What law is can be determined by the character of the institutions that make, interpret and enforce law. The interaction of these institutions moulds the supply of, and demand for, law. Focusing on this interaction in the context of US property rights law and the debates about private property and the rule of law, Komesar paints an unconventional picture of law and rights shifting and cycling as systemic factors, such as increasing numbers and complexity. This strain produces tough institutional choices and unexpected combinations of goals and institutions. It also frustrates the hopes for courts, rights and law embodied in notions such as the rule of law and constitutionalism. Although there may be an important role for law, rights and courts both in the US and abroad, it cannot be easily defined. This 2002 book proposes a way to define that role and to reform legal education and legal analysis.


We investigate the effect of a phase-modulated pump beam on collective backscattering also termed collective atomic recoil lasing CARL by a cold, collisionless atomic gas. We show using a numerical analysis that different regimes can be identified in which the atomic dynamics evolves in a qualitatively different manner during the light-atom interaction, depending on the magnitude of the pump modulation frequency. Our results also demonstrate that phase-modulating the pump field can substantially enhance the backscattered field


At the time of a paradigm change Foreign Investment, Strategic Assets and National Security is a timely analysis of the changing attitude towards foreign investment in major economies, namely the United States of America, the People's Republic of China, Australia, Canada, and Germany, France and the United Kingdom as representatives of the European Union. Foreign investment has grown steadily for decades and the de-regulation of international trade and investment was a widely accepted trend, particularly in developed countries. Increasingly, however, this development is encountered by opposition. Globalisation and socio-economic effects of mergers and acquisitions of domestic firms by foreign investors receive less support from the general public. Concerns about national security, protection of new technologies and competitiveness are raised. This leads national and regional legislators to develop new mechanisms to control foreign investments, particularly in light of national security. The widely adopted and traditional ex post approach linked to investment treaties is now enhanced by an increased focus on the phase prior to the actual implementation of the investment. This legal development and the new screening systems are captured in this book and it is explained how the present paradigm change is affecting the legal rules in practice. It is a must read for everyone working in the field.


One of the hallmarks of the Tunisian uprising that ousted President Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali in January 2011 was its broad base of support. To the surprise of many Middle East experts who had previously regarded co-opted and quiescent middle classes as the bedrock of stability for authoritarian regimes in the region, the Tunisian revolution rode on the back of a broad coalition of social forces that united an alienated intellectual elite with the rural poor and urban middle classes in opposition to the regime. It is a widely shared assumption that this joining of disparate forces would not have been possible without modern communication technologies and social media. But it is less clear exactly how such social media interacted with other contextual factors to bring about a national protest movement of sufficient proportions to topple an extremely entrenched authoritarian regime. Drawing on evidence from the popular protests in Tunisia between December 2010 and January 2011, expert interviews with Tunisian bloggers, and a web survey conducted among Tunisian Facebook users, this paper argues that social media (1) allowed a "digital elite" to form personal networks and circumvent the national media blackout by brokering information for outside mainstream media; (2) helped to overcome the "free rider" problem of collective action by reporting the magnitude of protest events; and (3) facilitated the formation of a national collective identity which was supportive of protest action and transcended geographical and socio-economic disparities by providing a shared, mobilizing element of emotional grievance.


INTRODUCTION In the post-World War II era, only a handful of Third-World countries could graduate from underdevelopment in a highly competitive inter-state or global economic system and achieve both industrialization and sustainable economic growth. Especially, South Korea (hereafter, Korea) is conceived of as one of the exemplary cases. Korea was one of the poorest countries in the world in the early 1960s--its per capita GNP was around 805--but its economy began to take off in the mid-1960s and since then had enjoyed phenomenal growth rates until the mid-1990s. Although the Korean economy had been hit hard by the Asian Financial Crisis in 1997/98 because of multilayered factors including the state's mismanagement of globalization, it recovered from it in a relatively short time and as of 2005 it became the 11th largest economy in terms of total economic output or GDP. This article explores the role of the state in economic development, the financial crisis, and post-crisis reforms in South Korea. Although existing approaches to the cause of the Asian Financial Crisis in 1997/98 have some relevance in explaining why a financial meltdown occurred in Korea, the political aspects of global financial relations and the role of the state in Korea under the constraints of globalization have yet to be further clarified in historical perspective. The case of Korea provides other developing countries with valuable insights--whether positive or negative--into what the role of the state should be in economic outcomes in this age of globalization. In my definition, the state is the composition of governmental and bureaucratic institutions and it is assumed to play either positive or negative roles in producing economic outcomes as a crucial mediating agency between an international or global context and domestic politico-economic conditions. Korea benefited from globalization when the Korean state modulated globalization well and made it work for its economy, but it was devastated by the destructive forces of globalization when the Korean state lost its structural power too rapidly, relative to international and domestic actors (e.g., foreign investors, and Chaebols--large conglomerates in Korea), in a transitional period to a more democratic and market-oriented system. The paper argues that the deeper cause of the Korean financial crisis lay in the combination of the drastic unraveling of the state coordination capacity and mismanaged financial liberalization, which was co-produced by increasing external pressures in the context of (financial) globalization and the misguided state strategy toward globalization. This paper is aimed at drawing out three significant theory and/or policy implications. First, state capacity and the quality of state intervention are of great significance in late industrialization in conjunction with a favorable international environment. Second, state-led development is time-limited and how to reach a soft landing in a transition to a more market-oriented system has yet to be further studied. Third, globalization is a double-edged sword and whether it will have benign or destructive effects on a domestic economy depends at least partially upon what reaction or strategy each state takes toward it. In the first section, I examine existing explanations of the Asian Financial Crisis and discuss their limits or weaknesses in explaining the Korean crisis. In the second, the role of the state in Korea in economic development in a pre-Crisis era is explored. In the third and fourth, I attempt to investigate how external pressures on Korea in the context of financial globalization to open its financial market and the Korean state's misguided coping strategy with globalization co-produced the financial crash in Korea. In conclusion, I discuss the theory and/or policy implications of this paper in more detail. COMPETING EXPLANATIONS OF THE ASIAN FINANCIAL CRISIS AND THE KOREAN CASE Among many competing explanations of the cause of the Asian Financial Crisis, two views have been dominant in the circle of mainstream economists: the fundamentalist one and the self-fulfilling one. …


Abstract The Yellowbank Creek Injectite Complex (YCIC) has excellent exposure of the external geometries and internal structures in a large-scale sandstone injectite. The YCIC has an irregular geometry that can be defined neither as a sandstone dike nor as a sill. Substantial erosion occurred along the margins between the YCIC sandstone and host mudstones that includes scoured basal margins and a scalloped upper margin that cuts up to 5 m into the overlying host mudstones. Erosion of host mudstone has incorporated significant volumes of mudstone clasts into sandstones at the margins of the injectite. Using microtextural data corrasion is identified as a typical process by which mudstone is eroded during sand injection. Corrasion occurs when particles of mudstone are either cut or broken from a cohesive bed as the result of high-velocity turbulent flow of sand grains acting as tools. Corrasion together with scouring and the general erosion of the host mudstone imply high-velocity turbulent flow conditions and confirm that the fluidized sand had a sufficiently low viscosity, during sand injection, to allow turbulence. Internal structures include laminae of more tightly packed sand grains than occur in the surrounding sandstones, and are interpreted to have formed by flow and deposition of injecting sands during waning of flow, thus reflecting an overall reduction of pore-fluid pressure. Deformation of laminae into folds defines bands, which are aligned parallel to the margins of the sandstone. The force driving deformation is likely to have been shear stresses induced between the injected sandstone and the more rigid host mudstone. The principal style of deformation is hydroplastic. Oversteepened laminae and pipes are interpreted to have formed due to post-sand-injection consolidation and resulted in only minor mobilization of sand.


The Orchestra in the Theatre – Composers, Works, and Performance is part two of the publication The Opera Orchestra in 18th- and 19th- Century Europe. It deals with the opera orchestra in the theatre and opera house, that is to say, as an institution within an institution; it sheds light on the encounters of different orchestras with certain innovative and demanding operas; and it studies the interrelation between orchestras and operas by analysing what happened to an opera when it was played by an orchestra that differed substantially from the one for which the opera was conceived – or to put it another way, what happened to the structure of an orchestra when it performed an opera with an atypical or unusually large instrumentation. Thanks to their circulation and performance (i.e. representation) on stages all across Europe, such operas made an important impact on the opera orchestras that had to perform them and that were challenged by their demands. These operas sometimes served as the stimulus for the renewal of an opera orchestra, because of the necessary changes – most often increases – in instrumental resources; but case studies will also show that such changes did not always have a lasting impact on orchestral practices or the constitution of an opera orchestra, but that they sometimes were only temporary, for the duration of a particular production. However, all this testifies to the fact that apparently stable orchestral institutions underwent internal changes caused by musical transfer and musical representation.

The institutionalization of opera orchestras involves the concepts and terms of 'stability' and 'discipline'. It would seem that this transformation depended on that of the opera house, but, even though the orchestra was an essential partner in the performance of operas, there were cases in which the institutional stability of theatres did not imply that of the orchestra. The theatre might be seen as an indispensable entity within a court, a state or a town, but its orchestra could nevertheless be considered a mere component of the operatic production that was hired like singers, scores or even scenery, on a seasonal basis; this was still usual in Italy during the first decades of the 20th century. In most places, however, this precarious condition of opera orchestras changed during the 19th century; the institutionalization and stability of orchestras were conditions which instrumentalists aspired to and were ready to struggle for.


on Appropriateness Criteria and its expert have developed criteria for determining appropriate imaging examinations for diagnosis and treatment of specified medical condition(s). These criteria are intended to guide radiologists, oncologists and making decisions regarding radiologic imaging and treatment. Generally, the complexity and severity of a patient's clinical condition should dictate the selection of appropriate imaging procedures or treatments. those examinations generally used for evaluation of the patient's condition are ranked. Other imaging studies necessary to evaluate other co-existent diseases or other medical consequences of this condition are not considered in this document. The availability of equipment or personnel may the selection of appropriate imaging procedures or treatments. Imaging techniques as investigational by the FDA have not been considered


Introduction: Wide spread of opportunistic infections (OI) among immunosuppressive patients is actual problem at present because of high mortality in such patients. Aim of the study: Frequency estimation of OI — Herpes virus (HV) and Pneumocystis jirovecii (PC) — in patients with lung tuberculosis with or without HIV-infection. Methods: 102 patients with lung tuberculosis were examined, 73 (71,6%) — with HIV-infection, 29 (28,4%) — without HIV-infection. Diagnosis of tuberculosis was made on the results of clinical and X-ray examination. All patients with HIV-infection had clinical category C1-C3. Samples of blood were tested with immunoferment analysis to detect the quantitative rate of antibodies IgM and IgG in serum for cytomegalovirus (CMV), HV type 1 and 2, virus Epstein-Barr (EBV), HV type 6 and PC. Results: Analysis of frequency rates of OI in patients with lung tuberculosis without HIV-infection showed that CMV was tested in 41,4%, HV 1 — in 86,2%, EBV — in 55,2%, HV 6 — in 20,7%, PC — in 34,5%. Similar results were gained in group with HIV-infection. Algorithm was developed to estimate the activity of OI depending on laboratory data. The main indicator of activity was simultaneously increased levels of antibodies IgM and IgG in samples of blood serum. According to this algorithm acute phase of CMV was tested in 8,6% of patients, HV 1 — 33,3%, PC — 18,8%. Conclusions: Frequency of OI in patients with lung tuberculosis is rather high and doesn9t correlate with HIV-infection presence. High levels of markers of HV and PC in such patients require more detailed examination to detect the role of OI in main disease currency, efficiency and duration of therapy and prognosis for the patients.


Diagnosable taxonomic units are fundamental to conservation biology and management of resources and the need for sound science in both fields is more pressing for aquatic ecosystems. Within freshwater crayfishes, the North American genus Orconectes is one of the most diverse in the World. Accurate assessments of species level relationships and species boundaries within the genus have historically been hampered by a low number of variable morphological characters and inadequate sampling from across the ranges of many taxa. We examine a diverse group of southeastern United States stream dwelling Orconectes in the subgenus Trisellescens using 16S, COI mtDNA, and morphology to resolve uncertainties in species boundaries. Our results suggest that strong divergences exist between taxa found above and below the Fall Line in parts of the southeastern United States and the taxonomy for taxa found in that region should remain unchanged. However, using both molecular and morphological datasets we are unable to determine species limits for some taxa found on and below the Fall Line. Analysis of DNA data suggests that historical and ongoing genetic events such as gene introgression may contribute to these uncertainties. For taxa found on and below the Fall Line, we suggest tentative, taxonomic assignments. Finally, we argue for increased sampling of independent molecular datasets and increased sample sizes for all cambarid crayfish biogeographic studies.


Development of sustainable agricultural system require cognizance of soil quality status, extent and impact of degradation processes and land use management strategy in practice. Response of soils to management and inputs are important considerations that depend on soil quality and was therefore evaluated in this study for Ultisols in subtropical China. Changes in soil quality were assessed by measuring appropriate indicators from a long-term experiment at the Taoyuan Station, Hunan province, China from 2000 to 2009. Data obtained were analyzed using the SAS statistical package for ANOVA and means were separated with DNMRT, matched graphically to delineate threshold limits for a minimum threshold data set. Results show that the soils responded positively with Sweet potato-rape/NP+straw treatment (7.18 g kg-1) contributing significantly (P<0.05) higher total carbon and least total carbon was contributed from Sweet potato-rape/nil fertilizer and Fallow/nil fertilizer application treatments. Highest total nitrogen was contributed by Sweet potato-rape/NP+ straw (0.882 g kg-1) and was significantly (P<0.05) higher than each of the other treatments. Sweet potato-rape/NPK+stalk treatment also resulted in significantly higher biomass carbon (132.66 mg kg-1) to be better biomass carbon contributors than the other treatments. Biomass nitrogen contributed by Sweet potato-rape/NPK+stalk (23.96 mg kg-1) was also significantly higher, to be preferred over Sweet potato-rape/NPK (18.34 mg kg-1), Sweet potato-rape/nil fertilizer (16.36 mg kg-1) or Fallow/nil fertilizer (14.92 mgkg-1) in contributing nitrogen into the Ultisols. This study also show that treatments with stalk amendments resulted in 3.6 to 5.7% biomass carbon and 15.8 to 23.5% biomass nitrogen increase over Sweet potato-rape/NPK. Increasing trends of biomass carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in the Ultisols were attributed to organic matter inputs as compliment fertilizer materials. Percent decline in potato yields were as high as 65.57% of 2007 yield value and require that further investigation be conducted to ascertain cause of this decline and forestall future yield depressions. Threshold limits for selected minimum data set for the subtropical China region Ultisols on sweet potato production was produced to enhance future soil quality monitoring in support of sustainable crop production and national food security.


There is a growing body of research on the use of Twitter by people with health conditions, but it does not include people with dementia. In this brief report, we aim to: (1) determine whether people with dementia are using Twitter; (2) provide an estimate of the number of Twitter account holders who identify as having a diagnosis of dementia; and (3) examine the demographic characteristics of these account holders. Tweetcatcher was used to identify tweets containing the search terms 'dementia' or 'Alzheimer'. These data were systematically searched to locate account holders who identified themselves as having a diagnosis of dementia, and a content analysis was conducted of these account holders' profiles. Thirty account holders self-identified as having a diagnosis of dementia. The average age of account holders was 59 years and the majority were located in North America or the UK. Although the majority of account holders reported having Alzheimer's disease or did not specify a type of dementia, some rare forms of dementia were also evident. The sample consisted of relatively young account holders and contained more men, which might suggest that other groups are under-represented on Twitter. The majority of account holders considered themselves a dementia activist or were affiliated with a dementia organisation. The findings suggest that people with dementia, with varying demographic characteristics and a range of diagnoses, are active on Twitter. These account holders are more frequently male, relatively young, and dementia activists.


This paper describes a rich bivalve fauna from the Tubiphytes‐Limestone Member (Bithynian, early middle Anisian) of the Caerace Formation in North Dobrogea (Romania). We report 51 bivalve species, including 7 new species and 2 new genera: Atrina multicostata sp. nov., Pinna simionescui sp. nov., Chlamys (Praechlamys) prima sp. nov., Entolium reticulatum sp. nov., Scythentolium anisicum sp. nov., Romaniamya mahmudiaensis gen. et sp. nov. and Praedicerocardium vetulus gen. et sp. nov. The latter taxon represents the oldest Triassic megalodontoid. We provide detailed descriptions of the bivalve fauna, discuss the ecology and compare species richness in the Early and Middle Triassic, showing that the bivalve assemblage of North Dobrogea is much more diverse than all previously described Early Triassic bivalve faunas, but not as rich as several faunas from the late Anisian and Ladinian. The relative richness of the Dobrogea fauna with respect to geologically older and younger faunas suggests that it represents an early stage of the main rediversification of bivalves after the end‐Permian mass extinction.


The spatial arrangement of public open spaces in communities has an important influence on the recreational net benefits from those public open spaces. A prime example of a public open space in communities where spatial arrangement is important is parks. From the perspective of maximizing the net benefits of recreation, there is a tradeoff between placing all the land for parks in a single park and making several parks to reduce the travel costs of households to the parks. If several parks are made, then the amount of land in each park is reduced, and the recreational net benefit of a trip to any of the parks is less. Since recreation is an important source of value from parks, an examination of an optimal spatial arrangement of parks for recreation in a community is of interest to community planners. The community is assumed to be a slice of a larger urban area or a small town since the housing structure and socioeconomic characteristics of the community is assumed homogeneous. The demand for recreation trips to parks is shifted by the socioeconomic characteristics of the population and the size of the parks. The size of the parks is the division of the number of parks into the total amount of land in parks. The price of a trip to a park is the cost of a round trip to the park. The consumer surplus of a trip to a park is the net benefit the person receives from the park. The amount of land for parks and number of parks to maximize the net benefits from recreation is determined from the model of the demand for trips to a park. Comparative static results suggest that the optimal amount of land, number of parks, and the size of the parks depend on the socioeconomic characteristics of the city. Cities with higher populations, more income, and more education should have more land in parks, more parks, and the parks should be smaller. Lower travel costs and prices of land should result in more land in parks and more parks, but there should be no influence on the park size. Data are collected from seventy cities on the amount of land, size, and number of parks. The distances between the parks, distances of the parks from downtown, and other variables relevant to the spatial distribution of parks are also obtained. Data on the socioeconomic characteristics of the population, travel costs, and the price of land are collected for the cities. The same data is collected for each of the one hundred and sixty nine zip codes associated with the seventy cities. These zip codes are spatially smaller and may better represent homogeneous communities. Three equations are estimated to learn the influence of the socioeconomic and travel cost features of a city on the spatial distribution of parks. The three equations are the estimation of the amount of land, the number and the size of parks. The results of the estimation for the amount of land in parks equation match the theoretical predictions, and the fit of the relationship is good. Population, population density, and land price have a significant influence on the amount of land in parks. A larger population makes a city create more land in parks while population density and the price of land makes a city reduce the amount of land. The results of the estimation for the number and size of parks are less clear. The results match the comparative static predictions loosely, and the fit of the equations is not good. These findings may reflect incorrect assumptions on the preferences of people for park size in the theoretical model, or the data that the preferences are supposed to represent are clouded with noise from government regulations, costly removal of parks, and other features of the complexity of urban spatial structure. Although recreation is significant component of the value households derive from parks, there has been little attention paid to determining the spatial arrangement of parks to maximize the net benefits. The theoretical results suggest that the amount of land and the spatial distribution of parks should be sensitive to the socioeconomic characteristics of a community. However, only the predicted signs of the socioeconomic characteristic on the amount of land in parks hold up empirically. The spatial distribution of land is more sensitive to institutional factors that probably make it necessary to have more data on parks to fully identify the relationship between the socioeconomic characteristics and the number and size of parks.


Abstract The first decades of the new millennium have seen an odd return to origins in Shakespeare studies. The Merchant in Venice, a site-specific theatrical production realized during the 500th anniversary year of the "original" Jewish Ghetto, was not only a highlight among the many special events commemorating the 400th anniversary of Shakespeare's death in 2016, but also a more creative and complex response to historicism. With her nontraditional casting of five Shylocks (developed through collaborations with scholars and students as well as her international, multilingual company), director Karin Coonrod made visible the acts of cultural projection and fracturing that Shakespeare's play both epitomizes and has subsequently prompted. This article, written by a participant-observer commissioned to capture on video the making and performance of Compagnia de' Colombari's six-night run in the Campo del Ghetto Nuovo, explores the way this place is—and indeed, the category of place itself is always—a dynamic temporal construct, defying more complacent attempts at simple return (to home, to the text, to the past). Such a recognition allows nuanced, hybrid forms of multicultural theater and Shakespeare scholarship to emerge, and to collaborate more fruitfully.


In a well-known series of articles, Eleanor Guralnick undertook statistical studies to compare the proportions of Greek archaic kouroi with one another and with the proportions of the Egyptian second canon; she concluded that Greek sculptors used the Egyptian canon sporadically for proportioning kouroi during most of the sixth century B.C.E. Here, we examine the results of Guralnick's analyses against the backdrop of current statistical method. While we do not believe that her analyses convincingly demonstrate any Greek use of the Egyptian system, we agree that the analyses do distribute the kouroi included in the studies into two main groups. We argue that this division results from the influence of regional styles, rather than from the use of standardized proportional systems. We also examine Guralnick's methodology in cluster, principal components, and z-score analyses and demonstrate that her studies do not provide statistically significant evidence for similarities among Greek kouroi or between kouroi and the Egyptian canon, in part because of the limitations of the statistical techniques employed and in part because of problems in her procedures and data. Thus, we disassociate archaic Greek kouroi from a dependence on the Egyptian standardized proportional schemes and argue instead that the development of regional styles best explains the proportional similarities documented by Guralnick.


Palliative care is the active total care of patients whose disease is not responsive to curative treatment. This paper presents a proposition that the principles of palliative care may offer a useful conceptual map that helps promote understanding of the degradation of landscapes and the decline of rural communities from an ecosystem management perspective. Landscape reorganization by humans for food and other production requires considerable inputs of energy and effort. Current trends of landscape degradation indicate that human endeavors have resulted in the loss of functional landscapes with a concurrent decline in ecosystem services. The argument can be made that, in cases where ecosystem degradation is extensive, the landscape may be terminally ill and in need of palliative care. The fundamental principles and components of palliative care are described and questions are posed regarding the extent to which palliative care principles and components challenge and extend current land management philosophies and practices.


This study was conducted over the experimental fields of Erciyes University in 2016 to investigate the effects of irrigations applied at different growth stages on chickpea yields. Experiments were conducted in randomized blocks design with 3 replications. There were 7 irrigation treatments as of I1: rainfed, I2: pre-bloom single irrigation, I3: single irrigation at the beginning of blooming, I4: single irrigation at 50% pod set, I5: two irrigations at 50% bloom and 50% pod-set, I6: two irrigations at pre-bloom and 50% pod-set, I7: full irrigation. The amount of applied irrigation water varied between 85.6–323 mm. Plant water consumptions varied between 262–569 mm. The greatest yield was obtained from I4 treatment with 273 kg da and the lowest yield was obtained from I1 treatments with 146 kg da. It was concluded for chickpea cultivation under deficit water resources conditions that water deficits may be applied at different growth stages except for 50% pod-set period.


The covalent attachment of methyl groups to the side-chain of arginine residues is known to play essential roles in regulation of transcription, protein function, and RNA metabolism. The specific N-methylation of arginine residues is catalyzed by a small family of gene products known as protein arginine methyltransferases; however, very little is known about which arginine residues become methylated on target substrates. Here we describe a proteomics methodology that combines single-step immunoenrichment of methylated peptides with high-resolution mass spectrometry to identify endogenous arginine mono-methylation (MMA) sites. We thereby identify 1027 site-specific MMA sites on 494 human proteins, discovering numerous novel mono-methylation targets and confirming the majority of currently known MMA substrates. Nuclear RNA-binding proteins involved in RNA processing, RNA localization, transcription, and chromatin remodeling are predominantly found modified with MMA. Despite this, MMA sites prominently are located outside RNA-binding domains as compared with the proteome-wide distribution of arginine residues. Quantification of arginine methylation in cells treated with Actinomycin D uncovers strong site-specific regulation of MMA sites during transcriptional arrest. Interestingly, several MMA sites are down-regulated after a few hours of transcriptional arrest. In contrast, the corresponding di-methylation or protein expression levels are not altered, confirming that MMA sites contain regulated functions on their own. Collectively, we present a site-specific MMA data set in human cells and demonstrate for the first time that MMA is a dynamic post-translational modification regulated during transcriptional arrest by a hitherto uncharacterized arginine demethylase.


We propose a robust approach to annotating independently moving objects captured by head mounted stereo cameras that are worn by an ambulatory (and visually impaired) user. Initially, sparse optical flow is extracted from a single image stream, in tandem with dense depth maps. Then, using the assumption that apparent movement generated by camera egomotion is dominant, flow corresponding to independently moving objects (IMOs) is robustly segmented using MLESAC. Next, the mode depth of the feature points defining this flow (the foreground) are obtained by aligning them with the depth maps. Finally, a bounding box is scaled proportionally to this mode depth and robustly fit to the foreground points such that the number of inliers is


The Encyclopedia of Early Cinema, now in a new paperback edition, is a unique one-volume reference work which explores the first 25 years of cinema's development, from the early 1890s to the mid-1910s. These early years of the history of cinema have lately been the subject of resurgent interest and a growing body of scholarship, and have come to be recognized as an extraordinarily diverse period, when moving pictures were quite unlike the kind of cinema that later emerged as the dominant norm. This encyclopedia covers all aspects of scholarship on early cinema, both traditional and revisionist. It contains articles on the technological and industrial developments, the techniques of film production, the actors and filmmakers of the time, and on the changing modes of representation and narration, as well as the social and cultural contexts within which early films circulated, including topics such as distribution, exhibition and audience. Beyond the USA and Europe, attention is also given to the wider international picture, including those regions in Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and South and Central America where filmmaking may have been relatively undeveloped but movie-going was significant. More than 950 entries have been commissioned from internationally recognized specialists. Alphabetically organized, the entries range in length from short factual articles to full essays that offer clear and stimulating discussions of the key issues, people, practices, and phenomena of early cinema. A thematic list of entries is a useful guide through the book, and all entries contain detailed cross-references. The longer articles have considered suggestions for further reading, which are complemented by a general bibliography of specialized works on early cinema. The Encyclopedia of Early Cinema is an invaluable and fascinating resource for students and researchers interested in the history of cinema.


Return loss of wireless sensor network (WSN) node indicates the impedance matching between signal ports of the RF chip and the antenna, and thus shows the transmission efficiency in the signal path. All circuit components, including capacitors, inductors, PCB tracks, packaging parasitic and RF ports were modeled as equivalent passives, to achieve accurate simulation result of return loss of the WSN node. An optimization methodology of return loss was proposed based on the parameter sweep of the equivalent passive network simulation. With the help of the methodology, some critical components' values were changed to obtain optimized RF performance for the wireless node. Measurements matched the analysis and simulation well and showed great improvement.


This paper offers recommendations for how the design of labor income taxes should change during recessions, based on a simple model of a recessionary economy in which jobs are rationed and some employees value working more than others do. The paper draws two counter-intuitive conclusions for maximizing social welfare. First, subsidize non-employment. This draws marginal workers out of the labor force, creating "space�? for those who really need jobs. Second, subsidize employers for hiring, not the employees themselves. The problem during recessions is having too few jobs; subsidizing employers creates more jobs, while subsidizing employees confers benefits on those who already won the job lottery. Tax policy in the recent recession has done a poor job of following these recommendations.


CONTEXT
Despite the high prevalence and potentially serious outcomes associated with concussion in athletes, there is little systematic research examining risk factors and short- and long-term outcomes.

OBJECTIVES
To assess the relationship between concussion history and learning disability (LD) and the association of these variables with neuropsychological performance and to evaluate postconcussion recovery in a sample of college football players.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
A total of 393 athletes from 4 university football programs across the United States received preseason baseline evaluations between May 1997 and February 1999. Subjects who had subsequent football-related acute concussions (n = 16) underwent neuropsychological comparison with matched control athletes from within the sample (n = 10).

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Clinical interview, 8 neuropsychological measures, and concussion symptom scale ratings at baseline and after concussion.

RESULTS
Of the 393 players, 129 (34%) had experienced 1 previous concussion and 79 (20%) had experienced 2 or more concussions. Multivariate analysis of variance yielded significant main effects for both LD (P<.001) and concussion history (P=.009), resulting in lowered baseline neuropsychological performance. A significant interaction was found between LD and history of multiple concussions and LD on 2 neuropsychological measures (Trail-Making Test, Form B [P=.007] and Symbol Digit Modalities Test [P=.009]), indicating poorer performance for the group with LD and multiple concussions compared with other groups. A discriminant function analysis using neuropsychological testing of athletes 24 hours after acute in-season concussion compared with controls resulted in an overall 89.5% correct classification rate.

CONCLUSIONS
Our study suggests that neuropsychological assessment is a useful indicator of cognitive functioning in athletes and that both history of multiple concussions and LD are associated with reduced cognitive performance. These variables may be detrimentally synergistic and should receive further study.


From the Publisher:
Macromedia Flash 4 is the first simple-to-use multimedia tool for creating vector-based animations with built-in interactivity. It's three programs in one: a drawing tool, an animation package, and an authoring program. Flash 4 is ideal for artists and designers who want to enliven the Web with animation and sound. You don't have to be a programmer — Flash 4 lets you create lively interactive sites without having to master JavaScript, Java, or HTML.

Flash 4! Creative Web Animation introduces you to the art of creating Web animations incorporating resolution-independent graphics, antialiased text, and streaming sound. Follow step-by-step tutorials to master Flash 4, from basic drawing to authoring complex interactions. Learn to:

Create vector illustrations and modify images created in other drawing programs. Make your Web site come alive with Flash animations, buttons, and actions. Plan and test your creations. Optimize Flash movies for faster downloading and smoother playback on the Web.


This is a study of analysts' use of accounting information for valuation purposes in a venture capital setting. This setting is characterized in terms of the distinctive scouting and coaching work of venture capital funders, and the unproven and incomplete nature of the ventures and entrepreneurs, which seek funding to scale operations, pivot into new markets, internationalize, or undertake some other kind of fundamental change. Based on interviews with entrepreneurs (project-makers) and venture funders (analysts), a four phase model of valuation is proposed. The model illuminates that, in contrast with common assumptions in the existing literature, accounting is mobilized neither to reveal truth nor constitute knowledge about the objects of investment, but to promise and to care. This paper articulates these two concepts in the context of accounting. Promising is shown to be a means not to implement a predesigned business plan and a budgeted set of activities but to commit to a new and unclear future and agree high and sometimes unrealistic expectations. Caring is shown not to be a means to predict a final fate for the organization, but to give and take, interact and sometimes discipline in order to determine what is necessary to preserve and possible to change. Understanding that what is valued is not what exists but what is possible to create helps to resolve puzzles about accounting's uncertain and ambiguous status and significance in the entrepreneurial economy. It also and more generally illustrates how accounting operates in relation to an unknowable object and future: not as a means to know or reveal but to write and rewrite a daring and ambitious narrative in which the protagonists (here the project-maker and venture) become something else (a manager and an organization).


Students' performance in the national examinations has always been used as a yardstick to measure and compare the success of the schools in Malaysia. The emphasis on teaching and learning has geared towards obtaining high results instead of training the students to be responsible for their own learning and to acquire higher level of thinking skills. However, this phenomenon is gradually changing in our education system. School-based assessment has started to gain prominent place in the heart of the examination system as it is believed to provide the stakeholders more accurate results on the actual potentials and abilities of the students. Thus, the school-based assessment is seen as a tool that enables to give fairer judgment to students of various levels of competency. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of the implementation of the school-based Oral English Test in Terengganu. Here, the views and perspectives of two school administrators, seven English teachers and thirty students were examined in order to identify the issues and challenges faced. Semi-structured interviews and classroom observations were chosen as methods to conduct this qualitative method study. The findings of the study basically revealed that majority (85.7%) of the English teachers in the school had never attended any OET course organized by the district, state or national level which explains the teachers' low level competency in handling the oral test effectively. This had resulted to the possibility of producing unreliable scores to the students. To make things worse, those teachers had never been supervised by any Regional Chief Assessor since the implementation of the school-based OET in 2003. Further investigations also revealed that students' readiness was a crucial factor that led to the ineffectiveness of the school-based assessment. Approximately 83% of the students admitted that they were not fully prepared for the Oral English Test even though they had been given ample of time to prepare by their teachers. The students' nonchalant attitude was identified to be the main cause. In addition, the environment of the venue of the assessment also played an essential role in the success of this type of assessment. Nearly all of the students agreed that classroom was not a conducive place to conduct the oral test due to its 'warm' temperature and noise made by their peers. Generally, the effectiveness of the implementation of the school-based Oral English Test in the school was not fully accomplished. This study is hoped to enlighten the educational stakeholders, especially the education departments and examination boards, to see the flaws of the system and later come up with relevant strategies to upgrade the quality of the school-based assessment so as to be at par with the other school-based assessments implemented in other advanced countries in the world.


Deleuze' philosophy is strongly oriented by process philosophical themes. That is to say, it expresses a concern with process, relation and the absolute ontological priority of the new. The neutrality of the concepts of process and relation confer upon Deleuzean philosophy an at once inter and trans-disciplinary character. More specifically, Deleuze' contingent, processual characterisation of relation encompasses both cross-disciplinary contact, and individual disciplinary transformation. He famously stresses the empiricist notion that "relations are external to their terms" (Dialogues, 55).

Whilst the concept of process has remained relatively stable throughout the Deleuzian corpus, this is arguably not the case with respect to the still somewhat under explored concept of relation. I argue here that despite Deleuze' insistence on the extrinsic character of relations, there are a number of seemingly incompatible senses of this concept that can be located within his work. There is, for example, a syncretist and eternalist conception of relation that conditions The Logic of Sense, a genetic, differential and productive conception of relation at work in Difference and Repetition and a more pragmatic, overtly political sense of relation or relationship that is developed in his collaboration with Guattari.

Despite the tensions between these various characterisations, they nevertheless share an instrumental unity in so far as they each express, in their own distinctive fashion, the primacy of becoming and the production of the new. In this sense, and in accordance with the Deleuzo-Guattarian conception of philosophy as the art of forming, inventing, and fabricating concepts (What is Philosophy?, 2), these diverse and seemingly incompatible conceptions of relation can be considered elements in a series of carefully constructed dramatisations that have different audiences in mind.

Accordingly, divergent readings or actualisations of Deleuze' philosophy prioritise one sense of relation whilst occluding or dismissing others. Whilst this is a necessary requirement for establishing logical coherence and determining sense, it obscures the fact that Deleuze' philosophy has a primarily aesthetic, as opposed to alethic orientation, and that for Deleuze, it is the signs of art that are closest to the workings of matter (Proust and Signs, 39).


Need to learn statistics as part of your job, or want help passing a statistics course? Statistics in a Nutshell is a clear and concise introduction and reference for anyone who's new to the subject. This book gives you a solid understanding of statistics without being too simple, yet without the numbing complexity of most college texts. Each chapter in this thoroughly revised and expanded edition presents easy-to-follow descriptions illustrated by graphics, formulas, and lots of solved examples. Before you know it, you'll learn to apply statistical reasoning and statistical techniques, from basic concepts of probability and hypothesis testing to multivariate analysis. Statistics in a Nutshell includes: Introductory material - Learn basic concepts of measurement and probability theory, data management for statistical analysis, research design and experimental design, how to write up your own results, and how to critique statistics presented by others Basic inferential statistics - Discover the concepts of hypothesis testing, simple correlation, the distinction between parametric and nonparametric statistics, and learn simple methods of analysis appropriate to dichotomous, categorical, and continuous variables Advanced inferential techniques - Learn the General Linear Model, including analysis of Variance (ANOVA), multiple linear regression, and logistic and multinomial regression Specialized techniques - Use and interpret business and quality improvement statistics, medical and public health statistics, and educational and psychological statistics If you need to know how to perform most common statistical analyses, and how to use a wide range of statistical techniques without getting in over your head, this is the book for you.


Rainfall is one of the most significant triggering factors for shallow landslides, raveling, and erosion of over-steepened slopes, especially in steeply inclined mountainous regions, such as the western Greater Himalayan Mountains of northern Pakistan. The influence of wind-driven rainfall is usually neglected in comparisons between rainfall and mass wasting. Wind-driven rain falls with an angle of incidence influenced by prevailing wind direction and velocity. The need to include considerations of incident rainfall distribution with respect to mass wasting processes is long overdue. The idea of coupling "wind-driven" rainfall based on directional monsoon with regional topography (slope aspect) was analyzed to ascertain the actual distribution of rainfall upon slopes exhibiting varying inclinations and slope aspect. Regional-level landslide susceptibility maps were prepared for the entire Indus River watershed using widely accepted methods including GIS heuristic weighted overlay and fuzzy logic techniques by including traditional rainfall distribution maps as one of the triggering factors. The results of that analysis were then compared with current research to examine whether an oblique/inclined rainfall correction map would aid in assessing landslide susceptibility by considering the impacts of slope inclination and aspect on the effective rainfall being "caught" by those slopes facing the prevailing wind directions. The susceptibility maps produced by this method were found to be more reasonable than others yet produced of such a large study area (~75,000 km 2 ).


This study investigates the use of Indonesian gamelan with participants who have special needs or with special populations, and considers what the playing of gamelan music has to offer music therapy practice. The gamelan is an ensemble of instruments on which the traditional music of Indonesia is played, consisting of mainly tuned and un-tuned percussion instruments tuned to four, five or seven tone scales. Gamelan are being increasingly used for music activities with participants who have special needs, such as learning disabilities, mental health problems or sensory impairments, and with special populations, such as prisoners. Whilst aims are broadly educational, therapeutic benefits are also being noted.
There is little research into the effectiveness of this use of gamelan; the therapeutic benefits have not been researched within the context of music therapy. As an experienced music therapist and gamelan musician, I considered that investigating the potential for using gamelan within music therapy would produce new knowledge that could extend the practice of music therapy.
Various qualitative methods within a naturalistic paradigm were used to investigate current and past practice of gamelan playing with special needs groups and to identify the therapeutic benefits. Semi-structured interviews were undertaken with gamelan tutors working in this area and a music therapy project using gamelan with a group of children who had learning difficulties was undertaken by the author. Using a thematic approach to the analysis of data, the key features of gamelan playing which have relevance for music therapy practice were identified.
Gamelan playing was found to have a range of therapeutic benefits which can be used intentionally by a music therapist to address therapeutic aims. It was found firstly that the playing of traditional gamelan music can be used for specific therapeutic purposes and secondly, that the music and instruments can be adapted and used within various music therapy approaches and for participants with a range of disabilities. A set of guiding principles are also proposed for the use of this new music therapy practice.


This paper discusses the status, opportunities, and modalities for engendering liveable low-carbon smart cities in ASEAN as an inclusive green growth model and the opportunities for regional cooperation. Rapid economic growth and increases in urban population in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) cities will require the consumption of a huge amount of resources which will damage the local and global environment and produce an enormous amount of waste if not handled appropriately. Such environmentally unsustainable growth undermines public health and safety, comfort and liveability, and more importantly is a barrier to achieving global targets for emission reduction. Transforming cities to make them liveable through low-carbon green growth will not only increase the comfort for the city dwellers by improving liveability, but also minimise greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Already, initiatives have been taking place in ASEAN to encourage cities to promote green growth through practicing environmental sustainability. Such initiatives are often implemented on a project basis, which are short term and lack a sustaining impact in the region. A well-constructed, city-level, and market-driven framework that allows for participation of all stakeholders and that has a built-in monitoring and evaluation system with well-thought-out measurable indicators to track performance would be useful to systematically transform ASEAN cities. Regional cooperation, such as through facilitating knowledge sharing, has a role to play in strengthening low-carbon green growth development in the region. Therefore, during 2015–2025, the ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community (ASCC) will provide an excellent opportunity to spearhead such activities in a systematic and consistent manner, be a model, and show the world the benefits of low-carbon city development.


The transformation of the Taj Holiday Village Goa from a three-star to five-star property can be conceived as a seven-step innovation management process, the 7-I model. The process resulted in the Taj becoming a market leader in Goa. The case traces the process using the 7-I model: inspiration, insight, ideation, initiative, implementation, invigilation, and investigation. Focusing on the need to upgrade service by addressing and reducing customer complaints, Taj Holiday Village Goa began with the idea of using cell phones to text guest complaints immediately to the guest services department. The plan was subsequently modified to include communication of complaint reports to department managers and direct consultations between high-level managers and guests to personalize the service offering. The process identified additional issues that were resolve by establishing a new check-in time, reorganizing the breakfast room and kitchen, and the use of pictorial evidence to improve guestroom preparation. As a result of the successful implementation of these innovations, guest satisfaction scores increased by 20 percent, revenue per available room (RevPAR) rose to the highest in the market, and the RevPAR index increased from 0.96 to 1.17. Ultimately, the cost of this innovation was insignificant in comparison with the benefit resulting in a high return on innovation.


The paper address a pilot project in implementation of Last Planner initiated by the general contractor, Skanska, in a construction project of 6800 square metre made up of a kindergarten, junior high school and a sports and cultural centre. Excavation work started late autumn 2008 and the utility buildings are scheduled to be delivered to the owner in June 2010. The owner is the Municipality of Kristiansand. Action research is applied as research method, where academics take part in the change processes, together with professionals from the construction project and the general contractor's head office. This paper concerns reflections from the ongoing construction process and is based on preliminary data. The first run is broadly in accordance with the Last Planner concept as outlined by Ballard. It is, however, identified a need to improve the system to link the output from the collective phase scheduling to production planning via the lookahead schedule and constraint analysis, which has been mis-conceptualised in the early phase of the project. The most successful part of the implementation study so far is several phase planning processes, in which the technical sub-contractors have been taking active part in the collective organised planning process. It is too early in the project to see if this also leads to improved PPC in production, but it is expected that it will. However, the same quality of coordination is missing for the architect and the subcontractor for site work. It is identified a number of empirical difficulties in the implementation the process. The largest challenge seems to be the relationship between the architect, the general contractor and the owner, as the pattern in the relationship appears to be dysfunctional in order to create best possible condition for cooperation, and which need to be further studied. Moreover is it identified proposals for further improvements in the Last Planner concept.


In this letter a Discrete-Time Markov Chain (DTMC) framework is adopted to capture the effect of flexible spectrum channelization for the opportunistic access of secondary users (SUs) in a primary-secondary shared spectrum scenario. Two implementation alternatives are proposed: a fixed channelization scheme (FCS) and an adaptive channelization scheme (ACS). Moreover, service-type characterization of SUs is also addressed by defining time vs. volume based services. Results indicate the suitability of the ACS over the FCS.


Rhythm is one of the most important components of our survival and well-being. It governs the patterns of our sleep and respiration and is profoundly tied to our relationships with friends and family. But what happens when these rhythms are disrupted by traumatic events? Can balance be restored, and if so, how? What insights do eastern, natural, and modern western healing traditions have to offer, and how can practitioners put these lessons to use? Is it possible to do this in a way that's culturally sensitive, multidisciplinary, and grounded in research? Clients walk through the door with chronic physical and mental health problems as a result of traumatic events?how can clinicians make quick and skillful connection with their clients' needs and offer integrative mind/body methods they can rely upon? Rhythms of Recovery not only examines these questions, it also answers them, and provides clinicians with effective, time-tested tools for alleviating the destabilizing effects of traumatic events. For practitioners and students interested in integrating the insights of complementary/alternative medicine and 21st-century science, this deeply appealing book is an ideal guide.


ABSTRACT Climate change due to anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases is predicted to increase the average surface temperature. The most evident soil changes in the Alps will occur in proglacial areas where already existing young soils (with an age in most cases of up to 150 years) will continuously develop and new soils will form due to glacier retreat. Based on existing soil chronosequence data and statistical analyses in the proglacial area Morteratsch (Switzerland), the present-day state of the soils as well as their future development in the next 100 years in the existing and new proglacial area has been modeled taking the retreat of the glacier into consideration. The present-day as well as the future soil distribution was modeled using a probabilistic approach. Several soil characteristics have been modeled such as the pH value, the skeleton content, and the soil depth relevant to plant growth. To model soil properties in a future proglacial area (that is now covered by ice), the glacier-bed morphology had to be modeled. The calculations were performed using the cubic Non-Uniform Rational B-Spline (NURBS) curve to parameterize the course of a branch in flow direction. With the help of the ice cap and relief factor the thickness of the glacier was modeled. Climate change was introduced numerically by changing the mass balance of the glacier. For the area of interest a temperature increase of +1.6°C by the year 2050 and +3°C by the year 2100 can be assumed (according to the scenario A1B of IPCC). In the upper part of the proglacial area mostly Skeletic/Lithic Leptosols and Humi-Skeletic Leptosols will be found. In flat parts close to the main river, additional Fluvisols will develop. A considerable part of the upper proglacial area does not have any soil cover. Lithic/Skeletic to Humi-Skeletic Leptosols are modeled on the young lateral moraines. Chronosequences were vital to make any (4D) predictions of soil evolution in the proglacial area. The statistically and probabilistically based model also had, however, its weaknesses. The problems are related to the sediment properties in the glacier bed and the stability of new moraines.


Article is devoted to analysis of peculiarities of evolution theoretical approaches to analysis of the nature of intellectual capital. The stages of development of the intellectual capital theory and approaches to it's structurization are investigated. Peculiarities of the intellectual capital are considered.


Cryptosystem designers frequently assume that secrets will be manipulated in closed, reliable computing environments. Unfortunately, actual computers and microchips leak information about the operations they process. This paper examines speci c methods for analyzing power consumption measurements to nd secret keys from tamper resistant devices. We also discuss approaches for building cryptosystems that can operate securely in existing hardware that leaks information.


The aim of this project is to assimilate, for the first time, ozone measurements into a Mars atmospheric model to develop the representation of trace gas transport, sources and sinks within the model and constrain middle atmosphere wind speeds which are not observed directly. Although data assimilation is now commonplace on Earth, it is a fairly new concept for other planetary systems, with Mars the only other current candidate.
An exisiting Martian Global Circulation Model (MGCM) developed by The Open University, Oxford University and Laboratoire de Meteorologie Dynamique, Paris will be used along with an integrated photochemical model to describe the evolution of ozone over the different seasons on Mars.
Ozone, a trace gas on Mars, can be used to constrain atmospheric circulation patterns by monitoring the spatial and temporal distribution of ozone in the atmosphere provided by a combination of satellite observations and the photochemical model in the MGCM. Observations from two satellite instruments, the Mars Climate Sounder (MCS) and Mars Color Imager (MARCI) will be used. MCS has currently provided two Mars years' worth of data on daily, global, pole-to-pole profiles of temperature, dust, H2O vapour and ice (H2O and CO2). MARCI provides near-daily global mapping of surface albedo and ozone column concentration amongst others.
To make optimal use of information, observations and model information are combined by the process of data assimilation. The satellites currently orbiting Mars, combined with the future planned satellite missions, create a great opportunity for the development of data assimilation techniques for extraterrestrial planets. Temperature and dust opacity have already been assimilated for Mars resulting in positive improvements to our understanding of atmospheric dynamics, but as of yet no trace gas species have been assimilated.


As the field of three-dimensional (3D) subsurface geological modeling develops at an increasingly rapid rate, so too does the number of available software programs catering to these applications, most of which offer very similar ensembles of algorithms for interpolating data. A few studies have analyzed the effect of algorithm selection on the accuracy and uncertainty of subsurface geologic models, but little consideration has been given to the uncertainty and variability introduced into the model by software program selection. In this study, inverse distance weighting (IDW) and ordinary kriging (OK) algorithms are used to interpolate identical data sets by three different software programs (ArcGIS, ROCKWORKS 2006, and VIEWLOG). The results indicate that the output of the IDW and OK interpolation algorithms are inconsistent between programs and that this variability should be considered when assessing the uncertainty associated with subsurface model results. Program selection appears to have a significant influence on model output results when modeling complex subsurface geological environments, particularly when interpolating clustered data, which are most commonly used in geological and environmental applications.


Introduction Puerperal sepsis causes 10% of maternal deaths in Africa, but prospective studies on incidence, microbiology and antimicrobial resistance are lacking. Methods We performed a prospective cohort study of 4,231 Ugandan women presenting to a regional referral hospital for delivery or postpartum care, measured vital signs after delivery, performed structured physical exam, symptom questionnaire, and microbiologic evaluation of febrile and hypothermic women. Malaria rapid diagnostic testing, blood and urine cultures were performed aseptically and processed at Epicentre Mbarara Research Centre. Antimicrobial susceptibility and breakpoints were determined using disk diffusion per EUCAST standards. Hospital diagnoses, treatments and outcomes were abstracted from patient charts. Results Mean age was 25 years, 12% were HIV-infected, and 50% had cesarean deliveries. Approximately 5% (205/4176) with ≥1 temperature measurement recorded developed postpartum fever or hypothermia; blood and urine samples were collected from 174 (85%), and 17 others were evaluated clinically. Eighty-four (48%) had at least one confirmed source of infection: 39% (76/193) clinical postpartum endometritis, 14% (25/174) urinary tract infection (UTI), 3% (5/174) bloodstream infection. Another 3% (5/174) had malaria. Overall, 30/174 (17%) had positive blood or urine cultures, and Acinetobacter species were the most common bacteria isolated. Of 25 Gram-negatives isolated, 20 (80%) were multidrug-resistant and cefepime non-susceptible. Conclusions For women in rural Uganda with postpartum fever, we found a high rate of antibiotic resistance among cultured urinary and bloodstream infections, including cephalosporin-resistant Acinetobacter species. Increasing availability of microbiology testing to inform appropriate antibiotic use, development of antimicrobial stewardship programs, and strengthening infection control practices should be high priorities.


This paper describes the compilation of the first truly comprehensive database on gross government debt-to-GDP ratios, covering nearly the entire IMF membership (174 countries) and spanning an exceptionally long time period. The database was constructed by bringing together a number of other datasets and information from original sources. For the most recent years, the data are linked to the IMF World Economic Outlook (WEO) database to facilitate regular updates. The paper discusses the evolution of debt-to-GDP ratios across country groups for several decades, episodes of debt spikes and reversals, and a pattern of negative correlation between debt and growth.


The influence of speed limits on roadway safety is an extremely important social issue and is subject to an extensive debate in the State of Indiana and nationwide. With roughly 900 fatalities and sixty thousand injuries annually in Indiana, traffic accidents place an incredible social and economic burden on the state. Still, speed limits posted on highways and other roads are routinely exceeded as individual drivers try to balance safety and mobility (speed) as well as risks of penalties from enforcement efforts. This research explores the relationship between speed limits and roadway safety. Specifically, the research focuses on the influence of the posted speed limit on the causation of accidents (the likelihood that unsafe speed would be listed as the primary cause of the accident), the severity of accidents, and speed-limit compliance with an emphasis on speed-limit changes from 65 mph to 70 mph on rural interstates and from 55 mph to 60 mph on select non-freeway multilane rural highways. Data were considered on individual accidents from the Indiana Electronic Vehicle Crash Record System in 2004 and 2006. Data from 2005 were excluded because Indiana raised some interstate and non-interstate speeds in July 1, 2005 – thus making 2005 a transition year as drivers adjusted to new speed limits. With these data, appropriate statistical models were estimated for the causation and severity of different types of accidents on all road classes. The results of the modeling show that higher speed limits did not have a statistically significant effect on the likelihood of unsafe-speed being listed as the primary cause of the accident on interstate highways. For some non-interstate highways, higher speed limits were found to significantly increase the likelihood of unsafe speed being listed as the primary cause of the accident, and for others, the higher speed limits were found to decrease this likelihood. With regard to accident severity, the results show that speed limits did not have a statistically significant effect on the severity of accidents on interstate highways. However, for some non-interstate highways, higher speed limits were found to be associated with higher accident severities – suggesting that future speed limit changes on non-interstates need to be carefully assessed on a case-by case basis. The findings in this project provide some information to the Indiana Department of Transportation on the potential consequences of future speed-limit policies in the state.


In recent years, chain stores have experienced quick growth and used marketing strategies of advertisement and branding to expand their business. The aim of this study is to examine the effects of consumption values on perceived value and purchase intention of customers of Refah Chain Store of Sanandaj City. The present study is survey-description in methodology, and an applied research based on structural equation modeling in objective. Measurement tool is a questionnaire based on Almokarami model (2013) and Kaunas' (2013) distributed among a sample of 384 people including customers of Refah Chain Store of sanandaji City randomly chosen. Findings of this study indicate a significant relationship between variables of the research and a good fit for the established pattern. Thus, consumption values affect customers' perceived value, consumption values affect customers' purchase intention and perceived value affects customers' purchase intention in Refah Chain Stores of Sanandaj City. Also based on findings of study of figures, significance of research conceptual pattern and good fit for the posed pattern are confirmed.


The Time Traveller* (for so it will be convenient to speak of him) was expounding a recondite matter to us. His grey eyes shone and twinkled, and his usually pale face was flushed and animated. The fire burnt brightly, and the soft radiance of the incandescent lights in the lilies of silver caught the bubbles that flashed and passed in our glasses. Our chairs, being his patents, embraced and caressed us rather than submitted to be sat upon, and there was that luxurious after-dinner atmosphere, when thought runs gracefully free of the trammels of precision. And he put it to us in this way—marking the points with a lean forefinger—as we sat and lazily admired his earnestness over this new paradox (as we thought it) and his fecundity.


This article presents results of an investigation into the modeling of pressure drop in horizontal straight pipe section for fluidized dense-phase pneumatic conveying of powders. Suspension density and superficial air velocity have been used to model pressure drop for two-phase solids-gas flow. Two applicable models formats (developed by other researchers using two different definitions of suspension density) were used to represent the pressure drop due to solids-gas flow through straight pipe sections. Models were generated based on the test data of conveying power-station fly ash and electrostatic precipitator (ESP) dust (median particle diameter: 30 and 7 µm; particle density: 2300 and 3637 kg m−3; loose-poured bulk density: 700 and 610 kg m−3, respectively) through a relatively short length of a smaller diameter pipeline. The developed models were evaluated for their scale-up accuracy and stability by using them to predict the total pipeline pressure drop (with appropriate bend model) for 69 mm I.D. × 168 m; 105 mm I.D. × 168 m and 69 mm I.D. × 554 m pipes and comparing the predicted versus with experimental data. Results show that both the models with suspension density and air velocity generally provide relatively better prediction compared to the conventional use of solids loading ratio and Froude number. For fly ash, the two formats result in considerable different predictions, whereas they provide relatively similar results for ESP dust.


The Amulet user interface development environment uses hierarchical command objects to support the creation of highly-interactive graphical user interfaces. When input arrives or a widget is operated by the user, instead of invoking a call-back procedure as in most other toolkits, Amulet allocates a command object and calls its DO method. Unlike previous uses of command objects, Amulet organizes the commands into a hierarchy, so that low-level operations like dragging or selection invoke low-level commands, which in turn might invoke widget-level commands, which invoke high-level, application-specific commands, and so on. The top-level commands correspond to semantic actions of the program. The result is better modularization because different levels of the user interface are independent, and better code reuse because the lower-level commands, and even many high-level commands such as cut, copy, paste, text edit, and change-color, can be reused from the library. Furthermore, the commands in Amulet support a new form of Undo, where the user can select any previous operation and selectively undo it, repeat it on the same objects, or repeat it on new objects. In addition, operations like scrolling and selections can be undone or repeated, which can be very useful. Thus, the command objects in Amulet make it easier for developers by providing more reusable components, while at the same time providing new capabilities for users.


Thirteen species of freeliving marine nematodes collected by the Royal Society's 1963 expedition to the South-east Arabian upwelling region of the Indian Ocean are described. Twelve of these species are new, all being referable to existing genera. Didelta cobbi sp . nov. is closest to D. maculatum Cobb, 1920 and is distinguished from this species by the form of the amphids, and possibly the arrangement of cephalic setae. Procamacolaimus papillosus sp. nov. is similar to P. dolichostylum Gerlach , 1953, but has shorter cephalic setae, no subventral buccal teeth and a differently shaped gubernaculum. Sphaerolaimus crenellatus sp . nov . is characterized by the posterior position of its amphids, a buttressed cephalic capsule and double-jointed spicules. Siphonolaimus profundus sp . nov. is apparently similar to S . gladiator Wieser, 1956, but differs from it in the setal arrangement on the head, the longer buccal spear and the presence of pre-cloacal supplements in the male. Desmodora masira sp . nov . is characterized by a short broad perforate cephalic capsule, small amphids, a weakly armed buccal cavity, a long tail and no male supplements. Sabatieria alata sp. nov. is very close to S . furcillata Wieser , 1954, but has a larger overall size, sh orter cephalic setae, smaller amphids and a different spicule structure. Hopperia muscatensis sp . nov. is distinct from the type and only other species H. massiliensis Vit iello, 1969, in having longer cephalic setae, a shorter tail and differently shaped spicules. Platycomopsis implicatus sp . nov. is separated from its nearest relative P. dimorphica Mawson, 1956, in the setal arrangement on the head , the smaller amphids, the structure of the spicules and the position of the pre-cloacal supplement. Synonchus alisonae sp . nov. is characterized by the very long filiform tail and relatively long cephalic setae. Specimens of Dayellus dayi Inglis, 1964, conform exactly with the type, but are slightly smaller in many of the measurements. Crenopharynx fringilla sp . nov . is characterized by the combination of a long flagellate tail, spicules with no barbs or other modifications and a gubernaculum with pointed lateral pieces. Mesacanthion southerni sp. nov. is very closely related to M. diplechma Southern, 1914, but comparison with specimens of this latter species from the North Sea reveal differences of specific rank mainly concerning the copulatory apparatus of the male. Mesacanthion arabium sp . nov. is very charact eristic : it has long spicules, a paired L-shaped gubernaculum with raised ridges at the distal end and unique accessory organs associated with the vulva in the female.


The size and great dynamism of coastal systems require faster and more automated mapping methods like the use of a remotely piloted aircraft system (RPAS) or unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). This method allows for shorter intervals between surveys. The main problem for surveying using low-altitude digital photogrammetry in beach areas is their visual homogeneity. Obviously, the fewer the homologous points defined by the program, the lower the accuracy. Moreover, some factors influence the error performed in photogrammetric techniques, such as flight height, flight time, percentage of frame overlap (side and forward), and the number of ground control points (GCPs). A total of 72 different cases were conducted varying these factors, and the results were analyzed. Among the conclusions, it should be highlighted that the error for noon flights is almost double that for the early morning flights. Secondly, there is no appreciable difference regarding the side overlap. But, on the other side, RMSE increased to three times (from 0.05 to 0.15 m) when forward overlap decreased from 85% to 70%. Moreover, relative accuracy is 0.05% of the flying height which means a significant increase in error (66%) between flights performed at 60 and 100 m height). Furthermore, the median of the error for noon flights (0.12 m) is almost double that for the early morning flights (0.07 m) because of the higher percentage of grids with data for early flights. Therefore, beach levelings must never be performed at noon when carried out by RPAS. Eventually, a new parameter has been considered: the relationship between the number of GCPs and the surface to be monitored. A minimum value of 7 GCP/Ha should be taken into account when designing a beach leveling campaign using RPAS.


There is considerable interest at the moment on using shelled microbubbles as a transportation mechanism for localised drug delivery, specifically in the treatment of various cancers. In this report a theoretical model is proposed which predicts the collapse time of an unfolding shelled microbubble. A neo-Hookean, compressible strain energy density function is used to model the potential energy per unit volume of the shell. This is achieved by considering a reference configuration (stress free) consisting of a shelled microsphere with a hemispherical cap removed. This is then displaced angularly and radially by applying a stress load to the free edge of the shell. This forms a deformed open sphere possessing a stress. This is then used as an initial condition to model the unfolding of the shell back to its original stress free configuration. Asymptotic expansion along with the conservation of mass and energy are then used to determine the collapse times for the unfolding shell and how the material parameters influence this. The theoretical model is compared to published experimental results.


In the past few years, voice assistants have become broadly available in different forms of presentation and devices – not only as a personal assistant within smartphones but as smart speakers, within TV sets or as part of an in-car infotainment system. Furthermore, we live in an ageing society and considering elderly people as users of voice assistants gains more relevance driven by both trends. The goal of this study is to identify the specific age-related preferences of older people when using a conversational user interface in form of a voice assistant. We conducted a survey based on 26 elderly-related communication strategies among participants of different age. The participants had to evaluate the strategies according to their own preferences for using voice assistants. As a result, we identified 11 preferences specific to older users. Surprisingly, most of the communication strategies, when applied to voice assistants, seem to be relevant for users of all ages, and a few of the communication strategies do not apply when used in voice assistants. The preferences specific to older people help to develop new guidelines for voice user interfaces or conversational user interfaces in general. They do not automatically lead to those guidelines but provide a foundation to derive requirements, develop guidelines and evaluate those guidelines by means of user-based usability tests.


OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to estimate the effects of age and comorbidity on the choice of treatment modalities and prognosis for patients with cervical cancer.

METHODS
All patients with cervical cancer newly diagnosed between 1995 and 2004 (n=775) were selected from the population-based Eindhoven Cancer Registry. Time trends in treatment modalities and differences in treatment between older and younger patients, and those with and without comorbidity were evaluated.

RESULTS
Older patients with FIGO Stages IB-IIA, elderly and those with comorbidity underwent less surgery. In multivariate survival analysis, age had independent prognostic value. For patients with FIGO Stages IB2, IIB-IVA, age affected the choice of chemoradiation significantly. According to multivariate survival analysis, comorbidity and FIGO stage were independent prognostic factors.

CONCLUSION
Older patients with cervical cancer and those with comorbidity were treated less aggressively. Because of the ever-increasing role of comorbidity in clinical decision-making for increasingly older patients in the near future, development of age-specific guidelines incorporating levels and management of specific comorbidity seems warranted.


Countries that seek to provide universal health coverage deal with considerable publicly funded expenses. This article discusses if a private health insurance subsidy policy can reduce the expenses covered by the public system. A theoretical model is developed in which individuals are characterized by two dimensions: inherited risk of illness and preferences for prevention activities. It is shown that when beneficiaries of a voluntary plan have lower risk, i.e. advantageous selection scenario, a subsidy raises heath expenses if articulation between coverage is complementary. On the contrary, in adverse selection scenarios a subsidy reduces expenditure if articulation is supplementary. Intermediate scenarios are also considered where articulations between coverages have both complementary and supplementary components, which is apparently the case for the Colombian health system. Calibrated numerical simulations are provided using the Colombian system data. The calibration strategy employed reveals that selection is adverse in the Colombian voluntary health insurance market. Furthermore, we identify the level of subsidy and changes in articulation (towards supplementarity) that could lead to a reduction in public spending.


In many regions of the United States current winter road management operating procedures require that deicing agents be applied to roads before or during each of the winter snow and ice events. Boone, NC is unique because it has a winter climate comparable to southern New England due to its high elevation in the Southern Appalachian Mountains (982 m). Data collected from eight headwater streams with sondes from 2010-2015 (coefficient of variation of temperature, pH, and specific conductivity) and impervious/forested area determined by use of ArcGIS were correlated to NCDEQ Qual 4 benthic macroinvertebrate collections for which NC biotic index (BI), richness and Shannon diversity index were calculated. Variations in temperature throughout the seasons along with elevated specific conductivity levels had significant correlations and PLS VIP values with measures of stream health and diversity indicating a negative impact on macroinvertebrate communities. Additionally the impact of pulse NaCl exposure on aquatic macroinvertebrate survival was examined utilizing the most frequently experienced specific conductivity spikes (2,000 µS cm-1) and the worst case scenario spikes (10,000 µS cm-1) experienced in Boone Creek through the winter months from 2010-2015. Increased exposure to these levels cause decreased survivorship of larval Ephemeroptera Heptageniidae Epeorus and Maccaffertium spp.


This paper employs data from from a multi-year, ethnographic study of children in a diverse public preschool to destabilize some of the claims of the "boy crisis" literature (Hoff-Somers, 2000). Focusing on fine-grained analyses of events in the study context, the authors illustrate the complexity of everyday interactions between female teachers and the male and female preschoolers in their classes, as well as between the male and female preschoolers themselves. These analyses suggest that a preschool environment where all teachers are female is as patriarchally and hegemonically saturated as any other context, as both boys and girls (and teachers) are subject to, and invariably take up, powerful cultural scripts reflected in children's and other media in the larger cultural milieu. Further, we emphasize that preschool—arguably among the most "feminized" school environments—is more complex than "boy crisis" proponents present.


Slasher sequels, such as those in the Halloween, Friday the 13th and A Nightmare on Elm Street series, are often criticised for their derivative processes of narrative construction, which are widely perceived to sacrifice development and complexity for the sake of repetition and formula. Thus, although scholars such as Carol Clover, Ian Conrich, and Tony Williams have examined these films from a range of psychoanalytical and sociocultural perspectives, academics have generally avoided engaging in processes of close formal analysis. Where such analyses do exist, in Vera Dika's structural study of the slasher film, for example, the research tends to be geared toward interrogating the generic properties of the films, rather than the properties associated with their status as film sequels. As a result, there is a general lack of understanding about the narrative construction of the slasher sequel, leaving the dominant critical assumptions to proliferate largely unchallenged. However, for theorists such as David Bordwell and Kristin Thompson, working within the domain of 'historical poetics,' even the most conventionalised systems of narrative operate according to complex constructive processes, often perceptible only to those willing to engage in close scrutiny. The reluctance to engage with slasher sequels as sequels is indicative of a wider tendency within film studies, where the practice of cinematic sequelisation has traditionally remained beyond the purview of academic analysis. In recent years, however, writers including Stuart Henderson have begun to re-examine the sequel from new critical perspectives, drawing on both historical poetics and Gerard Genette's concept of hypertextuality to offer fresh insights into the processes involved in constructing a system of narrative continuity over multiple films. With hypertextuality and historical poetics demonstrating the potential to provide new perspectives on the film sequel, this study draws on both approaches to create a combined framework of analysis capable of answering the question: is there any evidence to suggest that the processes of narrative construction in slasher sequels are more complex than previously acknowledged? Using this framework to engage in a formal analysis of the Halloween films reveals a network of dynamic narrative processes operating beneath the conventionalised surface of the series. By subjecting the original story to extension, expansion, elaboration, and modification, each Halloween sequel serves to enhance, complicate, or compromise the coherence of the narrative system as a whole, and, in doing so, prompts the continual reconceptualisation and recontextualisation of previously-established information. In this way, the processes of narrative construction within the Halloween series can be seen to demonstrate complexity at both a formal and cognitive level. These findings suggest that there is evidence to challenge not only the existing critical assumptions about the Halloween sequels, but also the critical assumptions pertaining to other sequels in the slasher sub-genre. With the sequels in the Halloween series generally representative of those in other slasher series, sharing many narrative properties and drawing similar criticisms for many of the same perceived deficiencies, the study concludes that the array of dynamic narrative processes shown to operate in the Halloween sequels is also likely to be present in other slasher sequels. In drawing this conclusion, the study ultimately establishes that there is evidence to suggest that the processes of narrative construction in slasher sequels are more complex than previously acknowledged. By expanding the existing understanding of slasher sequels in this way, this study succeeds in making an original contribution to knowledge, serving to advance both the established field of research surrounding the slasher sub-genre and the emergent field of research surrounding the film sequel.


Oxford Archaeology North was commissioned by Tarmac Northern Ltd to archaeologically supervise the removal of a soil bund and associated top-soil strip at their quarry at Low Plains, Lazonby, Cumbria (NGR: NY 4997 4166). The work took place in July 2005, prior to the extension of the quarry. This was the third phase of archaeological fieldwork at the quarry and previously a significant group of four Bronze Age cremations in 2004 had been discovered (OA North 2005); this was located less than 5m to the east of the site. The potential for further Bronze Age cremations within the quarry extension was, therefore, considered high.
The site lies within an area of known prehistoric sites, particularly on the nearby Lazonby Fell, where Neolithic, Bronze Age and Iron Age sites are located. The programme of works was designed to locate any subsurface features, specifically further evidence of Bronze Age cremation activity.
Following acceptance of a project design produced by OA North in accordance with a verbal brief by Cumbria County Council, an area measuring 1000m² was stripped under archaeological supervision. No features of any archaeological significance were revealed during the programme of works, although one flint was recovered from the surface of the natural subsoil.
On the basis of these results the topsoil strip for the quarry extension was able to proceed without further archaeological works. However, it is recommended that if there are further quarry works in the area of the present site then these should be subject to additional archaeological investigation.


Business combination is federating two or more separate become one economic identity. This watchfulness is that to detects to what there difference in finance performance between before with after merger and detect to what finance performance rises or go down after do merger. Analysis result by using test t to masing group that is finance performance before and after merger in company recorded at effect exchange indonesian by using equal variance assumed (second variant same or use pooled variance t test), so knowable be known finance performance difference before and after merger. Analysis result inferential that not found difference according to significant in finance performance between before with after merger. finance performance comparison that cover current ratio (cr), total asset turnover, debt to total asset ratio, return on investment (roi) and return on equity (roe) after merger in general knowable when be compared before merger depreciation existence. Pursuant to analysis result can know there are difference of monetary performance before and after doing and merger at PT Mobile-8 Telecom Tbk. From the result hence can know that at ratio of TATO, DTA,and ROE if compared to before conducting and merger, but the ratio CR and ROI was decrease after merger. PT Selamat Sempurna Tbk where from the result can prove that at ratio TATO, DTA, ROI,and bigger ROE if compared to before conducting and merger, but the ratio CR was decrease after merger. PT Surya Toto Indonesia Tbk where from the result can prove that at ratio CR, TATO, and bigger ROI if compared to before conducting and merger, but the ratio CR and ROE was decrease after merger. After study, analyze and conclude from watchfulness result that done, so submitted several suggestions that is supposed company that do merger to increase finance performance. The mentioned caused by during the time company's finance performance condition according to general after merger show depreciation existence. supposed for investor and candidate invetor in company that do merger do evaluation as a whole on finance performance that achieved by company. effort serve the purpose of base in the right company determination wisdom be be used as to investation. Keyword: Merger and Finance Performance


In the present work, the main fluid flow features inside a rotating cylindrical filtration (RCF) system used as external cell retention device for animal cell perfusion processes were investigated using particle image velocimetry (PIV). The motivation behind this work was to provide experimental fluid dynamic data for such turbulent flow using a high‐permeability filter, given the lack of information about this system in the literature. The results shown herein gave evidence that, at the boundary between the filter mesh and the fluid, a slip velocity condition in the tangential direction does exist, which had not been reported in the literature so far. In the RCF system tested, this accounted for a fluid velocity 10% lower than that of the filter tip, which could be important for the cake formation kinetics during filtration. Evidence confirming the existence of Taylor vortices under conditions of turbulent flow and high permeability, typical of animal cell perfusion RCF systems, was obtained. Second‐order turbulence statistics were successfully calculated. The radial behavior of the second‐order turbulent moments revealed that turbulence in this system is highly anisotropic, which is relevant for performing numerical simulations of this system. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2012


Social facilitation is a phenomenon that can help explain performance outcomes in competitive sports. Previous research has shown that performing in the presence of others may increase physiological arousal and that performance can be either facilitated or inhibited depending on the skill level of the performers and the complexity of the skill performed. Although extensive research on this phenomenon has been reported in the sport psychology and related literature, previous findings have not focused on individual differences in terms of how social facilitation influences performance, and very little research has focused on martial arts. To bridge these gaps in knowledge, we investigated how a co-action situation would affect performance among 17 participants performing karate kata routines at a regional competition in SE England, comparing outcomes across age and sex variables. Expert judges awarded scores to each participant in both solo and co-action settings. Results showed higher performance scores in the co-action setting across the entire sample, with female karateka and older performers appearing to benefit the most. We argue that more research is required to explain this phenomenon, specifically with respect to understanding the apparent effects of age and sex on social facilitation.