extraterritorially its criminal laws and, in particular, its anti-terror laws. Although plainly central to exceedingly urgent and important issues presently facing the United States, this topic has been under-treated in academic commentary and muddled in the courts. Yet its analysis pits U.S. sovereignty and prevailing efforts to combat dangerous criminal activity beyond our borders squarely against principles of limited government and individual rights: What sources of lawmaking authority empower Congress to project U.S. law abroad? Does the Constitution protect individual defendants against fundamentally arbitrary or unfair extraterritorial applications of U.S. law? If so, how? The Article seeks to provide a comprehensive and innovative framework for answering these questions. It argues that while certain structural and due process limits exist given the current constitutional landscape, a synergistic intersection of national and international law supplies the United States with a virtually unconstrained constitutional license to project and apply the core panoply of its anti-terror laws to individuals abroad, even where that individual or the conduct in question has no overt nexus to the United States. Specifically, the international legal doctrine of universal jurisdiction interacts with sources of legislative authority to furnish a sound basis for extending U.S. anti-terror laws anywhere in the world. And where a U.S. law proscribes a 'universal' crime, no Fifth Amendment due process claim stands in the way of the application of that law to the individual accused.


In The Dance of Intimacy, the bestselling author of The Dance of Anger outlines the steps to take so that good relationships can be strengthened and difficult ones can be healed. Taking a careful look at those relationships where intimacy is most challenged--by distance, intensity, or pain--she teaches us about the specific changes we can make to achieve a more solid sense of self and a more intimate connectedness with others. Combining clear advice with vivid case examples, Dr. Lerner offers us the most solid, helpful book on intimate relationships that both women and men may ever encounter.


The National Science Foundation and NASA got off to a strong start last week in the annual congressional budget race. Separate spending bills in the House of Representatives and the Senate would spare both agencies from the severe cuts forecast next year for most federal agencies in the wake of last summer's budget agreement between Congress and the White House and a budget resolution approved earlier this month by the House. And while legislators aren't expected to cross the finish line for the 2013 budget until after the November elections, an early lead can't hurt.


This thesis concerns the development and validation of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods aimed for two industrially important areas: (i) analysis of biotechnological synthesis and (ii) determination of adsorption isotherm parameters. There is today a lack of detailed recommendations for analytical procedures in the field of biotechnological production of drugs. Therefore, guidelines were given for analytical development and validation in this field; the production of 9α-hydroxyprogesterone was used as model. In addition, a rapid method using HPLC coupled with diode-array-detection (DAD) and mass spectrometry (MS), was developed for the preliminary identification and quantification of the product. In addition, requirements and recommendations were developed for the selection of the internal standard and for its inclusion in the process liquid. By using this approach the precision and accuracy of the quantitative method were considerably improved. Preparative chromatography is a powerful separation method for the purification of pure compounds from more or less complex sample mixtures. One such mixture can be the process liquid from a fermentation, another example can be a racemic mixture of compounds whose enantiomeric constituents must be isolated. Computer-assisted modeling can be used to optimize preparative chromatography. However, competitive adsorption isotherm parameters are required as input data for the computer simulations. In this thesis, a new injection technique, based on a firm theoretical basis, was developed for the peak perturbation (PP) method allowing the determination of binary competitive adsorption isotherm parameters from a broad concentration range. With the new method the determination of adsorption isotherm parameters from a quaternary mixture could be done for the first time. The profiles simulated with these parameters showed excellent agreement with the corresponding experimental profiles, validating the accuracy of the adsorption isotherm parameters derived by the new method.


Due to the characteristics of software, software products have been considered products with "pure" profits which are suitable to be sold in the international market. Enterprise software is one typical type of software which is mainly sold in business market. More and more enterprise software providers are going abroad to discover opportunities for their enterprise solutions. This thesis is to try to give more suggestions on internationalization for these enterprise software providers. The empirical case is concerning the internationalization of the enterprise software provided by a Swedish software company, Company A. The case happens in the specific geographic area (China) which is far away from the domestic market, the Swedish market. Based on the business network of Company A, Software A has been successfully sold in the Chinese market. The analysis is on the basis of the empirical case and the relevant theories on internationalization. In the context of the empirical case, the nature of enterprise software has been analyzed. Enterprise software is usually tangible and customized, and the internationalization of enterprise software is more relationship-based than mass software products. The discussion about the nature of enterprise software contains the "service" nature of enterprise software, the "service" typology of enterprise software in international marketing and some features of enterprise software which are influencing the internationalization of enterprise software. By understanding the nature of enterprise software, enterprise software providers are capable of crafting international marketing strategies in their internationalization processes. For example, enterprise software providers can develop module-based software or add more self-customization functions to decrease the risks of internationalization. ii Internationalization has been discussed for a long time since the "Uppsala" model was come up in 1977. In the last thirty years, the business environment has been changing with the tendency of expanding through the network-based business relationship. The new "Uppsala" model, which was born in this new business environment, has been leaded me to analyze the success and failure in the empirical case. The internationalization of enterprise software is observed to follow the changes of the four elements in the new "Uppsala" model, in which "opportunities learning" and "trust building" are highlighted in the network-based business environment. The new "Uppsala" model is valuable for today's internationalization to develop strategies for the more successful internationalization. From understanding the product to understanding the network, enterprise software providers can explore more international opportunities and internationalization strategies for their enterprise software instead of the traditional thinking.


Algorithmic systems---from rule-based bots to machine learning classifiers---have a long history of supporting the essential work of content moderation and other curation work in peer production projects. From counter-vandalism to task routing, basic machine prediction has allowed open knowledge projects like Wikipedia to scale to the largest encyclopedia in the world, while maintaining quality and consistency. However, conversations about how quality control should work and what role algorithms should play have generally been led by the expert engineers who have the skills and resources to develop and modify these complex algorithmic systems. In this paper, we describe ORES: an algorithmic scoring service that supports real-time scoring of wiki edits using multiple independent classifiers trained on different datasets. ORES decouples several activities that have typically all been performed by engineers: choosing or curating training data, building models to serve predictions, auditing predictions, and developing interfaces or automated agents that act on those predictions. This meta-algorithmic system was designed to open up socio-technical conversations about algorithms in Wikipedia to a broader set of participants. In this paper, we discuss the theoretical mechanisms of social change ORES enables and detail case studies in participatory machine learning around ORES from the 5 years since its deployment.


Existing models of metasomatic flow do not allow for the effect that reaction has on the flow patterns. Instead, it is assumed that the volatiles produced are negligible in volume compared to those infiltrated and that reaction does not modify permeability. This is clearly unlikely to be true for infiltration-driven decarbonation reactions.
The rates of porosity creation by reaction and porosity loss by creep have been calculated for a representative volume of calcite –quartz-wollastonite marble, and it is found that, even for a weak calcite matrix, the rate of porosity generation by reaction is likely to outstrip the collapse of porosity, as long as the system is out of equilibrium.
We have applied a self-consistent 1D finite-difference model to the reaction of calcite + quartz to wollastonite in a 10m thick marble, in response to influx of H2O rich fluid, with fixed boundary conditions. The model allows us to evaluate the effect of reaction on the porosity structure and fluid pressure variation across the layer, from which local Darcy fluxes can be evaluated. The progress of reaction that we model is constrained by hydrological considerations, with the requisite parameters recalculated as reaction progresses, assuming creep compaction of rock under the stress difference between lithostatic and fluid pressures.
We fnd that the volume of fluid realised by decarbonation, driven by influx of H20, is sufficient to create a back-flow, so that further advancement of the reaction front is only possible as a result of diffusion of water against the Darcy flux. The effect of creep driven by differences between fluid pressure and lithostatic pressure is to reduce the permeability of the layer and especially reduce the secondary porosity developed in the zone at and behind the advancing reaction front. We predict that in a 3D situation, the porous zone of reacted marble becomes a conduit for layer-parallel flow, and the secondary porosity is infilled by calc-silicate minerals due to silica metasomatism.


Promoting non-traditional library resources to the academic community can be a challenging and sometimes ineffective process if not coordinated and planned thoroughly. The University of Waterloo Map Library (UML), specializing in cartographic and geospatial data resources, diligently visits dozens of classrooms yearly, promoting its resources and services. The nature of the content is often intimidating to the students however, because Geographical Information System (GIS) technology is unfamiliar to them. In September 2007, the Map Library instigated a new indirect outreach approach of connecting with students and introducing them to geospatial information literacy concepts. Instead of leaving students confused about the technology and the library's vast amount of resources, the new approach encourages students to learn at their own pace and leaves them responsible for seeking more information when they need it. This approach has resulted in establishing relationships with many more students, and thus increasing the number of GIS users in the library and on campus.


In this paper, we present a novel approach on isolating operating system components with Intel SGX. Although SGX has not been designed to work in kernel mode, we found a way of wrapping Linux kernel functionality within SGX enclaves by moving parts of it to user space. Kernel components are strictly isolated from each other such that a vulnerability in one kernel module cannot escalate into compromising the entire kernel. We provide a proof-of-concept implementation which protects an exemplary kernel function, namely full disk encryption, using an Intel SGX enclave. Besides integrity of the disk encryption, our implementation ensures that the confidentiality of the disk encryption key is protected against all software level attacks as well as physical attacks. In addition to the user password, we use a second authentication factor for deriving the encryption key which is stored sealed and bound to the platform. Thus, stealing the hard drive and sniffing the user password is insufficient for an attacker to break disk encryption. Instead, the two factor authentication scheme requires an attacker to additionally obtain the actual machine to be able to break encryption.


This paper argues that a new approach to classification best supports and celebrates social diversity. It maintains that we should want a classification that both facilitates within-group communication and cross-group communication. This is best accomplished through a truly universal classification that classifies works in terms of authorial perspective. Strategies for classifying perspective are discussed. The paper then addresses issues of classification structure. It follows a feminist approach to classification, and shows how a web-of-relations approach can be instantiated in a classification. Finally the paper turns to classificatory process. The key argument here is that much (perhaps all) of the concern regarding the possibility that classes can be subdivided into subclasses in multiple ways (each favored by different groups or individuals) simply vanishes within a web-of-relations approach. The reason is that most of these supposed ways of subdividing a class are in fact ways of subdividing different relationships among classes.


Learning is frequently regarded as facilitating factor for policy outcomes across multiple levels of governance. Learning however competes with alternative explanations such as bargaining, actor's interests and organisational objectives. This thesis examines from an institutional perspective the link between individual learning of policymakers and learning among governmental institutions and analyses to what extent learning matters for the policy outcome. It finds that policy entrepreneurs play a key role in transferring learning to the organisational level and in achieving policy outcomes.
The empirical focus is on learning in climate policy integration, which carries increasing importance for effective environmental governance as it can help create synergies for economic development and climate mitigation. The European Union is a frontrunner in integrating climate objectives into energy, transport and agriculture policy via regulatory instruments setting overall targets and conditioning financial resources upon compliance. This thesis uses qualitative methods to examine learning in the policymaking aspects of climate policy integration at the examples of the Renewable Energy Directive, its controversial biofuels component and the greening measures in the Common Agricultural Policy.
This research makes several original contributions to the agency aspects of environmental governance: the meta-theoretical framework on learning allows a more nuanced analysis of what learning aspects occur in governance such as knowledge- and experience-based learning versus changes in different types of underlying beliefs. It also allows determining the extent to which a policy outcome results from learning or alternative explanations. This contribution clarifies the under-researched link between the learning individual, changes in beliefs and the factors hindering learning from being transferred to the organisational level where policy decisions are made. Policy outcomes resulted predominantly from policy entrepreneurs using previously acquired knowledge and experience to achieve a policy outcome aligned with their pre-formed deeper beliefs and policy objectives. Overall, the thesis provides a fresh perspective on the relevance of learning in the policymaking process and of bureaucrats as policy entrepreneurs.


The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset provides us more opportunities to systematically and comprehensively learn some biological mechanism of cancers formation, growth and metastasis. Since TCGA dataset includes heterogeneous data, it is one of the bioinformatics bottlenecks to mine some meaningful information from them. In this paper, to improve the performance of Robust Principal Component Analysis (RPCA) analyzing these heterogeneous data, a modified RPCA-based method, Block-Constraint Robust Principal Component Analysis (BCRPCA), is proposed. Since different categories data have different peculiarities, BCRPCA enforces different constraint intensities on different categories to improve the performance of RPCA. Firstly, the observation matrix of TCGA data is decomposed into two adding matrices A and S by using BCRPCA. Secondly, we use a ranking scheme to evaluate every feature and project these features to the genes. Then, the genes with high scores will be identified as differentially expressed ones. The main contributions of this paper are as following: firstly, it proposes, for the first time, the idea and method of BCRPCA to model TCGA data; secondly, it provides a BCRPCA-based framework for integrated analysis of TCGA data. The results show that our method is effective and suitable to analyze these data.


Human mobility prediction is an important problem that has a large number of applications , especially in context-aware services. This paper presents a study on location prediction using smartphone data, in which we address modeling and application aspects. Building personalized location prediction models from smartphone data remains a technical challenge due to data sparsity, which comes from the complexity of human behavior and the typically limited amount of data available for individual users. To address this problem, we propose an approach based on kernel density estimation, a popular smoothing technique for sparse data. Our approach contributes to existing work in two ways. First, our proposed model can estimate the probability that a user will be at a given location at a specific time in the future, by using both spatial and temporal information via multiple kernel functions. Second, we also show how our probabilistic framework extends to a more practical task of location prediction for a time window in the future. Our approach is validated on an everyday life location dataset consisting of 133 smartphone users. Our method reaches an accuracy of 84% for the next hour, and an accuracy of 77% for the next three hours.


In the decades after 1945, as colonial possessions became independent states, it was widely-believed that imperialism as a historical phenomenon was coming to an end. The six essays collected in this volume demonstrate that a new form of imperialism was, in fact, taking shape-an imperialism defined not by colonial rule but by the global capitalist market. From the outset, the dominant power in this imperialism without colonies was the United States. Magdoff's essays explain how this imperialism works, why it generates ever greater inequality, repression, and militarism, and the essential role it plays in the development of U.S. capitalism. His concluding essay presciently points out the limits of any attempted reform of the global economy which does not directly challenge the framework of capitalism. Written in the 1960s and 70s, Magdoff's essays constituted a major contribution to Marxist theory and provided a model of rigorous argument in which theory is constantly checked against the economic reality. They provide an indispensable guide to the basic forces at work in the global politics of the twenty-first century.


The need of transmission grid expansion has drawn the attention towards high voltage DC (HVDC) as a solution. This brings new challenges for power system control application such as state estimation that are originally designed for AC power system. This papers studies centralized and distributed architectures for hybrid AC/HVDC state estimator (SE). Furthermore, the benefit of having bad data detection (BDD) and deploying phasor measurement units (PMU) in the state estimation are investigated. The method used for the SE is the weighted least square (WLS) method. The SE will be developed based on the power grid model 'The CIGRE B4 DC Grid Test System'. The results of the tests show that the addition of BDD and PMU improved the error of the estimated values. Furthermore the distributed architecture offered slightly less accurate AC values than the centralized.


We prove a conjecture of Desrosiers, Lapointe and Mathieu giving a closed form formula for the norm of the Jack polynomials in superspace with respect to a certain scalar product. The proof is mainly combinatorial and relies on the explicit expression in terms of admissible tableaux of the non-symmetric Jack polynomials. In the final step of the proof appears an identity on weighted sums of partitions that we demonstrate using the methods of Gessel-Viennot.


Effect of formal operation abilities on mathematics performance of Senior Secondary Students in Kaduna State was investigated. The population of the study was all the SS III students in the state. Their number was 62,565. A sample of 400 students of equal numbers of males and females was drawn, from those offering arts and science subjects. Two paper and pencil tests were developed and used to generate data for analysis, namely, Formal Operations Test (FOT) and Mathematics Performance Test (MPT).The FOT was to assess students' level of formal operations while the MPT was developed to test their performance in mathematics. The results of the study showed that mathematics performance was low. Second, the numbers of students who always use and those who never use formal operations abilities were about equal. Third, results in the FOT and MPT were significant and positively correlated. Fourth, there was significant difference between the MPT scores of those students who always use and those who never use the abilities in favour of the former. Implications deduced were that this study confirmed that not all SS students use the abilities always and some never use them. Results of the analysis also indicated that formal operations significantly affect students' performance in mathematics. Those who always use the abilities performed better than those who never use them. This indicated that the widely experienced poor performance in mathematics, especially among senior secondary students, is partly as a result of students not always using formal operations abilities. Lastly, findings indicated that knowledge of students' level of formal operations can be used to understand, predict and improve their performance in mathematics. It was recommended that teachers of mathematics should endeavour to diagnose and identify their students' level of formal operations so that they help raise those students who sometimes use and those who never use the abilities to be using them always. It was also recommended that governments should be convening and sponsoring workshops that will evolve programs for accelerating students' cognitive development for use by teachers in normal mathematics lessons.


There is a public perception that electricity liberalisation is the major cause of recent electricity blackouts. This is reflected in the newspaper reporting of blackouts. By contrast, it was not listed as a cause in any official investigation reports. In this paper, we examine the common causes of a number of large blackouts worldwide by applying the qualitative content analysis technique to different investigation reports. We generate a regional blackout dataset, spanning European, Latin American and Asian regions, by using news articles derived from the Factiva database. We use the random effects model and sample means techniques in a detailed examination of the effect of liberalisation and regional factors on the number of 'small' electricity blackouts between 1998 and 2007. The results indicate that, contrary to what we might expect, liberalisation does not have a significant statistical effect on the frequency of small blackouts. The perception that there is an increase in the number of blackouts after liberalisation seems to be shaped by the media's reporting of individual 'large' incidents rather than the number of incidents reported.


The majority of elderly Americans who receive long-term care outside of institutions are cared for in part by their children. We have little evidence, however, on the financial and social mechanisms securing the supply of elder care. In recent data on older U.S. families, I find that children rarely receive direct payment for their help. Further, inter-vivos transfers from unmarried parents to their adult children do not favor caregivers. Given the lack of evidence of any spotmarket for family care, the central question of this study is whether end-of-life transfers act as compensation for caregiving children. An empirical study of parents' division of bequests and life insurance among their children shows a positive association between children's transfer shares and both current and predicted caregiver status. In order to investigate the dependence of family care outcomes on children's time costs and parents' wealth and care needs, I present a dynamic model of the asset choices of an elderly parent who wishes to elicit care from her children. Model estimates indicate that children respond to parents' care needs and bequeathable wealth in the decision to provide care, and that children with greater time costs provide care only at higher levels of bequeathable wealth. Finally, a policy simulation based on model estimates predicts that a 5 to 6 percentage point increase in the rate at which unmarried elderly parents receive family care would result from reforms in which the expected present values of both public and private pensions were included in parents' bequests. However, a more modest change in public retirement benefits, designed to mimic the broad-brush characteristics of an existing proposal for Social Security reform, is predicted to have a negligible effect on care rates.


APSTRACT Females' underperformance in mathematics is discussed as a function of negative expectancies by parents, teachers, and peers. These negative expectancies of significant others lead to negative self-expectancies and negative attitudes about mathematics on the part of female students. These negative expectancies and attitudes lead to lower performance, reinforcing parents' and teachers' negative expectancies. Thus a cycle of low expectancies leading to low performance leading to even lower expectancies is perpetuated. Some reasons this cycle persists are: (1) girls, more than boys, tend to believe that mathematical ability is something individuals either have or do not have; (2) girls are more math anxious than boys; (3) girls may believe that "girls just cannot do math"; (4) girls' belief that their ability is so low that no amount of work will compensate, may drain their willingness to persist; and (5) girls may self-handicap by withholding effort. Implications of this continuing cycle and possible ways to break'it are discussed. Contains 10 references. (Author/SW)


In vivo fluorescence microscopy studies of bacterial cells have shown that the bacterial shape-determining protein and actin homolog, MreB, forms cable-like structures that spiral around the periphery of the cell. The molecular structure of these cables has yet to be established. Here we show by electron microscopy that Thermatoga maritime MreB forms complex, several μm long multilayered sheets consisting of diagonally interwoven filaments in the presence of either ATP or GTP. This architecture, in agreement with recent rheological measurements on MreB cables, may have superior mechanical properties and could be an important feature for maintaining bacterial cell shape. MreB polymers within the sheets appear to be single-stranded helical filaments rather than the linear protofilaments found in the MreB crystal structure. Sheet assembly occurs over a wide range of pH, ionic strength, and temperature. Polymerization kinetics are consistent with a cooperative assembly mechanism requiring only two steps: monomer activation followed by elongation. Steady-state TIRF microscopy studies of MreB suggest filament treadmilling while high pressure small angle x-ray scattering measurements indicate that the stability of MreB polymers is similar to that of F-actin filaments. In the presence of ADP or GDP, long, thin cables formed in which MreB was arranged in parallel as linear protofilaments. This suggests that the bacterial cell may exploit various nucleotides to generate different filament structures within cables for specific MreB-based functions.


OverHolland 12/13 opens with an article by the Spanish architect Gabriel Carrascal Aguirre on 'The space of cartography' – the subject of his dissertation for the Villard d'Honnecourt International Doctorate in Architecture Ph. D. programme in Venice in 2011. He defends the view that cartography should never be treated as a neutral research instrument, for every map is a well-defined reading of reality and as such can form a link between research and design. This view is well-illustrated in Like Bijlsma and Eireen Schreurs's article 'Harvesting'. Even though the recent economic crisis has put an end to the largescale development of city districts, the two architects' design for the Dutch city of Haarlem shows that there are still plenty of ways to revitalise cities. A close reading of urban expansion on the eastern side of Haarlem has revealed numerous starting points for a different approach based on hitherto unexploited assets in the area. This approach is broadly outlined in the explanatory section. Not that it is altogether new. In earlier articles for OverHolland, Esther Gramsbergen has shown that various places in Amsterdam were repeatedly the scene of architectural interventions in the successive periods of its urban development. Under constantly changing conditions, the Dam square, the monastery and convent district and the Plantage were triggers for the development of new urban institutions such as the Stock Exchange, the Binnengasthuis hospital and the Illustrious School (the forerunner of today's University of Amsterdam). In her article for this issue of OverHolland, 'Putting science on the map', Gramsbergen explains the transformation of the Plantage in the course of the nineteenth century, focusing in particular on King Louis Bonaparte's ambitions for the area and the later development of the Artis zoo. This was the closing chapter of her dissertation for the Villard d'Honnecourt programme in Venice in 2011, entitled Inner fringe belts and the formation of the knowledge infrastructure in Amsterdam, 1578-1880. Cartography is also an ideal way to gain insights on a higher scale into the interplay of landscape and urbanisation. Following on from Freek Schmidt's 'Dutch Arcadia: Amsterdam and villa culture' in OverHolland 10/11, Gerdy Verschuure lays the foundations for a broader landscape typology analysis of country estates in North and South Holland. Her article 'A pleasing view' focuses on the role of landscape features in the composition of the design for various country estates. Reinout Rutte and Henk Engel then explore, from the point of view of historical geography, two areas that are now peripheral to the Randstad. Rutte's 'Four hundred years of urban development in the Scheldt estuary' sets out to identify the changes in navigation routes and trade flows that affected the distribution pattern and development of towns in the southwestern delta. As for Henk Engel, he takes a closer look at the area of Holland north of the River IJ. His 'Distribution of towns, cities and infrastructure in Holland's Northern Quarter up to around 1700' examines how existing literature on the area has attempted to grasp the relationship between geographical environment, socioeconomic developments and political events. Finally, some of the themes in this issue of OverHolland form the basis for the book reviews in the 'Polemen' section. Jaap Evert Abrahamse and Jan van Doesburg discuss Jerzy Gawronski's Amsterdam Ceramics and P. J. Knegtmans's Amsterdam: een geschiedenis ('Amsterdam: a history'), with critical commentary on both publications. And Herman van Bergeijk wonders whether Balans tussen stad en platteland ('Striking a balance between town and country'), a fourvolume study of the deurbanisation of Zeeland between 1750 and 1850 by Paul Brusse, Jeanine Dekker, Arno Neele and Wijnand Mijnhardt, really does provide a new template for Dutch history.


In this paper we propose CMOS-compatible Memristive-Biosensors as label-free, highly sensitive sensors for in-air detection of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) molecules. The memristive behavior of the fabricated devices is strongly affected by molecules in proximity of the wire surface. In this paper, we demonstrate the reproducibility of the measurement based on the memristive voltage gap. We also show the successful sensing of femto-molar amounts of VEGF. Specifically, we demonstrate a correlation between the decreasing behavior of the voltage gap and the increasing concentrations of VEGF. The voltage gap dependence on the pH of the initial solution is also shown as a further proof of the ionic interactions occurring at the SiNW surface. All measurements are performed in air, under controlled humidity; this makes our approach more sensitive thanks to the lowered Debye screening effect of counterions.


This study was carried out in Baringo District of Kenya to determine poverty among sedentary and semi-nomadic pastoral households. Results indicate that the sedentary agro-pastoralists tend to diversify their sources of income more than semi-nomadic pastoralists. Poverty and income inequality levels were found to be higher during the dry season than the wet season. Lorenz curves demonstrated significant income gap between the rich and the poor during the dry season than the wet season. The findings demonstrate that poverty indicators in the study area vary with respect to seasonal climatic variability. Despite relying on relatively degraded environment, sedentary agro-pastoralists were found to be almost twice wealthier than the semi-nomadic pastoralists. This is explained by the higher contribution of the climate-proof economic activities pursued by sedentary agro-pastoralists than their semi-nomadic counterparts. Diversification of livelihood activities through pursuance of off-farm activities is, therefore, imperative in unpredictable environments to ensure income and food security of pastoral households.


Ornamental crabs of the genus Mithraculus (Decapoda: Brachyura: Majidae) are utilized in reef aquaria to control nuisance algae, particularly bubble algae. Although Mithraculus have modified, spooned-shaped chelae to feed on both fleshy and filamentous algae, they may consume alternative foods offered in a reef aquarium. The objective of this study was to determine the efficiency of using Mithraculus sculptus to control the bubble alga Ventricaria ventricosa (Siphonocladales–Cladophorales complex, Chlorophyta) in the presence of alternative foods (commercial pellets and frozen mysids) commonly utilized in reef aquaria. Results indicated that medium and large sized crabs consumed more bubble algae than smaller conspecifics. Although, M. sculptus first chose alternative foods to bubble alga (77% and 69% of the time chose pellets and frozen mysids, respectively), algal consumption only decreased significantly if, besides algae, pellets were provided; when only algae were provided, algal consumption was similar to when they were provided with mysids. The prey choice model was used as a conceptual framework to study the mechanisms underlying active selection; food energy content and handling time were measured and food profitability was calculated. Handling time decreased with increasing crab size. Pellets presented a higher profitability than algae but mysids and algae presented similar profitability; this seems to be in agreement with the observed reduced algal consumption when pellets made part of the diet. Mithraculus sculptus feeding behaviour on V. ventricosa recorded with digital high-speed video (DHSV) suggests that as the crab tears the algal cell apart, the cell liquid that contains juvenile cytoplasmatic spheres is released into the water; this behaviour might contribute to algal dispersal and consequently algal infestation. These results seem to indicate that M. sculptus might not be such an efficient bio-controller of the pest V. ventricosa as previously thought, particularly when pellets are used as food; however, its bio-control efficiency might be improved if, mysids are used as food.


The Appalachian Region has made progress in the various measures of development but still lags behind other national counterparts. Understanding the relationship between poverty and income inequality is important to evaluate how a development strategy would benefit the region. This paper presents a spatial simultaneous equations approach to determine the relationship between poverty and income inequality. Cross sectional county level data from 1990 and 2000 for the 420 counties in the Appalachian Region are used to examine the determinants of poverty and income inequality. The empirical results suggest that poverty and income inequality are inversely related. If the policy objective is to alleviate poverty, then considering reducing income inequality at the same time, may prove to render ineffective conclusions. The result findings also suggest that the income inequality in the Appalachian Region may actually contribute to its economic growth and to poverty reduction in the Region.


Previous studies in this laboratory have demonstrated that BrdU induces differentiation in the lung epithelial cell lines DLKP (derived from a poorly differentiated carcinoma of the lung) and A549 (derived from an adenocarcinoma of the lung). This differentiation involves the induction of epithelial specific proteins, e.g. cytokeratins-8 and -18, and epithelial related adhesion molecules e.g. (X2P1 integrin. This thesis investigated the effects BrdU has on the expression of Ep-CAM, a non-calcium dependent, homophilic cell-cell adhesion protein, in these cell lines. BrdU treatment induced Ep-CAM protein expression in DLKP after 7 days, with this induction reaching a plateau after 14 days of 10(iM BrdU treatment. Similarly, in A549, Ep-CAM was induced following 7 days of BrdU treatment and the level of induction also plateaued after 14 days of exposure to 10(.iM BrdU. RT-PCR analysis revealed that the effect of BrdU on Ep-CAM expression appears to be at the post-transcriptional/translational level, with no increase in mRNA levels compared to significant increase in protein levels in both cell lines.

Ep-CAM is believed to interfere with the functioning of the Ca2+-dependent cell-cell adhesion molecule E-cadherin, by causing alterations in focal adhesion proteins. Analysis of two these proteins, a-actinin and a-catenin, showed that BrdU down-regulated their expression following Ep-CAM induction.

RT-PCR analysis of the Ep-CAM homologue GA733-1 revealed that, following BrdU treatment, mRNA expression is induced in DLKP. However, no induction is observed in A549.

The ability of other halogenated thymidine analogues to induce differentiation was also investigated. Three halogenated thymidine analogues were selected, each possessing a different mechanism of biological activity, CdU (which incorporates into DNA), 5,5'- FdU (which inhibits DNA synthesis) and 5-BUr (which incorporates into RNA). The ability of CdU to induce the expression of cytokeratin-8, cytokeratin-18, cytokeratin-19, Ep-CAM and (31 -integrin was demonstrated in both A549 and DLKP. RT-PCR analysis of A549 revealed that although the protein expression was induced, the mRNA level remained unchanged indicating that CdU was altering expression at a posttranscriptional/ translational level. A significant up-regulation of cytokeratin-8, cytokeratin-18, cytokeratin-19, Ep-CAM and |31 integrin also occurred in DLKP and A549 following 5,5'-FdU treatment. Analysis of mRNA levels following treatment with 5,5'-FdU indicated that expression was being altered at a post-transcriptional/translational level. Treatment of DLKP and A549 with 5-BUr did not produce any obvious alterations in protein expression or mRNA levels.

To develop models reflecting in vivo differentiation, DLKP and A549 were grown in a hormone supplemented medium (HSM) which contained a number of physiologically relevant factors e.g. oestrogen and insulin. Growth in this medium induced expression of cytokeratin-8, cytokeratin-18, cytokeratin-19, and Ep-CAM in DLKP and A549. Experiments to identify the importance o f specific components in HSM revealed that the deletion of hydrocortisone, and cholera toxin from HSM cause an increase in induction of cytokeratin-19 and Ep-CAM. In contrast the removal of insulin from HSM, reduced the ability to induce expression of cytokeratin-19 and Ep-CAM in A549.

To further develop in vitro models reflecting in vivo differentiation, methods were established to generate primary cultures of lung tumour cells and normal lung epithelial cells. The assessment of a variety of methods for the isolation of lung carcinoma cells from lung tumour samples did not reveal any advantages between the methods. Preliminary studies on isolated normal rat type II pneumocytes revealed morphological and antigenic changes during in vitro cultivation. These changes were consistent with the terminal differentiation of type II pneumocytes into type I pneumocytes. During the isolation of lung tumour cells cultures of fibroblasts were often established and these expressed the unusual feature of cytokeratin protein expression, which is usually epithelial- specific.


Abstract—Forest inventories are essential to assess the composition, structure and distribution of forest vegetation that can be used as baseline information for management decisions. Classical forest inventory is labor intensive and time-consuming and sometimes even dangerous. The use of Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) in forest inventory would improve and overcome these restrictions. This study was conducted to determine the possibility of using LiDAR derived data in extracting high accuracy forest biophysical parameters and as a non-destructive method for forest status analysis of San Manual, Pangasinan. Forest resources extraction was carried out using LAS tools, GIS, Envi and .bat scripts with the available LiDAR data. The process includes the generation of derivatives such as Digital Terrain Model (DTM), Canopy Height Model (CHM) and Canopy Cover Model (CCM) in .bat scripts followed by the generation of 17 composite bands to be used in the extraction of forest classification covers using ENVI 4.8 and GIS software. The Diameter in Breast Height (DBH), Above Ground Biomass (AGB) and Carbon Stock (CS) were estimated for each classified forest cover and Tree Count Extraction was carried out using GIS. Subsequently, field validation was conducted for accuracy assessment. Results showed that the forest of San Manuel has 73% Forest Cover, which is relatively much higher as compared to the 10% canopy cover requirement. On the extracted canopy height, 80% of the tree's height ranges from 12 m to 17 m. CS of the three forest covers based on the AGB were: 20819.59 kg/20x20 m for closed broadleaf, 8609.82 kg/20x20 m for broadleaf plantation and 15545.57 kg/20x20m for open broadleaf. Average tree counts for the tree forest plantation was 413 trees/ha. As such, the forest of San Manuel has high percent forest cover and high CS.


We study the effect of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict on various education outcomes for Palestinian high school students in the West Bank during the Second Intifada (2000–2006). Exploiting within-school variation in the number of conflict-related Palestinian fatalities during the academic year, we show that the conflict reduces the probability of passing the final exam, the total test score, and the probability of being admitted to university. The effect of conflict varies with the type and the timing of the violent events the student is exposed to and it is not significant for students in the upper tail of the test score distribution. We discuss various possible transmission mechanisms explaining our main result. Evidence suggests a role for both the conflict-induced deterioration of school infrastructures and the worsening in the student's psychological well-being due to direct exposure to violent events.


This title helps for the best preparation for the new AQA specification. Written by an expert team of authors, this new edition provides total coverage of the new specification, with a strong focus on assessment throughout. This Student Book retains all of the qualities of the popular first edition and is packed with additional features including full-colour design and exciting case studies from high-profile athletes helping students relate theory to that athlete's practical experience. It features model questions and answers with feedback in the Exam Tips boxes delivering advice direct from examiners. It includes the Exam Cafe where students can find lots of ideas to help them prepare for their exams. Revise as you go sections enable students to see how they are progressing, with Take it further sections providing further questions to test more able students.


The volume and availability of data produced and affordably stored has become an important new resource for building organizational competitive advantage. Reflecting this, and expanding the concept of the supply chain, we propose the Data Supply Chain (DSC) as a novel concept to aid investigations into how the interconnected data characteristics relate to and impact organizational performance. Initially, we define the concept and develop a research agenda on DSC coupling theoretical background of strategy and operations literature. Along with the conceptualization, we develop a set of propositions and make suggestions for future research including testing and validating the model fit.


This paper describes the SWAN-iCare system and its potential impact in the area of wound management. The SWAN-iCare project aims at developing an integrated autonomous device for the monitoring and the personalized management of chronic wounds, mainly diabetic foot ulcers and venous leg ulcers. Most foot and leg ulcers are caused by diabetes and vascular problems respectively but a remarkable number of them are also due to the co-morbidity influence of many other diseases (e.g. kidney disease, congestive heart failure, high blood pressure, inflammatory bowel disease). More than 10 million people in Europe suffer from chronic wounds, a number which is expected to grow due to the aging of the population. The core of the project is the fabrication of a conceptually new wearable negative pressure device equipped with Information and Communication Technologies. Such device will allow users to: (a) accurately monitor many wound parameters via non-invasive integrated micro-sensors, (b) early identify infections and (c) remotely provide an innovative personalized two-line therapy via non-invasive micro-actuators to supplement the negative pressure wound therapy.


Without any doubt, Knowledge Management (KM) does offer the way on how to exploit intellectual capitals in business organizations. However, the KM principles can also be implemented in other types of organization such as the Higher Learning Institutions (HLI). One way to exploit KM is by implementing the KM System (KMS). As we all concern, knowledge is everywhere and how far it has been captured, collaborated and managed systematically especially in public higher learning institutions is unknown. Further more, how far KMS have been giving benefits to the students in PHLI is something that never been revealed. Besides that, the general framework of KMS, even though accepted but there are some unidentified features that has not been discovered. By adding these unidentified features, it will make the existing framework of KMS more effective. This study is mainly aimed to achieve three main objectives. First is to analyze respondents' perception of current KMS implementation in PHLI in Klang Valley, second is to analyze the current state acceptance and implementation of KMS framework in PHLI in Klang Valley, and third is to provide suggestions for what should be included in a general KMS framework for PHLI. These people consist of academic staffs, non-academic staffs and students. Meanwhile, the works involve teaching and learning, research and development (RnD), and services. This study applied the survey method, where questionnaires were distributed to six PHLIs in Klang Valley and later were analyzed using statistical analysis. Most of respondents perceived KMS as a new way to add value. The results indicated that the current state of KMS framework implementation in PHLI has been accepted. However, the finding also discovered the lacking of awareness to the current KMS implementation. This causes some of the applications, technological systems and audit, which are used in KMS, were not fully utilized and realized by the users. The modification on the existing KMS framework emphasizes more on KMS awareness and its roles. The finding has also shows that the incentives and rewards do play significant roles in KMS implementation.


Arguably, intelligent agents ought to be able to discover their own questions so that in learning answers for them they learn unanticipated useful knowledge and skills; this departs from the focus in much of machine learning on agents learning answers to externally defined questions. We present a novel method for a reinforcement learning (RL) agent to discover questions formulated as general value functions or GVFs, a fairly rich form of knowledge representation. Specifically, our method uses non-myopic meta-gradients to learn GVF-questions such that learning answers to them, as an auxiliary task, induces useful representations for the main task faced by the RL agent. We demonstrate that auxiliary tasks based on the discovered GVFs are sufficient, on their own, to build representations that support main task learning, and that they do so better than popular hand-designed auxiliary tasks from the literature. Furthermore, we show, in the context of Atari2600 videogames, how such auxiliary tasks, meta-learned alongside the main task, can improve the data efficiency of an actor-critic agent.


"The last WoW module was clunky and a bit slow on my rig but it had a great toolset for building adventures for my avatar. Now I'm at sixtieth level! Awesome!"Whether it's about science fiction, Star Trek, sports, comics, or computers, geekspeak is full of mysterious words and phrases. But now there's an easy way to understand what it's all about.With this book you can dork out with the best of 'em. Here are more than 1,000 words and their definitions, including such gems as: LARPRed ShirtWilhelm ScreamXenomorphMunchkin*So don't worry if you don't know what a midochlorian is or what to do with a proton pack. With this book, you'll never be confused again.*Which doesn't mean what you think it means, unless you're a fan of roleplaying games.


We can integrate more IP blocks on the same silicon die as the development of fabrication technologies and EDA tools. Consequently, we can design complicated SoC architecture including multi-processor. However, most of existing SoC buses have bottleneck in on-chip communication because of a shared bus architecture, which results in the performance degradation of the system. In most cases, the performance of multi-processor systems is determined by efficient on-chip communication and the well-balanced distribution of computation rather than the performance of processors. We propose an efficient SoC network architecture (SNA) using crossbar router which provides a solution to ensure enough communication bandwidth. The SNA can significantly reduce the bottleneck of on-chip communication by providing multi-channels. According to the proposed architecture, we design components for the SNA and build a model system. The proposed architecture has a better efficiency by 40% than the AMBA AHB according to a simulation result.


Purpose - a great number of models investigate individual intention towards adopting and using information technology. However, the complex link between intention and behavior suggests that it may require more scrutiny (intention behavior gap). The link between the intention and behavior is most likely influenced by a number of factors, some controllable, others uncontrollable; therefore, external factors are likely to play a significant role. However, IS literature on the subject is extremely lacking. One of the popular theories in this context is the UTAUT model, which has certain limitations, especially when it concerns intention behavior gaps. Research on the entrepreneurship context identified precipitating events as a promising candidate to overcome such limitations. To address the gap in the UTAUT and improve the model, it is reviewed and empirically compared to the Entrepreneurial Potential Model (EPM) in order to allow us to develop a new model that integrates elements from the two models in order to capture the different factors of IT adoption behavior.Methodology – a longitudinal survey approach is appropriate for this study, since this research design allows the researcher to test the overall fit of the integrative TADU model. The longitudinal study is appropriate to test the relationship between intention and use behavior and the effect of precipitating events on the time that intention is formed and behavior is performed. This is an ongoing research, and at this stage, the authors are mainly developing a theoretical argument and methodology that is currently in the process of being tested. Results – the new model mitigates the limitations arising from the UTAUT, particularly its predictive ability, and it also reduces the 'distal nature' between intention and use behavior.Study limitation – the paper represents work in progress and may some researcher criticize it in term of the predicted results.Practical significance – the TADU model is a useful tool for managers to assess the likelihood of success for new technology introductions and the possibility of actual use. It helps the manager understand the driver of technology acceptance and allows them to design interventions for users that are less inclined to use new technology. In addition, policy makers could facilitate and provide guidance in relation to the adoption and usage of IT innovation. Originality/value judgment – this study revises the UTAUT and the EPM in order to develop a more robust model, and identify new variables that affect the relationship between intentions and use behavior, while overcoming UTAUT's limitations. It improves the model by adding precipitating events as moderators that is able to measure the effect of external factors on the relationship between behavioral intention and usage behaviors. The new model is able to capture the causal flow between technological factors, environmental factors and individual factors in predicting intentional behavior.


Insects, whether they creep or fly, live in a world of hard knocks. Who has not stepped on a cockroach, then raised her shoe to watch the creature get up and scoot under a door? Bees and wasps, for their part, face a never-ending obstacle course of leaves, stems, and petals—bumblebees crash their wings into obstacles as often as once a second. Now, researchers are learning how these creatures bend but don't break. The results do more than explain why cockroaches are so hard to kill. By mimicking the combination of rigid and flexible parts that gives insect exoskeletons and wings their resilience, biomechanicists are making robots tougher. It's quite the contrast from the way engineers have designed most of their machines, but may lead to better robots for search and rescue.


Abstract In the event of a terrorist act involving a radiological agent, internal contamination due to inhalation is a potential health threat. When a large population is potentially impacted, there is need for methodology to serve as an initial screening or triage tool to rapidly identify individuals with significant amounts of internal contamination and to assist in prioritizing collection of large numbers of bioassay samples needed in such an incident. Common handheld radiation detectors and medical devices are tools that can effectively and rapidly screen a large number of people for internal contamination due to gamma-emitting isotopes. This work investigated the use of a common medical device, a thyroid uptake system or thyroid probe, in screening for internal contamination in individuals. The response of a thyroid uptake system in such a situation can be estimated by using a validated Monte Carlo model of the thyroid uptake system and various human phantoms. A computational model of the thyroid uptake system was built using the Los Alamos Particle Transport Code, MCNP Version 5. The validation of this computational model was demonstrated by comparisons to a series of benchmark measurements using the actual device and six isotopes with a range of gamma-ray emission energies.


The Ibero-Amerikanisches Institut Preußischer Kulturbesitz (IAI; Ibero-American Institute at the Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation) owns a collection of some 750 works of Mexican popular culture, the majority of which were illustrated by the printmaker and engraver José Guadalupe Posada (1851–1913) and printed by Antonio Vanegas Arroyo (1850–1917), whose company operated from the 1880s to the 1940s. The collection is comprised of a broad range of media, from chapbooks and magazines to Hojas sueltas (broadsheets). The texts of the published works cover a broad range of topics, on the one hand drawing on themes from Ibero-American—and especially Mexican—oral traditions and popular piety; and on the other hand, covering current affairs in Mexico and, to a lesser extent, abroad. The majority of the texts are in prose. Various forms of poetry, above all corridos (ballads), are also featured.
 The Posada Collection continues to be systematically enlarged and forms part of the Ibero-American Institute's exceptionally rich collections of popular culture around 1900 from Latin America and the Iberian Peninsula. Completely in open access, it is one of the IAI's most consulted digital collections.


Iron oxides are conventionally used as heterogeneous Fenton catalysts because of their abundance, ease of separation, affordability, and applicability in broad pH range. This is especially reported for magnetite due to the presence of Fe2+ cations in its structure. However, the magnetite-catalyzed Fenton reaction has lower reaction rate compared with the homogeneous reaction, which led to the introduction of transition metal-substituted magnetites. Previous studies focused mainly on the fourth series transition metals of the periodic table, and there have not been any comprehensive study on the effects of the transition metals from period five on the structure and activity of magnetite in Fenton process. Therefore, the present study synthesized a series of single, and co-doped niobium and/or molybdenum substituted magnetites by co-precipitation method prior to characterization. The amount of Nb and Mo incorporated in the samples were: Fe3-xNbxO4 (x = 0.022, 0.049, 0.099, and 0.19), Fe3-xMoxO4 (x = 0.028, 0.069, 0.13, and 0.21) and Fe3-x-yNbxMoyO4 (x = 0.025, 0.049, 0.099, 0.149, and 0.171; y = 0.094, 0.089, 0.073, 0.032, and 0.023). All samples maintained the inverse spinel structure and magnetic property. The imported Nb4+ and Mo4+ mainly replaced the octahedral Fe3+ and Fe2+ cations, respectively. Higher Nb and Mo content decreased the crystal size significantly with concomittant increase in specific surface area, resulting in higher adsorption capacity of the catalysts. Subsequently, the activity of the synthesized samples was tested through the Fenton-like reaction for degradation of a model wastewater (methylene blue solution, MB). The presence of transition metals significantly improved the degradation of MB, especially with higher Nb and Mo contents in which, complete MB removal was achieved within 180 min. This could be attributed to a combination of factors: (i) increased adsorption capacity of the samples evidenced by larger surface area; (ii) participation of thermodynamically favorable Nb4+/Nb5+ and Mo4+/Mo6+ redox pairs
iv
in regeneration of Fe2+ and •OH radical generation, (iii) presence of oxygen vacancies serves as active sites on the surface of the catalysts, and (iv) direct involvement of peroxo-niobium complexes in MB degradation. Three catalysts, Fe2.79Nb0.19O4, Fe2.79Mo0.13O4 and Fe2.79Nb0.171Mo0.023O4, with the highest activity in the Fenton reaction were chosen, and used for treatment of MB and methyl orange (MO) solutions through the Fenton-like, UV/Fenton-like and US/Fenton-like reactions. The incorporated Nb and Mo significantly accelerated MB degradation in the US/Fenton followed by the UV-B/Fenton and UV-A/Fenton reactions. However, UV-B/Fenton reaction was more effective in degrading MO compared to the other oxidation systems. Furthermore, MB adsorption on the surface of the samples was well described by pseudo-second-order model kinetics. In addition, MB oxidation through the Fenton reaction catalyzed by the Fe3-xNbxO4, Fe3-xMoxO4, and Fe3-x-yNbxMoyO4 samples was well described by the pseudo-first-order, zero-order, and pseudo-first-order kinetics, respectively. The amount of leached iron and incorporated transition metals were not significant in acidic condition and undetectable in neutral and basic solutions. The samples retained their catalytic efficiency after three recycles in Fenton process. The results proved that niobium and molybdenum substituted magnetites enhanced the Fenton oxidation of organic pollutants. Therefore this highlights the promising potentials for treating recalcitrant effluents


PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to explore the associations between sociodemographic factors such as residence, health care access, and colorectal cancer (CRC) screening among residents of Texas.

METHODS
Using the 2012 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey, we performed logistic regression analyses to determine predictors of CRC screening among Texas residents, including rural versus urban differences. Our outcomes of interest were previous (1) CRC screening using any CRC test, (2) fecal occult blood test (FOBT), or (3) endoscopy, as well as up-to-date screening using (4) any CRC test, (5) FOBT, or (6) endoscopy. The independent variable of interest was rural versus urban residence; we controlled for other sociodemographic and health care access variables such as lack of health insurance.

RESULTS
Multivariate analysis showed that individuals who were residents of a rural/non-Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) location (OR = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.51-0.97) or a suburban county (OR = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.39-0.95) were less likely to report ever having any CRC screening compared to residents of a center city of an MSA. Residents of a rural/non-MSA location were less likely (OR = 0.49, 95% CI = 0.28-0.87) than residents of a center city of an MSA to be up-to-date using FOBT. There was decreased likelihood of ever being screened for CRC among the uninsured (OR = 0.43, 95% CI = 0.31-0.59).

CONCLUSIONS
Effective development and implementation of strategies to improve screening rates should aim at improving access to health care, taking into account demographic characteristics such as rural versus urban residence.


ABSTRACT Herbicide resistance has become a major concern for agricultural systems, and integrating weed management practices seem to be the most promise way for its mitigation. The effects of cropping systems including ruzigrass (Urochloa ruziziensis) associated with herbicide rotation programs were evaluated for the management of glyphosate resistant conyza (Conyza sumatrensis) and sourgrass (Digitaria insularis) in soybean and corn production systems. A 3x3 factorial was evaluated in four consecutive soybean (spring-summer) and corn (fall-winter) double cropping seasons. Factor A consisted of three combinations of cropping systems in the fall-winter: corn, corn plus ruzigrass, and ruzigrass alone. Factor B was based on increasing levels of diversity in herbicide mode of action over the four-year period (5, 8, and 11 MoAs). The results indicate that using ruzigrass significantly increased soil coverage by cover crop residues. In general, the cover crop was more efficient for conyza than for sourgrass control, whereas herbicide programs provided greater control on sourgrass than on conyza. Besides the weed suppression effect, the accumulation of ruzigrass biomass on the soil surface during the fall-winter also improved yield of soybean in the spring-summer. The integration of ruzigrass as a cover crop and the use of herbicide programs with multiple modes of action can provide efficient control of glyphosate-resistant conyza and sourgrass. The use of only one of these strategies was not effective in most cases, especially for the long term.


Habitat fragmentation is threatening global biodiversity. To date, there is only limited understanding of how habitat fragmentation or any alteration to the spatial structure of a landscape in general, affects species diversity within complex ecological networks such as food webs. Here, we present a dynamic and spatially-explicit food web model which integrates complex food web dynamics at the local scale and species-specific dispersal dynamics at the landscape scale, allowing us to study the interplay of local and spatial processes in metacommunities. We explore how habitat fragmentation, defined as a decrease of habitat availability and an increase of habitat isolation, affects the species diversity patterns of complex food webs (α-, β-, γ-diversity), and specifically test whether there is a trophic dependency in the effect of habitat fragmentation on species diversity. In our model, habitat isolation is the main driver causing species loss and diversity decline. Our results emphasise that large-bodied consumer species at high trophic positions go extinct faster than smaller species at lower trophic levels, despite being superior dispersers that connect fragmented landscape better. We attribute the loss of top species to a combined effect of higher biomass loss during dispersal with increasing habitat isolation in general, and the associated energy limitation in highly fragmented landscapes, preventing higher trophic levels to persist. To maintain trophic-complex and species-rich communities calls for effective conservation planning which considers the interdependence of trophic and spatial dynamics as well as the spatial context of a landscape and its energy availability.


Pain sensitivity varies substantially among humans. A significant part of the human population develops chronic pain conditions that are characterized by heightened pain sensitivity. We identified three genetic variants (haplotypes) of the gene encoding catecholamine-O-methyltransferase (COMT) that we designated as low pain sensitivity (LPS), average pain sensitivity (APS) and high pain sensitivity (HPS). We show that these haplotypes encompass 96% of the human population, and five combinations of these haplotypes are strongly associated (P=0.0004) with variation in the sensitivity to experimental pain. The presence of even a single LPS haplotype diminishes, by as much as 2.3 times, the risk of developing myogenous temporomandibular joint disorder (TMD), a common musculoskeletal pain condition. The LPS haplotype produces much higher levels of COMT enzymatic activity when compared with the APS or HPS haplotypes. Inhibition of COMT in the rat results in a profound increase in pain sensitivity. Thus, COMT activity substantially influences pain sensitivity, and the three major haplotypes determine COMT activity in humans that inversely correlates with pain sensitivity and the risk of developing TMD.


This thesis investigated the influence of situational knowledge on the performance of two common tasks; category member generation under a free-emission procedure and the judgement of similarity between two items using rating scales. In both tasks, selfreport protocols were used to identify the strategies that people seemed to be using to complete the tasks. The main goal was to identify the role of situational knowledge in the organisation of semantic memory. Traditional models would not predict a role for situational knowledge in either of the target tasks. In the category member generation studies (Chapter 2) participants frequently instantiated situations or perspectives to cue retrieval of category members for both taxonomic and ad hoc categories. Chapter 3 investigated the factors that determine subjective similarity: category type, typicality, context and presence or absence of self-report. The quantitative data analysis showed the need for careful qualifications to previous claims concerning the effect of context on similarity (Barsalou, 1982). Specifically, ad hoc category members were rated more similar with context only when judgements were made without self-report and when items were relatively typical. Self-report protocols showed that co-occurrence of items in a situation frequently entered into judgements of similarity. Chapter 4 investigated the role of events in determining the strength of this 'thematic' similarity. Individual indices of association strength between the items and an event were shown to predict similarity ratings thus confirming that thematic similarity is driven, at least partially, by the association of items to common settings. The findings lend empirical weight to theoretical positions that present memory for situational information as an integral part of conceptual knowledge. This approach may underpin a new direction for research into concepts in both normal and clinical adult populations.


The nature of health care research creates competing ethical conflicts. On the one hand, research procedures should protect individual privacy and autonomy. Information obtained from subjects should be held in confidence, individuals should not be coerced into participating in research, and they should have full knowledge of the risks and benefits of participation. On the other hand, in pursuit of a clearer understanding of health problems and to guard society from harm, some identifying information is necessary to protect the public good. Debates about the public right to know are heightened when society experiences epidemics or public health crises. Also, research may be needed on population groups who may not fully understand the risks and benefits of a research project. Many factors in conducting research have the potential for infringement on clients' rights to privacy and autonomy. Research subjects are often in a compromised and vulnerable state because of medical conditions, disabilities, mental status, or other problems that have the potential to affect comprehension, judgment, and reasoning. We must deliberate how a researcher obtains informed consent from a person who is in the beginning stages of dementia, a minor child, a person who is visually impaired and cannot read the consent form, a person with developmental disabilities, a person whose primary language is not English, and a client in need of emergency medical or psychiatric care. Models and examples exist of how informed consent may be obtained and autonomy preserved, even with the most challenging of circumstances. In these cases, special procedures such as surrogate decision makers, interpreters, and modifications are in place to accommodate disabilities (American Geriatrics Society Ethics Committee, 1998; Cohen-Mansfield, Kerin, Pawlson, Lipson, & Holdridge, 1988; Cuenod & Gasser, 2003; Philipson, Doyle, Gabram, Nightingale, & Philipson, 1995). Informed consent and preservation of autonomy can be maintained with foresight and planning. Our society needs continued debates about what constitutes ethical research practices. How can we continue to balance the rights of individuals with the rights of the greater society? We must continue to examine how much we are willing to sacrifice in pursuit of common knowledge. The protection of the rights of research participants was a major tenet of the Nuremberg Code. Created in response to the atrocities of medical experimentation conducted in concentration camps, the Nuremberg Code is a 10-point statement on medical ethics. Among other factors, the document emphasizes voluntary consent to experimentation. The Nuremberg Code dealt with informed consent and is the first accepted international document that set guidelines in this area. This document declares that each subject be adequately informed of the aims, methods, anticipated benefits, and potential hazards of the study. The document stipulates that close relatives of subjects can provide consent in the event that a subject cannot give consent. The Code recommended that reports of experimentation out of compliance with these principles not be accepted for publication ("Trials of War Criminals," 1949). Since then, obtaining voluntary and informed consent has been recognized to be of utmost importance in the protection of human subjects. In the United States procedures for protecting human subjects are outlined in the Federal Policy for the Protection of Human Subjects. Referred to as the Common Rule, this policy requires reviews of research proposals and approval to conduct such research from an institutional review board (IRB). Researchers conducting secondary analyses must also conform to these regulations. As part of the IRB process, researchers must also demonstrate how data will be held in confidence. Another part of this review requires proof of informed consent procedures used for the research project. …


ISO 26262 was established in 2011 as a functional safety standard for passenger cars. In this standard, ASILs (Automotive Safety Integrity Levels) representing safety levels for passenger cars are determined by evaluating the hazardous events associated with each item constituting an electrical and/or electronic safety-related system according to three evaluation criteria including injury severity. On the other hand, motorcycles will be included in the scope of application of ISO 26262 in the next revision. It is expected that a severity evaluation for motorcycles will be needed because motorcycles are clearly different from passenger cars in vehicle mass and structure. Therefore, this study focused on severity class evaluation for motorcycles. A method of classifying injury severity according to vehicle speed was developed on the basis of accident data. In addition, a severity table for motorcycles classifying injury severity according to vehicle speed for each accident type was produced using accident data involved with motorcycles in Japan.


Forests contribute to climate change mitigation by removing atmospheric carbon dioxide and storing it in biomass and other carbon pools. Additionally, since appropriate forest management can reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, it is important to estimate the magnitude of these services to include them into climate policy. We used a forest inventory stratified by canopy cover in the oak-pine forest of La Primavera Biosphere Reserve in Mexico (30,500 ha), to assess the potential provision of forest carbon services. Inventory results were used in combination with a Landsat image to estimate carbon stocks in arboreal biomass. Potential carbon removals were calculated from published allometric equations and models estimating tree growth rates, for enhancements in forested areas and for reforestation/afforestation. Carbon stocks estimated in arboreal biomass at the time of the inventory were 4.16 MtCO2eq (3.42–4.89). The potential for further carbon sequestration and enhancement could take the level of stocks up to 9.77 MtCO2eq (7.66–11.89, 95% confidence interval); previous fires have degraded carbon stocks below their natural potential. The results present a gradient of carbon stocks for different degradation levels and are consistent with national and international estimates and previous local research. The baseline for the estimation of reduced emissions is critical for assessing the overall contribution of forests to mitigate climate change. The local baseline of emissions might be around 1% according to historical data; however, when enhancements and reduced emissions are valuated together, a baseline of 3.7% is required to prevent the creation of perverse incentives favouring previously degraded areas; considering these figures for reduced emissions, the yearly carbon services provided by La Primavera, including enhancements, sequestration and reduced emissions, could be between 169.4 ktCO2eq/year (134.8–204.5) and 282.1 ktCO2eq/year (228.2–337.1), respectively. Over a period of 60 years, this would be equivalent to 2.4 and 4.1 times the magnitude of mean standing stocks at the time of the inventory. If incentive-based mechanisms are used to maintain and enhance forest carbon services and perverse incentives are to be avoided, a balanced mix of incentives and controls is needed.


The Crown Against Mafavuke is based on a South African trial from 1940. Mafavuke Ngcobo was a traditional herbalist who was accused by the local white medical establishment of 'untraditional behaviour'. The lm explores the ideological and commercial confrontation between two di erent yet intertwining medicinal traditions and their uses of plants, with slippages across gender and race further questioning notions of purity and origination. The re-imagined court case is lmed at the Palace of Justice in Pretoria, where the Rivonia trial was held that sent Mandela and his fellow accused to Robben Island prison.


Until recently, entrepreneurship and neighbourhood studies were academic disciplines which rarely interacted with each other. However, recent macroeconomic and societal trends have pointed the spotlight on the nexus between entrepreneurship, neighbourhoods and communities, highlighting not only the importance of 'the local' in entrepreneurship, but also the huge gaps in our knowledge base regarding this tripartite relationship. In much of the literature, a distinction is drawn between entrepreneurship taking place in neighbourhoods or communities, and entrepreneurship taking place for neighbourhoods and communities. This chapter starts out from the international call for interdisciplinary approaches to entrepreneurship and firm formation to overcome entrepreneurship research and neighbourhood and community studies' mutual neglect for one another's fields of research. This introduction to a volume of chapters aims to shed light on the multiple relationships between entrepreneurship, neighbourhoods and communities across several countries. It asks how neighbourhoods and communities can shape entrepreneurship, a question for which the relevance stems from radical changes of (inter)national and regional labour markets and growing evidence that neighbourhood contexts impact on entrepreneurship and self-employment in various ways. It also asks the 'reverse' question: how does entrepreneurship influence neighbourhoods and communities? In doing so, the chapter (and many other chapters in the book) treat 'community' as a local, spatially embedded concept. Particular attention is devoted to community-based forms of enterprise and their potential for contemporary bottom-up neighbourhood regeneration.


Established in 1998, the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) is a private, non-profit corporation that administers the Internet domain name system. Through its Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP), ICANN has also become an important vehicle for resolving domain name disputes that result from "cybersquatting." The UDRP requires that parties to a domain name dispute submit to arbitration that conforms to ICANN rules. Although the parties maintain the right to seek judicial review of UDRP decisions, however, the level of deference that courts should grant those decisions remains unclear. To address this issue, this Note reviews the technological and legal history of the domain name system. This Note also examines ICANN's origins, purposes, and structure, comparing them to those of federal administrative agencies. In doing so, this Note concludes that courts reviewing UDRP decisions should grant ICANN the same deference granted to federal agencies.


We study the backaction of a nearby measurement device on electrons undergoing coherent transfer via adiabatic passage (CTAP) in a triple-well system. The measurement is provided by a quantum point contact capacitively coupled to the middle well. We account for this continuous measurement by treating the whole {triple-well+detector} as a closed quantum system. This leads to a set of coupled differential equations for the density matrix of the enlarged system which we solve numerically. This approach allows us to study a single realization of the measurement process while keeping track of the detector output, which is especially relevant for experiments. In particular, we find the emergence of a new peak in the distribution of electrons inside the detector, accompanied by a drop in the fidelity of the protocol.


Abstract Mental health practitioners struggle to translate recovery paradigms into practice. Changing from a focus on remediation of symptoms to a focus on reclaiming life in the community and enhancing protective factors requires a new approach. One new approach that particularly challenges health providers is the equalising of traditional patient-service provider relationships. Given the additional issues of disempowerment and social disadvantage of Indigenous peoples in Australia, equalising relationships and embedding recovery values for Indigenous mental health clients especially require urgent attention. There is also a need to learn more about the meaning of recovery in the Indigenous context and the ways in which it differs from non Indigenous interpretations. The Aboriginal and Islander Mental health initiative (previously the Australian Integrated Mental health initiative) has developed resources and training which seek to address this gap. The resources support a culturally adapted strengths-based approach to assessment and early intervention and are increasing popular in mental health, alcohol and other drug and chronic disease settings. Indigenous people with mental illness are subject to additional complex and toxic combination of social disconnecting factors. Culturally adapted recovery approaches to Indigenous mental illness are thus an important component of closing the gap in Indigenous health.


It is a widely acknowledged reality that the Supreme Court today faces a crisis in the form of a severely over-burdened docket. This paper argues that, while the existence of the problem is well known, its genesis, underlying causes and broader impact are significantly misunderstood. It is in that sense that the crisis remains an unseen one. A core claim of the paper is that the burden on the Court is neither a historical inevitability nor primarily a resource-centric problem. Rather, it is the product of conscious choices made over a period of time by judges of the Court, choices which were shaped and constrained in significant ways by other important factors, but which nonetheless remained conscious choices. This trend is deeply troubling for many reasons, and calls for an urgent exploration of possible models for reform.


Plant growth regulator (PGR) use has become common in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) production over the past 30 years. Plant growth regulators are widely used to manage plant height and suppress vegetative growth in cotton. However, the commercial introduction of new PGRs has prompted questions regarding comparative product performance in regard to height reduction, yield, and fiber quality. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of several commercially available PGRs on cotton growth, development, yield, and fiber quality. Field research was conducted in 2007 and 2008 at 22 locations representing 12 states. Products evaluated included mepiquat chloride, mepiquat chloride plus kinetin, mepiquat chloride plus cyclanilide, and mepiquat pentaborate. A non-ionic surfactant was included with all PGR applications, as well as alone, for comparison purposes. A non-treated check was also included. Application of all PGRs reduced end of season plant height. Plant height reductions varied depending on location. The total number of mainstem nodes was reduced due to PGR application in the Southwestern and Southeastern United States; however, no differences in lint yield, micronaire, or uniformity were observed due to PGR application in any region. Minor differences were present in nodes above cracked boll, fiber length, and fiber strength. No single product provided superior performance in regard to growth regulation, yield, or fiber quality.


We consider the problem of scheduling maintenance for a collection of machines under partial observations when the state of each machine deteriorates stochastically in a Markovian manner. We consider two observational models: first, the state of each machine is not observable at all, and second, the state of each machine is observable only if a service-person visits them. The agent takes a maintenance action, e.g., machine replacement, if he is chosen for the task. We model both problems as restless multi-armed bandit problem and propose the Whittle index policy for scheduling the visits. We show that both models are indexable. For the first model, we derive a closed-form expression for the Whittle index. For the second model, we propose an efficient algorithm to compute the Whittle index by exploiting the qualitative properties of the optimal policy. We present detailed numerical experiments which show that for multiple instances of the model, the Whittle index policy outperforms myopic policy and can be close-to-optimal in different setups.


Using density functional theory, we have examined the hydration mechanism of olivine with the objective of understanding the reaction pathways toward the formation of crystalline serpentine and brucite. It is found that further supply of water beyond saturation of the adsorption sites on olivine surfaces leads to the formation of amorphous brucite and serpentine molecules, with the latter forming in the subsurface domain. The calculated activation energy for this process is ~25 kJ mol−1, which permits formation of the amorphous materials well within the life span of the solar nebula. In addition, molecular dynamic simulations show that the adsorbed water in olivine is stable at least up to 900 K—a finding that is in accord with independent experimental studies. Thus, adsorption plus subsurface reaction of H2O in olivine could have taken place at temperatures considerably higher than the stability limit of hydrous minerals in the nebular condition. Using the DFT derived enthalpy of adsorption data, and reasonable approximation for the entropy of adsorption, we have calculated the fractional coverage of the reactive surface sites of olivine grains of spherical geometry by adsorbed water, and the corresponding ocean equivalent water (OEW) that could have been accreted into the Earth. These results suggest that adsorption and the associated subsurface hydroxylation of olivine grains might have been responsible for a significant fraction of the Earth's water budget. The adsorption of water into olivine crystals in the solar nebula might also have led to the delivery of water to other planetary bodies.


Rupert Sheldrake's theory of morphic resonance suggests a means by which the thoughts or behaviours of physically isolated members of species can converge in a manner that would not be expected by other forms of learning such as imitation. The proposed mechanism is via what is termed a 'morphogenetic field', a purported collective record of intra-species learning which subsequently shapes and stabilises the behaviours of future generations of organisms. In the human realm, Sheldrake has suggested that the acquisition of language should be influenced by the morphic resonance of past speakers of the language. Parapsychological tests of the theory have thereby typically consisted of learning activities involving a language unfamiliar to the participant. For example, Robbins and Roe presented participants with 10 Chinese symbols, 5 of which were genuine Mandarin Chinese characters whereas the other 5 were imitative symbols designed to appear authentic but having no meaning to Mandarin Chinese speakers. Participants were subsequently given a memory task in which they were asked to identify the symbols they had seen from a larger pool of 20 symbols (10 genuine, 10 imitative) containing all of the 10 originally presented. As predicted by the theory, participants were found to correctly recall more of the genuine characters compared with the imitative characters, and also exhibited more false memories of the genuine characters. Their bias towards recalling more genuine characters was also correlated with a measure of transliminality. However, potential shortcomings were identified within the experimental design. Most notably, as no methodical controls had been employed when contriving imitative symbols, it was possible that the genuine characters used in the study were in some way inherently more memorable than the imitative symbols which could alone account for the observed effects. The current study therefore attempted to replicate the findings of Robbins and Roe but drew upon a larger set of more systematically manipulated genuine and imitative characters, and used a more comprehensive system of randomising across participants. One hundred and one participants were shown, in a randomised order, 8 genuine and 8 imitative characters from one of three sets. They then took part in a distractor task by playing 'scissors-paper-stone' against a computer opponent for 1 minute. Subsequently, participants were presented with symbols in pairs (one genuine and one imitative) matched with each other for complexity and radical component (a key element of the character) and asked to indicate if they recalled seeing either character at the presentation stage. For some trials, participants had previously seen one of the characters whereas in others, both symbols were novel. Contrary to the previous study, participants correctly identified a similar number of real and imitative characters, whereas they exhibited more false memories for the imitative. Furthermore, the proposed relationships between the purported morphic resonance effect and transliminality and openness to experience were not supported. The enhanced experimental controls are thought to be the most salient explanation for the nullification of results


ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the role of ARDT after surgical resection of ACC. Materials and Methods: Records of patients from our institutional ACC database were retrospectively assessed. A paired comparison analysis was used to evaluate the oncological outcomes between patients treated with surgery followed by ARDT or surgery only (control). The endpoints were LRFS, RFS, and OS. A systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis was also performed to evaluate local recurrence of ACC when ARDT was used. Results: Ten patients were included in each Group. The median follow-up times were 32 months and 35 months for the ARDT and control Groups, respectively. The results for LRFS (p=0.11), RFS (p=0.92), and OS (p=0.47) were similar among subsets. The mean time to present with local recurrence was significantly longer in the ARDT group compared with the control Group (419±206 days vs. 181±86 days, respectively; p=0.03). ARDT was well tolerated by the patients; there were no reports of late toxicity. The meta-analysis, which included four retrospective series, revealed that ARDT had a protective effect on LRFS (HR=0.4; CI=0.17-0.94). Conclusions: ARDT may reduce the chance and prolong the time to ACC local recurrence. However, there were no benefits for disease recurrence control or overall survival for patients who underwent this complementary therapy.


This article brings Iranian American return narratives into dialogue with reinterpretations of Freud's analysis of melancholia in the works of Judith Butler, Jonathan Flatley, David Kazanjian, David Eng, and Shinhee Ham, among others. By refusing to relinquish Iran as a physical, geographical location, these narratives reverse the one-way motion of migration and assimilation, undermine the model-minority stereotype, and contradict the subtext of dominant Western discourses around Iran—that it is a place every sensible Iranian would leave behind if given the opportunity. Tara Bahrampour's To See and See Again, Azadeh Moaveni's Lipstick Jihad, and Gelareh Asayesh's Saffron Sky each seek confrontations with loss, contesting the relationship between the past and its remains by bringing personal and historical memory into direct encounters with present-day Iran. In this way, they articulate versions of Walter Benjamin's call to interrogate the tensions among history, memory, and the present, to "brush history against the grain." Seen as melancholic acts of rebellion, with failure necessarily embedded within from the start, Iranian American memoirs of return raise a series of questions: What happens at the site of return, when subjectivity fragmented by migration and assimilation seeks to recover a lost sense of coherence? How does the text itself become a geographical location in which narrative strategies are employed to bring the past into dialogue with the present? What creative potential is unleashed through a melancholic engagement with history, trauma, and memory, and what new forms of community and resistance become available as a result? This article takes up these sites of inquiry and sketches the contours of return narratives as a new archetype of ethnic American literature.


A time-marching numerical model for the analysis of fluid-structure interaction caused by oncoming alternating vortices has been developed by Jadic et al. (1998). Its applicability to analyzing realistic fluid???structure interaction problems has successfully been established in a recent experimental work of a flat plate in a circular cylinder wake (Lau et al. 2002). Using the model, So et al. (1999) have predicted that, under the excitation of oncoming Karman vortex street (KVS) vortices, an elastic airfoil/blade in inviscid uniform flow exhibits two types of fluid???structure resonance, namely aerodynamic and structural resonance. Aerodynamic resonance is of pure aerodynamic origin and occurs with rigid airfoil/blade excited at normalized frequency parameter c/d = 0.5, 1.5, 2.5 etc., where c is the blade chord and d is the streamwise separation between two neighboring vortices. For an elastic airfoil/blade, as a result of coupled fluid???structure interaction, structural resonance occurs at a normalized frequency close to the natural frequency in vacuo of the airfoil/blade. The occurrence of fluid-structure resonance has also been shown critical in noise generation process (Leung & So 2001). The present study extends the scope of the analysis to fluid???structure interactions occurring in axial???flow turbomachine cascade. When the flow is passing through the rotor, it generates wakes containing KVS vortices behind the rotor blades. The convecting wake will induce perturbations on the downstream stator blades at a wake passing frequency (Rao 1991). Such wake???blade interaction is important in determining the fatigue life of the blades and noise generation of the cascade. The cascade analysis starts with modeling the two-dimensional turbine stator by five high???loading blades evenly separated by s in inviscid uniform flow. Oncoming KVS vortices are released upstream to represent the passing wake originating from the rotor, and are allowed to pass through the stator blades. The blade pitch to blade chord ratio s/c and normalized frequency parameter c/d are important parameters of the problems. Fluid???structure interactions are fully resolved by the same numerical technique (Jadic et al. 1998, So et al. 1999). The combined effects of s/c and c/d on the aerodynamic and structural responses of the central blade are studied and discussed.Copyright ?? 2002 by ASME


The upper bathyal sea-pen Kophobelemnon stelliferum extends to depths of about 1600 m in the Porcupine Seabight, to the south-west of Ireland, but is rare below about 1150 m. Photographic data suggest that the species attains numerical abundances of more than 2 m−2and a wet weight biomass of at least 4 g m−2. The highest densities, however, do not necessarily correspond to the highest biomass values since there is a clear depth-related change in population structure. The largest sea-pens are restricted to the deeper parts of the bathymetric range of the species. There is also a marked change in the growth form at a total colony length of about 250 mm, with larger colonies having relatively more polyps than smaller ones. The sexes are separate in Kophobelemnon stelliferum and the sex ratio of colonies is about 1:1. The maximum oocyte diameter is about 800 μm, but there is no evidence of seasonal reproduction by this pennatulid in the Porcupine Seabight.