Empowered Participatory Governance, or EPG, is a model of governance developed by Archon Fung and Erik Olin Wright that seeks to connect a set of normative commitments for strengthening democracy with a set of institutional design prescriptions intended to meet that objective. It is derived partly from democratic theory and partly from the study of real-world attempts to institutionalize transformative strategies for democratizing social and political decision making. This paper reviews Fung and Wright's recent volume, Deepening Democracy: Institutional Innovations in Empowered Participatory Governance, and considers the relevance of the authors' and other contributors' insights for the future of a phenomenon called electronic rulemaking. Electronic rulemaking is a species of government on-line deliberation, which I call GOLD, that seeks to facilitate greater citizen involvement in the formal processes of elaborating administrative rules to implement federal law. Although the volume hardly mentions information and communications technologies at all, there readily appears an extraordinary fit between the capacities of new ICTs and the needs of EPG, in terms of both accomplishing a supportive context and actually implementing the recommended institutional designs. Whether electronic rulemaking will prove a significant way station towards EPG is uncertain, but, given the promise of the EPG experimental agenda and the need to enlarge opportunities for meaningful citizen participation in decisions that affect their lives, EPG proponents should give more active consideration to the potential role of GOLD initiatives in achieving EPG aims.


OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study was to investigate whether gender or different methods of operating a computer mouse have an effect on performance and musculoskeletal load in the use of a computer mouse.

METHODS
Thirty experienced computer mouse users, 15 men and 15 women, participated in the study. Electromyography (right first dorsal interossei, right extensor digitorum and right and left trapezius), a force-sensing mouse, and subjective ratings were used to register muscular load. An electrogoniometer was used to register the wrist movements. The subjects worked with 3 different methods, their own, a wrist-based method and an arm-based method. Gender comparisons were made when the subjects used their own method.

RESULTS
The women worked with greater extension and range of motion and tended to work with a greater ulnar deviation of the wrist. They also applied higher forces to the mouse when expressed as a percentage of a maximum voluntary contraction and had higher muscular activity in the right extensor digitorum. When using the arm-based method, the subjects worked with greater wrist extension, had higher muscular activity in the right and left trapezius muscles, and had the highest ratings of perceived exertion in the neck and shoulder. The wrist-based method resulted in higher forces being applied to the sides of the mouse and the highest ratings of perceived exertion in the wrist and hand-fingers.

CONCLUSIONS
Gender differences were found for musculoskeletal load, and for most of the measured variables the women worked with higher loads than the men. The work method affected performance and musculoskeletal load. Finally, subjective measures appeared to have some utility in characterizing muscular load.


In a hierarchical Universe clusters grow via the accretion of galaxies from the field, groups and even other clusters. As this happens, galaxies can lose and/or consume their gas reservoirs via different mechanisms, eventually quenching their star formation. We explore the diverse environmental histories of galaxies through a multiwavelength study of the combined effect of ram-pressure stripping and group `processing' in Abell 963, a massive growing cluster at z = 0.2 from the Blind Ultra Deep H I Environmental Survey (BUDHIES). We incorporate hundreds of new optical redshifts (giving a total of 566 cluster members), as well as Subaru and XMM-Newton data from LoCuSS, to identify substructures and evaluate galaxy morphology, star formation activity, and H I content (via H I deficiencies and stacking) out to 3 × R200. We find that Abell 963 is being fed by at least seven groups, that contribute to the large number of passive galaxies outside the cluster core. More massive groups have a higher fraction of passive and H I-poor galaxies, while low-mass groups host younger (often interacting) galaxies. For cluster galaxies not associated with groups we corroborate our previous finding that H I gas (if any) is significantly stripped via ram-pressure during their first passage through the intracluster medium, and find mild evidence for a starburst associated with this event. In addition, we find an overabundance of morphologically peculiar and/or star-forming galaxies near the cluster core. We speculate that these arise from the effect of groups passing through the cluster (post-processing). Our study highlights the importance of environmental quenching and the complexity added by evolving environments.


Technology Adoption, Quality and Health Care Costs: A Review of the Literature ABSTRACT: This paper provides a review of the literature that has investigated the mechanisms underlying the diffusion of new health care technologies and its implications. The importance of regulation and of the intensity of competitive pressures associated with each possible regulatory solution have been confirmed both theoretically and empirically. Nonetheless, the lack of consistency among the results of different studies, observed in some cases, may suggest that more work is needed. Moreover, the specific characteristics of different diseases and of the corresponding technologies may play an important role as well. Specific sections are included in the paper to review contributions that address two issues that have probably received less attention than they deserve: the welfare implications of the diffusion of new medical technologies and the timing of adoption.


Three-dimensional (3D) terahertz (THz) imaging or THz tomography has recently proven to be useful for nondestructive testing of industrial materials and structures. In place of previous imaging techniques such as THz pulsed/continuous-wave radar and THz computed tomography, we propose a THz optical coherence tomography using photonics- and electronics-based THz sources, and demonstrate thickness measurement and tomographic imaging in frequency regions from 400 to 800 GHz.


The 'growth-mortality' hypothesis, which holds that larger and/or faster growing individuals will have a higher probability of survival, currently includes 3 functional mechanisms (hypotheses) in its theoretical framework: 'bigger is better', 'stage duration' and the recently proposed 'growth-selective predation', which are based on size, time and per se growth rate, respec- tively. Through otolith microstructure analysis, we tested these 3 synergistic growth-related mecha- nisms according to growth characteristics of the survivors vs the original population in the short-term (ca. 2 wk) survival process of larval Japanese anchovy Engraulis japonicus in the 'shirasu' (larval anchovy) fishing ground in Sagami Bay, Japan. Back-calculated standard length (growth trajectory) and growth rate (growth history) were compared between the survivors (SV) captured on 18 July 2001 and the presumed original population (OP) captured on 1 and 5 July 2001. The larvae from SV were consistently smaller than the larvae from OP until at least the start of the ca. 2 wk survival pro- cess (1 July). Daily growth rates, however, were higher for SV than for OP at least at the start of the survival period. Therefore, faster growing individuals survived even if they were smaller than slower- growing conspecifics. This was probably mediated by predation. Growth histories were generally similar between the metamorphosing larvae and non-metamorphosing larvae older than 40 d, the minimum age for metamorphosis, except for the period immediately after hatching. As such, we failed to detect a clear relationship between growth rates and the timing of metamorphosis (stage duration) as a whole. The results supported and extended the 'growth-selective predation' hypothe- sis but not the 'bigger is better' hypothesis. The 'stage duration' hypothesis was not unequivocally supported by the present findings.


After the end of the Cold-War, the EU started advancing its Common Foreign and Security Policy and Common Security and Defence Policy (CFSP/CSDP), making them part of reform that eventually led to the Lisbon Treaty. The article argues that this endeavour was above all a project of polity-construction: it endowed European integration with new purpose, imagining the EU as a polity that legitimately asserted itself globally as a civilising power. The article investigates how such polity-construction was generated during multilateral negotiations on the EU constitution and what different meanings it took on once inserted in national media debates in Poland and France. The argument is made that EU community-building is more adequately captured when looked at as 'recontextualising polity-construction', triggered top-down in legitimations of EU institution-building, than as 'identity' emerging bottom-up from societal imagination.


As one of the current mainstream satellite precipitation estimates, the Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP) system of Japan has been developed to produce high-precision and high-resolution global rainfall products by integrating almost all of the available precipitation-related satellite sensors. To quantify the error features of GSMaP estimates and understand their hydrological potentials at short temporal scale, three widely used GSMaP products (GSMaP_NRT, GSMaP_MVK, and GSMaP_Gauge) were comprehensively investigated at 1 hourly and 0.1° × 0.1° resolutions over nine major basins of China. Assessment results show that GSMaP_NRT apparently underestimates the rainfall amounts, while GSMaP_MVK with both forward and backward propagation processes algorithm can effectively capture the most rainfall events and has the lower error and bias. GSMaP_Gauge displays the best error stability and error structure over most basins of China and also exhibits stronger rain-rate dependencies. However, its unexpected positive biases in southeastern basins, which mainly come from the overestimation at lower rain rates, still need to improve further in future developments. We expected the results documented here can both provide the retrieval developers with some valuable references and offer hydrologic users of GSMaP data a better understanding of their error features and potential utilizations for various hydrological applications.


Using a representative sample of the German adult population, this paper investigates the extent to which a survey measure of present bias predicts present-biased choice behavior in incentive-compatible experiments and real-world outcomes related to in-vestments in financial assets and human capital. The results are threefold. First, the survey and experimental measures of present bias are significantly related. Second, the survey measure predicts choices between immediate and delayed monetary payoffs inan incentive-compatible experiment, but not between payoffs at two future points in time. Third, the survey measure of present bias is a good predictor of the propensity to save money, to obtain a university degree, and to maintain a healthy life style. In most specifications, the survey measure tends to be a stronger predictor of real life outcomes than the experimentally elicited measure of present bias.


What is the continuing relevance of hermeneutics to legal theory in general and to constitutional theory in particular if we are all originalists now? Both seem to be vital despite the decline of interest in hermeneutics recently. This article argues for the continuing relevance of hermeneutics to both fields because of the centrality of issues of application and practical reasoning in both. Law seeks for find the meaning of texts applied over time; legal texts are truly letters of transit. That we are all originalists, yet still have the same sort of interpretive debates we have always had, only indicates the continuing need to work on hermeneutic questions of application and practical reasoning. These issues are explored in the context of the Dworkin/Scalia discussion of the distinction between expectation and semantic originalism.


This paper presents the vision-based road detection system currently installed onto the MOB-LAB land vehicle. Based on a geometrical transform and on a fast morphological processing, the system is capable to detect road markings even in extremely severe shadow conditions on at and structured roads. The use of a special-purpose massively architecture (PAPRICA) allows to achieve a processing rate of about 17 Hz.


A complete account of all the reptiles then known to occur in the Indo-Australian Archipelago was published by De Rooij in 1915 and 1917. Since this time several new species have been described, while others have been suppressed or revived. Also the problem of geographical variation begins to penetrate in herpetology more and more. While studying the herpetological collections of the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden and the Zoological Museum, Amsterdam, it became clear to me that, though De Rooij's books offer a sound basis for further studies on the reptiles of the Indo-Australian Archipelago, a great deal of revisional work must still be done before our knowledge of the herpetological fauna of that region will be fairly complete. As I can devote only a rather small part of my time to this revisional work, I am not yet able to publish a complete revision of whole families or genera, but in the present paper I have brought together revisional notes on a number of species, as well as notes on distribution. Through the kindness of Dr. L. Stejneger and Miss D. M. Cochran, United States National Museum, Washington, I was supplied with a list of the reptilesl) collected by Dr. Abbott and Dr. Boden Kloss on the islands west of Sumatra. As the fauna of this part of the Archipelago is still very insufficiently known, I have included notes on this collection, part of which I received for personal examination. I wish to express my thanks to Dr. Stejneger and Miss Cochran for their permission to make use of the unpublished locality-records in their list. My heartiest thanks are due to the following persons for the specimens sent to me for personal examination and for the valuable information


Background: Technologies related to the establishment of primary tumor cell cultures from solid tumors, including glioblastoma, are increasingly important to oncology research and practice. However, processing of fresh tumor specimens for establishment of primary cultures on the day of surgical collection is logistically difficult. The feasibility of viable cryopreservation of glioblastoma specimens, allowing for primary culture establishment weeks to months after surgical tumor collection and freezing, was demonstrated by Mullins et al. in 2013, with a success rate of 59% that was not significantly lower than that achieved with fresh tumor tissue. However, research targeting optimization of viable glioblastoma cryopreservation protocols for establishment of primary tumor cultures has been limited. Objectives: The objective of this study was to optimize glioblastoma cryopreservation methods for viable cryobanking and to determine if two-dimensional (2D) or three-dimensional (3D) culture conditions were more supportive of glioblastoma growth after thawing of frozen tumor specimens. Methods: Portions of eight human glioblastoma specimens were cryopreserved by four different protocols differing in the time of enzymatic digestion (before or after cryopreservation), and in the type of cryopreservation media (CryoStor CS10 or 10% dimethyl sulfoxide and 90% fetal calf serum). After 1 month, frozen tissues were thawed, enzymatically digested, if not digested before, and used for initiation of 2D or 3D primary tumor cultures to determine viability. Results: Among the tested cryopreservation and culturing protocols, the most efficient combinations of cryopreservation and culture were those associated with the use of CryoStor CS10 cryopreservation medium, enzymatic digestion before freezing, and 2D culturing after thawing with a successful culture rate of 8 out of 8 cases (100%). Two-dimensional cultures were in general more efficient for the support of tumor cell growth after thawing than 3D cultures. Conclusions: This study supports development of evidence-based viable glioblastoma cryopreservation methods for use in glioblastoma biobanking and research.


On May 23, 1997, Iranian democracy worked. In a surprise to both the electorate and the international community, a little-known cleric named Mohammad Khatami resoundingly defeated the heavily-favored conservative candidate for the presidency of the Islamic Republic, Ali Akbar Nateq-Nouri. For the moment, the votes of the people had trumped the will of the Supreme Leader, All Khamenei, who had supported Nateq-Nouri. With 70 percent of the votes in an election with 80 percent turnout, Khatami won a powerful popular mandate for his platform of restoring civil rule, easing social restrictions, liberalizing the economy, and improving Iran's relations with the outside world. To begin his pursuit of this last priority, President Khatami appeared on CNN and called upon the people of the United States to reject cultural conflict and join the people of Iran in a "dialogue of civilizations." Soon, many in the Clinton Administration--including President Clinton himself--came to recognize that Khatami represented the most credible partner for peace with the United States since the Islamic Revolution had ruptured relations. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] The years that followed left both sides disappointed. As mutual assurances and gestures of goodwill failed to translate into the grand action needed for a major breakthrough, it seemed that neither side had the will or the political strength needed to deliver a transformational deal. Clinton left office in January 2001, and although Khatami was re-elected later that year, Iran's relations with US President George W. Bush veered from freeze to thaw and back again with no sense of steady progress in any direction. Constitutionally barred from seeking a third consecutive term, Mohammad Khatami's years as President of Iran--and with them what seemed like a rare window for reconciliation with the United States--seemed doomed to dwindle to a quiet close. Then, on May 4, 2003--days after President Bush delivered his "Mission Accomplished" speech to mark the conclusion of the invasion of Iraq, and with only two years left before the end of Khatami's presidency--a mysterious fax arrived at the US Department of State from the Swiss Embassy in Tehran. In the years since the United States withdrew its diplomats from Iran in the wake of the hostage crisis, the Swiss Embassy there had managed routine transactions between Iran and the US government and its citizens. This fax, however, represented much more than ordinary business. On two pages of plain paper, the document outlined an incredible proposal: a grand bargain to resolve all outstanding tensions between the United States and the Islamic Republic of Iran. The fax laid out an ambitious agenda for negotiations on the most serious issues dividing the two nations: terrorism, the future of Iraq, economic sanctions, mutual demonization, and the Israeli-Palestinian peace process. Even Iran's nuclear program was on the agenda. What's more, according to the cover letter from the Swiss ambassador, the broad terms of the deal outlined in the fax had been devised by President Khatami and had the approval of Iran's enigmatic Supreme Leader. To some in the Bush Administration--including the Middle East Director on the National Security Council (NSC), Flynt Leverett--this appeared to be the moment for the historic rapprochement that Khatami's election had seemed to herald. Then, the Bush Administration chose to ignore the fax. The proposal--along with any credible consideration of repairing the relationship between the United States and Iran--was dismissed. Khatami left office in 2005, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad took his place, and US relations with Iran have never recovered. Did the Bush Administration rebuff the United States' last, best hope for peace with Iran? Could Mohammad Khatami have delivered on a grand bargain for peace with the United States? If he could not, could anyone? A Silent Revolution? The presidential election of 1997 did not seem like it would be a watershed moment for the Islamic Republic. …


Thrombosis remains an important problem in both bare-metal and drug eluting stents. Platelet accumulation appears to be highly shear dependent in uniform parallel plate and stenosis models. This study was performed to evaluate thrombus formation location and size with respect to time for a stent. A three-dimensional laminar flow field was modeled via computational fluid dynamics through a stent-containing coronary sized vessel. Platelet deposition and accumulation was then simulated using a shear dependent accumulation function. The platelet deposition rate is given by the function: 3.2γ+67 platelets/mm2 /s, where γ is the shear rate, which comes from a linear regression to data presented in Ku and Flannery 2007. A three-dimensional stent with a helical strut matrix design and a pitch of 21 mm was designed around a 3 mm diameter vessel. Square strut designs of 0.15mm×0.15mm and 0.30mm×0.30mm were considered, with each strut embedded halfway into the vessel. A 30° section of the stent was modeled because of stent symmetry. The inlet was set at a mean Reynolds number of 200 by specifying a pressure differential across the length of the vessel. Thrombus growth based on shear rate was set through the equation: dΦ/dt=(3.2γ+67)(Vplatelet/V)∑n=0MAn. V is volume, Φ is the volume fraction of thrombus, M is the number of surrounding faces that are either a wall face or are neighboring a computational cell denoted as occluded by thrombus, associated with area, A. Each term without a subscript pertains to the local computational cell prescribed as undergoing thrombus growth. Thrombus cell occlusion was assumed to occur when thrombus filled 80% of the cell's volume. Maximum shear rates occur near the edges along the inner blood surface side of the stent struts. Thrombus growth increases more in the axial direction of the stent relative to the radial direction for the larger strut size. Conversely, the thrombus growth is more uniform in all directions along the smaller struts. The difference emanates from the two distinctly localized high shear contours near the edges of the larger stent struts, while the high shear regions were less distinct for the smaller strut size. Quadrupling the cross sectional area of a strut increases the initial maximum shear rate along the strut by 50%, in addition to doubling the available surface area for platelet deposition. Therefore, increasing strut size has a threefold effect on platelet deposition rate, leading to faster vessel occlusion. This computational technique may be extended to approximate where thrombus may grow to completely occlude a blood vessel and the length of time occlusion would take. The CFD modeling technique may also be used to evaluate thrombus deposition on medical devices such as heart valves and ventricular assist devices.


Significance Tree-like structures are abundant in the empirical sciences as they can summarize high-dimensional data and show latent structure among many samples in a single framework. Prominent examples include phylogenetic trees or hierarchical clustering derived from genetic data. Currently, users employ ad hoc methods to test for association between a given tree and a response variable, which reduces reproducibility and robustness. In this paper, we introduce treeSeg, a simple to use and widely applicable methodology with high power for testing between all levels of hierarchy for a given tree and the response while accounting for the overall false positive rate. Our method allows for precise uncertainty quantification and therefore, increases interpretability and reproducibility of such studies across many fields of science. Tree structures, showing hierarchical relationships and the latent structures between samples, are ubiquitous in genomic and biomedical sciences. A common question in many studies is whether there is an association between a response variable measured on each sample and the latent group structure represented by some given tree. Currently, this is addressed on an ad hoc basis, usually requiring the user to decide on an appropriate number of clusters to prune out of the tree to be tested against the response variable. Here, we present a statistical method with statistical guarantees that tests for association between the response variable and a fixed tree structure across all levels of the tree hierarchy with high power while accounting for the overall false positive error rate. This enhances the robustness and reproducibility of such findings.


In previous research, we have been focusing on the performance of the each element heat transfer and hydraulic performance of refrigeration cycle. Experimental investigations have been repeated several times, and finally, we have substantial database including the effect of lubricant oil. Moreover, the maldistribution of two-phase in an evaporator can be also predicted from the experimental database. Under these circumstances, this study is intended to effectively put the construction of an automotive CO 2 air conditioning system into practical design use through the simulation using the above-mentioned database. This paper describes the refrigeration cycle performance prediction of each element (e.g., an evaporator, a gas-cooler, and so on) by a simulation using substantial database and various available correlations proposed by us and several other researchers. In the performance prediction model of heat exchangers, local heat transfer and flow characteristics are considered and, in addition, the effects of lubricant oil on heat transfer and pressure drop are duly considered. The comparison is also made between simulation results and bench test results using a real automotive air conditioning system. Finally, the developed simulation method can predict the cooling capacity successfully within ±10% for A/C system simulation. By incorporating the lubricant oil effect, the simulation results are improved to ±5% and ±15% for the cooling capacity and pressure drop for evaporator simulation, respectively.


Amongst sludge reduction strategies, the anaerobic side-stream sludge holding tank (SHT) is of particular interest because it has shown significant sludge reduction efficiency. However, due to the anaerobic and starving environment of the SHT, the release of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) may be stimulated, and it may hamper the application of the SHT to the membrane bioreactor. In order to investigate the effect of sludge storage on EPS release, sludge samples from a pilot-scale sequencing batch reactor coupled with SHT was incubated in a series of bench-scale SHT reactors for different periods of time (0-24 h). The increase in EPS was not significant until 12 h of incubation (9.3%), while 40.9% of the increase was observed in the sample incubated for 24 h. The rapid increase in EPS concentration after 12 h indicates a greater rate of cell lysis than that with EPS consumption as substrate. Since inducing the initial stage of the endogenous phase within microorganisms is a key factor for the successful operation of the SHT for sludge reduction, the retention time for the SHT should be shorter than the time for the sudden increase in EPS release.


Abstract. In recent years, a lot of studies have shown that polarimetric synthetic aperture radar interferometry (PolInSAR) is a powerful technique for forest height mapping and monitoring. However, few researches address the problem of terrain slope effect, which will be one of the major limitations for forest height inversion in mountain forest area. In this paper, we present a novel forest height retrieval algorithm by integration of dual-baseline PolInSAR data and external DEM data. For the first time, we successfully expand the S-RVoG (Sloped-Random Volume over Ground) model for forest parameters inversion into the case of dual-baseline PolInSAR configuration. In this case, the proposed method not only corrects terrain slope variation effect efficiently, but also involves more observations to improve the accuracy of parameters inversion. In order to demonstrate the performance of the inversion algorithm, a set of quad-pol images acquired at the P-band in interferometric repeat-pass mode by the German Aerospace Center (DLR) with the Experimental SAR (E-SAR) system, in the frame of the BioSAR2008 campaign, has been used for the retrieval of forest height over Krycklan boreal forest in northern Sweden. At the same time, a high accuracy external DEM in the experimental area has been collected for computing terrain slope information, which subsequently is used as an inputting parameter in the S-RVoG model. Finally, in-situ ground truth heights in stand-level have been collected to validate the inversion result. The preliminary results show that the proposed inversion algorithm promises to provide much more accurate estimation of forest height than traditional dualbaseline inversion algorithms.


This paper explores the reshaping of higher education within a neoliberal paradigm of economic development and the implications for universities and colleges as sites of citizenship formation. The work of Torfing, in particular his critical integration of the work of Laclau, Mouffle, and Zizek, provides the theoretical framework for the analysis. After revisiting the relation between higher education and the development of the welfare state, the paper examines the restructuration that is taking place in curriculum, pedagogical method, governance, and administration. Constructivism, dominant paradigm in educational circles, the author argues, supports the neoliberal ideology within the global economy. The implications of the changes are also evident in the deregulation of fees and the sanctioning of private degree-granting institutions. The paper not only examines how the institutions are contributing to the expansion of the hegemonic discourse but also refers to emancipatory movements emerging from the areas of health, environment, social equity, and motivated by democratic concerns. Higher education has a role in political resistance.


Naïve T cells that have not been exposed to antigen require high amounts of antigen and costimulation in order to activate a response. However, activated T cells can respond to very small amounts of antigen. Fahmy et al. explored the mechanism underlying this difference by monitoring the interaction of T cell receptor (TCR)/CD8 complex with fluorescently labeled, divalent major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs). The binding curves were different for naïve and activated T cells with the activated T cells exhibiting enhanced binding at lower concentrations of MHC. The increased binding was blocked by the addition of an antibody (H57) that blocked TCR cross-linking, but did not interfere with MHC binding. This cross-linking event is not the same as the formation of the immunologic synapse, because H57 does not impair the formation of the synapse. The differences between naïve and activated T cells were also influenced by the presence of the membrane microdomain, known as the lipid raft, because higher concentrations of cholesterol increased the avidity of naïve T cell binding and decreased cholesterol or sphingomyelin depletion decreased the avidity of the activated T cells. Modeling of the binding data suggest that the activated TCR has a 50-fold increase in avidity at 4(C and a 15- to 20-fold increase at 37(C as compared with the TCR from naïve T cells. T. M. Fahmy, J. G. Bieler, M. Edidin, J. P. Schneck, Increased TCR avidity after T cell activation: A mechanism for sensing low-density antigen. Immunity 14, 135-143 (2001). [Online Journal]


ANALYSIS OF CLINICALLY IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS USING ELECTROPHORETIC SEPARATION TECHNIQUES COUPLED TO TIME-OF-FLIGHT MASS SPECTROMETRY Zlatuse D. Peterson Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Doctor of Philosophy Capillary electrophoretic (CE) separations were successfully coupled to time-offlight mass spectrometric (TOFMS) detection for the analysis of three families of biological compounds that act as mediators and/or indicators of disease, namely, catecholamines (dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine) and their O-methoxylated metabolites (3-methoxytyramine, norepinephrine, and normetanephrine), indolamines (serotonin, tryptophan, and 5-hydroxytryptophan), and angiotensin peptides. While electrophoretic separation techniques provided high separation efficiency, mass spectrometric detection afforded specificity unsurpassed by other types of detectors. Both catecholamines and indolamines are present in body fluids at concentrations that make it possible for them to be determined by capillary zone electrophoresis coupled to TOFMS without employing any preconcentration scheme beyond sample work up by solid phase extraction (SPE). Using this hyphenated approach, submicromolar levels of catecholamines and metanephrines in normal human urine and indolamines in human plasma were detected after the removal of the analytes from their biological matrices and after preconcentration by SPE on mixed mode cation-exchange sorbents. The CETOFMS and SPE methods were individualized for each group of compounds. While catecholamines and metanephrines in urine samples were quantitated using 3,4dihydroxybenzylamine as an internal standard, deuterated isotopes, considered ideal internal standards, were used for the quantitation of indolamines. Because the angiotensin peptides are present in biological fluids at much lower concentrations than the previous two families of analytes, their analysis required the application of additional preconcentration techniques. In this work, the coupling of either of two types of electrophoretic preconcentration methods field amplified injection (FAI) and isotachophoresis (ITP) to capillary zone electrophoresis with both UV and MS detection was evaluated. Using FAI-CE-UV, angiotensins were detected at ~1 nM concentrations. Using similar conditions but TOFMS detection, the detection limits were below 10 nM. ITP was evaluated in both single-column and two-column comprehensive arrangements. The detection limits achieved for the ITP-based techniques were approximately one order of magnitude higher than for the FAI-based preconcentration. While the potential usefulness of these techniques was demonstrated using angiotensins standards, substantial additional research would be required to allow these approaches to be applied to plasma as part of clinical assays.


Engineering complete planning domain descriptions is often very costly because of human error or lack of domain knowl- edge. Learning complete domain descriptions is also very challenging because many features are irrelevant to achieving the goals and data may be scarce. We present a planner and agent that respectively plan and act in incomplete domains by i) synthesizing plans to avoid execution failure due to ignorance of the domain model, and ii) passively learning about the domain model during execution to improve later re-planning attempts. Our planner DeFault is the first to reason about a domain's incompleteness to avoid potential plan failure. DeFault computes failure explanations for each action and state in the plan and counts the number of interpretations of the incomplete domain where failure will occur. We show that DeFault performs best by counting prime implicants (failure diagnoses) rather than propositional models. Our agent Goalie learns about the preconditions and effects of incompletely-specified actions while monitoring its state and, in conjunction with DeFault plan failure explanations, can diagnose past and future action failures. We show that by reasoning about incompleteness (as opposed to ignoring it) Goalie fails and re-plans less and executes fewer actions.


Feminist scholars promote an advocacy and social change approach that is rooted in centering women's knowledge and suggestions for change. This article centers and analyzes suggestions made by women staying in shelters for women who have been battered and explores the ways their perspectives reflect individualized or structural discourse and their solutions concentrate needs at the level of survival, equality, or transformation. The article finds that women have a range of perspectives and suggestions, and feminist scholars are encouraged to understand and address these from women's multiple positions while continuing to grapple with how to promote social change to improve women's lives.


Recent studies show that financial literacy is strongly positively related to household wealth, but there is also substantial cross-sectional variation in both financial literacy and wealth levels. To explore these patterns, the authors develop a calibrated stochastic life cycle model which features endogeneous financial literacy accumulation. Their model generates substantial wealth inequality, over and above what standard lifecycle models produce. This is due to the fact that higher earners typically have more hump-shaped labor income profiles and lower retirement benefits which, when interacted with the precautionary saving motive, boosts their need for private wealth accumulation and thus financial literacy. They show that the fraction of the population which is rationally "financially ignorant" depends on the level of labor income uncertainty as well as the generosity of the retirement system.


This study presents an analysis of a wave energy converter (WEC) system consisting of a buoy, a mooring system and a power cable connected to a hub. The investigated WEC system is currently under full-scale testing near Runde in Norway. The purpose of the study was to investigate the characteristics of the entire system, primarily with regard to energy performance and the fatigue life of the mooring lines and power cable, considering the effects of marine biofouling and its growth on the system's components. The energy performance of the system and the fatigue life of the mooring lines and the power cable were systematically studied via parameter variation analysis, considering different mooring configurations, biofouling conditions, and environmental loads (current and sea state conditions), among other factors. Hydrodynamic and structural response simulations were conducted in a coupled response analysis using the DNV-GL software SESAM. Energy performance analyses and stress-based rainflow counting fatigue calculations were performed separately using an in-house code. The results show that, for a WEC system which has been deployed for 25 years, biofouling can reduce the total power absorption by up to 10% and decrease the fatigue life of the mooring lines by approximately 20%.


Several G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are modified posttranslationally by acylation, including the 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor (5-HT4a), and this modification has different effects on receptor function, depending on the receptor. Ponimaskin et al. used a heterologous expression system with the wild-type and various cysteine mutants to show that the 5-HT4a receptor is palmitoylated on at least three cysteine residues in the COOH-terminal domain. The palmitoylation is dynamic, and turnover of the acyl group can be stimulated by agonists of the receptor. Analysis of the coupling of the receptor to the Gαs subunit showed that if the membrane proximal cysteines (Cys328 and Cys329) were mutated to prevent palmitoylation, the receptor exhibited enhanced constitutive coupling to the G protein. Application of agonist to cells expressing this cysteine-mutated receptor increased guanosine 5′-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (GTP-γ-S) loading of the G protein, but the difference between the stimulated receptor and the unliganded receptor was smaller than the difference for the stimulated and resting wild-type receptor. Two additional assays showed that the Cys328 and Cys329 mutants exhibited higher constitutive activity for stimulating downstream signaling events. The pharmacological profile of the Cys328 and Cys329 mutant showed that this receptor had a higher affinity for serotonin than did the native receptor. These data all point to a role for dynamic and regulated palmitoylation in controlling receptor conformation, leading to changes in receptor ligand affinity and constitutive receptor activity for the 5-HT4a receptor. E. G. Ponimaskin, M. Heine, L. Joubert, M. Sebben, U. Bickmeyer, D. W. Richter, A. Dumuis, The 5-hydroxytryptamine (4a) receptor is palmitoylated at two different sites, and acylation is critically involved in regulation of receptor constitutive activity. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 2534-2546 (2002). [Abstract] [Full Text]


We report the synthesis and self assembly of amphiphilic block copolymers based on poly(dimethylsiloxane) and poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl acrylate) (PDMS-b-PDMAEA). We consider the self-catalyzed hydrolysis of PDMAEA in aqueous solution, and its effect on the self-assembly of the amphiphilic copolymer by investigating poly(dimethylsiloxane)-b-[poly(2-dimethylamino)ethyl acrylate)-co-poly(acrylic acid)] (PDMS-b-(PDMAEA-co-PAA)), obtained from hydrolysis of PDMAEA, and poly(dimethylsiloxane)-b-poly(2-(trimethylammonium iodide)ethyl acrylate) (PDMS-b-PTMAIEA), obtained from quaternization of PDMAEA. We observe that the thermal properties and self-assembly behavior in water of these amphiphilic diblock copolymers depend on the structure of the hydrophilic block, and are strongly influence by hydrolysis of the PDMAEA block. Self-assembly in aqueous solution leads to the formation of spherical micellar structures with diameters between 40 and 70 nm, which were investigated by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). PDMS-b-(PDMAEA-co-PAA) is shown to be pH responsive, and behaves as a highly negatively charged polymer at high pH values (pH > 10) and as a highly positively charged polymer at low pH values (pH < 2). Critical micelle concentrations (cmc) of the amphiphilic block copolymers were determined by fluorescence measurement with N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine (PNA) as a fluorescence probe. Surprisingly, surface tension measurements suggest that PDMS-b-PTMAIEA is "non-surface active", forming micelles in bulk solution instead of adsorbing at the air–water interface to form a Gibbs monolayer, even when the polymer concentration was over 100 times above its cmc value. This remarkable behavior is consistent with recent reports that suggest that "non-surface activity" can be observed for both cationic and anionic amphiphilic diblock copolymers due to the effect of image charge repulsion at the air–water interface.


Introduction: Hysterectomy is the most common surgery among non-pregnant women. Prevalence and causes of total abdominal hysterectomy can provide specialists with a new perspective in the treatment of these patients. This study examines the frequency and causes of total abdominal hysterectomies which were performed in Motahari hospital of Marvdasht, Fars, Iran. Materials & methods: This cross - sectional study was done from 2007 to 2011 in the Motahari Hospital, Marvdasht, Iran. Data from 91 patients was recorded through questionnaires. Then data was analyzed by the SPSS software. Findings: The number of hysterectomies in the 2011 was higher. The most common cause of hysterectomy was abnormal bleeding and uterine disability. The most common pathological finding in patients was leiomyoma. Discussion & conclusion: According to a 10-fold increase in the number of cases of hysterectomy, the use of non-invasive alternative therapies is necessary.


Information world is been introduced in the study. Need and use of information by the Information Technology for Information Handling is the objective of study. World is itself a database of information. Here in this world Neuton third low works and its application is also satisfied by the object information. That is information is neither been created nor been destroyed. It is only converted from one form to another. it states that this world is a database where data exist, store , captured, transmitted, processed, retrieved, displayed etc. Each and every object existing in this world is an information and information about information possessed gives the world a qualitative data wherehouse which is a complete package of database and datamining. In whole statement, information is a key for everything existing in this world and a play of information handling is played by the objects in order to excel each other. This information is permuted and combined with each other to form a new information (termed as research and discovery) to have a distinguished result with respect to the problem. This information after taking birth is used by others as matured information in order to form a desired result. They are again being practiced by permutation and combination to form new information completing the information life cycle birth,


This paper presents a control chart approach for monitoring,diagnostics and prognostics to support condition-basedmaintenance (CBM) using condition data of linear railwayinfrastructure assets. The condition data were obtained fromregular inspections done by a railway track measurement wagon.The condition data were statistically analysed by using twodifferent control charts to evaluate the possibility for earlierdetection of derailment hazardous faults using both temporal andspatial information. The study indicates that that the proposedcontrol chart approach can be used for condition assessment oftrack and thereby provide valuable decision support for CBM. Thecontrol chart for condition information in the temporal domainsupports diagnostics, while the control chart for conditioninformation in the spatiotemporal domain also supportsprognostics. The two proposed control charts give earlier faultwarnings compared to the traditional approach. This facilitatesdecisions regarding CBM actions with an extended planninghorizon and gives the possibility to increase the operationalavailability of track.


The Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) has postponed the effective date of the Consumer Protection Act 68 of 2008 (CPA) to April 1 2011. Although this will allow businesses more time to prepare for the implementation of the CPA, all suppliers of goods and services are encouraged to step up with their preparations to ensure that they will be able to comply once it becomes effective. Although the regulations to the CPA have not yet been published, the DTI has indicated that it might be possible for the the first draft to be finalised towards the end of October 2010 but, as it has turned out no draft regulations have been submitted for discussion.


Despite a good legislative framework, South Africa faces significant challenges in the sustainable provision of adequate and safe water services. To improve the situation, South Africa's Department of Water Affairs (DWA) and other water sector partners undertook initiatives to assist municipalities with operation and management of water services. By way of example, in 2006, the municipal engineering oriented electronic Water Quality Management System (eWQMS) was implemented, providing municipalities with a platform for loading drinking water quality data and tracking performance of key water services management functions. Following this in 2008, DWA introduced an incentive-based regulatory programme, Blue Drop Certification (BDC), and the associated regulatory drinking water quality information system, the Blue Drop System (BDS) which is, for example, populated with data loaded by municipalities onto eWQMS. An integral part of BDC is the development of Water Safety Plans (WSPs). Due to the challenges faced by municipalities in developing WSPs, the Water Research Commission (WRC) saw a need to assist municipalities, and subsequently a generic Water Safety Plan for Small Community Water Supplies was developed. The WRC also saw the need to develop an easy-to-use WSP tool for municipalities. The eWQMS was selected as the platform for making the tool available. This paper presents the development of a web-enabled WSP tool on the eWQMS which ultimately will provide the information to the BDS.


In this paper, we propose a very deep fully convolutional encoding-decoding framework for image restoration such as denoising and super-resolution. The network is composed of multiple layers of convolution and de-convolution operators, learning end-to-end mappings from corrupted images to the original ones. The convolutional layers act as the feature extractor, which capture the abstraction of image contents while eliminating noises/corruptions. De-convolutional layers are then used to recover the image details. We propose to symmetrically link convolutional and de-convolutional layers with skip-layer connections, with which the training converges much faster and attains a higher-quality local optimum. First, The skip connections allow the signal to be back-propagated to bottom layers directly, and thus tackles the problem of gradient vanishing, making training deep networks easier and achieving restoration performance gains consequently. Second, these skip connections pass image details from convolutional layers to de-convolutional layers, which is beneficial in recovering the original image. Significantly, with the large capacity, we can handle different levels of noises using a single model. Experimental results show that our network achieves better performance than all previously reported state-of-the-art methods.


Two novel anthracene derivatives containing 4-vinylpyridine (FPEA) and 2-vinylpyridine (TPEA) poly(methyl methacrylate) films are prepared on quartz glass substrates. Their nonlinear absorption properties are investigated by using a 120-fs, 800-nm Ti:sapphire femtosecond pulsed laser operating at a 1-kHz repetition rate. The unique nonlinear absorption properties of these new compounds are observed by utilizing a Z-scan system. These two-photon absorption (TPA) properties are proven by the two-photon fluorescence excited at 800 nm. The FPEA and TPEA films have nonlinear TPA coefficients of 0.164 and 0.148 cm/GW and the TPA cross sections of 3.345 × 10-48 and 3.081 × 10-48 cm4·s/photon, respectively. The influence of the chemical structures on the nonlinear TPA properties of the compounds is also discussed. The highly nonlinear TPA activities of the films implied that the new anthracene derivatives are suitable materials with promising applications in super-high-density three-dimensional data storage and nano- or microstructure fabrication.


A two-color lidar instrument and inversion algorithms have been developed for the study of atmospheric aerosols. The two-color lidar laser transmitter is based on the collinear fundamental 1064 nm and second harmonic 532 nm output of a Nd:YAG laser. Scattered light is collected by the two-color lidar receiver using a Schmidt-Cassegrain telescope with the 532 nm channel monitored using a gated photomultiplier tube (PMT) and the 1064 nm channel monitored using an avalanche photodiode (APD). Data is collected from the PMT and APD using a 14 bit 200 MHz data acquisition card. The lidar inversion algorithm developed to analyze the data collected by the two-color lidar is based on a constant lidar ratio assumption at both the 1064 nm and 532 nm wavelengths with the constrained ratio aerosol model (CRAM) providing the initial lidar ratios at the two wavelengths to complete the lidar inversion. Data from the CALIOP lidar on board the CALIPSO satellite are presented to verify software algorithm performance. Data from the two-color lidar are then presented demonstrating the two-color lidar instrument's capabilities. The analysis of these data identifies smoke and industrial aerosols in the atmosphere above Bozeman. Finally an error analysis of the lidar instrument and accompanying analysis software is presented. The findings of this analysis are that error introduced by the APD and PMT is dominant; the error introduced by the optical detectors is much larger than the error from other sources examined such as quantization error, and the error associated the use of numerical integration in the data analysis algorithm.


Fictions of Art History, the most recent addition to the Clark Studies in the Visual Arts series, addresses art history's complex relationships with fiction, poetry, and creative writing. Inspired by a 2010 conference, the volume examines art historians' viewing practices and modes of writing. How, the contributors ask, are we to unravel the supposed facts of history from the fictions constructed in works of art? How do art historians employ or resist devices of fiction, and what are the effects of those choices on the reader? In styles by turns witty, elliptical, and plain-speaking, the essays in Fictions of Art History are fascinating and provocative critical interventions in art history.


The management of universities demands data on teaching and research performance. While teaching parameters can be measured via student performance and teacher evaluation programs, the connection of research outputs and their grant antecedents is much harder to check, test and understand. This paper elicits the interdependence structure between third-party expenses (TPE), publications, citations and academic age. To describe the relationship, we analyze individual level data from a sample of professorships from a leading research university and a Scopus database for the period 2001 to 2015. Using estimates from a PVARX model, impulse response functions and a forecast error variance decomposition, we show that analyzing on the high aggregation level of universities does not reflect the behavior of its faculties. We explain the differences in relationship structure between indicators for social sciences and humanities, life sciences and mathematical and natural sciences. For instance, for mathematics and some fields of social sciences and humanities the relationship between the TPE and the number of publications is insignificant, however, the influence of the TPE on the number of citation is significant and positive that indicates the difference between quality and quantity of research outputs. The paper also proposes a visualization of the cooperation between faculties and research interdisciplinarity via the co-authorship structure among publications. We discuss the implications for policy and decision making and suggest recommendations for research management of universities.


This paper presents a taxonomy of applications for asynchronous discussion groups as used in education. The paper begins by defining common characteristics supported by discussion board technologies: unstructured text, concurrent viewing and contribution, linear or threaded organization, and accessibility on demand. To justify the existence of distinct types of discussion boards, a variety of criteria that have been used for assessing discussion board effectiveness are presented, followed by examples of actual groups that illustrate effective use of the technologies. These examples include an analysis of the key features that distinguish discussion group uses. Based upon this analysis, the taxonomy of such groups is derived, consisting of support, participative discussion, task collaboration, workflow management and administrative. The paper concludes by identifying four prerequisites for effective discussion boards that have been synthesized from the examples and the literature--openness, efficiency, spirit of collaboration and sense of safety-showing how the relative importance of these prerequisites can depend upon the type of discussion board being examined.


Was it the famous comeback in added time to win the Champions League final in 1999? Or what about the Busby Babes' swansong - a 5-4 thriller at Highbury? And who can forget the 8-2 thrashing of Arsenal in 2011? These are just a few of the greatest games ever played by Manchester United. In this remarkable and fascinating book, United fans have voted in their thousands to say which matches they believe were truly special. Featuring contributions from many of the stars who played in them, as well as individual supporter memories, this book takes the reader to the heart of why United is a club like no other: throughout its history are so many matches that no one who saw them can ever forget. Deciding which is the best of the lot will be the fans' choice.


Domesticated in 8000–10,000 BP in northern China, proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) is the best adaptive rotational crop for semiarid central High Plains of the USA, where average annual precipitation is 356–407 mm. Proso millet has multiple benefits when consumed as human food. Proso millet is rich in minerals, dietary fiber, polyphenols, vitamins and proteins. It is gluten-free and therefore, ideal for the gluten intolerant people. Proso millet contains high lecithin which supports the neural health system. It is rich in vitamins (niacin, B-complex vitamins, folic acid), minerals (P, Ca, Zn, Fe) and essential amino acids (methionine and cysteine). It has a low glycemic index and reduces the risk of type-2 diabetes. Unfortunately, in the USA, it is mostly considered as bird feed, whereas it is mainly used as human food in many other countries. Besides human health benefits, proso millet has an impeccable environmental benefit. Proso millet possesses many unique characteristics (e.g., drought tolerance, short-growing season) which makes it a promising rotational crop for winter wheat-based dryland farming systems. Proso millet provides the most economical production system when used in a two years wheat/summer fallow cropping system in semiarid High Plains of the USA. It helps in controlling winter annual grass weeds, managing disease and insect pressure and preserving deep soil moisture for wheat. Proso millet can also be used as a rotational crop with corn or sorghum owing to its tolerance for atrazine, the primary herbicide used in corn and sorghum production systems. Proso millet certainly is a climate-smart, gluten-free, ancient, and small grain cereal, which is healthy to humans and the environment. The main challenge is to expand the proso millet market beyond bird feed into the human food industry. To overcome the challenge, unique proso millet varieties for human food and ready-to-use multiple food products must be developed. This requires successful collaboration among experts from diverse disciplines such as breeders, geneticists, food chemists and food industry partners.


Recommendation: In the absence of evidence, we recommend that ankle joint aspiration to evaluate for periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) be performed under sterile conditions via the anteromedial approach. Ultrasound guidance may be used if available but is not necessary to obtain an acceptable synovial fluid sample. Level of Evidence: Consensus. Delegate Vote: Agree: 100%, Disagree: 0%, Abstain: 0% (Unanimous, Strongest Consensus)


Administration of cholecystokinin (CCK) to rats caused a dose-dependent increase in plasma levels of the neurohypophyseal hormone oxytocin (OT). The OT secretion was comparable to that found in response to nausea-producing chemical agents that cause learned taste aversions. The effect of CCK on OT secretion was blunted after gastric vagotomy, as was the inhibition of food intake induced by CCK. Food ingestion also led to elevated plasma OT in rats, but CCK and aversive agents caused even greater OT stimulation. Thus, after administration of large doses of CCK, vagally mediated activation of central nausea pathways seems to be predominantly responsible for the subsequent decrease in food intake. Despite their dissimilar affective states, both nausea and satiety may activate a common hypothalamic oxytocinergic pathway that controls the inhibition of ingestion.


: The noise statistics of optically demodulated signal of the recently proposed modulation format, namely differential polarization-phase-shift keying, are analyzed. It is found that, in the linear regime, the Gaussian approximation is reasonably accurate in estimating the BER. In the nonlinear regime, the noise of the demodulated signal is dominated by the effect of nonlinear phase noise and obeys chi-squared statistics with a degree of freedom of one. Gaussian approximation underestimates the BER in the nonlinear regime. A two-step BER estimation method accounting for both linear beat noise and nonlinear phase noise is proposed. The effectiveness of this two-step BER estimation method at all power levels has been established by comparison with direct error counting.


Nonappropriated fund instrumentalities, or NAFIs, are neither wholly governmental nor wholly private; rather they incorporate characteristics of both private and governmental organizations. The primary benefit of this dual characterization attaches to the NAFIs themselves. Once an entity is determined by a court to be a NAFI it cannot be sued. In state and district court, NAFIs are held to be immune from suit because, as quasi-governmental entities, they partake of the sovereign immunity of the United States. However, the Court of Federal Claims, which normally has exclusive jurisdiction to hear suits against the United States for money damages, refuses to entertain suits against NAFIs as well. This anomaly, that a suitor has no redress for a NAFI's breach of contract, has drawn much criticism as a matter of policy. Policy considerations aside, however, the purpose of this article is to determine whether the NAFI doctrine has a basis in law. The article first traces the history of the NAFI doctrine from its origins to the present day, describing the changes that have taken place in NAFI doctrine jurisprudence during the sixty years of its existence. Looking at the NAFI doctrine through a historical lens will reveal the different legal bases that have been used to support the doctrine through the decades. Next, the article takes up each of these potential bases for the NAFI doctrine in turn, examining each to see if any of these bases stands up to legal scrutiny. After determining that the NAFI doctrine is compelled neither by statute nor Supreme Court precedent, the article proposes several ways of correcting this long-standing error. Quoted in Slattery v. United States, 635 F.3d 1298, 1316 (Fed. Cir. 2011) (en banc).


Here we present a mobile application that accurately determines the distance between an optical sensor and the human corneal limbus for visual acuity assessment. The application uses digital image processing and randomized circle detection to locate the cornea. Then, a reference scaling measurement is employed to calculate distance from the sensor to a user. To determine accuracy and generalizability, testing was conducted both with 200 static images, 25 images each of males and females for four ethnic groups from a facial image database, and live image streams from a test subject. Average absolute corneal radius error over 10 trials for the static images was 6.36%, while average absolute distance error for the live image streams was less than 1%. Subsequently, distance measurements were used to scale letter sizes for a Snellen Chart-based visual acuity assessment. This system enables monitoring of chronic retinal diseases, as patients can quickly and accurately measure their visual acuity through the mobile eye exam suite.


Through engaging and creative contexts, Grammar Plus and More Grammar Plus provide extensive grammar practice for adult and young adult students. The texts integrate structure practice with relevant themes, such as choices and consequences, technology, and marriage. This two-level course, taking students from the beginning to high-intermediate level, provides an effective approach to grammar.Features: -- Using a multiskill approach, students develop the four skills through a pedagogically sound sequencing of activities, including both controlled and communicative practice.-- A variety of student-centered activities address different learning styles.-- Clear, concise grammar charts are both teacher- and student-friendly.-- Appendices give students tools for review and reinforcement.-- Cumulative end-of-unit, midterm and final tests.-- Multiskill Workbooks provide additional grammar and language skill practice.-- Teacher's Guides contain teaching tips, thorough grammar explanations, ideas for presenting confusing grammar points, listening scripts, and answer keys.-- Classroom audiocassettes offer a variety of listening activities to help students develop listening skills.-- Comprehensive coverage of basic grammar within meaningful contexts motivates students and maximizes learning.-- Practice tests promote student self-evaluation.


Most southern states have fewer breweries per population than the rest of the country. This paper examines why. The main outcome is that in the South, the number of breweries is negatively associated with higher campaign contributions from big breweries, the number of beer distributors per capita, and the Southern Baptist adherence rate. In the non–South, these associations are insignificant or positive. The limited number of breweries in the South follows the idea of bootleggers and Baptists where those who gain economically from limited competition—large breweries and distributors—side with groups morally opposed to alcohol to keep breweries out.


We present a novel application for searching for vehicles in surveillance videos based on semantic attributes. At the interface, the user specifies a set of vehicle characteristics (such as color, direction of travel, speed, length, height, etc.) and the system automatically retrieves video events that match the provided description. A key differentiating aspect of our system is the ability to handle challenging urban conditions such as high volumes of activity and environmental factors. This is achieved through a novel multi-view vehicle detection approach which relies on what we call motionlet classifiers, i.e. classifiers that are learned with vehicle samples clustered in the motion configuration space. We employ massively parallel feature selection to learn compact and accurate motionlet detectors. Moreover, in order to deal with different vehicle types (buses, trucks, SUVs, cars), we learn the motionlet detectors in a shape-free appearance space, where all training samples are resized to the same aspect ratio, and then during test time the aspect ratio of the sliding window is changed to allow the detection of different vehicle types. Once a vehicle is detected and tracked over the video, fine-grained attributes are extracted and ingested into a database to allow future search queries such as "Show me all blue trucks larger than 7ft length traveling at high speed northbound last Saturday, from 2pm to 5pm".


Objective The impact of schizophrenia on vital diseases, such as chronic kidney disease (CKD), has not as yet been verified. This study aims to establish whether there is an association between schizophrenia and CKD. Design A nationwide matched cohort study. Setting Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database. Participants A total of 2338 patients with schizophrenia, and 7014 controls without schizophrenia (1:3), matched cohort for sex, age group, geography, urbanisation and monthly income, between 1 January 2003 and 31 December 2007, based on the International Classifications of Disease Ninth Edition (ICD-9), Clinical Modification codes. Primary and secondary outcome measures After making adjustments for confounding risk factors, a Cox proportional hazards model was used to compare the risk of developing CKD during a 3-year follow-up period from the index date. Results Of the 2338-subject case cohort, 163 (6.97%) developed a CKD, as did 365 (5.20%) of the 7014 control participants. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis revealed that patients with schizophrenia were more likely to develop CKD (HR=1.36, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.63; p<0.001). After adjusting for gender, age group, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidaemia, heart disease and non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) usage, the HR for patients with schizophrenia was 1.25 (95% CI 1.04 to 1.50; p<0.05). Neither typical nor atypical antipsychotics was associated an increased risk of CKD in patients with schizophrenia. Conclusions The findings from this population-based retrospective cohort study suggest that schizophrenia is associated with a 25% increase in the risk of developing CKD within only a 3-year follow-up period.


Objective To investigate the relationships between early blood pressure (BP) changes, receipt of antihypotensive therapy and 18–22 months' corrected age (CA) outcomes for extremely preterm infants. Design Prospective observational study of infants 230/7–266/7 weeks' gestational age (GA). Hourly BP values and antihypotensive therapy exposure in the first 24 h were recorded. Four groups were defined: infants who did or did not receive antihypotensive therapy in whom BP did or did not rise at the expected rate (defined as an increase in the mean arterial BP of ≥5 mm Hg/day). Random-intercept logistic modelling controlling for centre clustering, GA and illness severity was used to investigate the relationship between BP, antihypotensive therapies and infant outcomes. Setting Sixteen academic centres of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network. Main outcome measures Death or neurodevelopmental impairment/developmental delay (NIDD) at 18–22 months' CA. Results Of 367 infants, 203 (55%) received an antihypotensive therapy, 272 (74%) survived to discharge and 331 (90%) had a known outcome at 18–22 months' CA. With logistic regression, there was an increased risk of death/NIDD with antihypotensive therapy versus no treatment (OR 1.836, 95% CI 1.092 to 3.086), but not NIDD alone (OR 1.53, 95% CI 0.708 to 3.307). Conclusions Independent of early BP changes, antihypotensive therapy exposure was associated with an increased risk of death/NIDD at 18–22 months' CA when controlling for risk factors known to affect survival and neurodevelopment. Clinical trial registration number clinicaltrials.gov #NCT00874393.


The thesis contributes to the evolving process of moving the study of Complexity from the arena of metaphor to something real and operational. Acknowledging this phenomenon ultimately changes the underlying assumptions made about working environments and leadership; organisations are dynamic and so should their leaders be. Dynamic leaders are behaviourally complex. Behavioural Complexity is a product of behavioural repertoire - range of behaviours; and behavioural differentiation - where effective leaders apply appropriate behaviour to the demands of the situation. Behavioural Complexity was operationalised using the Competing Values Framework (CVF). The CVF is a measure that captures the extent to which leaders demonstrate four behaviours on four quadrants: Control, Compete, Collaborate and Create, which are argued to be critical to all types of organisational leadership. The results provide evidence to suggest Behavioural Complexity is an enabler of leadership effectiveness; Organisational Complexity (captured using a new measure developed in the thesis) moderates Behavioural Complexity and leadership effectiveness; and leadership training supports Behavioural Complexity in contributing to leadership effectiveness. Most definitions of leadership come down to changing people's behaviour. Such definitions have contributed to a popularity of focus in leadership research intent on exploring how to elicit change in others when maybe some of the popularity of attention should have been on eliciting change in the leader them self. It is hoped that this research will provoke interest into the factors that cause behavioural change in leaders that in turn enable leadership effectiveness and in doing so contribute to a better understanding of leadership in organisations.


Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) has emerged as a standard treatment of peripherally located medically inoperable stage I non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (1-5). With SABR, local control of primary tumors is greater than 90% in tumors up to 5 cm, and regional lymph node recurrence within the chest is low (5% to 10%). Distant metastasis remains a dominant pattern of failure (10% to 20%). SABR has been accepted by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) and is included in the NCCN treatment guidelines, and SABR is widely used (>75%) by radiation oncology centers, including community hospitals, according to a recent survey by the American Society for Radiation Oncology (ASTRO)


Since toxicants are spread over ecological landscapes, it seems likely that they have effects at that level of ecological organization. Landscape ecotoxicology examines the effects of toxic chemicals on larger scales than traditional environmental toxicology. This approach is characterized by the use of endpoints appropriate to the spatial scale across which a toxicant is dispersed, attention to interactions between physical and temporal patterns and the process of ecological impairment, and integration of multiple lines of evidence for toxicity at various scales. In addition, landscape ecotoxicology seeks predictive models in order to influence human actions before environmental damage occurs. Integrating information from damaged systems, toxicity tests, simulation models, and biomonitoring of healthy systems provides the best basis for decisions. Rapid progress in landscape ecotoxicology is expected as scientists incorporate tools, such as remote sensing and spatially explicit simulation models, and then calibrate these models using data from long-term biomonitoring of large areas. Further integration into combined socio-economic-ecological models is also possible.


A bridge is one kind of assembled steel truss-concrete composite continuously ridged bridge (1) , and the prefabricated bridge deck is connected with steel truss through the reliable welding between the steel truss and the shear connector, which has been pre-buried in the bridge deck. For finding the bridge construction process to install the prefabricated bridge deck, which can make the steel truss and the deck in uniform and reasonable stress, initially putting forward three connection ways: one-time connection; three batches connection; the whole batches connection. Using Midas Civil to create a whole bridge finite element model of space, and analyze these three kinds of coupling methods, obtaining that different connection ways have significant influence on mechanical property of the bridge. The results of the study show that, the bridge deck connected with the steel truss in whole batch connection way can make combination structure in most reasonable stress, more uniform deformation, and can effectively improve the bridge structure stiffness, besides, this connection way will be beneficial to later welding work. In this paper, the calculation results have been used in Guangdong Qing Qi Yong bridge design, at the same time, the calculation results can provide reference for similar bridge design and construction. Keywords—Assembled steel truss-concrete composite, construction procedure optimization, precast deck.


While critics of the individual mandate to purchase health care have mounted a vigorous attack on its constitutionality, Prof. Mark Hall skillfully dismantles their claims in his article in the University of Pennsylvania Law Review. Mandate opponents have erected a Potemkin village of logic that has a facade of credibility but ultimately is deeply flawed. As Hall observes, one might reject the mandate on the basis of plausible readings of the constitutional text or in terms of 19th Century and early 20th Century Supreme Court opinions. However, critics cannot square their view with the Court's understanding of constitutional doctrine and theory over the past 70 years. In this response, I highlight important points in Hall's analysis and extend his argument with additional considerations. For example, the individual mandate should be upheld not only on the basis of the Commerce Clause power, as Hall argues, but also on the basis of the taxing power. If the constitutional arguments against the mandate are weak, how can we explain the unexpectedly high level of uncertainty about the mandate's validity? The answer to this question lies in politics, not law. In particular, there is good reason to think that public anger about the economy is being vented in the form of opposition to the healthcare legislation. In effect, the public may be saying that Congress should have been using its Commerce Clause power to improve the economy, not to reform the health care system. In this view, the decision by Congress to divert the Commerce Clause power to pass an individual mandate is a metaphor for Congress diverting its attention away from the economy. Once the economy recovers, public opposition to the health care law may well dissipate.


This paper explores the intersection of gender and class concerning welfare clients with medically unexplained symptoms. The study is conducted in Denmark using qualitative interviews with welfare officers and clients. The paper's focus is on how issues of gender and class intersect in the negotiation of illness among welfare officers and clients. The particular client group in question consists of individuals that are defined by their lack of a bio-medical diagnosis. Their 'lack' of identity accentuates how gender and class become central in the categorisation practices, constructing the ill person as either bio-medically sick or as a person who may be suffering but only from diffuse psychological problems. The paper shows that it is predominantly poorly educated women without a bio-medical diagnosis that welfare officers describe as suffering from psychological problems despite the fact that the women themselves focus on physical ailments in their illness stories. Men and better-educated women are described by the welfare officers as tired and exhausted or truly stressed after a long working life.


Airborne observations from the California Research at the Nexus of Air Quality and Climate Change (CalNex) campaign in May and June 2010 are used to investigate the role of ammonia (NH3) in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) formation and surface air quality in California and test the key processes relevant to inorganic aerosol formation in the GEOS‐Chem model. Concentrations of ammonia throughout California, sulfur dioxide (SO2) in the Central Valley, and ammonium nitrate in the Los Angeles (LA) area are underestimated several‐fold in the model. We find that model concentrations are relatively insensitive to uncertainties in gas‐particle partitioning and deposition processes in the region. Conversely, increases to anthropogenic livestock ammonia emissions (by a factor of 5) and anthropogenic sulfur dioxide emissions in the Central Valley (by a factor of 3–10) and a reduction of anthropogenic NOx emissions (by 30%) substantially reduce the bias in the simulation of gases (SO2, NH3, HNO3) throughout California and PM2.5 near LA, although the exact magnitudes of emissions in the region remain uncertain. Using these modified emissions, we investigate year‐round PM2.5 air quality in California. The model reproduces the wintertime maximum in surface ammonium nitrate concentrations in the Central Valley (regional mean concentrations are three times higher in December than in June), associated with lower planetary boundary layer heights and colder temperatures, and the wintertime minimum in the LA region (regional mean concentrations are two times higher in June than December) associated with ammonia limitation. Year round, we attribute at least 50% of the inorganic PM2.5 mass simulated throughout California to anthropogenic ammonia emissions.


L'Institut Pasteur (The Pasteur Institute) is a non-profit private research institution founded by Louis Pasteur on 4 June 1887 in Paris, France. The Institute's research focuses on the study of infectious diseases, micro-organisms, viruses, and vaccines. As of 2014, ten scientists have received Nobel Prizes in physiology or medicine for the research they have done at the Pasteur Institute. Contrary to the way genetics was studied in US research universities during the mid-twentieth century, the genetic research conducted at the Pasteur Institute at the same time did not rest on a conceptual separation between embryology [4] and evolution [5]. According to historian Michel Morange from the École Normale Supérieure in Paris, France, this difference enabled Pasteurian scientists to develop the concepts of regulatory genes [6] and of developmental genes [6].


Movement of people from one retail trade area to another in search of better options and deals has been studied across the world, analyzing its large impact on trade flow. However, studies with regard to India are a total miss. This paper picks up variables from literature and studies them from perspective of a small town Indian customer. The variables have been classified as demographic variables, psychographic variables, market related factors, product related factors and situational factors for the study. Data collected through structured questionnaire has been analyzed using statistical techniques like Chi-square test, ANOVA and AID. The results show that in addition to factors found significant in literature, small town Indian consumer outshops mostly on holidays for fashion and specialty goods. INTRODUCTION Movement of consumers from downtown to retail centers of suburbs or to adjoining larger cities has been defined as outshopping behavior and extensively studied in Western literature. Later date literature studies and classifies outshopping as rural outshopping, international outshopping, etc. Literature has identified socio-demographic and psychographic profiles of the outshoppers and at the same time identifies market-related, product- related and situational factors having an impact on outshopping behavior (Herrmann and Beik, 1968; Thompson, 1971; Darden and Reynolds, 1971; Reynolds and Darden, 1972; Samli and Uhr, 1974; Lillis and Hawkins, 1974; Papadopoulos, 1980; Hozier and Stem, 1985; Hopper and Budden, 1989; Hopper and Lipscomb, 1991; Klemz, 1999; Smith, 1999; Marjanen, 2000; Alzubaidi et al., 1997). The studies on outshopping were also conducted in other parts of the world particularly countries foreseeing rapid pace of urbanization and thus growth of suburban shopping centers. However, few studies exist in developing countries like India. Outshopping prevails in most of these countries in the form of rural outshopping, outshopping from small cities or towns to nearby larger cities owing to undeveloped market structures in such places. Keeping this gap in mind and identifying the strong prevalence of outshopping in India particularly from small to nearby larger cities study was designed to study the phenomenon in the Indian context. This paper studies the relevance of factors identified from the international literature in the Indian context. DEFINITION OF OUTSHOPPING BEHAVIOR Outshopping is a significant retailing phenomenon resulting in sales leakage's from the local to surrounding communities. It is traveling beyond one's own urban market to purchase goods (Dawson and Garland, 1983). However, there are large numbers of differences in the parameters on which the outshoppers have been identified and segmented. Initial studies used frequency of outshopping trips (Herrman and Beik, 1968; Thompson, 1971; Hopper and Lipscomb, 1991; Reynolds and Darden, 1972; Samli et al, 1983; Hawes and Lumpkins, 1984; Wee et al, 1988 and Hopper and Budden, 1989). Later research classified outshopper on the basis of proportion of out-of-town purchases (Samli and Uhr, 1974; Papadopoulos, 1980). On the basis of proportion of expenditure, outshoppers have been classified as heavy outshoppers, those who buy 75% or more out-of-town; outshoppers, those who buy 51-75% of their purchases out-of-town; inshoppers, those who make 51 -75% of their purchases in-town; and finally, loyal inshoppers who buy 76-100% of their purchases in-town (Papadopoulos, 1980). Outshoppers have also been classified on the basis of types of products purchased by them in the out-of-town market (Hozier and Stem, 1985; Darden and Perreault's, 1976). Hozeir and Stem, (1985) found that products varied greatly in price, both between and within classes, therefore dollar expenditure measures of outshopping behavior may not be generalizable by definition. Darden and Perreault's (1976) have classified them as inshoppers, big-ticket outshoppers, furniture outshoppers, appearance outshoppers and home entertainment outshoppers. …


When observing a spatially complex mix of aerosols and clouds in a single relatively large field-of-view, nature entangles their signals non-linearly through polarized radiation transport processes that unfold in the 3D position and direction spaces. In contrast, any practical forward model in a retrieval algorithm will use only 1D vector radiative transfer (vRT) in a linear mixing technique. We assess the difference between the observed and predicted signals using synthetic data from a high-fidelity 3D vRT model with clouds generated using a Large Eddy Simulation model and an aerosol climatology. We find that this difference is signal—not noise—for the Aerosol Polarimetry Sensor (APS), an instrument developed by NASA. Moreover, the worst case scenario is also the most interesting case, namely, when the aerosol burden is large, hence hase the most impact on the cloud microphysics and dynamics. Based on our findings, we formulate a mitigation strategy for these unresolved cloud adjacency effects assuming that some spatial information is available about the structure of the clouds at higher resolution from "context" cameras, as was planned for NASA's ill-fated Glory mission that was to carry the APS but failed to reach orbit. Application to POLDER (POLarization and Directionality of Earth Reflectances) data from the period when PARASOL (Polarization and Anisotropy of Reflectances for Atmospheric Sciences coupled with Observations from a Lidar) was in the A-train is briefly discussed.


It was the biggest leak in history. WikiLeaks infuriated the world's greatest superpower, embarrassed the British royal family and helped cause a revolution in Africa. The man behind it was Julian Assange, one of the strangest figures ever to become a worldwide celebrity. Was he an internet messiah or a cyber-terrorist? Information freedom fighter or sex criminal? The debate would echo around the globe as US politicians called for his assassination. Award-winning "Guardian" journalists David Leigh and Luke Harding have been at the centre of a unique publishing drama that involved the release of some 250,000 secret diplomatic cables and classified files from the Afghan and Iraq wars. At one point the platinum-haired hacker was hiding from the CIA in David Leigh's London house. Now, together with the paper's investigative reporting team, Leigh and Harding reveal the startling inside story of the man and the leak.


OBJECTIVE
To determine the effect of potassium supplementation on blood pressure in African Americans consuming a low-potassium diet.

DESIGN
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with two parallel arms.

SETTING
Community-based research site.

PARTICIPANTS
Eighty-seven healthy African Americans aged 27 to 65 years with a systolic blood pressure between 100 and 159 mm Hg and a diastolic blood pressure between 70 and 94 mm Hg.

INTERVENTION
During the 21-day intervention period, all participants were provided with a low-potassium diet (32 to 35 mmol/d). In addition to this diet, they were randomly assigned to receive either potassium supplements (80 mmol/d) or placebo.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE
Change in blood pressure in the potassium vs the placebo group, based on a total of nine blood pressure readings at three visits. Blood pressures were taken before and during the intervention by means of random-zero sphygmomanometry.

RESULTS
At baseline, the placebo and potassium groups were similar for mean blood pressure (127/78 vs 125/77 mm Hg), 24-hour urinary potassium excretion (50 vs 44 mmol), and all other variables measured (all P > .05). During the intervention, the net difference in 24-hour urinary potassium excretion between groups was 70 mmol. Compared with the placebo group, the potassium supplementation group experienced a net decline in systolic blood pressure of 6.9 mm Hg (95% confidence interval, -9.3 to -4.4 mm Hg; P < .001) and a decline in diastolic blood pressure of 2.5 mm Hg (95% confidence interval, -4.3 to -0.8 mm Hg; P = .004). Simultaneous adjustment for differences in baseline characteristics only strengthened these estimates.

CONCLUSIONS
Potassium supplementation reduces blood pressure substantially in African Americans consuming a diet low in potassium. Increased potassium intake may play an important role in reducing blood pressure in this population at high risk for hypertension.


Background Vacuum Assisted Closure (VAC) treatment is an innovative system that promotes wound healing by applying negative pressure (vacuum) at the wound site. The use of VAC Therapy removes oedema fluid, increases blood flow and cell proliferation and reduces bacterial colonisation. Purpose Since oncological surgery is often radical with a long rehabilitation phase and complications with the surgical wound, the physicians decided to use VAC Therapy to help two patients to recover from serious operations. After a careful study of related literature, pharmacists addressed the supply, ensuring the prescribed device was safe and clinically appropriate. Material and methods In this pilot experiment VAC Therapy was used on two patients: D. G. M., female, aged 76, suffering from abdominal wall sarcoma. M. L., male, aged 78, suffering from sacral chordoma. Pharmacy databases and electronic medical records were also evaluated. Results Both patients had undergone complete resection of the tumour. After surgery VAC Therapy was used. Patient D. G. M. was treated for 6 weeks and regained full functionality in 120 days, for a total cost of €2,219.00. Patient M. L. was treated for 2 weeks and regained full functionality in 60 days, for a total cost of €669.90. No complications were recorded and the treatment was well tolerated with a therapeutic compliance of 100%. Conclusion VAC Therapy avoids further extensive reconstructive operations allowing fast patient recovery. The device is expensive but it can be a valid option for patients with high risk of poor healing and reduced compliance. The cost can be written off by reducing the time of hospitalizations, and risk of complications and infections. The pharmacist played a key role in the choice of the most appropriate treatment for the patient and cost/benefit valuation. Reference Kaplan M. Negative pressure wound therapy in the management of abdominal compartment syndrome. Ostomy Wound Manage 2009;51(2A Suppl):29–35S No conflict of interest.


We consider the problem of direct policy learning in situations where the policies are only observable through their projections into the null-space of a set of dynamic, non-linear task constraints. We tackle the issue of deriving consistent data for the learning of such policies and make two contributions towards its solution. Firstly, we derive the conditions required to exactly reconstruct null-space policies and suggest a learning strategy based on this derivation. Secondly, we consider the case that the null-space policy is conservative and show that such a policy can be learnt more easily and robustly by learning the underlying potential function and using this as our representation of the policy.


The Global Innovation Index (GII) is a recognition of the key role that innovation serves as a driver of economic growth and prosperity. It is also an acknowledgement of the need for a broad horizontal vision of innovation that is applicable to both developed and emerging economies, with the inclusion of indicators that go beyond the traditional measures of innovation (such as the level of research and development in a given country). The GII is a valuable benchmarking tool to facilitate public-private dialogue, whereby policymakers, business leaders and other stakeholders can evaluate progress on a continual basis. The sixth edition (2013), of the GII is co-published by Cornell University, INSEAD and the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO).


On July 9, 2013, in Brown v. United Airlines, Inc., the U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit held that the Airline Deregulation Act ("ADA") preempted skycaps' common law tortious interference and unjust enrichment claims. In so holding, the First Circuit articulated a two-pronged test in an attempt to provide clarity to the relationship between the savings clause and the preemption clause of the ADA. This Comment argues that the First Circuit's two-pronged test is faithful to U.S. Supreme Court jurisprudence and should serve as a model for other federal appeals courts until the Supreme Court provides additional guidance.


Franchising: Pathway to Wealth Creation is franchising as true entrepreneurship, for every potential franchisor and franchisee ready to generate large-scale wealth. Authors include the entrepreneur who built the world's largest system of Jiffy Lube franchises, the executive who grew Dunkin' Donuts by 1,000%, and the franchising expert at the world's #1 franchise bank lender. This remarkable team covers every step from assessment through cashing out, every element of the product/service delivery system, and every facet of the franchisee/franchisor relationship.


This Article discusses an encounter Bob Dylan had with the law and its meaning in the context of the social constructions of mental disability, in general, and on autism in particular. I do not, need not, and should not speculate on Dylan's autism status--something few people could possibly know and that is a private matter. On July 23, 2009, Bob Dylan was taken into custody by police in Long Branch, New Jersey, after complaints from residents that he was "suspicious" and perhaps "homeless." (1) According to arresting officer, Kristie Buble (twenty-two years old at the time of the incident), "We see a lot of people on our beat, and I wasn't sure if he came from one of our hospitals or something." (2) Buble's remark implies that Dylan had a mental disability, rather than a physical disease. She continued, however, "He was acting very suspicious.... Not delusional, just suspicious. You know, it was pouring rain and everything." (3) While Buble claimed later to have known who Bob Dylan was and simply not to have recognized him from photos she had seen, one of her colleagues offered a different account. After Buble asked Dylan for identification, which he was not carrying: He assumed she would at least recognise [sic] the name if not the face. But she ordered him into the back of her car and took him to his hotel to check his story. Then she radioed her older colleagues at the police station to ask if anyone knew who Bob Dylan was. "I'm afraid we all fell about laughing," said Craig Spencer, a senior officer in Long Branch, New Jersey. "If it was me, I'd have been demanding his autograph, not his ID. The poor woman has taken rather a lot of abuse from us. I offered to bring in some of my Dylan albums. Unfortunately, she doesn't know what vinyl is either." (4) Race was also a factor: He was strolling along a residential street in the Latin Quarter of the seaside town when police received a call reporting an "eccentric looking old man".... It was an odd request because it was mid-afternoon, but it's an ethnic Latin area and the residents felt the man didn't fit in. Let's just say he looked eccentric. (5) I would be remiss not to note that someone was arrested and commanded to produce identification because he did not look Hispanic. It is just too funny. Dylan was driven to his hotel, identified, and released without charges being filed. Many reporters, readers, and commentators on the numerous online accounts of this incident were outraged that anyone could be arrested and asked for identification simply for taking a walk in the rain and being unusual or even shabby looking. It seems that Supreme Court Justice Potter Stewart would have concurred. (6) In a landmark decision concerning the forced confinement of the mentally disabled, Justice Stewart wrote for a unanimous court: May the State fence in the harmless mentally ill solely to save its citizens from exposure to those whose ways are different? One might as well ask if the State, to avoid public unease, could incarcerate all who are physically unattractive or socially eccentric. Mere public intolerance or animosity cannot constitutionally justify the deprivation of a person's physical liberty. (7) This story chronicles an important Dylan narrative that has persisted over the years, though mainly through oral tradition. Let me begin, though, with what this narrative is not. Many authors working on Dylan pursue themes that cast Dylan as their kindred spirit or at least someone with common interests. For Seth Rogovoy, Dylan is a Jewish sage; (8) for David Pichaske, Dylan is a Midwesterner; (9) and for Steven Heine, Dylan is a Zen master. (10) Even Sean Wilentz sees Dylan as a New Yorker and fellow student of history. (11) These authors also tend to be "Dylanesque" by using language far more cleverly than their projects demand. …


The complex three-dimensional fluxes in a newly introduced high-performance transverse-flux electrical machine are investigated. The magnet-flux, the armature-flux and the combined-flux in the machine are studied as a function of mover position. Separate non-linear reluctance networks for the magnets- and current- magneto-motive forces are developed and solved simultaneously in an iterative manner. The airgap is modelled by defining two/three-dimensional varying permeances. The iron is represented with three different non-linear reluctances. The analytical models are fine tuned and verified by employing a detailed three-dimensional finite element analysis. The role these fluxes play in the determination of the machine's performance is also described. Lastly, it is shown how these fluxes help explain the machines' measured performance when unexpected manufacturing defects occurred.