Many parents share information about their children online. It is reported that in the United States 92% of children have an online presence due to their parents' disclosures by the age of two years old. Although in the United Kingdom far fewer parents admit to sharing their children's information online, many parents will post hundreds of photographs of their children before they reach their fifth birthday. So many parents now share information about their children online that a new term, 'sharenting,' has emerged to describe the phenomenon. 'Sharenting' here means the 'habitual use of social media to share news, images, etc of one's children'.

Parents are often considered the 'guardians,' or 'gatekeepers' of their children's personal information. Their role in providing consent to use their children's information is recognised in European Union legislation and the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights (the ECtHR). The English judiciary also seemingly acknowledge that parents are the best people to decide whether a child's information is shared. In the sharenting context, however, a conflict of interests exists between parents and their children. This conflict was clearly highlighted in 2016 when media reports suggested an eighteen-year-old Austrian girl was suing her parents for posting embarrassing childhood photos on Facebook. Whilst that story has since been denounced as untrue, it nonetheless raises an interesting question: Could a child successfully sue their parents for sharenting? In attempting to answer that question this article analyses the remedies in English law that a child might use to prevent sharenting and to secure the removal of sharented information.


Soil fertility depletion due to soil erosion and nutrient leaching caused by heavy and continuous rainfall is one of the major causes for declining of soil productivity and crop yields in Masha district of south-western Ethiopia. Soil Hence, a field experiment was conducted in Belg and Meher seasons at Abelo area, Masha district, south-western Ethiopia, to determine the effect of combined application of cattle manure (CM) with inorganic nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) on potato tuber yield, and selected soil physico-chemical characteristics. The treatments comprised of combinations of three rates (2.5,5, 7.5 t ha-1) of CM with 25%, 50% and 75% of recommended rates of mineral NP, respectively. In addition, 100% recommended rate of mineral NP (165 kg N ha-1 and 137 kg P2O5 ha-1) and zero rates were used for comparison. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results revealed that applying 7.5 t ha-1 CM combined with 75% mineral NP gave significantly highest potato total tuber yield of (40 and 34 t ha-1), the same rate increased tuber yield by 55.9% and 43.45% in Belg and by 51.19%, and 36.64% in Meher over the control and the application of 100% recommended rate of NP fertilizers, respectivelysoil pH (5.15 and 4.94), Organic carbon (21.1and 12.7 g kg-1 ), total N (1.71 and 1.51 g kg-1), available P (7.55 and 6.27 mg kg-1), CEC (22.04 and 23.96 cmol (+) kg-1 ), exchangeable Ca+2 (8.36 and 8.28 cmol (+) kg-1), exchangeable Mg+2 (3.14 and 2.06 cmol (+) kg-1), total porosity (51.1 and 54.97%) more over the treatment decreases exchangble acidity (2.32 and 2.08 cmol+kg-1) and exchangble aluminum (1.46 and 1.41 cmol(+) kg-1), bulk density (1.07and 1.30g cm-3)  in Belg and Meher seasons, respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that the use of combined application of 7.5 t of ha-1 CM together with 75% of recommended rates of inorganic N (123.75 kg N ha-1) and P (103.05 kg P2O5 ha-1). can significantly increase potato tuber yield and improve the soil properties and reduces soil acidity. Keywords: Cattle manure,physico-chemical properties, nitrogen, phosphorus, tuber yield.


The thermal and structural evolution of a Paleozoic thrust system in central Australia, the Arltunga Nappe Complex, has been examined through field mapping, petrographic, microstructural and chemical analyses, K/Ar and 40Ar/39Ar thermochronology, and multi-diffusion-domain (time-temperature) modeling of K-feldspar 40Ar/39Ar data. The Arltunga Nappe Complex contains three distinct tectonic units, bounded by regional faults and shear zones, that have undergone contrasting deformational and metamorphic histories. The cooling history of the three tectonic units has been constrained by K/Ar and 40Ar/39Ar isotopic age data from K-feldspars, micas, and amphiboles. Results are consistent with a piggyback history of crustal imbrication spanning over 100 m.y., with the hottest rocks uplifted and cooled first and with imbrication acting progressively toward the foreland. Implications for the intracratonic Paleozoic tectonics of central Australia are (1) uplift within the structurally highest tectonic unit was initiated before 400 Ma; (2) continued piggyback imbrication, footwall failure, and uplift and exhumation of the crust resulted in duplexing in the lowest structural unit at approximately 325–300 Ma; (3) the contrast in thermal history between the tectonic units indicates that once widely separated crustal segments were juxtaposed during thrusting above a hinterland dipping megathrust, resulting in ∼85 km of crustal shortening.


Abstract Educationalists have been concerned with the labelling and treatment of children with mental health difficulties in the education system in England for some time. These concerns have centred on the role of policy in 'othering' such students as deviant learners. The unprecedented number of children suffering from mental illnesses, has forced policymakers to address children's mental health difficulties. This has involved the identification of a sub-set of the school population experiencing 'less-severe' mental health issues, to be addressed through a suite of policy interventions delivered by whole-school approaches, but targeted towards children situated as mentally 'weak'. Drawing upon a Foucauldian theory of governmentality that addresses children's behavioural motivations, an in-depth analysis of a number of educational policy initiatives related to mental health is conducted, that it is argued are fundamentally flawed. This analysis is followed by a discussion of the performative culture of High Stakes Testing in contributing to children's mental health difficulties. Here it is argued that a narrative of mental weakness serves to justify a neoliberal rationality towards the treatment of children for whom the performative logic assumed to motivate all learners, fails.


It has been a great concern that English language learners at primary school level have difficulties in learning and acquiring the language. Researches have shown that attitudes and motivations play very important role in influencing English language learners. This case study intended to investigate the attitudes of the primary school learners towards learning English, to investigate how attitudes their learning of English, to identify the types of motivational factors that influence their learning and to what extend the motivational factors influence them. The samples of this study were 35 Year Six pupils of SK Sungai Maong Hilir, Kuching. The data were collected by means of checklists, semi-structured interviews and written diaries. The data were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively, with descriptive analysis. The findings showed that 79.9% of these learners had positive attitudes and perceptions towards learning English. However, they
were not confident to use English in their communication and writing. Their preference of using Bahasa Malaysia (BM) was undeniable. On the other hand, 20.1% of these learners need to be motivated, guided, persuaded and convinced to use the language.Nevertheless, their positive or negative attitudes greatly influence their learning of English. In addition to that, three (8.6%) of these learners whose first language was English were highly motivated, confident and comfortable in using the language. This
study also revealed that these learners were greatly influenced by the extrinsic (63.4%) and intrinsic (79.6%) motivational factors in learning English. The prominent influential extrinsic factors are parents, family members, friends and teachers. On the other hand, the interest in learning English language, image as successfiil learners and the challenges of problem solving in learning the language are the intrinsic motivational factors


The aim of this study was to explore what kinds of conceptions of creativity and learning Finnish teachers and teacher students expressed, and how these conceptions were related to the respondents' epistemologies (conceptions of knowledge and learning). The participants (n = 89) answered an e-form, consisting of 3 open-ended questions (conceptions of learning, creativity and the connection between the two). In addition, there were 23 two-part Likert-type statements on epistemologies (Lonka et al., 2008) as well as 10 background questions. Mixed method approach was used to analyze the conceptions that the respondents' expressed. Two qualitative categories of conceptions of learning came from previous research, Constructivity and active epistemology (Lonka, Joram, & Bryson, 1996). A new category also emerged: Collaborativity of learning. The answers about creativity were classified based on whether creativity was viewed as an inborn ability or something changeable, whether focus was on product or process, and whether creativity was seen as collaborative. The participants' open-ended conceptions of learning reflected a view of learning as teacher-regulated assimilation, whereas their (structured) epistemologies higlighted reflection and deep-level learning. Creativity was viewed as something that can be improved, focusing on the collaborative process. A link between learning and creativity was identified. It shall be of interest to see, how such epistemic stands would be related to group work.


This thesis describes mass measurements at ISOLTRAP/ISOLDE/CERN in the region of the neutron-rich calcium isotopes. For the less exotic and more abundantly produced isotopes 51Ca and 52Ca the Penning trap based ToF-ICR technique could be used to validate the available mass data and to improve their precision. For the isotopes 53Ca and 54Ca, a Multi-Reflection Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (MR-ToF MS) was used to determine the mass of these exotic isotopes for the first time experimentally. This also represents the first time an MR-ToF MS was applied to derive the masses of previously unknown radioactive ions from the high precision time-of-flight data that can be gathered with the device. The mass data was then used to benchmark the strength of the N=32 neutron subshell closure and at the same time to compare to state-of-the-art shell-model calculations.
Furthermore, the capability of the MR-ToF device to deliver isobarically pure beams to a subsequent experiment was developed further and studied in detail. The new technique is based on the in-trap lift, which is normally used to in- and eject ions into and from the device. With this new selective ejection technique after separation of the ion ensemble in the MR-ToF trap, no external components are required.
Additionally, a new stabilization system for voltages supplies, based on a PI-algorithm, was developed and thoroughly tested. The stabilized voltage supply was then used to supply the most sensitive mirror voltage of the MR-ToF MS to significantly increase the short term and long-term mass resolving power of the apparatus.


This dissertation explores the value of disclosure in sustainability reports. Sustainability reports are part of the information provided publicly by companies and may reveal information about the type of sustainability practices adopted by the company and extent of implementation. To this end, we explore (1) developed constructs using sustainability reporting, and (2) consistency with established sustainability performance measures. Till now, limited research has been conducted pertaining to the specific operational practices that companies are reporting on for the sake of developing a new measure of social and environmental sustainability out of them. Finally, (3) using the proposed measure, we explore links to financial performance and firm size. To meet these three research objectives, we first synthesize and obtain from the literature and relevant guidelines a list of operational practices for environmental and social sustainability. Next, content analysis of 331 sustainability reports is implemented. In particular, scoring is carried out on the identified environmental and social practices to see which of those are prioritized in companies' sustainability reports. Based on the prevailing practices, we develop two constructs for social sustainability and three constructs for environmental sustainability. These constructs allow us to identify 'leader' and 'laggard' companies in four industrial sectors for comparison and provide illustrative text from their sustainability reports to demonstrate our scoring methodology. Second, we check consistency of our developed measure with existing measures of sustainability that are considered valuable. Specifically, we correlate our measure with Dow Jones Sustainability Index and Environmental Social and Governance data and find that all three measures are positively and significantly correlated with each other at the same level. Given the consistency between the three measures, we argue that our measure for sustainability performance is valuable and thus sustainability reporting appears to have some value. Finally, we explore the link between our developed measure with financial performance and firm size. Existing literature has extensively studied this relationship using established measures of sustainability performance, thus the results remain inconclusive. We revisit this relation by investigating whether our developed measure can shed light on that relationship. Structural equation modeling is performed, which indicates that there is not a significant relationship between our developed measure and financial performance, at least in the short term, as is consistent with similar research using ESG or other established measures. Thus, some aspects of sustainability but not all appear to be positively linked to financial performance. Also, to account for the industry effect, we are performing cluster analysis in four industrial sectors and identify upper and lower clusters, based on companies' total sustainability disclosure score. Our analysis indicates sector specificity as regards the relationship between sustainability disclosure and financial performance based on the proposed instrument. Also, size expressed by revenues does not affect the measure we developed, as suggested by some of the literature.


Abstract As part of the internationalization of higher education, more and more European university courses are being taught in English. Exchanges between universities have grown, and students from different parts of the world now often study together. What does this international environment look like in linguistic terms? Do students and teaching staff speak only the course language English, or are other languages also used, and if so, in what situations and contexts? These questions are discussed on the basis of an ethnographic study of an English-medium university course in Sweden. Extended examples of interaction show that participants adapt their use of languages to place-bound needs and conditions, giving rise to local norms. The national language Swedish holds a special position, as the first language of the majority and the lecturer. The course language English is dominant as a de facto lingua franca, but local social and linguistic needs and conditions leave room for other languages as well. Overall, course participants orient to three competing principles of language use: (a) English as a lingua franca, (b) the speaker's orientation to her or his own language and (c) the special position of Swedish, as the first language of the majority and the lecturer.


Purpose To show the extent to which social and health care services are integrated across European home care systems. Introduction and theory Home care incorporates several types of services. It is part of both the social system and health care system. Different disciplines/providers from different organisational settings, which may be financed differently, provide care at the clients' home. Furthermore, client's access to care may be organised in various ways. A European wide study (EURHOMAP) is used to look at these aspects in several countries. Methods A systematic literature review and consultations with experts across Europe resulted in a set of consensus-based indicators. Major topics are: provision, financing and regulation. Data were collected in 31 countries in 2008–2009. To enhance comparability, a panel of key informants in each country answered a set of questions related to four vignettes about people in need of home care. Results and conclusion Results will be presented for some countries which form a contrast in the extent of service delivery and integration in home care. The delivery, needs assessment, financing and policy and regulation of each will be discussed. There are several levels at which integration can occur: regulation, financing, access and service delivery. Whether and at which level integration occurs varies from country to country.


This paper provides practical guidance for researchers who are designing and analyzing studies that randomize schools—which comprise three levels of clustering (students in classrooms in schools)—to measure intervention effects on student academic outcomes when information on the middle level (classrooms) is missing. This situation arises frequently in practice because many available data sets identify the schools that students attend but not the classrooms in which they are taught. Do studies conducted under these circumstances yield results that are substantially different from what they would have been if this information had been available? The paper first considers this problem in the context of planning a school randomized study based on preexisting two-level information about how academic outcomes for students vary across schools and across students within schools (but not across classrooms in schools). The paper next considers this issue in the context of estimating intervention effects from school-randomized studies. Findings are based on empirical analyses of four multisite data sets using academic outcomes for students within classrooms within schools. The results indicate that in almost all situations one will obtain nearly identical results whether or not the classroom or middle level is omitted when designing or analyzing studies.


ABSTRACT This research is part of a new product planning exercise for a higher education institution. The study forecasts total market demand for general engineers in the Western Illinois, Southeast Iowa, and Northeast Missouri region. Then, it discusses the attraction of a planned, bachelor's degree in general engineering. A deterministic model was utilized to forecast total demand, and a stochastic model was employed to assess the attractiveness of the new product in the marketplace. The methodology of the paper should be of interest to practitioners in higher education. INTRODUCTION Reports from engineering trends research studies (see for example, the Bureau of Labor Statistics' Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2006-07) suggest that job opportunities in engineering are on the rise and expected to grow at a rate of 9% to 14% over the years leading up to 2014. To service the growing demand for engineers, organizations such as the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) are bringing together representatives from industry, government, and academia to develop an action plan for engineering education (see the planning document for IEEE conference, 2007 at www.ieee.com). In general, the view among engineering professionals is that an engineering career requires a broad education that includes the ability to perform on multidisciplinary teams and communicate effectively (American Society for Engineering Education, 2007; Hannon, 2003). Realizing the societal need for engineers with a broad knowledge, a higher education institution in Illinois has embarked upon a strategy to offer a bachelors degree program in "general engineering. Briefly, the plan is to prepare graduates to provide cross discipline design solutions for the wide range of demands encountered by today's practicing engineers in consulting offices, manufacturing businesses, industrial companies, and government agencies. This report provides the background information required to further develop the strategy. Specifically, the report offers two types of information for the decision maker: 1. Analysis of demand for engineers / general engineers, and 2. Analysis of the attractiveness of the general engineering degree in the marketplace. At a macro level, this report addresses the question, "Would businesses in Western Illinois, Southeast Iowa and Northeast Missouri, hire a general engineering graduate from the focal university?" (See Appendix 1 for a listing of counties in the study area). THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE Planning for a product requires quantitative assessment of present and future demand for the product. Conceptually, market demand for a product at time t is the total volume that would be bought by a defined customer group in a defined geographical area. Market demand for a product is often categorized into primary demand and secondary demand (Kotler et al. 2007). Primary demand is the total demand for a class of product, for instance, a bachelor's degree in business management, and secondary demand is the demand for a specific brand, for instance, demand for a specific university's bachelor's degree in business management. As translated to the problem at hand, primary demand for engineering graduates at time t (P^sub t^) can be expressed as the product of number of businesses (N^sub t^) and the average rate of engineering employment in those businesses (R^sub t^). Thus, P^sub t^ = N^sub t^ x R^sub t^ Formula (1) An explanation of R^sub t^ is offered by the theory of purchasing agent' s behavior (Douglas, 1975). The theory posits that purchasing agents follow fluctuations in demand and prices of factors of the company's production to optimize purchases. For instance, during times of recession, they delay purchases in anticipation of lower prices. Similarly, during economic upturns, they stock-up to avoid later, costly purchases. Because purchasing agents and their firms usually attend to similar sources of information about factor markets, it is reasonable to conclude that firms delay hiring in anticipation of a downturn and speed up the hiring process in a prospective upturn. …


Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are key elements of malaria control programs in endemic areas. A major step forward in recent years has been the production and use of rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) in settings where microscopy is impracticable. Many current RDTs target the Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 (PfHRP2) released in the plasma of infected individuals. These RDTs have had an indisputably positive effect on malaria management, but still present several limitations, including the poor characterization of the commercial monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) used for PfHRP2 detection, variable sensitivity and specificity, and high costs. RDT use is further limited by impaired stability caused by temperature fluctuations during transport and uncontrolled storage in field-based facilities. To circumvent such drawbacks, an alternative could be the development of well-characterized, stabilized recombinant antibodies, with high binding affinity and specificity. Here, we report the characterization of the cDNA sequences encoding the Fab fragment of F1110 and F1546, two novels anti-PfHRP2 mAbs. FabF1546 was produced in the Escherichia coli periplasm. Its properties of binding to the parasite and to a recombinant PfHRP-2 antigen were similar to those of the parental mAb. As the affinity and stability of recombinant antibodies can be improved by protein engineering, our results open a novel approach for the development of an improved RDT for malaria diagnosis.


This paper analyzes the role of transparency and credibility in accounting for the widely divergent macroeconomic effects of three episodes of deliberate monetary contraction: the post-Civil War deflation, the post-WWI deflation, and the Volcker disinflation. Using a dynamic general equilibrium model in which private agents use optimal filtering to infer the central bank's nominal anchor, we demonstrate that the salient features of these three historical episodes can be explained by differences in the design and transparency of monetary policy, even without any time variation in economic structure or model parameters. For a policy regime with relatively high credibility, our analysis highlights the benefits of a gradualist approach (as in the 1870s) rather than a sudden change in policy (as in 1920-21). In contrast, for a policy institution with relatively low credibility (such as the Federal Reserve in late 1980), an aggressive policy stance can play an important signalling role by making the policy shift more evident to private agents.


Micro-or nano-structurally roughened solid surfaces exhibit a rich variety of wetting behavior types, ranging from superhydro- or superoleophobicity to superhydro- or superoleophilicity. Depending on their material chemistry, the scale and morphology of their roughness or even the application of external electric fields, their apparent wettability can be significantly modified giving rise to challenging technological applications by exploiting the associated capillary phenomena at the micrometer scale. Certain applications, however, are limited by hysteretic wetting transitions, which inhibit spontaneous switching between wetting states, requiring external stimuli or actuation like thermal heating. The presence of surface roughness, necessary for the manifestation of the superhydrophobicity, induces multiplicity of wetting states and the inevitable hysteresis appears due to considerable energy barriers separating the equilibrium states. Here, by using continuum as well as mesoscopic computational analysis we perform a systems level study of the mechanisms of wetting transitions on model structured solid surfaces. By tracing entire equilibrium solution families and determining their relative stability we are able to illuminate mechanisms of wetting transitions and compute the corresponding energy barriers. The implementation of our analysis to 'real world' structured or unstructured surfaces is straightforward, rendering our computational tools valuable not only for the realization of surfaces with addressable wettability through roughness design, but also for the design of suitable actuation for optimal switching between wetting states.


Although the effect of the study abroad environment on foreign language learners' speech act performance had been underexplored for many years, a number of studies have been published in the last decade that help to shed light on the impact of study abroad sojourns on language learners' pragmatic competence. In this chapter, I will review and discuss investigations examining the effect of study abroad on language learners in a variety of study abroad contexts (e.g. Canada, United States of America, Latin America, France, Germany, Great Britain) and involving a variety of native and target language combinations (e.g. Chinese – English, English – French, English – German, English – Spanish, German – English, German – French, Japanese- English). The speech acts investigated are: advice, apologies, leave-taking, offers, refusals, requests and suggestions.


In this paper we analyze a fiscal mechanism used in Italy, which in Italian is called "Studi di Settore" (Sector Studies). This mechanism relies on information gathered on taxpayers to both partition the population into fairly homogeneous clusters and to determine the presumed income they should declare. When this estimated income is announced, before taxpayers fill out their tax returns, their optimal declaration strategies lead the tax- payer population to be naturally split into three homogeneous groups, one of which pays more taxes than are due, the second group comply but bears the audit cost, while the third evades and it is not audited. This result is close to the Italian situation where the greatest number of taxpayers make a tax declaration according to the announced cluster income, but there are always those who declare less and so are audited.


In theory commercial banks exist to resolve asymmetric information problems in credit markets. Because small business firms have much greater information problems than large firms, it is not surprising that they depend almost entirely on banks for external finance needs. Unfortunately, little is known either in academic literature or banking practice about the profitability of small business credit (and related information) services. The present study employs recently available business loan size information from the Call Reports for all insured U.S. commercial banks in 1994 and 1995 to examine the relationship between bank profits and small business credit. Regression analyses are conducted using the rate of return on assets and business loans less than $250,000, in addition to a number of variables that proxy various dimensions of risk that potentially could influence this relationship. Due to the fact that small and large banks differ considerably in their lending activities, separate analyses are conducted for five asset size groups. In brief, we find that, while small business loans likely have a negligible effect the profits of large banks, they tend to increase the profitability of small banks over time, holding constant various bank risk characteristics.


In this thesis, an unequal error protection scheme for transmitting JPEG2000 images over wireless channel is investigated. The rapid growth of wireless communication has resulted in a demand for robust transmission of compressed images over wireless networks. The challenge of robust transmission is to protect the compressed image data against the impairments of the radio channel, in such a way as to maximize the received image quality. However, for highly compressed images, it would be beneficial that regions of interest (ROI) are prioritized for interpretability. The thesis addresses this problem; investigating unequal error protection for transmitting JPEG2000 compressed images. More particularly, the results reported in this thesis provide guidance concerning the implementation of stronger error correction coding schemes (Golay code) for ROI and comparatively weaker coding (Hamming code) for non-ROI image spaces. Such unequal error protection can be utilized by the base station for transmitting JPEG2000-encoded images over next generation wireless networks.


Quantum phases and fluctuations in correlated electron systems with frustration and competing interactions are reviewed. In the localized moment case the S=1/2 J1 - J2 - model on a square lattice exhibits a rich phase diagram with magnetic as well as exotic hidden order phases due to the interplay of frustration and quantum fluctuations. Their signature in magnetocaloric quantities and the high field magnetization are surveyed. The possible quantum phase transitions are discussed and applied to layered vanadium oxides. In itinerant electron systems frustration is an emergent property caused by electron correlations. It leads to enhanced spin fluctuations in a very large region of momentum space and therefore may cause heavy fermion type low temperature anomalies as in the 3d spinel compound LiV2O4 . Competing on-site and inter-site electronic interactions in Kondo compounds are responsible for the quantum phase transition between nonmagnetic Kondo singlet phase and magnetic phase such as observed in many 4f compounds. They may be described by Kondo lattice and simplified Kondo necklace type models. Their quantum phase transitions are investigated by numerical exact diagonalization and analytical bond operator methods respectively.


Green gram ( Phaseolus aures L. ) and tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L ) are widely grown in the vertisols of the Mwea Irrigation Scheme in Kenya alongside the rice fields. Green gram can fix nitrogen and is grown for its highly nutritious and curative seeds while tomato is grown for its fruit rich in fiber, minerals and vitamins. The two can be prepared individually or together in a variety of ways including raw salads and/or cooked/fried. They together form significant delicacies consumed with rice, which is the major cash crop grown in the black cotton soils. The crops can grow well in warm conditions but tomato is fairly adaptable except under excessive humidity and temperatures that reduce yields. Socio-economic prioritization by the farming community and on-farm demonstrations of soil management options were instituted to demonstrate enhanced green gram and tomato production in vertisol soils of lower parts of Kirinyaga County (Mwea East and Mwea West districts). Drainage management was recognized by the farming community as the best option although a reduced number of farmers used drainage and furrows/ridges, manure, fertilizer and shifting options in that descending order. Non-availability of labour and/or financial cost for instituting these management options were indicated as major hindrances to adoption of the yield enhancing options. Labour force was contributed to mainly by the family alongside hiring (64.2%) although 28% and 5.2%, respectively used hired or family labour alone. The female role in farming activities dominated while the male role was minimal especially at weeding. The youth role was insignificant and altogether absent at marketing. Despite the need for labour at earlier activities (especially when soil management options needed to be instituted) it was at the marketing stage that this force was directed. Soils were considered infertile by 60% but 40% indicated that their farms had adequate fertility. Analysis showed that with ridging, farm yard manure and fertilizer improved soil fertility, crop growth and income considerably. Phosphate and zinc enhancement reduced alkalinity and sodicity. Green gram and tomato yields increased under ridges and farm yard manure application by between 17-25% which significantly enhanced household incomes. Key words: Green gram, Tomato, Vertisol management, Household income, Mwea, Kenya


The coherence power of a quantum channel, that is, its ability to increase the coherence of input states, is a fundamental concept within the framework of the resource theory of coherence. In this note we discuss various possible definitions of coherence power. Then we prove that the coherence power of a unitary operator acting on a qubit, computed with respect to the $l_1$-coherence measure, can be calculated by maximizing its coherence gain over pure incoherent states. We proceed to show that this result fails for dimensions N>2, that is, the maximal coherence gain is found when acting on a state with non-vanishing coherence.


This paper examines debt-equity hybrid securities whose existence and popularity appear to be due to their favorable accounting and tax treatment. Marketed under names such as Monthly Income Preferred Securities (MIPS), these securities are treated as equity-like for financial reporting and regulatory purposes, yet are treated as debt for tax purposes. In the four years since their creation, MIPS have largely replaced traditional preferred stock as a source of new capital, and many firms have engaged in recapitalizations in which MIPS are used to retire outstanding preferred stock or debt. We first describe how MIPS are structured to simultaneously achieve financial reporting, regulatory, and tax objectives. Second, we estimate the effects of actual MIPS issues, including how much firms appear to pay in the form of higher MIPS yields and issue costs for the financial reporting and regulatory advantages that MIPS have over debt, and how much firms save in taxes when using MIPS to retire preferred stock. Finally, we document how the market reacts to MIPS issue announcements, including separate analyses on firms that use MIPS proceeds to retire debt and preferred stock.


Prediction of energy consumption particularly in micro level is of vital importance in terms of energy planning and also implementation of any Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) activities that has become the order of the world today. It may be difficult to model household energy consumption using conventional methods such as time series forecasting due to many influencing factors. This paper presents a step wise regression model for forecasting domestic energy consumption based on micro level household survey data collected from Kerala, a state in southern part of India. The analysis of the data reveals significant influence of socio-economic, demographic, geographic, and family attributes upon total household energy requirements. While a wide variation in the pattern of energy requirements across the domestic sector belonging to different expenditure classes, per capita income level can be identified as the most important explanatory variable influencing variation in energy requirements. The models developed also demonstrates the influence of per capita land area, residential area among the higher income group while average age and literacy forms significant variables among the lower income group.


'Grasstops mobilizations' in the context of the European Court of Human Rights and the Court of Justice of the European Union refers to legal and political mobilization carried out by cause lawyers, NGOs, religious, secularist and humanist organizations, political figures and national governments, and by transnational networks which may develop within and between the above groups, depending on their stakes in a given issue. In the domain of religion, such grasstops mobilizations may seek to influence what religion-related issues get placed on a court's agenda and the climate within which the Court takes its decisions on the latter; they are forces at the European and transnational levels potentially influencing the Court's engagements with and ultimate handling of religion-related cases. This article draws on interviews carried out with various actors engaged with or impacted by mobilizations around the European courts to yield special insight into who mobilizes, for what reasons and to what effects, and into the conditions under which particular political, religious, or NGO actors are influential. Based upon the latter research as well as examination of certain structural differences between the two courts rendering them differently 'open' to various pressures, this contribution considers the comparative susceptibility of the two courts to such mobilizations.


Recent developments in various devices and applications require pairwise communications in an ad-hoc manner. Such systems are mostly interference-limited and suffer from capacity degradation caused by two-way communication. This paper investigates improvement of capacity performance in pairwise two-way communication through bi-directional use of spatial resources when beamforming is employed as the transmission scheme and instantaneous channel information is not available. This system is called a 'bi-directional beamforming' system. The primary approach to showing improvement in capacity performance in the bi-directional beamforming system involves focusing on the scaling of its achievable sum rate. Lower and upper bounds on the achievable sum rate are derived to evaluate the scaling of the achievable sum rate. Then, a condition is derived under which the bi-directional beamforming system outperforms the conventional beamforming system in the pairwise two-way communication environment. As a result, when the bi-directional beamforming system is employed, results show that the achievable sum rate scales twice as fast as that when conventional beamforming is employed.


We explore the potential of high-resolution carbon isotope stratigraphy
to provide an independent record of global sea-level changes in a
1600-m-thick succession representing ∼5 m.y. of slope sedimentation in
the Eocene Ainsa Basin of Spain. The restricted physiographic setting
of the basin results in a bulk δ 13 C carb signal that accurately correlates
with the coeval eustatic curve from the New Jersey (USA) passive margin.
We show that much of the deep-water sediment gravity flow (SGF)
deposits are emplaced during eustatic lowstands and fine-grained
marly intervals between SGFs correlate with rising and highstand sea
levels. However, we also detect a substantial interval of SGF deposition
during a sea-level highstand, confirming the nonuniqueness of the
controls on clastic deposition. This approach provides a new way to
assess the origin of depositional sequences and improve stratigraphic
predictions in basins with limited chronostratigraphic control.


Preface 1. Introduction and overview: mathematical strategies for filtering turbulent systems Part I. Fundamentals: 2. Filtering a stochastic complex scalar: the prototype test problem 3. The Kalman filter for vector systems: reduced filters and a three-dimensional toy model 4. Continuous and discrete Fourier series and numerical discretization Part II. Mathematical Guidelines for Filtering Turbulent Signals: 5. Stochastic models for turbulence 6. Filtering turbulent signals: plentiful observations 7. Filtering turbulent signals: regularly spaced sparse observations 8. Filtering linear stochastic PDE models with instability and model error Part III. Filtering Turbulent Nonlinear Dynamical Systems: 9. Strategies for filtering nonlinear systems 10. Filtering prototype nonlinear slow-fast systems 11. Filtering turbulent nonlinear dynamical systems by finite ensemble methods 12. Filtering turbulent nonlinear dynamical systems by linear stochastic models 13. Stochastic parameterized extended Kalman filter for filtering turbulent signal with model error 14. Filtering turbulent tracers from partial observations: an exactly solvable test model 15. The search for efficient skilful particle filters for high dimensional turbulent dynamical systems References Index.


In 1984-5 the carabids and staphylinids on ten isolated limestone outcrops and intervening blanket peat within the Moor House Reserve, Cumbria, were investigated. In 1986 a subsidiary study on similar habitats was made at Tailbridge Hill, Cumbria. Pitfall and window traps sampled beetles from the ground and air respectively. Numbers and alpha diversities of carabids and staphylinids were higher on the Moor House limestone outcrops than on the blanket peat. The outcrops acted as isolates to many species, but also suffered considerable contamination by adjacent peat faunas. Limestone species taken on outcrops exhibited a positive species: area relationship consistent with island biogeographical theory. Peat species taken on outcrops showed a negative species: area relationship. Overall, species of staphylinid were positively, and carabid, negatively, correlated with outcrop size. Dispersal of species between habitats was influenced by body size, degree of hygrophily and flight activity. Flight by carabids was negligible, but most staphylinids could fly. Weather conditions were probably the primary cause of this difference between taxa. Flight by staphylinids was related to the stability of the habitat or resources involved. All Nomadic species could fly whereas flight by Peat species was negligible. Limestone species showed relatively high levels of flight activity attributable to the need of many rarer species for regular dispersal between outcrops to spread the risk of extinction. The aerial fauna at Moor House had three components, with species deriving from the immediate habitat, moorland habitats nearby, or regions beyond the Reserve. A considerable influx of staphylinids (and aphids) onto the Reserve occurred in July-October as aerial plankton was carried in from the west by prevailing winds. The applicability of island biogeography theory to the Moor House system, and to 'habitat islands' in general, is discussed.


In collaboration with three generations of shishalh women, this thesis records this important cultural site, illustrating how shishalh women create Place through aesthetic production and how such Places, used for their puberty rites, continue to be formative in shaping the identities of contemporary shishalh women. This thesis adds to the growing body of literature which rectifies the absence of Indigenous women's culture and history within archaeological and ethnographic narratives by acknowledging Salish women's place-based aesthetic traditions. This study of the Moon Circles highlights the role of aesthetic production in shishalh women's identities, the connection between Place, Salish women's puberty traditions, and their 'art'. In doing so, this research underscores the necessity of redefining dominant perspectives on Indigenous women's 'material culture', art, and ritual.


Clustering is one of the most common data mining tasks, used frequently for data categorization and analysis in both industry and academia. The focus of our research is on semi-supervised clustering, where we study how prior knowledge, gathered either from automated information sources or human supervision, can be incorporated into clustering algorithms. In this thesis, we present probabilistic models for semi-supervised clustering, develop algorithms based on these models and empirically validate their performances by extensive experiments on data sets from different domains, e.g., text analysis, hand-written character recognition, and bioinformatics.
In many domains where clustering is applied, some prior knowledge is available either in the form of labeled data (specifying the category to which an instance belongs) or pairwise constraints on some of the instances (specifying whether two instances should be in same or different clusters). In this thesis, we first analyze effective methods of incorporating labeled supervision into prototype-based clustering algorithms, and propose two variants of the well-known KMeans algorithm that can improve their performance with limited labeled data.
We then focus on the problem of semi-supervised clustering with constraints and show how this problem can be studied in the framework of a well-defined probabilistic generative model of a Hidden Markov Random Field. We derive an efficient KMeans-type iterative algorithm, HMRF-KMeans, for optimizing a semi-supervised clustering objective function defined on the HMRF model. We also give convergence guarantees of our algorithm for a large class of clustering distortion measures (e.g., squared Euclidean distance, KL divergence, and cosine distance).
Finally, we develop an active learning algorithm for acquiring maximally informative pairwise constraints in an interactive query-driven framework, which to our knowledge is the first active learning algorithm for semi-supervised clustering with constraints.
Other interesting problems of semi-supervised clustering that we discuss in this thesis include (1) semi-supervised graph-based clustering using kernels, (2) using prior knowledge to improve overlapping clustering of data, (3) integration of both constraint based and distance-based semi-supervised clustering methods using the HMRF model, and (4) model selection techniques that use the available supervision to automatically select the right number of clusters.


Chondrichthyan teeth (sharks, rays, and chimaeras) are mineralized in isotopic equilibrium with the surrounding water, and parameters such as water temperature and salinity can be inferred from the oxygen isotopic composition (δOp) of their bioapatite. We analysed a new chondrichthyan assemblage, as well as teeth from bony fish (Pycnodontiformes). All specimens are from Kimmeridgian coastal marine deposits of the Swiss Jura (vicinity of Porrentruy, Ajoie district, NW Switzerland). While the overall faunal composition and the isotopic composition of bony fish are generally consistent with marine conditions, unusually low δOp values were measured for the hybodont shark Asteracanthus. These values are also lower compared to previously published data from older European Jurassic localities. Additional analyses on material from Solothurn (Kimmeridgian, NW Switzerland) also have comparable, low-O isotopic compositions for Asteracanthus. The data are hence interpreted to represent a so far unique, freshwater-influenced isotopic composition for this shark that is classically considered a marine genus. While reproduction in freshwater or brackish realms is established for other hybodonts, a similar behaviour for Asteracanthus is proposed here. Regular excursions into lower salinity waters can be linked to the age of the deposits and correspond to an ecological adaptation, most likely driven by the Kimmeridgian transgression and by the competition of the hybodont shark Asteracanthus with the rapidly diversifying neoselachians (modern sharks).


Final report of a project for the improvement and stabilization of Murrells Inlet, near Myrtle Beach, South Carolina. A model study was performed to aid in preconstruction planning and design of structural solutions to the problem of providing a stabilized channel of sufficient depth and width with provisions for sand bypassing.


The U.S. DOE estimates that 280,000 MW discharged annually in the U.S. as waste heat could be recycled as usable energy to provide 20 percent of U.S. electricity needs while slashing GHG by 20 percent and saving USD $70-150B per year on energy costs. Waste heat can be considered as the other green energy because it is a renewable energy equivalent resource that improves energy efficiency from existing fossil fuel usage, while reducing grid demand by converting the recovered heat into usable electricity, heating and/or cooling. While various sources of independent data suggest that this waste heat recovery opportunity is valued at over USD $600B for the U.S. market, similar large opportunities exist worldwide. Echogen Power Systems LLC (Akron, OH U.S.A.) is developing power generation technologies that transform heat from waste and renewable energy sources into electricity and process heat. The thermal engine technology; the Thermafficient ® Heat Engine converts waste heat to power using a breakthrough supercritical CO2-based power cycle. Compared to organic and steam-based Rankine Cycle systems, supercritical CO2 can achieve high efficiencies over a wide temperature range of heat sources with compact components resulting in a smaller system footprint, lower capital and operating costs. The Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) is calculated at an average USD $0.025 per kWh for the CO2-based heat engine and averages at USD $0.065 per kWh for a complete combined cycle gas turbine system utilizing the supercritical CO2 heat engine for bottom cycling. This paper presents an exemplary trade study comparison between the CO2 and steam-based heat recovery systems. An update is also provided for the Echogen 250 kW demonstration thermal engine which completed initial testing at the American Electric Power's research center during 2011. Also presented is current status of long term testing with this system at a commercial district heating organization, and a multi-megawatt heat engine that will be installed at a U.S. customer host site during 2013.


The Quest for Quality scheme was introduced with the aim of reducing hospital admission rates from care homes through interventions conducted by a multidisciplinary team (MDT). The objective of this was to study the types of interventions being made and establish their impact. The data was collected directly by the MDT prior to the research and therefore the analysis was retrospective. Exclusion criteria were set for each part of the analysis, taking into account missing data. A flow chart based on situations was developed allowing interventions to be classified into British National Formulary (BNF) categories and then assigned a priority. The categories found to have the most interventions were related to the gastrointestinal system (140) and to nutrition and blood (128), findings that were anticipated due to the medical issues arising in the elderly. One of the major problems identified was in the follow-up of interventions. Overall, 35% of intervention outcomes were unknown and only 20% were actioned. Reasons given for this were issues with patient record systems and the interventions not being received by the prescriber; a system allowing interventions to be tracked was therefore suggested. The causation between increasing reviews and decreasing hospitalisations could not be proved (Pearson correlation=−0.983, CI 95%) due to insufficient data. It was, however, shown that the MDT were making appropriate and valuable interventions, contributing to a reduction in polypharmacy and better quality of care when taking into account the specific case studies identified. With Quest for Quality now recommissioned, it will continue to make improvements to the benefit of patients.


Hospitality and tourism environments are widely regarded as complex and dynamic in
nature. This combined with the need for commercial organisations to improve
performance places considerable emphasis on the need for approaches to
understanding market and organisation dynamics.
This research proposes an approach to analysing and understanding the dimensions of
markets and the interface with organisations to allow optimum performance. It uses the
commercial short holiday break (CSHB) market in Scotland as a contextual base, and
reflects an industrial economics approach which encompasses identification of market
structure, competitive strategies and company performance, to explore activity in the area
and propose approaches to analysing dynamic and complex markets.
Commercial short holiday breaks (CSHB) are widely recognised as a growth market for
hotels. What is often not documented is that such growth is at the expense of other
market sectors, fuelling mature market conditions and requiring increasingly
sophisticated marketing strategies to gain and sustain market share and thus improve
performance.
To date, little has been published on how hotel companies compete in CSHB markets or
what performance differences result as a consequence of different strategies and market
conditions. Therefore through an extensive literature review (of the limited data available)
and the construction of a database of hotel groups containing the 30 largest hotel groups
operating in Scotland, an indication of the market structure was formed. To confirm initial
findings and provide more detailed data on strategies adopted in the market, structured
telephone interviews were conducted with key suppliers. The interviews revealed strategic
groups with two main categories of strategy : predator strategies for gaining market share
and secondly defender strategies for protecting market share. To establish how strategy
affects corporate performance, further interviews were conducted at the corporate level
and then in recognition of the multi-site nature of hotel operations, interviews were also
conducted at unit level for six key short break providing companies. The findings indicate
that there are bilateral "associations" between the market structure, the strategy adopted
and the resulting performance. Having constructed a model based upon the findings, it
appears to be the case that results hold true between both the corporate (industry)
relationships and the unit (market) level relationships, making the model a significant
contribution to knowledge.


The role that information technology plays in today's business activities has led to an increase in firms using and/or deploying e-markets online. This development undoubtedly affects the agri-food sector, since a large number of agricultural firms are demonstrating or are expected to demonstrate e-commerce activities. This paper aims to provide an overview of the current status of agricultural e-markets in Greece, by presenting results from an analysis of 100 cases. Results indicate that Greek e-markets may still have a rather low degree of sophistication, but they demonstrate a strong B2B orientation, as well as an outreach for international customer bases.


Detection of events of interest in video involves evidence accumulation across space and time; the observer is required to integrate features from both motion and form to decide whether a behavior constituents a target event. Do such events that extend in time elicit evoked responses of similar strength as evoked responses associated with instantaneous events such as the presentation of a static target image? Using a set of simulated scenarios, with avatars/actors having different behaviors, we identified evoked neural activity discriminative of target vs. distractor events (behaviors) at discrimination levels that are comparable to static imagery. EEG discriminative activity was largely in the time-locked evoked response and not in oscillatory activity, with the exception of very low EEG frequency bands such as delta and theta, which simply represent bands dominating the event related potential (ERP). The discriminative evoked response activity we see is observed in all target/distractor conditions and is robust across different recordings from the same subjects. The results suggest that we have identified a robust neural correlate of target detection in video, at least in terms of the stimulus set we used-i.e., dynamic behavior of an individual in a low clutter environment. We discuss implications for using such a neural correlate for building a brain-computer interface (BCI) to search and annotate video. This work was done with Lucas Parra of the City College of New York (CCNY) and Dan Rosenthal and Paul DeGuzman of Neuromatters, LLC.


Seismic effects have frequently caused damage to concrete dams. The consequences of a large dam failing can be disastrous, due to large amounts of damage of properties and human lives. Thus, there has been growing work on the safety evaluation of dams.
In this study, seismic hazard assessment of roller compacted concrete (RCC) gravity dam is investigated by considering the effects of dam-reservoir-foundation-sediment-interface interaction. Using finite and infinite element coupled method; two-dimensional seismic analysis is performed to investigate the seismic response of RCC gravity dam. An existing finite element code was modified to include mathematical models to simulate the behavior of discontinuities on the response of the structural system subjected to static and seismic loadings. The discontinuity was modeled by thin layer interface element and formulated to model the contact area along RCC dam-flexible bedding foundation. The discontinuous deformation elasto-plastic computational mechanics was evolved based on the modified Mohr-coulomb criteria to simulate the behavior of thin layer interface. Safety evaluation is carried out based on the seismic performance and damage criteria, with special emphasis on the deformation behavior at dam–foundation thin layer interface.
The results of nonlinear elasto-plastic analysis demonstrate that the maximum tensile stress occurs at the base of the dam on the upstream heel. Moreover, there is a redistribution of the stresses at thin layer interface with significant stresses reduction; this is due to the release of energy through different mode of deformation in this region. The results demonstrate that the plastic deformation in thin layer interface is allowed to occur whenever seismic stresses exceed the envelope presented by modified Mohr-Coulomb failure criteria and it is mainly in the slipping mode at thin layer interface elements. It is shown from the numerical results, that the computational mechanics was feasible to predict the nonlinear behavior of discontinuities. The results indicate that the modified finite element formulation can provide satisfactory and consistent analysis of thin layer interface behavior under static and seismic excitation. The major advantage of such a formulation is that it permits the computer programming and allows representation of the deformation modes for thin layer, such as debonding, slipping and crushing.
Furthermore, this study examines the earthquake response of RCC gravity dam including comprehensive failure criteria of materials with modeling of cracking and crushing of concrete. Considerable effort has been devoted to include the failure criteria for thin layer interface element in terms of opening and slipping. The finite element code was developed to include a numerical procedure for computing the nonlinear dynamic response of RCC dam and the failure mechanism for thin layer interface element. The numerical results demonstrate that cracking develops near the base at dam heel and at upstream dam face especially around the opening of the galleries. Then the crack at the neck near the discontinuities is appeared and extended at the slope of the downstream face. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that the mode of failure in thin layer interface elements were opening and slipping. The implemented procedure into finite element code shows that the seismic cracking can be traced and mode of failure of RCC concrete gravity dam and at thin layer interface can be ascertained.


The COUNCIL FOR ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES (CEO) IN GREATER CLEVELAND, 1350 W. 3rd St., was established in 1964 to develop, administer, and coordinate Pres. Lyndon Johnson's War on Poverty program locally. Under the leadership of Ralph W. Findley until 1979, the federally financed Cleveland CEO established a number of lasting programs. Mandated by the 1964 Economic Opportunity Act and reporting directly to the federal Office of Economic Opportunity, such local councils bypassed established state and local agencies, which caused controversy. Early on, the act's call for the "maximum feasible participation" of the poor in antipoverty programs created difficulties for the Cleveland CEO. Mayor Ralph Locher's first appointments to the CEO's Board of Trustees drew criticism from representatives of the poor and civil-rights leaders, concerned that their constituents would not be heard. They delayed federal funding until the board was modified. The council's community action emphasis disturbed some CLEVELAND CITY COUNCIL members, who complained that the agency fostered demands among the poor, creating political problems. The Cleveland Council's first $12 million federal grant supported a CLEVELAND JOB CORPS center for women and job-training and community-action programs. In Apr. 1966 the council dedicated Neighborhood Opportunity Centers in Central, Kinsman, HOUGH, and GLENVILLE, and on the west side. These offered services through the LEGAL AID SOCIETY, the Cleveland Small Business Development Corp., and the Ohio State Employment Service, as well as food-stamp registration and maternal and infant care. CEO programs included health services, such as the HOUGH-NORWOOD FAMILY HEALTH CARE CENTER, and children's services, such as daycare, the preschool Head Start, and nutrition. The CEO also funded Project HOPE (Housing Our People Economically, Inc.), Foster Grandparents, and programs for senior citizens and in consumer education, energy assistance, and weatherization. In 1995 Jacqueline A. Middleton directed the CEOGC, which had an annual budget of $40 million, employed over 400 persons, and continued to administer the following programs: Head Start, Community Services Block Grant, Emergency Home Energy Assistance Program, Emergency Housing Program, Employment & Training Program, Family Service Center, Student Mediation Program, and Poverty Research. Its neighborhood centers were still operating in the Central, Glenville, Hough, Tremont, and near west side communities. See also WELFARE/RELIEF.


Neuraminidase‐1 (NEU‐1) is one of two neuraminidase isozymes which can be detected electrophoretically in mouse liver extracts. The inheritance of variation in NEU‐1 and the linkage relationships of the gene controlling this variation were studied through a backcross analysis involving the SM/J and MA/MyJ inbred strains, and by examination of NEU‐1 phenotypes in three congenic strains: Bl0.SM, Bl0.SM(22R) and B10.RVB. The data indicate that NEU‐1 is controlled by Neu‐1, a gene previously identified by its effect on total liver neuraminidase activity in whole tissue homogenates. Analysis of the congenic strains revealed identical low activity (SM/J‐type: Neu‐1α/Neu‐1α) NEU‐1 phenotypes in all three strains. This indicates that Neu‐I lies in the segment of the SM/J‐derived H‐2 region that is common to all three strains: H‐2Eα to H‐2D. In addition, we examined the relationship between NEU‐1 and phenotypic variation in liver acid phosphatase (AP; for which a new typing method is described) and linkage order among several other enzyme‐coding genes linked to H‐2. In all animals that could be scored confidently for AP, the NEU‐1 and AP phenotypes were concordant, adding support to the hypothesis that both phenotypes are controlled by Neu‐1. Recombination rates among six H‐2‐Linked marker loci were unexpectedly low, but were sufficient to verify the position of Upg‐1 as the telomeric flanking marker relative to Glo‐I, H‐2 (C4), Neu‐1 (Apl), Ce‐2 and Pgk‐2.


Machine translation tools such as Google Translate are at best seen as useful approximators, rather than offering any literary potential. In this experiment and short methodological reflection, I use Google Translate to recursively translate Austrian poet Georg Trakl's celebrated WWI poem, 'Grodek', between German and English, until the two versions stabilise. I am attentive to places in which the poem and its renderings are simplified and/or literary value may be lost, but also places in which new or unexpected renderings emerge. This is a preliminary foray, but I propose that the method of recursive machine translation offers a new way to explore the translation of literary texts—a timely proposal, given the increasing applications of computer programmes and machine learning both within the humanities and throughout wider literary culture.


The increasing attention on experiment in the last two decades has led to important insights into its material, cultural and social dimensions. However, the role of experiment as a tool for generating knowledge has been comparatively poorly studied. What questions are asked in experimental research? How are they treated and eventually resolved? And how do questions, epistemic situations, and experimental activity cohere and shape each other? In my paper, I treat these problems on the basis of detailed studies of research practice. After presenting several cases from the history of electricityDufay, Ampre, and FaradayI discuss a specific type of experimentthe exploratory experimentand analyze how it works in concept formation. I argue that a fuller understanding of experiment can only be achieved by intertwining historical and philosophical perspectives in such a way that the very separation of the two become questioable.


This leading feminist theologian offers an exciting introduction to a most creative field of biblical interpretation which the author says is best understood as the search for Divine Wisdom. She offers a review of the art that is not merely informative, but liberating. Challenging mainstream hermeneutic strategies she empowers us to think critically and enter creatively into a life-transforming journey.


Affective signal processing algorithms were developed to allow a digital computer to recognize the affective state of a user who is intentionally expressing that state. This paper describes the method used for collecting the training data, the feature extraction algorithms used and the results of pattern recognition using a Fisher linear discriminant and the leave one out test method. Four physiological signals, skin conductivity, blood volume pressure, respiration and an electromyogram (EMG) on the masseter muscle were analyzed. It was found that anger was well differentiated from peaceful emotions (90%-100%), that high and low arousal states were distinguished (80%-88%), but positive and negative valence states were difficult to distinguish (50%-82%). Subsets of three emotion states could be well separated (75%-87%) and characteristic patterns for single emotions were found.


ObjectiveTo determine whether regional hypoperfusion of the interventricular septum occurs during ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressure. DesignAnimal study. AnimalsAnesthetized, closed chest dogs (n = 8). InterventionsInduction of experimental adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and then ventilation with 10,15, and 20 cm H2O of positive end-expiratory pressure. Measurements and Main ResultsCardiac output and regional interventricular septum blood flow 'were assessed at control, at induction of experimental ARDS, and at each level of positive end-expiratory pressure. Ventilation with 20 cm H2O of positive end-expiratory pressure decreased cardiac output (-32% vs. control, p <.05), and did not change absolute, but increased relative (to cardiac output) interventricular septum blood flow. During experimental ARDS and ventilation at 20 cm H2O end-expiratory pressure, there was a redistribution of flow toward the right ventricular free wall (+93%, p < .001) and the right ventricular part of the interventricular septum (+68%, p < .01), while flow to the left ventricular interventricular septum and to the left ventricular free wall remained unchanged. Locally hypoperfused interventricular septum areas or findings indicative of interventricular septum ischemia were not observed during positive end-expiratory pressure. ConclusionsThe decrease in cardiac output during positive end-expiratory pressure is not caused by impaired interventricular septum blood supply. The preferential perfusion of the right ventricular interventricular septum indicates increased local right ventricular interventricular septum oxygen-demand and suggests that during positive end-expiratory pressure, this part of the interventricular septum functionally dissociates from the left ventricular interventricular septum and the left ventricular free wall to support the stressed right ventricle.


The era of globalization has produced previously unimaginable economic benefits by spurring linkages between countries through trade and foreign investment. This newfound interconnectivity, however, also raises national security concerns for countries, such as the United States, that welcome foreign investment in the form of mergers, acquisitions, and takeovers. Part II highlights one such threat stemming from the rise of China and its aggressive foreign investment strategy to acquire American companies in industries critical to national security. In response to the growing threat of economic espionage from foreign investors, the United States created the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS)—a national security review process for foreign mergers and acquisitions. Part III analyzes the evolution of CFIUS, while Part IV introduces China's freshly minted model for analogous national security reviews. Given the rise of these dueling frameworks in the world's two largest economies, critics contend that such national security reviews inject nontransparency, uncertainty, and politics into viable investment opportunities. Part V addresses these concerns and demonstrates that such criticisms are either overblown or outweighed in the post-9/11 world. * J.D., expected May 2013, Northwestern University School of Law; M.A., 2010, Columbia University; B.A., 2006, University of California, Berkeley. Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business 33:199 (2012) 200 TABLE OF CONTENTS


Several characteristics inherent to experimental ecosystems were examined for their influence on ecological processes in five cylindrical indoor benthic‐pelagic enclosures of different size and shape. Ecosystem development diverged significantly among the mesocosm dimensions even though environmental parameters such as surface photosynthetically available radiation (400–700 nm), turbulence intensity, water exchange rate, and nutrient input were held constant across systems. Here we show that factors that lead to the development of different plankton assemblages can be related to mesocosm geometry. The ratio of light‐receiving surface area‐to‐water column volume (As:V) was shown to control both the rate of NO3− consumption and gross primary productivity. The attenuation of water column irradiance was positively correlated with the wall area‐to‐volume ratio (Aw:V). This was manifested in greater light attenuation in systems with a high Aw:V ratio. In addition, notably greater microalgal biomass developed on the walls in systems with a high Aw:V ratio. Finally, the total surface area‐to‐volume ratio (At:V) of the mesocosms influenced the rate of energy gain and dissipation and water column temperature. The differences in temperature among dimensions possibly affected biological parameters such as bacterial biomass. Although the influence of area‐to‐volume effects on biological components in artificial systems may be substantial, our analysis indicates that some of these effects may be predictable and that future experiments can be explicitly designed to minimize artifacts of enclosure.


Estimates and experimental study of aluminum, carbon and nitrogen content effect for thermally and mechanically stable austenitic alloys based on Fe-(20–25)%Mn-(5–10)%Al-(0–10)%Ni-C-N, and hardening efficiency of these alloys by nitrogen addition are conducted. It is shown that the alloys based on the investigated system with C content of >1.2% for nickel-free system and ≥1.4 % for 5% and 10% of Ni can be proposed as high-strength non-magnetic cryogenic both in heat-treated and aged states. Nitrogen addition in the alloy containing 5% Al can be considered as micro-alloying, enhances dispersion of the cast structure. Ni enhances the dispersion hardening effect due to increase in carbide release rate resulted from the reduction of C solubility in austenite. Rational content of nickel equals to ~5%.


Under the panoply that natural science and theology are not mutually exclusive, but opposite ends of a broad spectrum of human epistemology; what constitutes a pragmatic proof of God ? The most primitive tool of epistemology, Myth and Superstition , which guided civilization for thousands of years, still exists to a surprising degree in modern cultures. The second tool, Logic and Reason can produce egregiously valid arguments both for and against the existence of God. The third tool of epistemology, empiricism , since Galileo has been the basis of modern experimental science; but the challenge of repeatability remains between objective and subjective modes of measurement and some experiments are deemed impossible to perform.  The fourth tool, completing epistemology, transcendence , perhaps had secular origin in the noetic writings of ancient Greek philosopher Plato. It has always been possible to demonstrate the existence of God utilizing this fourth tool of epistemology, but because transcendence is generally subjective; it has not been acceptable by current definitions of pragmatic science or to nonbelievers unwilling/unable to achieve the required state-of-mind. Because of the lack of a rigorous model for a Physics of the Observer , and limitations imposed by the quantum uncertainty principle; the currently available tools of physical science have not allowed an objectively oriented empirical proof of God. This however, changes to an arguable degree with the addition of the 3 rd regime of Natural Science - Unified Field Mechanics (Classical-Quantum-UFM). The Perennial Philosophy promotes the idea that all world religions are based on a single universal truth that promotes spiritual union with God. Stated another way, the Perennial Philosophy says: If there is a God he has provided a way for Man to find him . In this work, we review logical and metaphysical methods of fulfilling this premise; but most saliently provide an empirical protocol that for the first time in history is able to demonstrate the existence of a Life Principle tantamount to the Spirit of God as a physically real noumenon, hidden until now behind the uncertainty principle. Although this represents a major step forward, there remains ineffable properties of the Spirit of God unknowable to a temporal mind ; and the subtleties of a new physical UFM noetic action principle will remain engendered with concomitant bias of interpretation in what is demonstrated depending on whether one is inclined or disinclined to believe in the existence of God. Ultimately mystical experience provides the only proof of God. Part I of this two-part article includes: 1. Overview – St. Anselm's Ontology to 3rd Regime Natural Science; 2. Theological Proof of God; and 3. Scientific Proof of God.


Genome-scale metabolic networks which have been automatically derived through sequence comparison techniques are necessarily incomplete. We propose a strategy that incorporates genomic sequence data and metabolite profiles into modeling approaches to arrive at improved gene annotations and more complete genome-scale metabolic networks. The core of our strategy is an algorithm that computes minimal sets of reactions by which a draft network has to be extended in order to be consistent with experimental observations. A particular strength of our approach is that alternative possibilities are suggested and thus experimentally testable hypotheses are produced. We carefully evaluate our strategy on the well-studied metabolic network of Escherichia coli, demonstrating how the predictions can be improved by incorporating sequence data. Subsequently, we apply our method to the recently sequenced green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. We suggest specific genes in the genome of Chlamydomonas which are the strongest candidates for coding the responsible enzymes.


PURPOSE
Employing non-toxic radiosensitizing gold nanoparticles (GNPs) targeted to disease endothelial cells has been proposed as a new strategy to substantially enhance radiotherapy treatment efficacy for neovascular Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD). In this work, radiation dose enhancement from GNPs and carboplatin nanoparticles (CNPs), which have recently been shown to provide chemotherapy effect for retinal disease, is also investigated towards treatment of retinoblastoma (RB) and choroidal melanoma (CM).

METHODS
The disease endothelial cell (EC) was modeled as in previous studies with the targeted nanoparticles (NPs) attached to the exterior of the EC. The energy deposited in the EC nucleus by radiation-induced electrons from CNPs was calculated based on an analytic formula incorporating the electron energy-loss formula of Cole. The nucleus dose enhancement factor (nDEF) representing the ratio of the dose to the nucleus with and without the presence of NPs was estimated. The nDEF was calculated using 100 kVp photons employed by Oraya Therapy for treating neovascular AMD and, I-125 and Pd-103 sources for treating RB and CM. Local NPs concentrations of 1 - 38 mg/g were used, which have been reported safe in small animal RB model studies.

RESULTS
The results revealed nDEF values of 1.30 - 11.66 for GNPs over the concentration range 1-38 mg/g for 100 kVp photons. Meanwhile, values of up to 18.7 and 14.8 were obtained when using Pd-103 and I-125 respectively. Significant dose enhancement was also observed for CNPs for the investigated concentration range.

CONCLUSION
The results predict that substantial dose enhancement may be achieved by employing GNPs or CNPs as adjuvants to radiotherapy for neovascular retinal diseases like, RB and CM. The results provide impetus for developing the application of such nanoparticles to boost treatment effectiveness for such retinal diseases treated with radiotherapy.


Humanity produces data at exponential rates, creating a growing demand for better storage devices. DNA molecules are an attractive medium to store digital information due to their durability and high information density. Recent studies have made large strides in developing DNA storage schemes by exploiting the advent of massive parallel synthesis of DNA oligos and the high throughput of sequencing platforms. However, most of these experiments reported small gaps and errors in the retrieved information. Here, we report a strategy to store and retrieve DNA information that is robust and approaches the theoretical maximum of information that can be stored per nucleotide. The success of our strategy lies in careful adaption of recent developments in coding theory to the domain specific constrains of DNA storage. To test our strategy, we stored an entire computer operating system, a movie, a gift card, and other computer files with a total of 2.14 × 10 6 bytes in DNA oligos. We were able to fully retrieve the information without a single error even with a sequencing throughput on the scale of a single tile of an Illumina sequencing flow cell. To further stress our strategy, we created a deep copy of the data by PCR amplifying the oligo pool in a total of nine successive reactions, reflecting one complete path of an exponential process to copy the file 218 × 10 12 times. We perfectly retrieved the original data with only five million reads. Taken together, our approach opens the possibility of highly reliable DNA-based storage that approaches the information capacity of DNA molecules and enables virtually unlimited data retrieval.


New-onset diabetes after transplantation independently increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, infections, and graft loss and decreases patient survival. The required balance between insulin sensitivity/resistance and insulin secretion is necessary to maintain normal glucose metabolism. Calcineurin inhibitors are standard immunosuppression drugs used after transplantation and have been implicated in the development of new-onset diabetes after transplantation partially by pancreatic β-cell apoptosis and resultant decrease in insulin secretion. The ability of muscle to take up glucose is critical to blood glucose homeostasis. Skeletal muscle is quantitatively the most important tissue in the body for insulin-stimulated glucose disposal and is composed of diverse myofibers that vary in their properties between healthy and insulin-resistant muscle. Various signaling pathways are responsible for remodeling of skeletal muscle, and among these is the calcineurin/nuclear factor of activated T-cell pathway. The mechanism of action of the calcineurin inhibitors is to bind in a complex with a binding protein to calcineurin and inhibit its dephosphorylation and activation of nuclear factor of activated T cells. In this review, we will provide a detailed discussion of the hypothesis that inhibition of calcineurin in tissues involved in insulin sensitivity/resistance could be at least partially responsible for the diabetogenicity seen with the use of calcineurin inhibitors.


Introduction: Pakistan has the highest rate of breast cancer of any South Asian population and the majority of patients present with locally advanced or metastatic disease. We report on patterns offailure and survival in pathologic N1 breast cancer patients treated with mastectomy, adjuvant chemotherapy/hormonal therapy and post-mastectomy radiotherapy (PMRT). Materials and methods: Between 1995 and 2009, the hospital information system identified 400 women with pathologically confirmed N1 breast cancer. Axillary nodes were clinically palpable in 75% of the patients at presentation. All patients were treated with mastectomy (including level I-II axillary dissection). Distribution of pathologic tumor size was up to 2 cm, 2.1 to 5 cm, and more than 5 cm in 16.5%, 58.5%, and 25% of the patients, respectively. Distribution of dissected lymph nodes was one to five, six to nine, and ten and above in 9%, 6% and 85% of the patients, respectively. Median number of dissected lymph nodes were 14 (range 1–37). 92% of the patients received doxorubicin-based chemotherapy either in neo-adjuvant or adjuvant setting. All patients received PMRT, to chest wall only in 12%, to chest wall and supraclavicular fossa in 81.5%, and to chest wall, supraclavicular fossa and axilla in 6.5% of the patients. All patients with positive ER/PR receptors also received hormonal modulation. Median age was 44 years (range 21–83 years). Patterns of failure and disease-free survival (DFS) were determined. Results: Median follow-up duration was 4.4 years. Patterns of failure were, isolated local (LF) in 4%, isolated regional (RF) in 0.5%, distant failure (DF) in 32%, and loco-regional along with distant failure (LRF + DF) in 2.5% of patients. Cumulative incidence of loco-regional failure for patients with a pathologic tumor size of up to 2 cm, 2.1 to 5 cm, and more than 5 cm were 2.5%, 3%, and 5.5%, respectively. These incidences for one to five, six to nine, and more than ten dissected lymph nodes were 2%, 0%, and 9.5%, respectively. The 10 years DFS for the whole group was 55%. Conclusions: The role of PMRT may have some value in terms of loco-regional control in pathologic N1 breast cancer patients. This merits further evaluation in large-scale randomized trials. Disclosure: All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.


This paper emphasizes the important role played by intermediaries in the economy, including wholesalers, retailers, and financial firms. The paper defines an intermediary as an economic agent that purchases from suppliers for resale to buyers or that helps buyers and sellers meet and transact. Intermediaries coordinate transactions and provide the institutions of exchange that constitute market microstructure. Intermediaries set prices, manage inventories, coordinate exchange, and provide information through guarantees and delegated monitoring. These crucial activities help to explain how markets attain equilibrium prices and quantities. The paper suggests that the study of intermediation should be incorporated into mainstream economic analysis.


Cue combination rules have often been applied to the perception of surface shape but not to judgements of object location. Here, we used immersive virtual reality to explore the relationship between different cues to distance. Participants viewed a virtual scene and judged the change in distance of an object presented in two intervals, where the scene changed in size between intervals (by a factor of between 0.25 and 4). We measured thresholds for detecting a change in object distance when there were only 'physical' (stereo and motion parallax) or 'texture-based' cues (independent of the scale of the scene) and used these to predict biases in a distance matching task. Under a range of conditions, in which the viewing distance and position of the target relative to other objects was varied, the ratio of 'physical' to 'texture-based' thresholds was a good predictor of biases in the distance matching task. The cue combination approach, which successfully accounts for our data, relies on quite different principles from those underlying traditional models of 3D reconstruction.


Sweihan is located in the northeast of Abu Dhabi Emirate, the United Arab Emirates. Sweihan landscape is sand dune ridges, which could reach a maximum width of 2 km, and a height of 30 meters, whereas the agricultural fields concentrated in the interdune spaces. Groundwater in Sweihan area is characterized by low recharge amounts, which is being used mainly in irrigation purpose. The intensive agricultural activities in the study area caused depletion and contamination of the groundwater due to heavy uses of organic and chemical fertilizers, as well as heavy pumping. The hydrochemical analysis of 27 samples of groundwater from the study area indicated that the groundwater is characterized by high salinity (high TDS and EC), and high concentrations of chromium, lead, and strontium. Thus, the area of the study is not suitable to be used for domestic uses. Groundwater samples were evaluated for agricultural uses by calculation SAR, TH, Na percentage, MAR. By using these parameters, groundwater of the study area has found to be unsuitable for agricultural purposes. Two water geneses have originated, the first is paleo-marine water origin of Magnesium chloride water type, which indicated over pumping of deep water where old marine deposits was existed. The second is meteoric water origin of sodium sulphate-water type indicating an occurrence of infiltration of rainfall and ion exchange processes. The analysis showed that the dominance of sodium and chloride in the area due to agricultural effluents, gives good reasoning of high salinity in the studied area. Isotopes analysis of hydrogen and oxygen of fifteen groundwater samples emphasized that the study area has high evaporation rates, which affects the groundwater quality.


Our current understanding of the world's largest rivers is limited due to the difficulties in obtaining detailed, spatially-distributed, flow and morphological data. Recent progress has been made in obtaining data-rich results using Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) models within smaller river reach- es, but the application of CFD to large rivers has not been fully developed due to our inability to: i) de- sign numerically-stable meshes for complex topographies, and ii) collect high resolution data appropriate for model boundary conditions. Here, we test a new five-term mass-flux scaling algorithm to include bed topography over large spatial scales, where the discretised form of the mass and momentum equations are modified using a mass-flux scalling approach. Converged solutions were obtained using Reynolds-Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) equations with a κ-e RNG turbulence closure. Topographic and velocity data were collected for a 38 km reach in the Rio Parana, Argentina, to provide boundary conditions and validation data. The model results demonstrate the importance of topographic steering on determining flow structures in large rivers and the difficulties in objectively identifying coherent secondary flows.


Morphology is deeply rooted in organismal biology, which in recent years has gone through a steady decline in interest both at research institutions and funding agencies. In parallel with this development, morphology as a discipline has been marginalized and nowadays many think of it as just a classical and largely obsolete field of research.  However, this is far from the truth. Thanks to modern theoretical concepts and novel technical applications, plant morphology has much to contribute to modern botanical and evolutionary research.In our presentation, we will first outline the application of High Resolution X-Ray Computed Tomography (HRXCT) to the study of plant structure. The ideal way to describe the morphological phenotype of a given organism is to build a three dimensional (3D) model, which may then be interpreted with respect to other types of data, e.g., metabolite content or functional groups of pollinators. We have developed simple but efficient lab protocols using contrasting agents such as phosphotungstate and bismuth tartrate that allow for the streamlined acquisition of high resolution phenotypic data and 3D-representations even of soft plant tissues such as floral organs, ovules, and meristematic tissues. To illustrate this, we will outline selected ongoing studies in comparative plant science that make use of high resolution tomography.In the second part of our talk, we will present a project on the floral morphospace. A striking feature of morphological variation is that due to developmental, functional, and phylogenetic constraints, not all theoretically possible architectures have been explored during evolution. A modern approach to studying the evolution of realized forms among possible ones is to construct morphospaces, i.e. theoretical, mathematical spaces describing and relating organismal phenotypes. Although widely applied in zoology, morphospace analyses and related approaches have so far been largely disregarded in botany, with notable exceptions in the field of pollination biology. Here, we use a morphospace approach to describe and quantify the morphological diversity (disparity) of flowers in the asterid order Ericales. To do so, we have built a dataset containing 37 floral characters for more than 380 species (275 genera) representative of the entire order. We have used non-parametric representations and statistics methods based on distance matrices to build and analyze a morphospace, in which we compare the relative positions of the different ericalean families. We quantify and interpret the disparity among these groups in the light of their taxonomic diversity, their evolutionary history, and their ecology. In addition, we analyze patterns of disparity between sterile, male, and female floral organs.


The legal and technical rules governing flows of information are out of balance, argues Julie E. Cohen in this original analysis of information law and policy. Flows of cultural and technical information are overly restricted, while flows of personal information often are not restricted at all. The author investigates the institutional forces shaping the emerging information society and the contradictions between those forces and the ways that people use information and information technologies in their everyday lives. She then proposes legal principles to ensure that people have ample room for cultural and material participation as well as greater control over the boundary conditions that govern flows of information to, from, and about them.


We estimate the stock-flow matching model using micro-level data from a well-defined labor market. Using a dataset of complete labor-market histories for both sides of the market, we estimate hazard functions for job-seekers and vacancies. We find that the stock of new vacancies has a significant positive impact on the job-seeker hazard, over and above that of the total stock of vacancies. There is an even stronger robust result for vacancy hazards. Thus we find evidence in favor of stock-flow matching, even when controlling for unobserved search heterogeneity and stratifying into submarkets defined by location and occupation.


In this study we compare human ability to identify vowels with a machine learning approach. A perception experiment for 14 Hungarian vowels in isolation and embedded in a carrier word was accomplished, and a C4.5 decision tree was trained on the same material. A comparison between the identification results of the subjects and the classifier showed that in three of four conditions (isolated vowel quantity and identity, embedded vowel identity) the performance of the classifier was superior and in one condition (embedded vowel quantity) equal to the subjects' performance. This outcome can be explained by perceptual limits of the subjects and by stimulus properties. The classifier's performance was significantly weakened by replacing the continuous spectral information by binary 3-Bark thresholds as proposed in phonetic literature [8]. Parts of the resulting decision trees can be interpreted phonetically, which could qualify this classifier as a tool for phonetic research.


Previous research shows that the presence of a monopoly upstream eliminates the incentive of duopoly downstream owners to strategically delegate quantity choices. I show that this "vertical externality†associated with the presence of the upstream monopoly vanishes when delegating by a relative performance contract. Moreover, I show that the relative performance contract will be endogenously chosen instead of the revenue contract associated with the externality. While this result exists with constant returns to scale, it does not persist in the case of decreasing returns to scale.


OBJECTIVES
Under environmental conditions, fish can be exposed to multiple stressors including natural toxins and infectious agents at the same time. This study brings new knowledge on the effects of controlled exposure to multiple stressors in fish. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that influence of cyanobacterial biomass and an infection agent represented by the white spot disease can combine to enhance the effects on fish.

METHODS
Common carps were divided into four groups, each with 40 specimens for 20 days: control group, cyanobacterial biomass exposed group, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis-infected fish (Ich) and cyanobacterial biomass-exposed fish + Ichthyophthirius multifiliis-infected fish. During the experiment we evaluated the clinical signs, mortality, selected haematological parameters, immune parameters and toxin accumulation.

RESULTS
There was no mortality in control fish and cyanobacterial biomass-exposed fish. One specimen died in Ichthyophthirius multifiliis-infected fish and the combined exposure resulted in the death of 13 specimens. The whole leukocyte counts (WBC) of the control group did not show any significant differences. Cyanobacteria alone caused a significant increase of the WBC on day 13 (p≤0.05) and on day 20 (p≤0.01). Also, I. multifiliis caused a significant elevation of WBC (p≤0.01) on day 20. Co-exposition resulted in WBC increased on day 13 and decrease on day 20, but the changes were not significant. It is evident from the differential leukocyte counts that while the increase of WBC in the group exposed to cyanobacteria was caused by elevation of lymphocytes, the increase in the group infected by I. multifiliis was due to the increase of myeloid cells. It well corresponds with the integral of chemiluminescence in the group infected by I. multifiliis, which is significantly elevated on day 20 in comparison with all other groups.

CONCLUSIONS
We can confirm additive action of different agents on the immune system of fish. While single agents seemed to stimulate the immune response, the combination of both caused immunosuppression.